indicadores de innovacion y benchmarking reflexion y propuesta para el pais vasco

7/31/2019 Indicadores de Innovacion y Benchmarking Reflexion y Propuesta Para El Pais Vasco

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@flga Kcvcrre Crckogiuf (Bfrgoter), Muck Mesæ Ifjcmc @crtàks,

_usckc Nrckoe Zebràiugz, Csfgr @urofgie Caekse, Mesukg _ãgkz @crtàkgz

Fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk

y jgkod`crlfki Zggxfÿk y prepugstc pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe

f s j k = 6

9 4 - 4 2 - > 6 2 - 3 9 3 : - >



Gbftc= Fkkejcsqug ‟ :833

Cigkofc csoc bg ac Fkkevcofÿk

Xcrqug Rgokeaÿifoe bg Jfzlcfc

Acfbc Jfbgc :8?, 24398 ]cùbfe

Bgpÿsfte Agica= JF-923/:833

Aes oektgkfbes bg gstg afjre, gk ac prgsgktg gbfofÿk,

sg pujafock jcme ac afogkofc= Zgoekeof`fgkte‟Ke oe`grofca‟

_fk ejrcs bgrfvcbcs ?.8 Gspcóc bg Orgctfvg Oe`èks

(`ãs fkner`cofÿk dttp=//orgctfvgoe`èks.eri/afogksgs/

jy‟ko‟kb/?.8/bggb.gsUOE)

Bfsgóe= Bejag _gktfbe

F`prgsfÿk= Rgokfircn



? F k b f o c b e r g s b g

F k k e v c o f ÿ k y

J g k o d ` c r l f k i

Xrÿaeie

Mesæ @cràc ^faactg 2

Fktrebuoofÿk 4

Ocpàtuae 3=

Cprexf`cofÿk igkgrca c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk :8

@flga Kcvcrre Crckogiuf

Ocpàtuae :=

@croe y bf`gksfekgs bg aes fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk 72


Ocpàtuae ?=

Xrepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe,

y pcrc su ckãafsfs oe`pcrcbe 42


Ocpàtuae 2=

Ac fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc bg ac cb`fkfstrcofÿk

y bfrgoofÿk bg g`prgscs 32:

Mesukg _ãgkz @crtàkgz

Ocpàtuae 7=

Ga ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki y ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg rgifekgs

bg rgngrgkofc= cpafocofÿk ca Xcàs ^csoe :64

@flga Kcvcrre Crckogiuf,

Muck Mesæ Ifjcmc @crtàks,

_usckc Nrckoe Zebràiugz,

Csfgr @urofgie Caekse

Àkbfog



Xrÿaeie

Mesæ @cràc ^faactg,

Bfrgoter Igkgrca bg Fkkejcsqug

F k b f o c b e r g s b g



2



7 F k b f o c b e r g s b g



Xrÿaeie

Gk aes ýatfès cóes, y gspgofca`gktg gk ga oektgxte goekÿ`foe

cotuca, ac `cyeràc bg aes gxpgrtes fktgrkcofekcags oefkofbgk gk

sgócacr ac kgogsfbcb bg orgcr uk kugve èbgae bg bgscrreaae qug

icrcktfog ac sestgkfjfafbcb, ac oedgsfÿk seofca y ga jfgkgstcr bg acs

igkgrcofekgs nuturcs. @ebgae qug, sfk auicr c bubcs, bgjg tgkgr

ac fkkevcofÿk y ga oekeof`fgkte oeè gmgs nukbc`gktcags pcrc ac

`gmerc bg ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb y ac orgcofÿk bg rfqugzc y g`page.

Gs per gaae, qug ac tgkbgkofc gk tebcs acs seofgbcbgs cvckzc-

bcs gs ne`gktcr ac fkvgrsfÿk gk ofgkofc, tgokeaeiàc g fkkevcofÿk,

oeè oacvg pcrc dcogr nrgktg c aes irckbgs bgscnàes c aes qug kes

gknrgktcès. Xgre gstc fkvgrsfÿk bgjg vgkfr coe`pcócbc bg ukc

`gbfofÿk bg su f`pcote y rgsuatcbes, bg ner`c qug sg aeirg uk

gngote ùatfpafocber y bg cbfofekcafbcb, gste gs, qug ac fkvgrsfÿk

pýjafoc ke sustftuyc c ac prfvcbc, sfke qug ac preùgvc y ncve-

rgzoc.

Aes sfstg`cs bg fkbfocbergs sek uke bg aes fkstru`gktes ãs

gffiocogs bg `gbfofÿk bg rgsuatcbes bg acs peaàtfocs bg fkkevcofÿk,

y per gaae sg dck vgkfbe utfafzckbe c`pafc`gktg gk aes ýatfès

cóes, sfgkbe ga GF_ (Gurepgck Fkkevctfek _oergjecrb) su `ãxf-

è gxpekgktg. _fk g`jcrie y gk ga ocse bg Guslcbf, kugstrc pe-

sfofÿk gk aes rcklfkis goekÿ`foes gstã uy per gkof`c bg ae qug

ocjràc gspgrcr c pcrtfr bg kugstre rgkbf`fgkte fkkevcber. Gste

`fsè suogbg gk etres pcàsgs oeè Zgfke Wkfbe y Bfkc`croc.

Gste gs ae qug sg oekeog oeè ac «pcrcbemc oe`pgtftfvc¼.

Gk gstg sgktfbe, ocjg packtgcrkes caiukcs ougstfekgs tcags

oeè= µeoupc Guslcbf ga auicr qug ag oerrgspekbg gk aes rcklfkis

bg fkkevcofÿk5 µSuæ ncotergs gxpafock ac bfngrgktg pesfofÿk bg

kugstrc goeke`àc gk tær`fkes bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe (trc-

bfofekca`gktg `gbfbc per ga XFJ pgr oãpftc) y ac pesfofÿk qug

ùgstrck aes fkbfocbergs trcbfofekcags bg fkkevcofÿk (jãsfoc-

`gktg, icste gk F+B, pctgktgs y pujafocofekgs)5

Ga trcjcme qug gk acs prÿxf`cs pãifkcs qugrgès cpertcr

oeè gag`gkte bg rggxfÿk, sg gk`croc gk ukc bg acs aàkgcs gs-

trctæifocs qug Fkkejcsqug gstã bgscrreaackbe oeè pcrtg bg su

pack :838-:83:= Oe`pre`fse oek ukc Guslcbf gffiocz, qug bgjgès

oekstrufr pcrc dcogr nrgktg c uk gkterke goekÿ`foe y seofca `cr-

ocbe per ac fkogrtfbu`jrg, ouye ejmgtfve gs, prgofsc`gktg, ncofaf-






>

tcr ac `gmerc bg ac oektrfjuofÿk bg ac F+B+f c ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb

bg kugstre tgmfbe g`prgscrfca, g fkorg`gktcr ac gffiocofc gk ac igs-

tfÿk bga ocpftca goekÿ`foe y du`cke oek rgsuatcbes tc`jfæk c

oerte pacze, cbcptcbes ca gkterke bg orfsfs iaejca.

Xcrc pebgr oekeogr y `gmercr ga ircbe bg gffiocofc bga sfstg`c

bg fkkevcofÿk vcsoe, y, per ae tckte, fkorg`gktcr ac prebuotfvf-

bcb y oe`pgtftfvfbcb bg kugstre pcàs, oeksfbgrcès qug gs nuk-

bc`gktca trcjcmcr oek `cyer prenukbfbcb gk ac bgffikfofÿk bg uk

sfstg`c bg fkbfocbergs qug rgspekbc, gffiocz y gngotfvc`gktg, c ac

erfgktcofÿk gstrctæifoc bg kugstrc goeke`àc.

Bgsbg Fkkejcsqug packtgcès ac gacjercofÿk bg ukc prepugs-

tc bg cpafocofÿk ca Xcàs ^csoe, gk ac qug sg gstcjagzock ukc sgrfg

bg fkbfocbergs pcrc su èkfterfzcofÿk, qug sfrvc pcrc cpeycr ac

te`c bg bgofsfekgs, tckte gk acs peaàtfocs bg fkkevcofÿk, oeè gk

acs fkvgrsfekgs g`prgscrfcags y bga sgoter pýjafoe. Gstc prepugstc

sg oe`pag`gktc oek ga gstubfe, tc`jfæk fkoaufbe gk gstg afjre, bg

cqugaacs rgifekgs oe`pcrcjags c ac kugstrc per bfspekgr bg ukcs

oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc, sg`gmcktgs, tckte seofegoekÿ`focs oeè

bg gstruoturc prebuotfvc.

Orggès qug Guslcbf bgjg bfspekgr bg uk fkbfocber bg fk-

kevcofÿk jcscbe ke sÿae gk aes cotfves tckifjags, sfke gk ac gstf-

`cofÿk bg aes fktckifjags y bg su oektrfjuofÿk ca orgof`fgkte bg

ac prebuotfvfbcb, sfiufgkbe ga gmg`pae bg KG_RC gk Zgfke Wkf-

be, qug pgr`ftc rgacofekcr fkvgrsfekgs gk fkkevcofÿk y ickckofcs

gk prebuotfvfbcb y oe`pgtftfvfbcb.

Gstg preygote qug dgès aagvcbe c ocje, gk oeacjercofÿk oek

Erlgstrc, kes dc pgr`ftfbe scocr c ac auz ac pujafocofÿk qug cderc

tfgkgs gktrg `ckes. Wk afjre qug tg iufcrã per uk c`pafe rgoe-

rrfbe c trcvæs bg ac aftgrcturc ofgktàffioc gk `ctgrfc bg fkbfocbergs

bg fkkevcofÿk y jgkod`crlfki, uk prenukbe ckãafsfs bg kugstre

sfstg`c y ukc vfsfÿk c`pafc sejrg acs agoofekgs qug gk tebe ga

ùkbe dgès oeksfbgrcbe pgrtfkgktgs pcrc nertcagogr kugstre

prepfe èbgae.

Xrÿaeie



9



4

FKRZEBWOOFßK









Gstg afjre surig bg ac pgrpagmfbcb qug susoftÿ ac oe`pcrcofÿk bg

ac pesfofÿk rgactfvc qug ac Oeùkfbcb Cutÿke`c bga Xcàs ^csoe

(Xcàs ^csoe gk ae suogsfve, per cjrgvfcr) èstrcjc gk tær`fkes

bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe (trcbfofekca`gktg `gbfbc per ga XFJ

pgr oãpftc) oek ac qug prgsgktcjc gk aes fkbfocbergs trcbfofekcags

bg fkkevcofÿk (jãsfoc`gktg, icste gk F+B, pctgktgs y pujafocofe-

kgs), gk ukc ncsg bg bgscrreaae bg ac goeke`àc gk ac qug, supugs-

tc`gktg, ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb y bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe bgpgkbgk bg

ac fkkevcofÿk. Ofgrtc`gktg, dcy bfvgrses ncotergs qug, sf sg te`ck

gk ougktc gk ac oe`pcrcofÿk, dcogk qug tca bfsorgpckofc ke sgc

tck irckbg (væcsg uk rgpcse bg tcags ncotergs gk ga FF Fkner`g bg

Oe`pgtftfvfbcb bg Erlgstrc). Xgre, cuk csà, ofgrtc bfvgrigkofc

pgrsfstàc bfnàofa bg gxpafocr, qug oekbume c dcjacr bg ac «pcrcbemc

bg ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb¼ bga Xcàs ^csoe.

Ouckbe oek ejmgte bg jusocr gag`gktes qug pubfgrck gxpaf-

ocr tca dgode sg bfrfifÿ ac `frcbc c acs gxpgrfgkofcs fktgrkcofe-

kcags gk gsg ã`jfte, sg ejsgrvÿ qug ga Xcàs ^csoe ke oekstftuàc

ukc fsac c gsg rgspgote y qug dcjàc ùodes etres pcàsgs e auicrgs

gk qug tc`jfæk sg dcjàck bgtgotcbe «pcrcbemcs oe`pgtftfvcs¼ (e

«pcrcbemcs bg fkkevcofÿk¼, oeè tc`jfæk sg dck seafbe bgke`f-

kcr). Gk caiukes ocses, oeè gk ga Xcàs ^csoe, perqug c ac vfstc bg

su bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe ocjràc gspgrcr qug tuvfgrck ukc `gmer

pesfofÿk rgactfvc gk aes rcklfkis bg fkkevcofÿk (per gmg`pae, Bf-

kc`croc e Zgfke Wkfbe)< gk etres ocses, muste per ae oektrcrfe

(per gmg`pae, _ugofc).

Ac gxpafocofÿk qug igkgrca`gktg sg seaàc `ckgmcr pcrc gxpaf-

ocr tcags pcrcbemcs grc qug aes fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk bfspekf-

jags, cbg`ãs bg gstcr ogktrcbes gxoausfvc`gktg gk ac fkkevcofÿk

bg `grocbe (fikerckbe ac fkkevcofÿk qug tgkàc auicr gk ga sgoter

pýjafoe y ac fkkevcofÿk seofca), rgspekbàck c uk èbe bg fkkevc-

ofÿk jcscbe gk ac ofgkofc y gk ac F+B< pgre qug dcjàc etres ebes

bg fkkevcr qug ke kgogsftcjck bgsockscr tckte gk ac ofgkofc. Gstes

etres èbes bg fkkevcr, qug per sf`pafffiocr pebràcès bgofr qug

sg jcsck gk ac gxpgrfgkofc e gk ac prãotfoc, sek `gkes vfsteses y

`ãs bfnàofags bg oucktfffiocr. Xer gse, c pgscr bg qug tebcvàc, gk su

oekmukte, ac fkkevcofÿk jcscbc gk ac prãotfoc e gk ac gxpgrfgkofc

cngotc `ãs ca orgof`fgkte y bgsg`pgóe goekÿ foe qug ac jcscbc

Fktrebuoofÿk






gk ac ofgkofc (gspgofca`gktg gk aes sgrvfofes y gk acs ckuncoturcs

qug ke sek bg catc tgokeaeiàc), oeè gstc sgiukbc gs `ãs nãofa bg

`gbfr y oeè bg gaac bfspekgès bg `ãs fkbfocbergs, gs ac qug

dcjftuca`gktg sg sugag oeksfbgrcr pcrc gbfr ga ircbe bg fkkevc-

ofÿk bg uk tgrrfterfe.

Oek ejmgte bg c`pafcr ga oekeof`fgkte sejrg gses tfpes bg

fkkevcofÿk bg `grocbe ke jcscbcs gk ac ofgkofc, dck surifbe bf-

ngrgktgs oerrfgktgs e ãrgcs bg trcjcme gk ac aftgrcturc bg ac fkke-

vcofÿk. Gk aes pcàsgs kÿrbfoes, nukbc`gktca`gktg, sg dc bgscrre-

aacbe ac bfstfkofÿk bg aes èbes bg fkkevcofÿk y cprgkbfzcmg _RF

y BWF= ga prf`gre gstcràc jcscbe gk ac ofgkofc< y ga sgiukbe, gk

ga cprgkbfzcmg bgrfvcbe bga dcogr, bga uscr y bga fktgrcotucr. Gstg

sgiukbe èbe bg fkkevcofÿk y cprgkbfzcmg sgràc, gk prfkofpfe,

pcrtfouacr`gktg cpafocjag gk ga Xcàs ^csoe, per ga tfpe bg fkbustrfc

(ùy jcscbc gk ac `gtca-`goãkfoc) y g`prgscs qug pesgg (ù-

odcs py`gs y peocs irckbgs), gk acs qug ac fkkevcofÿk `ãs qug

gk ac F+B y acs rgacofekgs oek ac ukfvgrsfbcb, bgsocksck gk ac fk-

igkfgràc y ga bfsgóe, gk acs fktgrrgacofekgs oek aes prevggbergs y

oafgktgs, gk ac erickfzcofÿk bga auicr bg trcjcme, gto.

Gk Fkiactgrrc, gk oc`jfe, ac gxpaercofÿk cocbæ`foc bg aes

èbes bg fkkevcofÿk bg grocbe qug ke gstãk jcscbes gk ac F+B

gstuve, fkfofca`gktg, `ãs erfgktcbc c ckcafzcr ac fkkevcofÿk gk ga

sgoter sgrvfofes, gk ga bfsgóe, gk acs fkbustrfcs orgctfvcs… y aagvÿ

c ac couócofÿk bga tær`fke fkkevcofÿk eouatc (dfbbgk fkkevctfek)

pcrc rgngrfrsg c tebcs gscs fkkevcofekgs qug ke sg rgifstrck gk acs

gstcbàstfocs bg F+B.

Xcrcagac`gktg, gspgofca`gktg gk aes GGWW, pgrsfstàck aes fk-

tgktes bg acs gsougacs bg goeke`fstcs `ãs trcbfofekcags bg `gme-

rcr aes fktgktes bg gbfr ac fkkevcofÿk c trcvæs bg ac oektcjfafbcb

bga orgof`fgkte. Oeè gs jfgk scjfbe, bgsbg qug gk 3679 _eaew

aagvÿ c ocje su gstf`cofÿk bg aes ncotergs bg orgof`fgkte bg ac goe-

ke`àc kertgc`grfockc y bgsoujrfÿ qug ac `cyer pcrtg bga fsè

ke sg gxpafocjc per gres cu`gktes bga trcjcme y bga ocpftca, c gsg

rgsfbue fkgxpafocbe sg ag bgke`fkÿ fkkevcofÿk. Bgsbg gktekogs

aes goeke`fstcs gstcjck trctckbe bg rgbuofr ga tc`cóe bg gsg rg-

sfbue, fkoerperckbe kugves ncotergs (per gmg`pae, ac `gmerc gk

ga kfvga gbuoctfve bg ac pejacofÿk e ga icste gk F+B gngotucbe) gk

Fktrebuoofÿk



3: F k b f o c b e r g s b g



ac nukofÿk bg orgof`fgkte, cbg`ãs bg dcogr qug ac tgokeaeiàc, gk

auicr bg sgr ukc vcrfcjag gxÿigkc bga èbgae, tuvfgrc ukc gxpafoc-

ofÿk gkbÿigkc. Bgktre bg tcags fktgktes sek bg pcrtfouacr fktgræs

aes qug c `gbfcbes bg ac prf`grc bæocbc bga kugve `fagkfe gngo-

týck ukc sgrfg bg goeke`fstcs gstcbeukfbgksgs, qug bgscrreaack

ukc gstf`cofÿk bg aes cotfves fktckifjags bga pcàs y qug, c pcrtfr

bg gaac, rgocaouack tckte aes orgof`fgktes bga XFJ y bg ac prebuotf-

vfbcb y gstf`ck ac oektrfjuofÿk qug c aes `fsès dck gngotucbe

gses cotfves fktckifjags.

Xugs jfgk, ac oerrfgktg fkiagsc qug gstcjc trcjcmckbe gk ga

bgscrreaae bg uk fkbfocber bg fkkevcofÿk qug pgr`ftfgrc ocptcr

tebc gsc fkkevcofÿk gsoekbfbc gkaczc oek aes bgscrreaaes dcjfbes

gk GGWW gk terke c ac oektcjfafzcofÿk bg aes cotfves fktckifjags c

kfvga kcofekca y su oektrfjuofÿk ca orgof`fgkte bg ac prebuotfvf-

bcb. Gk tcags cotfves fktckifjags gstãk fkoaufbes jugkc pcrtg bg aes

tg`cs qug gk ac aftgrcturc fkiagsc vgkàck fkoauyækbesg bgktre bg

ac dfbbgk fkkevctfek= ga bfsgóe (fkoauygkbe crquftgoturc g fkig-

kfgràc), acs `gmercs erickfzctfvcs, ga `crlgtfki g fkvgstficofÿk bg

`grocbes, ga icste gk ner`cofÿk… Bg ebe qug, ouckbe cqugaaes

sg oucktfffiock y sg prepekg te`cr su oektrfjuofÿk ca fkorg`gkte

bg ac prebuotfvfbcb oeè fkbfocber ýatfè bg ac fkkevcofÿk bga

pcàs, irck pcrtg bg gscs cotfvfbcbgs aficbcs c ac dfbbgk fkkevctfek

sek te`cbcs gk ougktc gk tca gstf`cofÿk.

Etrc f`pertcktg oerrfgktg qug estrcjc su fksctfsncoofÿk oek

aes fkbfocbergs gxfstgktgs bg fkkevcofÿk grc ac aficbc c ac goeke-

`àc bga bgscrreaae. Gk gngote, ca gstcr tck jcscbes aes fkbfocbergs

bg fkkevcofÿk gxfstgktgs gk ac ofgkofc e ac F+B, tcags fkbfocbergs

rgoeiàck ùy fksctfsncoterfc`gktg aes preogses bg fkkevcofÿk

qug tgkàck auicr gk aes pcàsgs gk vàcs bg bgscrreaae. _f jfgk acs g-

kergs bfspekfjfafbcbgs bg bctes gstcbàstfoes af`ftck oacrc`gktg

acs pesfjfafbcbgs bg `gbfofÿk bg acs ocpcofbcbgs tgokeaÿifocs gk

aes gstubfes qug cjcrock c tcags pcàsgs (`ãs cýk ouckbe aes gstu-

bfes sg rgffigrgk c oekmuktes c`pafes bg pcàsgs g fkoauygk tc`jfæk

c aes pcàsgs `ãs ctrcscbes y pgqugóes), aes ckãafsfs qug fktgktck

gxpafocr gscs ocpcofbcbgs tgokeaÿifocs y ga bgscrreaae bg tcags pcà-

sgs fkoerperck gag`gktes fkstftuofekcags, aeocofekcags y bg etre

tfpe, qug supekgk uk ketcjag gkrfqugof`fgkte bg aes gag`gktes

Fktrebuoofÿk



3? F k b f o c b e r g s b g



qug bgjgk sgr te`cbes gk ougktc c ac derc bg gxpafocr ga bgsg`-

pgóe fkkevcber y goekÿ`foe.

Gsc prgeoupcofÿk per aes gag`gktes fkstftuofekcags y aeoc-

ofekcags qug ùgstrc ac goeke`àc bga bgscrreaae sg gkougktrc

tc`jfæk gk aes gstubfes qug gk aes pcàsgs bgscrreaacbes fktgktck

bgtgr`fkcr ac fkugkofc qug ga tgrrfterfe pesgg gk aes preogses bg

fkkevcofÿk. _ek `ýatfpags aes gknequgs qug ca rgspgote sg bgsc-

rreaack. Wkes trcjcmckbe `ãs gk uk packe kcofekca, pgre etres,

bgsbg ukc paurcafbcb ùy irckbg bg packtgc`fgktes (ukes `ãs

ertebexes, oeè ac aftgrcturc bg ac nukofÿk bg prebuoofÿk bga

oekeof`fgkte< etres `ãs dgtgrebexes, oeè tebcs acs oerrfgktgs

qug @euacrt y _gqufct gkiaejck jcme ga gpàircng èbgaes bg fk-

kevcofÿk tgrrfterfca= sfstg`cs rgifekcags bg fkkevcofÿk, oaýstgrgs,

bfstrftes fkbustrfcags…), gk ga packe sujkcofekca. Gk tebcs acs

oftcbcs oerrfgktgs sg ejsgrvc qug aes ckcafstcs oe`fgkzck c fk-

oaufr gktrg aes ncotergs gxpafoctfves bga æxfte fkkevcber, ke sÿae

acs cotfvfbcbgs fkkevcbercs qug c tca gngote sg aagvck c ocje, sfke

uk oekmukte ùy c`pafe bg etres ncotergs bg oektgxte. Bg èbe

qug, sf sg bgsgc gktgkbgr ga æxfte gk fkkevcofÿk bg uk tgrrfterfe

bgtgr`fkcbe, ke ocjg fikercr gses gag`gktes bg oektgxte tckte

gk aes èbgaes qug trctck bg gxpafocr ga eutput fkkevcber oeè

gk acs peaàtfocs pýjafocs qug trctck bg fkofbfr gk æstg.

Xcrc ffikcafzcr, ke jcstc oek tgkgr gk ougktc ga oektgxte gk qug

sg ùgvgk acs g`prgscs pcrc fkkevcr. Aes iejfgrkes pugbgk bgsc-

rreaacr ukc gxogagktg fknrcgstruoturc bg F+B+f pcrc cpeycr ac fk-

kevcofÿk g`prgscrfca, tgkgr uk ræif`gk ffisoca y bg rgiuacofÿk bg

ac prepfgbcb fktgagotuca ncvercjag c ac fkkevcofÿk pgre, gk ýatf`c

fkstckofc, qufgkgs aagvck c ocje acs fkkevcofekgs bg `grocbe sek

acs g`prgscs. Oeè sg sugag bgofr, sg pugbg aagvcr ca jurre ca ciuc,

pgre sf ga jurre ke qufgrg jgjgr, ke jgjgrã. C pgscr bg tebes aes

cvckogs rgcafzcbes gk ga gstubfe bg ac fkkevcofÿk, tebcvàc pgrsfstg

ukc irck «ocmc kgirc¼ sejrg quæ suogbg bgktre bg acs g`prgscs

y oÿè tfgkgk auicr aes preogses oekorgtes fkkevcofÿk. Gk irck

`gbfbc, aes ckcafstcs qug sg dck gstcbe eoupckbe bg gstubfcr ac

rgacofÿk gktrg tgrrfterfe g fkkevcofÿk, dck bgsoufbcbe ga ckãafsfs

bg oÿè tfgkg auicr ac fkkevcofÿk bgktre bg ac g`prgsc. Gsg dc

sfbe uk ã`jfte bga qug, `ãs qug ac Goeke`àc e Igeircnàc, sg dc

Fktrebuoofÿk






eoupcbe ac Bfrgoofÿk gstrctæifoc e ac aftgrcturc bga @ckcig`gkt.

Gs bgsbg tebes gstes cktgogbgktgs oeè sg pugbg gxpafocr ac

gstruoturc, bg ejrc gk oekstruoofÿk, qug prgsgktc gstg afjre.

Ac fktgkofÿk fkfofca grc, trcs dcjgr tepcbe oek ac «pcrcbemc bg

ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb¼ gk ga Xcàs ^csoe, fktgktcr gxpafocrac c pcrtfr bg

aes bgscrreaaes qug gk aes pcàsgs kÿrbfoes gstcjck tgkfgkbe auicr

y, gk pcrtfouacr, trctcr bg bgscrreaacr ukc sgrfg bg fkbfocbergs pcrc

`gbfr ga tfpe bg fkkevcofÿk BWF (gste gs, ac fkkevcofÿk bgrfvc-

bc bga cprgkbgr dcofgkbe, usckbe g fktgrcotuckbe) qug gstuvfgrc

tgkfgkbe auicr gk acs g`prgscs vcsocs. Aes cutergs kÿrbfoes f`-

puasergs bg tcags gstubfes dcjàck sfbe oekgotcbes per Erlgstrc,

dcjàck vgkfbe ca Xcàs ^csoe bekbg, gk oeacjercofÿk oek Fkkejcs-

qug, sg dcjàck erickfzcbe bfvgrses cotes (tcaagrgs, oekngrgkofcs )

bg gstubfe y bfvuaicofÿk bg sus tgeràcs. Rebe gaae oua`fkÿ gk ga

afjre Fkkevcofÿk y cprgkbfzcmg pujafocbe per Fkkejcsqug, qug rg-

oeiàc aes nrutes bg tcags cotes y bg aes rgofgktgs cvckogs gstcjck

tgkfgkbe auicr gk gsc aftgrcturc BWF.

_fk g`jcrie, aes fktgktes bg cvckog y prenukbfzcofÿk gk

`ctgrfc bg fkbfocbergs jcscbes gk ac aftgrcturc bgscrreaacbc per

bfodc oerrfgktg èstrcrek gksgiufbc sus af`ftcofekgs. _f jfgk

oekogptuca`gktg ga packtgc`fgkte bg aes èbes bg fkkevcofÿk

_RF y BWF rgsuatc ùy ctrcotfve y suigrgktg, su kfvga bg cvckog

dcstc ga prgsgktg dc sfbe ùode `gker c ac derc bg bgscrreaacr

fkbfocbergs pcrc `gbfr uke y etre èbe y bg rgcafzcr gstubfes

g`pàrfoes. Xer gse, cukqug uk fkvgstficber bg Erlgstrc, Bcvfbg

Xcrrfaaf, sg gkocriÿ bg presgiufr ga sgiuf`fgkte bg aes cvckogs qug

dujfgrc gk tca aftgrcturc y bg fktgktcr oekorgtcr ukc sgrfg bg fk-

bfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk c pcrtfr bg ac `fs`c (trcjcmes qug sgrãk

rgoeifbes gk ukc prÿxf`c pujafocofÿk bg Erlgstrc), sg oeksfbgrÿ

qug ga ckãafsfs bg y prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk pcrc

ga Xcàs ^csoe bgjgràc rgcafzcrsg bgsbg ukc pgrspgotfvc `ãs c`pafc,

qug oektg`pacrc aes `ýatfpags cvckogs qug gk ga ùkbe gstcjck

tgkfgkbe auicr gk ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk.

Bg gsc rgvfsfÿk igkgrca bg ac aftgrcturc bg fkkevcofÿk sg eoupÿ

@flga Kcvcrre. Ga ejmgtfve grc, ke yc ogófrsg c ac fkvgstficofÿk bg

fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk ke trcbfofekcags, sfke trctcr bg enrgogr

uk `croe igkgrca bg oucbre bg fkbfocbergs gk ga qug gstuvfgrck

Fktrebuoofÿk






fktgircbes fkbfocbergs tckte trcbfofekcags (per sf`pafffiocr, afic-

bes c ac F+B) oeè ke trcbfofekcags (bg fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc

ke jcscbc gk F+B y bg etres tfpes bg fkkevcofÿk ke tgokeaÿifoc).

Gsc rgvfsfÿk igkgrca bg ac aftgrcturc bgjgràc cjcrocr,

3. aes bfvgrses gknequgs e gsougacs, cktgrfer`gktg gkofekcbes,

qug fktgktck gxpafocr ga bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe g fkkevcber

bg aes tgrrfterfes<

:. ac aftgrcturc gspgoàffioc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk=

c. ac bg cqugaaes trcjcmes qug gstubfck aes pres y oektrcs

bg fkbfocbergs e nugktgs bgtgr`fkcbes (per gmg`pae, aes

pres y oektrcs bg acs pctgktgs, oeè fkbfocber< e bg ac

gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk, oeè nugktg),

j. acs prepfcs nugktgs gstcbàstfocs y aes fkner`gs qug rgoe-

pfacjck ùatftub bg fkbfocbergs (per gmg`pae, Gurestct

oeè nugktg gstcbàstfoc, y ga EGOB _ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy

ckb Fkbustry _oergjecrb oeè rgoepfacofÿk bg fkbfocbe-

rgs)

o. ac prejag`ãtfoc bg aes fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes y aes trc-

tc`fgktes c qug dck bg se`gtgrsg aes bctes

C pcrtfr bg gaac, sg gacjercrek aes trgs prf`gres ocpàtuaes bga

prgsgktg afjre. Gk ga prf`gr ocpàtuae, cbg`ãs bg dcogr uk jrgvg

rgpcse bg ac dfsterfc bg ac `gbfofÿk bg ac ofgkofc, tgokeaeiàc g

fkkevcofÿk y uk jcackog bg ac sftucofÿk gk qug ac `gbfofÿk sg

gkougktrc gk ac cotucafbcb, sg gxpekgk acs bes irckbgs aàkgcs gk

qug aes goeke`fstcs sg gstãk cprexf`ckbe cotuca`gktg c tca `g-

bfofÿk= ac jcscbc gk ac oektcjfafbcb bga orgof`fgkte y ac jcscbc gk

aes oucbres bg fkbfocbergs (soergjecrbs) g fkbfocbergs oe`pugs-

tes. Rrcs bgngkbgr ac oekvgkfgkofc bg bfspekgr gk ga Xcàs ^csoe bg

uk fkbfocber bg fkkevcofÿk jcscbe gk ac gstf`cofÿk bg aes cotfves

fktckifjags y su oektrfjuofÿk ca orgof`fgkte bg ac prebuotfvfbcb,

sg fkstc c ac orgcofÿk bg uk irupe bg trcjcme qug, jcsãkbesg gk

ac aftgrcturc `gkofekcbc gk ga ocpàtuae, aagvg c ocje tcags gstf`c-

ofekgs.

Ga sgiukbe ocpàtuae bga afjre trctc bg cvckzcr gk ac sgiukbc

cprexf`cofÿk c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk= ac qug jusoc bg-

scrreaacr oucbres bg fkbfocbergs g fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes bg

fkkevcofÿk. Xcrc gse, sg dcog ukc rgvfsfÿk bg aes `croes bg erbg-

Fktrebuoofÿk



3> F k b f o c b e r g s b g



kcofÿk g`pagcbes per ac aftgrcturc c gstes gngotes. Gktrg gaaes, sg

eptc per ga `croe erbgkcber bg aes fkbfocbergs bgscrreaacbe per

ga Gurepgck Oaustgr Ejsgrvctery , bcbe qug, cbg`ãs bg su oeksfs-

tgkofc oekogptuca, ncofaftcrã ac bfspekfjfafbcb bg bctes pcrc tebcs

acs rgifekgs gurepgcs (yc qug bfodc tcrgc sgrã csu`fbc per bf-

ode preygote gurepge), csà oeè qug ac prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs

bgscrreaacbc bgsbg ga Xcàs ^csoe sgc oe`pcrtfbc y cpafocbc per

etrcs rgifekgs gurepgcs. Fiuca`gktg gk ga ocpàtuae sgiukbe sg

fbgktfffiock acs bf`gksfekgs e irupes bg ncotergs qug ac aftgrcturc

dc aficbe oek ac fkkevcofÿk y, gk oeksgougkofc, qug ke bgjgk sgr

fikercbes per ac prepugstc qug pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe sg rgcafog.

Wkc vgz ffimcbe ga `croe erbgkcber y acs bf`gksfekgs qug ke

sg bgjgk eavfbcr c ac derc bg gagifr aes fkbfocbergs, gk ga ocpàtuae

tgrogre sg preogbg c ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg aes fkbfocbergs. Gstes vc-

ràck sgiýk oek quæ sg bgsgg oe`pcrcr ga Xcàs ^csoe= oek sà `fsè

(jfgk gk ga pcscbe e oek ejmgtfves pcrc æa gstcjagofbes), oek ukcs

rgifekgs oek acs qug oe`pcrtg ukcs oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc sg-

`gmcktgs y gk acs qug sg bfspekg bg ukc gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk,

oek ga oekmukte bg rgifekgs bg ac Wkfÿk Gurepgc, e oek pcàsgs bg

ac EOBG. Gk gngote, acs bfspekfjfafbcbgs bg fkbfocbergs sek oac-

rc`gktg bfstfktcs bg ukes ocses c etres= sek `ãs ku`grescs gk ga

ocse bg qug ga gstubfe sg ogktrg gk gxoausfvc gk ga Xcàs csoe< y, per

ga oektrcrfe, sek `ãs gsocscs ouckbe sg qufgrg oe`pcrcr ga Xcàs

^csoe oek tebcs acs rgifekgs bg ac Wkfÿk Gurepgc. Xer etre acbe,

acs prepugstcs bg fkbfocbergs cktgrfergs gstãk bfsgócbcs c pcrtfr

bg uk ckãafsfs bg acs bfspekfjfafbcbgs bg bctes cotuca`gktg gxfs-

tgktgs pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe. Xgre bg ac rgvfsfÿk bg aes pesfjags fkbf-

ocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk y bg su oektrcstg oek aes qug cotuca`gktg

gstãk bfspekfjags sg bgsprgkbgk csf`fsè acs ocrgkofcs gxfstgktgs

y, gk oeksgougkofc, acs ãrgcs gk qug bgjgràck gmercrsg acs nugktgs

gstcbàstfocs cotuca`gktg gxfstgktgs.

Rebc ac aftgrcturc y nugktgs `ckgmcbcs gk gses trgs ocpàtuaes

bga afjre, c pgscr bg su gxtgksfÿk, prgsgktck ukc ketcjag ocrgk-

ofc= ke pgkgtrck suffiofgktg`gktg gk ae qug cktgrfer`gktg dg-

ès bgke`fkcbe «ocmc kgirc¼ bg ac fkkevcofÿk, gs bgofr, gk ac

fkkevcofÿk bgktre bg ac g`prgsc. Gk gngote, ac aftgrcturc qug dc

trctcbe bg `gbfr ac fkkevcofÿk gk uk packe tgrrfterfca dc sfbe

Fktrebuoofÿk






bgscrreaacbc prfkofpca`gktg per goeke`fstcs, y gk gaac sg dc bgs-

oufbcbe uk tckte ga ckãafsfs bg oÿè tfgkg auicr ac fkkevcofÿk

bgktre bg acs g`prgscs. Bg gste ýatfè sg dck eoupcbe, `ãs qug

aes goeke`fstcs pures, aes gstubfeses bga @ckcig`gkt. Xer gse,

oek ejmgte bg tgkgr ukc fbgc bg oÿè gbfr ac fkkevcofÿk bgktre

bg acs g`prgscs, Mesukg _ãgkz, gk ga ocpàtuae oucrte bg tàtuae «Ac

fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc bg ac cb`fkfstrcofÿk y bfrgo-

ofÿk bg g`prgscs¼, dc dgode ukc rgvfsfÿk bg oÿè tca aftgrcturc

sg dc cprexf`cbe c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk, dc fkoaufbe ukc

prepugstc bg kugve sfstg`c `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk y dc rgc-

afzcbe ukcs suigrgkofcs sejrg oÿè `gmercr ac `gbfofÿk bg ac

fkkevcofÿk g`prgscrfca bgsbg ukc pgrspgotfvc tgrrfterfca.

Nfkca`gktg, dcy ukc ougstfÿk qug bgsbg uk prfkofpfe packgc-

jc gk ga preygote bg gstubfe bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk= ga qug

ke dcy fkbfocbergs jugkes e caes gk sà, sfke qug aes fkbfocbergs

sgrãk cogrtcbes e ke gk nukofÿk bg su cbgoucofÿk c ac gstrctgifc

y ca oektgxte bga tgrrfterfe. Oeè gk `ãs bg ukc eocsfÿk sg dc

sgócacbe, ga Xcàs ^csoe ke pugbg cspfrcr c sgr ac rgifÿk gurepgc

aàbgr gk F+B, pugs kf gstcès gspgofcafzcbes gk aes sgotergs gk

qug ac F+B rgsuatc `ãs bgofsfvc, kf tgkgès ukc gstruoturc g`-

prgscrfca gk qug prf`gk acs irckbgs g`prgscs, kf seès ukc rg-

ifÿk gk qug sg sftýc ac ocpftca bga gstcbe (oek tebe ae qug gaae f`-

pafoc bg oekogktrcofÿk bg erickfsès pýjafoes bg fkvgstficofÿk,

ukfvgrsfbcbgs, sgbgs bg ùatfkcofekcags ). Gk tca sgktfbe, ocrc ca

g`page bg fkbfocbergs, rgsuatc nukbc`gktca te`cr gk ougktc acs

gksgóckzcs qug sg bgrfvck bg ac aftgrcturc sejrg jgkod`crlfki

tgrrfterfca. Gktrg gaacs, qufzã ac `ãs f`pertcktg, sg gkougktrc ac

bg qug ac prfkofpca vgktcmc qug sg bgrfvc bg acs oe`pcrcofekgs

fktgr-tgrrfterfcags (c scjgr, ga cprgkbfzcmg c pcrtfr bg ac gxpgrfgk-

ofc bg aes bg`ãs y bg ac cbcptcofÿk bg sus jugkcs prãotfocs) tfgkg

auicr ouckbe uke sg oe`pcrc oek tgrrfterfes qug oe`pcrtgk ukc

prejag`ãtfoc sf`facr.

Gse kes f`puasÿ c trctcr, gk ga qufkte y ýatfè ocpàtuae, per

uk gqufpe bg fkvgstficbergs afbgrcbe per @flga Kcvcrre, acs gtc-

pcs qug bgjgràck bfstfkiufrsg gk uk ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki

tgrrfterfca. Ac prf`grc bg tcags gtcpcs pcsc per fbgktfffiocr c acs

rgifekgs oek oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc sf`facrgs c acs bg ac prepfc

Fktrebuoofÿk






rgifÿk. Xcrc gse ke gxfstg uk preogbf`fgkte gstcjagofbe gk ac af-

tgrcturc, y gk ga ocpàtuae sg prepekg uke ca rgspgote y sg cpafoc ca

ocse bga Xcàs ^csoe, bg èbe qug sg fbgktfffiock cqugaacs rgifekgs

(KWR_, gk ac tgr`fkeaeiàc g`pagcbc per Gurestct) bg ac WG-:9

qug, oekner`g c aes orftgrfes oeksfbgrcbes pcrc ocrcotgrfzcr acs

oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc bg ukc rgifÿk, rgsuatck `ãs sf`facrgs ca

Xcàs ^csoe. Rrcs gaae, sg `fbg ga bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe g fkkevc-

ber bg tebcs acs rgifekgs bg ac Wkfÿk Gurepgc y, gk pcrtfouacr, sg

oe`pcrc ga bgsg`pgóe bga Xcàs ^csoe tckte oek ga bg acs rgifekgs

qug, per oe`pcrtfr sf`facrgs oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc, bgke`fkc-

ès bg rgngrgkofc, oeè oek ga pre`gbfe bg acs rgifekgs gurepgcs.

Gk prfkofpfe, acs KWR_ bg rgngrgkofc oek `gmer bgsg`pgóe sek

cqugaacs qug bgjgràck sgr ejmgte prferftcrfe bg oe`pcrcofÿk, pugs

bg gaacs dcjràc `ãs qug cprgkbgr. Nfkca`gktg, kugstrc prepugstc

bg ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki ctfgkbg c acs cotfvfbcbgs e fkput bg

acs KWR_ qug pugbgk gstcr bgtrãs bga eutput e æxfte fkkevcber

cktgrfer, y kugvc`gktg sg oe`pcrc ga oe`pertc`fgkte bga Xcàs

^csoe oek ga bg acs rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc y oek ga bga pre`gbfe

bg tebcs acs KWR_.

Fktrebuoofÿk



36



:8 F k b f o c b e r g s b g



Zggxfÿk y prepugstc pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe:8

OCXÀRWAE 3

Cprexf`cofÿk igkgrca c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk


Erlgstrc ‟ Fkstftute csoe bg Oe`pgtftfvfbcb






:3Ocpàtuae 7= Ga ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki F k b f o c b e r g s b g








:?Ocpàtuae 3= Cprexf`cofÿk igkgrca c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



`gres grck oeksfbgrcbes oeè ukc vcrfcjag gxÿigkc, qug vgkàc

bcbc. Ac fkkevcofÿk y ga cvckog tgokeaÿifoe tgkàck auicr oeè gk

ukc ocmc kgirc. Xgre, ejvfc`gktg, aes ckcafstcs ke pebàck bgmcr

sfk gxpafocr oÿè tgkàc auicr ga preogse bg fkkevcofÿk, qug tcktc

fkofbgkofc tgkàc gk ac cotfvfbcb goekÿ`foc y gk etres ã`jftes bg

ac seofgbcb. Csà, gk pcrcagae oek aes gstubfes cktgrfergs, sfk qug

sus eràigkgs sgck prgofses y ctrfjufjags oacrc`gktg c uk cuter e

è`gkte bgtgr`fkcbe, cpcrgog gk ac aftgrcturc ga aac`cbe è-

bgae afkgca bg fkkevcofÿk (væcsg pcrc su dfsterfc Iebfk :887).

Gstg èbgae pestuac qug ga preogse bg fkkevcofÿk ctrcvfgsc vc-

rfcs ncsgs= oe`fgkzc oek ac fkvgstficofÿk jãsfoc, y oektfkýc oek ac

fkvgstficofÿk cpafocbc y ga bgscrreaae y ffikcafzc oek ac prebuoofÿk

y bfnusfÿk.

Aes cktgrfer`gktg gxpugstes `croe fkput-euput y èbgae af-

kgca bg fkkevcofÿk `crocrek bg èbe bgofsfve ga èbe gk qug

acs effiofkcs gstcbàstfocs oe`gkzcrek c rgoeigr y prgsgktcr aes bc-

tes rgngrfbes c ofgkofc, tgokeaeiàc g fkkevcofÿk. Ac ofgkofc y ac

tgokeaeiàc grck orgofgktg`gktg rgoekeofbes oeè ncotergs oacvg

bga orgof`fgkte goekÿ`foe y, oeè tcags, bgjàck sgr ejmgte bg

peaàtfocs qug acs f`puascrck< pgre, pcrc fkner`cr c tcags peaàtf-

ocs, rgsuatcjc gsgkofca ga bgscrreaae bg gstcbàstfocs y `gbfofekgs.

Ac EOBG y acs effiofkcs gstcbàstfocs cbcptcrek bfodc sg`ãktfoc

fkput-euput c sus gsnugrzes pcrc ac gbfofÿk bg ac ofgkofc. Fkfofca-

`gktg, aes gstãkbcrgs bg gbfofÿk qug sg bgscrreaacrek nugrek aes

rgactfves c aes fkbfocbergs bg fkput (gspgofca`gktg, ga @ckuca bg

Nrcsoctf, pcrc ac `gbfofÿk bg ac F+B, ouyc prf`grc gbfofÿk gs bg

36>?)< ãs cbgacktg, yc gk ac bæocbc bg aes 48, acs pujafocofekgs gs-

tcbàstfocs (per gmg`pae, @cfk _ofgkog ckb Rgodkeaeiy Fkbfocters bg

ac EOBG) g`pgzcrek c rgoeigr mukte c aes fkbfocbergs bg fkput

bctes bg eutput < y gk aes 68 sg gacjercrek tebc ukc nc`fafc bg

`ckucags rgngrfbcs c fkbfocbergs bg eutput (gk 3668, ga bg jcackzc

bg pcies tgokeaÿifoc< gk 366:, ga @ckuca bg Esae bg fkkevcofÿk

tgokeaÿifoc< gk 3662, ga bg pctgktgs…).

Rckte ac tgeràc kgeoaãsfoc bga orgof`fgkte goekÿ`foe y ga

`croe fkput-eutput c gaac aficbc oeè ga èbgae afkgca bg fkke-

vcofÿk nugrek se`gtfbes c nugrtgs oràtfocs per ùy bfngrgktgs tf-

pes bg ckcafstcs prãotfoc`gktg bgsbg ga e`gkte bg su cpcrfofÿk.






Zggxfÿk y prepugstc pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe

Ke ejstcktg, burcktg ùode tfg`pe oekstftuygrek aes `croes

gk qug sg cpeycrek aes erickfsès gacjercbergs bg gstcbàstfocs

bg ofgkofc y tgokeaeiàc. Gk ae qug dcog rgngrgkofc c ac tgeràc bg

orgof`fgkte kgeoaãsfoc, cpcrtg bg ac oràtfoc bg dcjgr bgmcbe sfk

gxpafocofÿk, nugrc bga èbgae, ga prepfe preogse bg cvckog tgoke-

aÿifoe, sg orftfocjc ac ncatc bg rgcafsè bg aes supugstes bg ac tgeràc

kgeoaãsfoc gstãkbcr gk qug cqugaac gstcjc jcscbc= oe`pgtgkofc

pgrngotc, oekbuotcs `cxf`fzcbercs bg aes cigktgs, rgkbf`fgktes

`crifkcags pesftfves y orgofgktgs, ke gxtgrkcafbcbgs, cusgkofc bg

goeke`àcs bg gsocac... C kugstres gngotes, rgsuatcjc pcrtfouacr-

`gktg susogptfjag bg oràtfoc su oeksfbgrcofÿk bga oekeof`fgkte

oeè uk «jfgk pýjafoe¼, pagkc`gktg coogsfjag y sfk prejag`cs

pcrc su trcks`fsfÿk, qug bgsoekeoàc ga ocrãotgr tãofte bg irck pcr-

tg bga oekeof`fgkte. Gk ouckte ca èbgae afkgca bg fkkevcofÿk, sg

orftfoÿ su vfsfÿk sf`pafstc bg qug ac fkkevcofÿk surig sfg`prg per

uk f`puase erfifkcrfe preogbgktg bga ùkbe bg ac ofgkofc y gk

su auicr sg prepuikÿ qug ga f`puase pugbg surifr gk oucaqufgr

auicr bg ac ocbgkc, oek `ýatfpags preogses bg rgtrecaf`gktcofÿk<

g fiuca`gktg sg orftfoÿ ac oekogpofÿk bga fkkevcber e cigktg fk-

bfvfbuca cfsacbe, qug fikerc acs fktgrcoofekgs gktrg acs bfngrgktgs

ncsgs bga preogse y bg aes `ýatfpags cotergs qug ner`ck pcrtg bg

uk sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk.

Rckte pcrc rgspekbgr c acs kgogsfbcbgs orgofgktgs bg bctes

gstcbàstfoes pcrc ga gstubfe bg gstes preogses oeè c aes oc`jfes

qug vck tgkfgkbe auicr gk aes ebgaes y `croes oekogptucags qug

gstubfck ac fkkevcofÿk y sus gngotes (gspgofca`gktg, per ac cpcrf-

ofÿk bg acs kugvcs tgeràcs bga orgof`fgkte y bg ac oerrfgktg bg aes

sfstg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk), aes fkbfocbergs bg ofgkofc y tgokeaeiàc

qug sek dgodes pýjafoes per aes erickfsès bg gstcbàstfoc vck

gxpgrf`gktckbe suogsfves cvckogs, bg èbe qug caiukes ckcafs-

tcs dcjack bg «igkgrcofekgs bg fkbfocbergs¼. Csà, @fajgris y ê-

kertcs (:88>) bfstfkiugk vcrfcs igkgrcofekgs bg fkbfocbergs bg

fkkevcofÿk.

3. Gk ac prf`grc igkgrcofÿk, be`fkcktg gk aes cóes 78 y >8 y

qug rggmcjc uk èbgae afkgca bg fkkevcofÿk, ac ctgkofÿk gs-

tcjc ogktrcbc gk aes fkbfocbergs bg fkput = nukbc`gktca`gktg

gk ga icste gk F+B, pgre tc`jfæk gk ga pgrsekca bg ofgkofc y



:7Ocpàtuae 3= Cprexf`cofÿk igkgrca c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



tgokeaeiàc, gk ga icste bg ocpftca, gk aes ircbucbes ukfvgrsftc-

rfes y sf`facrgs.

:. Gk ac sgiukbc igkgrcofÿk, qug ocrcotgrfzc c acs bæocbcs bg aes

98 y 48, aes fkbfocbergs bg fkput sg oe`pag`gktcrek oek fk-

bfocbergs bg eutput fktgr`gbfes bg acs cotfvfbcbgs bg ofgkofc

y tgokeaeiàc= ký`gre bg pctgktgs, pujafocofekgs ofgktàffiocs,

ký`gre bg kugves prebuotes y preogses, oe`grofe bg catc

tgokeaeiàc, jcackzc tgokeaÿifoc…

?. Ac tgrogrc igkgrcofÿk, qug prf`c gk aes 68 y oe`fgkzes bg ac

prf`grc bæocbc bga kugve `fagkfe, prgstc ctgkofÿk c oekmuk-

tes c`pafes bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk y c ac oekstruoofÿk

bg àkbfogs oe`pugstes. Xcrc gse, cbg`ãs bg ac fktgircofÿk bg

bctes pýjafoes bfspekfjags gk `ýatfpags nugktgs, sg rgourrg c

fkner`cofÿk rgoeifbc bg kugvcs gkougstcs= caiukcs aagvcbcs

c ocje per fkstftutes effiofcags bg gstcbàstfocs y ogktrcbcs gs-

pgoàffioc`gktg gk ac fkkevcofÿk, pgre etrcs rgcafzcbcs per er-

ickfsès ke effiofcags, oeè per gmg`pae ga Yerab Goeke`fo

Neru`, y qug cjcrock oekmuktes c`pafes bg ncotergs aficbes

`ãs c ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb. Ac ctgkofÿk prfkofpca gstã ogktrcbc

gk gstc ncsg gk epgrcofekgs bg jgkod`crlfki (e oe`pcrcofe-

kgs pcrc ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg `gmergs prãotfocs) y gk ac gacje-

rcofÿk bg rcklfkis bg ac ocpcofbcb fkkevcberc bg aes pcàsgs.

3.: Fkvgktcrfe bg ocrgkofcs gxfstgktgs

C pgscr bg aes fkbubcjags cvckogs rgcafzcbes bgsbg `gbfcbes bga

sfiae TT gk ac `ætrfoc bg ac fkkevcofÿk dcy tetca ukckf`fbcb gk

aes ckcafstcs bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk oeksfbgrcr qug ac sftucofÿk cotuca

rgsuatc su`c`gktg fksctfsncoterfc y qug rgsuatc prgofse gktrcr gk

ukc kugvc igkgrcofÿk bg fkbfocbergs. Acs prfkofpcags ocrgkofcs c

qug aes gstubfes dcogk rgngrgkofc sek acs sfiufgktgs= (^æcksg Ie-

bfk, :882 y :88>< Iebfk y Beræ, :887< @fajgris y êkertcs, :88><

_frfaaf, :88>< ^guigagrs, :88>)

Xrf`gre, sg sfiug ocrgofgkbe bg ukc tgeràc y èbgae igkg-

rca`gktg cogptcbe qug gxpafqug aes preogses bg fkkevcofÿk y ga

f`pcote qug ga eutput fkkevcber gmgrog gk ac goeke`àc y gk ac

seofgbcb. Xcrc pcafcr tca ocrgkofc, sg rgourrg c `croes oekogptuc-

ags, gs bgofr, c «èbes bg sgagoofÿk, erickfzcofÿk, g fktgrprgtcofÿk



:> F k b f o c b e r g s b g




qug betck bg sgktfbe c ac rgcafbcb y qug prevggk bg iuàcs pcrc

ga oekeof`fgkte, ga ckãafsfs, ac pgrsucsfÿk y ac cotucofÿk¼ (Iebfk

:88>= 3). Gk `ctgrfc bg fkkevcofÿk, uk `croe oekogptuca su`c-

`gktg gxtgkbfbe cotuca`gktg gs ga bg aes sfstg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk.

Xgre, bgmckbe c uk acbe acs irckbgs bfngrgkofcs gxfstgktgs gktrg

acs bfngrgktgs oekogpofekgs qug sg cirupck bgktre bg gstg `croe,

oeè Gbqufst (:887) sgócac, pcrc qug aes sfstg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk

caockogk ga rckie bg tgeràc rgsuatc prgofse supgrcr ukc sgrfg bg

c`jfiñgbcbgs g fkoeksfstgkofcs oekogptucags, prgofscr `ãs aes

aà`ftgs oekstftuygktgs bga sfstg`c, bgsorfjfr bg `ckgrc rfiuresc

acs rgacofekgs ocuscags gxfstgktgs gktrg acs vcrfcjags y bfspekgr bg

rgiuacrfbcbgs g`pàrfocs jfgk gstcjagofbcs. Gscs ocrgkofcs acstrck

ga pcpga erfgktcber qug ac tgeràc e ga èbgae bgjgràck gmgrogr c ac

derc bg bfsgócr aes fkbfocbergs cprepfcbes.

Gk sgiukbe auicr dcjràc qug dcogr rgngrgkofc c acs ãrgcs gk

qug ãs gvfbgktgs sek acs ocrgkofcs bg fkbfocbergs. _f per sf`paf-

ffiocr, bfvfbfærcès aes fkbfocbergs gktrg fkbfocbergs bg oekbfofe-

kgs pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk, bg fkput e cotfvfbcbgs, bg eutput fkkevc-

ber, y bg eutoe`g e f`pcote igkgrca, ocjràc sgócacr ae sfiufgktg=

• Cukqug ocjràc f`cifkcr ofgktes bg fkbfocbergs sejrg oekbf-

ofekgs bg fkkevcofÿk, ke gxfstg ukc sgrfg bg fkbfocbergs prf-

`crfes e jãsfoes qug pgr`ftck ocrcotgrfzcr, bgsbg ukc vfsfÿk

sfstæ`foc, ga oektgxte gk qug sg bgsgkvugavgk acs erickfzcofe-

kgs qug bgscrreaack aes preogses bg fkkevcofÿk= ac bg`ckbc

goekÿ`foc, ga gkterke bg acs peaàtfocs, acs cotftubgs seofcags y

ncotergs ouaturcags… Bg dgode, gk ùodes bg aes fkner`gs e

oeagoofekgs bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk sg fikerck aes fkbf-

ocbergs sejrg oekbfofekgs pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk.

• Gk aes fkbfocbergs bg fkput y bg cotfvfbcbgs, sf jfgk bgsbg aes

cóes >8 sg bgscrreaack acs gstcbàstfocs bg F+B, ke sg cvckzc bg

fiuca `ckgrc gk ac oektcjfafzcofÿk y gstubfe bg etres oe`-

pekgktgs bg etrcs cotfvfbcbgs fkkevcbercs g fkvgrsfekgs gk

fktckifjags, gspgofca`gktg gk cqugaacs aficbcs c fkkevcofekgs

ke tgokeaÿifocs. Acs cotfvfbcbgs fkkevcbercs oektg`pacbcs

gk acs gkougstcs bg fkkevcofÿk dck sfbe gagifbcs pgksckbe

nukbc`gktca`gktg gk acs g`prgscs `ckuncoturgrcs, bg pcà-

sgs cvckzcbes y bg ofgrte tc`cóe, y ke pgr`ftgk ocptcr ofgr-






tcs ner`cs bg fkkevcofÿk (per gmg`pae, acs aac`cbcs fkke-

vcofekgs `gkergs) `ãs prepfcs bg pcàsgs `gkes cvckzcbes,

bg etres sgotergs (gspgofca`gktg, bg sgrvfofes) e bg g`prgscs

pgqugócs. Cbfofekca`gktg, cpgkcs sg bfspekg bg umes bg oe-

keof`fgkte, èvfafbcb g fktgrcoofekgs (tckte oektrcotucags

oeè fkner`cags) gktrg aes cigktgs bga sfstg`c, csà oeè bg

fkner`cofÿk sejrg aes oe`pertc`fgktes bg aes cigktgs qug

pgr`ftgk trcksner`cr gses fkput gk eutput bg fkkevcofÿk y

qug bgsorfjck aes —preogses‖ bg orgcofÿk y bfnusfÿk bga oeke-

of`fgkte bgktre bg aes sfstg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk.

• Gk ouckte c aes fkbfocbergs bg eutput fkkevcber, aes `ãs utf-

afzcbes (pctgktgs y pujafocofekgs ofgktàffiocs) sek gk rgcafbcb

`ãs fkbfocbergs fktgr`gbfes bg fkkevcofÿk qug prepfc`gktg

fkbfocbergs bg eutput fkkevcber. Aes fkbfocbergs bg ký`gre

e perogktcmg bg g`prgscs fkkevcbercs (bg prebuote, preogse,

erickfzcofÿk e `crlgtfki) e perogktcmgs bg vgktcs oerrgs-

pekbfgktgs c prebuotes kugves sek bg`csfcbe igkgrcags y

ke bga tebe cprepfcbes pcrc `gbfr ga eutput fkkevcber gk

g`prgscs ke `ckuncoturgrcs, g fkoause gk gstcs ýatf`cs ke

pgr`ftgk gbfr rgca`gktg ga ircbe bg gxtgksfÿk y rcbfocafbcb

bg ac fkkevcofÿk.

• Aes fkbfocbergs bg f`pcote prãotfoc`gktg sg af`ftck c rgoe-

igr aes umes bg oe`grofe gxtgrfer per sgotergs tgokeaÿifoes

e, oek ocrãotgr `ãs igkgrca, ac prebuotfvfbcb y ac rgktc pgr

oãpftc, pgre sfk uk èbgae qug, `ãs caaã bg ac `grc gxfstgk-

ofc bg oerrgacofekgs, afiug gses fkbfocbergs goekÿ`foes c aes

fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk, y sfk fkbfocbergs bg f`pcote gk

etrcs bf`gksfekgs oacvg= ouaturc, seofgbcb, scaub, gbfe-c`-

jfgktg…

Aes prejag`cs oftcbes pcrc aes bfngrgktgs tfpes bg fkbfocbergs (bg

fkput /cotfvfbcb, eutput y eutoe`g/f`pcote) sg vgk ùatfpafocbes

gk bgtgr`fkcbes ã`jftes. Csà, ac orgofgktg iaejcafzcofÿk bg ac cotf-

vfbcb goekÿ`foc g fkkevcberc ke qugbc cprepfcbc`gktg rggmc-

bc gk acs gstcbàstfocs, qug sfiugk trctckbe bg `gbfr gstrfotc`gktg

acs cotfvfbcbgs fkkevcbercs bgscrreaacbcs e ga f`pcote qug gstcs

igkgrck bgktre bg acs nrektgrcs bga pcàs, sfk ocptcr acs cotfvfbc-

bgs fktgrkcofekcags bg aes cotergs. Xcrcagac`gktg, acs gstcbàstfocs







cpgkcs enrgogk fkner`cofÿk sejrg uke bg aes ã`jftes tgrrfterfc-

ags `ãs rgagvcktgs pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk= ga ã`jfte rgifekca/aeoca.

Fiuca`gktg, c pgscr bg qug ac Goeke`àc bg ac fkkevcofÿk ugstrc

ac f`pertckofc qug pesgg ga sgoter e ga ãrgc tgokeaÿifoc pcrc ac

fkkevcofÿk, ac bfspekfjfafbcb bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk per

sgotergs e per ãrgcs tgokeaÿifocs gs ùy rgbuofbc y ke uy oe`-

pcrcjag fktgrkcofekca`gktg.

Xer ýatfè, oeè Irgigrsgk y Medksek (:887) sgócack oek

rgspgote c aes fkbfocbergs bg eutput g f`pcote, pgre oek ukc cr-

iu`gktcofÿk qug sgràc cpafocjag tc`jfæk c aes rgstcktgs tfpes, aes

fkbfocbergs bgjgk `gbfr cprepfcbc`gktg aes èbes bg fkke-

vcofÿk, csà oeè aes ejmgtfves bgffikfbes y pgrsgiufbes per ocbc

sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk, qug ke tfgkgk per quæ sgr aes `fsès

pcrc ocbc uke bg gaaes. E bfode bg etrc `ckgrc, aes fkbfocbergs

cprepfcbes pcrc caiukes pcàsgs pugbgk sgrae `gkes pcrc etres,

y aes fkbfocbergs bgjgk cbcptcrsg c acs ocrcotgràstfocs sfkiuacrgs

bg ocbc sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk, oesc qug igkgrca`gktg ke sugag

suogbgr.

3.? Cprexf`cofekgs cotucags ca ckãafsfs bg ac fkkevcofÿk

y su fkofbgkofc gk ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb

Oeè sg dc gxpugste gk ga cpcrtcbe cktgrfer, bgsbg ac sgiukbc

`ftcb bg aes cóes 68 sg gxtfgkbg ac oekvfoofÿk bg qug uk oe`pe-

kgktg oacvg bga æxfte oe`pgtftfve gs ac fkkevcofÿk y bg qug gstc

ýatf`c gs uk ngkÿ`gke oe`pagme y ùatfbf`gksfekca. Bcbc su

f`pertckofc, sg oeksfbgrc nukbc`gktca ga bfspekgr bg fkbfocbe-

rgs y gbfofekgs qug pgr`ftgk oe`prgkbgr ac pesfofÿk rgactfvc bg

aes tgrrfterfes, pcrc csà pebgr cpafocr peaàtfocs bg fkkevcofÿk oek

ofgrte nukbc`gkte. Xgre, per su oe`pagmfbcb y ùatfbf`gksfekc-

afbcb, rgsuatc prgofse fr `ãs caaã bg aes fkbfocbergs fkbfvfbucags

trcbfofekcags. Dcy ckcafstcs qug fkoause packtgck ac kgogsfbcb bg fr

`ãs caaã bg ae qug pebràcès bgke`fkcr fkkevcofÿk bg grocbe

(gs bgofr, acs fkkevcofekgs bg prebuote, bg preogse, erickfzctfvcs

y bg `crlgtfki qug sg packtgck gk ga @ckuca bg Esae bg ac Fkke-

vcofÿk) e bg ke rgstrfkifr ga ckãafsfs y aes fkbfocbergs bg f`pcote

bg ac fkkevcofÿk ca ã`jfte gxoausfvc`gktg goekÿ`foe. Gs bgofr,

qug sg packtgck ga ckãafsfs bg fkkevcofekgs gk ac Cb`fkfstrcofÿk






pýjafoc e bg fkkevcofekgs seofcags y gbfe-c`jfgktcags< csà oeè

ga gngote bg ac fkkevcofÿk sejrg ã`jftes oeè ac ouaturc, ac scaub,

gto. Ac`gktcjag`gktg, gstes ýatfès packtgc`fgktes sg gkougk-

trck gk ukc ncsg ùy g`jrfekcrfc y gxogbgk bga ejmgtfve fkfofca-

`gktg packtgcbe pcrc gstg gstubfe.

Oeè fkbfock Irupp y @eigg (:887), gk aes trcjcmes bg

`gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk goekÿ`foc y bg su fkofbgkofc gk ac

oe`pgtftfvfbcb tgrrfterfca ocjràc bfstfkiufr bes irckbgs èbes

bg cjerbcr ga prejag`c= ga bg ac èbgafzcofÿk e cprexf`cofÿk

goeke`ætrfoc y ac cprexf`cofÿk bg aes fkbfocbergs. Gstcs bes

cprexf`cofekgs sg bfstfkiugk per acs oeùkfbcbgs bg fkvgstfic-

bergs qug acs aagvck c ocje, csà oeè per aes ebgaes qug iuàck su

oeagoofÿk y ckãafsfs bg aes bctes. Ac cprexf`cofÿk goeke`ætrfoc

gstã f`puascbc per goeke`fstcs y bgsocksc gk gstubfes g`pàrfoes

bg acs tgeràcs y rgacofekgs goekÿ`focs qug jãsfoc`gktg gvcaýck

aes ncotergs qug gxpafock ga bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber y goekÿ`foe,

y gk gaac ga preirgse tæokfoe sg `fbg prfkofpca`gktg usckbe ukc

nukofÿk bg prebuoofÿk. Ac cprexf`cofÿk bg aes fkbfocbergs bg

fkkevcofÿk dc sfbe f`puascbc per ukc oeùkfbcb bg fkvgstfic-

bergs `ãs paurca y prevgkfgktg bg vcrfcbcs bfsofpafkcs (fkigkfg-

res, seofÿaeies, goeke`fstcs, peaftÿaeies…), qug oeksfbgrck qug

ac fkkevcofÿk ctrcvfgsc ukc sgrfg bg gstcbfes y cotfvfbcbgs bg bfs-

tfkte tfpe, oek bfngrgktgs fkbfocbergs. Gk pcrtg gsc bfstfkofÿk dc

g`pgzcbe c bfnu`fkcrsg, pugs cnc`cbes goeke`fstcs (per gmg`-

pae, Xertgr y _tgrk, 3666) dck g`pgzcbe c gacjercr àkbfogs bg fk-

kevcofÿk, qug grck `ãs prepfes bga sgiukbe gknequg< y tc`jfæk

ac oeùkfbcb bg gstubfeses bg ac fkkevcofÿk gstã tgkbfgkbe c

bgsockscr su fkvgstficofÿk `ãs gxpaàoftc`gktg gk èbgaes oek-

ogptucags y tgÿrfoes. Ke ejstcktg, gk ae qug sfiug bfstfkiufrgès

aes cvckogs dcjfbes gk gscs bes bfrgoofekgs y aes trctcrgès gk aes

sfiufgktgs bes cpcrtcbes, sgpcrcbc`gktg.

:. Ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk `gbfcktg ac

oektcjfafbcb bga orgof`fgkte

Oeè cktgrfer`gktg sg dc sgócacbe, ac cprexf`cofÿk `cyerftc-

rfc bg ac goeke`àc trcbfofekca c ac rgacofÿk gktrg ac fkkevcofÿk y

ga bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe dc sfbe ac bg ac oektcjfafbcb bga orgof-



?8 F k b f o c b e r g s b g




`fgkte. Bg cougrbe oek aes prf`gres èbgaes bga orgof`fgkte,

ga «rgsfbue¼ bg ac nukofÿk bga orgof`fgkte `gbfràc ac fkkevcofÿk.

Cktg acs oràtfocs bg qug ga rgsfbue grc rgca`gktg ukc `gbfofÿk bg

kugstrc fikerckofc, oek ejmgte bg rgbuofr su `cikftub sg fktre-

bumgrek bfvgrscs `gmercs gk cqugaacs nukofekgs= per uk acbe, fk-

oerperckbe ae ãs pesfjag ga preirgse tgokeaÿifoe gk aes ncotergs

erfifkcrfes bg cqugaacs goucofekgs (per gmg`pae, oeksfbgrckbe

ke sÿae ga ký`gre bg trcjcmcbergs u dercs trcjcmcbcs, sfke tc`-

jfæk acs `gmercs dcjfbcs gk su oucafffiocofÿk< gs bgofr, ga aac`cbe

ocpftca du`cke)< y, per etre, fkoerperckbe etrcs pesfjags vcrfc-

jags gxpafoctfvcs gk ac goucofÿk (Ncjgrigri, 3662). C pgscr bg tcags

`gmercs, aes èbgaes bg orgof`fgkte sgiuàck oeksfbgrckbe ga oe-

keof`fgkte oeè ukc vcrfcjag gxÿigkc. Duje qug gspgrcr c qug

gk ac sgiukbc `ftcb bg aes 48, oek aes trcjcmes bg Ze`gr (364>)

y Auocs (3644), surifgrck acs kugvcs tgeràcs bga orgof`fgkte, qug

prepekgk èbgaes oek oc`jfe tgokeaÿifoe gkbÿigke, gk ga ouca

ga orgof`fgkte c acrie pacze gs f`puascbe prfkofpca`gktg per ac

couùacofÿk bg oekeof`fgktes.

Bg tebes èbes, bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc bg `gbfofÿk bg ac

fkkevcofÿk y bg su fkofbgkofc gk ga bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe, tck e

`ãs fktgrgscktg qug gsg bgscrreaae gs ga fktgkte, fkfofcbe gk GGWW

y presgiufbe gk ga Zgfke Wkfbe gktrg etres pcàsgs, bg `gbfr gk

tær`fkes èkgtcrfes ac fkvgrsfÿk gk fktckifjags y su fkofbgkofc

gk ga orgof`fgkte y ac prebuotfvfbcb. Aes cotfves fktckifjags (tc`-

jfæk bgke`fkcbes ocpftca fktgagotuca y ocpftca bg oekeof`fgkte

gk caiukes trcjcmes) pebràck bgffikfrsg oeè cotfves ocrgktgs bg

sustckofc nàsfoc, nugktgs bg prejcjags nutures jgkgffiofes goekÿ`f-

oes (Jfsùtd y Lfrlpctrfol, :88>). Gstes fktgktes bg `gbfofÿk bg

ac fkvgrsfÿk gk fktckifjags ner`cràck pcrtg bg ac oucrtc igkgrc-

ofÿk bg `ætrfoc bg ac fkkevcofÿk bg @fajgris y êkertcs (:88>),

cotuca`gktg gk ncsg bg bgscrreaae.

Ac ctgkofÿk bg aes goeke`fstcs gk aes fktckifjags bgspgrtÿ c

`gbfcbes bga sfiae pcscbe, fkfofca`gktg ùy ogktrcbc gk terke c

ac F+B. Xestgrfer`gktg nug prgstãkbesg ctgkofÿk tc`jfæk c etres

ncotergs (`crlgtfki, ner`cofÿk bg aes trcjcmcbergs…), pgre ig-

kgrca`gktg ac aftgrcturc qug trctcjc bg tcags ncotergs ae dcoàc eou-

pãkbesg bg ocbc uke bg gaaes bg ebe cfsacbe, sfk ukc pgrspgotfvc



?3Ocpàtuae 3= Cprexf`cofÿk igkgrca c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



fktgircbc (Kctfekca Zgsgcrod Oeukofa, :886). Cbg`ãs, ae dcjftuca

gk ac oektcjfafbcb kcofekca grc trctcr ga icste gk fktckifjags oeè

oeksuè fktgr`gbfe (sf grc aagvcbe c ocje per acs g`prgscs) e

oeè oeksuè ffikca (sf ae rgcafzcjc ga Iejfgrke), gs bgofr, oeè

icstes qug cpcrgogk y bgscpcrgogk ga `fsè cóe, pgre ke oeè

fkvgrsfÿk. Gsg ebe bg trctcr ga icste gk fktckifjags, ãs qug per

rczekgs oekogptucags, sg bgjàc c aes prejag`cs qug prgsgktcjc su

`gbfofÿk g`pàrfoc y ca oeksgrvcburfsè qug be`fkc ac prãotfoc

`coregoekÿ`foc y oektcjag-ffikckofgrc, qug gknctfzc ac prgofsfÿk

y ac oektfkufbcb oek ga pcscbe (cpeyãkbesg ocsf gxoausfvc`gktg

sejrg bctes bg `grocbes), sejrg ac cprexf`cofÿk y ac fkkevcofÿk

(qug bgrfvcràck bg ac f`putcofÿk bg bctes) (Oerrcbe, :889< Jfs-

ùtd y Lfrlpctrfol, :88>< Duatgk, :889 y :884).3 Rcags prejag`cs

bgrfvcjck bg ukc sgrfg bg ocrcotgràstfocs qug prgsgktck aes cotfves

fktckifjags oek rgacofÿk c aes tckifjags, c scjgr= su ncatc bg vgrfffi-

ocjfafbcb, su fkvfsfjfafbcb, su èbe bg cprepfcofÿk y su ocrãotgr

bg ke-rfvcafbcb.

Gk gngote, c bfngrgkofc bg aes cotfves tckifjags, qug igkgrca-

`gktg sek cbqufrfbes per acs g`prgscs bg etres prebuotergs, aes

cotfves fktckifjags sek prebuofbes igkgrca`gktg per acs g`prgscs

pcrc sà y ke sugag dcjgr tcktcs trckscoofekgs oe`grofcags ejsgr-

vcjags y vgrfffiocjags oek gaaes qug pgr`ftck gstf`cr acs ocktfbcbgs

prebuofbcs y sus prgofes. Csf`fsè, gk oektrcstg oek aes tckif-

jags, aes fktckifjags ke prgsgktck ukc `ctgrfcafzcofÿk pcapcjag y

ocrgogk bg vfsfjfafbcb , ae qug bfffiouatc qug sgck ejsgrvcbes c ae

acrie bga tfg`pe, oe`pcrcbes oek cotfves sf`facrgs ãs rgofgktgs

y, oeè oeksgougkofc, pgrofjfr su cktfiñgbcb, ae qug bfffiouatc ac

`gbfofÿk bg sus tcscs bg bgprgofcofÿk. Xer ýatfè, ùodes cotf-

ves fktckifjags sg ocrcotgrfzck per sgr jfgkgs ke-rfvcags, gs bgofr,

qug pugbgk sgr g`pagcbes per uodes usucrfes sfùatãkgc`gk-

tg sfk qug gse bfs`fkuyc ac ocktfbcb bfspekfjag per uk pcrtfouacr

usucrfe (per gmg`pae, ga oekeof`fgkte bgrfvcbe bg ukc cotfvfbcb

bg F+B), c ae ouca sg su`c qug prgsgktck prejag`cs bg cprepfcjf-

afbcb (Oerrcbe gt ca., :88>).

Gsc ke oeksfbgrcofÿk bga icste gk fktckifjags oeè fkvgr-

sfÿk dcjàc oekbuofbe c qug gk bgtgr`fkcbes ã`jftes surifgrck

dgodes bfnàofags bg gkocmcr. Xer gmg`pae, c ukc irck bfsorgpckofc

3 Aes ýkfoes cotfves fk-

tckifjags rgoekeofbes trc-

bfofekca`gktg gk ac oek-

tcjfafbcb

g`prgscrfca dck sfbe aes bg

ac prepfgbcb fktgagotuca,

tcags oeè pctgktgs y `cr-

ocs, gk aes qug uk vcaer bg

`grocbe gs gstcjagofbe gk

ukc trckscoofÿk, g àtg`s

cbqufrfbes tcags oeè ga

nekbe bg oe`grofe. Wkc

bg acs prfkofpcags rczekgs

qug f`pgbàc su gxtgksfÿk

grc ac bfffiouatcb bg gstc-

jagogr vcaergs èkgtcrfes

pcrc aes `fsès qug nu-

grck oeksfstgktgs bg ukcs

g`prgscs c etrcs, vgrfffi-

ocjags y qug ke pubfgrck

`ckfpuacrsg nãofa`gktg.

Oeè oeksgougkofc bg

gaae, ùodes cotfves bg acs

g`prgscs ffiiurcjck fknrc-

vcaercbes gk sus gstcbes

oektcjags.



?: F k b f o c b e r g s b g




gktrg ga vcaer oektcjag bg acs g`prgscs y su vcaer gk aes `grocbes

bg vcaergs (Duatgk, :884) e c gveauofekgs bg ac prebuotfvfbcb y

bg etrcs vcrfcjags `coregoekÿ`focs ke coerbgs oek ac cogagrc-

ofÿk bga oc`jfe tgokeaÿifoe (Kctfekca Zgsgcrod Oeukofa, :886).

Ac kgogsfbcb bg dcogr nrgktg c caiukcs bg gstcs cke`caàcs dcjàc

aagvcbe yc c qug gk ac bæocbc bg aes kevgktc sg fkoauygrck caiukes

oc`jfes gk ga _fstg`c bg Ougktcs Kcofekcags (_OK) fktgrkcofe-

kca. Gk gngote, sf dcstc 366? ga _OK ke rgoekeoàc ac gxfstgkofc bg

aes cotfves fktckifjags, gk ac rgvfsfÿk bg bfode cóe sg fktrebuog

ukc bfstfkofÿk gktrg cotfves tckifjags g fktckifjags, sf jfgk sek

ùy peoes aes cotfves ffimes qug sg oeksfbgrck oeè fktckifjags=

ga sentwcrg bg erbgkcbergs, ac gxpaercofÿk `fkgrc y aes erfifkc-

ags crtàstfoes y aftgrcrfes. Gk ac prepugstc bg rgvfsfÿk bg :884 ke

ffiiurc yc ac tgr`fkeaeiàc «tckifjag¼ g «fktckifjag¼, pgre bg dg-

ode sg gxtfgkbg su ã`jfte, pugste qug, jcme ac bgke`fkcofÿk bg

«prebuotes bg ac prebuoofÿk fktgagotuca¼, aes icstes bg F+B pcsck

c oeksfbgrcrsg oeè bg fkvgrsfÿk (Dfaa, :886). Gk oeksekckofc

oek ae cktgrfer, pcàsgs oeè GGWW g`prgkbgk ac gacjercofÿk bg

ougktcs sctæaftgs pcrc ac F+B, gs bgofr= bg uk oekmukte bg ougktcs

qug pgr`ftg ac `gbfofÿk gxpgrf`gktca bg ukc pcrtg bgtgr`fkcbc

bg ac goeke`àc ‟cquà, bg acs cotfvfbcbgs bg F+B‟, gk uk `croe

oeksfstgktg oek ga XFJ, pgre sgpcrcbe bg acs ougktcs goekÿ`focs e

kcofekcags effiofcags (Cfzoerjg gt ca., :886). Gsg oc`jfe sg mustfffioc,

oekogptuca`gktg, gk qug, ca fiuca qug pcrc oeksfbgrcr uk icste gk

uk jfgk tckifjag oeè fkvgrsfÿk sg ctfgkbg c sf tca use bg rgourses

rgbuog ga oeksuè prgsgktg oek ga ejmgte bg igkgrcr uk eutput gk

ga nuture, sg bgjgràc sf`ætrfoc`gktg cpafocr uk orftgrfe sg`gmcktg

ca icste gk fktckifjags (Oerrcbe gt ca., :88>). Irck pcrtg bg aes

icstes gk fktckifjags ou`pafràck gsg orftgrfe y su rgcafzcofÿk oe`-

pertcràc uk orgof`fgkte bga ocpftca fktckifjag.:

Oekvfgkg sujrcycr qug gstg packtgc`fgkte oe`pertcjc ukc

kevgbcb oek rgacofÿk c oÿè vgkàck gstubfckbe aes ckãafsfs goe-

kÿ`foes ac rgacofÿk gktrg ac fkkevcofÿk y ga eutput goekÿ`foe. Gk

gngote, aes ckãafsfs goekÿ`foes seaàck oeksfbgrcr ga eutput oeè

bcbe y ae qug jusocjck grc bgsgktrcócr aes bgtgr`fkcktgs bg acs

`gbfbcs gxfstgktgs bg ac prebuotfvfbcb bga trcjcme e bg ac XRN.

@fgktrcs qug cderc, ac oeksfbgrcofÿk bg gsg icste gk F+B e gk

: Dcy icstes gk fktck-

ifjags qug tfgkgk gngotes

`ãs fk`gbfctes y `gkes

burcbgres y qug, per

ae tckte, ke pcscràck c

ner`cr pcrtg bga ocpftca

fktgagotuca. Csà suogbg, per

gmg`pae, oek jugkc pcrtg

bga icste gk pujafofbcb.



??Ocpàtuae 3= Cprexf`cofÿk igkgrca c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



etres fktckifjags oeè ocpftca, cngotcjc ca prepfe vcaer bga XFJ y

bg ac prebuotfvfbcb, ca bg etres cirgicbes coregoekÿ`foes (per

gmg`pae, ga cderre e ga gxogbgktg jrute bg gxpaetcofÿk) y, per su-

pugste, c ac oektrfjuofÿk qug aes bfngrgktgs ncotergs prebuotfves y

ac XRN dcoàck ca orgof`fgkte goekÿ foe.

Xcrcagac`gktg c aes gsnugrzes qug ga Jurgcu en Goeke`fo

Ckcaysfs gstcbeukfbgksg, cigkofc rgspekscjag bg acs Ougktcs Kc-

ofekcags, gstcjc rgcafzckbe pcrc ga trctc`fgkte bg ac F+B oeè fk-

vgrsfÿk y su fkoausfÿk gk acs oftcbcs ougktcs, uk gqufpe bg goeke-

`fstcs bga Ngbgrca Zgsgrvg Jecrb y bg ac Wkfvgrsfbcb bg @cryackb,

oe`pugste per Oerrcbe, _fodga y Duatgk (:887 y :88>), aagvÿ c

ocje uk gstubfe pcrc ac gstf`cofÿk bg ac fkvgrsfÿk bg acs g`prgscs

gstcbeukfbgksgs gk tebe tfpe bg fktckifjags (gs bgofr, ke seac-

`gktg gk F+B) y bg su fkofbgkofc gk ga orgof`fgkte. Aes cotfves

fktckifjags fbgktfffiocbes y gstf`cbes per gstes fkvgstficbergs sg-

ràck uk ncoter ãs qug vgkbràc c su`crsg c aes fkput trcbfofekcags

bg ocpftca tckifjag y trcjcme gk ac gxpafocofÿk bga orgof`fgkte y ac

prebuotfvfbcb (Cfzlerjg gt ca., :886).?

Gsg gstubfe tuve uk irck f`pcote gk GGWW, bg èbe qug ga

fkner`g qug ga Cbvfsery Oe``fttgg ek @gcsurfki Fkkevctfek fk

tdg :3st Ogktury Goeke`y (:884) gagvÿ c ac _gorgtcrfc bg Oe`gr-

ofe prepuikcjc orgcr ukc ougktc sctæaftg bg ac fkkevcofÿk, qug sg

gxpckbfgrc sejrg ac fkfofca`gktg oektg`pacbc F+B y oektg`pacrc

tc`jfæk aes cotfves fktckifjags.2 Rc`jfæk fkuyÿ gk ckcafstcs bg

etres pcàsgs, gspgofca`gktg gk ga Zgfke Wkfbe y Mcpÿk (@crrcke y

Dcslga, :88>< Nulce gt ca., :886), qug cpafocrek ga kugve gknequg

bgscrreaacbe per Oerrcbe gt ca. (:88>). 7

Oefkofbfÿ, cbg`ãs, qug, c sg`gmckzc bga iejfgrke gstcbeukf-

bgksg, ga iejfgrke fkiaæs bgsgcjc bgscrreaacr uk kugve sfstg`c bg

`gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk qug pgr`ftfgrc gxpafocr gmer ac pcrc-

bemc bg ac fkkevcofÿk qug supugstc`gktg cngotcjc c ac goeke`àc

fkiagsc, c scjgr= qug, c pgscr bg sus jugkes rgsuatcbes gk tær`fkes

bg rgktc pgr oãpftc y orgof`fgkte oek rgacofÿk c etres pcàsgs oe`-

pgtfbergs (gspgofca`gktg, Cag`ckfc y Nrckofc), aes fkbfocbergs

trcbfofekcags bg fkkevcofÿk pesfofekcjck c ac goeke`àc fkiagsc

gk auicrgs oacrc`gktg fkngrfergs c aes bg cqugaaes. Gaae sg ctrfjuàc

c ukc «fkkevcofÿk eouatc¼ (dfbbgk fkkevctfek) qug sg gsocpcjc

? Dcstc cderc, sÿae ac fkvgr-

sfÿk gk fktckifjags aagvcbc

c ocje per acs g`prgscs dc

sfbe oeksfbgrcbc per aes

trcjcmes aagvcbes c ocje

oek gstg gknequg. Bg tebes

èbes, KG_RC (:886)

ckukofc qug ac `gbfofÿk

bg ac fkkevcofÿk bga sgoter

pýjafoe sgrã fkoaufbc gk ac

vgrsfÿk :838 bg su fkner`g,

y etres cutergs (per gmg`p-

ae, Gbqufst :886) ckukofck

tc`jfæk qug ac fkkevcofÿk

gk ga sgoter pýjafoe sgrã gx-

paercbc gk nutures trcjcmes.

Xer etrc pcrtg, catgrkctfvc-

`gktg c gstg `croe qug sg

cprexf`c c ac fkkevcofÿk

`fbfgkbe aes cotfves

fktckifjags orgcbes gk acs

g`prgscs (y gvgktuca`gktg

etrcs erickfzcofekgs) jcme

ga supugste bg qug oekbu-

ogk c ac fkkevcofÿk, Zesg gt

ca. (:886) packtgck ac pesf-

jfafbcb bg etre `croe qug

`fbc acs fkvgrsfekgs ãs

jãsfocs (ocpftca du`cke,

oekeof`fgkte tgokeaÿifoe g

fknrcgstruoturc bg RFO) qug,

orgckbe uk gkterke

ncvercjag, rgsuatck kgogsc-

rfcs pcrc qug ac fkkevcofÿk

pugbc eourrfr. Gk gstg

sgiukbe croe, per gmg`p-

ae, sg oeksfbgrcràc







bg aes fkbfocbergs trcbfofekcags bg fkkevcofÿk y sg bgsgcjc ocptcr

oek uk kugve fkbfocber bg fkkevcofÿk. Xugs jfgk, ga kýoage bga

kugve àkbfog bg fkkevcofÿk bgscrreaacbe per KG_RC> pcrc rgs-

pekbgr c gsg prejag`c, oeksfstàc gk ac cpafocofÿk bg ac `gtebeae-

iàc cktgrfer pcrc ac gstf`cofÿk bg ac fkvgrsfÿk bga Zgfke Wkfbe gk

oekeof`fgkte (fktckifjags) y ga f`pcote qug ga `fsè tgkàc gk ga

orgof`fgkte goekÿ`foe y ac prebuotfvfbcb (KG_RC, :886).

Xcrc aagvcr ac gstf`cofÿk bg ac fkvgrsfÿk y bga ocpftca fktckif-

jag, prgvfc`gktg rgsuatcjc kgogscrfe gstcjagogr ukc tcxeke àc bg

fktckifjags. Gk gngote, ke gxfstg ukc oacsfffiocofÿk bg fktckifjags

bg igkgrca cogptcofÿk. Ga tfpe bg cotfves fkoaufbe jcme tca bgke-

`fkcofÿk dc fbe c`pafãkbesg oek ga tfg`pe. Bg tebcs acs oacsf-

ffiocofekgs, prejcjag`gktg ac `ãs g`pagcbc gs ac prepugstc per

ac Oe`fsfÿk Gurepgc gk ga preygote @grftu`, qug bfstfkiug trgs

irckbgs octgieràcs= ocpftca du`cke (oekeof`fgkte, dcjfafbcbgs y

scjgr dcogr qug aes g`pagcbes aagvck oeksfie ouckbe bgmck ac g`-

prgsc), ocpftca rgacofekca (rgourses qug bgrfvck bg acs rgacofekgs

gxtgrkcs bg ac g`prgsc oek oafgktgs, prevggbergs y cseofcbes gk

F+B) y ocpftca gstruoturca (oekeof`fgkte qug, gk ner`c bg rutf-

kcs erickfzcofekcags y bg`ãs, pgr`ckgog gk ac g`prgsc bgspuæs

bg qug ga pgrsekca sg vc). Oerrcbe gt ca. (:887), g`pgre, g`pagck

ukc oacsfffiocofÿk afigrc`gktg bfngrgktg, qug dc sfbe sgiufbc per

ac `cyer pcrtg bg aes gstubfes qug dck trctcbe bg oucktfffiocr aes

fktckifjags y su f`pcote gk ga orgof`fgkte y ac prebuotfvfbcb.9

Gk pcrtfouacr, aes oftcbes cutergs bfstfkiugk trgs tfpes bg ocpftca

fktckifjag=

(f) ac fkner`cofÿk oe`putcrfzcbc, gs bgofr, ga oekeof`fgkte oek-

tgkfbe gk preirc`cs bg erbgkcber y gk jcsgs bg bctes

(ff) ac prepfgbcb fkkevcberc, qug oe`prgkbg ga oekeof`fgkte

cbqufrfbe per ac F+B ofgktàffioc y etrcs cotfvfbcbgs fkvgktercs

y orgctfvcs

(fff) acs oe`pgtgkofcs goekÿ`focs, tær`fke jcme ga qug sg fkoauyg

ga oekeof`fgkte bg aes rgourses du`ckes y gstruoturcags gs-

pgoàffioe bg ac g`prgsc, qug fkoauyg tc`jfæk aes ke`jrgs bg

`crocs y aes èbgaes bg kgieofe.

Ga gqufpe bg ac KG_RC qug dc gstf`cbe ac fkvgrsfÿk gk fktck-

ifjags (e gk oekeof`fgkte, oeè gaaes ae bgke`fkck) rgcirupc

tebe ga icste gk gbuocofÿk,

y ke sÿae ga rgcafzcbe per

acs g`prgscs. Aes bctes pcrc

gstg sgiukbe `croe sgràck

`ãs nãofags bg ejtgkgr y

sg bfspekbràck pcrc tebe

tfpe bg cigktgs (g`prgscs,

iejfgrke g fkstftuofekgs

sfk ffikgs bg auore)< pgre, gk

oektrcpcrtfbc, sg bfspekbràc

bg `gker bgtcaag sejrg aes

tfpes bg cotfves qug `ãs

oektrfjuygk ca orgof`fgkte

y, per ae tckte, pcrc ac oe`-

prgksfÿk bga preogse (e ocmc

kgirc) bg ac fkkevcofÿk.

2 _g cpeycjc csà ac pre-

pugstc qug, per gmg`pae,

rgcafzcjc Duatgk (:889), bg

qug sg aficrc ac fkner`cofÿk

preogbgktg bg bfngrgktgs

gkougstcs y `ætrfocs gk uk

irck `croe `coregoekÿ-

`foe, qug rgspekbfgrc c

ac prgiuktc ogktrca= ouãk

f`pertcktg gs ac fkkevc-

ofÿk oeè f`puaserc bga

orgof`fgkte y bga kfvga bg

vfbc. Duatgk grc pcrtfbcrfe

bg ukcs ougktcs sctæaftgs

bg fkkevcofÿk qug, per

su ocrãotgr bg sctæaftgs,

pgr`ftfràck uk `cyer ircbe

bg f`putcofÿk y bgscrreaae

gstcbàstfoe gxpgrf`gktca qug

ga usuca, pgre prgsgrvckbe

ac aficzÿk oek acs ougktcs






aes bfstfktes tfpes bg fktckifjags gk 9 octgieràcs (KG_RC, :886<

Dcslga gt ca., :886). Rcags octgieràcs, rgerbgkcbcs sgiýk aes trgs

tfpes bg cotfves fktckifjags gstcjagofbes cktgrfer`gktg, csà oeè

ga perogktcmg qug ocbc ukc supekg sejrg tetca bg fkvgrsfÿk gk fk-

tckifjags cpcrgogk rgoeifbes gk ac sfiufgktg bgscirgicofÿk=4

3. Bgscrreaae bg sentwcrg y jcsgs bg bctes (37%)

:. F+B (33%)

?. Bfsgóe (e, oeè caiukes bg gstes `coregoeke`fstcs bfogk,

F+B ke ofgktàffioc), qug fkoauyg tc`jfæk acs fkvgrsfekgs pcrc ga

bgscrreaae bg kugves sgrvfofes y prebuotes ffikckofgres (39%)

2. Etres bgrgodes bg cuter y gxpaercofÿk bg nugktgs `fkgrcags

(?%)

7. @gmerc erickfzctfvc (:8%)

>. Bgscrreaae bg ner`cofÿk y dcjfafbcbgs (:2%)

9. Fkvgstficofÿk bg `grocbe y pujafofbcb (33%)

Bg ae cktgrfer sg bgsprgkbg qug, c pgscr bg qug gs ac pcrtfbc qug

gk ga pcscbe `ãs ctgkofÿk dc ctrcàbe bg ckcafstcs y bgofsergs pý-

jafoes, aes icstes bg F+B gk ga Zgfke Wkfbe sÿae supekàck uk 33%

bg tebc ac fkvgrsfÿk bg fktckifjags. Ac pcrtfbc `ãs veau`fkesc

bg icste oerrgspekbàc c ner`cofÿk bg ac `cke bg ejrc, sgiufbc

bg ac bg `gmerc erickfzctfvc. Acs fkvgrsfekgs gk bfsgóe (qug vck

bgsbg crquftgoturc g fkigkfgràc dcstc bfsgóe bg kugves prebuo-

tes ffikckofgres) gs ac tgrogrc irck pcrtfbc, sgiufbc per sentwcrg

gk oucrte auicr. Gk ouckte c ac fkvgstficofÿk bg `grocbe y pu-

jafofbcb, acs g`prgscs bga Zgfke Wkfbe fkvfgrtgk tckte oeè gk

F+B. Ac pcrtfbc rgstcktg, etres bgrgodes bg cuter y gxpaercofÿk

bg nugktgs `fkgrcags, rgsuatc jcstcktg fksfikfffiocktg. _f oeksfbg-

rcès oek KG_RC (:886) qug acs fkvgrsfekgs bg acs g`prgscs gk

ner`cofÿk y bgscrreaae bg oucafffiocofekgs, `gmerc erickfzctfvc g

fkvgstficofÿk bg `grocbe y pujafofbcb, per gsocpcrsg bg aes fkbf-

ocbergs trcbfofekcags bg fkkevcofÿk, ner`ck pcrtg bg ac dfbbgk

fkkevctfek, oekoaufràcès qug gstc kugvc cprexf`cofÿk pgr`ftg

ocptcr `ãs bga 78% bg ac fkvgrsfÿk gk oekeof`fgkte, dcstc cderc

prãotfoc`gktg fkvfsfjag gk acs `gbfofekgs bg fkkevcofÿk y gk aes

ckãafsfs bg ac fkofbgkofc bg gstc gk ga orgof`fgkte goekÿ`foe y

gk ac prebuotfvfbcb. Xer ýatfè, ocjràc cócbfr qug, gk ocsf tebes

aes pcàsgs gk qug sg dck dgode gstes oãaouaes, ac fkvgrsfÿk tetca

kcofekcags kuoagcrgs.

7 Ac kugvc cprexf`cofÿk

c ac gstf`cofÿk bga ocpftca

fktckifjag y bg su f`pcote

gk ga XFJ sg dc gxtgkbfbe

rãpfbc`gktg y sg dc cpafoc-

be tc`jfæk gk etrc sgrfg bg

pcàsgs= Ockcbã (Jgadeofkg,

:886), Nfkackbfc (Mcacvc gt

ca., :889), _ugofc (Gbqufst,

:886c y :886j), Deackbc

(^ck Zeefmgk-Derstgk gt ca.,

:884)… g fkoause ca oek-

mukte bg ac WG (Xfglleac gt

ca., :889). Wkc rgoepfacofÿk

bg aes rgsuatcbes bg acs gstf-

`cofekgs gxfstgktgs pcrc uk

c`pafe oekmukte bg pcàsgs

bgscrreaacbes sg rgoeig gk

EGOB (:838).

> KG_RC grc ac erickfzc-

ofÿk c ac qug sg ag gkocriÿ ga

bgscrreaaÿ bga kugve àkbfog

bg fkkevcofÿk per ga Ydftg

pcpgr ek fkkevcofÿk (:884)

pujafocbe per ga Bgpcrt-

`gkt en Fkkevctfek, Wkf-

vgrsftfgs ckb _lfaas (BFW_)

(cotuca`gktg oekvgrtfbe

gk ga BJF_ ‟ Bgpcrt`gkt

en Jusfkgss, Fkkevctfek &

_lfaas).

9 Aes trgs irckbgs tfpes bg

cotfves e ocpftcags qug pre-

puikck Zesg gt ca. (:886) (c

scjgr= du`cke, fktgagotuca y

erickfzcofekca) tc`jfæk



?> F k b f o c b e r g s b g




gk fktckifjags qug rgsuatc bg gstcs gstf`cofekgs (gk :889, gk ga

Zgfke Wkfbe, uk 32% bga vcaer cócbfbe jrute bg aes sgotergs bg

`grocbe) rgsuatc supgrfer c ac bg ac fkvgrsfÿk gk tckifjags (38%)<

y qug cbg`ãs ac pcrtg bg ac fkvgrsfÿk gk fktckifjags bgktre bg ac

fkvgrsfÿk tetca (bg tckifjags g fktckifjags) ugstrc ukc tgkbgkofc

orgofgktg.

Xer su ocrãotgr pcrtfouacr, gk gstc gxpesfofÿk igkgrca sejrg aes

pesfjags gknequgs bg `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk, ke ocjg gktrcr c

gxpekgr acs nugktgs y orftgrfes bg f`putcofÿk sfkiuacrgs g`pagc-

bes pcrc ac gstf`cofÿk bg ac fkvgrsfÿk gk ocbc uke bg acs octgie-

ràcs bg fktckifjags, qug cbfofekca`gktg vcràck gk pcrtg bg ukes

gstubfes c etres. Cbg`ãs, tcags gstf`cofekgs rgsuatc kgogscrfe aag-

vcracs ctrãs gk ga tfg`pe pcrc bfspekgr bg sgrfgs. Cbfofekca`gktg,

pcrc ga oãaouae bga f`pcote bg aes fktckifjags sejrg ga XFJ y ac

prebuotfvfbcb rgsuatc kgogscrfe trcjcmcr oek bctes bg steol (gs

bgofr, bg cotfves e ocpftca) y ke bg umes (e fkvgrsfÿk). V pcrc gse

sek prgofscs, cbg`ãs bg ac gstf`cofÿk bga icste gk fkvgrsfÿk gk

fktckifjags gk ga pcscbe, bfspekgr bg prgofes bga eutput gk fktck-

ifjags (pcrc bfspekgr bg sgrfgs bg fkvgrsfÿk gk fktckifjags gk tær-

`fkes oekstcktgs) y bg tcscs bg bgprgofcofÿk (pcrc pebgr gstf`cr

ac fkvgrsfÿk kgtc y, c pcrtfr bg gaac, aes bctes bg steol bg ocbc tfpe

bg cotfve fktckifjag). Oeè sg dc fkbfocbe cktgs, pcrc uodcs bg

gscs gstf`cofekgs sg bgjg preogbgr c f`putcofekgs qug, cukqug sg

fktgktck mustfffiocr, rgsuatck sfg`prg sujmgtfvcs e bfsoutfjags. @cs,

oeè aes f`puasergs bg gstg gknequg sugagk sestgkgr, rgoerbckbe

ukcs pcacjrcs bg Lgykgss, gk ac gstf`cofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk y su

f`pcote gk ac cotfvfbcb goekÿ`foc, «ft fs jgttgr te jg f`prgofsgay

rfidt tdck prgofsgay wreki ¼.

Gsg bfstfkte ebe bg oektcjfafzcr ga icste gk fktckifjags oe`-

pertc qug, c kfvga `coregoekÿ`foe, tc`jfæk sg vgck catgrcbcs, ca

cazc, acs gstf`cofekgs bga icste gk fkvgrsfÿk, bga gxogbgktg jrute

bg gxpaetcofÿk, bga XFJ y bg ac prebuotfvfbcb.

Xer ýatfè, trcs bfspekgr bg acs sgrfgs bg cotfves fktckifjags

y bga XFJ y ac prebuotfvfbcb, gstes ckãafsfs preogbgk c ocaouacr

acs kugvcs nukofekgs bg orgof`fgkte, pcrc gstf`cr ga f`pcote qug

aes bfngrgktgs oe`pekgktgs pesggk gk ga orgof`fgkte y gk ac pre-

buotfvfbcb. V jcsãkbesg gk tebe gaae, KG_RC dc bcbe uk pcse

bfffigrgk bg aes g`pagcbes

per Oerrcbe y sus oeacje-

rcbergs (y ac `cyeràc bg

aes trcjcmes qug pestgrfergs

cutergs dck rgcafzcbe gk

gstc aàkgc). Xgre ouckbe

sg bgsofgkbg gk ga kfvga bg

bgscirgicofÿk y pcscès c

octgieràcs pcr tfouacrgs, acs

bfngrgkofcs sg bfnu`fkck

y ae qug gkoektrcès gs

igkgrca`gktg uk orftgrfe

afigrc`gktg bfngrgktg bg

oacsfffiocofÿk bg tcags octg-

ieràcs pcrtfouacrgs. KG_RC

(:886) ckukofc qug, cbg`ãs

bg fkoaufr acs fkvgrsfekgs

gk fktckifjags bga sgoter

pýjafoe, gstãk ckcafzckbe ac

oekvgkfgkofc bg fkoerpercr

caiukcs `gbfbcs bg ocpftca

tckifjag fkkevcber (per

gmg`pae, erbgkcbergs bg ýa-

tf`c igkgrcofÿk e `ãqufkcs

dfid-tgod), csà oeè bg gx-

oaufr bgtgr`fkcbes cspgotes

bg aes cderc oeksfbgrcbes

(per gmg`pae, bg ac fkvgr-

sfÿk gk `croc). Wkc bg acs

oràtfocs bg Zesg gt ca. (:886)

grc, prgofsc`gktg, qug ke

tebes aes cotfves fktckifjags

(per gmg`pae, acs crocs)

caf`gktck ga preogse bg

fkkevcofÿk, y qug per gse

ke bgjgràck sgr fkoaufbes gk

ga oãaouae.






`ãs dcofc cbgacktg y dc gstcjagofbe ukes àkbfogs bg fkkevcofÿk.

Gxpekicès, gk prf`gr auicr, aes rgsuatcbes qug enrgogk gscs

kugvcs nukofekgs bg orgof`fgkte y pestgrfer`gktg gktrgès gk

oÿè sg bgffikg per KG_RC ga fkbfocber bg fkkevcofÿk.

Gk ac oektcjfafbcb bga orgof`fgkte qug g`pagc ga gqufpe fk-

iaæs aficbe c KG_RC ga orgof`fgkte bg ac prebuotfvfbcb bga trcjc-

me (:,9:% gk ga pgràebe :888-:889 gk ga Zgfke Wkfbe) sg gxpafoc-

ràc per ac oektrfjuofÿk bg ac prenukbfzcofÿk bga ocpftca du`cke

(8,39%), per ac oektrfjuofÿk bg ac prenukbfzcofÿk bga ocpftca tck-

ifjag (8,97%), per ac oektrfjuofÿk bg ac prenukbfzcofÿk bga ocpftca

fktckifjag (8,72%) y per ga orgof`fgkte bg ac prebuotfvfbcb tetca

bg aes ncotergs (3,:9%).6 C su vgz, gk ga 8,72% bga ocpftca fktckifjag

acs oektrfjuofekgs bg ocbc tfpe bg fktckifjag sg bgscirgicràck, bg

`cyer e `gker, bga sfiufgktg èbe= 8,32% bg `gmerc erickfzc-

ofekca, 8,33% bg bfsgóe, 8,86% bg sentwcrg, 8,82% bg F+B y 8,8?%

bg crlgtfki y pujafofbcb.

Xcrc aes ckcafstcs fkiagsgs kuoagcbes gk terke c KG_RC, ac

fkkevcofÿk gs ga gxtrc-eutput qug sg igkgrc sejrg cquga qug sg

igkgrcràc cu`gktckbe aes fkput bg ocpftca tckifjag y bg trcjc-

me. _f csu`fès gk kugstre èbgae qug ac prebuoofÿk vfgkg bga

trcjcme, bga ocpftca tckifjag e nàsfoe y bga ocpftca fktckifjag e bg

oekeof`fgkte, y gxoaufès ac gxtrc-prebuoofÿk qug sg igkgrc per

g`pagcr `ãs trcjcme y ocpftca nàsfoe, ac rgstcktg gxtrc-prebuoofÿk

bgjgrã prevgkfr bg `ãs oekeof`fgktes e fbgcs. Xgre, µbg bÿkbg

ejtfgkgk acs g`prgscs gscs fbgcs e oekeof`fgkte5

• Gk pcrtg, bga icste qug gaacs dck dgode gk igkgrcr ocpftca fk-

tckifjag= gk F+B, bfsgóe, sentwcrg… (gs bgofr, bg ac prenukbf-

zcofÿk bg su ocpftca fktckifjag)<

• Xgre gk pcrtg, tc`jfæk, bg f`ftcr e cprevgodcrsg irctfs bg aes

spfaaevgr bg oekeof`fgkte gxfstgktgs gk su gkterke (bg ae qug

gk ac oektcjfafbcb bga orgof`fgkte sg bgke`fkc orgof`fgkte

bg ac XRN).

Gste gs, ac fkvgrsfÿk gk fktckifjags igkgrc uk jgkgffiofe bfrgote c

acs g`prgscs qug ae aagvck c ocje y ga gngote bg gsc cprepfcofÿk

bfrgotc bga oekeof`fgkte igkgrcbe sg rgoeig, gk ac nukofÿk bg

orgof`fgkte, oeè oektrfjuofÿk bg ac prenukbfzcofÿk bga ocpftca

fktckifjag ca orgof`fgkte goekÿ`foe y bg ac prebuotfvfbcb. Xgre

4 Acs ouctre prf`grcs

octgieràcs rgoeigràck

prgngrgktg`gktg fkvgrsfekgs

pcrc ac igkgrcofÿk bg

kugvcs fbgcs< y acs rgstcktgs,

fkvgrsfekgs ciucs cjcme

pcrc oe`grofcafzcr y scocr

prevgode bg tcags fbgcs.

6 Oeè gxpekgk Oacytek

gt ca. (:884), gsg `croe gstã

gk aàkgc oek ac aftgrcturc

bga orgof`fgkte gkbÿigke,

bcbe qug ga fkorg`gkte

bga ocpftca fktckifjag (e bg

oekeof`fgkte), qug gagvc ga

orgof`fgkte gk aes èbgaes

bg orgof`fgkte gkbÿigke,

gs bgjfbe ca icste bg acs

g`prgscs. Xgre c bfngrgkofc

bg tcags èbgaes, gk gstg

kugve èbgae ke gstã

rgsugatc gkbÿigkc`gktg

ac csfikcofÿk bga icste gk

fktckifjags.







ga kugve oekeof`fgkte igkgrcbe per gsc fkvgrsfÿk gk fktckifjags,

gk ac `gbfbc qug bgsjerbc aes aà`ftgs bg ac g`prgsc qug ac dc

bgscrreaacbe y sg gxpckbg c etres cigktgs (rgouærbgsg ae cktgs

sgócacbe sejrg acs ocrcotgràstfocs bg aes fktckifjags bg sgr jfgkgs

ke-rfvcags y ke pagkc`gktg cprepfcjags), oektrfjuyg tc`jfæk fk-

bfrgotc`gktg ca orgof`fgkte goekÿ`foe y bg ac prebuotfvfbcb y

gse sg rggmc, gk ac nukofÿk bg prebuoofÿk utfafzcbc per ac oektc-

jfafbcb bga orgof`fgkte, gk uk orgof`fgkte bg ac XRN.38

Gk oeksgougkofc, sf pcrc ac KG_RC ac fkkevcofÿk sg bgffikg

oeè ga fkorg`gkte bg prebuotfvfbcb bgrfvcbc bg ac cpafocofÿk

bga oekeof`fgkte e cotfves fktckifjags, ga àkbfog bg fkkevcofÿk

prgngrfbe bg KG_RC gs cquga qug rgsuatc bg su`cr acs oektrfjuofe-

kgs ca orgof`fgkte prevgkfgktgs bg ac fkvgrsfÿk gk oekeof`fgkte e

fktckifjags y bg ac XRN.33 Wk fkbfocber ãs c`pafe bg fkkevcofÿk

cócbfràc ca cktgrfer ac oektrfjuofÿk rgsuatcktg bg ac `gmerc bga

ocpftca du`cke bgjfbc c ac gbuocofÿk (gste gs, gk ac tgr`fkeaeiàc

bg ac oektcjfafbcb bga orgof`fgkte, c ac fkorg`gktcbc ocafbcb bg

aes sgrvfofes bga trcjcme ctrfjufjags c acs ocafffiocofekgs y ca oeke-

of`fgkte).

?. Ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk `gbfcktg soergjecrbs

g fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes

Ac cprexf`cofÿk `gbfcktg soergjecrbs c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac

fkkevcofÿk y c su fkofbgkofc gk ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb dc oeksfstfbe

gk ac oe`pfacofÿk bg oekmuktes c`pafes bg fkbfocbergs bg ùy

bfstfktc kcturcagzc y erfigk, pcrc oekmuktes ùy c`pafes tc`-

jfæk bg tgrrfterfes, y ac rgcafzcofÿk oek gaaes bg oe`pcrcofekgs y

gmgrofofes bg jgkod`crlfki gktrg tgrrfterfes. Oek gaae sg pgrsfiug

fbgktfffiocr acs nertcagzcs y bgjfafbcbgs rgactfvcs bg ocbc sfstg`c bg

fkkevcofÿk y acs jugkcs prãotfocs gk ocbc ncoter, pcrc csà erfgktcr

acs peaàtfocs bg fkkevcofÿk.

Ocjràc gktgkbgr per jgkod`crlfki acs «oe`pcrcofekgs sfstg-

`ãtfocs bg aes rgsuatcbes e preogses bg ukc fkstftuofÿk oek aes bg

etrc u etrcs fkstftuofekgs e gstãkbcrgs¼ (Aukbvcaa y Reàfksek,

:883= 3::). @uodcs vgogs gstg jgkod`crlfki sg gngotýc bg èbe

fkigkue e kcfvg, gste gs, bgsbg ga supugste bg qug sg pugbg fbgk-

tfffiocr ukc `gmer prãotfoc oek ac qug etres pugbgk oe`pcrcr su

38 Oeè Dcslga gt ca.

(:886) rgoekeogk, gk

rgcafbcb gses oc`jfes gk ac

XRN pugbgk gstcr rggmckbe

etres tfpes bg ncotergs,

cpcrtg bg ac fkkevcofÿk,

oeè per gmg`pae vcrfcof-

ekgs gk ac fktgksfbcb oek

qug epgrck ga trcjcme y ga

ocpftca, trcsterkes peaàtfoes

sestgkfbes, sdeol gxtgrkes

e sf`pag`gktg grrergs bg

`gbfbc (Lglfol, :886).

Ke ejstcktg, ac XRN gs ac

`gbfofÿk coregoekÿ`foc

`ãs prÿxf`c qug sg bfspekg

pcrc `gbfr ga gngote bg ac

fkvgrsfÿk gk oekeof`fgkte

e fktckifjags ke cprepfcbe

per ga qug rgcafzc bfodc

fkvgrsfÿk.

33 Cktgs sg dc sgócac-

be qug, gk aes èbgaes

erfifkcrfes bg ac nukofÿk bg

prebuoofÿk gk aes qug sÿae

sg bfstfkiuàc ga trcjcme y ga

ocpftca nàsfoe, _odu`pgtgr

bgffikàc ac fkkevcofÿk oeè

uk bgspaczc`fgkte bg ac

nukofÿk bg prebuoofÿk y, gk

oeksgougkofc, ac fkkevcofÿk

sg `gbàc oek ga rgsfbue e

XRN. Xgre gk gstg kugve

èbgae gk ga qug, cbg`ãs

bg aes cktgrfergs, sg dc

fktrebuofbe ga ocpftca fktck-

ifjag e bg oekeof`fgkte,






bgsg`pgóe g fkoause trctcr bg oepfcr e rgpafocr. Gaae gs grrÿkge,

pugste qug ae qug rgsuatc sgr ukc jugkc prãotfoc gstã fkufbe gk

irck `gbfbc per acs bf`gksfekgs goekÿ`focs, tæokfocs, igeirã-

ffiocs, dfstÿrfocs y ouaturcags bga tgrrfterfe, bg èbe qug, per gscs

sfstæ`focs bfngrgkofcs, ae qug rgsuatc cprepfcbe pcrc uk tgrrfterfe

pugbg rgsuatcr fkcbgoucbe pcrc etre. _fk g`jcrie, nrgktg ca jgk-

od`crlfki fkigkue ocjràc oektg`pacr tc`jfæk ae qug Reàfksek

y Aukbvcaa (:883) bgke`fkck «jgkod`crlfki sfstæ`foe¼, gk ga

qug ga ejmgtfve bg ac oe`pcrcofÿk ke gs tckte ac jýsqugbc bg ac

`gmer prãotfoc, sfke ga f`puase bg uk preogse bg cprgkbfzcmg oek-

tfkue y ac gmerc bga bgsg`pgóe bg uk sfstg`c per ukc prenukbc

`frcbc c aes rcsies bg etres sfstg`cs.

Rcags oe`pcrcofekgs rgsuatck ýtfags gk ac `gbfbc qug cpeyck

preogses bg cprgkbfzcmg, ca dcogr qug sg ffimg ac ctgkofÿk y sg gs-

tfùag ac rggxfÿk sejrg ac gffiofgkofc bga sfstg`c (gk gstg ocse,

sejrg ga bgsg`pgóe bga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk) y aes ncotergs qug

pugbgk cyubcr c qug sgc `gmer. Gk oektgxtes oeè aes cotucags

bg oe`pagmfbcb, rãpfbes oc`jfes g fkogrtfbu`jrg, gstes `æte-

bes, jcscbes igkgrca`gktg gk èbgaes fktuftfves g fkoe`pagtes

bg ac rgcafbcb, pugbgk rgsuatcr `ãs rgcafstcs y gffiofgktgs qug aes

`ãs c`jfofeses, aÿifoes y e`kfoe`prgksfves (pgre tc`jfæk gk-

ierreses y agktes) `ætebes goeke`ætrfoes, qug cbfofekca`gktg

pgr`ckgogk gk uk gagvcbe ircbe bg igkgrcafbcb. _f jfgk, per gse

`fsè, aes usucrfes bgjgk sgr oeksofgktgs tc`jfæk bg sus af`f-

tcofekgs, ke pgkscr qug acs oe`pcrcofekgs bg ký`gres qug bgs-

ocksck igkgrca`gktg gk gres rcklfkis e gstubfes bg oerrgacofÿk

oekstftuygk tæokfocs gxcotcs, y trctcr bg oe`jfkcraes tckte oek

oe`pcrcofekgs oucaftctfvcs bg aes sfstg`cs oeè oek tæokfocs gs-

tcbàstfocs.

Cotuca`gktg gxfstg uk irck oeksgkse gk qug ac fkkevcofÿk

gs uk preogse ùy oe`pagme, bga qug aes fkbfocbergs fkbfvfbuc-

ags (per gmg`pae, ga icste gk F+B) sÿae preperofekck ukc vfsfÿk

pcrofca y, per gse, oek ga ffik bg `gbfr ac fkkevcofÿk bg èbe `ãs

c`pafe, aes ckcafstcs y erickfzcofekgs dck rgourrfbe c trcjcmcr

oek oeagoofekgs bg fkbfocbergs gk sus gmgrofofes bg jgkod`crlfki

(Irupp y @eigg, :882< Dcigbeerk y Oaeebt, :88?< @eek y Agg,

:887). Ac sgagoofÿk bg gses oekmuktes bg fkbfocbergs rgqufgrg bg

ac fkkevcofÿk tgkbràc auicr

tckte per bgspaczc`fgktes

bg ac nukofÿk bg prebuoofÿk

(`gbfbc per ga orgof`fgkte

bga rgsfbue e XRN) oeè

per èvf`fgktes c ae acrie

bg ac nukofÿk bg prebuoofÿk

(`gbfbc per ac prenukbfzc-

ofÿk bga ocpftca fktckifjag e

bg oekeof`fgkte).







uk `croe tgÿrfoe< sfk g`jcrie, gsg cpuktcac`fgkte tgÿrfoe sugag

gstcr ocrgktg e sugag gstcr fksuffiofgktg`gktg bgscrreaacbe gk ù-

odes ocses (Nrgubgkjgri,:88?). Dcslga gt ca. (:886) sestfgkgk qug,

prgofsc`gktg, ukc bg acs `cyergs bfngrgkofcs gktrg ga gknequg bg

ac oektcjfafbcb bga orgof`fgkte qug fkoauyg gktrg sus oe`pekgk-

tgs ca ocpftca fktckifjag y ac cprexf`cofÿk bg aes fkbfocbergs (y

gk pcrtfouacr, bga GF_) gs qug, `fgktrcs aes prf`gres prepekgk

uk àkbfog bg fkkevcofÿk c pcrtfr bg ukc bgffikfofÿk prgofsc bg ac

fkkevcofÿk, gk ga gknequg bg aes fkbfocbergs sg ocaouac uk àkbfog

y sg csu`g, gxpaàoftc e f paàoftc`gktg, qug gs ac fkkevcofÿk. Cbg-

`ãs, oeè cbvfgrtgk Crodfjuif gt ca. (:886), oek ac irck preafng-

rcofÿk bg nugktgs qug preperofekck bctes y gstcbàstfocs ek-afkg

pcrc oekmuktes c`pafes bg pcàsgs y acs irckbgs pesfjfafbcbgs bg

`ckfpuacofÿk per gbfes fkner`ãtfoes y gstcbàstfoes, ga rfgsie bg

`gbfofÿk sfk tgeràc gstã `ãs prgsgktg qug kukoc.

Acs oe`pcrcofekgs y gmgrofofes bg jgkod`crlfki oucktftctfves

jcscbes gk ac oeksfbgrcofÿk bg oekmuktes c`pafes bg fkbfocbergs

sg dc aagvcbe c ocje oek bes tfpes bg packtgc`fgktes bfngrgktgs.

• Dcy ckcafstcs y erickfzcofekgs ouye trcjcme dc bgsockscbe

gk ac pujafocofÿk bg oucbres bg `ckbe bg fkbfocbergs (soe-

rgjecrbs), oek uk c`pafe ký`gre bg ncotergs y tgrrfterfes

oeksfbgrcbes, y gk aes qug aes tgrrfterfes cpcrgogk erbgkcbes

per ga vcaer qug prgsgktck gk ocbc fkbfocber. Wk oekeofbe

gmg`pae bg gstg packtgc`fgkte gs ac pujafocofÿk jfgkca EGOB

_ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkbustry _oergjecrb , gk ga qug aes fk-

bfocbergs fkbfvfbucags cpcrgogk cirupcbes gk tg`cs.3:

• Nrgktg ca cktgrfer packtgc`fgkte, etres ckcafstcs y erickfzc-

ofekgs dck fbe `ãs caaã, y oek tebes gses fkbfocbergs fkbfvf-

bucags preogbgk c ac gacjercofÿk bg fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes

e su`crfes bg fkkevcofÿk, gk aes qug oek uk seae fkbfocber

fktgktck rgsu`fr ac pesfofÿk bg uk tgrrfterfe gk tær`fkes bg

fkkevcofÿk. Xcrc ac gacjercofÿk bg gses fkbfocbergs sfktætf-

oes, cbg`ãs bg sgagoofekcr cprepfcbc`gktg acs vcrfcjags y ou-

jrfr acs ocrgkofcs bg bctes, gstes bgjgk se`gtgrsg c trgs pre-

ogses= (f) gstckbcrfzcofÿk bg acs vcrfcjags oeè pcse prgvfe c

su cirgicofÿk, bcbe qug sugagk gstcr gxprgscbcs gk ukfbcbgs

bg `gbfbc bfngrgktgs< (ff) pekbgrcofÿk e csfikcofÿk bg pgses

3: Gses fkbfocbergs fkbfvf-

bucags cirupcbes gk terke

c gspgoàffiocs ãrgcs ocjg

bgke`fkcraes fkbfocbergs

tg`ãtfoes (Nrgubgkjgri,

:88?). Xer gmg`pae, gk ga

fkner`g EGOB _ofgkog,

Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkbustry

:889 aes fkbfocbergs

cpcrgoàck cirupcbes gk

aes sfiufgktgs tg`cs= F+B g

fkvgrsfÿk gk oekeof`fgk-

te, rgourses du`ckes gk

ofgkofc y tgokeaeiàc, peaàtfoc

bg fkkevcofÿk, bgsg`pgóe

fkkevcber, RFO, tgokeaeiàcs

pcrtfouacrgs, fktgrkcofekc-

afzcofÿk bg ac F+B, umes

goekÿ`foes iaejcags y

prebuotfvfbcb y oe`grofe.



23Ocpàtuae 3= Cprexf`cofÿk igkgrca c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



c ocbc ukc bg acs vcrfcjags qug gktrc gk ga fkbfocber oe`-

pugste< y (fff) rgcafzcofÿk bg ckãafsfs bg sgksfjfafbcb, pcrc vgr

ac rejustgz bg aes rgsuatcbes cktg acs bfngrgktgs epofekgs gxfs-

tgktgs pcrc acs epgrcofekgs cktgrfergs.3? Wk oekeofbe gmg`-

pae bg gstg packtgc`fgkte gs ga fkbfocber su`crfe bg fkkevc-

ofÿk bga Gurepgck Fkkevctfek _oergjecrb (GF_) qug pujafoc ac

Oe`fsfÿk Gurepgc.

Rca oeè fkbfock Crodfjuif gt ca. (:886), _dcrpg (:882) y Crukbga

(:883), acs prfkofpcags rczekgs per ac qug caiukes ckcafstcs y er-

ickfzcofekgs eptck per ac gacjercofÿk bg fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes

sek bes. Xer uk acbe, ga trctcr bg gxtrcgr oekoausfekgs bg ac agoturc

sfùatãkgc bg oekmuktes c`pafes bg fkbfocbergs rgsuatc oe`paf-

ocbe y, per ae tckte, sg kgogsftck cprexf`cofekgs c ac fkkevcofÿk

rgactfvc`gktg sf`pags g fk`gbfctcs, cuk c oestc bg scorfffiocr ac

oe`pagmfbcb fkdgrgktg bg gstes preogses< aes pcrtfbcrfes bg aes

fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes oeksfbgrck qug, c pgscr bg ac sf`pafffioc-

ofÿk gk qug fkourrgk, aes fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes pgr`ftgk ukc

prf`grc y rãpfbc cprexf`cofÿk e «aàkgc bg bgngksc¼ c ac rgcafbcb

ejmgte bg ckãafsfs, qug tfgkg sgktfbe gk sà. Xer etre acbe, aes pcrtf-

bcrfes bg aes fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes pfgksck qug ca gxpekgr gk

ner`c bg «afic bg oc`pgekgs¼ ac pesfofÿk bg uk tgrrfterfe gk gsg

oc`pe, aeirck ctrcgr ac ctgkofÿk bg aes `gbfes bg oeùkfocofÿk

y bg aes bgofsergs pýjafoes, y csà ne`gktck ga bgjctg sejrg tca ougs-

tfÿk y ètfvck c ac cotucofÿk, `ãs qug sf pujafocrck uk oekmukte

bg fkbfocbergs sejrg gaac.

Xer ga oektrcrfe, aes epugstes ca g`page bg fkbfocbergs oe`-

pugstes oeksfbgrck qug, cukqug ofgrtc`gktg aes fkbfocbergs oe`-

pugstes prgsgktck irckbgs vgktcmcs bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc bg ac

oeùkfocofÿk y ga f`pcote `gbfãtfoe, sek ùodes aes prejag`cs

`gtebeaÿifoes qug packtgck.

• Ac uatfbf`gksfekcafbcb bg ac fkkevcofÿk ke pugbg sgr rgsu-

`fbc gk uk ýkfoe fkbfocber. V ouckte `ãs sg gxtfgkbg ga ã`-

jfte bga fkbfocber oe`pugste, tca prejag`c `ãs ircvg rgsuatc

(Nrgubgkjgri, :88?). Oeè gxprgsfvc`gktg sgócack Crkeab

y Rdurfcux (:883= >), «ac jýsqugbc bg uk ýkfoe y e`kfoe`-

prgksfve fkbfocber gs oeè ga fktgkte bg oucbrcr ga oàrouae,

uk peoe oeè trctcr bg pfaetcr uk cgrepacke oek uk ýkfoe

3? _ejrg ga èbe bg

gacjercofÿk bg fkbfoc-

bergs oe`pugstes, væcksg

EGOB (:884), Nrgubgk-

jgri (:88?), _caz`ck

(:88?) y _dcrpg (:882).







fkstru`gkte qug oe`jfkc vgaeofbcb, caturc, ãkiuae, kfvga bg

oe`justfjag y tebcs acs etrcs vcrfcjags qug sg kgogsftck pcrc

su gqufafjrfe y, csà, pcrc ac supgrvfvgkofc bga pfaete y aes pcsc-

mgres. Ga prepÿsfte bg aes soergjecrb gs `ãs ètfvcofekca qug

ckcaàtfoe¼. Ga fkbfocber oe`pugste enrgog peoc erfgktcofÿk

pcrc acs peaàtfocs pýjafocs y pcrc ga oekeof`fgkte bg acs ner-

tcagzcs y bgjfafbcbgs rgactfvcs bga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk, `ãs

caaã bg su pcpga bg sfstg`c bg tg`prcke cvfse y bga gngote

èvfafzcber qug pugbc tgkgr ga oekeof`fgkte bg ac pesfofÿk

bga tgrrfterfe gk ac afic bg fkkevcbergs. Ejvfc`gktg, pcrc

oe`pgkscr ae cktgrfer, sg bgjgràc trctcr bg qug, mukte oek ga

fkbfocber oe`pugste, sg dcick pýjafoes aes fkbfocbergs fkbf-

vfbucags g fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes fktgr`gbfes gk qug cquæa

sg dc jcscbe (qug preperofekck ãs erfgktcofÿk sejrg ga per-

quæ bg ac pesfofÿk y sejrg oÿè pebràc cotucrsg pcrc gmercr

tca pesfofÿk), bg ebe qug ga fkbfocber oe`pugste sÿae oeks-

tftuyc uk pukte bg pcrtfbc pcrc ckãafsfs pestgrfergs, fkoause

bg ocrãotgr oucaftctfve y goeke`ætrfoe qug oe`pag`gktgk aes

prf`gres rgsuatcbes (Crodfjuif y Oeoe, :887< Nrgubgkjgri,

:88?< Crukbga, :883< ).

• Igkgrca`gktg ke dcy uk `croe tgÿrfoe qug iuàc ac sgagoofÿk

bg aes fkbfocbergs qug gktrck c ner`cr pcrtg bga fkbfocber

sfktætfoe y ac pekbgrcofÿk qug c gaaes sg csfikc< e, cuk rgoeke-

ofgkbe ac rgacofÿk qug pubfgrc gxfstfr gktrg bgtgr`fkcbcs vc-

rfcjags, igkgrca`gktg sg bgsoekeog ga rgtrcse oek qug tca f`-

pcote pugbc tgkgr auicr (Cbvfsery Oe``fttgg ek @gcsurfki

Fkkevctfek fk tdg :3st Ogktury Goeke`y, :884).32 Irupp y

@eigg (:882) ùgstrck cbg`ãs qug ga vcaer qug prgsgktc ga

fkbfocber sfktætfoe gs ùy sgksfjag c acs vcrfcjags y pekbgrc-

ofekgs gagifbcs, y qug, per oeksfiufgktg, sg corgofgktck aes rfgs-

ies bg ckfpuacofÿk bg aes rgsuatcbes. Xer supugste, uk ebe

bg rgbuofr aes rfgsies cktgrfergs gs sgiufr acs rgoe`gkbcofekgs

qug ca rgspgote enrgogk aes `ckucags y iuàcs bg gacjercofÿk

bg fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes (væcksg, per gmg`pae, EGOB :884<

_dcrpg, :882< _caz`ck, :88?< Nrgubgkjgri, :88?) y cpafocr ukc

peaàtfoc bg trckspcrgkofc tetca y bgjctg pýjafoe bg aes ætebes

y preogbf`fgktes g`pagcbes gk gsc sgagoofÿk y pekbgrcofÿk.

32 Wkc bg acs rgoe`gk-

bcofekgs bga Cbvfsery

Oe``fttgg ek @gcsurfki

Fkkevctfek fk tdg :3st Ogk-

tury Goeke`y (:884), gk ga

fkner`g qug rgcafzÿ pcrc ac

_gorgtcràc bg Oe`grofe bg

GGWW, grc qug sg pespu-

sfgrc ac f`packtcofÿk bg uk

àkbfog bg fkkevcofÿk c

ac rgcafzcofÿk bg `ãs gstu-

bfes tckte bg rgoeagoofÿk

oeè bg ckãafsfs bg aes

bctes bg aes f`puasergs bg

ac fkkevcofÿk, bcbe qug

dcjàc uodcs fkogrtfbu`j-

rgs sejrg quæ vcrfcjags

bgjàck oeksfbgrcrsg, quæ

pekbgrcofekgs bgjgràck

ctrfjuàrsgags, quæ f`pcotes

c oerte y c acrie igkgrck g

fkoause quæ ejmgtfve bgjgràc

pgrsgiufr ga àkbfog.



2?Ocpàtuae 3= Cprexf`cofÿk igkgrca c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



• Aes fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes f`paàoftc`gktg bck per supugstc

ac sustftufjfafbcb bg aes fkbfocbergs oektgkfbes gk ga fkbfoc-

ber oe`pugste, gste gs, ga tàpfoe prejag`c bg cirgicofÿk bg

pgrcs oek `ckzckcs (Crodfjuif gt ca., :886). Xer gmg`pae, sf

ga fkbfocber oe`pugste sg ejtfgkg oeè `gbfc crft`ætfoc bg

aes vcaergs bg bfstfktes fkbfocbergs, sg csu`g qug ukc ukfbcb

bg uk fkbfocber pugbg sgr sustftufbc per ukc ukfbcb bg etre

fkbfocber, y vfogvgrsc. _fk g`jcrie, acs bfngrgktgs bf`gksfekgs

bg ac fkkevcofÿk sek `ãs oe`pag`gktcrfcs qug sustftutfvcs.

Ke sg pugbg oe`pgkscr, per gmg`pae, ac ncatc gk ner`cofÿk bg

ac pejacofÿk, fkvfrtfgkbe `ãs gk fknrcgstruoturcs tgokeaÿifocs

(per gmg`pae, RFO), pugs ga use bg gstcs rgqufgrg gk jugkc g-

bfbc uk bgtgr`fkcbe kfvga bg ner`cofÿk bg ac pejacofÿk.

• Aes fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes sugagk gstcr orgcbes jcsãkbesg gk

ckãafsfs bg oerrgacofÿk, `ãs qug bg ocuscafbcb, y per ae tckte

vck aficbes igkgrca`gktg c ckãafsfs `grc`gktg bgsorfptfves,

y, oektgkfgkbe igkgrca`gktg peoes bctes ffikckofgres, cpertck

peoe ca gktgkbf`fgkte bg ac oektrfjuofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk

ca orgof`fgkte goekÿ`foe y c ac prebuotfvfbcb (_tekg gt ca.,

:884).

• Aes fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes ke te`ck gk ougktc u eouatck

acs bfngrgkofcs igeirãffiocs, seofe-goekÿ`focs, ouaturcags y bg

fkstftuofekgs peaàtfocs bg aes bfngrgktgs tgrrfterfes, qug, oeè

sg dc fkbfocbe cktgrfer`gktg, dcogk qug ae qug pugbc sgr

cogrtcbe pcrc uk tgrrfterfe pugbc ke sgrae pcrc etre (Irupp

y @eigg, :882). Xcrc oe`pgkscrae, aes pcàsgs pcrc aes qug ga

fkbfocber oe`pugste sg ocaouac bgjgràck prgsgktcr rcsies

oeùkgs (gs bgofr, ga jgkodc`crlfki bgjgràc af`ftcrsg c bg-

tgr`fkcbes irupes bg pcàsgs< væcsg EGOB :887) e sg bgjgràc

fktgktcr oerrgifr tca dgode csfikckbe bfngrgktgs pekbgrcofe-

kgs c ocbc fkbfocber sgiýk ac octgieràc c ac qug pgrtgkgofgrc

ga tgrrfterfe (oeè, per gmg`pae, gngotýc ga Yerab Goeke`fo

Neru` gk su fkner`g Iaejca Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Zgpert , gk ga qug

bc bfngrgktgs pgses c aes bfstfktes tfpes bg fkbfocbergs, bg-

pgkbfgkbe bga kfvga bg bgscrreaae goekÿ`foe bga pcàs).

C pgscr bg tebcs gscs bgjfafbcbgs aes fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes sg

utfafzck ocbc vgz `ãs, perqug sg oeksfbgrc qug acs vgktcmcs qug







gk tær`fkes bg sf`pafofbcb y oeùkfocofÿk enrgogk oe`pgksck

acs bgsvgktcmcs bg su `gker purgzc oekogptuca. Csà, per gmg`pae,

goeke`fstcs tck prgstfifeses oeè ga prg`fe kejga L. _gk, qug

fkfofca`gktg grck pcrtfbcrfes bg gstubfcr ga bgscrreaae du`cke

oek packtgc`fgktes `ãs rfiureses jcscbes gk uk `croe bg ac

nukofÿk bg jfgkgstcr seofca y qug gstcjck gk oektrc bg ac utfafzc-

ofÿk bg fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes pcrc `gbfr ga kfvga bg bgscrreaae,

pestgrfer`gktg dck sfbe gaaes `fsès aes f`puasergs bg fkbfoc-

bergs oe`pugstes tck oekeofbes oeè ga Àkbfog bg Bgscrreaae

Du`cke (FBD) y dey bàc rgoekeogk qug su prf`gr pukte bg vfstc

grc uk grrer, per sgr bg`csfcbe purfstc, y qug ga fkbfocber oe`-

pugste bgscrreaacbe bgktre bga Xreirc`c bg Bgscrreaae bg Kcofe-

kgs Wkfbcs dc aeircbe f`puascr uk bgjctg sejrg quæ bgtgr`fkc ga

bgscrreaae du`cke, qug ke dujfgrc eourrfbe sf ga gmgrofofe sg du-

jfgrc af`ftcbe c ac rgoeagoofÿk bg tebc ukc jctgràc bg fkbfocbergs

aficbes ca bgscrreaae. Xgre, ofgrtc`gktg, aes fkbfocbergs oe`pugs-

tes ou`pafrãk `gmer su oe`gtfbe y ac bgsoekffickzc qug tebcvàc

igkgrck bfs`fkufràc ketcjag`gktg sf su use nugrc coe`pcócbe

per acs jugkcs prãotfocs e `gbfbcs oe`pgkscbercs bg rfgsies qug

gk aes pãrrcnes cktgrfergs sg dck fbe sgócackbe.

Gktrg aes bfstfktes fktgktes bg enrgogr soergjecrbs g fkbfoc-

bergs oe`pugstes bg fkkevcofÿk, ocjg bfstfkiufr, oek Crukbga y

Deaackbgrs (:884) y NEZC (:889), gktrg=

(f) cqugaaes qug oeè, per gmg`pae, ga fkner`g Iaejca

Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Zgpert bga Yerab Goeke`fo Neru`, tfgkgk

oeè ejmgtfve nukbc`gktca gbfr ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb bga pcàs,

pgre qug, bcbc ac irck f`pertckofc qug pcrc gaae pesggk acs

ocpcofbcbgs tgokeaÿifocs e bg fkkevcofÿk, gktrg aes bfngrgktgs

ã`jftes tg`ãtfoes e sujàkbfogs orgcbes c pcrtfr bg aes fkbfoc-

bergs fkbfvfbucags y oek aes oucags sg oekstrufrã ga fkbfocber

iaejca bg oe`pgtftfvfbcb, gacjerck uk fkbfocber oe`pugste

rgngrfbe c cqugaacs<

(ff) cqugaaes qug, oeè per gmg`pae, ga Gurepgck Fkkevctfek

_oergjecrb bg ac Oe`fsfÿk Gurepgc, tfgkgk oeè ejmgtfve

gxprgse ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk e bg acs ocpcofbcbgs

tgokeaÿifocs y af`ftck sus fkbfocbergs gxoausfvc`gktg c aes

ncotergs aficbes c gstcs.






Crodfjuif y Oeoe (:882, :887) y Crodfjuif gt ca. (:886) prepui-

kck qug, cukqug ac prebuoofÿk (oe`pgtftfvfbcb) y ac fkkevcofÿk

sg gkougktrck gstrgodc`gktg fktgroekgotcbcs, oekvfgkg sgpcrcr

oekogptuca`gktg y g`pàrfoc`gktg sus fkbfocbergs y gkoektrcr

fkstru`gktes bg gbfbc g fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes fkbgpgkbfgk-

tgs pcrc ac ukc y ac etrc, pugste qug gsg trctc`fgkte sgpcrcbe gs

kgogscrfe pcrc fbgktfffiocr ac bfkã`foc vfkouacofÿk bg ukc y etrc.

_f sg fksgrtck fkbfocbergs bg prebuoofÿk gktrg aes fkbfocbergs bg

fkkevcofÿk ke rgsuatc pesfjag gxpaercr aes gngotes bg ac fkkevc-

ofÿk gk ac prebuoofÿk y vfogvgrsc.37 _f jfgk gse gs ofgrte, gse ke

f`pafoc qug gk ac rgoepfacofÿk bg fkbfocbergs qug rgoemc ga soerg-

jecrb ke oekvgkic rgoeigr, cukqug sgpcrcbc`gktg, fkbfocbergs

tckte bg fkkevcofÿk oeè bg oe`pgtftfvfbcb (e bgsg`pgóe goe-

kÿ`foe), prgofsc`gktg pcrc ncofaftcr ga ckãafsfs bg gsc vfkouacofÿk

bg uke y etre ã`jfte.

Bgktre bg aes fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk pebràcès cvckzcr

fiuca`gktg etrc bfstfkofÿk= ac bg cqugaaes sfstg`cs bg fkbfocbergs

qug, bcbc ac bfffiouatcb bg rgocjcr fkner`cofÿk sejrg ac fkkevcofÿk

bg ocrãotgr ke tgokeaÿifoe, ofógk su gstubfe c ac fkkevcofÿk y oc-

pcofbcbgs tgokeaÿifocs (per gmg`pae, ga fkbfocber Croe qug fktgk-

tc `gbfr ac ocpcofbcb tgokeaÿifoc bg aes pcàsgs), bg ac bg cqugaaes

etres sfstg`cs qug (oeè, per gmg`pae, ga fkner`g Kerbfo Fkkevc-

tfek @ekfter bg NEZC) cjerbck uk oekogpte bg fkkevcofÿk `ãs

c`pafe y e`kfoe`prgksfve, tckte gk ae rgngrgktg c ac kcturcagzc

bg ac fkkevcofÿk (gs bgofr, fkoauygkbe tckte fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿ-

ifoc oeè erickfzctfvc y bg `crlgtfki), oeè c aes ncotergs qug

oekbuogk c ac `fs`c (bckbe ketcjag pgse, cbg`ãs bg c aes tàpfoes

fkbfocbergs bg F+B, bg rgourses du`ckes y ffikckofgres, e bg RFOs

g fknrcgstruoturcs, c fkbfocbergs bg g`prgkbf`fgkte).3>

Etrc nugktg bg bfngrgkofcofÿk gktrg tebes gstes fktgktes bg

`gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk gbfcktg fkkevcbergs rcbfoc gk ga ký-

`gre bg fkbfocbergs qug tcags fkfofctfvcs oe`prgkbgk. Rgkbràc-

ès per uk acbe, fkfofctfvcs oeè acs bg Xertgr y _tgrk (3666),

qug pgrsfiugk oekstrufr uk àkbfog su`crfe bg fkkevcofÿk c pcr-

tfr bg eode fkputs, qug cirupck gk trgs ãrgcs, y qug gxpafock ga

eutput fkkevcber<39 y nrgktg c gaae, fkfofctfvcs oeè acs bg NEZC,

ouyc gbfofÿk bg :886 oektgkàc 3>7 fkbfocbergs (3?7 bg oekbfofekgs

37 Crodfjuif y @fodfg

(3664) ugstrck, per

gmg`pae, qug aes fkbfocbergs

tgokeaÿifoes (F+B y

pctgktgs) y aes goekÿ`foes

(XFJ pgr oãpftc) ùgstrc

tgkbgkofcs csf`ætrfocs.

3> Wkcs fktgrgscktgs gxpe-

sfofekgs y ocrcotgrfzcofekgs

bg aes bfstfktes fktgktes bg

fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk

sg gkougktrck gk NEZC

(:889), Crukbga y Deaack-

bgrs (:884), Crodfjuif gt

ca. (:886) y Ncigrjgri gt ca.

(:886).

39 Xertgr y _tgrk (3666)

sg jcsck gk aes sfiufgktgs

fkbfocbergs bg fkput=

pgrsekca bg F+B. fkvgrsfÿk

gk F+B, F+B ffikckofcbc per

g`prgscs, F+B gmgoutcbc

per ac ukfvgrsfbcb, icste gk

gbuocofÿk supgrfer, kfvga bg

pretgoofÿk bg ac prepfgbcb

fktgagotuca, cpgrturc c ac

oe`pgtgkofc fktgrkcofekca

y XFJ pgr oãpftc. Gstes

fkbfocbergs oucktftctfves

sg cirupck gk trgs ãrgcs=

fknrcgstruoturc oe`ýk bg

fkkevcofÿk, oekbfofekgs

gspgoàffiocs bg oaýstgrgs g

fktgrrgacofekgs. Ga eutput

fkkevcber ae `fbgk per acs

pctgktgs fktgrkcofekcags.







`croe y ?8 bg bgsg`pgóe), e oeè acs bga Gurepgck Fkkevctfek

_oergjecrb qug bgofbgk sftucrsg gk ukc pesfofÿk fktgr`gbfc, oek

?8 fkbfocbergs fkbfvfbucags (cirupcbes gk 9 irupes y ? bf`gksfe-

kgs). Ac vgktcmc bg aes prf`gres gs qug rgsuatck `ãs `ckgmcjags<

ac vgktcmc bg aes sgiukbes, gs qug enrgogk `ãs fkner`cofÿk pcrc

gktgkbgr ga perquæ bg ac sftucofÿk y oÿè sg pugbg cotucr pcrc

su `gmerc< y aes tgrogres, oe`jfkck aes pres y oektrcs bg aes bes

cktgrfergs (Crukbga, :883). Gk kugstrc epfkfÿk, sfg`prg dcy tæo-

kfocs pcrc oe`jfkcr oekmuktes bg fkbfocbergs bg èbe qug sg

ejtgkick fkbfocbergs fktgr`gbfes y pcrc gxpekgr ac fkner`cofÿk

qug tcags fkbfocbergs oektfgkgk bg ner`c bfigrfjag. Ga prejag`c

rcbfoc, `ãs jfgk, gk qug ga `cyer ký`gre bg fkbfocbergs f`paf-

oc tc`jfæk uk `cyer trcjcme bg rgoeagoofÿk, prgpcrcofÿk bg aes

bctes y gstf`cofÿk bg aes cusgktgs, vgrfffiocofÿk bg qug aes bctes

rgoeagotcbes ou`pagk aes orftgrfes (væcsg `ãs cbgacktg) qug ocjg

gxfifr c tcags fkbfocbergs, gto. y qug, gspgofca`gktg gk ga packe

rgifekca, ga ký`gre bg nugktgs bfspekfjags y rgagvcktgs gs ùode

`ãs af`ftcbe.

Ocsf tebes aes sfstg`cs bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk tfgkbgk

c erbgkcr aes fkbfocbergs gk bfngrgktgs ãrgcs. Gsg èbe bg erbg-

kcofÿk bg aes fkbfocbergs gs bfngrgktg, g`pgre, bg ukes sfstg`cs

c etres, rggmckbe igkgrca`gktg ga croe oekogptuca gk qug ocbc

sfstg`c bgsocksc. Bgmckbe c uk acbe aes tfpes bg oekbfofekgs qug

cngotck ca bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber (per gmg`pae, rgourses du`ckes,

orgcofÿk bg oekeof`fgkte, RFOs…), ukc bfstfkofÿk oacvg bgsbg ga

pukte bg vfstc bg acs peaàtfocs bg fkkevcofÿk, gs ac bgstcocbc se-

jrg tebe per NEZC, gktrg fkbfocbergs bg fkput e bg oekbfofekgs

`croe ( nrc`gwerl) g fkbfocbergs bg bgsg`pgóe ( pgrner`ckog). _f

pcrtfès qug ac fkkevcofÿk ke gs uk ejmgtfve gk sà `fsè, sfke

uk `gbfe pcrc, gktrg etrcs oescs, uk `cyer jfgkgstcr y preirgse

goekÿ`foes, ac vcrfcjag bgpgkbfgktg ýatf`c sgrã ga XFJ pgr oãpftc

(e ac prebuotfvfbcb, oeè ýkfoc vcrfcjag gk qug ga orgof`fgkte

bga XFJ pgr oãpftc pugbg bgsockscr c acrie pacze). Aes fkbfocbergs

bg bgsg`pgóe dcràck rgngrgkofc ca oekmukte bg ncotergs bg fkke-

vcofÿk qug bgtgr`fkck ac ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk bg uk tgrrf-

terfe y qug sg oeksfbgrc qug tfgkgk uk pesftfve gngote sejrg gsc

rgktc pgr oãpftc e prebuotfvfbcb. Aes fkbfocbergs bg fkput e bg






oekbfofekgs `croe dcogk rgngrgkofc c acs peaàtfocs y ncotergs qug

sg oeksfbgrc qug tfgkgk uk pesftfve gngote sejrg aes fkbfocbergs

bg bgsg`pgóe. Acs `fore peaàtfocs bg fkkevcofÿk, gk prfkofpfe,

f`pcotck gk acs oekbfofekgs `croe< y, bcbc ac pesftfvc oerrgacofÿk

gxfstgktg gktrg aes fkbfocbergs bg cqugaacs y aes fkbfocbergs bg

bgsg`pgóe, ac `gmerc gk acs oekbfofekgs `croe oekbuofrã c ukc

`gmerc gk ga bgsg`pgóe.34

2. Oekoausfekgs pcrc ac prepugstc ffikca bg fkbfocbergs

C ae acrie bg gstg ocpàtuae sg dck gxpugste acs bes vàcs prfkofpcags

bg cprexf`crsg c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk= ac bg aes qug eptck

per ukc èkgtfzcofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk y per `gbfr ga gngote bg

æstc sejrg ac prebuotfvfbcb y ca orgof`fgkte< y ac bg aes qug eptck

per fkbfocbergs. C`jcs cprexf`cofekgs sek bg fktgræs pcrc ga Xcàs

^csoe, pgre su cvckog e bgscrreaae bgjgràc sgiufr bfstfktcs vàcs.

Gk ga ocse bg ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk c trcvæs bg ac gstf-

`cofÿk bg ac fkvgrsfÿk gk aes bfstfktes tfpes bg fktckifjags y bg su

f`pcote bfrgote g fkbfrgote gk ga orgof`fgkte bg ac prebuotfvfbcb,

acs rgngrgkofcs bg ac aftgrcturc preperofekcbcs gk ga ocpàtuae oek-

orgtck suffiofgktg`gktg ga sgktfbe y oektgkfbe qug bgjgràc tgkgr

tca fkbfocber pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe. _u oãaouae ke gktrcràc, sfk g`jcr-

ie, gktrg aes ejmgtfves bg gstg preygote, qug ýkfoc`gktg pgrsgiuàc

ukc prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe,

y ke su oãaouae e gstf`cofÿk oekorgtc. Gste ýatfè bgjgràc sgr

ga ejmgtfve bg uk irupe bg trcjcme gspgoàffioe, ouyc oekstftuofÿk

rgoe`gkbcès ngrveresc`gktg.

Gk ac cprexf`cofÿk `gbfcktg fkbfocbergs e soergjecrbs, gk ga

ocpàtuae sg dc gngotucbe ukc bfstfkofÿk gktrg cqugaaes qug prepe-

kgk `gbfr ac fkkevcofÿk c trcvæs bg jctgràcs e oucbres bg `ckbe

(soergjecrbs) bg fkbfocbergs fkbfvfbucags y cqugaaes qug, ygkbe

`ãs caaã, trctck bg bgscrreaacr fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes c pcrtfr bg

aes fkbfocbergs fkbfvfbucags, y sg dck estrcbe aes pres y oektrcs

bg c`jes gknequgs. Cbfofekca`gktg, sg dc gxpugste oÿè aes bf-

ngrgktgs fktgktes bg `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk bgjgk rgcafzcr bes

oacres tfpes bg gagoofekgs= per uk acbe, oek rgacofÿk ca ejmgte bg

`gbfofÿk= af`ftcrsg c preperofekcr fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk e,

ygkbe caie `ãs caaã, fkoaufr tc`jfæk fkbfocbergs bg oe`pgtftfvf-

34 Ke tebes aes sfstg`cs

bg fkbfocbergs bfstfkiugk

gktrg fkbfocbergs bg fkput

y eutput (per gmg`pae, ke

ae dcog ga fkner`g Iaejca

Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Zgpert

bga Yerab Goeke`fo

Neru`). E, oeè orftfoc

NEZC (:889) bga Gurepg-

ck Fkkevctfek _oerg-

jecrb (GF_), gk caiukes,

cukqug ner`ca`gktg acs

octgieràcs bg fkbfocbergs

sg bgke`fkck oeè bg

fkput y eutput, augie ke

cvckzck gk ga ckãafsfs y bg

acs oerrgacofekgs gktrg vc-

rfcjags bg fkput y eutput.

Fiuca`gktg, NEZC sÿae

oeksfbgrc aes fkbfocbergs

bg bgsg`pgóe c ac derc

bg ocaouacr ga fkbfocber

su`crfe bg fkkevcofÿk, c

bfngrgkofc bg oÿè cotýc

ga GF_ qug oe`putc tebe

tfpe bg fkbfocbergs pcrc

ejtgkgr su fkbfocber

su`crfe bg fkkevcofÿk.







bcb< y, per etre acbe, rgspgote ca ký`gre bg fkbfocbergs oeksfbg-

rcbes (eptcr per uk ký`gre rgbuofbe bg fkbfocbergs e per uk

ký`gre ùy c`pafe).

Zgspgote ca prf`gre bg aes bfag`cs, pcrgog oekvgkfgktg ke bgsocr-

tcr ac vàc bg aes fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes, cukqug pcrc qug gstes ke

sg qugbgk gk uk `gre mugie bg afics bg oe`pgtfofÿk bg ocrãotgr

ètfvcofekca y pugbck preperofekcr iuàcs pcrc acs peaàtfocs,

bgjgràck coe`pcócrsg per aes fkbfocbergs fkbfvfbucags gk qug

cqugaaes bgsocksck.

Oek rgspgote ca sgiukbe bg aes bfag`cs, cukqug sg pcrtc bg

qug ga fkbfocber oe`pugste prfkofpca, ejmgte bga prgsgktg trcjc-

me, bgjc gstcr ogktrcbe gk ac fkkevcofÿk bg ocrãotgr goekÿ foe y

jcscbc gk ga grocbe, ac prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bgjgràc rgoeigr

csf`fsè fkbfocbergs bg ocrãotgr goekÿ`foe y seofca, pcrc pesf-

jfaftcr ga gstubfe bg aes gngotes qug cqugaac gmgrog gk ac rgcafbcb

goekÿ`foc, seofca y `gbfec`jfgktca. Bgktre bg ac fkkevcofÿk

goekÿ`foc, aes fkbfocbergs ke bgjgràck rgstrfkifrsg c ac gstrfo-

tc`gktg tgokeaÿifoc, sfke bgjgràck cjcrocr tc`jfæk acs aac`cbcs

erickfzctfvc y oe`grofca.

Xer ýatfè, oek rgspgote ca ký`gre bg aes fkbfocbergs qug

dcjràck bg oeksfbgrcrsg, ac bgofsfÿk gstã uy oekbfofekcbc per ac

prepfc bfspekfjfafbcb bg fkbfocbergs rgifekcags y aes ã`jftes bg

rgngrgkofc oek aes qug sg bgsgcjc oe`pcrcr ga Xcàs ^csoe. Ae fbgca

gs pebgr oe`jfkcr gk ac prepugstc, uk ký`gre rgactfvc`gktg rg-

buofbe bg fkbfocbergs sgagotes, qug pesfjfaftgk ukc nãofa oeùkf-

ocofÿk y gmgrzck uk nugrtg gngote ètfvcofekca< oek ukc afstc `ãs

c`pafc bg fkbfocbergs, qug sgc bg utfafbcb pcrc ga sgiuf`fgkte y

ac cbepofÿk gngotfvc bg peaàtfocs pcrtfouacrgs per aes rgspekscjags

y bgofsergs pýjafoes.






Zgngrgkofcs jfjafeirãffiocs

Cbvfsery Oe``fttgg ek @gcsurfki Fkkevctfek fk tdg :3st Ogktury Goe-

ke`y (:884). Fkkevctfek @gcsurg`gkt= Rrcolfki tdg _tctg en Fkkevctfek fk tdg C`grf-ock Goeke`y . C rgpert te tdg _gorgtcry en Oe``grog.

Cfzoerjg, C.@., @eyack, O.G. y Zejjfks, O.C. (:886). Rewcrb Jgttgr @gcsu-

rg`gkt en Fkkevctfek ckb Fktckifjags. JGC Jrfgffiki , gkgre :886.

Crodfjuif, B. y Oeoe, C. (:882). C Kgw Fkbfocter en Rgodkeaeifoca Ocpcjfaf-

tfgs ner Bgvgaepgb ckb Bgvgaepfki Oeuktrfgs (Croe). Yerab Bgvgaep`gkt êa. ?: (2)=

>:6->72.

Crodfjuif, B. y Oeoe, C. (:887). @gcsurfki tgodkeaeifoca ocpcjfaftfgs ct tdg

oeuktry agvga= C survgy ckb c `gku ner odefog. Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ?2= 397-362.

Crodfjuif, B. y @fodfg, M. (3664). Rgodkfoca Odckig, Irewtd ckb Rrcbg= Kgw

Bgpcrturgs fk Fkstftutfekca Goeke`fos. Meurkca en Goeke`fo _urvgys ea. 3: (?)= 3-38Crodfjuif, B., Bgkkf, @. y Nfafppgttf, C. (:886). Rdg tgodkeaeifoca ocpcjfaf-

tfgs en kctfeks= Rdg stctg en tdg crt en syktdgtfo fkbfocters. Rgodkeaeifoca Nergocstfki

ckb _eofca Odckig ea. 9>= 639-6?3.

Crkeab, G. y Rdurfcux, J. (:883). Evgrvfgw ckb _yktdgsfs. Gk Rdurfcux, J.

gt ca. (gb.) Fkkevctfek ckb gktgrprfsg orgctfek= _tctfstfos ckb fkbfocters. Auxg`jeuri=

Enffiog ner Enffiofca Xujafoctfeks en tdg Gurepgck Oe`ùkftfgs.

Crukbga, C. (:883). Fkkevctfek _oergjecrbs= Xre`fsgs, Xftncaas ckb Xeafoy

Cppafoctfeks. Gk Rdurfcux, J. gt ca. (gb.) Fkkevctfek ckb gktgrprfsg orgctfek= _tctfstfos

ckb fkbfocters. Auxg`jeuri= Enffiog ner Enffiofca Xujafoctfeks en tdg Gurepgck Oe`-

ùkftfgs.

Crukbga, C. y Deaackbgrs, D. (:884). Fkkevctfek soergjecrbs= fkbfocters ckb

peafoy usg. Gk Kcuwgacgrs y Yfktmgs, Z. (gbs.) Fkkevctfek Xeafoy fk Gurepg. Odgatgk-

dc`= Gbwcrb Gaicr (pãis. :6-7:).

Jgadeofkg, K. (:886). Rrgctfki Fktckifjag Fkputs cs Fkvgst`gkt Ieebs= Rdg F`-

pcot ek Ockcbfck IBX . F@N Yerlfki Xcpgr YX/86/:28.

Jfsùtd, C. y Lfrlpctrfol, I. (:88>). Fktgaagotuca cssgts ckb vcaug orgctfek= f`-

pafoctfeks ner oerperctg rgpertfki . EGOB, Oerperctg cnncfrs Bfvfsfek en tdg bfrgoterctg

ner Nfkckofca ckb Gktgrprfsg Cnncfrs.

Oacytek, R., Jerie, @.B. y Dcslga, M. (:884). Ck fkkevctfek Fkbgx Jcsgb ek

Lkewagbig Ocpftca Fkvgst`gkt . KG_RC, Fkkevctfek Fkbgx Yerlfki Xcpgr.

Oerrcbe, O. (:889). Oe``gkt suj`fttgb te tdg Cbvfsery Oe``fttgg ek @gcsu-rfki Fkkevctfek fk tdg :3st Ogktury Goeke`y.

Oerrcbe, O., Duatgk, O. y _fodga, B. (:887). @gcsurfki Ocpftca ckb Rgodke-

aeiy= Ck Gxpckbgb Nrc`gwerl. Gk Oerrcbe, O., Dcatfwckigr, M. y _fodga, B. (gbs.),

@gcsurfki Ocpftca fk tdg Kgw Goeke`y, _tubfgs fk Fkoe`g ckb Ygcatd, Odfocie= Wkf-

vgrsfty en Odfocie Xrgss.

Oerrcbe, O., Duatgk, O. y _fodga, B. (:88>)= Fktckifjag Ocpftca ckb Goeke`fo

Irewtd. Kctfekca Jurgcu en Goeke`fo Zgsgcrod Yerlfki Xcpgr 33624` Mckucry.

Gbqufst, O. (:887). _ystg`s en Fkkevctfek. Xgrspgotfvgs ckb Odcaagkigs. Gk Nc-

igrjgri, M. gt ca. (gbs.) Rdg Exnerb Dckbjeel en Fkkevctfek. Exnerb= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty

Xrgss.(Xãis. 343-:84).Gbqufst, D. (:886c). Ock Dew @uod begs _wgbgk Fkvgst fk Fktckifjag Cssgts5

Yerlfki Xcpgr _grfgs 947, Zgsgcrod Fkstftutg en Fkbustrfca Goeke`fos.







Gbqufst, D. (:886). Ock fkvgst`gkt fk Fktckifjags Gxpacfk tdg _wgbfsd Xre-

buotfvfty Jee` fk 3668s5. Yerlfki Xcpgr _grfgs 486, Zgsgcrod Fkstftutg en Fkbustrfca

Goeke`fos.

Ncjgrigri, M. (3662). Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fktgrkctfekca Bfnngrgkogs fk Irewtd Zc-

tgs. Meurkca en Goeke`fo Aftgrcturg ea. ??= 3329-3397.

NEZC (vcrfes cóes). Fkkevctfek @ekfter .

NEZC (:886). Kerbfo Fkkevctfek @ekfter :886 . Bgk`crl= Kerbfo Oeukofa en

@fkfstgrs.

Nrgubgkjgri, @. (:88?). Oe`pesftg fkbfocters en oeuktry pgrner`ckog= c orf-

tfoca cssgss`gkt. _RF werlfki pcpgr :88?/3>.

Nulce, L., @fycicwc, R., @ulcf, L., _dfkebc, V. y Rekeif, L. (:886). Fktckif-

jag fkvgst`gkt fk Mcpck= gcsurg`gkt ckb oektrfjutfek te goeke`fo irewtd. Zgvfgw

en Fkoe`g ckb Ygcatd 77 (?)= 939.

Gbqufst, D. (:886). Ock Fkvgst`gkt fk Fktckifjags Gxpacfk tdg _wgbfsd Xrebuo-tfvfty Jee` fk tdg 3668s5.

Iebfk, J. (:882). Ockcbfck _oergjecrbs ek _&R ckb fts nurtdgr bgvgaep`gkts.

Ockcbfck _ofgkog ckb Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters Oeksertfu`, @ektrgca.

Iebfk, J. (:88>). «_tctfstfos ckb _ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkkevctfek Xeafoy=

Dew te Igt Zgagvckt Fkbfocters¼. Rrcjcme prgsgktcbe c ac EGOB Jaug _ly FF Fkbfocter

Oekngrgkog. Etcwc, Ockcbc, :7-:9 _gptg`jgr :88>

Iebfk, J. (:88>). Rdg Afkgcr @ebga en Fkkevctfek= Rdg Dfsterfoca Oekstruo-

tfek en ck Ckcaytfoca Nrc`gwerl. Rgodkeaeiy, ckb Du`ck ^caugs ?3 (>)= >?6->>9.

Iebfk, J. (:889). _ofgkog, cooeuktfki ckb stctfstfos= Rdg fkput-eutput nrc-

`gwerl. Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ?>= 3?44-328?.Iebfk, J. (:886). @clfki _ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkkevctfek Xeafoy= Oek-

ogptuca Nrc`gwerls cs Kcrrctfvgs, Xcpgr ke. 23. Xrgsgktgb ct tdg Xeafsd Cocbg`y en

_ofgkogs, Oe``fttgg ner tdg _ofgkog, Ycrscw, Xeackb, : Bgog`jgr :884. Xujafocbe

gk ZFOGO ea 3 (3).

Iebfk, J. y Beræ, O. (:889). @gcsurfki tdg F`pcots en _ofgkog= Jgyekb tdg

Goeke`fo Bf`gksfek. Rrcjcme prgsgktcbe c ac oekngrgkofc _ofgkog F`pcot - Zgtdfk-

lfki tdg F`pcot en Jcsfo Zgsgcrod ek _eofgty ckb tdg Goeke`y ¼, Erickfzcbc per Cus-

trfck _ofgkog Nukb (NYN) y Gurepgck _ofgkog Neukbctfek (G_N), 38-33 @cy :889,

^fgkkc, Custrfc.

Irupp, D. y @eigg, @.G. (:882). Fkbfocters ner kctfekca sofgkog ckb tgodkeae-

iy peafoy= dew rejust crg oe`pesftg fkbfocters5 Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ea. ??= 3?9?-3?42.

Irgigrsgk, J. y Medksek, J. (:887). Xgrner`ckog en Fkkevctfek _ystg`s=

Rewcrbs c Ocpcjfafty Jcsgb Oekogpt ckb @gcsurg`gkts. Rdg Rdfrb Iaejgafos Oekng-

rgkog, Xrgterfc, _eutd Cnrfoc.

Dcigbeerk, M. y Oaeebt, @. (:88?). @gcsurfki fkkevctfvg pgrner`ckog= fs

tdgrg ck cbvcktcig fk usfki `uatfpag fkbfocters5 Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ?:= 3?>7-3?96.

Dcslga, M., Oacytek, R, Ieebrfbig, X., Xgseag, C., Jcrkgtt, B., Odc`jgrafk,

I., Mekgs, Z., Ldck, L. y Rurvgy, C. (:886). Fkkevctfek, Lkewagbig spgkbfki ckb pre-

buotfvfty irewtd fk tdg WL . Fktgrf` rgpert ner KG_RC Fkkevctfek Fkbgx premgot.

Dfaa, Z.M. (:886). Fktrebuotfek te spgofca sgotfek ek fktckifjag ocpftca. Zgvfgw en

Fkoe`g ckb Ygcatd ea. 77 (?)= >74->>8.Duatgk, O. (:889). Rewcrb c Kctfekca Fkkevctfek Cooeukt . Oe``gkt prgpcrgb

ner tdg Cbvfsery Oe``fttgg ek @gcsurfki Fkkevctfek fk tdg :3st Ogktury Goeke`y.






Duatgk, O. (:884). Cooeuktfki ner tdg lkewagbig goeke`y . Goeke`fos Xreirc`

Yerlfki Xcpgr _grfgs 84-3?.

Mcacvc, M., Cuafk-Cd`cvccrc, X. y Cackgk, C. (:889). Fktckifjag ocpftca fk tdg

Nfkkfsd jusfkgss sgoter, 3697-:887. Xgaagrve Goeke`fo Zgsgcrod Fkstftutg Yerlfki Xc-

pgrs K½ 388.

Lglfo, A. (:889). Jcolireukb beou`gkt ner Fkkevctfek= Rrcksner`fki tdg wcy

jusfkgss orgctgs. Goeke`fst Fktgaafigkog Wkft.

Auocs, Z. G. (3644). Ek `godckfos en goeke`fo bgvgaep`gkt. Meurkca en @ekg-

tcry Goeke`fos ea. ::= ?-2:.

Aukbvcaa, J-Ç y Reàfksek, @. (:883). Agcrkfki-jy-Oe`pcrfki= Zggotfeks

ek tdg Wsg ckb Cjusg en Fktgrkctfekca Jgkod`crlfki. Gk _wggkgy, I. (gb.), Fkkevc-

tfek, Goeke`fo Xreirgss ckb tdg Sucafty en Afng. Odgatgkdc`= Gbwcrb Gaicr Xujafsdfki.

(pãis. 3:8-3?>).

Kctfekca Zgsgcrod Oeukofa (:886). Fktckifjag Cssgts= @gcsurfki ckb Gkdck-

ofki Rdgfr Oektrfjutfek te Oerperctg caug ckb Goeke`fo Irewtd= _u``cry en c Yer-

lsdep. Ycsdfkitdek, BO= Rdg Kctfekca Cocbg`fo Xrgss.

KG_RC (:886). Rdg Fkkevctfek Fkbgx. @gcsurfki tdg WL‖s fkvgst`gkt fk fkkevc-

tfek ckb fts gnngots. Kevfg`jrg :886

EGOB (:887). @fore-peafofgs ner irewtd ckb prebuotfvfty= ffikca rgpert.

EGOB (:889). _ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkbustry _oergjecrb :889 . Xcrfs= EGOB

pujafsdfki.

EGOB (:884). Dckbjeel en oekstruotfki oe`pesftg fkbfocters. @gtdebeaeiy ckb

usgr iufbg. Xcrfs= EGOB pujafsdfki.

EGOB (:886). _ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkbustry _oergjecrb :886 . Xcrfs= EGOBpujafsdfki.

EGOB (:838). @gcsurfki Fkkevctfek= C Kgw Xgrspgotfvg. Xcrfs= EGOB pujafs-

dfki.

@fajgris, G. y êkertcs, K. (:88>) Fkkevctfek @gtrfos= @gcsurg`gkt te Fk-

sfidt. Ydftg Xcpgr ner Kctfekca Fkkevctfek Fkftfctfvg :3st Ogktury Fkkevctfek Yer-

lfki Ireup.

@eek, D-_. y Agg, M-B (:887). C nuzzy sgt tdgery cpprecod te kctfekca oe`pe-

sftg _&R fkbfogs. _ofgkte`gtrfos êa. >2 (3)= >9-4?.

Xfglleac, D. (oeerb.), Mekc-Acsfkfe, O., Fe``f, @. y Zetd, N. (:886). Fktckifjag

Ocpftca ckb Fkkevctfeks= Brfvgrs en Irewtd ckb Aeoctfek fk tdg GW. Zgpert ek bctc

ictdgrfki ckb gstf`ctfeks ner tdg FKKEBZF^G premgot ‟ @core cpprecod (Bgafvg-

rcjag Ke. 37, YX6)

Xertgr, @.G. y _tgrk, _. (3666). Rdg Kgw Odcaagkig te C`grfoc‖s Xrespgrfty=

Nfkbfkis nre` tdg Fkkevctfek Fkbgx. Oeukofa ek Oe`pgtftfvgkgss, Ycsdfkitek, BO.

Ze`gr, X. @. (364>). Fkorgcsfki Zgturks ckb Aeki-Zuk Irewtd. Meurkca en Xeaf-

tfoca Goeke`y êa. 62 (7)= 388:-38?9.

_caz`ck, M. (:88?). @gtdebeaeifoca Odefogs Gkoeuktgrgb fk tdg Oekstruotfek

en Oe`pesftg Fkbfogs en Goeke`fo ckb _eofca Ygaa-Jgfki. Ogktrg ner tdg _tuby en

Afvfki _tckbcrbs (O_A_).

_dcrpg, C. (:882). Aftgrcturg Zgvfgw en Nrc`gwerls ner @core-Fkbfocters.

O_A_, Zgsgcrod Zgpert :882-8?._frfaaf, I. (:88>). Bgvgaepfki _ofgkog Ckb Rgodkeaeiy Fkbfocters ct tdg EGOB=

tdg KG_RF Kgtwerl. Rrcjcme prgsgktcbe c ac Oekngrgkofc Nfrst XZF@G fkbfocters, Au-

icke, Kevg`jgr :88>.







_tekg, C., Zesg, _., Aca, J. y _dfpp, _. (:884). @gcsurfki Fkkevctfek ckb Fktck-

ifjags= C Jusfkgss Xgrspgotfvg. Fkstftutg ner Bgngksg Ckcaysfs, _ofgkog ckb Rgodkeaeiy

Xeafoy Fkstftutg, Ycsdfkitek, B.O., :884. FBC Beou`gkt B-?982

Re`afksek, @. y Aukbvcaa, J-Ç. (:883). Xeafoy agcrkfki tdreuid jgkod`crlfk

kctfekca systg`s en oe`pgtgkog jufabfki ckb fkkevctfek ‟ agcrkfki jy oe`pcrfki.

Zgpert ner tdg Cbvckogb Jgkod`crlfki Oekogpts (CJO) premgot, Gurepgck Oe`-

`fssfek.

^ck Zeefmgk-Derstgk, @., vck bgk Jgrigk, B., bg Dcck, @., Lafklgrs,

C. y Rckrfsgvgk, @. (:884). Fktckifjag ocpftca fk tdg Kgtdgrackbs= @gcsurg`gkt ckb

oektrfjutfek te goeke`fo irewtd. Bfsoussfek Xcpgr Ke. 8483>. Rdg Dciug= _tctfstfos

Kgtdgrackbs.

^guigagrs, Z . (:88>). Bgvgaep`gkts fk GW _tctfstfos ek _ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy

ckb Fkkevctfek= tclfki steol ckb `evfki tewcrbs gvfbgkog jcsgb peafoy ckcaysfs.

Rrcjcme prgsgktcbe c ac EGOB Jaug _ly FF Fkbfocter Oekngrgkog, Etcwc, Ockcbc.



7?






Zggxfÿk y prepugstc pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe72

OCXÀRWAE :

@croe y bf`gksfekgs bg aes fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk












3. Fktrebuoofÿk

Gk uk cktgrfer ocpàtuae sg dck gxpugste acs bes irckbgs cprexf-

`cofekgs gxfstgktgs c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk= ac jcscbc

gk ac oektcjfafbcb bga orgof`fgkte y ac jcscbc gk fkbfocbergs

(soergjecrbs g àkbfogs oe`pugstes). Gktrg acs rgoe`gkbcofekgs e

oekoausfekgs qug bfode ocpàtuae oektgkàc sg gkoektrcjc, prgofsc-

`gktg, ac bg orgcofÿk bg uk irupe bg trcjcme fkbgpgkbfgktg qug

dfofgrc pesfjag ac cpafocofÿk bg ac prf`grc cprexf`cofÿk ca ocse

vcsoe. Gstg sgiukbe ocpàtuae sg ogktrcrã gk cvckzcr gk ac sgiukbc

cprexf`cofÿk= gk bgtgr`fkcr uk `croe bg erbgkcofÿk pcrc aes

fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk, csà oeè acs bf`gksfekgs e tg`cs qug

aes fkbfocbergs bgjgràck oektg`pacr.

_f jfgk gs oe`ýk`gktg cogptcbe qug fbgca`gktg ac sgagoofÿk

bg aes fkbfocbergs bgjgràc bgsockscr gk ukc sÿafbc tgeràc sejrg ga

sfikfffiocbe y bgtgr`fkcktgs bg ac fkkevcofÿk y sejrg sus gngotes

goekÿ`foes (y, prgngrfjag`gktg, tc`jfæk bg etre tfpe= `gbfec`-

jfgktcags, seofcags, ouaturcags…), ac rgcafbcb gs qug, oeè sgócac

Gbqufst (:887), ac aftgrcturc sejrg aes sfstg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk prg-

sgktc ketcjags c`jfiñgbcbgs g fkoeksfstgkofcs oekogptucags, ke

bgtgr`fkc oek prgofsfÿk aes oe`pekgktgs y aà`ftgs oekstftuygktgs

bga sfstg`c, ke bgsorfjg bg `ckgrc rfiuresc acs rgacofekgs ocu-

scags gxfstgktgs gktrg acs vcrfcjags y ke bfspekg bg rgiuacrfbcbgs

g`pàrfocs jfgk gstcjagofbcs. Rebcvàc ke dcy oeksgkse gktrg aes

ckcafstcs oek rgspgote c aes ncotergs f`puasergs e bgtgr`fkcktgs

bg ac fkkevcofÿk (Nur`ck gt ca., :88:). Csf`fsè, oeè sgócack

_frfaaf (:88>) y Iebfk y Beræ (:889), sg ocrgog tebcvàc bg uk è-

bgae tgÿrfoe qug pesfjfaftg ac oe`prgksfÿk bg aes aczes gktrg ga

oekeof`fgkte y ga preirgse seofe-goekÿ`foe, bg èbe qug gk ga

è`gkte cotuca aes aczes gktrg aes rgsuatcbes bg ac fkvgstficofÿk

y su f`pcote seofe-goekÿ`foe sek `ãs bgsorfptfves (pestuacbes)

qug tgÿrfoes (bgèstrcbes)< aes `gockfsès bg trcksngrgkofc bga

oekeof`fgkte c ac rgcafbcb goekÿ`foc sek igkgrca`gktg fikerc-

bes< y aes ckcafstcs sugagk af`ftcrsg jfgk c enrgogr oerrgacofekgs

gktrg acs vcrfcjags (c `gkube prebuote bg èbgaes goeke`ætrf-

oes) e fkoause, oeè gs dcjftuca gk ac EOBG, c pekgr muktcs ukc

sgrfg bg gstcbàstfocs oek ga ejmgtfve f`paàofte bg ocuscr gk ga agoter

ukc sgkscofÿk bg ocuscafbcb gktrg bfodcs vcrfcjags. Gk su`c, ac



79Ocpàtuae := @croes y bf`gksfekgs bg aes `croes bg fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



fkkevcofÿk gs uk ngkÿ`gke oe`pagme y sg ocrgog bg ebgaes tgÿ-

rfoes bg igkgrca cogptcofÿk.

Cktg gse, aes ckcafstcs dck rgourrfbe nrgougktg`gktg c `croes

oekogptucags. Gstes pugbgk gktgkbgrsg oeè «èbes bg sgagoofe-

kcr, erickfzcr, fktgrprgtcr y bcr sgktfbe c ac rgcafbcb (…) qug pre-

vggk bg iuàcs pcrc ga oekeof`fgkte, ga ckãafsfs, ac pgrsucsfÿk y ac

coofÿk¼ (_odek 366?, oftcbe per Iebfk :886=3). Aes `croes oek-

ogptucags cotýck oeè uk prfkofpfe erickfzcber pcrc bcr sgktfbe

c ukc sftucofÿk seofegoekÿ`foc y pcrc enrgogr rgspugstc c ukc

sgrfg bg ougstfekgs ckcaàtfocs y bg peaàtfocs.

Gk ae qug rgstc bg ocpàtuae, gk prf`gr auicr aagvcrgès c

ocje ukc rgvfsfÿk bg aes `croes bg erbgkcofÿk bg aes fkbfocbergs

bg fkkevcofÿk qug dck sfbe g`pagcbes per ukc c`pafc sgrfg bg

trcjcmes qug dck trctcbe bg √e trcjcmcbe oek√ fkbfocbergs bg

fkkevcofÿk. C oektfkucofÿk, gk sgiukbe auicr, gxpekbrgès aes

tg`cs e bf`gksfekgs bg aes fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk fbgktfffioc-

bes gk gsc oeagoofÿk bg trcjcmes. Xer ýatfè, gk tgrogr auicr, gstg

sgiukbe ocpàtuae ffikcafzcrã oek sgkbcs prepesfofekgs bg `croe

bg erbgkcofÿk y bg bf`gksfekgs bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk

pcrc acs prepugstcs oekorgtcs bg fkbfocbergs pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe

qug sg bgscrreaacrãk gk uk ocpàtuae pestgrfer.

:. @croes bg erbgkcofÿk bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk

Bg ac ejsgrvcofÿk bg aes `ýatfpags fkner`gs e trcjcmes qug enrg-

ogk soergjecrbs e rgcafzck gmgrofofes bg jgkod`crlfki bg fkkevc-

ofÿk, sg bgbuog qug, sf jfgk dcy fkner`gs gk qug aes fkbfocbergs

ke bgsocksck oeè tcags gk uk croe oekogptuca gxpaàofte e pgr-

ogptfjag (sfke qug gk ga `gmer bg aes ocses sg fktgktc mustfffiocr ac

gagoofÿk bg ocbc vcrfcjag per ac supugstc fkugkofc qug pesgg gk

ga bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber), gk etres dcy uk `croe erbgkcber `ãs

e gkes oacre bg aes fkbfocbergs sgagoofekcbes.

Xrejcjag`gktg ga gsqug`c erbgkcber `ãs utfafzcbe sgc ga

qug pebràcès bgke`fkcr `croe fkput-eutput , qug sfiug dcstc

ofgrte pukte ac aÿifoc bg ac nukofÿk bg prebuoofÿk bgscrreaacbc

per aes goeke`fstcs. Gstg `croe pugbg tgkgr bfstfktcs vcrfcktgs=

bgsbg cqugaacs qug sf`pag`gktg bfngrgkofck gktrg fkbfocbergs bg

fkput y eutput < c cqugaacs qug fktrebuogk gktrg c`jes uk kfvga







pcrc aes fkbfocbergs bg preogses< e cqugaacs qug gktrg aes fkbf-

ocbergs bg eutput bfngrgkofck gktrg aes rgngrfbes bfrgotc`gktg c

ac fkkevcofÿk (qug sugagk bgke`fkcr dcjftuca`gktg, fkbfocbergs

bg eutput ) y aes rgngrfbes c aes gngotes goekÿ foes (c aes qug sug-

agk bgke`fkcr, fkbfocbergs bg eutoe`g e bg f`pcote)3 (Crukbga y

Deaackbgrs, :884< Çlgrjae` gt ca., :884). Csf`fs`e, c aes fkbfoc-

bergs bg fkput gk caiukes trcjcmes (per gmg`pae, gk aes fkner`gs

bg NEZC) sg ags bgke`fkc fkbfocbergs bg `croe ( nrc`gwerl) y c

aes bg eutput , fkbfocbergs bg bgsg`pgóe ( pgrner`ckog). _giýk sg

sujrcyc gk bfvgrses trcjcmes bg NEZC, ac bfstfkofÿk gktrg octgie-

ràcs bg fkput (e `croe) y eutput (e bgsg`pgóe) ke gs vãafbc ýkf-

oc`gktg c gngotes bg bgke`fkcofÿk bg aes irupes bg fkbfocbergs,

sfke qug gs tc`jfæk pgrtfkgktg pcrc ac gacjercofÿk bg aes fkbfoc-

bergs su`crfes bg fkkevcofÿk, qug, sgiýk sgócac NEZC gk cjfgrtc

oràtfoc ca fkbfocber su`crfe bga Gurepgck Fkkevctfek _oergjecrb ,

sÿae bgjgràck oekstrufrsg oek fkbfocbergs bg eutput e bgsg`pg-

óe. Xer etre acbe, acs vcrfcjags `ãs susogptfjags bg sgr cngotcbcs

per acs peaàtfocs bg fkkevcofÿk sgràck acs bg fkput e `croe.

Etres gsqug`cs bg erbgkcofÿk bgsocksck, bg caiukc `ckg-

rc, gk ac ocbgkc bg vcaer bg ac fkkevcofÿk (e bga oekeof`fgkte)

(Dcksgk y Jfrlsdcw, :889). Kugvc`gktg, sek bfstfktcs acs vcrfck-

tgs qug ocjràc fktgircr gk gstg `croe= bgsbg acs `ãs sf`pags, qug

bfngrgkofck acs gtcpcs bg igkgrcofÿk y bg gxpaetcofÿk/bfnusfÿk<

pcsckbe per acs qug gktrg ac ncsg bg igkgrcofÿk y ac bg oe`gr-

ofcafzcofÿk fktrebuogk ac bg oekvgrsfÿk bga oekeof`fgkte gk fk-

kevcofÿk< y cocjckbe gk acs qug, gk ocbc ukc bg gstcs trgs ncsgs,

bfstfkiugk csf`fs`e sujncsgs (per gmg`pae, bgktre bg ac igkgrc-

ofÿk bg fbgcs, ga coogse y ckoacmg bg fbgcs gxtgrkcs y ac igkgrcofÿk

bg fbgcs prepfcs< bgktre bg ac gxpaetcofÿk, ac sgagoofÿk bg acs fbgcs

qug vcyck c gxpaetcrsg, ac trcksner`cofÿk bg gscs fbgcs gk fkke-

vcofekgs, su oe`grofcafzcofÿk y bfnusfÿk, g fkoause ga use ffikca per

ga usucrfe).

Etre gsqug`c bg erbgkcofÿk gs ga qug bfstfkiug gktrg ncote-

rgs fktgrkes y gxtgrkes. Gstc bfstfkofÿk, cukqug gk caiukes trcjc-

mes sg cpafoc c aes tgrrfterfes,: igkgrca`gktg sg gktfgkbg rgngrfbc c

ac g`prgsc. Csà, per gmg`pae, ga oekeofbe Àkbfog bg @csscodusgtts

bg ac goeke`àc bg ac fkkevcofÿk (væcsg Medk Cbc`s Fkkevctfek

3 Dcy qufgkgs fkoause

bfngrgkofck gktrg aes

fkbfocbergs bg eutoe`g

y bg f`pcote, rgsgrvckbe

ga prf`gr tær`fke pcrc

ga gngote bfrgote bg ac

fkkevcofÿk gk ac `crodc

goekÿ`foc bga cigktg

fkkevcber< y ga sgiukbe,

pcrc ga gngote `ãs iaejca

y c acrie gk ga oekmukte

bg ac goeke`àc e bg ac

seofgbcb.

: @cdreu` gt ca. (:884),

per gmg`pae, gk uk

fktgrgscktg trcjcme, ciru-

pck aes fkbfocbergs bg

fkkevcofÿk bg acs rgifekgs

jrftãkfocs gk bes irckbgs

octgieràcs= aes fkbfocbergs

aficbes c ac ocpcofbcb bg

cjserofÿk bg oekeof`fgk-

te gxtgrke (gktrg aes qug,

c su vgz, bfstfkiug, gktrg

fkbfocbergs bg ocpcofbcb

bg coogse, bg ocpcofbcb

bg ckoacmg y ocpcofbcb bg

bfnusfÿk) y aes aficbes c

ac ocpcofbcb bg bgscrreaae

bg gsg oekeof`fgkte gk

fkkevcofekgs (ocpcofbcb

bgktre bg ac ouca bfstfk-

iug, tc`jfæk, ocpcofbcb

bg orgcofÿk y ocpcofbcb

bg gxpaetcofÿk).






Fkstftutg, :886), bfstfkiug gktrg fkbfocbergs bg ncotergs gxtgrkes

c acs g`prgscs, fkbfocbergs bg ncotergs fktgrkes bg acs g`prgscs g

fkbfocbergs bg f`pcote goekÿ`foe. Aes ýatfès trcjcmes bg Xertgr

y _tgrk (:88: y :882) sejrg ac ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk kcofekca

gkocmcràck tc`jfæk gk gstg gsqug`c, oek ga cócbfbe bg qug bgk-

tre bg aes ncotergs gxtgrkes aes oftcbes cutergs bfstfkiugk gktrg aes

gxtgrkes oeùkgs y aes gspgoàffioes bg aes oaýstgrgs. Gsc bfvfsfÿk

gktrg ncotergs fktgrkes y gxtgrkes bg acs g`prgscs tc`jfæk sg dc

`ctgrfcafzcbe gk ac gxfstgkofc bg soergjecrbs gspgoàffioes pcrc nco-

tergs fktgrkes bg g`prgscs e sgotergs? y pcrc ncotergs gxtgrkes.2

Ga gsqug`c bg erbgkcofÿk cktgrfer, gk ncotergs fktgrkes y

gxtgrkes c ac g`prgsc, iucrbc ofgrtc rgacofÿk oek aes bes irck-

bgs oe`pekgktgs bg tebe sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk= ukc gstruoturc

fkstftuofekca e sujsfstg`c bg orgcofÿk bg oekeof`fgkte qug bc

cpeye c ukc gstruoturc prebuotfvc e sujsfstg`c bg gxpaetcofÿk

bga oekeof`fgkte (Aukbvcaa, 366:< Oeelg, 3664< Csdgf` y Igrtagr,

:887). Dcy cutergs, oeè ga gqufpe bg fkvgstficbergs bga Fkstftute

bg Ckãafsfs Fkbustrfca y Nfkckofgre bg ac Wkfvgrsfbcb Oe`pautgk-

sg bg @cbrfb,7 qug gxpaàoftc`gktg erbgkck aes fkbfocbergs oac-

vgs bg fkkevcofÿk bg acs rgifekgs oekner`g c aes qug oeksfbgrck

prfkofpcags oe`pekgktgs bg uk sfstg`c rgifekca bg fkkevcofÿk=

g`prgscs fkkevcbercs, fkvgstficofÿk ofgktàffioc (ukfvgrsfbcbgs

y erickfsès pýjafoes bg fkvgstficofÿk), gkterke goekÿ`foe y

prebuotfve (bekbg fkoauygk oekbfofekgs bg ac bg`ckbc, gstruo-

turc prebuotfvc, rfvcafbcb oe`pgtftfvc, ocpftca du`cke y rgourses

fkstftuofekcags) y peaàtfoc g fkstftuofekgs bg cpeye (væcsg gspg-

ofca`gktg Jugsc, Dgfms y Kcvcrre, :889).> Gste gs, aes fkbfocbergs

bg fkkevcofÿk sg erbgkcràck bg cougrbe oek ukc vfsfÿk fkstftu-

ofekca bga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk.

Catgrkctfvc`gktg, aes fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk pebràck

erbgkcrsg bg cougrbe oek ukc vfsfÿk nukofekca bga sfstg`c bg

fkkevcofÿk. Gk gngote, tca oeè packtgck aes pcrtfbcrfes bg uk

gknequg nukofekca bg aes sfstg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk (Gbqufst, :887<

Gbqufst y De``gk, :884), ukc `fs`c nukofÿk pugbg sgr bgsc-

rreaacbc gk bfngrgktgs sfstg`cs per bfngrgktgs oe`pekgktgs< y, per

ae tckte, pcrgogràc prgngrfjag erbgkcr aes fkbfocbergs bgktre bg uk

sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk bg cougrbe oek acs pesfjags nukofekgs qug

? ^æcsg, per gmg`pae, ga

oekmukte bg fkbfocbergs

bg `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevc-

ofÿk bga kfvga bg g`prgsc,

prepugste per KG_RC

oeè fkstru`gkte oe`-

pag`gktcrfe bg su àkbfog

bg fkkevcofÿk= Zepgr gt

ca. (:886) y Cbc`s gt ca.

(:886).

2 æcksg, oeè gmg`pae,

ga oekmukte bg fkbfocbergs

pcrc `gbfr acs wfbgr

oekbftfeks, prepugste per

KG_RC oeè sgiukbe

fkstru`gkte oe`pag-

`gktcrfe bg su àkbfog

bg fkkevcofÿk= @fags gt

ca. (:886) y Oeyag gt ca.

(:884). Aes fkbfocbergs

bg fkkevcofÿk rgoeifbes

gk aes fkner`gs bg NEZC

sg rgffigrgk, csf`fsè, ca

gkterke oekbfofekcktg bg

ac cotfvfbcb fkkevcberc bg

acs g`prgscs= væcsg NEZC

(:882, :887, :889 y :886,

gspgofca`gktg) y Denn`ck

y Icjr (:88>).

7 ^æcksg Jugsc, Dgfms gt

ca. (:88:), Jugsc, @crtà-

kgz-Xgaaftgre gt ca. (:88:

y :889), Jugsc y Dgfms

(:889), @crtàkgz-Xgaaftgre

(:88:, :889 y

:884), @crtàkgz-Xgaaftgre

gt ca. (:884).



>8 F k b f o c b e r g s b g




gstg ou`pag, y ke, bg cougrbe oek acs erickfzcofekgs g fkstftuofe-

kgs oe`pekgktgs bga `fsè. Gsc gs, per gmg`pae, ac epofÿk cbep-

tcbc per @fags gt ca. (:886), bgktre bga preygote KG_RC pcrc bg-

scrreaacr uk oekmukte bg fkbfocbergs sejrg wfbgr oekbftfeks, qug,

rgodczckbe ac vàc fkstftuofekca bg aes sfstg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk, sg

fkoafkck gxpaàoftc`gktg per uk ebgae nukofekca oe`pugste per

ouctre gstcbfes= gstcbfes bg orgcofÿk y cbepofÿk bg oekeof`fgkte,

bg g`prgkbf`fgkte (e gxpaetcofÿk oe`grofca bg ac fkkevcofÿk),

bg sgagoofÿk bg acs `gmergs fkkevcofekgs y bg èvfafzcofÿk bg rg-

ourses pcrc igkgrcr fbgcs y aagvcracs cbgacktg.

Aes gsqug`cs cktgrfergs, per etrc pcrtg, ke sek ùtuc`gk-

tg gxoauygktgs. Xer gmg`pae, bg ae gxpugste cktgrfer`gktg sejrg

ga Àkbfog bg @csscodussgts sg bgsprgkbg qug, mukte c ac bfvfsfÿk

bg fkbfocbergs gxtgrkes g fktgrkes c ac g`prgsc, dcy ukc bfvfsfÿk

gktrg fkbfocbergs bg fkput y bg eutput . Ac oeagoofÿk bg fkbfoc-

bergs pcrc ac g`prgsc/sgoter prepugstc per KG_RC c ac qug dg-

ès dgode cktgs rgngrgkofc gstã c su vgz erickfzcbc bg cougrbe

oek ac ocbgkc bg vcaer bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk fkbfocbergs bg coogse,

oekstruoofÿk y oe`grofcafzcofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk. Fiuca`gktg, ga

Gurepgck Fkkevctfek _oergjecrb bg :884 (Deaackbgrs y vck Oruy-

sgk, :884), sf jfgk tfgkg ukc prf`grc bfvfsfÿk gktrg fkbfocbergs bg

fkput y bg eutput , gktrg aes bg fkput fktrebuog etrcs sujbfvfsfekgs

gk acs oucags gstã f`paàoftc ac bfvfsfÿk gktrg fkbfocbergs gxtgrkes

(dcjfaftcbergs e gkcjagrs) g fktgrkes bg acs g`prgscs. V csà pebràc

sgiufrsg oek irck pcrtg bg aes oekmuktes bg fkbfocbergs bfspekf-

jags.

Wk `croe oekorgte bg pcrtfouacr rgngrgkofc pcrc gstg trcjcme

gs ga qug sg gstã bgffikfgkbe gk ga preygote Gurepgck Oaustgr Ej-

sgrvctery Xdcsg FF (GOE-FF),9 gk ga qug Erlgstrc gs rgspekscjag bga

bfsgóe y oekstruoofÿk bg ukc jcsg bg bctes rgifekcags bg gkterke

g`prgscrfca. Cukqug ac jcsg tfgkg per ejmgtfve rgoeigr bctes bg

acs vcrfcjags bgtgr`fkcktgs bg ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb rgifekca, bcbe

qug bfodc oe`pgtftfvfbcb sg gkougktrc bgtgr`fkcbc gk irck `g-

bfbc per ac fkkevcofÿk, aes fkbfocbergs qug ffikca`gktg sg ffimgk

pcrc c`jes preygotes gk irck pcrtg sgrãk oeùkgs.

Ga gsqug`c bg erbgkcofÿk qug sg gstã bfsoutfgkbe pcrc ga

preygote GOE-FF qugbc rgoeifbe gk ac ffiiurc 3 cbmuktc.

> Aes bes fkner`gs qug

sejrg ga bgsg`pgóe tgo-

keaÿifoe sugagk gngotucrsg

gk Cag`ckfc (ga Zgpert ek

tgodkeaeifoca pgrner-

`ckog en Igr`cky, gacje-

rcbe pcrc ga @fkfstgrfe bg

Gbuocofÿk g Fkvgstfic-

ofÿk oekmuktc`gktg per

kugvg fkstftutes, y ga BFY

Fkkevctfek Fkbfocter,

gacjercbe per ga BFY

Fkstftutg fk Jgrafk, pcrc

ac Nukbcofÿk Bgutsodg

Rgagoe` y ac Ngbgrcofÿk

bg Fkbustrfcs Cag`ckcs)

tc`jfæk gstãk jcscbes

gk ukc erbgkcofÿk bg aes

fkbfocbergs jcscbc gk

ga `croe bg aes _fstg`cs

Kcofekcags bg Fkkevcofÿk.

^æcsg Agiagr gt ca. (:88>).

9 Aes pcrtfofpcktgs

gk bfode preygote sek=

_teoldea` _odeea en

Goeke`fos, Fvery Rewgr

Cltfgjeaci, Oaustgrackb

Ejgrþstgrrgfod I`jD,

Erlgstrc-Jcsqug Fkstf-

tutg en Oe`pgtftfvgkgss,

]gktru` nñr Fkkevctfek

ukb Rgodkfl fk Kerb-

rdgfk-Ygstncagk I`jD

(]GKFR) y Nekbctfek

_epdfc Cktfpeafs.



>3Ocpàtuae := @croes y bf`gksfekgs bg aes `croes bg fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



• Ga `croe oftcbe rgoeig, gk su jcsg fkngrfer, ukc sgrfg bg nco-

tergs ( nukbc`gktcas) qug sg dck te`cbe oe`e gxÿigkes e

bcbes gk ac aftgrcturc qug dc trctcbe bg gbfr acs ocpcofbcbgs

tgokeaÿifocs bg aes pcàsgs (væcksg Ncigrjgri y _rdeago :884<

Ncigrjgr, _rdeago y Lkgaa, :889)= ac bfspekfjfafbcb e betcofÿk

bg rgourses kcturcags, ac igeircnàc y aeocafzcofÿk, gto.

• Aes ncotergs cktgrfergs cngotck c acs vcrfcjags bg fkput e nrc-

`gwerl, qug gk uk croe bg fkspfrcofÿk pertgrfckc cpcrgogk

cirupcbcs gk trgs oekmuktes= g`prgscs (per gmg`pae, icste gk

F+B g`prgscrfca), gkterke g`prgscrfca igkgrca (per gmg`pae,

icste pýjafoe gk F+B) y gkterke gspgoàffioe oaýstgr/sgoterfca

(per gmg`pae, àkbfogs bg gspgofcafzcofÿk y bg prgsgkofc bg

oaýstgrgs).

• Aes ncotergs gxÿigkes y acs vcrfcjags bg fkput cktgs sgócac-

bcs oekbuogk c uk bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber (per gmg`pae, pc-

tgktgs) y bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe fktgr`gbfe (per gmg`-

pae, prebuotfvfbcb) bgtgr`fkcbes. V bg tebe gaae, sg bgrfvck

ukes rgsuatcbes ýatf`es gk tær`fkes goekÿ`foes, seofcags y

`gbfec`jfgktcags (per gmg`pae, XFJ pgr oãpftc e rgktc bfs-

pekfjag).

Nfiurc 3= @croe erbgkcber bg aes fkbfocbergs bg oe`pgtftfvfbcb

rgifekca bga preygote GOE-FF



>: F k b f o c b e r g s b g




?. Bf`gksfekgs gk qug ocjg cirupcr aes fkbfocbergs

bg fkkevcofÿk

Aes fkbfocbergs fkbfvfbucags bg fkkevcofÿk rgoeifbes gk aes bfng-

rgktgs trcjcmes e fkner`gs sg pugbgk cirupcr, fkbgpgkbfgktg`gk-

tg bga g`page e ke bg aes gsqug`cs bg erbgkcofÿk cktgs sgócacbes,

per tg`cs e ncotergs qug sg oeksfbgrc qug cngotck c ac fkkevcofÿk.

Oeè sg gxpekàc gk ga prf`gr beou`gkte sejrg fkbfocbergs bg

fkkevcofÿk, caiukcs fkfofctfvcs eptck per ukc oe`prgksfÿk bg ac

fkkevcofÿk jcstcktg rgstrfotfvc y, per gmg`pae, sg ogktrck gxoau-

sfvc`gktg gk acs fkkevcofekgs e ocpcofbcbgs tgokeaÿifocs< etrcs,

gk oc`jfe, eptck per ukc vfsfÿk c`pafc bg ac fkkevcofÿk y bg sus

ncotergs bgtgr`fkcktgs< g fkoause, etrcs ke bfseofck oacrc`gktg

ga oekmukte bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk y bg oe`pgtftfvfbcb.4

Gse dcog qug aes tg`cs e ncotergs qug sg te`ck gk ougktc vcràgk

oacrc`gktg bg ukcs fkfofctfvcs c etrcs.

Aes tg`cs gk terke c aes oucags ocjràc cirupcr aes fkbfocbergs

bg fkkevcofÿk oektgkfbes gk aes trcjcmes qug dck sfbe ejmgte bg

rgvfsfÿk sek aes sfiufgktgs=

• Ncotergs gxÿigkes= igeircnàc, rgourses kcturcags, bgèircnàc,

agkiuc, rgafifÿk…

• @coregoeke`àc

• Xeaàtfocs gstruoturcags (FXZ, rgiuacofÿk, oe`pgtgkofc, ffisocaf-

bcb…)

• Gstruoturc fkbustrfca y oaýstgrgs

• Zgourses du`ckes y ner`cofÿk

• Nfkckofcofÿk

• Fkvgrsfÿk= RFO y etres

• F+B

• G`prgkbf`fgkte

• Fktgrkcofekcafzcofÿk

• Oeepgrcofÿk y oekgxfekgs

• Fkstftuofekgs y `grocbe bg trcjcme

• Bg`ckbc

• ^caergs, ker`cs seofcags y ocpftca seofca

• Fkstftuofekgs y `grocbe bg trcjcme

• Erickfzcofÿk, igstfÿk y crlgtfki

• Xujafocofekgs, pctgktgs, bfsgóes y `crocs

4 Oeè sg sgócacjc gk

ga prf`gr fkner`g, dcy

cutergs qug oeksf-

bgrck kgogscrfe qug aes

fkbfocbergs pesfjfaftgk

ga ckãafsfs bga f`pcote

ke goekÿ`foe bg acs

fkkevcofekgs (Iebfk y

Beræ, :889< Iebfk, :88>c<

_frfaaf, :88>). Caiukes

ckcafstcs dck fbe `ãs caaã

bg oeksfbgrcrae kgogscrfe

y, per gmg`pae, oek

rgspgote c ac rgacofÿk

gktrg fkkevcofÿk y jfgk-

gstcr (wgaa-jgfki), pre-

pekgk qug sg nerùack

fkbfocbergs bg jfgkgstcr

tckte oeè fkput (bcbe

qug ga kfvga bg jfgkgstcr

fkuyg gk ac fkkevcofÿk)

oeè bg eutput (bcbe

qug ga jfgkgstcr sg vg

cngotcbe per ac fkke-

vcofÿk). æcsg, per

gmg`pae, ga suigrgktg

trcjcme bg @faagr gt ca.

(:884).



>?Ocpàtuae := @croes y bf`gksfekgs bg aes `croes bg fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



• G`prgscs fkkevcbercs, vgktcs bg kugves prebuotes,

• Gxpertcofekgs y g`page per kfvgags tgokeaÿifoes, jcackzc tgo-

keaÿifoc

• Xrebuotfvfbcb, tcscs bg g`page, orgof`fgkte bga XFJ, XFJpo

• Xejrgzc, gqufbcb seofca, `gbfec`jfgktg

Gk ga oucbre 3 qug ffiiurc c oektfkucofÿk sg rgoeigk aes trcjcmes

per kesetres rgvfscbes y gk ouãags bg acs bf`gksfekgs gku`grcbcs

enrgogk caiýk fkbfocber. Oe`gktgès jrgvg`gktg ga trctc`fgkte

qug rgofjgk aes bfngrgktgs tg`cs per ac aftgrcturc.

Aes ncotergs gxÿigkes dcogk rgngrgkofc c vcrfcjags tcags

oeè aeocafzcofÿk, igeircnàc, dfsterfc, agkiuc, rgafifÿk, bgèirc-

nàc, tc`cóe bga tgrrfterfe… Aes trcjcmes gk qug tca tfpe bg fk-

bfocbergs sg dck fkoaufbe sek rgactfvc`gktg peoes. Gk caiukes

ffiiurck gxprgsc`gktg oeè vcrfcjags gxÿigkcs e bg oektrea gk

acs nukofekgs bg rgirgsfÿk gk qug sg fktgktc gxpafocr ga gngote bg

acs ocpcofbcbgs tgokeaÿifocs sejrg ga bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe (per

gmg`pae, gk aes trcjcmes bg Ncigrjgri)< gk etres gs, sf`pag`gktg,

perqug caiukc vcrfcjag muzicbc rgagvcktg per gaaes pcrc gxpafocr ga

oe`pertc`fgkte fkkevcber (ac gstcjfafbcb peaàtfoc, gk ga gstubfe

bga Goeke`fst Fktgaafigkog Wkft< e ac bgksfbcb bg pejacofÿk y ga

tc`cóe, gk aes trcjcmes bg Crukbga :88?, y Iebdfke gt ca. :887),

ocjràc fkoaufrac gk gstc octgieràc (Ncigrjgri y _rdeago, :889 y

:884). Xgre sf ke kes af`ftcès c ac sgrfg bg fkner`gs e trcjcmes

sejrg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk, sfke qug oeksfbgrcès ac aftgrc-

turc goekÿ`foc bg ac fkkevcofÿk,6 sg ejsgrvc qug vcrfcjags tcags

oeè ac bgksfbcb bg ac pejacofÿk, ga tc`cóe bga tgrrfterfe e fk-

oause ac prexf`fbcb c acs irckbgs urjgs e `grocbes sg oeksfbgrck

ncotergs oacvg bga bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber y goekÿ`foe y qug sek

fktrebuofbes gk irck ký`gre bg aes trcjcmes gxfstgktgs.

6 Csà sg oektg`pac, per

gmg`pae, gk ac aftgrcturc

sejrg goeke`àcs bg

ciae`grcofÿk, sejrg ac

nukofÿk bg prebuoofÿk

bg oekeof`fgkte e sejrg

tfpeaeiàcs rgifekcags bg

fkkevcofÿk. Wkcs sfk-

tætfocs prgsgktcofekgs bg

tcags aftgrcturcs pugbgk

oeksuatcrsg gk Kcvcrre gt

ca. (:884) y Kcvcrre gt ca.

(:886).







Oucbre 3= Rrcjcmes bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk y tg`cs pcrc aes

qug enrgogk fkbfocbergs

Nugktg=

Gacjercofÿk prepfc.

N c o t e r g s g x ÿ i g k e s

@ c o r e g o e k e ` à c

X e a à t f o c s g s t r u o t u r c a g s ( F X Z ) , r g i u - a c o f ÿ k , o e ` p g t g k o f c , ffi s o c a f b c b )

G s t r u o t u r c s g o t e r f c a / o a ý s t g r g s y g ` p r g s c r f c a

Z Z D D , g b u o c o f ÿ k y d c j f a f b c b g s

N f k c k z c s

F k v g r s f ÿ k = R F O y e t r e s

F + B y i c s t e f k k e v c o f ÿ k

G ` p r g k b f ` f g k t e

C p g r t u r c g f k t g r k c o f e k c a f z c o f ÿ k

O e a c j e r c o f ÿ k y r g b g s

B g ` c k b c

K e r ` c s s e o f c a g s - o u a t u r c a g s y o c p f t c a s e o f c a

F k s t f t u o f e k g s y ` g r o c b e b g t r c j c m e

E r i c k f z c o f ÿ k , i g s t f ÿ k y ` c r l g t f k i

X u j a f o c o f e k g s , p c t g k t g s , b f s g ó e s y ` c r o c s

G ` p a g e e g x p e r t c o f e k g s p e r k f v g a g s t g o k e a ÿ i f o e s

E t r e e u t p u t f k k e v c b e r ( g ` p r g s c s , v g k t c s , a f o g k o f c s … )

E u t p u t g o e k ÿ ` f o e ( p r e b u o t f v f - b c b , o r g o f ` f g k t e , X F J , X F J p o … )

X e j r g z c , g q u f b c b s e o f c a , ` g b f e c ` j f g k t g






Ac gstcjfafbcb coregoekÿ foc gs uk ncoter qug, oacrc`gktg, nc-

vergog ac fkvgrsfÿk y ac fkkevcofÿk. Csà sg sujrcyc, per gmg`pae,

gk aes fkner`gs bg ac EOBG y bg NEZC sejrg ga orgof`fgkte y

ac prebuotfvfbcb, y ac fkofbgkofc gk gaaes bg ac fkkevcofÿk. _fk

g`jcrie, sek rgactfvc`gktg gsocses aes trcjcmes qug fkoauygk tca

oe`pekgktg gk ac afstc bg fkbfocbergs. Gse pugbg bgjgrsg, gktrg

etrcs oescs, c qug ac gstcjfafbcb `coregoekÿ`foc sg vg aficbc c ac

oeyukturc e oerte pacze, fgktrcs qug ac ocpcofbcb fkkevcberc gs

uk ngkÿ`gke `ãs gstruoturca e bg acrie pacze. Cbfofekca`gktg,

acs bfngrgkofcs gk acs vcrfcjags coregoekÿ`focs ke sek tck irck-

bgs gktrg aes pcàsgs cvckzcbes (qug gs c qufgkgs sugagk ctgkbgr

ùodes bg aes ckãafsfs), `ãs cýk c `gbfbc qug dck fbe cvckzck-

be aes preogses bg fktgircofÿk goekÿ`foc y trcksngrgkofc bg oe`-

pgtgkofcs gk acs peaàtfocs èkgtcrfcs y oc`jfcrfcs c acs fkstckofcs

suprckcofekcags. V ae cktgrfer gs tebcvàc ãs gvfbgktg sf ga ã`jfte

tgrrfterfca bga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk gs ga rgifekca.

Gs, per ga oektrcrfe, jcstcktg gagvcbe ga ký`gre bg pcàsgs qug

rgoeig fkbfocbergs bg ae qug ac EGOB (:883 y :887) bgke`fkck

peaàtfocs gstruoturcags, gs bgofr, bg peaàtfocs bg rgiuacofÿk, bg

oe`pgtgkofc, bg pretgoofÿk bg ac prepfgbcb fktgagotuca, ffisocags…

qug cngotck c ac gffiofgkofc bg aes `grocbes. Caiukes bg aes trc-

jcmes gk qug tcags fkbfocbergs ke sg rgoeigk gse suogbg perqug

tcags trcjcmes sg rgffigrgk c fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk fktgrkc bg

acs g`prgscs< gk etres, perqug ga trcjcme sÿae `ckgmc gstcbàstfocs

effiofcags oucktftctfvcs (dcrb) y jcstcktgs bg aes fkbfocbergs gxfs-

tgktgs (sejrg, per gmg`pae, ircbe bg pretgoofÿk bg ac prepfgbcb

fkbustrfca e bg rfier bg ac peaàtfoc bg bgngksc bg ac oe`pgtgkofc)

gstãk jcscbes gk gkougstcs bg epfkfÿk (sent ). Gk ga Gurepgck Fk-

kevctfek _oergjecrb , gk pcrtfouacr, gses fkbfocbergs ke sg rgoeigk,

perqug ke sg prgstc ctgkofÿk c aes fkbfocbergs bg gkterke ke afic-

bes bfrgotc`gktg oek aes preogses bg fkkevcofÿk. Cócbcès, per

etrc pcrtg, qug gstcs peaàtfocs gstruoturcags sg ffimck prfkofpca`gk-

tg per acs fkstckofcs kcofekcags, ke per acs rgifekcags, y qug gk

oeksgougkofc, cukqug ke prgsgktck irckbgs bfngrgkofcs bg ukcs

rgifekgs c etrcs bga `fsè pcàs, sà pugbgk bfngrfr ketcjag`gktg

gktrg rgifekgs bg bfngrgktgs pcàsgs. Gk ouckte c ac gstruoturc bg

sgotergs, oaýstgrgs e g`prgscs (pgse bg py`gs, pgse bga sgoter



>> F k b f o c b e r g s b g




prfvcbe…), sek peoes aes fkner`gs qug fkoauygk fkbfocbergs ca

rgspgote. Gk jcstcktgs ocses gse suogbg perqug gk tcags trcjcmes

sg fkoauygk fkbfocbergs sejrg g`page e gxpertcofekgs per kfvgags

tgokeaÿifoes e bg fktgksfbcb bg oekeof`fgkte gktrg aes fkbfoc-

bergs bg eutput fkkevcber, y ke sg muzic epertuke fkoaufr fkbf-

ocbergs bg oe`pesfofÿk sgoterfca sfùatãkgc`gktg tckte oeè

vcrfcjags bg fkput (e gxpafoctfvcs) oeè bg eutput (e gxpafocbcs).

Gk etres ocses, oeè gk ga Fkbgx en @csscodussgts Fkkevctfek bga

Mek Cbc`s Fkkevctfek Fkstftutg, cukqug ke sg rgoeig oeè tca uk

àkbfog bg fkput bg oaýstgrgs e sgotergs, ac sgagoofÿk bg aes gstcbes

qug vck c sgr ejmgte bg jgkod`crlfki oek ga bg @csscodussgts sà

qug gstã jcscbc gk ac gspgofcafzcofÿk bg oaýstgrgs qug prgsgktck.

Gk igkgrca, aes trcjcmes qug fkoauygk ac gstruoturc sgoterfca e bg

oaýstgrgs oeè fkbfocber bg fkput sek c`grfockes y ae dcogk per

fkugkofc bga pgksc`fgkte pertgrfcke bg aes oaýstgr y bg ac gspg-

ofcafzcofÿk oeè ncoter bg oe`pgtftfvfbcb g fkkevcofÿk.

Aes fkbfocbergs rgactfves c rgourses du`ckes, gbuocofÿk y

dcjfafbcbgs sek aes qug dck sfbe utfafzcbes per uk `cyer per-

ogktcmg bg trcjcmes y sek tc`jfæk aes qug prgsgktck ukc `cyer

oerrgacofÿk oek aes fkbfocbergs bg bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber y goe-

kÿ`foe. _ek `ýatfpags aes tfpes bg fkbfocbergs qug gktrcràck gk

gstc octgieràc, bgsbg fkbfocbergs bg kfvga gbuoctfve (tckte bg

steol= g.i. preperofÿk bg pejacofÿk e trcjcmcbergs oek gbuocofÿk

tgrofcrfc< oeè bg umes= g.i. perogktcmg bg mÿvgkgs `ctrfouacbes

gk gbuocofÿk supgrfer bg fkigkfgràc e ofgkofcs), dcstc fkbfocbe-

rgs bg ner`cofÿk oektfkuc, bg eoupcofÿk gk bgtgr`fkcbcs octg-

ieràcs, bg icste gk gbuocofÿk y ner`cofÿk… Aes `ãs dcjftucags

sek aes bg kfvga gbuoctfve caockzcbe, qug sugagk gstcr bfspekfjags

rgifekca`gktg.

Aes fkbfocbergs rgactfves c ffikckofcofÿk sek, csf`fsè, etre

tfpe bg fkbfocbergs rgoeifbes `cyerftcrfc`gktg gk ac aftgrcturc.

Gk caiukes bg aes ocses gk qug ke sg fkoauygk gse suogbg perqug

ga fkbfocber fkbfvfbuca `ãs utfafzcbe ca rgspgote, c scjgr= ac ffi-

kckofcofÿk preperofekcbc per ga ocpftca rfgsie gk perogktcmg bga

XFJ, ke gstã bfspekfjag pcrc tebcs acs rgifekgs. Ýatf`c`gktg sg dc

sujrcycbe, ke ejstcktg, qug ac ffikckofcofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk ke

bgsocksc gxoausfvc ‟kf sfqufgrc `cyerftcrfc`gktg‟ gk ga ocpftca






rfgsie, y sg tfgkbg c fkoaufr fkbfocbergs `ãs igkgrcags, bg bfspekf-

jfafbcb bg ffikckofcofÿk, qug fkoauygk ga oræbfte.

Aes fkbfocbergs rgactfves c fknrcgstruoturcs (RFO y etrcs) sek

rgoeifbes per uk ký`gre rgbuofbe bg trcjcmes, sf gxogptucès c

aes oekogrkfgktgs c acs RFO. Gk gngote, sfiufgkbe aes trcjcmes fkf-

ofca`gktg surifbes jcme ac aac`cbc Kugvc Goeke`àc, aes gstubfes

aagvcbes c ocje per ac EOBG (væcksg, per gmg`pae, EGOB :883 y

:887) c oe`fgkzes bg gstc bæocbc dck pugste oacrc`gktg bg `c-

kfffigste ac f`pertcktg oektrfjuofÿk bg acs RFO ca orgof`fgkte bg

ac prebuotfvfbcb. Aes fkbfocbergs bg etres tfpes bg fknrcgstruo-

turcs nàsfocs (nukbc`gktca`gktg, bg trckspertg) sek te`cbes

`gkes gk oeksfbgrcofÿk, cukqug pugbgk sgr rgagvcktgs pcrc uk

`cyer coogse e oekgotfvfbcb bga tgrrfterfe oek ga oekeof`fgkte

gxtgrke y pcrc cu`gktcr su ocpcofbcb bg ctrcoofÿk bg ocpftcags y

pgrsekcs. Caiukes trcjcmes fkoauygk, oeè fkbfocbergs bg fkke-

vcofÿk, fkbfocbergs bg fkvgrsfÿk gk igkgrca, pugs sestfgkgk qug

«ga oekeof`fgkte ke pugbg sgr fkoerpercbe c ac prebuoofÿk scave

vàc fkvgrsfÿk, y qug ac nukofÿk bg ac fkvgrsfÿk gs c `gkube cpaf-

ocr kugve oekeof`fgkte gk ac tgokeaeiàc bg prebuoofÿk¼ (_`ftd

:883= 39< væcksg fiuca`gktg _`ftd :88:c y :88:j). Ga prejag`c gs

qug ac fkvgrsfÿk gk jfgkgs bg gqufpe (qug gs ga fkbfocber qug pre-

puikcràc ga cuter oftcbe) sugag cpcrgogr fkoaufbc gk acs gstcbàstf-

ocs bgktre bg ac ner`cofÿk jrutc bg ocpftca ffime, sfk pesfjfafbcb

ùodcs vgogs bg bfngrgkofcofÿk y mukte c oe`pekgktgs oek irck

pgse, oeè ac fkvgrsfÿk gk gbfffiofes, qug iucrbck peoc rgacofÿk

oek ac fkkevcofÿk< cbfofekca`gktg, ga fkbfocber rgagvcktg ke sgràc

tckte ga ume bg fkvgrsfÿk gk uk gmgrofofe bgtgr`fkcbe, sfke ga

steol bg ocpftca bfspekfjag, bga qug pcrc ùodes tgrrfterfes ke

dcy bctes bfspekfjags.

Aes fkbfocbergs rgactfves c ac F+B y icstes bg fkkevcofÿk sek,

trcs aes bg rgourses du`ckes, aes `ãs g`pagcbes gk acs oeagoofe-

kgs bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk. _u cusgkofc gk caiukes trcjcmes

(per gmg`pae, gk aes bg Crodfjuiuf y Oeoe (:882) e Ncigrjgri y

_rdeago (:884)) sg bgjg, ke c ac ncatc bg rgoekeof fgkte bg su pgr-

tfkgkofc, sfke c ac ke bfspekfjfafbcb bg bctes bg tca vcrfcjag pcrc

jugkc pcrtg bg aes pcàsgs gk vàcs bg bgscrreaae. Jcstcktgs trcjcmes

usck oekmuktc`gktg bctes bg icste y bg pgrsekca bg F+B, gk pcrtg







perqug, dcjfbc ougktc bg acs bfngrgkofcs gk oestg acjerca per pgr-

sekca bg F+B bg ukes pcàsgs c etres, ac pesfofÿk qug uk pcàs pugbg

tgkgr gk gstg ncoter pugbg bfngrfr sgksfjag`gktg bgpgkbfgkbe bga

fkbfocber gagifbe (Kfassek y Xgttgrssek, :884). Gs uy fkngrfer, gk

oc`jfe, ga ký`gre bg trcjcmes qug fkoauygk fkbfocbergs bg etres

icstes gk fkkevcofÿk qug ke sgck F+B (per gmg`pae, bg bfsgóe)=

ac rczÿk gs qug tcags bctes sÿae sg pugbgk ejtgkgr bg ac gkougstc

bg fkkevcofÿk, y æstc ke gstã bfspekfjag pcrc ùodes pcàsgs (gk-

trg gaaes, GGWW). Cbfofekca`gktg, sfgkbe ga icste gk fkkevcofÿk

ukc bg acs vcrfcjags `ãs fktgrgscktgs bg bfodc gkougstc, gs uke

bg aes àtg` qug ac aftgrcturc ùgstrc qug pger sg rgspekbgk per

acs g`prgscs y ouyc fficjfafbcb gs `gker (Çlgrjea` gt ca., :884<

Jaeod gt ca., :884). C gaae dcjràc qug cócbfr qug ac f`packtcofÿk

bg ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk sg dc dgode bg ebe qug gk uodes

pcàsgs sus rgsuatcbes ke rgsuatck gstcbàstfoc`gktg rgprgsgktctfves

per rgifekgs y, gk oeksgougkofc, ke sg pujafock.

Ga g`prgkbf`fgkte gs, csf`fsè, uk ncoter oacvg gk ac oek-

vgrsfÿk bg kugvcs fbgcs e oekeof`fgkte gk kugves prebuotes e

preogses y, oeè tca, gs rgoekeofbe ocbc vgz `ãs oeè uk brfvgr

e f`puaser oacvg bg ac fkkevcofÿk.38 Ga `cyer prejag`c sg packtgc

oek ac bfspekfjfafbcb bg fkbfocbergs bg g`prgkbf`fgkte qug rg-

oemck ga g`prgkbf`fgkte, pgre bg ocrãotgr fkkevcber. Gk gngote,

bgmckbe c uk acbe acs irckbgs bfngrgkofcs qug dcy gk ac jekbcb e

fficjfafbcb bg acs gstcbàstfocs g`prgscrfcags bg ukes pcàsgs c etres,33

ke rgsuatc fiuca ga g`prgkbf`fgkte per epertukfbcb (gste gs,

perqug ga g`prgkbgber vg ukc epertukfbcb bg kgieofe) qug per

kgogsfbcb (gk ga qug ga g`prgkbgber, pcrc ke gstcr pcrcbe, sg vg

ejaficbe c gstcjagogrsg per su ougktc) (Jesod`c gt ca., :886). Gse

dcog qug, c pgscr bga rgoekeof`fgkte oucsf-ukãkf`g bg ac f`per-

tckofc bg gstg ncoter pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk, pestgrfer`gktg ga ký`g-

re bg trcjcmes qug fkoerperc fkbfocbergs bg g`prgkbf`fgkte gs

jcstcktg `gker.

Ac cpgrturc e fktgrkcofekcafzcofÿk, fiuca`gktg, gs rgoe-

keofbc per jcstcktgs trcjcmes oeè uk ncoter ncvergogber bg ac

fkkevcofÿk, per ac fkoerpercofÿk bg oekeof`fgkte gxtgrke qug

pesfjfaftc e fkoause oeè ncoter bg oe`pgtgkofc qug f`puasc c ac

fkkevcofÿk.3: Aes fkbfocbergs qug sg ckgmck ca rgspgote sg rgffig-

38 NEZC, ogktre bckæs

qug pujafoc uke bg

aes `ãs bgstcocjags

oekmuktes bg fkbfocbergs

bg fkkevcofÿk y qug jcsc

su `gtebeaeiàc gk aes

trcjcmes aagvcbes c ocje

oekmuktc`gktg oek ac

EGOB c oe`fgkzes bg

ac bæocbc, bfstfkiug 2

irckbgs f`puasergs bg

ac fkkevcofÿk= rgourses

du`ckes, orgcofÿk y oe`-

pcrtfofÿk bga oekeof`fgk-

te, RFO y g`prgkbf`fgk-

te. Oeè oeksgougkofc

bg aes ckãafsfs ncoterfcags

per gaac aagvcbes c ocje

oek aes fkbfocbergs

oerrgspekbfgktgs c gscs

ouctre octgieràcs, csfikc

prgofsc`gktg ga `ãxfè

pgse (8,2) ca g`prgkbf-

`fgkte, nrgktg c aes 8,:

qug csfikc c aes etres trgs

ncotergs.

33 Aes bfrgoterfes bg

g`prgscs bg `gkes bg 38

trcjcmcbergs prgsgktck

sgrfcs bgffiofgkofcs gk

ùodes pcàsgs, bg èbe

qug acs oe`pcrcofekgs

fktgrkcofekcags gk gaaes

jcscbes rgsuatck ùy

ougstfekcjags.

3: Ke ejstcktg,

aes gstubfes g`pàrfoes ke






rgk, per uk acbe, c acs prfkofpcags ner`cs qug cbeptc ga preogse

bg fktgrkcofekcafzcofÿk (oe`grofe bg jfgkgs, `fircofekgs g fkvgr-

sfÿk bfrgotc), e c ac fktgrkcofekcafzcofÿk gxprgsc bga oekeof`fgk-

te (per gmg`pae, bg ac F+B).3? _f jfgk bg acs prf`grcs sg bfspekg

bg nugktgs qug preperofekck bctes rgngrfbes c pcàsgs, bg ac fktgr-

kcofekcafzcofÿk bga oekeof`fgkte (ngkÿ`gke dey bàc vftca, c ac

vfstc bg ac iaejcafzcofÿk qug dc g`pgzcbe c cngotcr c acs cotfvfbc-

bgs bg F+B bgsbg aes cóes 68), ac ocrgkofc gs prãotfoc`gktg tetca,

pugs acs gstcbàstfocs kcofekcags ke gstãk bfsgócbcs pcrc rgifstrcr

acs cotfvfbcbgs bg F+B fktgrkcofekcafzcbcs (Crukbga, Oeagoodfc y

Yyolenn, :887< ^guigagrs, :88>). Gk ga ocse bg acs rgifekgs ga pre-

jag`c sg ciubfzc, pugs tc`peoe sg bfspekg bg bctes bg oe`grofe

g fkvgrsfÿk fktgrkcofekcags pcrc ac `cyer pcrtg bg acs rgifekgs

gurepgcs.

_f jfgk yc oek cktgrferfbcb, bfngrgktgs cutergs dcjàck fbe

gngotuckbe oektrfjuofekgs ca rgspgote, ac cpcrfofÿk bg ac oerrfgktg

bg aes sfstg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk supekg ga rgoekeof fgkte gxpaàofte

bg qug ac fkkevcofÿk ke ocjg gktgkbgrac oeè ac cotucofÿk bg

uk seae fkbfvfbue, sfke qug gs uk preogse fktgrcotfve (væcsg pcrc

ac gveauofÿk bg aes èbgaes ca rgspgote Zetdwgaa, 3662). Gk uk

ùkbe ocbc vgz `ãs oc`jfcktg y oek tgokeaeiàcs `ãs oe`pag-

mcs, ke ocjg qug tebes aes kugves oekeof`fgktes kgogscrfes pcrc

ga bgscrreaae bg ac fkkevcofÿk sg pugbck bgscrreaacr gk ga sgke

bg ukc erickfzcofÿk y gs kgogscrfe cvckzcr dcofc ac fkkevcofÿk

cjfgrtc (Odgsjreuid, :88?). Dcy, sfk g`jcrie, sgrfcs af`ftcofekgs

gk acs gstcbàstfocs effiofcags, pcrc ejtgkgr cprepfcbes fkbfocbe-

rgs bg fktgrcoofÿk y aficzekgs gktrg aes bfngrgktgs oe`pekgktgs

bga sfstg`c.32 Aes bctes gstcbàstfoes `ãs bfrgotc`gktg cpafocjags,

c gsg rgspgote, aes preperofekcjck aes perogktcmgs bga icste gk

F+B bg uk sgoter bg gmgouofÿk (per gmg`pae, ukfvgrsfbcbgs) ffi-

kckofcbe per etre sgoter bg gmgouofÿk (per gmg`pae, g`prgscs)<

pgre fkoause sg ocrgog bg gstes bctes tck jãsfoes pcrc uk ký`gre

gagvcbe bg pcàsgs. Ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk fkoauyg ougstfekgs

gxprgscs pcrc fktgktcr `gbfr ac oeacjercofÿk bg acs g`prgscs gk

preygotes bg fkkevcofÿk oek etres tfpes bg cigktgs<37 pgre yc sg

dck `gkofekcbe cktgrfer`gktg aes prejag`cs pcrc bfspekgr bg

sus bctes pcrc uk ký`gre gagvcbe bg pcàsgs, y cuk `ãs pcrc acs

sfg`prg oekffir`ck gsc

rgacofÿk gktrg cpgrturc

g fkkevcofÿk (e fkoause,

gktrg cpgrturc y XFJ

pgr oãpftc). ^æcksg, per

gmg`pae, Crukbga (:88?)

y Ncigrjgri y _rdeago

(:884). Gk sgktfbe oektrc-

rfe, Nfafppgttf gt ca. (:886)

3? Ke dgès fkoaufbe gk

gstg cpcrtcbe kf acs peaàtf-

ocs rgspgote ca sgoter gxtg-

rfer (qug ocjràc fkoaufracs

gk ga jaequg bg peaàtfocs

gstruoturcags, ca qug cktgs

kes dgès rgngrfbe) kf

aes fkbfocbergs bg eutput

aficbes ca sgoter gxtgrfer

(oeè, per gmg`pae,

ga sfike bg ac jcackzc

tgokeaÿifoc, qug sg trctc

gk ga jaequg bg eutput

fkkevcber) kf tc`peoe

acs oeacjercofekgs oek

cigktgs gxtgrkes (qug sg

trctck gk ga cpcrtcbe bg

oeepgrcofÿk y rgbgs).

32 Wkc sgóca bg ac

bfffiouatcb bg ejtgkofÿk bg

fkbfocbergs cprepfcbes

ca rgspgote gs qug ouckbe

Xertgr gt ca. (3666) fktgk-

tck ejtgkgr, per prf`grc

vgz, uk àkbfog

bg ocpcofbcb fkkevcberc

kcofekca, qug bgsocksc gk

fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk







rgifekgs. Etres fkbfocbergs bg use `ãs rgofgktg dck rgourrfbe c

oektcjfafzcr ac oe-cuteràc bg crtàouaes e pujafocofekgs per `fg`-

jres bg bfngrgktgs erickfzcofekgs e tgrrfterfes, y ae `fsè oek aes

fkvgktergs bg pctgktgs (@ertgksgk y @çksek, :884)< e c trcvæs bga

gstubfe bg oftcofekgs bg crtàouaes ofgktàffioes gk pctgktgs, sg dc trc-

tcbe bg `gbfr ac rgacofÿk gktrg ofgkofc y tgokeaeiàc (@gygr, :88>).

Xer ýatfè, gk aes pcàsgs kÿrbfoes ac gxpaetcofÿk bg aes rgifstres

bg pgrsekca y ga gstubfe bg su evfafbcb gktrg erickfzcofekgs pgr-

`ftg vgr aes umes bg oekeof`fgkte qug sg trcks`ftgk bg ukes c

etres c trcvæs bg acs pgrsekcs (Kcs gt ca., :884< Kcs y Clgrjae`,

:884< y @eiuæreu y Bf Xfgtreifcoeè, :884).

_f jfgk yc bgsbg oe`fgkzes bg ac bæocbc bg aes >8, bgsbg qug

Mcoej _odèelagr rgfvfkbfoÿ ac f`pertckofc bg ac bg`ckbc pcrc

ac fkkevcofÿk (oek ae qug sg bgke`fkÿ sgiukbc igkgrcofÿk bg aes

preogses bg fkkevcofÿk= ac bga tfrÿk bg ac bg`ckbc< væcsg Zetdwg-

aa, 3662), æstc dc gstcbe prgsgktg gk ac aftgrcturc bg ac fkkevcofÿk,

gk caiukes ocses oek ukc prgsgkofc ùy bgstcocbc (oeè gk ac

rgacofÿk prebuoter-usucrfe bg ac gsougac bg Ccajeri e gk ga værtfog

bg ac bg`ckbc bga bfc`cktg bg Xertgr), bfode pcpga sg dc vfste

fkoause cogktucbe oek ac rgfvfkbfocofÿk bga pcpga bga usucrfe gk

ac fkkevcofÿk gngotucbe per vek Dfppga (3644). Ke ejstcktg, gstg

sfiug oekstftuygkbe uke bg aes oc`pes gk qug ac ocrgkofc bg fk-

bfocbergs gs `ãs gvfbgktg (Crukbga y Deaackbgrs, :88>), ae qug

sg rggmc gk ga gsocse ký`gre bg oeagoofekgs qug oektfgkgk fk-

bfocbergs bg bg`ckbc. Caiukcs bg acs oeagoofekgs bg fkbfocbergs

fkoerperck oeè uk fkbfocber bg ac seffistfocofÿk bg ac bg`ckbc

aeoca ga XFJ pgr oãpftc (væcsg, per gmg`pae, Xertgr gt ca., 3666)< ga

prejag`c gs qug ga XFJ pgr oãpftc gs, igkgrca`gktg, ga fkbfocber

utfafzcbe igkgrca`gktg pcrc `gbfr ga kfvga bg bgscrreaae goekÿ-

`foe y, gk oeksgougkofc, sg te`c oeè vcrfcjag bgpgkbfgktg, gk

auicr bg vcrfcjag gxpafoctfvc, gk aes ebgaes bg fkkevcofÿk. Etres

fkbfocbergs qug sg dck utfafzcbe sek ga perogktcmg bg pejacofÿk

bg gbcbgs oe`prgkbfbcs gktrg 37 y ?8 cóes (jcme ga supugste bg

qug ac pejacofÿk mevgk tfgkbg c oe`prcr prebuotes `ãs kugves),

ac ner`cofÿk jrutc bg ocpftca ffime oeè fkbfocber bg bg`ckbc

g`prgscrfca (cukqug prejcjag`gktg gs `ãs cprepfcbe trctcrac

oeè fkbfocber bg fknrcgstruoturcs, y cuk csà oek aes prejag`cs

oerrgspekbfgktgs c trgs

ã`jftes= fknrcgstruoturc

oe`ýk, oektgxte gspgoàffi-

oe bg oaýstgrgs y aficzekgs

gktrg aes oe`pekgktgs bga

sfstg`c, pcrc ga tgrogre bg

aes ã`jftes sÿae pugbgk

rgourrfr c uk àkbfog,

qug pebràc bfsoutfrsg

dcstc quæ pukte rggmc

rgca`gktg acs aficzekgs bga

sfstg`c, c scjgr= ga per-

ogktcmg bg F+B gmgoutcbc

per ac ukfvgrsfbcbgs.

37 Gktrg etrcs ougs-

tfekgs, ga ougstfekcrfe

preperofekc fkner`cofÿk

sejrg nugktgs bg fkner-

`cofÿk, oeepgrcofÿk gk

fkkevcofÿk, cbqufsfofÿk

gxtgrkc bg oekeof`fgkte

y qufæk bgscrreaac acs

fkkevcofekgs bg prebuote

y bg preogse. Jaeod gt ca.

(:884) ùgstrck oÿè, c

pcrtfr bg aes fkbfocbergs

bg sf`pag aficzÿk, sg pug-

bgk oekstrufr fkbfocbergs

oe`pugstes qug preper-

ofekgk auz cbfofekca sejrg

ac oeepgrcofÿk.






cktgs sgócacbes), e sf`pag`gktg sg dc rgourrfbe c aes fkbfocbergs

preogbgktgs bg gkougstcs bg epfkfÿk prgsgktgs gk aes fkner`gs bga

YGN y bga F@B (prfkofpca`gktg pcrc gbfr ac seffistfocofÿk bg acs

oe`prcs pýjafocs y bg aes oafgktgs aeocags).

_f jfgk yc Cjrcèvftz sujrcycjc ga pcpga bg vcaergs y ker-

`cs seofcags gk ga bgscrreaae tgokeaÿifoe y goekÿ`foe (væcsg Nc-

igrjgri gt ca., :886), ac rgfvfkbfocofÿk bg acs ker`cs seofcags y oua-

turcags oeè uk ncoter rgagvcktg pcrc aes preogses bg fkkevcofÿk

nug gngotucbc gspgofca`gktg per acs gsougacs bga pgksc`fgkte qug

sg eoupck bga gstubfe bg ac fkkevcofÿk aficbc ca tgrrfterfe (væcsg

pcrc ukc rgvfsfÿk, @euacrt y _gqufc, :88?). Bg oucaqufgr `ckgrc,

ac fkugkofc bg tcags ker`cs seofcags y ouaturcags gs dey uk dg-

ode cb`ftfbe bg èbe igkgrcafzcbe (uk gmg`pae pcrcbfi`ãtfoe

ae oekstftuygk acs tgeràcs bg Z. Naerfbc sejrg ac oacsg orgctfvc), sf

jfgk, per acs bfffiouatcbgs bg ejtgkofÿk bg fkbfocbergs cprepfcbes

y oektrcstcbes, ke sek ùodes aes trcjcmes qug aes oektg`pack.

Wkc bfffiouatcb cbfofekca pcrc ga ckãafsfs rgifekca gs qug acs nugk-

tgs, tcags oeè ga Yerab ^caugs _urvgy , qug pujafock gstg tfpe bg

fkbfocbergs, sÿae enrgogk bctes pcrc pcàsgs.

Gktrg aes ncotergs qug fkofbgk gk ga bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber oc-

jràc dcogr rgngrgkofc, per ýatfè, c acs fkstftuofekgs bga grocbe

bg trcjcme qug cngotck c ac evfafbcb acjerca y pretgoofÿk bg bgs-

g`page. Gstg tfpe bg ncotergs dc sfbe prepuikcbe gspgofca`gktg

per aes cutergs qug oe`pcrtgk ukc vfsfÿk c`pafc bga sfstg`c bg

fkkevcofÿk (Aukbvcaa, Aergkz, gto.). Ocjràc sgócacr, ke ejstcktg,

qug ke gxfstg oefkofbgkofc sejrg quæ tfpe bg fkstftuofekgs rgsuatc-

ràck `ãs ncvergogbercs bga bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber. Igkgrca`gktg

sg dc oeksfbgrcbe qug acs fkstftuofekgs bga `grocbe bg trcjcme

bg oertg `ãs afjgrca, oeè acs prgbe`fkcktgs gk aes pcàsgs ck-

iaescmekgs, grck `ãs ncvergogbercs bg gstfaes bg fkkevcofÿk rc-

bfoca< `fgktrcs qug acs prgvcagofgktgs gk goeke`àcs bg `grocbe

oeerbfkcbcs ncvergogràck `ãs ukc fkkevcofÿk bg tfpe fkorg`gk-

tca (Dcaa y _eslfog, :883)< pgre rgofgktg`gktg etres gstubfes dck

èstrcbe qug ga bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber gstã `ãs oerrgacofekcbe

oek ac gqufbcb y ga ocpftca seofca (Crukbga, :88?) e oek fkstftuofe-

kgs acjercags bga tfpe gxf-sgourfty , gk acs qug, sf jfgk acs g`prgscs

ke sg gknrgktck c irckbgs jcrrgrcs pcrc sus cmustgs bg g`page, ga







trcjcmcber sg gkougktrc pretgifbe per uk sfstg`c bg prgstcofekgs

per bgsg`page y bgofbfbcs peaàtfocs cotfvcs bg g`page (Aergkz y

Aukbvcaa, :88>< Aergkz, :838). Cktg gsc ncatc bg oefkofbgkofc gk

acs vcaercofekgs y ga prgbe`fkfe gktrg aes ckcafstcs bg ukc vfsfÿk

rgstrfotfvc bga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk, ac `cyeràc bg aes trcjcmes

rgvfscbes gk ga oucbre 3 ke fkoauygk fkbfocbergs rgactfves ca `gr-

ocbe g fkstftuofekgs bg trcjcme. C gse tgkbràcès qug cócbfr qug

igkgrca`gktg tcags fkstftuofekgs sg ffimck gk ga packe kcofekca, y

qug gs pgqugóe ga `crigk bg cotucofÿk sejrg gaacs gxfstgktg gk ga

packe rgifekca.

_f jfgk fkfofca`gktg ac Goeke`àc bg ac fkkevcofÿk ogktrÿ su

ctgkofÿk gk ac bg ocrãotgr tgokeaÿifoe, qug grc gk ac qug pcrgoàc

bgsockscr ac bfkã`foc bga sgoter fkbustrfca, pestgrfer`gktg, f`-

puascbc gk irck `gbfbc per ga bfkc`fsè qug prgsgktc ga sgoter

sgrvfofes y aes jerreses aà`ftgs y `gker gngote qug cquga tfpe bg

fkkevcofÿk pcrgog tgkgr gk tca bfkc`fsè, ac ctgkofÿk bg aes ckc-

afstcs sg dc bfrfifbe tc`jfæk dcofc ac fkkevcofÿk ke tgokeaÿifoc.

Nrute bg tebe gse sek acs rgvfsfekgs qug gxpgrf`gktc ga @ckuca bg

Esae (EGOB y Gurestct, :887< Crukbga y Deaackbgrs, :887< Jaeod,

:889< Nrgkz y Ac`jgrt, :886). Kugvc`gktg ac ke bfspekfjfafbcb

bg bctes bg ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk pcrc uk ký`gre gagvcbe

bg pcàsgs dcog qug gk jcstcktgs bg aes trcjcmes bg fkbfocbergs ke

sg rgoemck fkbfocbergs rgactfves c ac fkkevcofÿk erickfzctfvc y bg

`crlgtfki< g fkoause pcrc aes qug tca bcte gstã bfspekfjag, aes àtg`

bg ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk gstãk nerùacbes bg èbe tca qug

ke pesfjfaftck oe`pcrcofekgs cprepfcbcs gktrg pcàsgs.3> Gk caiu-

kes ocses, gsc ocrgkofc bg bctes sg dc fktgktcbe oerrgifr coubfgk-

be c aes bctes rgoeifbes gk acs gkougstcs bg epfkfÿk bga Yerab

Goeke`fo Neru` y bga F@B (oeè dcogk, per gmg`pae, Xertgr y

_tgrk :88: y :882). E fkoause Ncigrjgri y _rdeago (:884) rgourrgk

c acs ker`cs F_E 6888 pgr oãpftc pcrc rgoeigr uk fkbfocber bg

prebuoofÿk y gstãkbcrgs bg ocafbcb, qug oeè fkbfock Cr`sjrus-

tgr gt ca. (:889) pugbgk oeksfbgrcrsg oeè uk tfpe bg fkkevcofÿk

erickfzctfvc. Vc nugrc bg gstcs oeagoofekgs bg fkbfocbergs bg fk-

kevcofÿk, dcy ukc sgrfg bg cutergs, oe`ckbcbes per Aergkz, qug

c pcrtfr bg acs rgspugstcs c ac Gkougstc bg Oekbfofekgs _eofcags y

bg Rrcjcme dc bgscrreaacbe ukc sgrfg bg fkbfocbergs sejrg ga irc-

3> Oeè sgócack Cruk-

bga y Deaackbgrs (:88>),

ùodes bg aes kugves

pcàsgs bg ac c`pafcofÿk

prgsgktck gk ac gkougstc

ukcs rctfes bg fkkevcofÿk

erickfzctfvc ùy supgrf-

ergs c aes bg Bfkc`croc

y Deackbc. Gse sg bgjg c

qug acs g`prgscs bg gstes

pcàsgs aagvcrek c ocje acs

fkkevcofekgs erickfzc-

tfvcs gk ac bæocbc bg aes

68, y aes bg ac c`pafcofÿk

acs dck dgode `ãs tcrbg

(gk ga cóe bg ac gkougstc).

Gste gs, acs g`prgscs bg

Bfkc`croc y Deackbc ke

fktrebuogk ac fkkevcofÿk,

perqug yc ac dcjàck fktre-

buofbe cktgs, y gse ke sg

rgoeig gk ac gkougstc.



9?Ocpàtuae := @croes y bf`gksfekgs bg aes `croes bg fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



be bg cprgkbgbercs (y, per ae tckte, ncofaftcbercs bg ac fkkevc-

ofÿk) qug rgsuatck acs erickfzcofekgs bg trcjcme bg aes bfngrgktgs

pcàsgs. @uodes bg aes gstubfes (per gmg`pae, aes bg Aergkz sejrg

tfpes bg erickfzcofÿk bga trcjcme) cjerbck ac fkkevcofÿk e aes

cspgotes erickfzctfves oeè uk ncoter ncofaftcber e f`puaser bg

acs fkkevcofekgs bg prebuote, y gk tca sgktfbe ocjràc oeksfbgrcracs

`ãs oeè uk fkbfocber bg fkput qug bg bgsg`pgóe< pgre, ocjg

oeksfbgrcracs tc`jfæk oeè fkkevcofekgs gk sà qug, sfk eocsfekcr

kgogscrfc`gktg oc`jfes gk aes prebuotes bg ac g`prgsc, cngotck c

sus rgsuatcbes goekÿ`foes.39

Acs pujafocofekgs, pctgktgs, bfsgóes y `crocs, oujfgrtes per

ga bgrgode bg prepfgbcb fktgagoturca, sek oeksfbgrcbes dcjftuca-

`gktg oeè fkbfocbergs bg eutput fktgr`gbfes bg fkkevcofÿk.

Aes `ãs nrgougktg`gktg g`pagcbes y bg `cyer trcbfofÿk sek aes

fkbfocbergs bg pctgktgs. Rc`jfæk sek rgactfvc`gktg nrgougktgs

aes fkbfocbergs bg pujafocofekgs ofgktàffiocs. Nrgktg c gaaes, qug

rggmck gk irck `gbfbc ga eutput fktgr`gbfe bg uk èbe bg

fkkevcofÿk jcscbe gk ac ofgkofc y rgagvcktg gspgofca`gktg gk ga

sgoter fkbustrfca, etres ckcafstcs dck prepuikcbe ga g`page bg

fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk ãs sent y qug sg bfstrfjuygk bg èbe

`ãs deèiækge per tebes aes sgotergs, oeè sek aes bfsgóes y

acs `crocs (Deaackbgrs y vck Oruysgk, :886< Lckgrvc gt ca., :88><

Dfpp y Irupp, :887< _tekg`ck, :889 y :886< @gkbekéc gt ca.,

:882). Bg tebes èbes, cukqug sg cprgofc uk orgofgktg use bg acs

`crocs oeè rgsuatcbe fkkevcber per ac aftgrcturc, tebcvàc gsg

use gs rgbuofbe y, cbfofekca`gktg, c bfngrgkofc bg ae qug suogbg

oek acs pctgktgs, tca cpafocofÿk sg dc af`ftcbe ca packe kcofekca,

per ke bfspekgrsg bg bctes bg `crocs rgifekcafzcbes.

Wk fkbfocber bg eutput fkkevcber ùy utfafzcbe per ac aftg-

rcturc, oeè sg pugbg bgsprgkbgr bga oucbre 3, gs ga bga perogktcmg

bg g`page (e gxpertcofekgs) bg sgotergs bg kfvgags tgokeaÿifoes

`gbfe-cate y cate (e fktgksfves gk oekeof`fgkte). Dcy cutergs

qug ougstfekck, sfk g`jcrie, ac vcafbgz bg gstcs oacsfffiocofekgs e

ac kgogsfbcb bg qug pcrc caockzcr cates kfvgags bg bgscrreaae goe-

kÿ`foe sg tgkic kgogscrfc`gktg qug cpestcr per tcags sgotergs

(væcsg, per gmg`pae, êk Ruazgk`ckk y Codc, :887< _`ftd, :88:)

y qug cbuogk qug ae f`pertcktg ke gs tckte gk quæ sgoter sg oe`-

39 _giýk Aukbvcaa

(:889), ac bfstfkofÿk gktrg

oc`jfe tæokfoe y eric-

kfzctfve gs ýtfa per bes

rczekgs= ‑Ga èbe gk qug

ac goeke`àc y ac g`prgsc

gstãk erickfzcbes tfgkg

uk irck f`pcote gk oÿè

tfgkg auicr ac fkkevcofÿk

tæokfoc. _giukbe, ac bfs-

tfkofÿk dcog pesfjag aficr

ac fkkevcofÿk tæokfoc oek

ga bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe.

Kesetres dgès aagvcbe

c ocje ukc sgrfg gstubfes

g`pàrfoes qug bgù-

gstrck qug uk gag`gkte

oacvg pcrc trcksner`cr

ac fkkevcofÿk tæokfoc gk

rgsuatcbes goekÿ`foes gs

ac ner`cofÿk y ga oc`jfe

erickfzcofekca‐ (p. 383)







pftg, sfke oÿè sg oe`pftg (Xertgr, 3664). _gc oeè sgc, bgjfbe

prejcjag`gktg c ac ncofafbcb bg ejtgkofÿk bg bfodes bctes, fkoau-

se pcrc ga packe rgifekca, gstg gs uk tfpe bg fkbfocbergs ca qug oek

nrgougkofc sg rgourrg.

Dcy etrc sgrfg bg fkbfocbergs bg eutput fkkevcber, gktrg aes

qug bgstcocràc, per su pgrtfkgkofc y per ga ký`gre bg gstubfes gk

qug sg dck g`pagcbe, ga perogktcmg bg vgktcs bg prebuotes kugves,

jfgk pcrc ac g`prgsc e jfgk pcrc ga `grocbe. Bgjfbe, ke ejstcktg,

c aes prejag`cs bg crèkfzcofÿk qug tebcvàc prgsgktc ac gkougstc

bg fkkevcofÿk oeùkftcrfc y c ac fkcbgoucbc nerùacofÿk bg ca-

iukcs bg sus prgiuktcs, gk jcstcktgs eocsfekgs aes rgsuatcbes enrg-

ofbes per tca fkbfocber dck sfbe jcstcktg gxtrcóes.34 Bg ac `fs`c

`ckgrc, cukqug jcstcktg g`pagcbe, ga fkbfocber bga perogktcmg

bg g`prgscs fkkevcbercs tc`jfæk prgsgktc ofgrtes prejag`cs, qug

dcràck rgoe`gkbcjag su oe`jfkcofÿk oek etres pcrc ejtgkgr uk

fkbfocber oe`pagme qug pgr`ftfgrc ukc `cyer `ctfzcofÿk bga

tfpe bg g`prgsc fkkevcberc bg qug sg trctc (Jaeod gt ca., :884).

Aes bctes bg ac jcackzc tgokeaÿifoc sg g`pagck peoe, gktrg etrcs

oescs perqug ùodcs vgogs `ãs qug c trckscoofekgs tgokeaÿifocs

rgcags, rgspekbgk c crtfffiofes oektcjags g fktgrgsgs ffisocags bg acs

ùatfkcofekcags qug aes rgifstrck. Dcjràc qug cócbfr, c tebe gaae,

aes prejag`cs bgrfvcbes bg ac ke gxfstgkofc bg ukc gkougstc bg

fkkevcofÿk, gstcbàstfoc bg ac qug sg gxtrcgk aes cktgrfergs fkbfoc-

bergs, gk jugkc pcrtg bg pcàsgs, y gk ùodc `cyer `gbfbc cýk

pcrc acs rgifekgs.

Oeè gk ga prf`gr fkner`g sg sgócaÿ, dcy ukc sgrfg bg trcjc-

mes qug tfgkgk per ejmgtfve ac `gbfofÿk bg acs ocpcofbcbgs tgoke-

aÿifocs, per ae qug aes fkbfocbergs qug rgoepfack sek aes aficbes

gstrfotc`gktg c tca ougstfÿk, y ke rgoeigk fkbfocbergs bg bgsg`-

pgóe goekÿ`foe. Gsc gs ac rczÿk per ac qug, gktrg aes trcjcmes

rgoeifbes gk ga oucbre 3, dcy uk ký`gre ketcjag qug ke rgoeig

fkbfocbergs bg rgsuatcbes goekÿ`foes igkgrcags. Gk oc`jfe, dcy

etres qug, oeksfbgrckbe qug ac fkkevcofÿk ke gs uk ejmgtfve gk sà

sfke uk `gbfe pcrc ejtgkgr `gmergs rgkbf`fgktes goekÿ`foes gk

ac g`prgsc e gk ac goeke`àc, rgoeigk tc`jfæk bctes bg rgsuatcbe

e f`pcote goekÿ`foe pcrc pebgr gvcaucr `ãs nãofa`gktg ga f`-

pcote bg ac prf`grc gk bfodes rgkbf`fgktes goekÿ`foes. V sf jfgk

34 Crukbga (:88>) ù-

gstrc, per gmg`pae, qug sf

sg ctfgkbg gxoausfvc`gktg

ca perogktcmg bg vgktcs bg

prebuotes kugves pcrc

ac g`prgsc rgsuatc qug

Xertuica y Gspcóc sek

ùode `ãs fkkevcbergs

qug Deackbc y ga Zgfke

Wkfbe< pgre qug gse su-

ogbg perqug aes prf`gres

gstãk fktrebuofgkbe pre-

buotes kugves pcrc gaaes,

pgre qug ke ae sek gk

etres `grocbes. V qug sf

gk auicr bg gsg fkbfocber

sf`pag, sg rgourrfgrc c uke

oe`pagme qug oe`jfkcrc

ac rgspugstc bg ac g`prgsc

gk gsg àtg` y gk ac bga

prfkofpca `grocbe gk qug

vgkbg (rgifekca, kcofekca

e ùkbfca), ga gxtrcóe

rgsuatcbe cktgrfer sg

oerrgifràc.

Cktg gse, pcrc oerrgifr

aes sgsies bgtgotcbes gk

fkbfocbergs sf`pags bg ac

gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk y

pcrc cu`gktcr su ocpcof-

bcb gxpafoctfvc, ukc sgrfg

bg cutergs dck fbgcbe y

prepugste pcrc su use

fkbfocbergs oe`pagmes,

oekstrufbes oek `ãs bg

ukc vcrfcjag. ^æcksg,

gspgofca`gktg, Crukbga y






caiukes ckãafsfs bfngrgkofck gktrg fkbfocbergs goekÿ`foes fktgr-

`gbfes (orgof`fgkte bg acs gxpertcofekgs, bga vcaer cócbfbe e bg

acs vgktcs, orgof`fgkte bga XFJ, tcsc bg g`page y su orgof`fgkte, y

prebuotfvfbcb) y ýatfès (rgktc pgr oãpftc y rgktcjfafbcb), kese-

tres dgès prgngrfbe cirupcraes gk gstc gxpesfofÿk gk uk ýkfoe

cpcrtcbe. Cnertukcbc`gktg, aes bctes bg jcstcktgs bg fkbfocbe-

rgs goekÿ`foes bg ocrãotgr igkgrca sg pugbgk ejtgkgr nãofa`gktg,

fkoause pcrc ga ã`jfte rgifekca< etrc oesc bfstfktc suogbg oek aes

rgactfves c aes bg acs g`prgscs.

Cócbcès, ffikca`gktg, qug dcy caiukes peoes fkner`gs qug

cspfrck c gvcaucr ga f`pcote bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk etres ã`jftes ãs

caaã bg aes purc`gktg goekÿ`foes, y qug trctck bg rgoeigr fkbfoc-

bergs bg f`pcote seofca y gbfec`jfgktca. Xer gmg`pae, tcscs bg

bgsg`page, àkbfogs Ifkf bg bgsfiucabcb y bg pejrgzc, gspgrckzc

bg vfbc ca kcogr… pcrc ga prf`gre< e perogktcmg bg gkgriàcs rgke-

vcjags, pcrc ga sgiukbe. @cs, oeè sg dc fkbfocbe, tcags trcjcmes

sek aes `gkes, gk pcrtg perqug ac fkofbgkofc bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk

tcags ã`jftes gs igkgrca`gktg `ãs fkbfrgotc y `gkes oekeofbc y

perqug tca tfpe bg fkbfocbergs sg gkougktrc dcjftuca`gktg gkes

bgscrreaacbe y sek `gkes coogsfjags qug aes goekÿ`foes.

2. Oekoausfekgs pcrc ac prepugstc ffikca bg fkbfocbergs

Rrcs ac rgvfsfÿk gngotucbc bg aes `croes bg erbgkcofÿk y bg acs

bf`gksfekgs c qug vck rgngrfbes aes fkbfocbergs oektgkfbes gk

aes soergjecrbs y gmgrofofes igkgrcafzcbes bg jgkod`crlfki bg fk-

kevcofÿk, gstg cpcrtcbe tfgkg per ejmgtfve oekorgtcr uk croe bg

erbgkcofÿk y acs bf`gksfekgs qug æstg bgjgràc oektgkgr pcrc ac

prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe.

Gk ouckte ca `croe erbgkcber, ga prepugste per ga preygo-

te GOE-FF sg cmustc gspgofca`gktg c acs ocrcotgràstfocs bga sfstg`c

bg fkkevcofÿk bga Xcàs ^csoe, gk ga qug tckte acs g`prgscs, oeè

aes oaýstgrgs y ga gkterke igkgrca bg fkkevcofÿk tfgkgk suffiofgktg

gktfbcb oeè pcrc rgoac`cr ukc cirupcofÿk bg fkbfocbergs qug

pgr`ftc sus ckãafsfs bfngrgkofcbes. Cbfofekca`gktg, ga bgsockscr

ac prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe gk

ga `croe bga preygote GOE-FF, per uk acbe, pgr`ftfrã cprevgodcr

ac rgoeifbc bg bctes qug bgsbg bfode preygote, f`puascbe per ac

Deaackbgrs (:887), Jaeod

gt ca. (:884) y Jaeod y

Aÿpgz-Jcsseas (:886).







Oe`fsfÿk Gurepgc, tgkbrã auicr pgrfÿbfoc`gktg pcrc acs rgifekgs

gurepgcs< y, per etre acbe, ncofaftcrã ac bfnusfÿk bg ac prepugstc bg

fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk bga Xcàs ^csoe gk Gurepc.

Gk ouckte c acs bf`gksfekgs sejrg acs qug vgrsck aes fkbfoc-

bergs, sgràc oekvgkfgktg, gk ac `gbfbc bg ae pesfjag, tgkgracs tebcs

gk `gktg, oek ejmgte bg qug iuàgk e cyubgk gk ac fbgktfffiocofÿk

bg aes fkbfocbergs fkbfvfbucags e gspgoàffioes qug sg rgcafzcrã gk

uk ocpàtuae pestgrfer, bg `ebe qug ke gstæk cusgktgs gktrg aes

fkbfocbergs bf`gksfekgs e tg`cs muzicbes rgagvcktgs pcrc ac fk-

kevcofÿk per gsougacs e oerrfgktgs rgoekeofbcs.

Cócbc`es, pcrc ffikcafzcr, qug ga `croe bg erbgkcofÿk y bf-

`gksfekgs bg aes fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk tgkbrã uk bfngrgktg

oekmukte bg fkbfocbergs sgiýk sgc ga ã`jfte tgrrfterfca ejmgte bg

oe`pcrcofÿk.

• Ca fiuca qug suogbg gk aes oucbres bg `ckbe qug sg bfsgóck

pcrc ac igstfÿk g`prgscrfca qug sg kutrgk bg fkbfocbergs gx-

oausfves bg ac g`prgsc y qug sfrvgk c sus bfrgotfves pcrc pfae-

tcr y vgr qug ac `crodc bg ac g`prgsc sg cmustc c ac gstrctgifc

pcrc gaac bfsgócbc, ocjg, gk prf`gr auicr, bfsgócr uk oekmukte

bg fkbfocbergs prepfes pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe, qug pgr`ftck pfae-

tcr ac peaàtfoc bg fkkevcofÿk y vgr qug sg cmustc c ac gstrctgifc

bfsgócbc pcrc su sfstg`c.

• Gk sgiukbe auicr, ocjràc bfsgócr uk oucbre bg fkbfocbergs

bg cpafocofÿk c acs rgifekgs gurepgcs gagifbcs pcrc uk jgkod-

`crlfki oek ga Xcàs ^csoe, per prgsgktcr ukcs ocrcotgràstfocs

seofe-goekÿ`focs sg`gmcktgs c ac bg gstg. Gk gstcs rgifekgs bg

rgngrgkofc sg gngotucràc uk gsnugrze cbfofekca gk rgoeigr aes

bctes qug sg orgck kgogscrfes pcrc bfspekgr bg aes fkbfocbergs

kgogscrfes pcrc bfode jgkod`crlfki, trctckbe bg fbgktfffiocr

g f`pafocr gk ga preygote c cigktgs ujfocbes gk tcags rgifekgs.

• Gk tgrogr auicr, ocjràc bfsgócr uk oucbre bg fkbfocbergs bg

cpafocofÿk c tebcs acs rgifekgs gurepgcs, qug sgrvfràc pcrc oe-

keogr ac pesfofÿk bga Xcàs ^csoe gk `ctgrfc bg fkkevcofÿk gk

ga oektgxte gurepge. Bcbcs acs af`ftcofekgs bg bfspesfofÿk bg

bctes gstcbàstfoes rgifekcags, ga ký`gre bg fkbfocbergs qug csà

pebràc ejtgkgrsg sgràc oacrc`gktg fkngrfer c ac bg acs bes prf-

`grcs epofekgs.






• Xer ýatfè, ocjràc bfsgócr uk oucbre bg fkbfocbergs pcrc

oe`pcrcr ga ocse bga Xcàs ^csoe oek ga bga oekmukte bg pcàsgs

bg ac EOBG. Cukqug ofgrtc`gktg gk tær`fkes goekÿ`foes

ga Xcàs ^csoe gs ukc rgifÿk y rgsuatc uk tckte bfstersfekcber

gngotucr oe`pcrcofekgs bg rgifekgs oek pcàsgs, ùodc bg ac

fkner`cofÿk sejrg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk sÿae gstã bfs-

pekfjag pcrc ga ã`jfte kcofekca< y sf sg bgsgc tgkgr ukc fbgc

cprexf`cbc bg ac pesfofÿk rgactfvc bga Xcàs csoe gk gscs ougs-

tfekgs, ke qugbc etrc vàc, c pgscr bg acs bfstersfekgs bgrfvcbcs

bg oe`pcrcr rgifekgs oek pcàsgs, qug epgrcr bg gsg èbe.

Zgngrgkofcs jfjafeirãffiocsCbc`s, Z., Kggay, C., Vcidf, J. y Jgssckt, M. (:884). Xrepesca ner @gcsurgs en

Nfr`-Agvga Fkkevctfek Xgrner`ckog fk 3: _goters en WL Fkbustry . KG_RC werlfki pc-

pgr= sgptfg`jrg :884.Çlgrjae`, @., Jaeod, O, Neyk, N, Agppâacdtf, C., @ertgkssgk, X., @ckssek,

D, Kfassek, Z., Kcs, _.-E., Xgttgrsek, F. y _catg, Þ. (:884). Xeafoy Zgagvckt Kerbfo

Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters. KFKB.

Ckbrgw, M.X., BgZeooe, G._., y Rcyaer, C. (:886). Rdg Fkkevctfek F`pgrctfvg fk

@ckuncoturfki . Rdg Oestek Oeksuatfki Ireup.



>:6->72.

Crodfjuif, B. y Oeoe, C. (:887). @gcsurfki tgodkeaeifoca ocpcjfaftfgs ct tdg

oeuktry agvga= C survgy ckb c `gku ner odefog. Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ?2= 397-362.

Crodfjuif, B., Bgkkf, @. y Nfafppgttf, C. (:886). Rdg Iaejca Fkkevctfek _oe-

rgjecrb :884= Rdg Bykc`fos en tdg Fkkevctfvg Xgrner`ckogs en Oeuktrfgs. XZE FKKE

GWZEXG. FKKE @GRZFO_.

Cr`sjrustgr, D., Lfrkgr, G., Acy, I., _zwgmozgwslf, @., Oerfct, J., Agiug-

dgkkgo, O., Gvckigafstc, Z., Xfcktc, @., Oezzc, O., Jgacl, M., Jgacl, M., Bud, @.

(:889). Xcttgrks en Erickfsctfekca Odckig fk Gurepgck Fkbustry (XEZOD). Ycys te

_trgkitdgk tdg G`pfrfoca Jcsfs en Zgsgcrod ckb Xeafoy . Nfkca Zgpert. Gurepgck Oe`-

`fssfek Fkkevctfek Xcpgr Ke. 2>.

Crukbga, C. (:88?). :88? Gurepgck Fkkevctfek _oergjecrb= Rgodkfoca Xcpgr Ke

7. Kctfekca _ystg`s Fkbfocters.

Crukbga, C. (:88>). Fkkevctfek survgy fkbfocters= Cky preirgss sfkog 366>. Xc-pgr prgsgktgb fk tdg EGOB Oekngrgkog «Jaug _ly FF :88>¼. Ydct fkbfocters ner _ofgkog,

Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkkevctfek Xeafofgs fk tdg :3st ogktury . _gptg`jgr :7-:9, :88>.







Crukbga, C., Oeagoodfc, C. y Yyolenn, C. (:887). Zgtdfklfki sofgkog ckb

tgodkeaeiy fkbfocters ner fkkevctfek peafoy fk tdg twgkty-ffirst ogktury. Gk Gcra, A

y Icuat, N. (:887). Kctfekca Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters ckb Xeafoy . Odgatgkdgf`= Gbwcrb

Gaicr.

Crukbga, C. y Deaackbgrs, D. (:887). GTF_. Ck Gxpaerctery Cpprecod te Fkkevc-

tfek _oergjecrbs. Gurepgck Rrgkb Odcrt ek Fkkevctfek.

Crukbga, C. y Deaackbgrs, D. (:88>). :88> Rrgkb Odcrt @gtdebeaeiy Zgpert.

_gcrodfki tdg nergst ner tdg tdrggs= «@fssfki¼ fkbfocters en fkkevctfek. Rrgkb Odcrt. Fk-

kevctfek Xeafoy fk Gurepg


peafoy usg. Gk Kcuwgacgrs y Yfktmgs, Z. (gbs.) Fkkevctfek Xeafoy fk Gurepg. Odgatgk-

dc`= Gbwcrb Gaicr (pãis. :6-7:).

Csdgf`, J. y Igrtagr, @. (:887). Rdg Igeircpdy en Fkkevctfek. Zgifekca Fk-

kevctfek _ystg`s. Gk Ncigrjgri, M. gt ca. (gbs.) Rdg Exnerb Dckbjeel en Fkkevctfek.Exnerb= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss. (pp. :63-?39).

C_RZC (:889c). Bgffikfki «Fkkevctfek¼= C Kgw nrc`gwerl te Cfb Xeafoy`clgrs.

C_RZC (:889j). Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters ner Reèrrew= Fkkevctfek ftca _fiks Xre-

mgot «Ockbfbctgs¼ ‟ jy Nrc`gwerl Octgiery.

C_RZC (:886). Rdg C_RZC Zgifekca Fkkevctfek fkbgx .

Ctlfksek, Z. y Ckbgs, _. (:884). Rdg :884 _tctg Kgw Goeke`y Fkbgx. Jgkod-

`crlfki Goeke`fo Rrcksner`ctfek fk tdg _tctgs. Rdg Fkner`ctfek Rgodkeaeiy ckb

Fkkevctfek Neukbctfek (FRFN).

Ctlfksek, Z. y Ckbgs, _.@. (:886)= Rdg Ctacktfo Ogktury. Jgkod`crlfki

GW&W_. Fkkevctfek ckb Oe`pgtftfvgkgss. Rdg Fkner`ctfek Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkkevc-tfek Neukbctfek (FRFN).

JGZZ (:884). Rdg :884 Xrebuotfvfty ckb Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Fkbfocters. Bgpcrt`gkt

ner Jusfkgss Gktgrprfsg & Zgiuactery Zgner`.

Jaeod, O. (:889). Cssgssfki rgogkt bgvgaep`gkts fk fkkevctfek `gcsurg`gkt=

tdg tdfrb gbftfek en tdg Esae @ckuca, _ofgkog ckb Xujafo Xeafoy ?2 (3)= :?-?2.

Jaeod, O, @ertgksgk, X._., Nefk, N. ckb _catg, E.^. (:884). Bgvgaep`gkt

ckb Ckcaysfs en Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters fk tdg Kerbfo Oeuktrfgs jcsgb ek OF_ survgys.

KFKB.

Jaeod, O. y Aÿpgz-Jcsseas, âcbf`fr (:886). Fkkevctfek fkbfocters. Gk

EGOB, Fkkevctfek fk ffir`s. Xcrfs= EGOB= :3-2>.

Jes`c, K., Cos, ].M., Cutfe, G., Oeburcs, C. y Agvfg, M. (:886). Iaejca Gktrgprg-

kgursdfp @ekfter. :884 Gxgoutfvg Zgpert.

Jugsc, @. y Dgfms, M. (:889). Aes sfstg`cs rgifekcags bg fkkevcofÿk gk Gspcóc

(pp. ). Gk @. Jugsc y M. Dgfms (oeerb.) _fstg`cs rgifekcags bg fkkevcofÿk= kugvcs ner`cs

bg ckãafsfs y `gbfofÿk. @cbrfb= Nukbcofÿk bg acs Ocmcs bg Cderres.

Jugsc, @.< Dgfms, M. y @crtàkgz-Xgaaftgre, @. (:88:). Wkc tfpeaeiàc bg aes

sfstg`cs rgifekcags bg fkkevcofÿk gk Gspcóc. @cbrf+b èkeircnàc k½ 7= 43-46.

Jugsc, @.< Dgfms, M. y Kcvcrre, @. (:889). @gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk= fkbf-

ocbergs rgifekcags (pp. ). Gk @. Jugsc y M. Dgfms (oeerb.) _fstg`cs rgifekcags bg fk-

kevcofÿk= kugvcs ner`cs bg ckãafsfs y `gbfofÿk. @cbrfb= Nukbcofÿk bg acs Ocmcs bg

Cderres.






Jugsc, @.< @crtàkgz-Xgaaftgre, @.< Dgfms, M.< y Jcu`grt, R. (:88:). Aes sfstg-

`cs rgifekcags bg fkkevcofÿk gk Gspcóc= tfpeaeiàc jcscbc gk fkbfocbergs goekÿ`foes

g fkstftuofekcags bg acs Oe`ukfbcbgs Cutÿke`cs. Goeke`àc Fkbustrfca k½ ?29= 37-?:.

Jugsc, @.< @crtàkgz-Xgaaftgre, @.< Jcu`grt, R.< y Dgfms, M. (:889). Kevga

cppafoctfeks en gxfstfki goeke`gtrfo fkstru`gkts te ckcaysg rgifekca fkkevctfek sys-

tg`s= tdg _pckfsd ocsg (pp. 377-397). Gk _urfócod gt ca. (gbs.) Lkewagbig Gxtgrkcaftfgs,

Fkkevctfek Oaustgrs ckb Zgifekca Bgvgaep`gkt . Odgatgkdc`= Gbwcrb Gaicr.

Odgsjreuid, D.Y. (:88?). Epgk Fkkevctfek= Rdg kgw f`pgrctfvg ner orgctfki

ckb preffitfki nre` tgodkeaeiy . Jestek= Dcrvcrb Jusfkgss _odeea Xrgss

Oeelg, X. (3664). Fktrebuotfek= erfifks en tdg oekogpt. Gk Jrcozyl, D.M., Oeelg,

X. y Dgfbgkrgfod, @. (3664). Zgifekca Fkkevctfek _ystg`s. Rdg reag en ievgrkckogs fk

c iaejcafzgb werab. Aekbek= WOA Xrgss. (pp. :-:7).

Oeyag, B. y Odfabs, @.J. (:884). Yfbgr Oekbftfeks ner fkkevctfek. KG_RC,

Yerlfki Xcpgr sgptfg`jrg :884.BFY, Igr`ck Fkstftutg ner Goeke`fo Zgsgcrod (:886). Fkkevctfek fkbfocter ner

Igr`cky :886 .

Goeke`fst Fktgaafigkog Wkft (:889). Fkkevctfek= trcksner`fki tdg wcy ju-

sfkgss orgctgs.

Gbqufst, O. (:887). _ystg`s en Fkkevctfek. Xgrspgotfvgs ckb Odcaagkigs. Gk Nc-

igrjgri, M. gt ca. (gbs.) Rdg Exnerb Dckbjeel en Fkkevctfek. Exnerb= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty

Xrgss.(Xãis. 343-:84).

Ncigrjgri, M., _rdeago, @. y Lkgaa, @. (:889). Rdg Oe`pgtftfvgkgss en Kc-

tfeks= Ydy _e`g Oeuktrfgs Xrespgr Ydfag Etdgrs Ncaa Jgdfkb. Yerab Bgvgaep`gkt

^ea ?7 (38)= 3767-3>:8Ncigrjgri, M. y _rdeago, @. (:884). Kctfekca fkkevctfek systg`s, ocpcjfaftfgs

ckb goeke`fo bgvgaep`gkt. Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ?9= 3239-32?7.

Ncigrjgri, M., _rdeago, @. ckb ^grspcigk, J. (:886). Fkkevctfek ckb Goe-

ke`fo Bgvgaep`gkt. Yerlfki pcpgr sgrfgs :886-8?: Wkftgb Kctfeks Wkfvgrsfty ckb

WKW-@GZFR .

Nfafppgttf, C., Nrgkz, @. y Fgtte-Ifaafgs, I. (:886). Fs tdg fkkevctfek pgrner-

`ckog en oeuktrfgs rgactgb te tdgfr fktgrkctfekcafzctfek5 XZE FKKE GWZEXG Fkke

`gtrfos.

NEZC (vcrfes cóes). Fkkevctfek @ekfter .

NEZC (:886). Kerbfo Fkkevctfek @ekfter :886 . Bgk`crl= Kerbfo Oeukofa en

@fkfstgrs.

Nrgkz, @. y Ac`jgrt, Z. (:886). Gxpaerfki Kek-tgodkeaeifoca ckb @fxgb @e-

bgs en Fkkevctfek Coress Oeuktrfgs. Gk EGOB, Fkkevctfek fk ffir`s. Xcrfs= EGOB=

:3-2>

Nur`ck, M.A., Xertgr, @.G. y _tgrk, _. (:88:). Rdg bgtgr`fkckts en kctfekca

fkkevctfvg ocpcofty. Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ea. ?3= 466-6??.

Iebdfke, @.@., @gkbekéc, _.N. y Xgrgfrc, R._. (:887). Rewcrbs c tcxeke`y

en fkkevctfek systg`s. Yerlfki pcpgr Ke. :887/3?, Bgpcrt`gkt en Goeke`fos ct tdg

_odeea en Goeke`fos ckb @ckcig`gkt (F_GI), Rgodkfoca Wkfvgrsfty en Afsjek

Iebfk, J. (:882). Ockcbfck _oergjecrbs ek _&R ckb fts nurtdgr bgvgaep`gkts.

Ockcbfck _ofgkog ckb Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters Oeksertfu`, @ektrgca.Iebfk, J. (:88>). «_tctfstfos ckb _ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkkevctfek Xeafoy=

Dew te Igt Zgagvckt Fkbfocters¼. Rrcjcme prgsgktcbe c ac EGOB Jaug _ly FF Fkbfocter

Oekngrgkog. Etcwc, Ockcbc, :7-:9 _gptg`jgr :88>







Iebfk, J. (:886). @clfki _ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkkevctfek Xeafoy= Oek-

ogptuca Nrc`gwerls cs Kcrrctfvgs, Xcpgr ke. 23. Xrgsgktgb ct tdg Xeafsd Cocbg`y en

_ofgkogs, Oe``fttgg ner tdg _ofgkog, Ycrscw, Xeackb, : Bgog`jgr :884. Xujafocbe

gk ZFOGO ea 3 (3).

Iebfk, J. y Beræ, O. (:889). @gcsurfki tdg F`pcots en _ofgkog= Jgyekb tdg

Goeke`fo Bf`gksfek. Rrcjcme prgsgktcbe c ac oekngrgkofc _ofgkog F`pcot - Zgtdfk-

lfki tdg F`pcot en Jcsfo Zgsgcrod ek _eofgty ckb tdg Goeke`y ¼, Erickfzcbc per Cus-

trfck _ofgkog Nukb (NYN) y Gurepgck _ofgkog Neukbctfek (G_N), 38-33 @cy :889,

^fgkkc, Custrfc.

Dcaa, X. y _eslfog, B. (:883). crfgtfgs en Ocpftcafs`. Exnerb= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty

Xrgss.

Dcksgk, @.R. y Jfrlfksdcw, M. (:889), Rdg Fkkevctfek ^caug Odcfk. Dcrvcrb

Jusfkgss Zgvfgw Mukfe= 3:3-3?8.

Dfpp, O. y Irupp, d. (:887). Fkkevctfek fk tdg sgrvfog sgoter= Rdg bg`ckb nersgrvfog-spgofffio fkkevctfek gcsurg`gkt oekogpts ckb typeaeifgs. Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ?2=

739-7?7

Denn`ckk, C. ckb Icjr, D. @. (:88>). «Ydct trcbg-enn jgtwggk lkewagbig-

jcsgb irewtd ckb tdg gkvfrek`gkt¼. Gk _cxg, D. y Zcssùssgk, O.= Irggk Zecbs te

Irewtd. Xreoggbfkis en Gxpgrt ckb Xeafoy @clgr Neru` ‟ Ogagjrcbe gk Oepgkdcigk,

3-: bg `crze bg :88>. (pp. 378-396).

Deaackbgrs, D. y vck Oruysgk, C. (:884). Zgtdfklfki tdg Gurepgck Fkkevctfek

_oergjecrb= C Kgw @gtdebeaeiy ner :884-:838 . XZE FKKE GWZEXG. Fkke`gtrfos.

Deaackbgrs, D. y vck Oruysgk, C. (:886). Bgsfik, Orgctfvfty ckb Fkkevctfek= C

soergjecrb Cpprecod. XZE FKKE GWZEXG, [email protected], D., Rcrckteac, _. y Aesodly, C. (:886c). Zgifekca Fkkevctfek

_oergjecrb (ZF_) :886.

Deaackbgrs, D., Rcrckteac, _. y Aesodly, C. (:886j). Zgifekca Fkkevctfek

_oergjecrb :886. @gtdebeaeiy rgpert.

FJ@-@gajeurkg Fkstftutg (:884). Fkkevctfek Fkbgx en Custrcafck Fkbustry .

_goekb gbftfek.

FK_GCB. Iaejca Fkkevctfek Fkbgx :884-:886 .

Medk Cbc`s Fkkevctfek Fkstftutg (:886). :884 Fkbgx en tdg @csscodusgtts

Fkkevctfek Goeke`y .

Lckgrvc, @., Deaackbgrs, D. y Crukbga, C. (:88>). :88> Rrgkb Odcrt rgpert=

Ock wg @gcsurg ckb Oe`pcrg Fkkevctfek fk _grvfogs5 . Rrgkb Odcrt. Fkkevctfek Xeafoy

fk Gurepg.

Agiagr, D< Zc``gr, O. y _odèod, W. (:88>). «Rgodkfoca Xgrner`ckog ‟ Oek-

ogpt ckb Xrcotfog¼. Gk _odèod, W., Zc``gr, O. y Agiagr, D. (gbs) Kctfekca _ystg`s

en Fkkevctfek fk Oe`pcrfsek. Berbrgodt= _prfkigr.

Aergkz, G. (:838), Fkstftuofekgs bga @grocbe acjerca, ocpcofbcbgs y gstfae bg

fkkevcofÿk= ukc oràtfoc c ac pgrspgotfvc bg acs vcrfgbcbgs bga ocpftcafsè. Gk Xcrrfaaf

gt ca., Fkkevcofÿk y Cprgkbfzcmg gktrg umes bg oekeof`fgkte tãofte y oebfffiocbe. _ck

_gjcstfãk-Jfajce= Erlgstrc g Fkkejcsqug.

Aergkz, G. y Aukbvcaa, J-Ç. (gbs.) (:88>). Dew Gurepg‖s Goeke`fgs Agcrk= Oe-

erbfkctfki Oe`pgtfki @ebgas. Exnerb= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.Aukbvcaa, J-Ç. (gb.) (366:). Kctfekca _ystg`s en Fkkevctfek. Rewcrbs c Rdgery

en Fkkevctfek ckb Fktgrcotfvg Agcrkfki . Aekbek-Kgw Verl= Xfktgr.






Aukbvcaa, J-Ç. (:889). Kctfekca Fkkevctfek _ystg`s‒ Ckcaytfoca Oekogpt ckb

Bgvgaep`gkt Reea. Fkbustry ckb Fkkevctfek ea. 32 (3)= 67‟336.

@cdreu`, _., Duiifkis, Z., Oacytek, K., Xcfk, L. y Rcyaer, X. (:884). @gc-

surfki ckb `cppfki cjserptfvg ocpcofty fk WL kctfeks ckb rgifeks. KG_RC, Zgsgcrod

rgpert, eotujrg :884.

@crtàkgz-Xgaaftgre, @. (:88:). Zgourses y rgsuatcbes bg aes sfstg`cs bg fkke-

vcofÿk= gacjercofÿk bg ukc tfpeaeiàc bg sfstg`cs rgifekcags bg fkkevcofÿk gk Gspcóc.

FCFN werlfki pcpgr k½ ?2.

@crtàkgz-Xgaaftgre, @. (:889). Aes sfstg`cs rgifekcags bg fkkevcofÿk gk Gu-

repc= tfpeaeiàc y gffiofgkofc (pp. :37-:7>). Gk @. Jugsc y M. Dgfms (oeerb.) _fstg`cs

rgifekcags bg fkkevcofÿk= kugvcs ner`cs bg ckãafsfs y `gbfofÿk. @cbrfb= Nukbcofÿk bg

acs Ocmcs bg Cderres.

@crtàkgz-Xgaaftgre, @. (:884). Rfpeaeiàc y gffiofgkofc bg aes sfstg`cs rgifekcags

bg fkkevcofÿk. Wk gstubfe cpafocbe ca ocse gurepge. Rgsfs beoterca, Wkfvgrsfbcb Oe`-pautgksg bg @cbrfb.

@crtàkgz-Xgaaftgre, @< Jugsc, @. y Dgfms, M. (:884). Rdg FCFN fkbgx ner Gu-

repgck rgifekca fkkevctfek ocpcjfaftfgs. Rdg :7td BZWFB Oekngrgkog :884, Ccajeri,

Bfkc`croc.

@gkbekéc, _., Xgrgfrc, R._., y Iebfkde, @.@. (:882). Rrcbg`crls cs ck fkbf-

octer en fkkevctfek ckb fkbustrfca odckig. Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ??= 3?47-3282

@gygr, @. (:88>). @gcsurfki sofgkog-tgodkeaeiy fktgrcotfek fk tdg lkewagbig-

brfvgk goeke`y. _ofgkte`gtrfos vea. >> (:)= 2:7-2?6.

@fags, K., Yfalfksek, O., Gbagr, M., Jagbc, @., _f``ekbs, X. y Oacrl, M.

(:886)= Rdg wfbgr oekbftfeks ner fkkevctfek fk tdg WL. Dew tdg WL oe`pcrgs te agcbfkifkkevctfek kctfeks. KG_RC fkbgx rgpert= kevfg`jrg :886.

@faagr, Z., @crls, K. y @fodcgasek, M. (:884). Fkkevctfek ckb Ygaa-jgfki .

KG_RC, Yerlfki Xcpgr, sgptfg`jrg :884.

@ertgksgk, X._. y @çkssek, D. (:884). Fktgaagotuca Xrepgrty Zfidts cs fkbfoc-

ters ner fkkevctfek. KFKB.

@euacgrt, N. y _glfc, N. (:88?). Rgrrfterfca Fkkevctfek @ebgas= C Orftfoca _ur-

vgy. Zgifekca _tubfgs ?9= :46-?8:.

Kcs, _.E., Çlgrjae`, @, frtcdcrmu, @., _ïrkirgk, Rdersgk, R. y Glgackb,

C. (:884). DZ_R bctc cs fkkevctfek fkbfocters ‟ tdg Kerbfo gxpgrfgkog. KFKB.

Kcs, _.E. y Çlgrjae`, @. (:884). _teols ckb ews en DZ_R werlgrs fk tdg Ker-

bfo rgifek. Wtfafsctfek en `ctodgb g`paeygr-g`paeygg bctc te fbgktfny trgkbs ckb struo-

turgs. :kb XZF@G fkbfocters Oekngrgkog, Esae, :4-?8 @cy :884

Kcvcrre, @., Ifjcmc, M.M. y Ogr`gaaf, @. (:884). Lkewagbig spfaaevgrs ct c

sujrgifekca agvga. Rdg oeuktfgs en tdg Jcsqug Oeuktry. 33td Gurepgck Kgtwerl ek

Fkbustrfca Xeafoy (GWKFX) Fktgrkctfekca Oekngrgkog, _ck _gjcstfck, _pcfk, 38-3: _gp-

tg`jgr :884.

Kcvcrre, @.< Ifjcmc, M.M.< Jfajce-Eserfe, J. y Ciucbe, Z. (:886). Xcttgrks en

fkkevctfek fk tdg GW-:7 rgifeks= c typeaeiy ckb peafoy rgoe``gkbctfeks. Gkvfrek-

`gkt ckb Xackkfki O= Ievgrk`gkt & Xeafoy . ^ea. :9= 437-428.

Kfassek, Z. y Xgttgrssek, F. (:884). Oe`pcrfsek en Zgsgcrod ckb Bgvgaep`gkt

fk tdg Kerbfo Oeuktrfgs. KFKB.EGOB (:883). Rdg Kgw Goeke`y= Jgyekb tdg Dypg. Xcrfs= EGOB.







EGOB (:887). @fore-peafofgs ner irewtd ckb prebuotfvfty= ffikca rgpert. Xcrfs=

EGOB.

EGOB (:886). _ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkbustry _oergjecrb :886 . Xcrfs= EGOB.

EGOB y Gurestct (:887). Esae @ckuca. Iufbgafkgs ner oeaagotfki ckb fktgrprg-

tfki fkkevctfek bctc (?rb gbftfek).

Xertgr, @.G. (3664). Ek Oe`pgtftfek. Jestek= Dcrvcrb Jusfkgss _odeea.

Xertgr, @.G., _tgrk, _. y Oeukofa en Oe`pgtftfvgkgss (3666). Rdg Kgw Odc-

aagkig te C`grfoc‖s Xrespgrfty= Nfkbfkis nre` tdg Fkkevctfek Fkbgx. Ycsdfkitek, BO=

Oeukofa ek Oe`pgtftfvgkgss.

Xertgr, @.G. y _tgrk, _. (:88:), Kctfekca Fkkevctfvg Ocpcofty. Gk Yerab Goe-

ke`fo Neru`, Rdg Iaejca Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Zgpert :883-:88:, Exnerb= Exnerb Wkfvgr-

sfty Xrgss, pp. 38:-334.

Xertgr, @.G. y _tgrk, _. (:882). Zcklfki Kctfekca Fkkevctfvg Ocpcofty= Nfkbfkis

nre` tdg Kctfekca Fkkevctfvg Ocpcofty Fkbgx. Gk Yerab Goeke`fo Neru`, Rdg Iae-

jca Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Zgpert :88?-:882. Kgw Verl= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss, :882, pp.

3-:2.

Zgnffit, @., _ergksek, O., Jaebigtt, K., Ycoacwgl, Z. y Ygcvgr, J. (:889).

Fkkevctfek fkbfocters. Zgpert te tdg Oeukofa ner Acjer ckb Goeke`fo Irewtd.

Zepgr, _., Dcags, O. Jrysek, M.Z. ckb Aevg, M.(:886). @gcsurfki sgoterca fkke-

vctfek ocpcjfafty fk kfkg crgcs en tdg WL goeke`y . KG_RC, Fkbgx rgpert= kevfg`jrg

bg :886.

Zetdwgaa, Z. (3662). Rewcrbs tdg Nfntd-igkgrctfek Fkkevctfek Xreogss. Fktgr-

kctfekca @crlgtfki Zgvfgw 33 (3)= 9-?3.

_frfaaf, I. (:88>). Bgvgaepfki _ofgkog Ckb Rgodkeaeiy Fkbfocters ct tdg EGOB=tdg KG_RF Kgtwerl. Rrcjcme prgsgktcbe c ac Oekngrgkofc Nfrst XZF@G fkbfocters, Au-

icke, Kevg`jgr :88>.

_`ftd, L. (:883). Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters ckb tdg Lkewagbig Goeke`y= Oek-

ogpts, Zgsuats ckb Xeafoy Odcaagkigs. Gk Fkkevctfek ckb gktgrprfsg orgctfek= _tctfstfos

ckb fkbfocters. Auxg`jeuri= Enffiog ner Enffiofca Xujafoctfeks en tdg Gurepgck Oe`-

ùkftfgs. (p 32-:7)

_`ftd, L. (:88:c). Ydct fs tdg —Lkewagbig Goeke`y‖5 Lkewagbig Fktgksfty ckb

Bfstrfjutgb Lkewagbig Jcsgs. Rdg Wkftgb Kctfek Wkfvgrsfty. Fktgod. Bfsoussfek Xcpgr

_grfgs K½ >.

_`ftd, L. (:88:j). Fkkevctfek fknrcstruoturgs. WKW/FKRGOD.

_tekg`ck, X. (:889). Ck fktrebuotfek te tdg bgffikftfek ckb `gcsurg`gkt en sent

fkkevctfek. Rdg Kctfekca Gkbew`gkt ner _ofgkog Rgodkeaeiy ckb tdg Crts. Yerlfki

Xcpgr, Eotejgr :889

_tekg`ck, X. (:886). _ent fkkevctfek. KG_RC Zgsgcrod Xremgot, Muay :886.

W._. Bgpcrt`gkt en Oe``grog (:887). @gcsurfki Zgifekca Fkkevctfek. C Iuf-

bgjeel ner Oekbuotfki Zgifekca Fkkevctfek Cssgss`gkts. Oeukofa en Oe`pgtftfvgkgss

^guigagrs, Z. (:88>). Bgvgaep`gkts fk GW _tctfstfos ek _ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy

ckb Fkkevctfek= tclfki steol ckb èvfki tewcrbs gvfbgkog jcsgb peafoy ckcaysfs.

Rrcjcme prgsgktcbe c ac EGOB Jaug _ly FF Fkbfocter Oekngrgkog, Etcwc, Ockcbc.

êk Dfppga, G. (3644). Rdg seurogs en Fkkevctfek. Kugvc Verl y Exnerb= Exnerb

Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.



4?Ocpàtuae := @croes y bf`gksfekgs bg aes `croes bg fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



^ek Rukzga`ckk, K. y Codc, ^. (:887). Fkkevctfek fk —aew-tgod‖ fkbustrfgs

(pp. 289-2?:). Gk Ncigrjgri gt ca., Rdg Exnerb Dckbjeel en Fkkevctfek. Exnerb=

Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.

Ycikgr, O., Derafkis, G. y Buttc, C. (:88:). Ock _ofgkog ckb Rgodkeaeiy oc-

pcofty jg `gcsurgb5 Ocafnerkfc= ZCKB Oerperctfek.

Ycrbacw-Lgaay, A. (:884). @gcsurfki Fkkevctfek= Rewcrbs Bgvgaepfki c _oerg-

ocrb. Rcs`ckfc, :884. Custrcafck Jurgcu en _tctfstfos.






Zggxfÿk y prepugstc pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe42

OCXÀRWAE ?

Xrepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe,

y pcrc su ckãafsfs oe`pcrcbe












3. Fktrebuoofÿk

Rrcs dcjgr gxpugste gk ga prf`gr ocpàtuae acs bes irckbgs cprexf-

`cofekgs gxfstgktgs c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk= ac bg ac oek-

tcjfafbcb bga orgof`fgkte y ac bg aes fkbfocbergs, y dcjgr prepugs-

te ac oekstruoofÿk bg uk fkbfocber bg fkkevcofÿk jcscbc gk ac

prf`grc, gk ga ocpàtuae sgiukbe bg gstg afjre sg dc eptcbe per

uk `croe erbgkcber pcrc aes fkbfocbergs (ga gstcjagofbe pcrc aes

fkbfocbergs bg oe`pgtftfvfbcb gk ga preygote Gurepgck Oaustgr

Ejsgrvctery-Ncsg FF), y, trcs uk rgpcse bg ac aftgrcturc, sg dck gx-

pugste acs bf`gksfekgs e tg`cs sejrg aes qug tcags fkbfocbergs

pebràck vgrscr.

Rrcs tebe gaae, gk gstg ocpàtuae preogbgrgès c ukc fbgktfffi-

ocofÿk bg aes fkbfocbergs pcrtfouacrgs qug, oerrgspekbfgktgs c acs

bf`gksfekgs y gktrekocbes gk ga `croe bg erbgkcofÿk gxpugs-

tes gk ga ocpàtuae cktgrfer, pebràck oeksfbgrcrsg gk aes bfvgrses

gmgrofofes bg oe`pcrcofÿk bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk qug sg

gngotýgk bgsbg ga Xcàs ^csoe.

:. Xreogbf`fgkte sgiufbe pcrc ac fbgktfffiocofÿk

bg aes fkbfocbergs

Xcrc ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg aes pesfjags fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk,

per uk acbe, sg dc gngotucbe ukc prenukbc rgvfsfÿk bg ac aftgrcturc

gxfstgktg=

• gk prf`gr auicr, bg trcjcmes qug trctck sejrg fkbfocbergs bg

fkkevcofÿk gk igkgrca<

• gk sgiukbe auicr, bg trcjcmes qug trctck bg ncotergs e nugktgs

pcrtfouacrgs aficbes c ac fkkevcofÿk<

• y gk tgrogr auicr, bg aes fkner`gs bg fkkevcofÿk.

Xer etre acbe, bg èbe pcrcagae, sg dc aagvcbe c ocje ukc prenuk-

bc rgvfsfÿk bg acs nugktgs susogptfjags bg preperofekcr bctes pcrc

caf`gktcr tcags fkbfocbergs, oek ejmgte, ke sÿae bg pebgr bgtgr-

`fkcr ac ncotfjfafbcb bg ejtgkofÿk bg aes fkbfocbergs `ckgmcbes

per aes tfpes bg aftgrcturc c ac qug cktgs kes dgès rgngrfbe, sfke

tc`jfæk bg bfsgócr fkbfocbergs kugves.

Oekvfgkg rgftgrcr, ke ejstcktg, qug ac fbekgfbcb e ke bg uk

fkbfocber ke bgjgràc bgrfvcr prfkofpca`gktg bg su use e ke per

ac aftgrcturc e per etres tgrrfterfes, sfke bg su vfkouacofÿk oek ac



49Ocpàtuae ?= Xrepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



gstrctgifc bg fkkevcofÿk (y oe`pgtftfvc, gk igkgrca) bg tca tgrrfte-

rfe. Cktg ac ocrgkofc bg ukc gstrctgifc bg fkkevcofÿk oacrc`gktg

nerùacbc y bgscrreaacbc c ac ouca cbcptcr ac gagoofÿk bg fkbfoc-

bergs, gk gstg fkner`g dgès eptcbe per rgcafzcr prepugstcs oek

uk ký`gre ùy c`pafe bg fkbfocbergs, cukqug, oeè vgrgès,

susogptfjags bg cirgicofÿk gk fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes e c aes qug

sg csfikck bfngrgktgs kfvgags bg prgngrgkofc. Ga gngote gktrg ga bf-

sgóe y bgscrreaae bg ac gstrctgifc y ac prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs

cquà rgcafzcbc sgràc, gk tca sgktfbe, rgoàpreoe= ga oekeof`fgkte bg

ac pesfofÿk qug ga Xcàs ^csoe eoupc gk uk oekmukte tck c`pafe y

bgtcaacbe bg fkbfocbergs cyubcràc c ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg aes puk-

tes nugrtgs y bæjfags bga sfstg`c vcsoe bg fkkevcofÿk y, per oeksf-

iufgktg, ca gstcjagof`fgkte y bgscrreaae bg su gstrctgifc< pgre, c su

vgz, æstc, oekbuofrã c prf`cr ac ejtgkofÿk y sgiuf`fgkte bg bgtgr-

`fkcbes fkbfocbergs sejrg etres, bg èbe qug ac bgtgr`fkcofÿk

bg aes fkbfocbergs ýatfès bga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk vcsoe bgjg-

ràc sgr coerbg oek ac gstrctgifc bg fkkevcofÿk gagifbc pcrc æstg.

:.3 Rrcjcmes sgagoofekcbes sejrg fkbfocbergs

bg fkkevcofÿk gk igkgrca

Gk ga ckgxe 3 sg rgngrgkofck cqugaaes trcjcmes `ãs bgstcocjags

`ckgmcbes pcrc ga prgsgktg preygote qug, ogktrcbes gk ga ckãafsfs

bg acs vgktcmcs y bgsvgktcmcs qug preperofekck aes bfstfktes tf-

pes bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk, dck preperofekcbe uk prf`gr

fkput pcrc ac vcaercofÿk bga fktgræs bg su fkoerpercofÿk c kugstrc

prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs y ac ner`c qug æstc bgjgràc cbeptcr. Gk

bfode ckgxe ke sg rgoeig ac aftgrcturc qug trctc gk sà bg oÿè er-

bgkcr aes fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk e bg acs bfngrgktgs bf`gksfe-

kgs gk qug cqugaaes sg pugbgk cirupcr (per gmg`pae, fkbfocbergs

aficbes c rgourses du`ckes, gbuocofÿk y dcjfafbcbgs< aficbes c

ffikckofcofÿk< gto.), bcbe qug gaac cpcrgog rgngrgkofcbc gk aes ocpà-

tuaes cktgrfergs< cquà ac rgvfsfÿk sg ogktrc gk ac aftgrcturc qug dc

gngotucbe rgvfsfekgs igkgrcags bg fkbfocbergs e nugktgs, bgstcock-

be sus pres y oektrcs.







:.: Rrcjcmes sgagoofekcbes sejrg fkbfocbergs

bg fkkevcofÿk e nugktgs pcrtfouacrgs

Gk ga ckgxe : sg rgngrgkofck cqugaaes trcjcmes `ãs bgstcocjags `c-

kgmcbes pcrc ga prgsgktg preygote qug tfgkgk per prfkofpca ejmgtf-

ve ga ckãafsfs gk sà bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk e nugktgs pcrtfou-

acrgs= pesfjag oekstruoofÿk, pres y oektrcs bg su pesfjag cpafocofÿk,

gto. Bfodc aftgrcturc dc oekstftufbe ga sgiukbe irck fkput pcrc ac

bgtgr`fkcofÿk bg aes fkbfocbergs rgoeifbes gk kugstrc prepugstc.

:.? Fkner`gs bg fkkevcofÿk

Aes fkner`gs ckcafzcbes ocjg bfstfkiufraes bg cougrbe oek acs

ukfbcbgs igeirãffiocs pcrc acs qug gstãk rgngrfbes aes bctes= pcàsgs,

per uk acbe< e rgifekgs (u etres ã`jftes sujkcofekcags= gstcbes,

ãrgcs `gtrepeaftckcs e oekbcbes gk aes GGWW), per etre. Cukqug

gk kugstre ocse ga `cyer fktgræs rcbfoc gk aes fkner`gs rgifekcags,

sg dck ckcafzcbe tckte fkner`gs bg pcàsgs oeè bg rgifekgs, bcbe

qug aes prf`gres pgr`ftgk bgtgotcr ougstfekgs qug, bg bfspekgr

bg bctes c gaacs rgngrfbcs, pebràc sgr fktgrgscktg fkoaufr gk ac pre-

pugstc bg fkbfocbergs pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe< y, bcbe qug tc`peoe

sg gxoauyg ac oe`pcrcofÿk bga Xcàs ^csoe oek tcags ã`jftes tgrrf-

terfcags, oeè èbe bg oe`pagtcr ac vcaercofÿk bga sfstg`c bg

fkkevcofÿk vcsoe. Rckte gk aes bes irupes bg fkner`gs oftcbes=

aes rgngrfbes c pcàsgs y aes rgngrfbes c rgifekgs, gk caiukes ocses

ga fkner`g rgstrfkig su ã`jfte bg ckãafsfs c uk seae pcàs (e c acs

rgifekgs bg uk seae pcàs), fgktrcs qug gk etres ocses ac oe`pcrc-

ofÿk cjcroc c pcàsgs bfngrgktgs (e rgifekgs bg bfngrgktgs pcàsgs).

Gk aes ckgxes ? y 2 sg rgoeigk, kugvc`gktg, bg tebe ga oekmuk-

te bg fkner`gs ckgmcbes pcrc ac gacjercofÿk bg gstg beou`gkte,

cqugaaes qug oeksfbgrcès `ãs fktgrgscktgs y qug `ãs dck oek-

trfjufbe c ac gacjercofÿk bg kugstrc prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs.

:.2 Zgvfsfÿk bg nugktgs bg bctes

Oek ejmgte bg oekeogr acs bfspekfjfafbcbgs bg bctes gxfstgktgs,

cpcrtg bg rgifstrcr acs kugvcs nugktgs bg bctes qug sg gkoektrcjck

oftcbcs gk ac aftgrcturc cktgs gkofekcbc, sg aagvÿ c ocje ukc rgvf-

sfÿk gxprgsc bg aes fkstftutes y erickfzcofekgs qug preperofekck

bctes rgifekcags.






Gk ga ã`jfte bga Xcàs ^csoe, sg oeksuatcrek acs epgrcofekgs rg-

oeifbcs gk ga Xack ^csoe bg Gstcbàstfoc :887-:884,3 csà oeè ac

fkner`cofÿk bfspekfjag gk acs wgj bga Fkstftute ^csoe bg Gstc-

bàstfoc-Gustct, bg aes Bgpcrtc`gktes bga Iejfgrke ^csoe y bg

bfvgrscs erickfzcofekgs pýjafocs bg gaaes bgpgkbfgktgs. Gk bfodc

rgvfsfÿk ac ctgkofÿk sg ogktrÿ prfkofpca`gktg gk cqugaacs gstcbàs-

tfocs e fkner`gs qug pebàck iucrbcr rgacofÿk oek aes fkbfocbergs

e tg`cs `ckgmcbes per ac aftgrcturc bg fkkevcofÿk. Ac rgvfsfÿk

ctgkbàc tckte c aes bctes qug cpcrgoàck pujafocbes gk ac wgj e

gk acs pujafocofekgs, oeè c aes ougstfekcrfes gk qug sg dcjàck

jcscbe cqugaacs epgrcofekgs, pugste qug gstes pgr`ftàck oeke-

ogr bctes rgoeifbes per tcags erickfzcofekgs qug pebràck sgr bg

fktgræs, pgre qug ke sg gkougktrck pujafocbes. Gk pcrtfouacr, acs

prfkofpcags gstcbàstfocs e gkougstcs c acs qug sg ctgkbfÿ nugrek=

• Xejacofÿk (ogkses, pcbrekgs y èvf`fgktes fircterfes)

• Gkougstc bg pejacofÿk oek rgacofÿk c ac cotfvfbcb y ogkse bga

`grocbe bg trcjcme

• Bfrgoterfe bg cotfvfbcbgs goekÿ`focs

• Ougktcs goekÿ`focs y RFE

• Oe`grofe gxtgrfer

• Gstcbàstfoc bg F+B

• Gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk

• Gkougstc sejrg ac seofgbcb bg ac fkner`cofÿk

• Gkougstc fkbustrfca

• Gkougstc bg sgrvfofes

• Gstcbàstfocs gbuoctfvcs

• Cspgotes seofcags= pejrgzc y bgsfiucabcb, oekbfofekgs bg trc-

jcme y ocpftca seofca

Nugrc bg acs e pgrcofekgs gstcbàstfocs effiofcags rgoeifbcs gk ga

Xack ^csoe bg Gstcbàstfoc sg oeksfbgrcrek tc`jfæk bg fktgræs aes

bgscrreaaes pcrtfouacrgs qug tfgkgk gk ga Xcàs ^csoe ga fkner`g

XF_C, ac Gkougstc Gurepgc bg ^caergs y ga preygote IG@ (Iaejca

Gktrgprgkgursdfp @ekfter).

Gk ga ã`jfte gstctca, sg rgvfscrek fiuca`gktg acs nugktgs qug

pubfgrck preperofekcr bctes pcrc ac oekstruoofÿk bg fkbfocbe-

rgs pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe, oe`pag`gktcrfes e catgrkctfves c aes bg acs

nugktgs cktgrfergs. Gktrg tcags nugktgs bgstcock=

3 Rrcs ac gacjercofÿk bg

gstg ocpàtuae, nug cprejc-

bc ac Agy 2/:838, bg :3 bg

eotujrg, bga Xack csoe bg

Gstcbàstfoc :838-:83:.







• FKG= ogkse, pejacofÿk (pcbrÿk, `fircofÿk, rgsfbgktgs gk ga

gxtrckmgre), Bfrog, GXC, ougktcs rgifekcags, F+B, gkougstc bg

fkkevcofÿk, RFO, gkougstcs bg scacrfes y oestgs acjercags.

• Cigkofc trfjutcrfc (oe`grofe gxtgrfer) y Zgifstre bg fkvgrsfe-

kgs bga @fkfstgrfe bg Fkbustrfc

• Etres= F^FG (steol bg ocpftca, ocpftca du`cke, ocpftca seofca),

Csorf (ocpftca rfgsie), Nukocs (kfvgags igkgrcags bg prgofes),

Xer ýatfè, gk ga ã`jfte fktgrkcofekca, sg ckcafzcrek per uk acbe

acs nugktgs qug preperofekck bctes rgifekcags. _f bgmcès c uk

acbe acs jcsgs bg bctes aficbes c fkner`gs sejrg rgifekgs `gkofe-

kcbes cktgrfer`gktg, gktrg acs nugktgs qug preperofekck bctes

rgifekcags bgstcocràcès=

• Gurestct (jcsg Zgife)

• Ac EGOB (ac jcsg bg bctes rgifekcags y ac jcsg bg pctgktgs

GXE rgifekcags)

• G_XEK

• Cqugaacs gkougstcs oeùkftcrfcs qug per ga tc`cóe bg su

ùgstrc pgr`ftgk gxpaetcofekgs rgifekcags= ac Gurepgck

_eofca _urvgy.

• Etrcs nugktgs= Gurepgck Oaustgr Ejsgrvctery (oaýstgrgs),

Grcwctod (pujafocofekgs), Nrc`gwerl Xreirc`g 9 (pcrtfof-

pcktgs gk preirc`cs gurepges), F_AC-Jeoekkf (g`prgscs

gxtrckmgrcs), MZO-FXR_ y BI-ZRB (3888 REX g`prgscs gu-

repgcs gk F+B), Oc`jrfbig Goeke`gtrfos (steol bg ocpftca),

Agfbgk Wkfvgrsfty (tdg tep-:78 ukfvgrsftfgs).

Xer etre acbe, gk ga ã`jfte fktgrkcofekca sg oeksfbgrcrek csf`fs-

è cqugaacs nugktgs qug, cukqug preperofekck bctes pcrc pcàsgs,

gstes vck rgngrfbes c vcrfcjags pcrc acs qug ke gxfstg bgscirgic-

ofÿk rgifekca y qug ke prgsgktck irckbgs bfngrgkofcs gktrg acs rg-

ifekgs bg uk `fsè pcàs pgre sà gktrg rgifekgs bg bfngrgktgs pcà-

sgs. _ek vcrfcjags nukbc`gktca`gktg bg oektgxte y qug fkofbgk

gk ac cotfvfbcb fkkevcberc= fkstftuofekgs (iejgrkckzc), gkterke

`core-goekÿ`foe, peaàtfoc bg oe`pgtgkofc, peaàtfocs gstruoturc-

ags (cpgrturc fktgrkcofekca, rgiuacofÿk bga `grocbe bg trcjcme,

sfstg`c ffikckofgre, pretgoofÿk bg ac prepfgbcb fktgagotuca, rgiu-

acofekgs bg aes `grocbes bg prebuotes). Acs `ãs nrgougktg`gktg

`ckgmcbcs per aes fkner`gs bg fkkevcofÿk gk Gurepc sek=






• Yerab Goeke`fo Neru`= Iaejca Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Zgpert

• Yerab Jckl= Ievgrkckog fkbfocters ckb Befki Jusfkgss

• EGOB= XF_C y rgiuacofÿk bg aes `grocbes bg prebuotes

• Gurejcrÿ`gtre

?. Xrepugstc bg fkbfocbergs cpafocjag ga Xcàs ^csoe

ýkfoc`gktg

Oeè cktgrfer`gktg sg dc fkbfocbe, cukqug igkgrca`gktg ga

gmgrofofe bg jgkod`crlfki jusoc oe`pcrcr ukc rgcafbcb oek etrcs

sg`gmcktgs, gk caiukes ocses ac oe`pcrcofÿk ocjg gngotucrac oek

uke `fsè c ae acrie bga tfg`pe, e oek aes ejmgtfves qug pcrc sà

uke dc ffimcbe. Kugstrc prf`grc prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs pcrtfrã

prgofsc`gktg bg gstg ocse, bcbe qug, gk prfkofpfe, tca prepugstc

bgjg gxpaetcr ca `ãxfè acs bfspekfjfafbcbgs bg bctes gxfstgk-

tgs pcrc ac rgifÿk g fktgktcr rgoeigr acs ougstfekgs `ãs rgagvcktgs

pcrc ga sfstg`c vcsoe bg fkkevcofÿk. Ouckbe bfodc prepugstc sg

trctg bg cpafocr c oekmuktes ãs c`pafes bg tgrrfterfes, ga qug pcrc

tcags ã`jftes tgrrfterfcags caiukcs ougstfekgs e ncotergs ke sg dc-

yck oeksfbgrcbe tck rgagvcktgs per ke sgr tck sfkiuacrgs e ac ke

gxfstgkofc pcrc gaaes bg ukc bfspekfjfafbcb tck c`pafc bg bctes

oeè ac qug pesfjfaftc Gustct gk ga Xcàs ^csoe, oekbuofrã c qug ga

ký`gre bg fkbfocbergs gk cqugaac oektg`pacbes bgjc vgrsg rgbu-

ofbe y, gk su ocse, cbcptcbe. Gsc gs ac rczÿk per ac qug ac prf`grc

prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs sg bfsgóc pgksckbe gxoausfvc`gktg gk

ga Xcàs ^csoe.

Ga qug aes fkbfocbergs cpcrgzock rgngrfbes gxoausfvc`gktg

c ukc rgcafbcb tgrrfterfca f`pfbg qug, c bfngrgkofc bg ae qug su-

ogbg oek fkbfocbergs rgngrfbes c uk ký`gre c`pafe bg sumgtes,

tcags fkbfocbergs pugbck sgr ejmgte bg ‟e tgkic sgktfbe rgcafzcr

gk gaaes‟ aes trctc`fgktes gstcbàstfoes tcags oeè= oerrgoofÿk bg

eutafgrs y csf`gtràcs, gstckbcrfzcofÿk y csfikcofÿk bg pgses oek

ejmgte bg ejtgkgr fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes. Gste gs, ke rgsuatc pe-

sfjag trctcr bg oe`jfkcr (oek ckãafsfs ncoterfcags e bg etre tfpe)

vcrfes bg gaaes gk àkbfogs sfktætfoes, qug rgoemck rgcafbcbgs uk

tckte ùatfbf`gksfekcags. Cktg gaae, ac prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs

rgspekbgrã `ãs ca packtgc`fgkte oektgkfbe gk acs prepugstcs bg

soergjecrbs bg ac EOBG, gk aes qug ocbc vcrfcjag sg prgsgktc mukte







c acs etrcs, pgre sfk oe`jfkcrsg y sfk bcr auicr c àkbfogs sfktætfoes

bg fkkevcofÿk e oe`pgtftfvfbcb.

Ke ejstcktg, oek ejmgte bg ke bcr ukc afstc gxogsfvc`gktg

acric bg fkbfocbergs, gktrg aes qug ga usucrfe pubfgrc gkoektrcrsg

uk tckte pgrpagme y sfk ocpcofbcb bg rgcoofÿk, dgès oeksfbgrc-

be cprepfcbe cbcptcr c ac prepugstc bg soergjecrb sgócacbc ukc

cprexf`cofÿk qug, cuk `cktgkfgkbe ga èbgae bg erbgkcofÿk bg

vcrfcjags bga preygote GOE, sg fkspfrc gk ac prepugstc bg fkbfoc-

bergs bg bgscrreaae sestgkfjag bg ac Wkfÿk Gurepgc. Gk ac pre-

pugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg bgscrreaae sestgkfjag aes fkbfocbergs sg

erbgkck gk terke c 38 tg`cs y :4 suj-tg`cs (gk kugstre ocse, 33

tg`cs y >2 suj-tg`cs)< y, pestgrfer`gktg, tebes aes tg`cs oektfg-

kgk uk ýkfoe fkbfocber bg kfvga F y, c su vgz, tebes aes suj-tg`cs

ougktck oek uk fkbfocber bg kfvga FF y oek uk ký`gre vcrfcjag bg

fkbfocbergs bg kfvga FFF. Gk ga oucbre 3 sg rgoeig ac afstc bg tg`cs

y suj-tg`cs, oek ac bg fkbfocbergs bg prf`gr y sgiukbe kfvga c

gaaes fkoerpercbes.

Acs afstcs bg fkbfocbergs rgbuofbcs, sf jfgk rgsuatck nãofags bg

oeùkfocr y igkgrck uk `cyer f`pcote ètfvcofekca y `gbfã-

tfoe, enrgogk peocs pfstcs c aes bgofsergs pýjafoes y rgspekscjags

pcrc ac pestgrfer coofÿk. Eptckbe per gstc prgsgktcofÿk bg tg`cs

y suj-tg`cs, oek ukc sgrfg bg fkbfocbergs u ejmgtfves prfkofpcags

qug pugbgk augie bgspagicrsg gk uk `cyer ký`gre bg fkbfoc-

bergs qug pgr`ftgk `gbfr ac gveauofÿk e preirgse gk ãrgcs `ãs

oekorgtcs, ac vgktcmc sgócacbc ke sg pfgrbg (c gngotes bg oeùkf-

ocofÿk y bg preperofekcr ukc ýkfoc `gbfofÿk ac ctgkofÿk pugbg

ffimcrsg gk aes fkbfocbergs bg kfvga F), `fgktrcs qug c gngotes bg ac

te`c bg bgofsfekgs æstcs pugbgk jcscrsg gk ukc c`pafc oeagoofÿk

bg fkbfocbergs qug pgr`ftg pgkgtrcr gk cspgotes qug, cukqug f`-

pertcktgs, oerrgspekbgk c oe`pekgktgs pcrtfouacrgs bga sfstg`c.

Oekvfgkg sgócacr, per etrc pcrtg, qug sf ae qug sg prgtgkbg gs

supgrvfscr ga ircbe bg cvckog gk ga bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber bga Xcàs

^csoe, ac ctgkofÿk bgjgràc ffimcrsg ýkfoc`gktg gk aes fkbfocbergs

bg eutput bg fkkevcofÿk. Gs bgofr, gk aes tg`cs qug sg dck bgke-

`fkcbe «Zgsuatcbes bg fkkevcofÿk¼ y «Zgsuatcbes goekÿ`foe-

fkkevcbergs¼. Aes etres oekmuktes bg fkbfocbergs ae qug pgrsf-

iugk gs pebgr sgiufr ac gveauofÿk bg √y pebgr gstubfcr ac rgacofÿk

Ac afstc oe`pagtc bg ?82

fkbfocbergs gk qug sg

bgspafgick aes tg`cs y

sujtg`cs rgoeifbes gk

ga oucbre 3 gstãk bfspe-

kfjags, pcrc ga agoter fk-

tgrgscbe, gk ac bfrgoofÿk

bg fktgrkgt= dttp=//www.

fkkejcsqug.oe`/de`g.

cspx5tcjfb038:8



6?Ocpàtuae ?= Xrepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



bga bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber oek√ cqugaacs vcrfcjags bg ocrãotgr

goekÿ`foe, seofca y gbfec`jfgktca gk acs qug supugstc`gktg sg

prgtgkbgr fkofbfr (vcrfcjags bg rgsuatcbes g f`pcote) y cqugaaes

ncotergs fktgrkes y gxtgrkes c ac g`prgsc qug cngotck ca bgsg`pg-

óe fkkevcber. Oeè gk bfvgrscs eocsfekgs sg dc sujrcycbe, uk

sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk gs ukc rgcafbcb bfstfktc (gs sÿae ukc pcrtg)

bg uk sfstg`c goekÿ`foe-seofca y oekvfgkg bfngrgkofcr aes fkbf-

ocbergs oerrgspekbfgktgs c uke y etre< pgre ac fkkevcofÿk ke gs

uk ejmgtfve gk sà fsè, sfke qug sg pgrsfiug pcrc pebgr caockzcr

ukc sgrfg bg ejmgtfves bg etrc àkbeag (gktrg gaaes, goekÿ`foes, se-

ofcags y gbfec`jfgktcags)< y pcrc ckcafzcr gk quæ gbfbc oektrf-

juyg c gaae, rgsuatc kgogscrfe bfspekgr bg fkbfocbergs bg tcags ej-

mgtfves. Csf`fsè, ac `gzoac bg fkbfocbergs bg fkput y bg eutput

fkkevcber c ac derc bg gbfr ga bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber oekbuog c

qug, pesfjags fkgffiofgkofcs bg gstg, bgk auicr c qug bfode sfstg`c

cpcrgzoc oeè `ãs bgscrreaacbe.: Gs prgofsc`gktg pcrc ckcafzcr

ac gffiofgkofc bga sfstg`c g fbgktfffiocr aes ncotergs qug oekbuogk c

uk `cyer bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber qug rgsuatc kgogscrfe bfspekgr,

sgpcrcbc`gktg, bg fkbfocbergs bg eutput fkkevcber, per uk acbe,

y bg aes ncotergs g`prgscrfca, sgoterfcags/oaýstgrgs y bg gkterke

qug gk cquæa fkuygk, per etre.

: Xer gmg`pae, gk ga Gu-

repgck Fkkevctfek _oerg-

jecrb (GF_), gk ga qug sg

`gzoack fkbfocbergs bg

fkput y eutput c ac derc

bg gacjercr uk àkbfog

su`crfe bg fkkevcofÿk

pcrc ocbc pcàs e rgifÿk

gurepgc, uk tgrrfterfe qug

dfofgrc ùodc F+B y qug

tuvfgrc kuaes rgsuatcbes

gk rgsuatcbes fkkevcbergs

(p.g. perogktcmgs bg g`-

prgscs qug dck fkkevcbe

e bg vgktcs bg prebuotes

kugves pcrc ga `grocbe),

qugbcràc ùode `gmer

qug etre qug ke dcog

F+B, pgre aeirc fkkevcr

caie per etrcs vàcs (per

gmg`pae, jcsãkbesg gk

su gxpgrfgkofc y per sus

rgacofekgs oek oafgktgs y

prevggbergs). Bgsbg ga

pukte bg rgsuatcbes, ga

sgiukbe gs supgrfer ca

prf`gre< y bgsbg ga pukte

bg vfstc bg gffiofgkofc bga

sfstg`c, tebcvàc `ãs.







Gk su`c, cuk sfk pebgr aagicr c ac gacjercofÿk bg uk fkbfocber bg

fkkevcofÿk iaejca tck seffistfocbe oeè ga qug prepuikc KG_RC

jcscbe gk ac oektrfjuofÿk bg aes cotfves fktckifjags ca orgof`fgk-

te bg ac prebuotfvfbcb, ocjg rgoe`gkbcr uk pcr bg fkbfocbergs

pcrc `gbfr ga bgsg`pgóe oekmukte bga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk bga

Xcàs ^csoe= bg èbe prfkofpca, ga bg ac prebuotfvfbcb tetca bg aes

ncotergs< y, sujsfbfcrfc`gktg, ga bg acs vgktcs bg prebuotes kugves

pcrc ga grocbe gk g`prgscs gxpertcbercs bg 6 e `ãs g`pagcbes

(gk % tetca bg vgktcs bg g`prgscs bg 6 e `ãs g`pagcbes). Cotuca-

`gktg ac prebuotfvfbcb tetca bg aes ncotergs ke sg gacjerc y pu-

jafoc bg èbe pgrfÿbfoe, sfke qug su vcaer pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe sÿae

sg bfspekg per gstf`cofekgs rgcafzcbcs per ckcafstcs u erickfzc-

ofekgs pcrtfouacrgs (væcksg acs `ãs rgofgktgs gk Cajgrbf (:838) y

Grcuslfk-Furrftc (:886)).

Wkc ýatf`c ejsgrvcofÿk dcog rgngrgkofc ca ocrãotgr prevfsfekca

bg ac prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs gngotucbc. Oeè cktgrfer`gktg sg

dc sgócacbe, bgjfbe c aes paczes oektg`pacbes pcrc su rgcafzcofÿk

y c ac `cikftub bg ac tcrgc qug rgqugràc, ga preygote pgrsgiuàc ýkf-

oc`gktg ukc prf`grc prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk,

pgre ke su rgoeagoofÿk e gstf`cofÿk, ougstfekgs qug rgqugrfràck

ùode `cyer tfg`pe y gsnugrze, kf tc`peoe ukc prepugstc bgffi-

kftfvc. Gk gngote, pcrc pebgr aagvcr c ocje ukc prepugstc bgffikftfvc

sgràc prgofse fkoaufr aes vcaergs bg tcags fkbfocbergs, csà oeè uk

gstubfe gstcbàstfoe bg su fbekgfbcb pcrc rggmcr ac rgcafbcb c ac qug

supugstc`gktg dcogk rgngrgkofc oeè prexy. Csà, per gmg`pae, aes

fkbfocbergs qug sg dck gagifbe perqug supugstc`gktg fkuygk gk

ga eutput fkkevcber, bgjgràc vgrfffiocrsg qug gngotfvc`gktg sg gk-

ougktrck rgacofekcbes oek ga sfike gspgrcbe oek tca eutput fkke-

vcber< y aes fkbfocbergs bg kfvga fkngrfer oektgkfbes gk ocbc suj-

tg`c bgjgràck cpcrgogr oerrgacofekcbes, csf`fsè, oek ga sfike

gspgrcbe, oek aes fkbfocbergs bg kfvga supgrfer gagifbes pcrc rgg-

mcr uk tg`c e suj-tg`c bgtgr fkcbe.? Fiuca`gktg, ocse bg gxfstfr

ukc oerrgacofÿk ùy catc gktrg caiukes fkbfocbergs bga `fsè

kfvga gse sgràc sgóca bg qug rgsuatck rgbukbcktgs y bg qug pebràck

gaf`fkcrsg. Rcags preogses bg bgpurcofÿk, g`pgre, sÿae rgsuatc pe-

sfjag rgcafzcraes bfspekfgkbe bg aes vcaergs bg ocbc fkbfocber, oesc

qug oeè cktgs sg dc sgócacbe, rgsuatcjc f`pesfjag gk gstc ncsg.

? ^æcsg, c èbe faustrc-

tfve, oÿè fkbfocbergs

fkfofca`gktg sgagoofekc-

bes pcrc `gbfr ac oe`pg-

tftfvfbcb bg acs rgifekgs bg

ac WG-:9 per ga Zgifekca

Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Fkbgx

sek ffikca`gktg bgsgodc-

bes bg ac prepugstc ffikca

bg fkbfocbergs per ke

ou`pafr tcags oekbfofekgs.






2. Xrepugstc bg fkbfocbergs pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe

y sus rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc

C gbfbc qug sg c`paàc ga ký`gre bg tgrrfterfes ejmgte bg oe`pc-

rcofÿk, tfgkbg c rgbuofrsg ga ký`gre bg fkbfocbergs qug rgsuatck

bfspekfjags gk tebes gaaes. Ac rgbuoofÿk qug tfgkg auicr gk ga ký-

`gre bg fkbfocbergs bfspekfjags pcrc ga gstubfe bg ac fkkevcofÿk

gs pcrtfouacr`gktg gvfbgktg sf pcrc aes tgrrfterfes ejmgte bg oe`-

pcrcofÿk ke rgsuatc pesfjag bfspekgr bg ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk.

Oeè gk etre ocpàtuae sg gxpekg, ac gagoofÿk bg acs rgifekgs bg

rgngrgkofc sg rgcafzc gk nukofÿk bg ukc sgrfg bg ocrcotgràstfocs qug,

ke sfgkbe nãofa`gktg ebfffiocjags c oerte y ocjfgkbe oeksfbgrcr-

acs oeè dgrgbcbcs e bcbcs, sg oeksfbgrck oekbfofekcktgs bg ac

cotfvfbcb fkkevcberc bg aes tgrrfterfes. Ocjràc, gk gstg sgktfbe,

bfstfkiufr bgktre bg tcags rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc acs qug bfspekgk

bg bctes oerrgspekbfgktgs c ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk oeùkftc-

rfc (OF_, gk sus sfiacs gk fkiaæs) y acs qug ke. Acs prf`grcs, sgràck

cqugaacs pcrc acs qug sg gngotýc ac prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg

gstg cpcrtcbe. Ac oe`pcrcofÿk oek acs sgiukbcs, gk oc`jfe, sÿae

sg gngotucràc oek ga irupe bg fkbfocbergs qug sg prepekg pcrc ga

oekmukte bg rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9 gk ga sfiufgktg cpcrtcbe.

Wkc sgiukbc bfngrgkofc qug prgsgktc ac prepugstc bg fkbfoc-

bergs bg gstg cpcrtcbe oek rgspgote c ac bga cpcrtcbe cktgrfer gs

qug, ca oektcr oek bctes pcrc uk oekmukte bg tgrrfterfes, aes vcae-

rgs bg aes bfstfktes fkbfocbergs pugbgk se`gtgrsg c aes trctc`fgk-

tes gstcbàstfoes pgrtfkgktgs (oerrgoofÿk bg eutafgrs, csf`gtràcs, gs-

tckbcrfzcofÿk, pekbgrcofÿk< væcsg ocpàtuae sejrg jgkod`crlfki

tgrrfterfca). Oeè oeksgougkofc bg gaae, rgsuatc pesfjag gacjercr

fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes, bg bfngrgktg kfvga, c pcrtfr bg aes bfng-

rgktgs fkbfocbergs. Xer gmg`pae, oek aes fkbfocbergs rgactfves ca

XFJ pgr oãpftc, ca XFJ rgca y c ac rgktc bfspekfjag per dcjftcktg sg

gacjercràc uk àkbfog bg f`pcote goekÿ`foe< y c su vgz, oek aes fk-

bfocbergs bg f`pcote goekÿ`foe, bg f`pcote seofca y bg f`pcote

`gbfec`jfgktca sg gacjercràc uk àkbfog bg f`pcote ýatfè< qug

c su vgz oek ga bg rgsuatcbes fktgr`gbfes, bcràc uk fkbfocber bg

rgsuatcbes goekÿ`foes, seofcags y gbfe-c`jfgktcags. Ga ebe bg

gacjercofÿk oekorgte bg tcags fkbfocbergs (vàc ckãafsfs ncoterfca,

vàc csfikcofÿk bg pgses fiucags c aes bfstfktes fkbfocbergs qug sg







oeksfbgrck pcrc ga fkbfocber oe`pugste…) bgjgrã rgcafzcrsg c ac

vfstc bg aes bctes, pugste qug, jfgk per acs pesfjfafbcbgs ffikcags

gxfstgktgs bg bfspesfofÿk bg bctes e jfgk per aes vcaergs rgcags qug

gstes prgsgktck, ac afstc bg fkbfocbergs prepugstc bgjgrã sgr rgvf-

scbc y gs pesfjag qug caiukes bg aes fkbfocbergs gk gaac oektg`-

pacbes bgjck sgr ffikca`gktg gaf`fkcbes. Gk tebe ocse, gse gaf`fkc

ac kgogsfbcb bg etericr c bgtgr`fkcbes fkbfocbergs fkbfvfbucags

uk rckie bfstfkte y trctcraes oeè fkbfocbergs bg prf`gr, sgiuk-

be e tgrogr kfvga, oeè sg dcoàc gk ga cpcrtcbe cktgrfer< gk gstc

prepugstc, tebes aes fkbfocbergs fkbfvfbucags sek bga `fsè kf-

vga jãsfoe, y aes fkbfocbergs bg kfvgags supgrfergs sek fkbfocbergs

oe`pugstes gacjercbes c pcrtfr bg aes fkbfocbergs fkbfvfbucags.

_gócagès, per ýatfè, qug bcbe qug ac rgbuoofÿk bga ký`g-

re bg fkbfocbergs cngotc `ãs c caiukcs bf`gksfekgs qug c etrcs,

sg dck gngotucbe afigrcs rgcbcptcofekgs bg aes tg`cs y suj-tg`cs

qug cpcrgoàck gk ac prf`grc prepugstc, bg èbe qug ke sek pag-

kc`gktg oefkofbgktgs. Ac afstc bg aes tg`cs y suj-tg`cs prepugs-

tes pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe y ga irupe bg rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc cpcrgog

rgoeifbc gk ga oucbre :.Ca fiuca qug cktgs,

ac afstc oe`pagtc bg

fkbfocbergs gk qug sg

bgspafgick aes tg`cs y

sujtg`cs rgoeifbes gk

ga oucbre : gstãk bfspe-

kfjags, pcrc ga agoter fk-

tgrgscbe, gk ac bfrgoofÿk

bg fktgrkgt= dttp=//www.


cspx5tcjfb038:8






Oucbre := Rg`cs y suj-tg`cs pcrc ga oucbre bg fkbfocbergs bg

fkkevcofÿk bga Xcàs ^csoe y acs rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc

F@XCOREF`pcote goekÿ`foe

F`pcote seofca

F`pcote `gbfe-c`jfgktca

ZG_WARCBE_ FKRGZ@GBFE_G`page

Xrebuovfbcb y oestgs

Fktgrkcofekcafzcofÿk

Cspgotes seofcags

ZG_WARCBE_ BG FKKE^COFßKG`page gk fkbustrfcs tgokeaÿifocs e bg oekeof`fgkte

^gktcs bg prebuotes fkkevcbergs

Gxpertcofÿk bg fkkevcofÿk

G`prgkbf`fgkte

Xujafocofekgs

Xctgktgs

Etrcs prepfgbcbgs fkbustrfcags y ogrffiocofekgs

G`prgscs fkkevcbercs

Xrebuovfbcb tetca bg aes ncotergs

G@XZG_C_Fktgksfbcb y tc`cóe bg ac F+B g`prgscrfca

Zgacofekgs fktgrkcofekcags gk fkkevcofÿk

Icste gk fkkevcofÿk, ke bg F+B

Oeepgrcofÿk

Zgourses du`ckes

Rc`cóe g`prgscrfca

Fkvgrsfÿk bfrgotc gxtrckmgrc

RFO

G_XGOFCAF]COFßK V NEZRCAG]C BG OAÝ_RGZG_Gspgofcafzcofÿk sgoterfca y bg oaýstgrgs

GKREZKE= NCOREZG_

Gsnugrze gk ner`cofÿkOucafffiocofÿk bg ac pejacofÿk

Xejacofÿk gxtrckmgrc

Wkfvgrsfbcb y EXFs

_grvfofes c g`prgscs

Nfkckofcofÿk y sgrvfofes ffikckofgres

Rgokeaeiàcs bg ac fkner`cofÿk

GKREZKE= BG@CKBCBf`gksfÿk bga `grocbe

_effisocofÿk bga `grocbe

GKREZKE= @COZE V OEKRGTRE

@coregoeke`àcFkstuofekgs igkgrcags

XeafocsF+B+f

^caergs

ZG_WARCBE_ GOEKß@FOE_,

_EOFCAG_ V

@GBFEC@JFGKRCAG_

EWRXWR FKKE^CBEZ

G@XZG_C_

OAW_RGZ_

GKREZKE IGKGZCA







7. Xrepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk pcrc ga

Xcàs ^csoe y ga oekmukte bg rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9

Ac `gker bfspekfjfafbcb bg bctes gxfstgktg pcrc ga oekmukte bg

KWR_: bg ac WG-:9 ejafic c qug ac prepugstc bg tg`cs, suj-tg`cs

g fkbfocbergs pcrc gstcs bgjc sgr fkoause `ãs rgbuofbc qug ac rgc-

afzcbc gk ga cpcrtcbe cktgrfer. Gk ga oucbre ? sg rgoeigk bg kugve

aes tg`cs y suj-tg`cs gk qug sg gkoucbrcràck aes fkbfocbergs.

Oucbre ?= Rg`cs y suj-tg`cs pcrc ga oucbre bg fkbfocbergs bg

fkkevcofÿk bga Xcàs ^csoe y ga oekmukte bg KWR_: bg ac WG-:9

F`pcote goekÿ`foe ýa`e

F`pcote seofca

Zgsuatcbes fktgr`gbfes

G`page gk fkbustrfcs tgokeaÿifocs e bg oekeof`fgkte

Xujafocofekgs

Xctgktgs

Fktgksfbcb y tc`cóe bg ac F+B g`prgscrfca

Zgacofekgs fktgrkcofekcags gk fkkevcofÿk

Zgourses du`ckes

Rc`cóe g`prgscrfca

Fkvgrsfÿk bfrgotc gxtrckmgrc

RFO

Gspgofcafzcofÿk sgoterfca y bg oaýstgrgs OAW_RGZ_

GKREZKE= NCOREZG_

Gsnugrze gk ner`cofÿk

Oucafffiocofÿk bg ac pejacofÿk

Xejacofÿk gxtrckmgrc

Wkfvgrsfbcb y EXFs

_grvfofes c g`prgscs y ffikckofgres

Rgokeaeiàcs bg ac fkner`cofÿk

GKREZKE= BG@CKBC

Bf`gksfÿk bga grocbe

_effisocofÿk bga grocbe

GKREZKE= @COZE V OEKRGTRE

@coregoeke`àc

Fkstuofekgs igkgrcags

XeafocsF+B+f

^caergs

ZG_WARCBE_ _EOFE-

GOEKß@FOE_

EWRXWR FKKE^CBEZ

G@XZG_C_

GKREZKE IGKGZCA

^æcsg ac afstc

oe`pagtc bg fkbfocbergs

oerrgspekbfgktgs c

gses tg`cs y sujtg`cs

gk ac bfrgoofÿk bg

fktgrkgt= dttp=//www.


cspx5tcjfb038:8






>. Xrepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk pcrc

oe`pcrcr ga Xcàs ^csoe oek pcàsgs

Oeè cktgrfer`gktg sg dc sgócacbe, rgsuatc `ãs cprepfcbe oe`-

pcrcr ga Xcàs csoe oek etrcs rgifekgs qug oek pcàsgs. Ke ejstcktg,

bgjfbe nukbc`gktca`gktg c ac cyer bfspekfjfafbcb bg bctes rg-

ngrfbes c pcàsgs, aes fkner`gs bg oe`pgtftfvfbcb g fkkevcofÿk ker-

`ca`gktg dck seafbe ogktrcrsg gk gstes ýatfès< g, fiuca`gktg,

aes ckãafsfs oe`pcrcbes bga Xcàs ^csoe igkgrca`gktg sg dck seafbe

rgcafzcr oek pcàsgs gk ga pcscbe.

Ac prf`grc epofÿk sgràc ctgkbgr c aes fkner`gs g fkbfocbergs

bg fkkevcofÿk pcrc pcàsgs yc gxfstgktgs y eptcr per cquga qug pc-

rgog ãs fbÿkge pcrc ga Xcàs csoe. Acs epofekgs sg èvgràck gktrg

uk fkner`g oeè ga qug gacjerc NEZC, Kerbfo Fkkevctfek @ekf-

ter , uy rfiurese, oek uk sÿafbe croe oekogptuca bgtrãs y oek uk

irck ký`gre bg fkbfocbergs, pgre qug prgsgktc, oeè prfkofpca

fkoekvgkfgktg pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe, ga qug ùodes bg tcags fkbfoc-

bergs ke sg gkougktrck bfspekfjags pcrc gstg, per oerrgspekbgr c

fkbfocbergs ejtgkfbes bg gkougstcs bg epfkfÿk e fkner`gs fktgr-

kcofekcags sÿae bfspekfjags pcrc pcàsgs< y ga fkner`g qug sg cpe-

yc per ac Oe`fsfÿk Gurepgc, ga Gurepgck Fkkevctfek _oergjecrb

(GF_), `gkes sÿafbe y oek uk ký`gre bg fkbfocbergs rgactfvc`gk-

tg rgbuofbe (ke aagic c ac trgfktgkc), pgre oek ukc gker`g bfnu-

sfÿk y vfsfjfafbcb y ac pesfjfafbcb bg ejtgkgr prãotfoc`gktg tebes

gaaes pcrc ga Xcàs csoe. Bg dgode, bcbe ga ocrãotgr bg rgngrgktg qug

dc caockzcbe gk aes `gbfes bg oeùkfocofÿk y gktrg aes bgofsergs

pýjafoes, gstg fkbfocber dc vgkfbe gstf`ãkbesg gstes ýatfès cóes

per Gustct, qufæk dcoàc bfspekfjag y pujafocjc tcags gstf`cofekgs

gk su wgj, gk ga cpcrtcbe bg fkbfocbergs gstruoturcags.

Ac etrc epofÿk sgràc eptcr per gacjercr ukc prepugstc bg

fkbfocbergs prepfc pcrc ac oe`pcrcofÿk bga Xcàs ^csoe oek aes

pcàsgs. Bfodc prepugstc bgjgràc rgcafzcrsg te`ckbe gk ougktc acs

bfspekfjfafbcbgs bg bctes gxfstgktgs, ae qug gk prfkofpfe aagvcràc c

bgsocrtcr ac `cyer pcrtg bg aes fkbfocbergs jcscbes gk gkougstcs

bg epfkfÿk e bga oektgxte fkstftuofekca qug rgoeigk fkstftuofekgs

tcags oeè ga Yerab Goeke`fo Neru`, ga F@B, ga Jckoe @ukbfca,

gto. Dcjfbc ougktc bg gse, ac prepugstc ke bfngrfràc tckte bg ac qug

`ãs crrfjc sg dc prepugste pcrc acs rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc qug







ougktck oek ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk. Rgkfgkbe gk ougktc tebe

gaae, oeksfbgrcès qug ukc prepugstc cbfofekca bg fkbfocbergs

pcrc oe`pcrcrsg oek pcàsgs cócbfràc ãs oe`pagmfbcb y bfffiouatc-

ràc su f`packtcofÿk, sfk cpertcr sustckofcags vgktcmcs sejrg acs yc

gxfstgktgs, y qug rgsuatcràc prgngrfjag cpafocr ac jctgràc bg fkbfoc-

bergs prepugstc pcrc oe`pcrcr ga Xcàs ^csoe oek acs rgifekgs bg

rgngrgkofc, tc`jfæk gk ac oe`pcrcofÿk bga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk

bga Xcàs ^csoe oek ga bg etres pcàsgs.

Gk su`c, oeè fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk pcrc ac oe`pcrc-

ofÿk bga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk bga Xcàs ^csoe oek ga bg pcàsgs sg

rgoe`fgkbc sgiufr gstf`ckbe ga GF_, y, oek ejmgte bg bfspekgr bg

uk `cyer ký`gre bg fkbfocbergs y gk uk `croe `ãs cbgoucbe

pcrc ga ckãafsfs bga sfstg`c, g`pagcr tc`jfæk ac prepugstc bg fkbf-

ocbergs bfsgócbc pcrc oe`pcrcr ga Xcàs ^csoe oek ga oekmukte bg

rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc qug bfspekgk bg gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk.

9. Kugvc fkner`cofÿk qug oekvgkbràc rgoeigr pcrc

`gmercr ac prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk

pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe Oeè cktgrfer`gktg sg dc fkbfocbe, acs prepugstcs bg fkbfocbe-

rgs rgoeifbcs gk aes cpcrtcbes cktgrfergs gstãk rgcafzcbcs te`ckbe

gk ougktc ac aftgrcturc bg aes sfstg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk y acs nugktgs

y bctes cotuca`gktg bfspekfjags pcrc ga Xcàs csoe. Gste ýatfè

supekg ukc f`pertcktg oekstrfoofÿk, pugs, sf oeè vgàcès gk ga

prf`gr ocpàtuae, aes ckcafstcs dck pugste bg `ckfffigste f`pertck-

tgs ocrgkofcs gk aes fkbfocbergs bfspekfjags pcrc `gbfr ac fkkevc-

ofÿk, sus ncotergs oekbfofekcktgs y su f`pcote, gscs ocrgkofcs sek

`cyergs gk ga ocse bg ukc rgifÿk, c pgscr bg ac fkbubcjag vgktcmc

qug supekg bfspekgr bg uk Fkstftute ^csoe bg Gstcbàstfoc (Gustct)

qug tfgkg oeè ejmgtfve ncofaftcr ac fkner`cofÿk gstcbàstfoc kgog-

scrfc pcrc ga sgiuf`fgkte bg ac rgcafbcb seofe-goekÿ`foc.

µOuãags sgràck acs ãrgcs gk qug cyergs sek acs ocrgkofcs y qug

ocjràc dcogr ca rgspgote5 Xcrc ncofaftcr ac gxpesfofÿk bg tcags ocrgk-

ofcs y bg caiukcs cotucofekgs oerrgotercs qug pebràck gstcjagogrsg

ca rgspgote trctcrgès bg erbgkcr tcags ocrgkofcs gk nukofÿk bg

aes bfstfktes packes gk qug dgès fbe cirupcbe kugstrcs pre-

pugstcs bg fkbfocbergs (c scjgr= gkterke igkgrca, gkterke oaýstgr,






g`prgscs, eutput fkkevcber y rgsuatcbes g f`pcotes goekÿ`foes,

seofcags y `gbfec`jfgktcags). Ke ejstcktg, gk caiukes ocses dcy

caiukes tg`cs (per gmg`pae, rgourses du`ckes e fktgrkcofekcaf-

zcofÿk) qug ctrcvfgsck vcrfes oc`pes y qug, pcrc gvftcr su nrci-

`gktcofÿk y vfsfÿk pcrofcafzcbc, sgrãk trctcbes oekmuktc`gktg gk

ga packe qug sg oeksfbgrg `ãs epertuke pcrc gaae.

9.3 Fkbfocbergs bg oektgxte igkgrca

Acs cotfvfbcbgs fkkevcbercs tfgkgk auicr gk uk oektgxte igkgrca

(gk irck `gbfbc, fkstftuofekca y bg vcaergs) bga qug igkgrca`gktg

sg ocrgog bg fkbfocbergs pcrc acs rgifekgs. Gk ga packe kcofekca,

dcstc ngodcs rgofgktgs, sg ocrgoàc tc`jfæk bg fkbfocbergs gk gstg

ã`jfte, ca dcjgr gstcbe ogktrcbc ac prebuoofÿk gstcbàstfoc gk ae

qug trcbfofekca`gktg sg dck vgkfbe gk aac`cr bctes «dcrb ¼ e gs-

tcbàstfocs oucktftctfvcs. Gk ac ýatf`c bæocbc, g`pgre, ukc sgrfg

bg erickfzcofekgs (Jckoe @ukbfca, EOBG, YGN…), `gbfck-

tg gkougstcs bg epfkfÿk e bg etre tfpe, dck trctcbe bg enrgogr

cprexf`cofekgs c ac pesfofÿk bg aes bfngrgktgs pcàsgs gk tcags

ougstfekgs (iejgrkckzc, oerrupofÿk, ncofafbcb pcrc ac rgcafzcofÿk

bg aes kgieofes, bgngksc bg ac prepfgbcb fkbustrfca, pretgoofÿk bg

ac oe`pgtgkofc, cotftubgs y vcaergs, ocpftca seofca…). Gk caiukes

ocses, tcags cspgotes sg bgtgr`fkck gk irck `gbfbc gk ga packe

kcofekca y acs vcaercofekgs qug gk tcags fkner`gs sg enrgogk pcrc

ga pcàs pugbgk sgr cpafocjags, sfk ùodc bfstersfÿk, c acs rgifekgs

bg bfode pcàs< uk gmg`pae bg gaae ae tgkbràcès oek ac pretgoofÿk

bg ac prepfgbcb fkbustrfca e ac pretgoofÿk bg ac oe`pgtgkofc, qug

ke vcràck sfikfffioctfvc`gktg bg ukc rgifÿk c etrc bgktre bg uk

`fsè pcàs. Xgre gk etres ocses, ga oektgxte qug tcags fkbfocbergs

pugbgk qugrgr `gbfr pugbg bfngrfr ketcjag`gktg gktrg acs rgife-

kgs bg uk `fsè pcàs (per gmg`pae, ac oerrupofÿk gk ga Agvcktg

gspcóea) y ga cpafocr ac vcaercofÿk qug ga fkner`g eteric ca oek-

mukte bg ac kcofÿk c tebcs sus rgifekgs ke rgsuatc ùy cprepfcbe.

Ke rgsuatc nãofa prepekgr ukc ýkfoc seauofÿk c gsg rgspgote.

• Gk caiukes ocses, ac seauofÿk oeksfstfràc gk aagicr c cougrbes

oek aes rgspekscjags bg ac gkougstc (per gmg`pae, gk acs gk-

ougstcs qug gngotýc ga Gurejcrÿ`gtre) pcrc qug ac ùgstrc

qug sg bfsgóc pcrc Gspcóc sg c`pafcrc rgifekca`gktg (ouckbe







`gkes, pcrc ga ocse bga Xcàs ^csoe) bg èbe qug sg caockzcrc

uk kfvga bg rgspugstcs qug pgr`ftfgrc ejtgkgr rgsuatcbes gs-

tcbàstfoc`gktg rgprgsgktctfves rgifekca`gktg. Gk ac Gkougstc

Gurepgc bg caergs, per gmg`pae, aes bctes qug rgoeig ga gquf-

pe gspcóea, bfrfifbe per fkvgstficbergs vcsoes, sek rgprgsgk-

tctfves pcrc ga Xcàs csoe, bg èbe qug sg bfspekg bg bctes bg

aes vcaergs bg ac muvgktub vcsoc oe`pcrcjags oek aes bg etres

pcàsgs.

• Gk etres ocses, acs gkougstcs rgcafzcbcs gk ga ã`jfte fktgr-

kcofekca sg rgprebuogk, ouckbe `gkes gk caiukes àtg`,

per fkstftuofekgs vcsocs. Csà, per gmg`pae, gk ac ýatf`c gbf-

ofÿk bg ac gkougstc bg oekbfofekgs bg trcjcme rgcafzcbc per ga

Iejfgrke ^csoe sg fkoauygrek ukc sgrfg bg àtg`, fbæktfoes c

aes bga ougstfekcrfe bg ac gkougstc gurepgc, pcrc pesfjfaftcr ac

oe`pcrcofÿk bg sus rgsuatcbes.

• Xgre gk ùodes etres ocses, aes erickfsès fktgrkcofekcags

ke sek gxfjags y ke cpcrgogk bfspugstes c catgrcr ga bfsgóe

bg sus epgrcofekgs, y ac ræpafoc bg acs `fs`cs rgsuatc ùy bf-

nàofa bg aagvcr c ocje per fkstftuofekgs rgifekcags. E `ãs cuk,

oeè gk su è`gkte èstrÿ uk fktgkte ncaafbe bg rgpafocr

ac gkougstc bga Yerab Goeke`fo Neru` gk ga Xcàs ^csoe per

Erlgstrc, dcy bgtgr`fkcbcs gkougstcs qug pcrc sgr trcsacbc-

bcs ca packe rgifekca prgofsck bg ofgrtc cbcptcofÿk y ke jcstc

oek ukc `grc trcbuoofÿk bg sus prgiuktcs.

Gk su`c, trcs ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg aes ncotergs bg oektgxte qug

bgjfgrck sgr oeksfbgrcbes gk ukc prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg

fkkevcofÿk, oekvgkbràc preogbgr c ukc bgaf`ftcofÿk bg cqugaaes

qug sg oeksfbgrc qug ke prgsgktck sustckofcags bfngrgkofcs gktrg

acs rgifekgs bg uk pcàs y aes qug sà. Gk prfkofpfe, pcrgogràc pebgr

sestgkgrsg qug acs fkstftuofekgs «dcrb ¼ (cqugaacs qug sg `ctgrfcaf-

zck gk agygs y ker`cs ner`cags) tfgkgk ukc f`packtcofÿk ãs de-

èiækgc y prgsgktck `gkes bfngrgkofcs bg ukcs rgifekgs c etrcs<

`fgktrcs qug acs fkstftuofekgs «sent ¼ (aficbcs c vcaergs, cotftubgs,

trcbfofekgs…) prgsgktck `ãs bfngrgkofcs fktgrrgifekcags. Gk tca

sgktfbe, oekvgkbràc dcogr uk gsnugrze gspgofca pcrc qug cqugaacs

fkfofctfvcs gurepgcs (pcrtfouacr`gktg, ac Gurepgck ^caug _urvgy ,

ac Gurepgck _eofca _urvgy y bfvgrscs gkougstcs qug aagvc c ocje






Gurejcre`gtgr ) qug trctck bg rgocjcr fkner`cofÿk sejrg fkstftu-

ofekgs sent qug rgsuatck oacvg pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk (oeè per gmg`-

pae ga ocpftca seofca e acs cotftubgs bg g`prgkbf`fgkte y csukofÿk

bg rfgsies) tuvfgrck tc`cóes bg ùgstrc suffiofgktg qug pgr`ftfg-

rck su gxpaetcofÿk pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe< e qug catgrkctfvc`gktg, sg

rgpafqugk pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe.

Wkc sgrfg bg oerrfgktgs e gsougacs aficbcs ca gknequg BWF

dck bgstcocbe ac f`pertckofc bg acs fkstftuofekgs bga `grocbe

bg trcjcme, bga oaf`c bg kgieofes y seofca, y bga ocpftca seofca gk

aes èbes bg fkkevcofÿk y cprgkbfzcmg. _fk g`jcrie, ac rggxfÿk

qug tcags oerrfgktgs dck aagvcbe c ocje sejrg gstcs ougstfekgs dc

fbe bfrfifbc c fbgktfffiocr cspgotes bg acs `fs`cs qug pugbgk gstcr

cngotckbe c ac fkkevcofÿk y c ac rgcafzcofÿk bg ckãafsfs bg ocrãotgr

oucaftctfve, `ãs qug c ac nerùacofÿk bg fkbfocbergs prgofses qug

pgr`ftck gbfraes y oe`pcrcr oÿè sg gkougktrck aes bfngrgktgs

pcàsgs c gsg rgspgote. Cuk y tebe, tcags oerrfgktgs dck sujrcycbe

ac f`pertckofc bg ncotergs dcstc cderc uk tckte `crifkcbes gk

aes gstubfes bg fkkevcofÿk y dck sgrvfbe bg cofoctg pcrc qug gk

aes bfngrgktgs fkner`gs bg fkkevcofÿk y oe`pgtftfvfbcb sg vcyck

fkoerperckbe fkbfocbergs rgngrfbes c tcags ã`jftes, oeè aes rg-

oeifbes gk acs octgieràcs @coregoeke`àc y oektgxte bg acs pre-

pugstcs cktgs nerùacbcs.

9.: Fkbfocbergs bg bg`ckbc

Etrc ãrgc oacvg pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk, gkoacvcbc gk pcrtg gk ga gk-

terke igkgrca y gk pcrtg gk ga bg ac prepfc g`prgsc, bg ac qug aes

bctes bfspekfjags sek rgactfvc`gktg gsocses, gs ac bg ac bg`ckbc

y bga pcpga bga usucrfe. Cukqug gktrg aes fkbfocbergs bg gkterke

bg kugstrc prepugstc sg dck fktrebuofbe bes suj-tg`cs sejrg ac

`cikftub bg aes `grocbes y ga ircbe bg seffistfocofÿk qug gstes

prgsgktck, gstg ýatfè cspgote sg oujrg gk ùode `gker ircbe

qug pcrc aes pcàsgs, pugs fkbfocbergs jcscbes gk gkougstcs bg epf-

kfÿk bga YGN, F@B, Gurejcrÿ`gtre… qug sugagk gstcr bfspekf-

jags pcrc æstes (per gmg`pae, sejrg ga pcpga bg acs oe`prcs pýjaf-

ocs pcrc ga bgscrreaae bg prebuotes fkkevcbergs) ke sugagk gstcr

bfspekfjags gk ga packe rgifekca. Gk ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk sg

fkoauygk caiukes àtg`s qug prgtgkbgr fkbfocr sf aes oafgktgs sek







ukc nugrtg f`pertcktg pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk, sf oekstftuygk ukc jc-

rrgrc pcrc gstc e fkoause sf gxfstgk cougrbes bg oeepgrcofÿk oek

cqugaaes. Xgre sek c tebes auogs fksuffiofgktgs pcrc gbfr ouãa gs ac

pesfofÿk gk ae qug ac orgofgktg aftgrcturc bgke`fkc «usgr brfvgk

fkkevctfek¼ (gste gs, use bga oekeof`fgkte bg acs kgogsfbcbgs bga

usucrfe gk acs cotfvfbcbgs fkkevcbercs bg ac g`prgsc), «agcb-usgr

fkkevctfek¼ (ac pcrtfofpcofÿk bg usucrfes aàbgrgs gk ga rgca bgsc-

rreaae bg prebuotes) y «usgr fkkevctfek¼ (ga bgscrreaae bg fkkevc-

ofekgs per ga usucrfe, pcrc su prepfe use).

9.? Fkbfocbergs bg rgourses du`ckes

Wkc tgrogrc ãrgc, qug ocjràc gk`crocrac tckte bgktre bga gkter-

ke `fore igkgrca (gk ga værtfog bg ncotergs, bga bfc`cktg bg Xer-

tgr) oeè gk ga packe bg acs g`prgscs, y bg ac qug, c pgscr bg ac

cjukbckofc bg bctes y gstcbàstfocs oek gaac rgacofekcbes, sg sfiug

ocrgofgkbe bg fkner`cofÿk jãsfoc gs ac bg rgourses du`ckes.

Ofgrtc`gktg acs gstcbàstfocs gbuoctfvcs, ac gkougstc bg ac nugrzc

bg trcjcme y ac prepfc gstcbàstfoc bg F+B preperofekck uodc fk-

ner`cofÿk sejrg caiukes cspgotes bg aes rgourses du`ckes, pgre

dcy bes cspgotes gsgkofcags sejrg aes qug ac fkner`cofÿk gs prão-

tfoc`gktg fkgxfstgktg.

Gk prf`gr auicr, ncatck rgifstres bg g`pagcber-g`pagcbe co-

ogsfjags c aes fkvgstficbergs, c pcrtfr bg aes oucags pubfgrck gacje-

rcrsg fkbfocbergs qug pgr`ftfgrck gstubfcr ac èvfafbcb acjerca

gktrg aes bfngrgktgs oe`pekgktgs bg uk sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk (e

gktrg ac bg gsg sfstg`c y ga rgste bga ùkbe) y ac oucafffiocofÿk bga

pgrsekca gk acs g`prgscs. Rcags rgifstres cb`fkfstrctfves sek utf-

afzcbes oek ffikgs bg ckãafsfs gk aes pcàsgs kÿrbfoes, pesfjfaftckbe

ga gstubfe bg acs gtcpcs bg ac cjserofÿk y bfnusfÿk bg ac ocbgkc

bg oekeof`fgkte, qug sek prgofsc`gktg bg acs qug `gkes fkbf-

ocbergs sg bfspekg y acs qug aes gstubfes rgofgktgs ùgstrck qug

fkoause rgsuatck ãs bgofsfvcs qug ac bg igkgrcofÿk e coogse ca oe-

keof`fgkte (væcsg Deaackbgrs, :838). Zgsuatcràc oacvg qug, c gstg

rgspgote, c trcvæs bg Gustct e oek acs nÿrùacs qug nugrc, sg pubfg-

rc gxpaetcr ac fkner`cofÿk bg ac cffiafcofÿk c ac _giurfbcb _eofca.

Catgrkctfvc`gktg, oek ejmgte bg pesfjfaftcr ga oekeof`fgkte bg

ac oucafffiocofÿk bg aes trcjcmcbergs gk acs g`prgscs y pebgr aficr






cqugaac c aes rcsies, oe`pertc`fgktes y rgsuatcbes g`prgscrfcags,

sg bgjgràck fkoaufr gk ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk caiukes peoes

àtg` qug pgr`ftfgrck cprexf`crsg c tca ougstfÿk, y c acs cotfvfbc-

bgs y icste gk ner`cofÿk bg acs g`prgscs.

Gk sgiukbe auicr, ke rgsuatc suffiofgktg ga oekeogr ga ký`gre

bg gstubfcktgs e ga kfvga gbuoctfve caockzcbe per ac pejacofÿk, e

acs pgrsekcs qug pcrtfofpck gk cotfvfbcbgs bg ner`cofÿk oektf-

kuc, sfke qug rgsuatc prgofse oekeogr tc`jfæk acs oe`pgtgkofcs

per æstes rgca`gktg caockzcbcs. Gstubfes oeè aes bg XF_C, per ac

EOBG, ùgstrck qug ga kfvga gbuoctfve y oe`pgtgkofcs caockzc-

bcs per gstubfcktgs bg uk `fsè kfvga gbuoctfve bfffigrgk sustck-

ofca`gktg bg ukes pcàsgs c etres, y qug ke gs ukc `grc ougstfÿk

bg `cyer e `gker icste gbuoctfve. Gs `ãs, acs gvcaucofekgs fktgr-

kcofekcags bg tcags oe`pgtgkofcs gstãk ogktrcbes gk cspgotes uy

aficbes ca oekeof`fgkte ner`ca (ircbe bg oekeof`fgkte bg ctg-

`ãtfocs, ofgkofcs e agkiucmg), pgre ke c etrc sgrfg bg oe`pgtgkofcs

jãsfocs ãs aficbcs c uk ebe bg fkkevcofÿk BWF, oeè sek per

gmg`pae ac ocpcofbcb bg trcjcme gk irupe y bg fktgrcoofÿk. Etrc

ougstfÿk rgagvcktg qug tc`jfæk ocjràc aficrac c ac fbekgfbcb bg

ac ner`cofÿk, gs ac bg ac ocafffiocofÿk qug `grgogk ac ukfvgrsfbcb

y aes ogktres gbuoctfves, gktrg aes qug sg sugag prgstcr pcrtfouacr

ctgkofÿk c acs gsougacs bg kgieofes.

9.2 Fkbfocbergs bg fktgrkcofekcafzcofÿk

Wkc oucrtc irck ãrgc, qug ctrcvfgsc tc`jfæk bfngrgktgs packes

(gkterke, g`prgsc y rgsuatcbes), y sejrg ac qug ac orgofgktg iaejc-

afzcofÿk dcog kgogscrfe bfspekgr bg ãs bctes qug aes trcbfofekc-

ags, gs ac bg ac fktgrkcofekcafzcofÿk.

• Ac pcrtg oerrgspekbfgktg ca oe`grofe fktgrkcofekca bg jfgkgs

gstã rgactfvc`gktg jfgk oujfgrtc bg bctes.

• Ac bga oe`grofe bg sgrvfofes (fkoaufbc ac jcackzc tgokeaÿifoc)

prgsgktc ocrgkofcs, pgre jcsãkbesg gk ac gkougstc bg sgrvfofes

y gk ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk sg pugbgk bgffikfr caiukes fk-

bfocbergs jãsfoes.

• C pcrtfr bg aes ogkses, bg aes pcbrekgs, bg ac gkougstc bg ac

nugrzc bg trcjcme y bg acs gstcbàstfocs gbuoctfvcs, ac fktgrkc-

ofekcafzcofÿk bg acs pgrsekcs tc`jfæk pugbg sgr rgifstrcbc.2

2 Gk caiukes ocses, oeè

per gmg`pae gk ac Gkougs-

tc bg ac Xejacofÿk oek

Zgacofÿk c ac Cotfvfbcb

(XZC) bg Gustct, sf jfgk

sg prgiuktc sejrg ac kc-

ofekcafbcb bga gkougstc-

be, aes rgsuatcbes qug

cotuca`gktg sg ejtfgkgk

ke enrgogk ac suffiofgktg ffi-

cjfafbcb y aes preogses bg

bgpurcofÿk y trctc`fgkte

bg tca ougstfÿk bgjgk

sgr `gmercbes, pcrc qug

pugbck sgr gngotfvc`gktg

gxpaetcbes.







• Acs ocrgkofcs sek ketcjags, gk oc`jfe, ouckbe sg cjerbc ac

fktgrkcofekcafzcofÿk ffikckofgrc y, gk pcrtfouacr, ac fkvgrsfÿk

bfrgotc. Zgsuatc kgogscrfe bfspekgr bg umes y, sejrg tebe, bg

bctes bg steol bg fkvgrsfÿk bfrgotc qug vcyck `ãs caaã bg aes

qug preperofekc ga rgifstre bg fkvgrsfekgs bga @fkfstgrfe bg

Fkbustrfc, qug rgsuatck c tebcs auogs, ke sÿae ùy af`ftcbes

(ke sg oekeogk, per gmg`pae, aes bctes bga steol bg fkvgrsfÿk

bfrgotc rgactfves ca Xcàs ^csoe per sgotergs y pcàsgs), sfke fk-

oause ke ùy fficjags. Gstes fkbfocbergs pgr`ftfràck rgspek-

bgr c aes rgqugrf`fgktes bg bctes qug, gk aes gknequgs BWF,

bgsbg aes ckãafsfs bg ac ocpcofbcb bg cjserofÿk, sg packtgck

pcrc ckcafzcr ac oekgxfÿk bg uk tgrrfterfe oek acs nugktgs bg

oekeof`fgkte gxtgrke.

Wkc `gbfbc qug cyubcràc c oujrfr acs ocrgkofcs bg bctes gk gstg

ã`jfte gs qug gk acs prfkofpcags epgrcofekgs gstcbàstfocs bg Gustct

aficbcs c ac g`prgsc (gkougstc fkbustrfca, gkougstc bg sgrvfofes,

gkougstc bg ac seofgbcb bg ac fkner`cofÿk rgactfvc c g`prgscs…)

gxfstck ukcs prgiuktcs jãsfocs sejrg ac kcofekcafbcb bg aes pre-

pfgtcrfes y sg rgoemck ukes àkfès bctes sejrg acs pesfjags ffiafcags

e cotfvfbcbgs qug pubfgrc tgkgr ac g`prgsc gk ga gxtgrfer, bg èbe

qug pugbck preperofekcr bctes su`crfes sejrg ac fktgrkcofekcaf-

zcofÿk bg ac goeke`àc vcsoc. Xcrcagac`gktg, gk acs gkougstcs qug

sg gngotýck c acs pgrsekcs, oekvfgkg qug sg rgoemc ac kcofekcafbcb

y auicr bg kcof fgkte bg ac pgrsekc c ac qug sg rgffigrg ac gkougstc,

c sg`gmckzc bg ae qug yc sg dcog oek ac Gkougstc bg ac pejacofÿk

gk rgacofÿk oek ac cotfvfbcb bg Gustct.

9.7 Oaýstgrgs y gspgofcafzcofÿk

Wke bg aes prfkofpcags ejstãouaes pcrc ac `gbfofÿk gk ga ã`jf-

te bg aes oaýstgrgs y bg ac gspgofcafzcofÿk bga tgrrfterfe rcbfoc gk

qug aes oaýstgrgs sek ukc rgcafbcb paurca y qug ke tfgkg per quæ

oefkofbfr bg uk tgrrfterfe c etre. Ga Fkstftutg ner _trctgiy ckb Oe`-

pgtftfvgkgss bg Dcrvcrb dc gacjercbe ukc tcjac bg oekvgrsfÿk, c

pcrtfr bg aes bctes bg g`page bg ac goeke`àc kertgc`grfockc, qug

pgr`ftg trcksner`cr bctes oacsfffiocbes per cotfvfbcbgs goekÿ`f-

ocs (c 2 bàiftes bg bgscirgicofÿk) y crckogacrfc c bctes oacsfffiocbes

per oaýstgrgs. Xgre, cukqug sg aeircrck scavcr aes prejag`cs bg






bfspekfjfafbcb bg acs vcrfcjags jãsfocs pcrc tca ircbe bg bgscirg-

icofÿk, sg gkougktrc ga prejag`c bg ac cbgoucofÿk bg ac tcjac bg

oekvgrsfÿk c ac rgcafbcb bg acs rgifekgs gurepgcs.

Ga prejag`c sg cogktýc pcrc aes fkbfocbergs oerrgspekbfgk-

tgs c acs cseofcofekgs oaýstgrgs. Aes bctes preperofekcbes per ga

Gurepgck Oaustgr Ejsgrvctery (GOE) sejrg cseofcofekgs oaýstgrgs

sek aes oerrgspekbfgktgs c acs cseofcofekgs qug gk cqugaac sg dck

rgifstrcbe. Bgpgkbfgkbe bga oekeof`fgkte bg GOE gk aes bfng-

rgktgs pcàsgs y bga fktgræs bg sus cseofcofekgs oaýstgrgs gk rgifs-

trcrsg e ke, su prgsgkofc rgca gk ga rgifstre gs catc (ocse, per gmg`-

pae, bga Xcàs ^csoe) e jcmc. _fk gktrcr gk ae bfngrgktg qug rgsuatck

acs cseofcofekgs oaýstgrgs bg ukes auicrgs c etres.

Xer etre acbe, acs nrektgrcs qug bgaf`ftck tebes gstes oekogp-

tes (sgoter, oaýstgr…) sg bfauygk= ocbc vgz rgsuatc `ãs fkbfseofcjag

ac cotfvfbcb `ckuncoturgrc bg ac bg prevfsfÿk bg sgrvfofes, y aes

oaýstgrgs cpcrgogk trukocbes e fksgrtcbes bg ner`cs ùy vcrfc-

bcs gk ocbgkcs bg vcaer iaejcags. Ke jcstc, pugs, oek ctgkbgr ca

ircbe bg gspgofcafzcofÿk e bfvgrsfffiocofÿk bg ac gstruoturc sgote-

rfca y bg oaýstgrgs, sfke qug ke ocjg fikercr su èbe bg fksgrofÿk

bfngrgkofca gk acs ocbgkcs bg vcaer iaejcags, pukte gstg sejrg ga

qug sg ocrgog bg gstcbàstfocs.

C gse dcjràc qug su`cr ga èbe tck jãsfoe oeè sg `fbgk

cspgotes oeè ac «vcrfgbcb rgacofekcbc¼, oeksfbgrcbes ocpftcags

per ac aftgrcturc pcrc ac oekstruoofÿk bg vgktcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs

rgifekcags. Gk uk trcjcme rgofgktg, pgkbfgktg bg pujafocofÿk, bg

Jesod`c, @fkekbe y Kcvcrre sg ugstrc qug aes rgsuatcbes bg ac

`gbfofÿk bg ac vcrfgbcb rgacofekcbc y bg sus gngotes gk ga orgof-

`fgkte goekÿ`foe, ac prebuotfvfbcb, y ga g`page sek ùy bfng-

rgktgs sgiýk ga èbe gk qug sg oacsfffiqugk aes bctes (bg cougrbe

oek ac oacsfffiocofÿk crckogacrfc, oek ac bg oaýstgrgs bg Dcrvcrb y

GOE e oek aes àkbfogs bg prexf`fbcb bg Dfbcaie y etres). Gs `ãs,

ac vcrfgbcb rgacofekcbc sg dc bgscrreaacbe nukbc`gktca`gktg af-

icbc ca oekogpte bg «bfstckofc oeikftfvc¼, ac ouca dcràc rgngrgkofc,

sgiýk Csdgf` y etres, c ac bfstckofc gk acs jcsgs bg oekeof`fgkte

gxfstgktgs bg ukcs cotfvfbcbgs y cigktgs c etres= pugs jfgk, tebcvàc

ac aftgrcturc ke dc enrgofbe uk preogbf`fgkte pcrc dcogr epgrctf-

vc ac bfstfkofÿk gktrg jcsgs bg oekeof`fgkte ckcaàtfocs, sfktætfocs







y sf`jÿafocs, bg èbe qug ca ke tgkgr aes bctes oekner`g c tcags

octgieràcs rgsuatc bfnàofa bg f`cifkcr ac gstf`cofÿk bg acs bfstck-

ofcs oeikftfvcs.

Gste gs, ga jaequg bg oaýstgrgs y gspgofcafzcofÿk packtgc ukc

sgrfg bg ircvgs prejag`cs, oekogptucags y epgrcofekcags, qug gk

ýatf`c fkstckofc sg rggmck gk acs bfffiouatcbgs gxfstgktgs pcrc su

`gbfofÿk. Cktg gse, gk caiukes fkner`gs sg dc eptcbe, ukc vgz

`ãs, per rgourrfr c gstf`cr ac pesfofÿk qug uk pcàs prgsgktc gk

gstcs ougstfekgs per acs rgspugstcs bcbcs per bfrgotfves c ukc gk-

ougstc bg epfkfÿk. Csà, per gmg`pae, gk ga Iaejca Oe`pgtftfvgkgss

Zgpert bga YGN sg prgiuktc sejrg ga «gstcbe bga bgscrreaae bg oaýs-

tgrgs¼ e ga «kfvga (gstrgode e c`pafe) bg prgsgkofc bg acs g`prgscs

gxpertcbercs gk ac ocbgkc bg vcaer¼. Ac prepugstc pcscràc, gk gsc

aàkgc, per gxpaetcr gk tebe ae qug nugrc pesfjag ukc cprexf`cofÿk

oucktftctfvc ca gstubfe bg ac gspgofcafzcofÿk y vcrfgbcb rgacofekc-

bc bg ac cotfvfbcb goekÿ`foc, pgre oe`pag`gktcr ac `fs`c oek

ukc cprexf`cofÿk oucaftctfvc c ac `gbfofÿk bg cqugaaes ncotergs

qug ke pgr`ftgk ukc cprexf`cofÿk ãs oucktftctfvc, fkoauygkbe

gk ac gkougstc bg gstrctgifcs g`prgscrfcags c ac qug `ãs cbgacktg,

gk ga cpcrtcbe 9.9, kes rgngrfrgès, ukcs prgiuktcs qug pgr`ftck

gvcaucr gstg tfpe bg ougstfekgs.

9.> Fkbfocbergs pcrc bfngrgktgs ukfbcbgs gstcbàstfocs

Bg ac `fs`c `ckgrc qug cocjcès bg vgr qug c ac derc bg ciru-

pcr ac cotfvfbcb goekÿ`foc ukc sgrfg bg oekogptes qug vgkàck

utfafzãkbesg dcstc ngodcs rgofgktgs rgsuatck ocbc vgz `gkes cpre-

pfcbes y bck auicr c ac g`grigkofc suogsfvc bg etres kugves (bga

sgoter sg pcsc ca oaýstgr, c acs pactcner`cs y ocbgkcs bg vcaer…),

tc`jfæk kes gkoektrcès oek prejag`cs dcstc ofgrte pukte sg-

`gmcktgs gk acs ukfbcbgs gstcbàstfocs qug epgrck gk tcags cirupc-

ofekgs bg cotfvfbcbgs. Aes bfrgoterfes bg cotfvfbcbgs goekÿ`focs

cpcrgktg`gktg preperofekck bctes bg gstcjagof`fgktes (e ukf-

bcbgs aeocags) y g`prgscs< `cs gk rgcafbcb, igkgrca`gktg ae qug

preperofekck gs bctes bg gstcjagof`fgktes y bg ukfbcbgs muràbf-

ocs, pgre ke, bg g`prgscs. Aes rgspekscjags bg aes bfrgoterfes ke

sugagk sgr ocpcogs bg, ygkbe ãs caaã bg ac ukfbcb muràbfoc, gacje-

rcr rgca`gktg gstcbàstfocs bg g`prgscs< y gkes cýk, bg irupes bg






g`prgscs. Gse bfstersfekc sejrg`ckgrc ga ckãafsfs bg ac rgcafbcb

goekÿ`foc. Bg tebes èbes, gstes sek oc`jfes qug ke rgsuatck

nãofags bg aagvcr cbgacktg y, sfgkbe rgcafstcs, ke ocjg prgvgr qug sg

f`packtgk gk uk gsogkcrfe prÿxfè.

Ae qug sà ocjràc y sgràc ncotfjag oerrgifr gk uk pacze ke gxog-

sfvc`gktg acrie gs qug ga bfrgoterfe bg cotfvfbcbgs goekÿ`focs

(Bfrcg) bg Gustct rgoeifgrc bctes ke sÿae bga g`page bg ac g`-

prgsc (e, `ãs gxcotc`gktg, ukfbcb muràbfoc) gk ga Xcàs ^csoe, sfke

tc`jfæk bg su g`page gk ga oekmukte bg Gspcóc, bcbe qug jugkc

pcrtg bg acs goeke`àcs bg gsocac y bg aes u`jrcags oràtfoes qug ac

aftgrcturc rgacofekc oek oe`pgtftfvfbcb g fkkevcofÿk gstcràck ãs

rgacofekcbes oek ga tc`cóe g`prgscrfca, qug oek ga bga gstcjagof-

`fgkte. Gk gstes è`gktes c ac derc bg gacjercr ga bfrgoterfe tca

vcrfcjag trctc bg rgoeigrsg, pgre pestgrfer`gktg ke sg se`gtg c

preogses bg bgpurcofÿk y oektrcstg sf`facrgs c aes qug sg gngotýck

oek ga bga tc`cóe bga g`page rgactfve ca bg ac g`prgsc gk ga Xcàs

^csoe, per ae qug su fficjfafbcb gs ùode `gker y Gustct eptc per

ke pujafocrae. Csf`fsè, pcrc pebgr ckcafzcr cbgoucbc`gktg ga

ngkÿ`gke bga orgof`fgkte g`prgscrfca gk ga ocse bg acs g`prgscs

bg kugvc orgcofÿk e bg acs qug c`paàck sustckofca`gktg su cotfvf-

bcb sgràc oekvgkfgktg pebgr bfspekgr, cbg`ãs bga g`page `gbfe

bg ac g`prgsc gk gqufvcagkofc c bgbfocofÿk pagkc per ocbc cóe, ga

bga g`page qug pesggk gk uk è`gkte bgtgr`fkcbe bga cóe.

9.9 Fkbfocbergs bg gstrctgifcs g`prgscrfcags

Ac cpcrfofÿk bg ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk gk ac bæocbc bg aes 68

dc pgr`ftfbe ukc prf`grc cprexf`cofÿk c ncotergs nukbc`gktc-

ags bg ac gstrctgifc y epgrctfvc bg acs g`prgscs gk ga ã`jfte bg ac

fkkevcofÿk, f`pgkscjag gk acs gstcbàstfocs cktgrfergs, bfsgócbcs

igkgrca`gktg bgsbg ukc pgrspgotfvc goekÿ`foc y ke g`prgscrfca.

Bgsbg su kcof`fgkte ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk dc gxpgrf`gktc-

be f`pertcktgs èbfffiocofekgs, oek ejmgte bg supgrcr ac oekogp-

ofÿk gstrfotc`gktg tgokeaÿifoc g fkbustrfcafstc bg ac fkkevcofÿk

qug prgvcagoàc gk acs prf`grcs gkougstcs y bg fkoerpercr c gaac ac

fkkevcofÿk erickfzctfvc y ac bg `crlgtfki. Ke ejstcktg, tebcvàc

gses etres tfpes bg fkkevcofÿk ke sg gkougktrck sctfsncoterfc`gk-

tg rgoeifbes gk ac gkougstc, g fkoause, c pgscr bg qug ac gkougstc bg







fkkevcofÿk prgtgkbg oucktfffiocr ga icste gk fkkevcofÿk g`prgsc-

rfca, su gstf`cofÿk gs su`c`gktg pcrofca, oeè su oe`pcrcofÿk

oek acs gstf`cofekgs bg ac fkvgrsfÿk gk cotfves fktckifjags aagvcbcs

c ocje per ga preygote KG_RC pekgk oacrc`gktg bg `ckfffigste=

ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk ke oucktfffioc cprepfcbc`gktg ga icste

gk bfsgóe, kf ga icste gk ner`cofÿk bg ac cke bg ejrc kf gk etrcs

f`pertcktgs cotfvfbcbgs fkkevcbercs.

@ãs gk igkgrca, ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk ke aeirc bcr rgs-

pugstc c aes rgqugrf`fgktes qug packtgc ga ckãafsfs bg acs gstrctg-

ifcs bg fkkevcofÿk g`prgscrfca, oeè ga ocpàtuae bg _ãgkz, gk gstg

`fsè afjre, pekg oacrc`gktg bg `ckfffigste. Gk pcrtfouacr, gk ga

cpcrtcbe 4 bga oftcbe ocpàtuae _ãgkz packtgc ae sfiufgktg=

• Ga ircbe gk qug acs g`prgscs vcsocs bgscrreaack ukc prepesf-

ofÿk ýkfoc bg vcaer (gste gs, ukc engrtc bg ocafbcb, seffistfoc-

ofÿk y bfngrgkofcofÿk) cpgkcs pugbg sgr gbfbe oek aes àtg`s

cotuca`gktg rgoeifbes gk ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk.

• Gk ouckte c ac jcsg bg rgourses pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk, acs `cye-

rgs ocrgkofcs bg ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk tfgkgk auicr gk ga

aac`cbe ocpftca gstruoturca, cukqug oeè cktgrfer`gktg dg-

ès sgócacbe tc`jfæk gk ocpftca du`cke dcy ocrgkofcs f`-

pertcktgs. _ek ku`greses aes gag`gktes bg cquæa qug fkofbgk

gk ac ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk g`prgscrfca= vfsfÿk, gstrctgifc,

bfsgóe erickfzctfve, ouaturc erickfzctfvc, peaàtfocs bg igstfÿk

bg pgrsekcs, igstfÿk bga oekeof`fgkte, preogbf`fgktes pcrc

ckãafsfs y sgagoofÿk bg fkvgrsfekgs, `gtebeaeiàc pcrc ac igs-

tfÿk bg preygotes bg fkkevcofÿk, cprgkbfzcmg erickfzctfve…

Jugkc pcrtg bg ac aftgrcturc BWF dc vgrscbe sejrg ga ebe gk qug

sg erickfzc ga trcjcme (qug gk ac aftgrcturc bg ac Bfrgoofÿk gstrc-

tæifoc, sg fkoaufràc gk ga ocpftca gstruoturca bg acs g`prgscs) y gk

acs fktgrrgacofekgs bg acs g`prgscs oek aes cigktgs gxtgrkes (qug,

bg kugve, gk ac aftgrcturc bg ac Bfrgoofÿk gstrctæifoc, sg fkoaufràc

gk ga ocpftca rgacofekca). Ga prf`gr cspgote sg dc ckcafzcbe g`-

pàrfoc`gktg te`ckbe gk ougktc oÿè sg erickfzc ga trcjcme gk

acs g`prgscs (gk irupes cutÿkeès, oek retcofÿk bg tcrgcs…), c

pcrtfr jãsfoc`gktg bg ukc sgrfg bg àtg` oektgkfbes gk ac Gkougstc

bg Oekbfofekgs bg Rrcjcme Gurepgc. Ga sgiukbe, gk oc`jfe, sg dc

gstubfcbe nukbc`gktca`gktg c pcrtfr bg aes àtg`s qug, rgactfves c






oeepgrcofÿk g f`pertckofc bg acs nugktgs bg oekeof`fgkte gxtgr-

ke, oektfgkg ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk gurepgc.

Gk ga ocse bg Gspcóc, cktg ac ocrgkofc bg nugktgs bfsgócbcs

gspgoàffioc`gktg pcrc ga gstubfe bg acs gstrctgifcs g`prgscrfcags y

acs af`ftcofekgs qug pcrc tcags gstubfes prgsgktcjck acs nugktgs

gstcbàstfocs trcbfofekcags, `grogb c uk cougrbe gktrg ga @fkfstg-

rfe bg Fkbustrfc y ac Nukbcofÿk G`prgsc Xýjafoc (cotuca`gktg,

Nukbcofÿk _GXF), gk 3668 sg oe`gkzÿ c ackzcr ukc gkougstc c uk

pckga bg g`prgscs rgprgsgktctfvcs bg acs fkbustrfcs `ckuncoturg-

rcs, ac G_GG, gk ac qug, cbg`ãs bg sus gstcbes oektcjags, sg rgoeig

fkner`cofÿk sejrg acs gstrctgifcs bg acs g`prgscs, gs bgofr sejrg

cqugaacs bgofsfekgs qug cbeptck sejrg aes fkstru`gktes bg oe`-

pgtgkofc c su caockog. Ga prejag`c qug packtgc bfodc gkougstc,

pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe, cbg`ãs bg su jcmc oejgrturc (ketc= ga ký`gre

bg g`prgscs gkougstcbcs gk tebc Gspcóc gs bg 3.488) y bg qug

cpcrgog rgngrfbc gxoausfvc`gktg c ac fkbustrfc, gs qug ga gsqug`c

oekogptuca qug fkner`c su bfsgóe ke gs ga `ãs cprepfcbe pcrc ac

`gbfofÿk bg acs gstrctgifcs fkkevcbercs. Nrgktg c gaae, ac vgktcmc

qug tgkbràc ac oeksgouofÿk bg uk cougrbe oek ac Nukbcofÿk _GXF

pcrc ac c`pafcofÿk bg su ùgstrc gk ga Xcàs ^csoe sgràc ac bg qug,

c pgscr bg su ke tetca fbekgfbcb, sà qug pesfjfaftcràc oe`pcrcr

aes bctes bga Xcàs ^csoe oek aes bga oekmukte bg Gspcóc y rgpafocr

`ýatfpags bg aes ckãafsfs qug oek aes bctes bg bfodc gkougstc dck

aagvcbe c ocje aes fkvgstficbergs.

Cktg tebe gaae, fkbgpgkbfgktg`gktg bg qug sg gxpaetgk `ãs c

nekbe acs pesfjfafbcbgs qug enrgogk ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk bg

Gustct, ac gkougstc sejrg oekbfofekgs bg trcjcme qug ouctrfgkca-

`gktg rgcafzc ga Iejfgrke ^csoe y qug sg gxpaerg `ãs ac pesfjfaf-

bcb bg ejtgkgr ofgrtes fkbfocbergs rgngrfbes c acs g`prgscs vcsocs

bg ac G_GG, oeksfbgrcès oekvgkfgktg ga ackzc`fgkte bg ukc gk-

ougstc bg gstrctgifcs g`prgscrfcags gk ga Xcàs ^csoe, qug gk su ocse

sg pebràc tc`jfæk fktgktcr qug sg aagvcrc c ocje gk ga oekmukte bg

rgifekgs gurepgcs gagifbcs oeè rgngrgkofc pcrc gstg. Ac etrc pesf-

jfafbcb, ac bg fkoaufr gk ac cotuca gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk aes àtg`s

packtgcbes gk ga ocpàtuae bg _ãgkz, ac oeksfbgrcès fkvfcjag, per

ac yc irck gxtgksfÿk qug bfodc gkougstc pesgg y perqug ga pgrffia bg

ac pgrsekc qug oektgstg ukc y etrc gkougstc pebràc bfngrfr.







9.4 Eutput bg fkkevcofÿk

Gk ga packe bg aes eutput bg fkkevcofÿk, ac gkougstc bg fkkevc-

ofÿk dc pgr`ftfbe ejtgkgr ukc sgrfg bg fkbfocbergs nukbc`gk-

tcags (g`prgscs fkkevcbercs, pctgktgs, bfsgóes, `crocs, jcackzc

tgokeaÿifoc…), cukqug sujsfstgk tebcvàc ukc sgrfg bg prejag`cs.

Gk prf`gr auicr, caiukes bg aes àtg`s oektgkfbes gk ac gkougstc bg

fkkevcofÿk bg Gustct ke sg gkougktrck jfgk gxprgscbes y bgjgrãk

sgr rgnerùacbes (per gmg`pae, aes rgactfves c bfsgóes fkbustrfcags

y `crocs). Gk sgiukbe auicr, aes vcaergs bg caiukes bg tcags fkbf-

ocbergs tc`peoe pcrgogk ùy rejustes< gk caiukes ocses gse sg

bgjg c ac prepfc fkcbgoucofÿk bg oÿè sg oektg`pac tca ougstfÿk

gk ga èbgae bg gkougstc oeùkftcrfc (per gmg`pae, bcbe qug sg

prgiuktc gxoausfvc`gktg sejrg ac fktrebuoofÿk bg fkkevcofekgs

erickfzctfvcs, y sg fikerc ga kfvga yc gxfstgktg bg f`packtcofÿk bg

aes èbes bg igstfÿk cvckzcbc) y gk etres ocses c ac `gker ctgk-

ofÿk qug pcrgog dcjgrsg bcbe c ac bgpurcofÿk bg caiukes bg gstes

àtg`. V, gk tgrogr auicr, perqug caiukes bg tcags fkbfocbergs (per

gmg`pae, ký`gre bg bfsgóes fkbustrfcags e `crocs) ke rgsuatck

pagkc`gktg oe`pcrcjags c aes bfsgóes y crocs oeùkftcrfes qug

pcrc pcàsgs sg rgoeigk gk ga Gurepgck Fkkevctfek _oergjecrb y qug

prevfgkgk bfrgotc`gktg bg EDF@ (ac effiofkc pcrc ac crèkfzc-

ofÿk bga grocbe fktgrfer gurepge).

Aes bctes bg pctgktgs bg ac Gurepgck Xctgkt Enffiog (GXE) y

bga Xctgkt Oeepgrctfek Rrgcty (XOR) gstãk bfspekfjags, y ac gac-

jercofÿk per ac EOBG bg ukc jcsg bg bctes bg pctgktgs rgife-

kcags dc ùatfpafocbe acs pesfjfafbcbgs bg oekstruoofÿk bg fkbf-

ocbergs jcscbcs gk pctgktgs. _fk g`jcrie, bgjfbe c ac rgofgktg

cpcrfofÿk bg gstcs jcsgs bg bctes y c acs oektfkucs c`pafcofekgs bg

aes cspgotes gk gaacs oektgkfbes (per gmg`pae, gk cieste dck sfbe

fkoerpercbes bctes bg oftcofekgs c ac jcsg bg bctes bg pctgktgs

rgifekcags), tebcvàc rgstck per gxpaetcr ùodcs bg acs pesfjfafbc-

bgs qug enrgogk. C ae qug dcjràc qug cócbfr, qug sejrg pctgktgs

fktgrkcofekcags qug ke sek GXE e XOR (per gmg`pae, acs aac`cbcs

pctgktgs trfãbfocs) ke sg bfspekg bg fkbfocbergs rgifekcafzcbes.

Etre oaãsfoe fkbfocber bg rgsuatcbes prenusc`gktg ckgmcbe

per ac aftgrcturc y sejrg ga qug ac bfspekfjfafbcb bg bctes gs pe-

jrg gk ga Xcàs ^csoe gs ga bg pujafocofekgs. Grcwctod dc pujafocbe






bctes bg pujafocofekgs pcrc acs rgifekgs gurepgcs, pgre sÿae pcrc

ga ký`gre bg pujafocofekgs per dcjftcktg (sfk pesfjfaftcr ckãafsfs

per ãrgcs tg`ãtfocs, oftcofekgs y bg`ãs). V, gk ga ocse bg Gspcóc, ga

irupe Foeke-Ngoyt pujafoc pgrfÿbfoc`gktg uk prenukbe gstubfe

sejrg jfjafe`gtràc, gk ga qug sg rgoeigk bctes per oeùkfbcbgs

cutÿke`cs< pgre ac ke gxfstgkofc bg ukc jcsg bg bctes coogsfjag c

aes fkvgstficbergs y cotucafzcbc pgrfÿbfoc`gktg bfffiouatc ac ejtgk-

ofÿk bg tcags fkbfocbergs, cbg`ãs bg qug aes `fsès ke rgsuatck

sfg`prg oe`pcrcjags oek aes qug sg sugagk `ckgmcr gk acs oe`-

pcrcofekgs fktgrkcofekcags. Gk su`c, oekvgkbràc qug bgsbg Gus-

tct sg gstcjagofgrc uk oektcote oek caiukc bg gstcs erickfzcofekgs

(_OF@cie bga O_FO, per gmg`pae) qug gngotýck ga sgiuf`fgkte

pgr`ckgktg bg acs jcsgs bg bctes bg pujafocofekgs fktgrkcofekc-

ags, bg èbe qug sg coerbcrc ga su`fkfstre bg ac fkner`cofÿk rg-

actfvc c aes bctes bga Xcàs csoe y aes `fsès sg fkoerpercrck c sus

gstcbàstfocs g fkbfocbergs bg F+B+f, pcrc qug sg bfspusfgrc bg aes

fkbfocbergs dcjftucags jfjafe`ætrfoes pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe pgr`c-

kgktg`gktg cotucafzcbes y oe`pcrcjags fktgrkcofekca`gktg.

Bg tebes èbes, prejcjag`gktg ga fkbfocber `ãs fbÿkge bga

eutput fkkevcber bg uk tgrrfterfe ae oekstftuyc su prebuotfvfbcb

tetca bg aes ncotergs. Ac gstf`cofÿk bg bfodc prebuotfvfbcb pebràc

fr aficbc c ac gstf`cofÿk bg ac fkvgrsfÿk gk cotfves fktckifjags, bg

èbe qug, c sg`gmckzc bg oÿè gngotýc KG_RC, sg gstf`crc uk

àkbfog bg fkkevcofÿk pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe jcscbe gk ac oektrfjuofÿk

qug aes cotfves fktckifjags gngotýck c ac prebuotfvfbcb, jfgk bg

èbe bfrgote e jfgk c trcvæs bg ac prebuotfvfbcb tetca bg aes nco-

tergs. Xgre, fkbgpgkbfgktg`gktg bg tca gstf`cofÿk, qug gk tebe

ocse rgqugrfrã uk gstubfe gspgoàffioe y prejcjag`gktg uk ofgrte

tfg`pe, rgsuatc kgogscrfe preogbgr c ac gstf`cofÿk bg ac prebuo-

tfvfbcb tetca bg aes ncotergs, oek ukc `gtebeaeiàc trcbfofekca, sg-

`gmcktg c ac qug cpafock erickfzcofekgs oeè ga GW LAG@_.

Rcags gstf`cofekgs sek ncotfjags pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe, oeè

ùgstrck aes trcjcmes bg Grcuslfk-Furrftc (:884 y :886), pgre

ke sek bg ejtgkofÿk fk`gbfctc pcrc uk usucrfe trcbfofekca bg

acs gstcbàstfocs. Gs `ãs, aes prepfes trcjcmes bg Grcuslfk-Furrftc

ùgstrck qug aes rgsuatcbes ffikcags bgpgkbgk uode bg acs nugk-

tgs y bctes bg pcrtfbc g`pagcbes= ga orgof`fgkte rgca bga XFJ (y,







per gkbg, ga bg ac prebuotfvfbcb) bga Xcàs ^csoe bfffigrg sustck-

ofca`gktg sf sg te`ck oeè rgngrgkofc aes bctes bg Gustct e sf sg

te`ck aes bga FKG. Gk ga ocse bg ac gstf`cofÿk bg ac prebuotfvfbcb

tetca bg aes ncotergs rgsuatc prgofse pcrtfr bg bctes bg steol bg oc-

pftca y bg ocpftca du`cke, bg aes oucags gk gstes è`gktes sÿae

sg bfspekg bg acs sgrfgs gstf`cbcs per ga Fkstftute ^cagkofcke bg

Fkvgstficofekgs Goekÿ`focs (F^FG) pcrc tebcs acs oeùkfbcbgs

cutÿke`cs gspcóeacs. Ga F^FG gacjerc sus gstf`cofekgs pcrc ga

Xcàs ^csoe jãsfoc`gktg oek acs `fs`cs nugktgs qug pcrc acs etrcs

oeùkfbcbgs cutÿke`cs= prfkofpca`gktg oek bctes bga FKG, oek

aes sgsies qug gstes prgsgktck. _gràc, gk gstg sgktfbe, su`c`gktg

f`pertcktg qug, ca fiuca qug gngotýck caiukes fkstftutes bg gstc-

bàstfoc, Gustct enrgofgrc sus prepfcs gstf`cofekgs bg aes steol bg

ocpftca, prgngrgktg`gktg per tfpes bg cotfves y sgotergs, g fkoause

qug c pcrtfr bg gaacs pujafocrc bg èbe pgrfÿbfoe gstf`cofekgs bg

ac prebuotfvfbcb tetca bg aes ncotergs gqufpcrcjags c acs preperofe-

kcbcs pcrc pcàsgs per erickfzcofekgs oeè ac oftcbc GW LAG@_.

9.6 Fkbfocbergs bg f`pcote goekÿ`foe, seofca y

`gbfec`jfgktca

Dcy ukc keterfc ocrgkofc bg fkbfocbergs `gbfec`jfgktcags gk ga

packe rgifekca, sf jfgk ircofcs ca trcjcme bgscrreaacbe per ga Bg-

pcrtc`gkte bg gbfe c`jfgktg, packfffiocofÿk tgrrfterfca, cirfoua-

turc y pgsoc, per Fdejg y per Gustct ga Xcàs ^csoe bfspekg bg jug-

kc pcrtg bg aes fkbfocbergs dcjftucags gk aes fkner`gs fktgrkcofe-

kcags. Oekvgkbràc, ke ejstcktg, qug gaaes gstuvfgrck coogsfjags ke

sÿae fkoaufbes gk fkner`gs bg aes qug ac gxtrcoofÿk rgsuatc oestesc

y ke sfg`prg ncotfjag (ca vgkfr ac fkner`cofÿk gxprgscbc gk ner`c

irãffioc, y ke gk ner`c bg bctes), sfke gk ner`cte bg jcsg bg bctes

e tcjacs coogsfjags pcrc ga fktgrgscbe, g, fkbgpgkbfgktg`gktg bg

qug gstæk bfspekfjags tc`jfæk gk ac wgj bg ac erickfzcofÿk qug

aes gacjerc, qug tc`jfæk pugbck oeksuatcrsg ‟ca `gkes aes prfk-

ofpcags bg gaaes‟ gk ac wgj bg Gustct.

Gk ouckte c aes fkbfocbergs bg ocrãotgr seofca, ac bfspekf-

jfafbcb pcrc tebcs acs rgifekgs gurepgcs bg ac nugrzc bg trcjcme,

y bg gstcbàstfocs sckftcrfcs y gbuoctfvcs pesfjfaftc qug gxfstc uk

ketcjag ký`gre bg fkbfocbergs seofcags pcrc acs oe`pcrcofekgs






fktgrrgifekcags< sfk g`jcrie, sg ocrgog pcrc acs rgifekgs gurepgcs

bg fkbfocbergs aficbes c pejrgzc y bgsfiucabcb bg rgktc. Gk ga Xcàs

^csoe tca ocrgkofc sg oujrg oek aes trcjcmes bgscrreaacbes pgrfÿ-

bfoc`gktg per ga Bgpcrtc`gkte bg G`page y Csuktes _eofcags

sejrg pejrgzc y bgsfiucabcb (gspgofca`gktg, ac gkougstc ouctrfg-

kca sejrg pejrgzc y bgsfiucabcb). Ke ejstcktg , oeè gk ga ocse

cktgrfer, ga coogse c aes fkbfocbergs sg bfffiouatc per ke gkoektrcrsg

gstes bfspekfjags gk coogse bg jcsg bg bctes e tcjacs bgsocricjags

y per ke gstcr bfspekfjags mukte c ac `cyeràc bg aes etres bctes e

fkbfocbergs rgactfves ca Xcàs ^csoe= gk ac wgj bg Gustct.

Gktrg aes fkbfocbergs ýatfès bg ocrãotgr goekÿ`foe, rgsua-

tc urigktg qug per pcrtg bg Gustct sg preperofekgk gstf`cofe-

kgs bg rgktc bfspekfjag (fkbfocber qug caiukes ckcafstcs muzick

`ãs cprepfcbe qug ga trcbfofekca XFJ pgr oãpftc), csà oeè qug

sg bfspekic bg gstf`cofekgs bg aes kfvgags igkgrcags bg prgofes

bga Xcàs ^csoe gk oe`pcrcofÿk oek aes bga oekmukte bg Gspcóc,

qug pgr`ftck oekvgrtfr aes bctes erfifkcags bg gures c pcrfbcbgs

bg pebgr cbqufsftfve, tca oeè rgsuatc dcjftuca gk aes ckãafsfs bg

oe`pgtftfvfbcb y jfgkgstcr goekÿ`foe. Cotuca`gktg, dcy bfspe-

kfjags bctes bg rgktc bfspekfjag pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe gk ac jcsg bg

bctes bg Gurestct, qufgk preperofekc tca fkbfocber jcsãkbesg gk

aes bctes qug ag preperofekc ga FKG. _f jfgk cpcrgktg`gktg gse

dcog `gkes kgogscrfe ga gsnugrze bg Gustct, ac vgrbcb gs qug bcbc

ac bfngrgkofc gxfstgktg gktrg acs gstf`cofekgs qug pcrc ga Xcàs csoe

enrgogk uke y etre fkstftute y ac `cyer oekffickzc qug `grgogk acs

gstf`cofekgs bg Gustct, pcrgog oekvgkfgktg qug Gustct oujrc tca

ocrgkofc. Fiuca`gktg, Oucbgrkes bg fkner`cofÿk goekÿ`foc pre-

perofekc ckuca`gktg gstf`cofekgs bg acs bfngrgkofcs gxfstgktgs

gk aes kfvgags igkgrcags bg prgofes ca oeksuè gktrg acs oeùkf-

bcbgs cutÿke`cs gspcóeacs, qug pugbgk utfafzcrsg pcrc oerrgifr

acs pcrfbcbgs bg pebgr cbqufsftfve gstf`cbcs per aes erickfsès

fktgrkcofekcags (Gurestct y EOBG, prfkofpca`gktg) pcrc Gspcóc

y cbcptcracs ca Xcàs csoe< pgre, cpcrtg bg qug tcags fkbfocbergs

dcogr rgngrgkofc sÿae c prgofes bg jfgkgs bg oeksuè (gs bgofr,

sÿae c ukc pcrtg bg ae qug oe`pekg ga XFJ), sek gstf`cofekgs

rgcafzcbcs per fkstftuofekgs prfvcbcs, ouye ebe bg oãaouae ke sg

gxpafoftc y qug prejcjag`gktg prgsgktgk `cyergs prejag`cs qug







aes qug bg per sà prgsgktck aes bctes bga FKG rgactfves c kugstrc

oeùkfbcb.

Xer ýatfè qugbcràck aes fkbfocbergs ýatfès bga tfpe bg kf-

vga bg sctfsncoofÿk oek ac vfbc y bg ngafofbcb, bg use orgofgktg gk

aes ckãafsfs bg ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb y ga jfgkgstcr. Oeè suogbàc gk

aes fkbfocbergs bg oektgxte igkgrca jcscbes gk gkougstcs bg epf-

kfÿk c aes qug kes rgngràcès cktgrfer`gktg, bgmckbe c uk acbe

ac bfffiouatcb bg gbfofÿk bg gstcs ougstfekgs bg ocrãotgr sujmgtfve

gk pcàsgs bfngrgktgs, ga prejag`c qug packtgck acs gkougstcs qug sg

aagvck c ocje per erickfzcofekgs fktgrkcofekcags gs qug oek nrg-

ougkofc ke rgsuatck rgprgsgktctfvcs rgifekca`gktg. Ac Gurepgck

_eofca _urvgy (G__), qug sg prgsgktc oeè rgprgsgktctfvc c kfvga

KWR_: gk Gspcóc, oektfgkg caiukes àtg`s c gstg rgspgote< pgre ga

ký`gre bg rgspugstcs per Oeùkfbcb Cutÿke`c gs oacrc`gktg

rgbuofbe y ke oekstftuyg ukc nugktg ùy sgiurc. Gustct tc`jfæk

ackzÿ gk :889 ukc gkougstc sejrg ocpftca seofca, qug oektfgkg ukes

peoes àtg`s sejrg gstc ougstfÿk< ga prejag`c gs qug, per uk acbe,

bfodes àtg`s ke gstãk nerùacbes bg ac `fs`c `ckgrc qug gk

ac G__, per ae qug ac oe`pcrctfvc fktgrkcofekca ke rgsuatc ùy

vãafbc, y qug sÿae sg bfspekgk bg bctes pcrc ga oftcbe cóe y ke sg

gspgrc veavgr c rgpgtfr ac gkougstc dcstc pcscbe uk qufkqugkfe.

4. Zgsu`gk y oekoausfekgs

Gk cktgrfergs fkner`gs dgès gxpugste acs bes irckbgs vàcs bg

cprexf`crsg c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk= per uk acbe, ac jc-

scbc gk ac èkgtfzcofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk y gk ac `gbfofÿk bg su

fkofbgkofc gk ac prebuotfvfbcb y ga g`page< y, per etre, ac jcscbc

gk aes fkbfocbergs. Rrcs dcjgr rgvfscbe ac aftgrcturc qug sg eoupc

bg ac prf`grc, bg oÿè sg `gbfràc sgiýk gaac ac fkkevcofÿk y bg aes

rcsies igkgrcags bg su preogse bg ejtgkofÿk, ukc bg acs prfkofpc-

ags rgoe`gkbcofekgs qug sg bgrfvcjck bg gstg preygote bg fkvgstf-

icofÿk gs prgofsc`gktg ac bg pekgr gk `crodc uk preygote gspgoà-

ffioe qug preogbfgrc c ac gstf`cofÿk bg aes cotfves bg aes fktckifjags

gk ga Xcàs ^csoe y bg su oektrfjuofÿk c ac prebuotfvfbcb.

Xrepugstcs bg fkbfocbergs jcscbes gk nugktgs gxfstgktgs

Zgspgote c ac vàc bg aes fkbfocbergs, gk ga preygote sg eptÿ per






ogktrcrsg gk ac fkkevcofÿk bg ocrãotgr goekÿ`foe jcscbc gk ga

`grocbe y per ke af`ftcrsg c enrgogr jctgràcs bg fkbfocbergs fk-

bfvfbucags (soergjecrbs), sfke tc`jfæk per preogbgr c ac ejtgk-

ofÿk bg fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes. Aes fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk

(y aes fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes qug bg gaaes rgsuatcrck) sg erbgkck

oekner`g ca croe bg fkbfocbergs bgscrreaacbe per Erlgstrc pcrc

ga preygote Gurepgck Oaustgr Ejsgrvctery ‟ Ncsg :, afigrc`gktg

cbcptcbe pcrc rgoeigr `gmer acs gspgofffiofbcbgs bga sfstg`c bg

fkkevcofÿk y ga ocse vcsoe. Acs prepugstcs bg fkbfocbergs bfffig-

rgk bgpgkbfgkbe bg oek qufæk sg bgsgc oe`pcrcr ga Xcàs ^csoe=

oeksfie `fsè c ae acrie bga tfg`pe, oek ukc sgrfg bg rgifekgs

bg rgngrgkofc, oek ga oekmukte bg rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9 e oek etres

pcàsgs.

Ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg aes fkbfocbergs oektgkfbcs gk gscs pre-

pugstcs sg dc jcscbe tckte gk ukc prenukbc rgvfsfÿk bg ac aftg-

rcturc gxfstgktg (rgactfvc tckte c fkbfocbergs gk igkgrca, oeè c

ncotergs e nugktgs pcrtfouacrgs bg fkkevcofÿk y c aes fkner`gs bg

fkkevcofÿk dgodes pýjafoes), csà oeè bg acs nugktgs susogptfjags

bg preperofekcr bctes pcrc caf`gktcr tcags fkbfocbergs. Ke bgjg-

ràc eavfbcrsg, g`pgre, qug ac rgacofÿk gktrg fkbfocbergs y gstrctg-

ifc gs jfukàveoc= ga gstcjagof`fgkte y bgscrreaae bg ukc gstrctgifc

bg fkkevcofÿk bgjg gngotucrsg pcrtfgkbe bg ukc fbgktfffiocofÿk

bg acs nertcagzcs y bgjfafbcbgs rgactfvcs bga sfstg`c (pcrc ae qug

sg kgogsftc bfspekgr bg fkbfocbergs)< pgre, c su vgz, ac sgagoofÿk

ýatf`c y ffimcofÿk bg prferfbcbgs gktrg aes fkbfocbergs sÿae rgsuatc

pesfjag per su fbekgfbcb pcrc aagvcr c ocje ga sgiuf`fgkte y aes

cvckogs bg aes ejmgtfves gstrctæifoes gstcjagofbes. Gk gstg sgktfbe,

sg dc eptcbe per prepuikcr prepugstcs c`pafcs bg fkbfocbergs,

qug pgr`ftck fbgktfffiocr acs nertcagzcs y bgjfafbcbgs rgactfvcs gk ac

`cyer pcrtg bg aes oc`pes pesfjags sejrg aes qug oekstrufr ukcs

gstrctgifcs bg fkkevcofÿk< y qug, pestgrfer`gktg, ukc vgz ffimcbc

ac gstrctgifc, pgr`ftck qug bg gaaes pugbck sgagoofekcrsg aes `ãs

cprepfcbes pcrc ga sgiuf`fgkte bg gstc.

Ac prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs cpafocjags sÿae ca Xcàs ^csoe,

bfsgócbc bgsbg ukc pgrspgotfvc bg fkbfocbergs fkbfvfbucags (soerg-

jecrbs) y ke bg fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes, dc trctcbe bg oekmuicr

bes fktgrgsgs= ga bg ukc nãofa oeùkfocofÿk g f`pcote ètfvcofe-



3:8 F k b f o c b e r g s b g




kca (ae qug sugag fr aficbe c afstcs bg fkbfocbergs rgbuofbcs)< y ga

bg preperofekcr fkner`cofÿk vãafbc pcrc aes cigktgs y bgofsergs

pýjafoes (ae qug sugag fr aficbe c uk cate ircbe bg oekorgofÿk y

bgscirgicofÿk bg aes cspgotes qug `fbg ga fkbfocber). Gse sg dc

trctcbe bg caockzcr erbgkckbe aes ?82 fkbfocbergs oekorgtes gk 33

tg`cs y >2 suj-tg`cs, y bfstfkiufgkbe trgs kfvgags bg fkbfocbergs<

csà, aes tg`cs oektfgkgk sÿae 3 fkbfocber bg kfvga F, aes suj-tg`cs

tc`jfæk ougktck sÿae oek 3 fkbfocber bg kfvga FF, y pestgrfer`gk-

tg, ocse bg qugrgr prenukbfzcr gk ga suj-tg`c, sg bfspekg bg etrc

sgrfg bg fkbfocbergs bg kfvga FFF (væcsg ga oucbre 3). Aes fkbfoc-

bergs bg kfvga F, per su rgbuofbe ký`gre, pgr`ftgk caockzcr aes

ejmgtfves bg oeùkfocofÿk y ètfvcofÿk cktgs sgócacbes< `fgk-

trcs qug ga bgspafgiug y prenukbfzcofÿk gk aes kfvgags bg fkbfocbe-

rgs, pgr`ftg bfspekgr bg fkner`cofÿk prgofsc sejrg oe`pekgktgs

nukbc`gktcags bga sfstg`c vcsoe bg fkkevcofÿk y, per gkbg, sfrvg

oeè iuàc pcrc acs peaàtfocs bg aes cigktgs y bgofsergs pýjafoes.

Cukqug ac prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs oektg`pac tckte aes nco-

tergs fktgrkes y gxtgrkes c acs g`prgscs qug cngotck ca bgsg`pgóe

fkkevcber oeè acs vcrfcjags goekÿ`focs, seofcags y `gbfec`-

jfgktcags gk qug gsg bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber pugbg fkofbfr, ac `g-

bfofÿk bga ircbe bg cvckog gk fkkevcofÿk bgjgràc ogktrcrsg gk aes

fkbfocbergs bg eutput bg fkkevcofÿk. Oeè prfkofpcags fkbfocbe-

rgs bga bgsg`pgóe oekmukte bga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk bga sfstg`c

vcsoe sg prepekgk bes= ac prebuotfvfbcb tetca bg aes ncotergs (oek

ocrãotgr prgngrgktg), y ga perogktcmg qug supekg ac vgktc bg prebuotes

kugves pcrc ga `grocbe (oek ocrãotgr sujsfbfcrfe).

C `gbfbc qug sg c`paàc ga ký`gre bg tgrrfterfes ejmgte bg

oe`pcrcofÿk, tfgkbg c rgbuofrsg ga ký`gre bg fkbfocbergs bfspe-

kfjags gk tebes gaaes, sf jfgk ga trcjcmcr oek uk `cyer ký`gre bg

tgrrfterfes pgr`ftg aagvcr c ocje bfvgrses trctc`fgktes gstcbàstfoes

bg aes bctes y ejtgkgr fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes. Ac prf`grc c`-

pafcofÿk bga oekmukte bg tgrrfterfes ca qug rgngrfr aes fkbfocbergs

cjcroc c cqugaacs rgifekgs qug prgsgktck oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc

sg`gmcktgs ca Xcàs ^csoe y qug bfspekick bg gkougstc bg fkkevc-

ofÿk. Ac bfspekfjfafbcb e ke bg tca nugktg oekbfofekc nugrtg`gktg

ga gstubfe qug sg pugbg gngotucr bg uk sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk y, sf

ke sg bfspekg bg tca nugktg, sek gsocscs acs bfngrgkofcs qug ocjg



3:3Ocpàtuae ?= Xrepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



packtgcr oek rgspgote ca ckãafsfs rgcafzcjag pcrc ga oekmukte bg rg-

ifekgs bg ac WG-:9. Xer tca rczÿk, sg dc eptcbe per prepekgr ukc

afstc bg fkbfocbergs pcrc acs oe`pcrcofekgs oek acs rgifekgs bg

rgngrgkofc pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe qug bfspekgk bg gkougstc bg fkke-

vcofÿk. Bcbe qug pcrc oe`pcrcofekgs bg oekmuktes bg rgifekgs

rgsuatc pesfjag eptcr per fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes, ke sg dck gstc-

jagofbe kfvgags gktrg aes bfngrgktgs fkbfocbergs fkbfvfbucags y ke

sg g`pagck fkbfocbergs bg kfvga supgrfer pcrc rggmcr ac pesfofÿk

iaejca bga tg`c e suj-tg`c oerrgspekbfgktg. Xer ga oektrcrfe,

sg dc eptcbe per, pcrtfgkbe bg aes 374 fkbfocbergs fkbfvfbucags,

oekstrufr ?4 fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes qug sfktgtfzcràck ac pesfofÿk

bg ac rgifÿk gk uk suj-tg`c bcbe< y, c su vgz, cirupckbe aes ?4

fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes bg aes bfngrgktgs suj-tg`cs, ejtgkgr 4 fk-

bfocbergs oe`pugstes pcrc aes tg`cs. (^æcsg ga oucbre :).

Ga ký`gre bg fkbfocbergs bfspekfjags pcrc tebcs acs rgife-

kgs bg ac WG-:9 (y qug tc`jfæk sg cpafocràck c acs rgifekgs bg

rgngrgkofc gk qug ke sg bfspekg bg gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk) gs

`gker= 38:. Bfodes fkbfocbergs sg cirupcràck, c su vgz, gk uk ký-

`gre `ãs rgbuofbe bg fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes bg suj-tg`cs= :7<

y bg tg`cs= 4. (^æcsg ga oucbre ?).

Oek rgspgote c aes fkbfocbergs pcrc oe`pcrcr ga Xcàs ^csoe

oek pcàsgs, trcs sepgscr aes pres y oektrcs bg bfngrgktgs pesfjf-

afbcbgs, sg rgoe`fgkbc sgiufr gstf`ckbe ga Gurepgck Fkkevctfek

_oergjecrb y oe`pcrcrsg oek aes pcàsgs pcrc aes qug æstg gstã bfs-

pekfjag< y qug, oek ejmgte bg bfspekgr bg uk `cyer ký`gre bg

fkbfocbergs y bg uk `croe `ãs cbgoucbe pcrc ga ckãafsfs bga sfs-

tg`c vcsoe, g`pagcr tc`jfæk gk acs oe`pcrcofekgs oek pcàsgs ac

prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bfsgócbc pcrc oe`pcrcr ga Xcàs ^csoe

oek ga oekmukte bg rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc qug bfspekgk bg gk-

ougstc bg fkkevcofÿk.

Ã`jftes gk qug bgspagicr gsnugrzes pcrc ac ejtgkofÿk

bg kugves fkbfocbergs

Bcbe qug acs prepugstcs bg fkbfocbergs cktgrfergs dck sfbe rgc-

afzcbcs c pcrtfr bg aes bctes qug sg gkougktrck bfspekfjags gk acs

nugktgs cotuca`gktg gxfstgktgs, ga fkner`g dc trctcbe csf`fs`e bg

fbgktfffiocr cqugaaes ã`jftes gk qug `ãs gvfbgktgs sek acs ocrgk-



3:: F k b f o c b e r g s b g




ofcs bg fkbfocbergs y cqugaacs cotucofekgs qug ocjràc g`prgkbgr

pcrc oerrgifr tcags ocrgkofcs y pebgr oe`pagtcr csà ac jctgràc bg

fkbfocbergs rgoeifbcs gk acs prgsgktgs prepugstcs. Cukqug sek

`ýatfpags y bg bfngrgktg ocacbe acs vcaercofekgs y rgoe`gkbcofe-

kgs qug ca rgspgote sg nerùack, gk gstg cpcrtcbe oekoausfve gk ga

qug `ãs qug gk bgtcaags sg trctc bg bgstcocr ukc sgrfg bg `gkscmgs

nukbc`gktcags, cqugaacs sg rgsu`frãk y cirupcrãk gk bes oekmuk-

tes= cqugaacs rgoe`gkbcofekgs qug rgqufgrgk cjerbcr kugvcs epg-

rcofekgs gstcbàstfocs e ãrgcs bg fkbfocbergs< y cqugaacs qug pugbgk

caockzcrsg fkoauygkbe gk acs epgrcofekgs gstcbàstfocs cotuca`gktg

gxfstgktgs caiukcs oerrgoofekgs e c`pafcofekgs.

G`pgzckbe per acs qug rgqufgrgk kugves oc`pes bg cotucofÿk,

qufzã ga ã`jfte ãs fikete bg ac fkkevcofÿk sgc ga qug tfgkg auicr

gk ac «ocmc kgirc¼ bg ac g`prgsc. Ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk g`-

prgscrfca dc pgr`ftfbe g`pgzcr c cjrfr gsc ocmc kgirc, pgre oeè

ga ocpàtuae bg _ãgkz pekg oacrc`gktg bg `ckfffigste, sek ùodcs

acs ougstfekgs rgactfvcs c acs gstrctgifcs g`prgscrfcags (gspgofca-

`gktg gk tebe ae rgactfve c oÿè bgscrreaack ukc prepesfofÿk

ýkfoc bg vcaer y ca ocpftca gstruoturca) qug sfiugk pgr`ckgofgkbe

eouatcs. Csf`fsè, ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk BWF rgqufgrg

tc`jfæk bfspekgr bg `ãs fkner`cofÿk bg ac cotuca`gktg bfs-

pekfjag sejrg ae qug suogbg gk acs g`prgscs. Ac rgoe`gkbcofÿk

qug ca rgspgote sg gngotýc gk ga cpcrtcbe 9.9 gs qug sg f`puasg ga

ackzc`fgkte bg ukc gkougstc bg gstrctgifcs g`prgscrfcags gk ga

Xcàs ^csoe, qug gk su ocse pebràc fktgktcr cpafocrsg tc`jfæk gk acs

rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc bga Xcàs ^csoe, pcrc oekeogr gstcs ougstfe-

kgs. Ac gkougstc bg gstrctgifcs g`prgscrfcags gxfstgktg gk Gspcóc,

ac G_GG, sg bgjgràc fktgktcr gxpaetcr tc`jfæk pcrc ga Xcàs ^cs-

oe, pugs pgr`ftfràc oek peoe gsnugrze ejtgkgr ukc sgrfg bg bctes

pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe oe`pcrcjags oek aes bga rgste bg Gspcóc y oek

aes preperofekcbes per uk rgactfvc`gktg cjukbcktg oekmukte bg

fkvgstficofekgs y pujafocofekgs aagvcbcs c ocje jcscbcs gk ga gx-

paetcofÿk bg bfodc gkougstc. Xgre ac G_GG prgsgktc, gk kugstrc

epfkfÿk, sgrfcs af`ftcofekgs (yc qug sÿae gs cpafocjag c g`prgscs

`ckuncoturgrcs, pesgg uk gsocse tc`cóe ùgstrca, ocrgog bg uk

sÿafbe ebgae oekogptuca sujycogktg…) qug dcogk qug ke pugbc

jcscrsg gk gaac ac oejgrturc bg ac ocrgkofc oftcbc. Cbfofekca`gktg,



3:?Ocpàtuae ?= Xrepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



gk bfodc gkougstc g`prgscrfca pebràck rgoeigrsg caiukcs ougstfe-

kgs qug pgr`ftfràck oe`pagtcr acs ocrgkofcs bg bctes gxfstgktgs

tc`jfæk gk etres oc`pes (per gmg`pae, fktgrkcofekcafzcofÿk y

oaýstgrgs).

Gk sgiukbe auicr, sfiufgkbe oek acs prepugstcs rgngrfbcs c

kugvcs nugktgs, rgsuatc nukbc`gktca qug, c sg`gmckzc bg ae qug

coektgog gk aes pcàsgs kÿrbfoes, sg bfspekic bg rgifstres bg g`-

pagcber-g`pagcbe qug pesfjfaftgk gstubfcr oek ãs prenukbfbcb

ga ncoter `ãs bgtgr`fkcktg, sgiýk ac aftgrcturc, bga æxfte fkkevc-

ber= aes rgourses du`ckes, y gk pcrtfouacr su `evfafbcb acjerca.

Ac gxfstgkofc bg tcags rgifstres pgr`ftfràc ke sÿae ac ejtgkofÿk

bg fkbfocbergs cirgicbes, tcags oe`e aes qug sg rgoeigràck gk

acs prepugstcs bg fkbfocbergs tgrrfterfcags, sfke tc`jfæk ga qug

aes fkvgstficbergs pubfgrck trcjcmcr oek `fore-bctes pcrc pebgr

bgsgktrcócr acs rgacofekgs ocuscags gxfstgktgs gk aes preogses bg

fkkevcofÿk.

Rgrogre, dcjràc qug orgcr acs oekbfofekgs pcrc ukc gstf`c-

ofÿk oucsf-bfrgotc bg ac prebuotfvfbcb tetca bg aes ncotergs. Gktrg

tcags oekbfofekgs bgstcoc, gk pcrtfouacr, ac bg bfspekgr bg sgrfgs

bg steol bg ocpftca, per tfpes bg prebuotes y per sgotergs, pcrc

ga Xcàs ^csoe. Acs sgrfgs qug, ca rgspgote, preperofekc ga Fkstftute

^cagkofcke bg Fkvgstficofekgs Goekÿ`focs, cbg`ãs bg bfspekgrsg

oek uk ofgrte rgtrcse y ke bfspekgrsg rgifekca`gktg per sgotergs,

enrgogk rgsuatcbes ke sfg`prg sctfsncoterfes pcrc ga Xcàs csoe. Rc-

ags gstf`cofekgs, per etrc pcrtg, pebràck sgrvfr bg cpeye pcrc ac

gstf`cofÿk bg aes cotfves fktckifjags y ac gstf`cofÿk bga fkbfocber

bg fkkevcofÿk jcscbe gk ac oektcjfafbcb bga orgof`fgkte oek tcags

cotfves qug sg dc prepuikcbe gk etre ocpàtuae.

Oucrte, cktg ac fksuffiofgkofc qug prgsgktck acs gstcbàstfocs

oucktftctfvcs trcbfofekcags pcrc rggmcr ncotergs oacvg bg fkkevc-

ofÿk y oe`pgtftfvfbcb, c ae acrie bg acs bes ýatf`cs bæocbcs dck

g`pgzcbe c preafngrcr acs fkfofctfvcs fktgrkcofekcags (YGN, F@B,

Gurejcrÿ`gtre, Gkougstc Gurepgc bg ^caergs…) qug, jcsãkbesg

gk gkougstcs bg epfkfÿk, trctck bg oe`pagtcr aes aac`cbes fk-

bfocbergs jcscbes gk tcags gstcbàstfocs, oek fkbfocbergs «sent ¼,

jcscbes gk gkougstcs bg epfkfÿk. Bg gsc `ckgrc sg dck trctcbe

bg oujrfr ocrgkofcs ketcjags qug gxfstàck ke sÿae gk ae qug dg-







ès bgke`fkcbe fkbfocbergs bg oektgxte igkgrca, sfke tc`jfæk

gk fkbfocbergs bg seffistfocofÿk bg ac bg`ckbc, bg bgscrreaae bg

oaýstgrgs g fksgrofÿk gk ocbgkcs bg vcaer, sctfsncoofÿk oek ac vfbc

y ngafofbcb… Gk ga cpcrtcbe 9.3 sg dck cpuktcbe bfngrgktgs `gbf-

bcs pcrc rgbuofr ac aciukc gxfstgktg gk ga Xcàs ^csoe gk tca tfpe bg

fkbfocbergs= gk ga ocse bg aes fkbfocbergs ouye vcaer ocjg gspgrcr

qug ke vcràg sustckofca`gktg gktrg acs bfngrgktgs rgifekgs bg uk

`fsè pcàs (per gmg`pae, ac pretgoofÿk bg ac prepfgbcb fktgago-

tuca), te`cr aes vcaergs qug pcrc Gspcóc enrgogk acs erickfzcofe-

kgs fktgrkcofekcags< gk ga ocse bg acs gkougstcs fktgrkcofekcags

qug sg rgpafock gk ga Xcàs ^csoe, dcogr uk gsnugrze pcrc qug aes

àtg` sg nerùagk bg ac `fs`c `ckgrc qug gk cqugaacs, pcrc pesf-

jfaftcr ac oe`pcrcofÿk fktgrkcofekca< gstcjagogr cougrbes oek acs

erickfzcofekgs gkocricbcs bg tcags gkougstcs pcrc qug ga tc`cóe

bg ùgstrc sgc `cyer gk ga Xcàs ^csoe, bg èbe qug sus rgsuatc-

bes rgsuatgk rgprgsgktctfves tc`jfæk pcrc æstc… Bg tebes è-

bes, oekvgkbràc qug dujfgrc ukc erickfzcofÿk qug oekogktrcrc

gsc acjer bg sgiuf`fgkte y, pestgrfer`gktg, bg pujafocofÿk bg aes

rgsuatcbes cpafocjags ca Xcàs ^csoe, gvftckbe trcsacbcr ca usucrfe

ac oestesc -y oek nrgougkofc fkcaockzcjag pcrc æa- acjer bg sgiuf-

`fgkte bg tcags nugktgs g fkbfocbergs.

_f pcscès cderc c acs prepugstcs bg `gmerc bg acs epgrcofekgs

gstcbàstfocs gxfstgktgs gk ga Xcàs ^csoe, oek ejmgte bg pesfjfaftcr ac

ejtgkofÿk bg fkbfocbergs oacvg bg fkkevcofÿk y oe`pgtftfvfbcb,

ocjràc bgstcocr ae sfiufgktg.

Gk prf`gr auicr, oek ejmgte bg `gmercr uk ãrgc tck oacvg pcrc

ac fkkevcofÿk y ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb oeè gs ac fktgrkcofekcafzc-

ofÿk, gk tebcs acs prfkofpcags epgrcofekgs gstcbàstfocs aficbcs c

ac g`prgsc (gkougstc fkbustrfca, gkougstc bg sgrvfofes, gkougstc

bg ac seofgbcb bg ac fkner`cofÿk rgactfvc c g`prgscs…) bgjgràck

gxfstfr ukcs prgiuktcs jãsfocs sejrg ac kcofekcafbcb bg aes pre-

pfgtcrfes bg ac g`prgsc, csà oeè sejrg acs ffiafcags y cotfvfbcbgs

qug pubfgrc tgkgr ac g`prgsc gk ga gxtgrfer. Gk caiukc epgrcofÿk

gstcbàstfoc cotuca caiukc bg tcags prgiuktcs sg gngotýc (per gmg`-

pae, gk ac gstcbàstfoc bg F+B), pgre bg èbe ke suffiofgktg`gktg

prgofse y sfk fr coe`pcócbc bg ukcs `àkf`cs prgiuktcs sejrg

acs cotfvfbcbgs bg tcags g`prgscs gk ga gxtgrfer. V pcrcagac`gktg,






gk acs gkougstcs qug sg gngotýck c acs pgrsekcs, oekvfgkg qug sg

rgoemc ac kcofekcafbcb y auicr bg kcof`fgkte bg ac pgrsekc c ac

qug sg rgffigrg ac gkougstc, c sg`gmckzc bg ae qug yc sg dcog oek ac

Gkougstc bg ac pejacofÿk gk rgacofÿk oek ac cotfvfbcb bg Gustct<

gse pgr`ftfràc ocrcotgrfzcr gmer ca fk`fircktg y oekeogr ga pcpga

qug gngotfvc`gktg bgsg`pgóc gk kugstrc seofgbcb.

Etrc `gmerc qug ocjràc fktrebuofr gk kugstrcs epgrcofekgs

gstcbàstfocs oek peoe gsnugrze gs ac bg qug ga bfrgoterfe bg g`-

prgscs bg Gustct pugbc preperofekcr tc`jfæk bctes bga g`page

bg acs g`prgscs, ke sÿae gk gstc oeùkfbcb, sfke tc`jfæk gk ga

oekmukte bg Gspcóc= gse gs kgogscrfe pcrc `gbfr `ãs cprepfc-

bc`gktg (y oe`pcrcr fktgrkcofekca`gktg) ga tc`cóe bg acs g`-

prgscs, vcrfcjag nukbc`gktca qug cngotc c acs vcrfcjags tckte bg

oe`pertc`fgkte oeè bg rgsuatcbe bg acs g`prgscs. Csf`fsè,

ac fkner`cofÿk bga g`page oektgkfbc gk aes bfrgoterfes bgjgràc

rgngrfrsg ke sÿae ca g`page, gk gqufvcagkofc c bgbfocofÿk pagkc,

qug ac g`prgsc e ga gstcjagof`fgkte dc tgkfbe oeè `gbfc gk

uk cóe bgtgr`fkcbe, sfke tc`jfæk ca g`page, gk gqufvcagkofc c

bgbfocofÿk pagkc, qug ac g`prgsc e ga gstcjagof`fgkte dc tgkfbe

gk uk è`gkte bgtgr`fkcbe, pcrc csà pebgr gstubfcr `gmer aes

preogses bg orgof`fgkte y ngkÿ`gkes bg tcktc rgagvckofc oeè

acs g`prgscs bg cate orgof`fgkte.

Ac fkner`cofÿk sejrg uk trcbfofekca fkbfocber bg eutput bg

fkvgstficofÿk= acs pujafocofekgs ofgktàffiocs, gs su`c`gktg gsocsc

gk aes gstubfes bga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk vcsoe, ae qug bfffiouatc,

ke sÿae ac gvcaucofÿk bg ac gffiofgkofc bga sfstg`c ofgktàffioe vcsoe,

sfke tc`jfæk ac oe`pcrcofÿk oek etres sfstg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk.

Csà, per gmg`pae, c èbe bg ùgstrc, ga àkbfog bg oe-pujafocofe-

kgs pýjafoe-prfvcbcs gs ga ýkfoe bg aes fkbfocbergs bga Gurepgck

Fkkevctfek _oergjecrb (GF_) pcrc ga qug Gustct ke ncofaftc bcte

pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe. Oekvgkbràc bfspekgr bg aes fkbfocbergs jfjafe-

`ætrfoes uscbes dcjftuca`gktg gk acs oe`pcrcofekgs fktgrkcofe-

kcags. Ofgrtc`gktg, ocrgogràc bg sgktfbe orgcr gqufpes gspgoàffioes

gk ga Xcàs ^csoe qug sg pusfgrck c gxpaetcr acs nugktgs bg pujafoc-

ofekgs fktgrkcofekcags, ouckbe yc dcy gqufpes gspgofcafzcbes gk

bfodc `ctgrfc gk Gspcóc, oek aes qug sg pebràc aagicr c cougrbes

bg oeacjercofÿk, bg èbe qug sg eoupcrck bg ac rgcafzcofÿk bg



3:> F k b f o c b e r g s b g




gxpaetcofekgs gspgoàffiocs pcrc ga ocse vcsoe. Xgre ofgrtc`gktg ca-

iukc erickfzcofÿk bgjgràc eoupcrsg bg seafoftcr tcags trcjcmes y

augie bg dcogr pýjafoes aes rgsuatcbes.

Ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk bgjgràc rgvfscrsg gk prenukbf-

bcb, pcrc vgrfffiocr qug acs prgiuktcs bg su ougstfekcrfe sg cmustck

pgrngotc`gktg c acs bga ougstfekcrfe oeùkftcrfe (per gmg`pae,

gk ae rgactfve c pctgktgs y etres `ætebes bg pretgoofÿk) y qug

ougstfekgs oacvg qug gk cquæa ffiiurck (per gmg`pae, sejrg nugktgs

bg fkner`cofÿk pcrc cotfvfbcbgs bg fkkevcofÿk) tc`jfæk ffiiurgk

gk ga ougstfekcrfe bgscrreaacbe per Gustct. Xgre mukte oek gsc

cbcptcofÿk bg ac gkougstc bg Gustct c ac oeùkftcrfc, oekvgkbràc

oe`pagtcr cqugaac gk caiukes peoes puktes= gk ougstfekgs pcrc

acs qug sugag dcjgr fkner`cofÿk bfspekfjag c kfvga bg pcàs, pgre

ke c kfvga bg rgifÿk (per gmg`pae, seafoftckbe ke sÿae bctes sejrg

aes bfsgóes fkbustrfcags y `crocs rgifstrcbes gk aes trgs ýatfès

cóes, sfke tc`jfæk ga bg tebes cqugaaes rgifstrcbes y gk vfier per

ac g`prgsc), gk ougstfekgs qug ac gkougstc oeùkftcrfc ke aeirc

gvcaucr cbgoucbc`gktg (per gmg`pae, ke prgiuktckbe sÿae se-

jrg ac fktrebuoofÿk bg fkkevcofekgs erickfzctfvcs, sfke tc`jfæk

sejrg ga ircbe bg f`packtcofÿk bg caiukcs ner`cs bg erickfzc-

ofÿk cvckzcbcs), e gk ougstfekgs qug ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk dc

fikercbe y ke sg oujrgk cprepfcbc`gktg per etrcs epgrcofekgs

gstcbàstfocs (per gmg`pae, ga kfvga bg oucafffiocofÿk bg aes rgourses

du`ckes y ga icste gk ner`cofÿk ‟ke sÿae ga aficbe gstrfotc`gktg

c aes preogses bg fkkevcofÿk‟ bg ac g`prgsc).

Xer ýatfè, dcy tebc ukc sgrfg bg fkbfocbergs qug bgsocksck gk

epgrcofekgs gstcbàstfocs qug ke bgpgkbgk bfrgotc`gktg bg Gus-

tct, sfke bg etrcs erickfzcofekgs (bgpcrtc`gktes bga Iejfgrke

vcsoe, Fdejg, Gktg vcsoe bg ac gkgriàc…), y ouyes bctes, ca ke sgr

pujafocbes mukte c aes bg ac `cyeràc bg acs epgrcofekgs gstcbàstf-

ocs bga Xack ^csoe bg Gstcbàstfoc (oeksuatcjags gk ac wgj bg Gus-

tct), rgsuatck bgsoekeofbes pcrc ac `cyer pcrtg bg aes usucrfes,

cbg`ãs bg qug per su èbe bg pujafocofÿk (`ãs oektgkfbes gk

fkner`gs gsorftes, qug gk ner`c bg tcjacs gk ner`cte bg Gxoga y

sf`facrgs bgsocricjags bg fktgrkgt) rgsuatck bg ùy bfnàofa gxpae-

tcofÿk. Oekvgkbràc qug Gustct tuvfgrc uk `cyer pretciekfsè

gk ga bfsgóe y rgcafzcofÿk bg cqugaacs epgrcofekgs qug bgsocksck






gk gkougstcs< y qug, c ac derc bg su pujafocofÿk, aes prfkofpcags

rgsuatcbes bg tcags gkougstcs pubfgrck oeksuatcrsg bgsbg ac wgj

bg Gustct.







Ckgxe 3=

Jfjafeircnàc sejrg fkbfocbergs igkgrcags bg fkkevcofÿk

y sus vgktcmcs y bgsvgktcmcs









Clgrjae`, @., Jaeod, O, Neyk, N, Agpãisâacdtf, C., @ertgkssgk, X.,

@ckssek, D, Kfassek, Z., Kcs, _.-E., Xgttgrsek, F. y _catg, Þ (:884). Xeafoy

Zgagvckt Kerbfo Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters. _u``cry rgpert en tdg KFKB werlfki ireup

en tdg Xeafoy Zgagvckt Kerbfo Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters (KFKB) premgot.

Ckiuae, O. y Icrofc @.C. (3667). Fkner`cofÿk gstcbàstfoc gk Ofgkofc, Rgokeaeiàc

g Fkkevcofÿk. Fkner`gs Oetgo k½ 2, @cbrfb.

Crkeab, G. y Oeuodet, O. (gbs.) Fkkevctfek ckb gktgrprfsg orgctfek= stctfs-

tfos ckb fkbfocters. Auxg`jurie= Enffiog ner Enffiofca Xujafoctfek en tdg Gurepgck

Oe`ùkftfgs.

Cstrc (:889). Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters ner Reèrrew= Fkkevctfek ^ftca _fiks Xremgot

«Ockbfbctgs¼ ‟ jy Nrc`gwerl Octgiery. F^_ Xremgot Nfkca Zgpert.

Crukbga, C. y Icrrgans, Z. (gb.) (3669). Fkkevctfek `gcsurg`gkt ckb peafofgs.

Oekngrgkog preoggbfkis. Auxg`juri= Enffiog ner Enffiofca Xujafoctfek en tdg Gurepgck

Oe`ùkftfgs.Crukbga, C., Oeagoodfc, C. y Yyolenn, C. (:887). Zgtdfklfki sofgkog ckb tgod-

keaeiy fkbfocters ner fkkevctfek peafoy fk tdg twgkty-ffirst ogktury. Gk Gcra, A. y Icuat,

N. (gb.). Kctfekca Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters ckb Xeafoy . Odgatgkdgf`= Gbwcrb Gaicr.

Jcrrg, Z., Zgifjgcu, X., Agperf, J., _fgbsodaci, M., _ejeaa, D., Rujjs, @.,

^guigagrs, Z. y ]fcrle, Y. (:886). GZC fkbfocters ckb èkfterfki. Gxpgrt Ireup

Zgpert. Gurepgck Oe``fssfek, Bfrgoterctg Igkgrca ner Zgsgcrod.

Jugsc, @., Kcvcrre, @. (bfr.). (:883)= Fkbfocbergs bg ac ofgkofc, ac tgokeaeiàc y

ac fkkevcofÿk= `gtebeaeiàc y nugktgs pcrc ac OCX^ y Kcvcrrc, _ck _gjcstfãk= Gusle

Flcsluktzc.

Jugsc, @.< Dgfms, M.< Kcvcrre, @. (:889). @gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk.Fkbfocbergs rgifekcags (pãiss. 63-32:). Gk @. Jugsc y M. Dgfms (oeerb.) _fstg`cs rgife-

kcags bg fkkevcofÿk= kugvcs ner`cs bg ckãafsfs y `gbfofÿk. Nukocs= @cbrfb.

Ircvgrsgk, G.L. y _fukg, L. (:884). _tctfstfoca Fkbfocters ner Z&B ckb

Fkkevctfek.- C iufbg ner Fktgrprgtctfek ckb ^cauctfek. _yktdgsfs Zgpert Bgafvgrcjag

B38, YI Fkkeoctg, KFKB.

FCZGI-YX3 Zgpert :884/83. Zgpert ek trcbftfekca ckb kgw fkbfocters en

_ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkkevctfek (_RF) ckb lkewagbig coouùactfek (:884). FCZGI

Bgafvgrcjag 3.3.Y.

Lagfklkgodt, C., @ektnert, L. y Jreuwgr, G. (:88:). Rdg kek-trfvfca odefog

jgtwggk fkkevctfek fkbfocters. Goeke`fos en Fkkevctfek ckb Kgw Rgodkeaeiy êa

33(:)= 386-3:3

Xctga, X. y Xcvftt, L. (3662). Kctfekca fkkevctfek systg`s= wdy tdgy crg f`per-

tckt, ckb dew tdgy `fidt jg `gcsurgb ckb oe`pcrgb. Goeke`fos en Fkkevctfek ckb

Kgw Rgodkeaeiy êa ?= 99-67.

Xctga, X. y Xcvftt, L. (3667). Xcttgrks en tgodkeaeifoca cotfvfty = tdgfr `gcsurg-

`gkt ckb fktgrprgtctfek (pãis. 32-73). Gk _tekg`ck, X. (gb.) Dckbjeel en tdg goeke-

`fos en fkkevctfek ckb tgodkeaeifoca odckig. Exnerb = Jacolwgaa.

_ãkodgz, X. (3667). Aes fkbfocbergs bga bgscrreaae ofgktàffioe y tgokeaÿif-

oe. Fkbfocbergs gxfstgktgs g fkbfocbergs kgogscrfes (pãis. 369-:32). Gk Caekse, C.,

Cygstcrãk, F. y Wrsýc, K. (oe`p.) _eofgbcb, ofgkofc y tgokeaeiàc= rfgsies y jgkgffiofes

seofcags bga bgscrreaae tgokeaÿifoe. _ck _gjcstfãk= Gusle Flcsluktzc._`ftd, L.(:887)= @gcsurfki Fkkevctfek (pãis. 324-399). Gk Ncigrjgri M.< @ewgry,

B. y Kgasek Z. (Gbs) Rdg Exnerb Dckbjeel en Fkkevctfek. Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.



3?8 F k b f o c b e r g s b g




guigagrs, Z. (:88>). Bgvgaep`gkts fk GW _tctfstfos ek _ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy ckb

Fkkevctfek= tclfki steol ckb `evfki tewcrbs gvfbgkog jcsgb peafoy ckcaysfs. Jaug _ly

Fkbfocter Oekngrgkog, Etcwc, Ockcbc.



3?3






Zggxfÿk y prepugstc pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe3?:

Ckgxe :=

Jfjafeircnàc sejrg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk y nugktgs pcrtfouacrgs






3??Ocpàtuae ?= Xrepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g



Crodfjuif, B. y Xfcktc, @. (366>). Fkkevctfek survgys ckb pctgkts cs tgod-

keaeiy fkbfocters= tdg stctg en tdg crt (pp. 39-7>). Gk EGOB, Fkkevctfek, pctgkts ckb

tgodkeaeifoca odckig. Xcrfs= EGOB.

Crukbga, C. (:88>). Fkkevctfek survgy fkbfocters= Cky preirgss sfkog 366>5.

EGOB Oekngrgkog «Jaug _ly FF :88>¼. Ydct fkbfocters ner _ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy ckb

Fkkevctfek Xeafofgs fk tdg :3st ogktury . _gptfg`jrg :7-:9, :88>.

Crukbga, C., Jerbey, O., @edkgk, X. y _`ftd, L. (:884). Fkkevctfek survgys

ckb peafoy= agsseks nre` tdg OF_ (pp. ?-:4). Gk Kcuwgacgrs, O. ckb Yfktmgs, Z. (gbs.)

Fkkevctfek Xeafoy fk Gurepg. Odgatgkdc`= Gbwcrb Gaicr.

Jaeod, O. (:887). Fkkevctfek `gcsurg`gkt= prgsgkt ckb nuturg odcaagkigs.

Gurestct Oekngrgkog «Lkewagbig Goeke`y ‟ Odcaagkigs ner @gcsurg`gkt¼, Auxg`jurie,

Bfofg`jrg 4-6, :887.

Jaeod, O. (:889). Cssgssfki rgogkt bgvgaep`gkts fk fkkevctfek `gcsurg`gkt=

tdg tdfrb gbftfek en tdg Esae @ckuca. _ofgkog ckb Xujafo Xeafoy ?2 (3)= :?-?2.Jaeod, O. y Aÿpgz-Jcsseas, âcbf`fr (:886). Fkkevctfek fkbfocters (pp. :3-

2>). Gk EGOB, Fkkevctfek fk ffir`s. Xcrfs= EGOB.

Jaeod, O., @ertgksgk, X._., Nefk, N. y _catg, E.^.= (:884). Bgvgaep`gkt ckb

Ckcaysfs en Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters fk tdg Kerbfo Oeuktrfgs jcsgb ek OF_ survgys. KFKB,

Xeafoy Zgagvckt Kerbfo Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters.

Jruke, K., @fgbzfkslf, @., Zgfb, C. y Zufz-Vckfz, @. (:884). _eofe-ouaturca

bgtgr`fkckts en fkkevctfek. Gurepg Fkkevc, Fkkevctfek Yctod YX-38.

Oc`jrfbig Goeke`gtrfos (:838). Xfaet _tuby ek tdg Gstf`ctfek en Zgifekca

Ocpftca _teols. C Nfkca Zgpert ner tdg Gurepgck Oe``fssfek (Bfrgoterctg Igkgrca

Zgifekca Xeafoy).Ogaflca-Gssgr, N. (:889). Rdg afkl jgtwggk fkkevctfek pgrner`ckog ckb ievgr-

kckog. MZO _ofgktfffio ckb Rgodkfoca Zgperts.

Bukkgaa, L. (:886). Kctfekca _tctfstfofck‖s crtfoag= `gcsurfki rgifekca goeke-

`fo pgrner`ckog. Goeke`fo & Acjeur @crlgt Zgvfgw ? (3)= 34-?8.

Gbgrgr, X. (:88>). Fkkevctfek ct werl= Rdg Gurepgck Du`ck Ocpftca Fkbgx. Rdg

Afsjek Oeukofa.

Nebbf, @. y Xcof, Z. (:887). Fktckifjag cssgts fk tdg Gurepgck rgifeks.

Beou`gkte bg trcjcme FCZGI YX7/8:

Iebfk, J. (:882c). Rdg rfsg en tdg fkkevctfek survgys= `gcsurfki c nuzzy oek-

ogpt. Beou`gkte bg trcjcme k½ 3> bga Xremgot ek tdg dfstery ckb seofeaeiy en _&R stc-

tfstfos. @ektrgca= O_FFO.

Iebfk, J. (:882j). Rdg Ejsgssfek ner Oe`pgtftfvgkgss ckb fts F`pcot ek

_tctfstfos= tdg Oekstruotfek en Dfid-Rgodkeaeiy Fkbfocters. Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ?? (4)=

3:39-3::6.

Iebfk, J. (:884). Rdg @clfki en _tctfstfoca _tckbcrbs= Rdg EGOB ckb tdg

Nrcsoctf @ckuca, 36>:-:88:. Beou`gkte bg trcjcme k½ ?6 bga Xremgot ek tdg Dfstery

ckb _eofeaeiy en _RF _tctfstfos.

Ircvgrsgk, G.L. (:882). Rdg fktgrpacy ckb fktgrncogs jgtwggk prfvctg ffir`s ckb

pujafo rgsgcrod erickfzctfeks. Ydy pgrsekkga èjfafty fs ck f`pertckt fkbfocter.

Beou`gkte bg trcjcme ONC :882/7.

Irfafodgs, ]. (3668)= Xctgkt _tctfstfos cs Goeke`fo Fkbfocters= c _urvgy. Meurkca

en Goeke`fo Aftgrcturg êa. TT^FFF= 3>>3-3989.

Dcksgk, D.A. (:884). @gcsurgs en fkkevctfek. Oepgkdcigk= NEZC.







Deajreel, M.C, y Duidgs, A.X (:883). Oe``gkts ek tdg usg en tdg Erickfsctfek

ner Goeke`fo Oeepgrctfek ckb Bgvgaep`gkt‖s Esae @ckuca fk kek-`ckuncoturfki

jcsgb goeke`fgs. _ofgkog ckb Xujafo Xeafoy vea.:4 (:)= 3?6-322.

@cfrgssg, M. y @edkgk, X. (:889). C survgy en fkkevctfek survgys= tclfki steol

en c irewfki aftgrcturg. OGXZ-Jckqug bg Nrckog oekngrgkog ek fkkevctfek, Gkidfgk-

ags-Jcfks, Muafe >-9.

@gkbekéc, _., Xgrgfrc, R._. y Iebfkde, @.@. (:882). Rrcbg`crls cs ck fkbf-

octer en fkkevctfek ckb fkbustrfca odckig. Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ??= 3?47-3282

@gygr, @. (:88>). @gcsurfki sofgkog-tgodkeaeiy fktgrcotfek fk tdg lkewagbig-

brfvgk goeke`y. _ofgkte`gtrfos ea. >> (:)= 2:7-2?6.

@eiuæreu, X. y Bf Xfgtreifcoe`e, @.X. (:884). _teol, Ocrggr ckb @ejfafty en

Zgsgcrodgrs fk tdg GW . MZO _ofgktfffio ckb Rgodkfoca Zgperts, Gurepgck Oe``fssfek.

@ertgksgk, X._. y @çkssek, D. (:884). Fktgaagotuca Xrepgrty Zfidts cs fkbfoc-

ters ner fkkevctfek. KFKB, Xeafoy Zgagvckt Kerbfo Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters.Kcs, _.E., Çlgrjae`, @, frtcdcrmu, @., _ïrkirgk, Rdersgk, R. y Glgackb,

C. (:884). DZ_R bctc cs fkkevctfek fkbfocters ‟ tdg Kerbfo gxpgrfgkog. Bgafvgrcjag B9

en tdg KFKB premgot, Xeafoy Zgagvckt Kerbfo Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters.

EGOB (3668). Xrepesgb _tckbcrb @gtdeb en Oe`pfafki ckb Fktgrprgtfki

Rgodkeaeiy Jcackog en Xcy`gkt Bctc. RJX @ckuca. Xcrà = EGOB.

EGOB (3662). Wsfki pctgkt bctc cs _ofgkog ckb Rgodkeaeiy fkbfocters. Xctgkt

@ckuca 3662. Xcràs = EGOB.

EGOB (3667). @ckuca ek tdg `gcsurg`gkt en du`ck rgseurogs bgvetgb te _&R.

Ockjgrrc @ckuca . Xcrà s= EGOB.

EGOB (:88:). Nrcsoctf @ckuca . Xcrfs = EGOB.EGOB-Gurestct (:887). Esae @ckuca. Iufbgafkgs ner oeaagotfki ckb fktgrprgtfki

fkkevctfek bctc.

Eluje, V. (3669). Jfjafe`gtrfo fkbfocters ckb ckcaysfs en rgsgcrod systg`s = `g-

tdebs ckb gxc`pags. _RF Yerlfki Xcpgrs 3669/3. Xcrfs = EGOB.

Xcrts, G. (:884). Fkbfocters en seofca ocpftca fk tdg Gurepgck Wkfek. Beou`gkte

bg trcjcme FCZGI :884/8:.

_caczcr, @. y Deajreel, C. (:882). C bgjctg ek fkkevctfek survgys. _ofgkog

ckb Xujafo Xeafoy ?3 (2)= :72-:>>.

Xcvftt, L. (3647). Xctgkt stctfstfos cs fkbfocters en fkkevctfvg cotfvftfgs.

Xessfjfaftfgs ckb prejag`s. _ofgkte`gtrfos 9 (3-:)= 99-66.

Xfttcu, @.I., ]gaaf, Z. y Iga`ck, C. (:838). Goeke`fo bfspcrftfgs ckb Afng

_ctfsncotfek fk Gurepgck Zgifeks. _eofca Fkbfocters Zgsgcrod 6>= ??6-?>3.

_tekg`ck, X. (:889). Ck fktrebuotfek te tdg bgffikftfek ckb `gcsurg`gkt en

sent fkkevctfek. Rdg Kctfekca Gkbew`gkt ner _ofgkog Rgodkeaeiy ckb tdg Crts.

Beou`gkte bg trcjcme KG_RC, Eotujrg :889.

_tekg`ck, X. (:886). _ent fkkevctfek. KG_RC Zgsgcrod Xremgot, Muay :886.

Rgtdgr J.(:883)= Fbgktfnyfki Fkkevctfek, Fkkevcters ckb Fkkevctfvg Jgdcvfeurs=

C Orftfoca Cssgss`gkt en tdg Oe``ukfty Fkkevctfek _urvgy (OF_). OZFO Bfsoussfek

Xcpgr k½ 24, OZFO, Wkfvgrsfty en @ckodgstgr, Bfofg`jrg.



3?7







Ckgxe ?=

Fkner`gs bg fkkevcofÿk rgngrfbes c pcàsgs

3?> F k b f o c b e r g s b g





3?9Ocpàtuae ?= Xrepugstc bg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk F k b f o c b e r g s b g





>:6->72.

Crodfjuif, B., Bgkkf, @. y Nfafppgttf, C. (:886). Rdg Iaejca Fkkevctfek _oe-

rgjecrb :884= Rdg Bykc`fos en tdg Fkkevctfvg Xgrner`ckogs en Oeuktrfgs. XZE FKKE

GWZEXG. FKKE @GRZFO_, @crod :886.

Crukbga, C. (:88?). :88? Gurepgck Fkkevctfek _oergjecrb= Rgodkfoca Xcpgr Ke

7. Kctfekca _ystg`s Fkbfocters.

Crukbga, C. y Deaackbgrs, D. (:887). GTF_. Ck Gxpaerctery Cpprecod te Fkke-

vctfek _oergjecrbs. Gurepgck Rrgkb Odcrt ek Fkkevctfek.

Crukbga, C. y Deaackbgrs, D. (:88>). :88> Rrgkb Odcrt @gtdebeaeiy Zgpert.

_gcrodfki tdg nergst ner tdg tdrggs= «@fssfki¼ fkbfocters en fkkevctfek. Rrgkb Odcrt . Fk-

kevctfek Xeafoy fk Gurepg

Ctlfksek, Z. y Ckbgs, _.@. (:886)= Rdg Ctacktfo Ogktury. Jgkod`crlfki

GW&W_. Fkkevctfek ckb Oe`pgtftfvgkgss. Rdg Fkner`ctfek Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkkevc-

tfek Neukbctfek (FRFN).

Odgk, B.D. y Bcda`ck, O.M. (:887). Rdg Lkewagbig Goeke`y, tdg LC@ @g-

tdebeaeiy ckb Yerab Jckl Epgrctfeks.

BFY, Igr`ck Fkstftutg ner Goeke`fo Zgsgcrod (:838). Fkkevctfek Fkbfoc-

ter :886= Igr`cky dcs stfaa se`g octodfki up te be. Ygglay Zgpert Ke. ?/:838, ^eau`g

>, Mckucry :8, :838

Goeke`fst Fktgaafigkog Wkft (:889). Fkkevctfek= trcksner`fki tdg wcy ju-

sfkgss orgctgs.

Ncigrjgri, M. y _rdeago, @. (:884). Kctfekca fkkevctfek systg`s, ocpcjfaftfgsckb goeke`fo bgvgaep`gkt. Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ?9= 3239-32?7.

NEZC (:886). Kerbfo Fkkevctfek @ekfter :886 .

Iebdfke, @.@., @gkbekéc, _.N. y Xgrgfrc, R._. (:887). Rewcrbs c tcxeke`y

en fkkevctfek systg`s. Beou`gkte bg trcjcme :887/3?, Bgpcrt`gkt en Goeke`fos ct

tdg _odeea en Goeke`fos ckb @ckcig`gkt (F_GI), Rgodkfoca Wkfvgrsfty en Afsjek

Deaackbgrs, D. y vck Oruysgk, C. (:884). Zgtdfklfki tdg Gurepgck Fkkevctfek

_oergjecrb= C Kgw @gtdebeaeiy ner :884-:838. XZE FKKE GWZEXG. Fkke`gtrfos.

FK_GCB. Iaejca Fkkevctfek Fkbgx :886-:838 .

Aÿpgz-Oacres, C. y @ctc, V.K. (:838). Rdg Fkkevctfek Ocpcofty Fkbgx= Ncoters,

Xeafofgs, ckb Fkstftutfeks Brfvfki Oeuktry Fkkevctfek. Gk Rdg Fkkevctfek ner Bgvgae-

p`gkt Zgpert :886-:838 .

@fags, K., Yfalfksek, O., Gbagr, M., Jagbc, @., _f``ekbs, X. y Oacrl, M.

(:886). Rdg wfbgr oekbftfeks ner fkkevctfek fk tdg WL. Dew tdg WL oe`pcrgs te agcbfki

fkkevctfek kctfeks. KG_RC Kevfg`jrg, :886.

KG_RC (:886). Rdg fkkevctfek Fkbgx. @gcsurfki tdg WL‖s fkvgst`gkt fk fkkevc-

tfek ckb fts gnngots. Kevg`jgr :886.

EGOB (:887). @fore-peafofgs ner irewtd ckb prebuotfvfty= ffikca rgpert.

EGOB (:886). EGOB _ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkbustry _oergjecrb :886 . Xcrfs=

EGOB.

EGOB (:838). @gcsurfki fkkevctfek. C kgw pgrspgotfvg. Xcrfs= EGOB.

Xertgr, @.G., _tgrk, _. y Oeukofa en Oe`pgtftfvgkgss (3666). Rdg Kgw Odc-

aagkig te C`grfoc‖s Xrespgrfty= Nfkbfkis nre` tdg Fkkevctfek Fkbgx . Oeukofa ek Oe`pg-

tftfvgkgss, Ycsdfkitek, BO.

3?9







Xertgr, @.G. y _tgrk, _. (:882). Zcklfki Kctfekca Fkkevctfvg Ocpcofty= Nfk-

bfkis nre` tdg Kctfekca Fkkevctfvg Ocpcofty Fkbgx (pp. 3-:2). Gk Yerab Goeke`fo

Neru`, Rdg Iaejca Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Zgpert :88?-:882. Kgw Verl= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty

Xrgss, :882.

Zepgr, _., Dcags, O. Jrysek, M.Z. y Aevg, M.(:886). @gcsurfki sgoterca fkkevc-

tfek ocpcjfafty fk kfkg crgcs en tdg WL goeke`y . KG_RC Kevfg`jrg, :886.



3?63?63?6







Ckgxe 2=

Fkner`gs bg fkkevcofÿk (e oe`pgtftfvfbcb)

rgngrfbes c ã`jftes sujkcofekcags









Caafckog ner _ofgkog ckb Rgodkeaeiy Zgsgcrod fk C`grfoc (:886). Rdg

C_RZC Zgifekca Fkkevctfek fkbgx. Coogsfjag gk dttp=//www.usfkkevctfek.eri/fkke-

vctfekUfkbgxUspekser.csp

Ckkekf, X. y Lezevslc, L. (:838). GW Zgifekca Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Fkbgx ZOF :838.

MZO


`crlfki Goeke`fo Rrcksner`ctfek fk tdg _tctgs. Rdg Fkner`ctfek Rgodkeaeiy ckb

Fkkevctfek Neukbctfek.

Ogktgr ner Zgifekca Bgvgaep`gkt, Xurbug Wkfvgrsfty< Fkbfckc Jusfkgss Zgsgcr-

od Ogktgr, Lgaagy _odeea en Jusfkgss, Fkbfckc Wkfvgrsfty< Ogktgr ner Zgifekca Oe`pg-

tftfvgkgss, Zurca Xeafoy Zgsgcrod Fkstftutg, Rru`ck _odeea en Xujafo Cnncfrs, Wkfvgrsfty

en @fsseurf< _trctgifo Bgvgaep`gkt Ireup, Fko.< Goeke`fo @ebgafki _pgofcafsts, Fko.

(:886). Rdg fkkevctfek fkbgx (pãis. 92-383). Gk Oressfki tdg Kgxt Zgifekca Nrektfgr .

Oeukofa en Oe`pgtftfvgkgss (:887). @gcsurfki Zgifekca Fkkevctfek. C Iuf-

bgjeel ner Oekbuotfki Zgifekca Fkkevctfek Cssgss`gkts.

Bgpcrt`gkt ner Jusfkgss Fkkevctfek & _lfaas-JF_ (:838). Zgifekca Goeke-

`fo Xgrner`ckog Fkbfocters. @cye :838.

Deaackbgrs, D., Rcrckteac, _. y Aesodly, C. (:886). Zgifekca Fkkevctfek

_oergjecrb (ZF_) :886 .

Duiifks, Z. y Rde`psek, X. (:838). WL Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Fkbgx :838 . Ogktrg ner

Fktgrkctfekca Oe`pgtftfvgkgss, Wkfvgrsfty en Ycags Fkstftutg.

Duiifks, Z., Wzusdf, D., Bcvfgs, Y. y _deuiuf, A. (:838). Yerab Lkewagbig

Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Fkbgx :884. Ocrbfnn= Ogktrg ner Fktgrkctfekca Oe`pgtftfvgkgss.

Flfki, J. (:838). Zgifekca Fkkevctfek _oergjecrb :88>. Oe`pcrctfvg ckcaysfs enfkkevctfek pgrner`ckog fk GW-37 wftd rgifekca g`pdcsfs ek Jcvcrfc, Jcbgk-Yñrttg`-

jgri, Kertd Zdfkg-Ygstpdcafc ckb tdg Kgtdgrackbs. ]GKFR I`jD

Medk Cbc`s Fkkevctfek Fkstftutg (:886). :884 Fkbgx en tdg @csscodusgtts

Fkkevctfek Goeke`y .

@cdreu`, _., Duiifkis, Z., Oacytek, K., Xcfk, L. y Rcyaer, X. (:884). @gc-

surfki ckb `cppfki cjserptfvg ocpcofty fk WL kctfeks ckb rgifeks . KG_RC, Eotujrg

:884.






Zggxfÿk y prepugstc pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe32:

OCXÀRWAE 2

Ac fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc bg ac cb`fkfstrcofÿk

y bfrgoofÿk bg g`prgscs

Mesukg _ãgkz @crtàkgz

Bguste Jusfkgss _odeea ‟ Wkfvgrsfbcb bg Bguste






32?Ocpàtuae 2= Ac fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc g`prgscrfca F k b f o c b e r g s b g



32? F k b f o c b e r g s b g









3. Fktrebuoofÿk

Gk gstg ocpàtuae, oe`gkzcrgès per prgsgktcr oÿè sg gktfgkbg

ac fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc bg ac cb`fkfstrcofÿk y bfrgo-

ofÿk bg g`prgscs (gs bgofr, bgsbg ac ÿptfoc bg ac igstfÿk g`prgsc-

rfca) y acs bfngrgktgs octgieràcs bg fkkevcofÿk qug dcjftuca`gktg

sg bfstfkiugk gk ac aftgrcturc prepfc bg gstg ã`jfte. Gk pcrtfouacr,

vgrgès ac vfkouacofÿk bga oekogpte bg fkkevcofÿk oek ac orgc-

ofÿk bg kugve oekeof`fgkte y su oeksfbgrcofÿk oeè ocpcofbcb

bfkã`foc qug pgr`ftg orgcr, gxtgkbgr e èbfffiocr ac jcsg bg rg-

ourses bg ac qug bfspekg ac g`prgsc.

Xrgofsc`gktg, acs ocpcofbcbgs bfkã`focs sg oeksfbgrck per

pcrtg bg ac Bfrgoofÿk Gstrctæifoc oeè ac jcsg pcrc ac igkgrcofÿk

bg vgktcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs burcbgrcs gk gkterkes iaejcafzcbes y rã-

pfbc`gktg oc`jfcktgs. Gste kes aagvcrã c rgvfscr jrgvg`gktg ac

aÿifoc bg orgcofÿk bg vcaer y vgktcmc oe`pgtftfvc bgsbg ga pukte

bg vfstc bg ac Bfrgoofÿk Gstrctæifoc y aes prfkofpcags pcrcbfi`cs

qug c ae acrie bga tfg`pe dck surifbe pcrc gxpafocr bfodc aÿifoc=

ga pcrcbfi`c bg acs nugrzcs oe`pgtftfvcs (e pcrcbfi`c jcscbe gk

ga `grocbe) y ga pcrcbfi`c bg aes rgourses y ocpcofbcbgs, oek sus

bes bgscrreaaes pestgrfergs, c scjgr= ac pgrspgotfvc jcscbc gk ga

oekeof`fgkte y ga gknequg bg acs ocpcofbcbgs bfkã`focs.

Gk gstg kugve gknequg, aes gag`gktes bg kcturcagzc fktckifjag

sg oeksfbgrck ac oacvg pcrc ac igkgrcofÿk y cktgkf`fgkte bg vgk-

tcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs burcbgrcs. Gaae dc aagvcbe ca bgscrreaae bg tebc

ukc kugvc oerrfgktg bg aftgrcturc, oekeofbc oeè «ocpftca fktgago-

tuca¼, pcrtfouacr`gktg fktgrgscbc gk ac gbfofÿk y igstfÿk bg tcags

gag`gktes «ke vfsfjags¼. Gk ga oucrte cpcrtcbe bg kugstre ocpà-

tuae, gxpekbrgès ouãags sek acs jcsgs bg bfodc kugvc oerrfgktg,

per su gspgofca vàkouae oek ga ã`jfte bg ac `gbfofÿk y ga oektrea.

Cote sgiufbe, preogbgrgès c gstruoturcr ga ckãafsfs bg aes

bfngrgktgs ncotergs qug, bg cougrbe oek ac aftgrcturc, fkofbgk gk ac

`gmerc bg ac ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk bg acs g`prgscs. Oekorgtc-

`gktg, bfode ckãafsfs sg crtfouacrã bg cougrbe oek ac pgrspgotfvc

bg aes rgourses y ocpcofbcbgs y, `ãs oekorgtc`gktg, bg cougrbe

oek ga gknequg bg acs ocpcofbcbgs bfkã`focs.

C oektfkucofÿk, preogbgrgès c gxc`fkcr ga gstcbe bga crtg

gk ouckte c gvcaucofÿk y `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ga ã`jfte



327Ocpàtuae 2= Ac fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc g`prgscrfca F k b f o c b e r g s b g



g`prgscrfca sg rgffigrg. Xcrc gaae, gk prf`gr auicr, prgsgktcrgès

ac bfsofpafkc gk ac qug, bgktre bga ã`jfte bg ac cb`fkfstrcofÿk y

bfrgoofÿk bg g`prgscs, sg gk`croc bfodc gvcaucofÿk y `gbfofÿk.

Bfodc bfsofpafkc ke gs etrc qug ga Oektrea bg Igstfÿk y, gk pcr-

tfouacr, ae qug dcrgès sgrã rgoerbcr ouãags sek acs ocrcotgràstf-

ocs qug bgjg prgsgktcr uk jugk sfstg`c bg oektrea pcrc pebgr

ou`pafr cbgoucbc`gktg oek su nukofÿk. Zgcafzcbe ae cktgrfer,

gxpekbrgès jrgvg`gktg ac gveauofÿk rgofgktg qug dc gxpgrf-

`gktcbe ga Oektrea bg Igstfÿk pcrc sctfsncogr aes rgqufsftes qug

cotuca`gktg packtgc ac Bfrgoofÿk Gstrctæifoc, ae qug kes aagvcrã

c bgsoujrfr su bf`gksfÿk gstrctæifoc y, gk bgffikftfvc, c fktrebu-

ofrkes bgktre bg ae qug sg oekeog oeè Igstfÿk bga Bgsg`pgóe

Gstrctæifoe e _trctgifo Xgrner`ckog @ckcig`gkt . Bgktre bg gstg

ã`jfte, prgsgktcrgès jrgvg`gktg acs prfkofpcags dgrrc`fgktcs

surifbcs pcrc bcr rgspugstc c acs kugvcs kgogsfbcbgs bg fkner`c-

ofÿk pcrc ac igstfÿk qug sg packtgck, c scjgr= ga oucbre bg `ckbe

fktgirca y aes fkner`gs bg ocpftca fktgagotuca. Bgjfbe c acs gxtgk-

sfekgs qug bg tcags dgrrc`fgktcs sg suifgrgk pcrc ga ã`jfte `c-

oregoekÿ`foe, oekvfgkg oe`prgkbgr jfgk ga oektgxte gk ga qug

fkfofca`gktg sg packtgck acs `fs`cs y acs kgogsfbcbgs oekorgtcs

c acs qug prgtgkbgk bcr rgspugstc, oek ga ffik bg preogbgr c ukc

cbgoucbc cbcptcofÿk ca kugve oektgxte.

Zgcafzcbc gstc fktrebuoofÿk, c oektfkucofÿk prgsgktcrgès

acs prãotfocs dcjftucags bg acs g`prgscs gk ae qug c `gbfofÿk y

gvcaucofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk sg rgffigrg, te`ckbe oeè rgngrgkofc

aes gstubfes rgcafzcbes per irckbgs ffir`cs bg oeksuateràc. Gk pcr-

tfouacr, prgsgktcrgès ouãags sek aes fkbfocbergs `ãs g`pagcbes

y acs ocrgkofcs ejsgrvcbcs. _giufbc`gktg, èstrcrgès y gvcauc-

rgès acs prepugstcs qug, bgsbg ga ã`jfte cocbæ`foe, dck fbe

surifgkbe gk gstg tgrrgke, c acs qug cócbfrgès acs suigrgkofcs

rgcafzcbcs bgsbg ac Gurepgck Neukbctfek ner Sucafty @ckcig-

`gkt (GNS@), ouye èbgae bg gxogagkofc sg gkougktrc c`pafc-

`gktg gxtgkbfbe gktrg acs g`prgscs vcsocs.

Xcrc tgr`fkcr, suigrfrgès dcofc bÿkbg bgjgk erfgktcrsg

acs prepugstcs nuturcs y gstcjagogrgès uk pugktg bg ukfÿk oek

ac pgrspgotfvc `coregoekÿ`foc. Gk pcrtfouacr, preogbgrgès c

fbgktfffiocr acs prfkofpcags vcrfcjags c tgkgr gk ougktc pcrc preog-







bgr c ac gvcaucofÿk bg ac ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk qug ùgstrck

acs g`prgscs bg uk tgrrfterfe.

:. Oekogpte y tfpes bg fkkevcofÿk

:.3 Ga oekogpte bg fkkevcofÿk

Gk ga ã`jfte bg ac aftgrcturc gk cb`fkfstrcofÿk y bfrgoofÿk bg

g`prgscs ke gxfstg ukc bgffikfofÿk bg fkkevcofÿk ukfvgrsca`gktg

cogptcbc, pgre ac `cyer pcrtg bg acs bgffikfofekgs gxfstgktgs oefk-

ofbg gk sgócacr qug fkkevcr f`pafoc oekogjfr g f`packtcr caie

kugve. C èbe bg gmg`pae, gk ga cóe 36>7, Rde`psek bgffikàc ac

fkkevcofÿk oeè ac igkgrcofÿk, cogptcofÿk g f`pag`gktcofÿk

bg kugvcs fbgcs, preogses, prebuotes e sgrvfofes< gk 364>, ^ck bg

gk sgócacjc qug ac kcturcagzc fktràksgoc bg ac fkkevcofÿk rcbfoc

gk ac fbgktfffiocofÿk y use bg epertukfbcbgs pcrc orgcr kugves

prebuotes, sgrvfofes e prãotfocs bg trcjcme< y, gk ga cóe :888,

@crtfks cffir`c qug ac fkkevcofÿk sg rgffigrg c ac f`packtcofÿk

bg ukc kugvc fbgc, prãotfoc e crtgncote `ctgrfca (per gmg`pae,

uk prebuote), qug oekstftuyg ukc kevgbcb pcrc ga gktg qug ae

cbeptc, y per `gbfe bga ouca sg erfifkc uk oc`jfe. Cbg`ãs, cócbg

@crtfks, gstc kugvc fbgc, prãotfoc e crtgncote `ctgrfca oektrfjuyg

prejcjag`gktg c ac seauofÿk bg uk prejag`c.

Xcrc caiukes cutergs (gktrg gaaes, Irckt, :884 y _tc``, :884),

ke gs pesfjag dcjacr bg fkkevcofÿk dcstc qug ga kugve gag`gkte

oekogjfbe ke aagiug ca `grocbe. Bg gstg èbe, Irckt bfstfkiug

gktrg fkvgkofÿk g fkkevcofÿk prepfc`gktg bfodc. Xcrc ga oftcbe

cuter, ac fkvgkofÿk sg rgffigrg c ac orgcofÿk bg kugves prebuotes e

preogses c trcvæs bga bgscrreaae bg kugve oekeof`fgkte, e c pcrtfr

bg kugvcs oe`jfkcofekgs bg oekeof`fgkte prgvfc`gktg gxfstgktg

(Gfsgkdcrbt y @crtfk, :888). Gk oc`jfe, ac fkkevcofÿk dcràc cau-

sfÿk c ac oe`grofcafzcofÿk fkfofca bga fkvgkte bgscrreaacbe, jfgk

sgc bg ner`c bfrgotc (gk ga ocse bg kugves prebuotes), e jfgk bg

ner`c fkbfrgotc (gk ga ocse bg kugves preogses). Gk gstg ýatfè

ocse, ac oe`grofcafzcofÿk tfgkg auicr c trcvæs bg ac vgktc bga pre-

buote e sgrvfofe qug dc sfbe ejtgkfbe `gbfcktg ga kugve preogse

prgvfc`gktg oekogjfbe.

Ke ejstcktg, ocjg sgócacr, qug ke tebc fkkevcofÿk sg ofrouks-

orfjg c ac igkgrcofÿk bg uk kugve prebuote e preogse, pubfgkbe






bcrsg tc`jfæk, oeè vgrgès `ãs cbgacktg, etre tfpe bg fkkevc-

ofekgs pcrc acs qug, qufzãs, pgkscr gk ukc gvgktuca «oe`grofcafzc-

ofÿk¼, cukqug sgc fkbfrgotc, pugbg rgsuatcr `ãs oe`pafocbe.

Oeè dgès vfste, ac oekogpofÿk bg caie kugve f`pafoc ac

orgcofÿk bg kugve oekeof`fgkte. Gs bgofr, fkkevcr rgqufgrg kugve

oekeof`fgkte y kugvcs oe`jfkcofekgs bg æstg. Oeè oeksgougk-

ofc bg gaae, pugbg cffir`crsg qug ac ocpcofbcb bg ukc erickfzcofÿk

pcrc fkkevcr bgpgkbg bg su ocpcofbcb pcrc igkgrcr kugve oeke-

of`fgkte (Kekclc y Rclguodf, 3667< Kekclc, Reyc`c y Jyesfärg,

:88?). Gstg gs ga pukte bg vfstc bg cutergs oeè _ujrc`ckfc` y

Veukbt (:887) ‟ qufgkgs csu`gk qug fkkevcr oeksfstg gk jusocr

oektfkuc`gktg oÿè cprevgodcr oekeof`fgkte kugve y ýkfoe<

Agfpekgk (:88>) ‟ qufgk gktfgkbg qug fkkevcr oeksfstg gk ac ig-

kgrcofÿk bg kugvcs oe`jfkcofekgs bg oekeof`fgkte prgvfc`gk-

tg gxfstgktg< bg Xagssfs (:889) ‟ qug fbgktfffioc fkkevcofÿk oek ac

orgcofÿk bg kugve oekeof`fgkte g fbgcs qug bgk auicr c kugves

rgsuatcbes g`prgscrfcags< y bg Aukbvcaa y Kfgasgk (:889) ‟ qufgkgs

cffir`ck qug ac fkkevcofÿk rgprgsgktc, per bgffikfofÿk, caie kugve

qug sg cócbg ca oekeof`fgkte gxfstgktg.

Cbg`ãs, bgjg tgkgrsg gk ougktc qug ac igkgrcofÿk bg kugve

oekeof`fgkte gs ga rgsuatcbe bg uk preogse oektfkue bg cprgkbf-

zcmg erickfzctfve (Kekclc y Rclgudof, 3667< Aukbvcaa y Kfgasgk,

:889). Bgsbg gstg pukte bg vfstc, ac orgcofÿk bg kugve oekeof-

`fgkte pebràc vgrsg oeè uk preogse bg prebuoofÿk oekmuktc, gk

ga qug ac fkkevcofÿk oekstftuyg uk tfpe bg eutput , y ga cprgkbfzcmg

y ga rgnugrze bg dcjfafbcbgs qug tfgkgk auicr burcktg bfode pre-

ogse, etre (Aukbvcaa y Kfgasgk, :889). Gstc keofÿk bga cprgkbfzcmg

oeè preogse sujycogktg gk ac orgcofÿk bg kugve oekeof`fgkte

y, per ae tckte, gk ac fkkevcofÿk, kes aagvc c ukc kugvc bf`gksfÿk

bga oekogpte bg fkkevcofÿk= cqugaac qug tfgkg vgr oek su kcturc-

agzc bfkã`foc.

Gk rgcafbcb, ga oekogpte bg fkkevcofÿk oekstftuyg ga kýoage

bg ae qug dey gk bàc sg oekeog oeè «ocpcofbcb bfkã`foc¼. Gstc

ýatf`c sg rgffigrg c ac ocpcofbcb bg acs g`prgscs pcrc èbgacr, rg-

èbgacr, oekffiiurcr y rgoekffiiurcr sus cotfves, oek ga ffik bg rgs-

pekbgr c aes oc`jfes qug sg prebuogk gk acs tgokeaeiàcs y gk aes

`grocbes, y gsocpcr csà c ac oekbfofÿk bg jgkgffiofe ogre. Bfodc







sftucofÿk sg prebuog ouckbe ke gxfstgk puktes bg bfngrgkofcofÿk

gktrg acs g`prgscs gk `ctgrfc bg tgokeaeiàc, `grocbes, fkner`c-

ofÿk e dcjfafbcbgs, ae qug f`pafoc qug acs g`prgscs seac`gktg

pugbck ejtgkgr ae kgogscrfe pcrc oujrfr su oestg bg ocpftca (Rggog

y Cuifgr, :886). Gk pcrtfouacr, ac fkkevcofÿk pgr`ftg qug ac jcsg

bg rgourses bg ac erickfzcofÿk sgc èbgacbc e rgèbgacbc `g-

bfcktg ac cbfofÿk bg kugve oekeof`fgkte fkoerpercbe gk kugves

prebuotes, sgrvfofes, preogses, tgokeaeiàcs e èbgaes bg kgieofe.

:.: Rfpes bg fkkevcofÿk

Wkc prf`grc oacsfffiocofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ga ã`jfte g`prg-

scrfca te`c gk oeksfbgrcofÿk ac kcturcagzc bga ejmgte fkkevcber.

Csà, Bc`ckpeur (3663), uke bg aes cutergs ãs rgagvcktgs gk c-

tgrfc bg fkkevcofÿk gk ga ãrgc bg ac cb`fkfstrcofÿk y bfrgoofÿk

bg g`prgscs, bfstfkiug gktrg fkkevcofÿk tæokfoc g fkkevcofÿk cb-

`fkfstrctfvc. Ac prf`grc bg gaacs (gs bgofr, ac fkkevcofÿk tæokfoc)

iucrbc rgacofÿk oek aes prebuotes, sgrvfofes y tgokeaeiàcs bga pre-

ogse prebuotfve, `fgktrcs qug ac sgiukbc (gste gs, ac fkkevcofÿk

cb`fkfstrctfvc) oekofgrkg c ac gstruoturc erickfzctfvc y c aes pre-

ogses cb`fkfstrctfves bg ac erickfzcofÿk. Oeè vgès, sg trctc bg

ukc bfstfkofÿk sg`gmcktg c ac qug gk ga ã`jfte `coregoekÿ`foe

sg rgcafzc gktrg fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc y ke tgokeaÿifoc.

Ctgkbfgkbe tc`jfæk c ac kcturcagzc bga ejmgte fkkevcber,

pgre gk ukc ngodc ùode `ãs rgofgktg, Jgssckt y Rfbb (:889) dc-

jack bg acs 2 «Xs¼ bg ac fkkevcofÿk=

√ Fkkevcofÿk bg prebuote ‟ _g rgffigrg c ac fktrebuoofÿk bg kug-

ves prebuotes y/e sgrvfofes e c ac rgcafzcofÿk bg èbfffiocofe-

kgs gk aes prebuotes y/e sgrvfofes cotuca`gktg engrtcbes.

√ Fkkevcofÿk bg preogse ‟ Oe`prgkbg cqugaaes oc`jfes aagvc-

bes c ocje gk ga èbe gk ga qug aes prebuotes y/e sgrvfofes

sek gacjercbes y/e su`fkfstrcbes.

√ Fkkevcofÿk bg pesfofekc`fgkte ‟ _g rgffigrg c cqugaaes oc`-

jfes erfgktcbes c èbfffiocr ac `ckgrc gk ac qug ga prebuote

y/e sgrvfofe sg pgrofjg/pesfofekc gk ga `grocbe.

√ Fkkevcofÿk bg pcrcbfi`c ‟ _g rgffigrg c ac fktrebuoofÿk bg

oc`jfes gk aes èbgaes `gktcags qug oekffiiurck ae qug ac

erickfzcofÿk dcog.






Gstg ýatfè tfpe bg fkkevcofÿk (y tc`jfæk ac tgrogrc) iucrbc

rgacofÿk oek ae qug dey gk bàc sg oekeog oeè fkkevcofÿk bg

«èbgae bg kgieofe¼, gk ac ouca prenukbfzcrgès uk peoe `ãs

cbgacktg.

Oeè vgès, acs bes prf`grcs «Xs¼ bg Jgssckt y Rfbb sg gk-

`crock bgktre bga oekogpte bg fkkevcofÿk tæokfoc prepugste per

Bc`ckpeur, fgktrcs qug acs bes ýatf`cs sg gk`crock bgktre bga

ã`jfte bg ae qug bgke`fkcès fkkevcofÿk ke tgokeaÿifoc. Cde-

rc jfgk, su oektgkfbe prgsgktc uk caockog bfngrgktg y, sfk bubc,

`ãs gstrctæifoe, qug ga oeksfbgrcbe per Bc`ckpeur gk su bgffikf-

ofÿk fkfofca bg fkkevcofÿk cb`fkfstrctfvc.

Xer ae tckte, pebràc cffir`crsg qug ac fkkevcofÿk ke tgokeaÿ-

ifoc oujrg ca `gkes bes bf`gksfekgs=

√ Ac bf`gksfÿk `ãs cb`fkfstrctfvc sgócacbc per Bc`ckpeur,

rgacofekcbc oek ac gstruoturc y aes preogses erickfzctfves.

√ Ac bf`gksfÿk `ãs gstrctæifoc, rgoeifbc per Jgssckt y Rfbb,

qug oektg`pac aes oc`jfes gk ga pesfofekc`fgkte bg aes pre-

buotes y/e sgrvfofes, csà oeè gk ga èbgae bg kgieofe.

Dey gk bàc, gstc ýatf`c vfsfÿk `ãs gstrctæifoc bg ac fkkevcofÿk

ke tgokeaÿifoc gs ac qug pcrgog gstcr oejrckbe `cyer nugrzc. Bg

gstg èbe, ouckbe Bcvfac, Gpstgfk y _dgatek (:88>) gstcjagogk aes

bfngrgktgs tfpes bg fkkevcofÿk qug gs pesfjag gkoektrcr gk ukc

g`prgsc gk nukofÿk bg ac kcturcagzc bga ejmgte fkkevcber, dc-

jack bg fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc (rgngrgktg c prebuotes y sgrvfofes,

tgokeaeiàcs bg preogse, y tgokeaeiàcs ncofaftcbercs ‟ per gmg`pae,

tgokeaeiàcs bg ac fkner`cofÿk y oeùkfocofÿk) g fkkevcofÿk bg

èbgae bg kgieofe. Gs bgofr, pcrc gstes cutergs, ac fkkevcofÿk ke

tgokeaÿifoc gs, sf`pag y aackc`gktg, fkkevcofÿk bg ebgae bg kg-

ieofe.

Gk oeksgougkofc, oekvfgkg oacrfffiocr quæ gktgkbgès gxco-

tc`gktg per gstc ýatf`c, g fkoause quæ gktgkbgès prf`gre per

«èbgae bg kgieofe¼. Cukqug sek ùodcs acs bgffikfofekgs qug

sg dck bcbe sejrg gstg oekogpte (Ocscbgsus-@csckgaa y Zfocrt,

:889< Dc`jrfol y Nrgbrfolsek, :883< Medksek y _uslgwfoz, :889<

@crlfbgs, 3669< @ftodga y Oeags, :88?< _aywetzly, 366>< _aywetzly

y @errfsek, :88:< êgapga, Afgjeab, Rglfg y êk Lreid, :887), pe-

bràc bgofrsg qug ga èbgae bg kgieofe bg ukc g`prgsc gstã oekffi-







iurcbe per ac su`c bg acs rgspugstcs qug æstc bc c trgs prgiuktcs

jãsfocs fktgrrgacofekcbcs gktrg sà (@crlfbgs, :884)=

√ µC quæ oafgktgs bgje bfrfifr`g5

√ µSuæ prebuotes y sgrvfofes bgje enrgogrags y ouãa bgjgràc sgr

`f prepesfofÿk ýkfoc bg vcaer5

√ µOÿè bgje dcogr ae cktgrfer bg èbe gffiofgktg5 Gs bgofr, µbg

quæ `ckgrc bgje oekffiiurcr/crtfouacr `f ocbgkc bg vcaer5

F`paàoftc`gktg, æstg gs ga pukte bg vfstc csu`fbe per Bcvfac,

Gpstgfk y _dgatek (:88>), ouckbe sgócack qug ac fkkevcofÿk bg

èbgae bg kgieofe pugbg rgngrfrsg c caiukc e vcrfcs bg gstcs trgs

ougstfekgs=

√ Ac prepugstc bg vcaer qug rgcafzc ac g`prgsc.

√ Ac `ckgrc gk ac qug aes prebuotes y sgrvfofes sek igkgrcbes

y su`fkfstrcbes ca oafgktg/`grocbe (gs bgofr, ac oekffiiurcofÿk

bg ac ocbgkc bg vcaer e ocbgkc bg su`fkfstre).

√ Ga oafgktg ca qug bgofbfès bfrfifrkes.

_giýk @crlfbgs (:884), pcrc qug sg pugbc dcjacr vgrbcbg-

rc`gktg bg fkkevcofÿk bg èbgae bg kgieofe ga kugve èbg-

ae prepugste ke seac`gktg bgjg sgr kevgbese pcrc ac g`prgsc,

sfke qug tc`jfæk bgjg sgrae pcrc ga ùkbe gktgre. Gs bgofr,

bgjg enrgogrsg caie qug kcbfg `ãs gstæ enrgofgkbe. Gste qug c

prf`grc vfstc pugbg pcrgogr oe`pafocbe, sfk g`jcrie, ke ae gs

tckte, pugs, gk ac prãotfoc, ae qug sfikfffioc gs qug, oek ga kugve e-

bgae, ke seac`gktg sg rejc ouetc bg `grocbe c aes oe`pgtfbergs

prgvfc`gktg gstcjagofbes, sfke qug tc`jfæk sg c`paàc ga tc`cóe

bga `grocbe, jfgk sgc ctrcygkbe c kugves oafgktgs, e fkoftckbe

c aes oafgktgs cotucags c oeksu`fr `ãs. Xer ae tckte, ac fkkevc-

ofÿk bg èbgae bg kgieofe f`pafoc ac orgcofÿk bg kugve vcaer,

`ãs qug ac sf`pag trcksngrgkofc bg vcaer bg ukcs g`prgscs c

etrcs.

Gk prfkofpfe, ac fkkevcofÿk gk èbgae bg kgieofe ke supe-

kg ga bgsoujrf`fgkte bg kugves prebuotes e sgrvfofes. Ae qug sà

f`pafoc gs ac rgbgffikfofÿk bg uk prebuote e sgrvfofe cotuca`gktg

gxfstgktg y ac rgbgffikfofÿk bg ac `ckgrc gk ac qug æstg gs su`f-

kfstrcbe ca oafgktg. Xer gmg`pae, oeè sgócac @crlfbgs (:884),

C`czek ke bgsoujrfÿ ga sgrvfofe bg vgktc bg afjres, pgre rgbgffikfÿ

æstg per oe`pagte. Fiuca`gktg, _wctod ke bgsoujrfÿ ga rgaem, pgre






rgbgffikfÿ gk quæ oeksfstàc æstg y acs rczekgs per ac qug aes oafgktgs

bgjgràck cbqufrfraes.

Cbg`ãs bg ac oacsfffiocofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk bg cougrbe oek

ac kcturcagzc bga eutput igkgrcbe, gs pesfjag gstcjagogr bfngrgk-

tgs octgieràcs gk nukofÿk bga ircbe bg kevgbcb bg ac fkkevcofÿk

fktrebuofbc. Gk gstg ocse, acs octgieràcs qug dcjftuca`gktg sg bfs-

tfkiugk sek acs bg fkkevcofÿk rcbfoca g fkkevcofÿk fkorg`gktca.

Xcrc _ujrc`ckfc` y Veukbt (:887), acs fkkevcofekgs rcbf-

ocags f`pafock trcksner`cofekgs sustckofcags gk aes prebuotes,

sgrvfofes y tgokeaeiàcs gxfstgktgs, qug c `gkube preveock qug

aes bfsgóes bg tcags prebuotes/sgrvfofes y acs tgokeaeiàcs cotucags

qugbgk ejseagtes, `fgktrcs qug acs fkkevcofekgs fkorg`gktcags

supekgk ac `gmerc bg aes prebuotes, sgrvfofes y tgokeaeiàcs co-

tuca`gktg gxfstgktgs, bg ner`c qug sg rgnugrog ga petgkofca bg aes

bfsgóes bg tcags prebuotes/sgrvfofes, csà oeè acs tgokeaeiàcs co-

tuca`gktg utfafzcbcs. Bgffikfofekgs sf`facrgs pebgès gkoektrcr

gk cutergs tcags oeè @ckf`cac, Mesg y Rde`cs (:887), csà oeè

gk ]deu, Vf` y Rsg (:887).

Xer su pcrtg, Bcvfac, Gpstgfk y _dgatek (:88>), ctgkbfgkbe c

acs sgfs pcackocs bg fkkevcofÿk qug gk tetca bfstfkiugk (trgs pcrc

ac fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc= prebuotes y sgrvfofes, tgokeaeiàcs bg

preogse, y tgokeaeiàcs ncofaftcbercs< y etrcs trgs pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk

gk èbgae bg kgieofe= prepesfofÿk bg vcaer, oekffiiurcofÿk bg ac

ocbgkc bg vcaer y oafgktgs ejmgtfve), csà oeè c ac gkvgricburc bg

aes oc`jfes qug pugbgk fktrebuofrsg gk ocbc ocse (pgqugóes e

sfikfffioctfves), cocjck bfstfkiufgkbe trgs kfvgags bg fkkevcofÿk=

fkkevcofÿk fkorg`gktca, ouckbe aes oc`jfes fktrebuofbes sek

pgqugóes gk tebes aes ocses< fkkevcofÿk sg`f-rcbfoca (`ãs ogk-

trcbc gk ga èbgae bg kgieofe, e `ãs ogktrcbc gk ac tgokeaeiàc),

ouckbe gk uke bg aes bes ã`jftes bg fkkevcofÿk (tgokeaÿifoc e

bg èbgae bg kgieofe) sg bck oc`jfes sfikfffioctfves y gk ga etre

oc`jfes pgqugóes< g fkkevcofÿk rcbfoca, ouckbe sg fktrebuogk

oc`jfes sfikfffioctfves gk aes bes ã`jftes bg fkkevcofÿk. Ac Rcjac

3 rgsu`g bfodcs octgieràcs.

Cukqug etrcs ner`cs bg oacsfffiocr ac fkkevcofÿk tc`jfæk sek

pesfjags, aes bes orftgrfes gxpugstes (gk nukofÿk bg ac kcturcagzc

bga ejmgte fkkevcber y gk nukofÿk bga ircbe bg kevgbcb bg ac fk-







kevcofÿk fktrebuofbc) sek rgca`gktg aes bes ãs rgagvcktgs bgk-

tre bga ã`jfte bg ac cb`fkfstrcofÿk y bfrgoofÿk bg g`prgscs.

Rcjac 3= Rfpes bg fkkevcofÿk gk nukofÿk bga ircbe bg kevgbcb

bg ac fkkevcofÿk fktrebuofbc

Nugktg= Cbcptcbe c pcrtfr bg Bcvfac, Gsptgfk y _dgatek (:88>).

Fkorg`gktca

_g`f-rcbfoca

(èbgae bg

kgieofe)

_g`f-rcbfoca

(tgokeaeiàc)

Zcbfoca

Xcackocs bg fkkevcofÿk gk èbgae bg

kgieofe

Xrepugstc bg

vcaer

Xcackocs bg fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc

Ocbgkc bg

vcaer

Oafgktgs

ejmgtfve

Xrebuotes y

sgrvfofes

Rgokeaeiàcs

bg preogse

Rgokeaeiàcs

ncofaftcbercs

Oc`jfe sfikfffioctfve gk ukc e `ãs bg acs

trgs pcackocs.

Oc`jfe pgqugóe gk ukc e `ãs bg acs trgs

pcackocs.


trgs pcackocs.

Xgqugóes oc`jfes gk ukc e `ãs bg acs sgfs pcackocs.


trgs pcackocs.

Oc`jfe pgqugóe gk ukc e `ãs bg acs trgs

pcackocs.


trgs pcackocs.

?. Bfrgoofÿk Gstrctæifoc= oacrfffiockbe acs nugktgs bg

vgktcmc oe`pgtftfvc y orgcofÿk bg vcaer

Dey gk bàc, ac fkkevcofÿk gstã oeksfbgrcbc oeè ukc bg acs prfk-

ofpcags nugktgs bg vgktcmc oe`pgtftfvc y orgcofÿk bg vcaer gk gk-

terkes iaejcafzcbes y rãpfbc`gktg oc`jfcktgs. Gk oeksgougkofc,

uk jugk sfstg`c bg oektrea gk gstg cpcrtcbe bgjgrã èstrcr ac

`ckgrc gk qug ac fkkevcofÿk oektrfjuyg c ac igkgrcofÿk bg vc-

aer y ca bgscrreaae bg vgktcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs. Xugste qug ac Bfrgo-

ofÿk Gstrctæifoc gs ac bfsofpafkc qug sg eoupc bga gstubfe bg tcags

nugktgs gk ga ã`jfte g`prgscrfca, oekvfgkg rgvfscr aes prfkofpcags

pcrcbfi`cs qug c ae acrie bga tfg`pe dck surifbe oek ga ffik bg

gxpafocr sus nukbc`gktes.

Oeè sgócac Irckt (:884), ac gsgkofc bg ac cotfvfbcb g`prg-

scrfca rcbfoc gk ac orgcofÿk bg vcaer. Xer vcaer gktgkbgès ac ock-

tfbcb bg bfkgre qug aes oafgktgs gstãk bfspugstes c pcicr per uk

bgtgr`fkcbe jfgk e sgrvfofe. Xer ae tckte, ga bgscnàe pcrc ac gstrc-

tgifc oeksfstg, gk prf`gr auicr, gk igkgrcr vcaer pcrc aes oafgktgs






y, gk sgiukbe auicr, gk ocpturcr pcrtg bg bfode vcaer gk ner`c bg

jgkgffiofe. Ouckbe ukc g`prgsc ejtfgkg (e tfgkg ga petgkofca bg

ejtgkgr) ukc tcsc bg jgkgffiofe supgrfer c ac bg etrcs g`prgscs qug

oe`pftgk gk ga `fsè `grocbe y, cbg`ãs, bg `ckgrc pgrsfstgktg

gk ga tfg`pe, gktekogs, bfodc g`prgsc pesgg ukc vgktcmc oe`pg-

tftfvc sejrg sus rfvcags.

C ae acrie bga tfg`pe, sek bes aes prfkofpcags pcrcbfi`cs qug

dck surifbe gk ga ã`jfte bg ac Bfrgoofÿk Gstrctæifoc oek ga ffik bg

gxpafocr acs nugktgs bg vgktcmc oe`pgtftfvc y orgcofÿk bg vcaer= ga

pcrcbfi`c bg acs nugrzcs oe`pgtftfvcs (e pcrcbfi`c jcscbe gk

ga `grocbe) y ga pcrcbfi`c jcscbe gk aes rgourses y ocpcofbcbgs

(rgseurog-jcsgb vfgw ). ^gcès c oektfkucofÿk aes prfkofpcags rcs-

ies qug prgsgktc ocbc uke bg gaaes.

?.3 Ga pcrcbfi`c bg acs nugrzcs oe`pgtftfvcs e

pcrcbfi`c jcscbe gk ga `grocbe

Gstg pcrcbfi`c tfgkg su erfigk gk aes trcjcmes pfekgres rgcafzcbes

per @fodcga G. Xertgr burcktg ac bæocbc bg 3648. Gk tcags trcjcmes,

sg bgstcoc ga pcpga qug bgsg`pgóc ac gstruoturc sgoterfca («ircbe

bg ctrcotfve bga sgoter¼) c ac derc bg ejtgkgr ukc rgktcjfafbcb

supgrfer. C pcrtfr bga gstubfe bg acs prfkofpcags ocrcotgràstfocs

gstruoturcags qug prgsgktc uk bgtgr`fkcbe sgoter bg cotfvfbcb y

bg ac fktgrcoofÿk gxfstgktg gktrg tcags ocrcotgràstfocs, sgràc pesfjag

prgbgofr ga tfpe bg oe`pertc`fgkte oe`pgtftfve rgsuatcktg y ga

kfvga bg rgktcjfafbcb gspgrcbe (Irckt, :884). Oekorgtc`gktg, ga

gsqug`c oekeofbe oeè «acs ofkoe nugrzcs bg Xertgr¼ pgr`ftfràc

fbgktfffiocr acs f`pgrngoofekgs oe`pgtftfvcs gxfstgktgs gk aes `gr-

ocbes y, c pcrtfr bg cdà, oÿè utfafzcr tcags f`pgrngoofekgs pcrc

igkgrcr epertukfbcbgs qug pgr`ftck ejtgkgr jgkgffiofes supgrfe-

rgs (Jcrkgy y Oacrl, :889). Gk oeksgougkofc, ac oacvg bg ac igs-

tfÿk gstrctæifoc rcbfocràc gk ac jýsqugbc bg gkterkes sgoterfcags

ncvercjags, gk ac aeocafzcofÿk bg sgi`gktes y irupes gstrctæifoes

ctrcotfves gk tcags sgotergs, y gk ga fktgkte bg cpacocr acs prgsfekgs

oe`pgtftfvcs, trctckbe bg fkofbfr gk ac gstruoturc bga sgoter y gk

ac oekbuotc bg aes oe`pgtfbergs (Irckt, 3663).

_fk g`jcrie, ac fkvgstficofÿk g`pàrfoc ke dc oerrejercbe

suffiofgktg`gktg ac rgacofÿk gktrg gstruoturc sgoterfca y rgktc-







jfafbcb. Xer gmg`pae, gk 3663, Zu`gat èstrÿ qug acs bfngrgkofcs

bg rgktcjfafbcb fktrc-sgoterfcags sek ùode `ãs f`pertcktgs

qug acs bfngrgkofcs bg rgktcjfafbcb fktgr-sgoterfcags, ae qug suifgrg

ukc `cyer rgagvckofc bg aes ncotergs fkdgrgktgs c ac prepfc g`-

prgsc nrgktg c aes bg àkbeag sgoterfca c ac derc bg gxpafocr ga erf-

igk bg ukc rgktcjfafbcb supgrfer (Rggog, Xfscke y _dugk, 3669).

Dcaaczies sf`facrgs dck sfbe rgpertcbes per Zequgjgrt, Xdfaafps

y Ygstncaa (366>), @oIcdck y Xertgr (3669), Dcwcwfkf, _ujrc`c-

kfc` y ^grbfk (:88?) y @fsckiyf, Dga`s, Irgoldc`gr y Agpfkg

(:88>).

Gk oeksgougkofc, ae cktgrfer kes ejafic c veavgr ac vfstc dc-

ofc ac jcsg bg rgourses bg ac erickfzcofÿk oeè nugktg bg vgktcmc

oe`pgtftfvc.

?.: Ga gknequg bg aes rgourses y ocpcofbcbgs

Ga gknequg jcscbe gk aes rgourses y ocpcofbcbgs oekstftuyg ga pc-

rcbfi`c be`fkcktg bgsbg ac bæocbc bg 3668 dcstc kugstres bàcs.

_giufbc`gktg, prgsgktcrgès aes prfkofpfes sejrg aes qug sg sus-

tgktc, csà oeè sus bgscrreaaes ãs rgofgktgs.

?.:.3 Nukbc`gktes tgÿrfoes

Bgsbg gstg gknequg, sg oeksfbgrc qug acs g`prgscs `ãs rgktcjags

ae sek ke perqug aagvgk c ocje fkvgrsfekgs gstrctæifocs qug pgr-

`ftck igkgrcr jcrrgrcs bg gktrcbc y gagvcr aes prgofes per gkof`c

bg sus oestgs c acrie pacze (gknequg jcscbe gk ga `grocbe), sfke

perqug sus oestgs sek `crocbc`gktg fkngrfergs, e su kfvga bg oc-

afbcb sgksfjag`gktg `cyer, e ac nukofekcafbcb bg sus prebuotes

sgksfjag`gktg `gmer (Rggog, Xfscke y _dugk, 3669). Xer ae tckte,

ac vgktcmc oe`pgtftfvc bgrfvc bg ukc jcsg bg rgourses ýkfoc y bf-

ngrgkofcbc (qug ke pugbg sgr nãofa`gktg f`ftcbc), y ke bg ukc bg-

tgr`fkcbc pesfofÿk bgtgktcbc gk ga `grocbe. Oeè oeksgougkofc

bg gaae, ac gsgkofc bg ac nerùacofÿk gstrctæifoc rcbfoc gk ac sgago-

ofÿk bg cqugaac gstrctgifc qug pgr`ftc gxpaetcr gmer aes rgourses

y ocpcofbcbgs bg ac g`prgsc gk rgacofÿk oek acs epertukfbcbgs

gxtgrkcs, csà oeè gk ac sgagoofÿk bg acs cotucofekgs kgogscrfcs

pcrc pekgr rg`gbfe c acs aciukcs gxfstgktgs gk ga ã`jfte bg aes

rgourses bfspekfjags (Irckt, 3663).






Xugste qug, bg cougrbe oek gstg gknequg, ac igkgrcofÿk bg vgktc-

mcs oe`pgtftfvcs bgpgkbg bg ac «jcsg bg rgourses¼ (oeè vgrgès

`ãs cbgacktg, rgourses gk sgktfbe gstrfote `ãs ocpcofbcbgs) bg ac

qug bfspekg ac g`prgsc, oekvfgkg qug bgbfqugès ukcs jrgvgs

aàkgcs c oacrfffiocr gstg oekogpte.

Ac bgffikfofÿk bg «rgourse¼ dc fbe vcrfckbe oek ga pcse bga

tfg`pe y sg dc gktrg`gzoacbe oek ac keofÿk bg «ocpcofbcb¼.

Gk su crtàouae pfekgre bg 3642, Ygrkgngat, cpeyãkbesg gk Ocvgs

(3648), bgffikg ga tær`fke «rgourse¼ oeè cqugaaes cotfves (tck-

ifjags g fktckifjags) qug gstãk aficbes c ac g`prgsc bg èbe sg-

`fpgr`ckgktg. C ebe bg gmg`pae oftc aes sfiufgktgs= crocs oe-

`grofcags, oekeof`fgkte tgokeaÿifoe bgscrreaacbe fktgrkc`gktg,

pgrsekca oucafffiocbe, oektcotes oe`grofcags, `cqufkcrfc, preogbf-

`fgktes gffiofgktgs, ocpftca, gto. Ga oekogpte bg «ocpcofbcb¼ cýk

ke sg gkougktrc prgsgktg bg èbe gxpaàofte gk ac ejrc bg Ygr-

kgngat, cukqug, qufzãs, ouckbe sg oftc oeè gmg`pae bg cotfve aes

«preogbf`fgktes gffiofgktgs¼ (ae qug dcog causfÿk c uk bgtgr`fkc-

be «scjgr dcogr¼), pugbg gktgkbgrsg qug Ygrkgngat oeksfbgrc acs

ocpcofbcbgs oeè etre cotfve `ãs (gk gstg ocse, ejvfc`gktg, bg

kcturcagzc fktckifjag).

Gk ga cóe 3663, Mcy Jcrkgy y Zejgrt Irckt (bes bg aes cutergs

sg`fkcags bg ac pgrspgotfvc bg aes rgourses y ocpcofbcbgs) preper-

ofekck per sgpcrcbe sgkbcs bgffikfofekgs bga tær`fke «rgourse¼ y

ga sgiukbe bg gaaes, cbg`ãs, preperofekc ukc bgffikfofÿk sgpcrcbc

bga tær`fke «ocpcofbcb¼.

Gk ga ocse bg Jcrkgy, ac bgffikfofÿk bg «rgourse¼ sfiug ac aàkgc

`crocbc per Ygrkgngat, g fkoauyg cqugaaes cotfves, ocpcofbcbgs,

preogses erickfzctfves, ctrfjutes bg ac g`prgsc, fkner`cofÿk, oe-

keof`fgkte, gto., qug sg gkougktrck jcme su oektrea. Xer ae tck-

te, gk ac bgffikfofÿk bg Jcrkgy, ga oekogpte bg «ocpcofbcb¼ ner`c

pcrtg gxpaàoftc bg ac jcsg bg rgourses bg ac g`prgsc, sfk qug ga

cuter preperofekg kfkiukc coacrcofÿk cbfofekca ca rgspgote. Gk

pcrtfouacr, Jcrkgy bfstfkiug trgs octgieràcs bg rgourses= nàsfoes,

du`ckes y erickfzctfves.

Xer su pcrtg, Irckt oeksfbgrc aes «rgourses¼ oeè fkputs

bga preogse prebuotfve. _fk g`jcrie, cócbg ga cuter, per sà se-

aes, peoes rgourses sek prebuotfves. Xcrc bgscrreaacr ukc tcrgc, sg







kgogsftc ac oe`jfkcofÿk bg vcrfes rgourses. Bg gstg èbe, Irckt

bgffikg ga tær`fke «ocpcofbcb¼ oeè ac dcjfafbcb qug pesgg ac

erickfzcofÿk pcrc bgspagicr sus rgourses oek ga ffik bg caockzcr

uk bgtgr`fkcbe prepÿsfte. Csà, `fgktrcs aes rgourses oekstftuygk

ac jcsg bg acs ocpcofbcbgs bg ac g`prgsc (sfk rgourses ke gxfstgk

ocpcofbcbgs), acs ocpcofbcbgs sek su prfkofpca nugktg bg vgktcmc

oe`pgtftfvc= sf ac g`prgsc ke gs ocpcz bg utfafzcr sus rgourses cbg-

oucbc`gktg, ke pebrã igkgrcr vcaer kf jgkgffiofes.

Gstc cpertcofÿk bg Irckt oekstftuyg uk scate oekogptuca su-

`c`gktg f`pertcktg. C pcrtfr bg cquà, ga oekogpte bg «ocpcof-

bcb¼ pcsc c sgr ejmgte bg gspgofca ctgkofÿk y bgscrreaae, prfkofpca-

`gktg, ca c`pcre bga oekogpte bg «rutfkc erickfzctfvc¼ (Kgasek

y Yfktgr, 364:). Bg gstg èbe, gk ac cotucafbcb, vcrfes bg aes cu-

tergs ãs pre`fkgktgs gk ga ã`jfte bg aes rgourses y ocpcofbcbgs

fbgktfffiock ga oekogpte bg «ocpcofbcb¼ oek ac dcjfafbcb qug pesgg

ac erickfzcofÿk pcrc aagvcr c ocje ukc cotfvfbcb e tcrgc oekorgtc

(Dganct gt catgr, :889). Ke ejstcktg, pcrc qug ac gmgouofÿk bg ukc

cotfvfbcb pugbc oeksfbgrcrsg oeè «ocpcofbcb¼, sgiýk aes oftc-

bes cutergs, bgjg dcjgr caockzcbe uk ofgrte kfvga bg «rutfkc¼. Gs

bgofr, bgjg oekstftufr uk pctrÿk rgpgtftfve bg cotucofÿk.

Aes `fsès cutergs qug dgès sgócacbe gk ga pãrrcne cktg-

rfer (Dganct gt catgr, :889) oeksfbgrck qug ac jcsg bg rgourses bg

ukc erickfzcofÿk gstã oekstftufbc tckte per aes cotfves tckifjags,

fktckifjags y du`ckes (rgourses gk sgktfbe gstrfote) qug ac eric-

kfzcofÿk pesgg, oektreac, e c aes qug tfgkg coogse bg èbe prg-

ngrgkofca, oeè per sus ocpcofbcbgs. Gs bgofr, pcrc gstes cutergs,

«rgourse¼ gs oucaqufgr oesc bg ac ouca pugbc vcagrsg ac g`prgsc

pcrc caockzcr sus ejmgtfves. Kÿtgsg qug pcrc qug uk rgourse (gk

sgktfbe gstrfote) e ocpcofbcb ner`gk pcrtg bg ac jcsg bg rgourses

bg ac g`prgsc ke gs kgogscrfe qug ac g`prgsc pesgc aes `fsès.

Xer gmg`pae, ac g`prgsc ke gs bugóc bg sus g`pagcbes y, gk ù-

odes ocses, acs cafckzcs y cougrbes bg oeacjercofÿk gstcjagofbes

oek etrcs g`prgscs pgr`ftgk c ac erickfzcofÿk tgkgr coogse c rg-

ourses qug ke pesgg.

µOuãags sek cqugaaes ctrfjutes qug dcogk qug uk rgourse gk

sgktfbe c`pafe sgc susogptfjag bg igkgrcr vgktcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs5

Rcags ctrfjutes, prepugstes yc per Jcrkgy gk su crtàouae sg`fkca bg






Oeè cocjcès bg vgr, ac bfnàofa f`ftcjfafbcb qug cpcrgog aficbc

c ac `cyer pcrtg bg rgourses fktckifjags dcog bg gaaes nugktg pe-

tgkofca f`pertcktg bg vgktcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs burcbgrcs, per gkof-

`c bg aes rgourses bg kcturcagzc nàsfoc e tckifjag. Gaae mustfffioc ga

fktgræs bg su gstubfe y ac jýsqugbc bg dgrrc`fgktcs qug ncofaftgk

su `gbfofÿk y igstfÿk.

?.:.: Bgscrreaaes pestgrfergs

Wkc bgrfvcbc su`c`gktg fktgrgscktg bgktre bga pcrcbfi`c gs-

trctæifoe bg aes rgourses y ocpcofbcbgs gs ga bgke`fkcbe gknequg

jcscbe gk ga oekeof`fgkte e lkewagbig-jcsgb vfgw . Gstc gxtgksfÿk

bga rgseurog-jcsgb vfgw oeksfbgrc ga oekeof`fgkte oeè ga rgour-

se gstrctæifoe oacvg gk acs erickfzcofekgs y, bg dgode, cffir`c qug

ac gsgkofc bg æstcs rcbfoc gk ac orgcofÿk, trcksngrgkofc y trcksner-

`cofÿk bga oekeof`fgkte gk vgktcmc oe`pgtftfvc (Leiut y ]ck-

bgr, 366:). Bg cougrbe oek gstc prg`fsc, acs bfngrgkofcs bg rgsuatc-

bes gktrg g`prgscs gstcràck mustfffiocbcs per sus bfstfktes steols bg

oekeof`fgkte y per sus bfstfktcs ocpcofbcbgs pcrc ac gxpaetcofÿk

y bgscrreaae bg kugve oekeof`fgkte (Kekclc y Rclguodf, 3667<

Irckt, 366>< _pgkbgr y Irckt, 366>).

_fk g`jcrie, gk gkterkes iaejcafzcbes y rãpfbc`gktg oc`-

jfcktgs, ac oeksgouofÿk bg vgktcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs sestgkfjags rg-

qufgrg caie ãs qug ga be`fkfe bg rgourses bfnàofa`gktg f`ftcjags.

Zgqufgrg tc`jfæk ga be`fkfe bg ocpcofbcbgs bfkã`focs bfnàofags

bg rgpafocr (Rggog, :889, :886), ocpcofbcbgs qug sek cqugaacs qug

pgr`ftgk c ac g`prgsc orgcr, gxtgkbgr e èbfffiocr su jcsg bg

rgourses (Dganct gt catgr , :889). Nrgktg c acs ocpcofbcbgs bg tfpe

epgrctfve, qug sek cqugaacs qug pgr`ftgk c ac g`prgsc «ickcrsg

ac vfbc¼ gk ga è`gkte prgsgktg (Yfktgr, :88?), acs ocpcofbcbgs

bfkã`focs sek cqugaacs qug sfgktck acs jcsgs bg sus ickckofcs nu-

turcs.

Gk gstg kugve gknequg (ga gknequg bg acs ocpcofbcbgs bfkã`f-

ocs), ac gsgkofc bg ac nerùacofÿk gstrctæifoc rcbfoc gk ac sgagoofÿk

y bgscrreaae bg tgokeaeiàcs y èbgaes bg kgieofe qug bgk auicr

c ac igkgrcofÿk bg vgktcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs `gbfcktg ac erqugstc-

ofÿk y oe`jfkcofÿk bg cotfves bfnàofa`gktg f`ftcjags (Rggog, :889,

:886). Nrgktg ca pcrcbfi`c jcscbe gk ga `grocbe, qug oeksfbgrc



3>8 F k b f o c b e r g s b g




ac gstruoturc bg æstg oeè uk ncoter gxÿigke, gk ga pcrcbfi`c bg

acs ocpcofbcbgs bfkã`focs, ac oekffiiurcofÿk/gstruoturc bga `gr-

ocbe oekstftuyg ukc vcrfcjag gkbÿigkc, nrute bg ac fkkevcofÿk y

bga cprgkbfzcmg.

Gk rgcafbcb, acs ocpcofbcbgs bfkã`focs oekstftuygk «`gtcoc-

pcofbcbgs¼ e ocpcofbcbgs bg erbgk supgrfer, susogptfjags bg sgr

bgscirgicbcs gk ocpcofbcbgs `ãs sf`pags. Oekorgtc`gktg, Rggog

(:889, :886) sgócac acs sfiufgktgs ocpcofbcbgs jãsfocs=

√ Ac ocpcofbcb bg bgtgotcr (y bcr ner`c c) epertukfbcbgs y

c`gkczcs (sgksfki ‟ ckb sdcpfki ‟ eppertukftfgs ckb tdrgcts).

√ Ac ocpcofbcb bg cprevgodcr acs epertukfbcbgs bgtgotcbcs

(sgfzfki eppertukftfgs).

√ Ac ocpcofbcb bg `cktgkgr ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb `gbfcktg ga rg-

nugrze, oe`jfkcofÿk, pretgoofÿk y, gk ocse kgogscrfe, rgoekffi-

iurcofÿk bg aes cotfves tckifjags g fktckifjags qug oe`pekgk

ac g`prgsc. Gste ýatfè iucrbc rgacofÿk oek ac ocpcofbcb bg

æstc bg «rgfkvgktcrsg¼ c sà `fs`c y ke erfr bg æxfte.

Oeè vgès, ga oekogpte bg «ocpcofbcb bfkã`foc¼ sg gkougk-

trc gstrgodc`gktg vfkouacbe ca oekogpte bg «fkkevcofÿk¼ y, bg

dgode, acs trgs bf`gksfekgs jãsfocs qug dgès `gkofekcbe sek

pgrngotc`gktg cpafocjags c æstc. Gk gstc aàkgc, bfvgrses cutergs

oftck ac fkkevcofÿk oeè uk gmg`pae crqugtàpfoe bg ocpcofbcb

bfkã`foc (Rggog, Xfscke y _dugk, 3669< Gfsgkdcrbt y @crtfk, :888<

Dganct gt catgr , :889). Gk pcrtfouacr, ac fkkevcofÿk pgr`ftg c`pafcr

e èbfffiocr ac jcsg bg rgourses bg ac erickfzcofÿk, `gbfcktg ac

cbfofÿk bg kugve oekeof`fgkte fktgircbe gk kugvcs tgokeaeiàcs,

prebuotes, sgrvfofes, preogses y `ætebes bg igstfÿk.

Xer ae tckte, ga gknequg bg acs ocpcofbcbgs bfkã`focs, qug trc-

tc bg ckcafzcr acs jcsgs bg ocbc ukc bg acs ocpcofbcbgs `ãs sf`-

pags gk acs qug æstcs pugbgk bgsoe`pekgrsg, oekstftuyg uk `croe

cbgoucbe pcrc trctcr bg bgtgr`fkcr acs nugktgs bg vgktcmc oe`pg-

tftfvc g`prgscrfca gk ac cotuca goeke`àc bg ac fkkevcofÿk y bga oe-

keof`fgkte. Ke ejstcktg, ga gknequg bg acs ocpcofbcbgs bfkã`focs

ke pugbg sgr oe`pagtc`gktg bgsaficbe bga gknequg jcscbe gk ga

oekeof`fgkte, pugs pcrc qug ac g`prgsc pugbc orgcr, gxtgkbgr e

èbfffiocr su jcsg bg rgourses (g fkkevcr) kgogsftc igkgrcr kugve

oekeof`fgkte y/e èbfffiocr ga oekeof`fgkte gxfstgktg.



3>3Ocpàtuae 2= Ac fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc g`prgscrfca F k b f o c b e r g s b g



2. Zgourses fktckifjags= ac nugktg fkvfsfjag bg orgcofÿk

bg vcaer

Oeè dgès vfste, ga gknequg bg aes rgourses y ocpcofbcbgs pekg

bg rgafgvg ac rgagvckofc bg aes rgourses bg kcturcagzc fktckifjag

oeè jcsg pcrc ac ejtgkofÿk bg vgktcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs burcbgrcs.

C pcrtfr bg cquà, surig tebc ukc oerrfgktg bg aftgrcturc erfgktcbc

dcofc ga gstubfe, oacsfffiocofÿk, igstfÿk y gbfofÿk bg tcags rgourses=

kes rgngrfès c ac oerrfgktg oekeofbc oeè «ocpftca fktgagotuca¼.

Gk acs prÿxf`cs aàkgcs, prgsgktcrgès ukc sgkofaac demc bg rutc

qug pgr`ftc ca agoter sftucrsg nãofa`gktg gk ac mukiac tgr`fkeaÿif-

oc bg gstc oerrfgktg, csà oeè gk sus prfkofpcags vcrfcktgs.

Ac gxprgsfÿk «ocpftca fktgagotuca¼ oe`fgkzc c pepuacrfzcrsg

gk ac bæocbc bg 3668, gstrgodc`gktg vfkouacbc c aes oekogptes bg

«fktckifjag¼ y «oekeof`fgkte¼. Xer cquga gktekogs, ac gker`g

bfngrgkofc gxfstgktg gktrg ga vcaer bg `grocbe bg ofgrtcs g`prgscs

(pcrtfouacr`gktg pgrtgkgofgktgs c aes sgotergs ofgktàffioe y tgoke-

aÿifoe= gste gs, g`prgscs bg oekeof`fgkte) y su vcaer gk afjres

dcog pgkscr gk ac gxfstgkofc bg uk ocpftca fktckifjag ke rgoeifbe

per aes gstcbes oektcjags, pgre fktufbe y vcaercbe per aes fkvgr-

sergs.

_giýk Ckbrfgssgk (:882), ac gxprgsfÿk «ocpftca fktgagotuca¼

cpcrgofÿ gk ac prgksc pepuacr per prf`grc vgz gk uk crtàouae pu-

jafocbe per _tgwcrt gk ga cóe 3663 gk ac rgvfstc Nertukg y tftuacbe

«Jrcfkpewgr¼. Burcktg ga `fsè cóe, ac oe`pcóàc sugoc bg sgiu-

res _lckbfc CN_ ke`jrÿ c Agfn Gbvfkssek bfrgoter bg ocpftca fk-

tgagotuca y, gk ga cóe 3667, pujafoÿ su prf`gr fkner`g sejrg ac c-

tgrfc. Wk cóe cktgs, _uaafvck, Xgtrcsd y Gbvfkssek dcjàck rgukfbe

c pgrsekcs bg bfngrgktgs g`prgscs prgeoupcbcs per gxtrcgr vcaer

bg sus cotfves fktckifjags, ae qug supuse ga pfsteagtcze bg scafbc

bga irck jee` bga ocpftca fktgagotuca y ac igstfÿk bga oekeof`fgk-

te. C pcrtfr bg cquà, ac ogagjrcofÿk bg oekngrgkofcs y ac pujafocofÿk

bg crtàouaes y afjres sejrg ga pcrtfouacr sg bfspcrck.

Burcktg gstes cóes, ga oekogpte bg ocpftca fktgagotuca dc sfbe

ejmgte bg `ýatfpags bgffikfofekgs. Ke ejstcktg, ac `cyer pcrtg bg

gaacs pugbg cirupcrsg gk bes octgieràcs. Gk ac prf`grc bg gaacs,

ac keofÿk bg ocpftca fktgagotuca sg csf`fac c ac bg «ocpftca bg oe-

keof`fgkte¼. Bg gstg èbe, sg oeksfbgrc qug ga ocpftca fktgago-



3>: F k b f o c b e r g s b g




tuca gs ac su`c bg tebe ga oekeof`fgkte qug acs g`prgscs utfafzck

pcrc su vgktcmc oe`pgtftfvc. Gstg gs ga pukte bg vfstc bg cutergs

oeè _tgwcrt (3669), Kcdcpfgt y Idesdca (3664), _uaafvck (3664) y

Veukbt, _ujrc`ckfc` y _kgaa (:882).

Etres cutergs, sfk g`jcrie, cbeptck ukc pgrspgotfvc `ãs

c`pafc y oeksfbgrck qug ga oekogpte bg ocpftca fktgagotuca fkoauyg

etres rgourses fktckifjags y cotfvfbcbgs, cbg`ãs bg oekeof`fgk-

te. Oeè gmg`pae bg gaae, ac Oe`fsfÿk Gurepgc (:88>) gstcjagog

qug=

Ga ocpftca fktgagotuca gs ac oe`jfkcofÿk bg aes rgourses y cotfvfbc-

bgs du`ckes, erickfzctfves y rgacofekcags bg ukc erickfzcofÿk.

Fkoauyg ga oekeof`fgkte, bgstrgzcs, gxpgrfgkofcs y dcjfafbcbgs bg

aes g`pagcbes< acs cotfvfbcbgs bg F+B, acs rutfkcs erickfzctfvcs,

preogbf`fgktes, sfstg`cs, jcsgs bg bctes y bgrgodes bg prepfgbcb

fktgagotuca bg ac oe`pcóàc< csà oeè tebes aes rgourses aficbes c

acs rgacofekgs gxtgrkcs bg ac g`prgsc oek oafgktgs, prevggbergs,

seofes bg F+B, gto.

Cutergs oeè Zees gt catgr (3669), Jektfs (3666) y @crr (:88>) sg

gkougktrck `ãs prÿxfès bg gstc sgiukbc pgrspgotfvc.

Aac`c ac ctgkofÿk ac fkoausfÿk bga tær`fke «cotfvfbcbgs¼

bgktre bg ac keofÿk bg ocpftca fktgagotuca. Gste kes cogroc c ac kc-

turcagzc bfkã`foc bga oekogpte, nrgktg c su kcturcagzc purc`gktg

gstãtfoc (Xreygote @grftu`, :88:). Oek gaae, sg qufgrg pekgr bg

`ckfffigste ac kgogsfbcb bg fr `ãs caaã bga ckãafsfs bg aes rgourses

bfspekfjags gk uk è`gkte bcbe, pcrc pekgr tc`jfæk ga cogkte

gk ga gstubfe bg cqugaacs cotfvfbcbgs erfgktcbcs dcofc ac cbqufsf-

ofÿk, prebuoofÿk fktgrkc, `cktgkf`fgkte y `gmerc bg tcags rg-

ourses.

Oek fkbgpgkbgkofc bg ac pgrspgotfvc cbeptcbc (ogktrcbc gk

ga oekeof`fgkte y gstãtfoc, u deaàstfoc y bfkã`foc), ga oekogpte bg

ocpftca fktgagotuca sugag bgsiaescrsg gk vcrfcs octgieràcs. Cukqug

acs bgke`fkcofekgs g`pagcbcs pugbgk vcrfcr, dcjftuca`gktg, sg

aagvc c ocje ukc prf`grc bfstfkofÿk gktrg ocpftca du`cke y oc-

pftca gstruoturca, pcrc, c oektfkucofÿk, bgsiaescr gstg ýatfè gk

ocpftca erickfzctfve y ocpftca seofca (gk ga ocse bg ac pgrspgotfvc

ogktrcbc gk ga oekeof`fgkte), e gk gstruoturc fktgrkc y gxtgrkc

(gk ga ocse bg ac pgrspgotfvc deaàstfoc).



3>?Ocpàtuae 2= Ac fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc g`prgscrfca F k b f o c b e r g s b g



Gk c`jes ocses (gs bgofr, tckte bgsbg ac pgrspgotfvc ogktrcbc gk

ga oekeof`fgkte, oeè bgsbg ac pgrspgotfvc deaàstfoc), ga ocpftca

du`cke sg oeksfbgrc ac pcrtg vfvfgktg y pgkscktg bg aes rgourses

fktckifjags (@crr, :88>). Ke ffiiurc gk aes jcackogs bg sftucofÿk

bg acs g`prgscs perqug acs pgrsekcs ke pugbgk pesggrsg gk pre-

pfgbcb= prgstck sus sgrvfofes gk vfrtub bg uk oektrcte bg trcjcme

(Irckt, :884). Gk ac pgrspgotfvc ogktrcbc gk ga oekeof`fgkte, ga

ocpftca du`cke fkoauyg ga oekeof`fgkte, bgstrgzcs y dcjfafbcbgs

qug aes fkbfvfbues pesggk y utfafzck (_oduatz, 36>3< Veukbt, _ujrc-

`ckfc` y _kgaa, :882), `fgktrcs qug, gk ac pgrspgotfvc deaàstfoc,

sg fkoauygk tc`jfæk etres gag`gktes cbfofekcags, tcags oeè acs

cotftubgs, ètfvcofÿk y oe`pre`fse bg acs pgrsekcs (OFO, :88?<

@crr, :88>).

Acs bfngrgkofcs gktrg ac pgrspgotfvc ogktrcbc gk ga oekeof-

`fgkte y ac pgrspgotfvc deaàstfoc sg dcogk `ãs prenukbcs ouckbe

sg trctc bg oekogptucafzcr ga ocpftca gstruoturca y sus bes oe`pe-

kgktgs. Gk ga ocse bg ac prf`grc bg gaacs, ac bfstfkofÿk gktrg ocpftca

erickfzctfve y ocpftca seofca (aes bes oe`pekgktgs gk aes qug sg

sujbfvfbg ga ocpftca gstruoturca gk gstc pgrspgotfvc) tfgkg su erfigk

gk ga tfpe bg oekeof`fgkte oeksfbgrcbe. Oekorgtc`gktg, ga ocpftca

erickfzctfve oe`prgkbg ga oekeof`fgkte fkstftuofekcafzcbe y ac

gxpgrfgkofc oebfffiocbc (gste gs, ga «oekeof`fgkte gxpaàofte¼) qug

sg iucrbc y utfafzc `gbfcktg jcsgs bg bctes, pctgktgs, `ckucags,

gstruoturcs, sfstg`cs y preogses (Veukbt, _ujrc`ckfc` y _kgaa,

:882), fgktrcs qug ga ocpftca seofca sg rgffigrg ca oekeof`fgkte qug

rcbfoc gk acs fktgrcoofekgs gktrg fkbfvfbues y sus rgbgs, y ca qug gs

pesfjag coogbgr c trcvæs bg tcags fktgrcoofekgs y rgbgs (Kcdcpfgt y

Idesdca, 3664). Gstc sgiukbc bgffikfofÿk dcog causfÿk ca aac`cbe

«oekeof`fgkte tãofte¼ y cjcroc tckte acs rgbgs bg fktgrrgacofekgs

gktrg fkbfvfbues bg ac prepfc erickfzcofÿk, oeè acs qug gxfstgk

gktrg aes `fg`jres bg æstc y etres cigktgs gxtgrkes.

Gk ga ocse bg ac pgrspgotfvc deaàstfoc, ac bfstfkofÿk gktrg gs-

truoturc fktgrkc y gxtgrkc (aes bes oe`pekgktgs gk aes qug sg

sujbfvfbg ga ocpftca gstruoturca gk gstc pgrspgotfvc) iucrbc rgac-

ofÿk oek ac ujfocofÿk bga oekeof`fgkte y bg`ãs gag`gktes fk-

tckifjags. Gk pcrtfouacr, ac gstruoturc fktgrkc dcog causfÿk ca oe-

keof`fgkte y bg`ãs cotfves bg kcturcagzc fktckifjag bgrfvcbes







bg aes preogses bg coofÿk bg ac g`prgsc, qug sek prepfgbcb bg

æstc, y qug sg qugbck gk gaac ouckbe acs pgrsekcs ac cjckbekck

(OFO, :88?). Gk etrcs pcacjrcs, oe`prgkbg ac `ckgrc gk ac qug sg

gkougktrc gstruoturcbc ac g`prgsc, sus preogses epgrctfves, sus

umes bg fkner`cofÿk y jcsgs bg bctes, su gstfae bg bfrgoofÿk y af-

bgrczie, su ouaturc y sfstg`c bg fkogktfves, csà oeè sus bgrgodes

bg prepfgbcb fktgagotuca (@crr, :88>). Gk ouckte c ac gstruoturc

gxtgrkc, æstc sg rgffigrg c tebcs acs cotfvfbcbgs y rgourses bg kctu-

rcagzc fktckifjag aficbes c acs rgacofekgs qug ac g`prgsc `cktfgkg

oek etres cigktgs gxtgrkes, tcags oeè oafgktgs, prevggbergs bg

jfgkgs, sgrvfofes e ocpftca, y seofes bg F+B (Xreygote @grftu`,

:88:). Rcags rgourses pugbgk iucrbcr rgacofÿk oek ga oekeof`fgk-

te, pgre tc`jfæk pugbgk rgngrfrsg c etres gag`gktes fktckifjags,

tcags oeè f`cigk bg `croc, sctfsncoofÿk y agcatcb bga oafgktg, pe-

bgr bg kgieofcofÿk, gto.

Cukqug, bgktre bg ac pgrspgotfvc deaàstfoc, aes ke`jrgs «gs-

truoturc fktgrkc y gxtgrkc¼ pugbgk oeksfbgrcrsg acs bgke`fkc-

ofekgs erfifkcags (_vgfjy, 3669), gk ac cotucafbcb, tfgkbg c utfaf-

zcrsg `ãs ga cpgactfve «ocpftca gstruoturca¼ pcrc rgngrfrsg c ae qug

dgès bgffikfbe oeè «gstruoturc fktgrkc¼ y ga cpgactfve «ocpftca

rgacofekca¼ pcrc dcogr causfÿk c ae qug dgès aac`cbe «gstruotu-

rc gxtgrkc¼ (Jektfs, 3666< Xreygote @grftu`, :88:< OFO, :88?). Ke

ejstcktg, oeè dgès vfste, gk uk prfkofpfe, ac bgke`fkcofÿk

«ocpftca gstruoturca¼ sg utfafzcjc tckte pcrc ac gstruoturc fktgr-

kc oeè pcrc ac gstruoturc gxtgrkc (gs bgofr, cjcrocjc c`jes),

`fgktrcs qug, gk ac cotucafbcb, ýkfoc`gktg sg rgffigrg c ac «gstruo-

turc fktgrkc¼.

Xcrc tgr`fkcr, oekvfgkg dcogr `gkofÿk bg ac rgacofÿk gxfstgk-

tg gktrg fkkevcofÿk y ocpftca fktgagotuca. Bg dgode, pcrc caiukes

cutergs, ac fkkevcofÿk ner`c pcrtg bga ocpftca gstruoturca bg ac

g`prgsc (Gbvfkssek y @caekg, 3669< OFO, :88?). Xer gmg`pae, ga

@ebgae Fktgaagotus (OFO, :88?), sujbfvfbg ga ocpftca gstruoturca

(gktgkbfbe oeè «gstruoturc fktgrkc¼) gk bes oe`pekgktgs=

ocpftca erickfzctfve y ocpftca tgokeaÿifoe. Gstg ýatfè fkoauyg ga

gsnugrze aagvcbe c ocje per ac g`prgsc gk `ctgrfc bg F+B g fk-

kevcofÿk, su betcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc, sus bgrgodes bg prepfgbcb fk-

bustrfca g fktgagotuca y sus rgsuatcbes bg fkkevcofÿk. C ae acrie bg






gstg ocpàtuae, sfk g`jcrie, ac fkkevcofÿk sg oeksfbgrcrã `ãs jfgk

oeè ga rgsuatcbe bg oe`jfkcr y erqugstcr bfngrgktgs cotfvfbcbgs

y rgourses bg kcturcagzc tckifjag g fktckifjag, ãs qug oeè ukc

octgieràc bg rgourses gk sà `fs`c, tca y oeè prepekg ga @ebgae

Fktgaagotus.

7. Fbgktfffiocofÿk bg ncotergs oacvg pcrc ac gmerc bg ac

ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk g`prgscrfca

Gk gstg cpcrtcbe, preogbgrgès c rgcafzcr ukc rgvfsfÿk bg ac aftg-

rcturc erfgktcbc c fbgktfffiocr cqugaaes ncotergs qug sek oacvg pcrc

`gmercr ac ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk bg acs g`prgscs. Xcrc gaae,

pcrtfrgès bg aes bes bgscrreaaes ãs rgofgktgs qug sg dck prebu-

ofbe bgktre bga gknequg bg aes rgourses y ocpcofbcbgs (c scjgr, ga

gknequg jcscbe gk ga oekeof`fgkte y ga gknequg jcscbe gk acs oc-

pcofbcbgs bfkã`focs), yc qug æstg oekstftuyg ga pcrcbfi`c be`f-

kcktg dey gk bàc bgktre bga ã`jfte bg ac Bfrgoofÿk Gstrctæifoc.

Gk pcrtfouacr, pugste qug ac fkkevcofÿk oekstftuyg uk gmg`-

pae crqugtàpfoe bg ocpcofbcb bfkã`foc, ae qug dcrgès sgrã ckc-

afzcr aes gag`gktes qug pugbgk cyubcr c ncvergogr ocbc ukc bg acs

ocpcofbcbgs `ãs sf`pags gk acs qug sg bgsiaesck acs ocpcofbcbgs

bfkã`focs= ac ocpcofbcb bg bgtgotcr (y bcr ner`c c) epertukfbc-

bgs y c`gkczcs< ac ocpcofbcb bg cprevgodcr acs epertukfbcbgs bg-

tgotcbcs< y ac ocpcofbcb bg `cktgkgr ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb `gbfcktg

ga rgnugrze, oe`jfkcofÿk, pretgoofÿk y, gk ocse kgogscrfe, rgoek-

ffiiurcofÿk bg aes cotfves tckifjags g fktckifjags qug oe`pekgk ac

g`prgsc.

7.3 Ncotergs oacvg pcrc gmercr ac pesfjfafbcb bg bgtgotcr

(y bcr ner`c c) epertukfbcbgs y c`gkczcs

7.3.3 Igstfÿk bg pgrsekcs

Ga bgsoujrf`fgkte y ac igkgrcofÿk bg kugvcs epertukfbcbgs oeks-

tftuygk cotfvfbcbgs igkufkc`gktg du`ckcs, ouye æxfte bgpgkbg

bg acs ocpcofbcbgs oeikftfvcs y orgctfvcs bg acs pgrsekcs (Rggog,

:889, :886) y bg ac ocpcofbcb bg acs erickfzcofekgs pcrc preèvgr,

f`puascr y gxtrcgr ga `ãxfè rgkbf`fgkte bg tcags ocpcofbcbgs.

@gbfcktg sus peaàtfocs bg ocptcofÿk, sgagoofÿk y oektrctcofÿk

bga pgrsekca, ac g`prgsc tfgkg ac pesfjfafbcb bg betcrsg bga gqufpe



3>> F k b f o c b e r g s b g




du`cke qug, sejrg ac jcsg, pesgc aes oekeof`fgktes, gxpgrfgkofc

y ocpcofbcbgs kgogscrfes pcrc sus ffikgs. Gaae f`pafoc tgkgr ukc vf-

sfÿk oacrc sejrg ouãags sek tcags oekeof`fgktes, gxpgrfgkofcs y oc-

pcofbcbgs, pcrc c oektfkucofÿk, bfsgócr aes preogses bg sgagoofÿk

bg ner`c tca qug sgc pesfjag gvcaucr su prgsgkofc gk aes ockbfbctes.

Orgctfvfbcb, ocpcofbcb g`prgkbgberc, ocpcofbcb bg cprgkbfzcmg,

bg rgacofÿk y oeùkfocofÿk, bg cbcptcofÿk c ofroukstckofcs oc`-

jfcktgs, sek caiukcs bg acs ocrcotgràstfocs pgrsekcags qug ncverg-

ogk ga bgsoujrf`fgkte y ac igkgrcofÿk bg kugvcs epertukfbcbgs.

Xgre ke seac`gktg gse= ukc vgz qug ga trcjcmcber ner`c pcrtg

bg ac g`prgsc, ac erickfzcofÿk bgjg vgacr per bgscrreaacr ca `ãxf-

è sus oekeof`fgktes y dcjfafbcbgs, trctckbe bg cbcptcracs gk

tebe è`gkte c acs kugvcs ofroukstckofcs. Gaae f`pafoc bfsgócr

ukc gstrctgifc bg ner`cofÿk y bgscrreaae prengsfekca pcrc ocbc fk-

bfvfbue y oe`prejcr qug, gngotfvc`gktg, aes gsnugrzes rgcafzcbes

gk gsc bfrgoofÿk bck sus nrutes.

Ac oftcbc gstrctgifc kgogsftc cpeycrsg gk uk jugk sfstg`c bg

fkogktfves. Odrfstfcksgk (:888) bgsorfjg acs ocrcotgràstfocs qug

bgjgràc tgkgr bfode sfstg`c. Xer ukc pcrtg, ga sfstg`c gk ougstfÿk

bgjgràc oe`jfkcr bfngrgktgs tfpes bg rgoe`pgksc= rgoe`pgkscs

èkgtcrfcs, preèofÿk prengsfekca, rgoe`pgkscs bg ocrãotgr

seofca (rgoekeof`fgkte) y rgoe`pgkscs bg tfpe fktràksgoe (per

gmg`pae, pgr ftfr trcjcmcr/fkvgstficr c acs pgrsekcs gk cqugaae gk

ae qug ags iustg). Xer etrc pcrtg, bgjgràc oe`jfkcr tc`jfæk acs

rgoe`pgkscs bg tfpe rutfkcrfe/rgiuacr (cbgoucbcs pcrc `cktgkgr

ga oe`pre`fse oek ae qug sg oeksfbgrc qug bgjg sgr ac cotfvfbcb

dcjftuca= per gmg`pae, ac `gmerc bg ae yc gxfstgktg) y acs bg oc-

rãotgr gxogpofekca (cprepfcbcs pcrc fkogktfvcr ac pcrtfofpcofÿk gk

cotfvfbcbgs bg cate rfgsie, rgacofekcbcs oek ga bgscrreaae bg caie

oe`pagtc`gktg kugve).

7.3.: Ouaturc y bfsgóe erickfzctfve

Ca `crigk bg acs peaàtfocs bg sgagoofÿk, ner`cofÿk, bgscrreaae

prengsfekca y rgtrfjuofÿk qug dgès oftcbe, ga prepfe oektgxte

erickfzctfve pugbg bgsg`pgócr uk pcpga gsgkofca c ac derc bg

ncvergogr ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg kugvcs epertukfbcbgs y ac igkgrc-

ofÿk bg kugvcs fbgcs per pcrtg bg aes `fg`jres bg ac g`prgsc






(Bc`ckpeur 3649, 3663< Lf`, 3648< Lf`jgray y Gvckfsle, 3643).

µOuãags sek acs ocrcotgràstfocs qug bgjgràc rgukfr uk oektgxte er-

ickfzctfve qug ncofaftcrc tcags preogses5

Gk prf`gr auicr, uk oektgxte erickfzctfve ncvergogber bga

bgsoujrf`fgkte bg kugvcs epertukfbcbgs y ac igkgrcofÿk bg kug-

vcs fbgcs (prf`grcs gtcpcs bga preogse fkkevcber), gs uk oektgx-

te qug ncvergog ga fktgroc`jfe bg oekeof`fgkte, tckte gktrg aes

`fg`jres bg ac erickfzcofÿk, oeè gktrg æstes y etres cigktgs.

_giýk Kekclc, vek Lreid y êgapga (:88>), ac orgcofÿk bg oeke-

of`fgkte f`pafoc uk preogse oektfkue c trcvæs bga ouca ga fkbfvf-

bue supgrc acs nrektgrcs y aes aà`ftgs f`pugstes per ac fkner`c-

ofÿk y ga cprgkbfzcmg pcscbe, gbfcktg ac cbqufsfofÿk bg uk kugve

oektgxte, bg ukc kugvc vfsfÿk bga ùkbe y kugve oekeof`fgkte.

Fktgrcotuckbe y oe`pcrtfgkbe oekeof`fgkte tãofte y gxpaàofte

oek etrcs pgrsekcs, ga fkbfvfbue rgnugrzc su ocpcofbcb pcrc bg-

ffikfr ukc sftucofÿk e prejag`c y cpafocr su oekeof`fgkte pcrc

cotucr y rgseavgr ga prejag`c bg èbe gspgoàffioe. Gk oeksgougk-

ofc, uk oektgxte erickfzctfve qug trctg bg preèvgr ac orgcofÿk

bg oekeof`fgkte y ac fkkevcofÿk bgjg ncofaftcr ga fktgroc`jfe bg

fbgcs y gxpgrfgkofcs gktrg acs pgrsekcs.

C ac derc bg preèvgr bfode fktgroc`jfe, ac ouaturc eric-

kfzctfvc bgsg`pgóc uk pcpga nukbc`gktca. Cutergs oeè Caagg

(:88?), Nrfgb`ck, Afpsdftz y Evgr`ggr (:88?) e Yffi (:882) bgs-

orfjgk aes vcaergs qug bgjgràck oekffiiurcr bfodc ouaturc. Gktrg

gaaes, ac oekffickzc, ac trckspcrgkofc, ac oeepgrcofÿk y ac cyubc

ùtuc bgsg`pgóck uk pcpga bgstcocbe. Csf`fsè, ac prgsgkofc

bg vcaergs gspgoàffioc`gktg vfkouacbes c ac fkkevcofÿk gs f`per-

tcktg. Gktrg gaaes pebràcès oftcr= ac gxfstgkofc bg ukc `gktcafbcb

cjfgrtc, ac prepgksfÿk ca rfgsie, ac c`jfofÿk, ac teagrckofc c ac fk-

ogrtfbu`jrg y ac cogptcofÿk bga nrcocse («oeksfbgrcès qug gs

`gmer gqufveocrkes qug ke fktgktcr kcbc kugve¼).

Mukte c ac ouaturc erickfzctfvc, ga bfsgóe erickfzctfve gs etre

gag`gkte c tgkgr gk ougktc. Æstg sg rgffigrg ca tfpe bg gstruoturc

erickfzctfvc f`packtcbc gk ac g`prgsc, ca ircbe bg cuteke`àc y

bg bgsogktrcafzcofÿk gxfstgktg, c aes ockcags bg oeùkfocofÿk vgr-

tfocags y derfzektcags qug ukgk acs bfngrgktgs ukfbcbgs y gqufpes,

y ca bfsgóe nàsfoe bga gkterke bg trcjcme.







Gk ae qug c ac gstruoturc sg rgffigrg, sgiýk ac aftgrcturc, bgtgr`f-

kcbes tfpes bg gstruoturc erickfzctfvc ncofaftck aes preogses bg

fktgroc`jfe y orgcofÿk bg oekeof`fgkte gk `cyer `gbfbc qug

etres. Csà, ac gxfstgkofc bg ukc mgrcrquàc `àkf`c (Jcda`ckk,

3668< Dgabukb, 366?, 3662< Dgbaukb y Kekclc, 366?) y ga bgscrre-

aae bg gstruoturcs cbdeorãtfocs (jcscbcs gk preygotes ‟ @crqucrbt

y Zgykeabs, 3662< @crqucrbt, 366>< @cye y Ackl, 3662< Xrejst y

Jñodga, 3669) e pcrofca`gktg cbdeorãtfocs oekstftuygk rcsies gs-

pgofca`gktg sujrcycbes. Gk rgacofÿk oek gstg ýatfè tfpe bg gs-

truoturc (pcrofca`gktg cbdeorãtfoc), Kekclc y Rclguodf (3667) y

Kekclc, Reyc`c y Jyesfärg (:88?) bgffigkbgk ac gstruoturc bg tfpe

«dfpgrtgxte¼ oeè cqugaac qug gmer sg cmustc c aes rgqugrf`fgk-

tes oftcbes.

Bfodc gstruoturc gs ukc oe`jfkcofÿk bg mgrcrquàc y gqufpes

bg trcjcme cb deo qug trctc bg cxf`fzcr gffiofgkofc, per ukc pcrtg,

y gxfjfafbcb, per etrc. Ac gstruoturc dfpgrtgxte gstã ner`cbc per

vcrfes gstrctes fktgroekgotcbes gktrg sà. Ga prf`gre bg gaaes gs ga

gstrcte mgrãrqufoe e jureorãtfoe, qug gs ga ãs cprepfcbe pcrc bg-

scrreaacr acjergs rutfkcrfcs bg ckgrc gffiofgktg Ga sgiukbe gstrcte

gs ga oerrgspekbfgktg c aes gqufpes bg preygote cb deo , ner`cbes

per pgrsekcs pgrtgkgofgktgs c bfngrgktgs ukfbcbgs bgktre bga gs-

trcte cktgrfer (gqufpes ùatfbfsofpafkcrgs), qug sg ukgk tg`pe-

rca`gktg pcrc uk ffik gspgoàffioe. Gs cquà bekbg sg orgc ga kugve

oekeof`fgkte, c trcvæs bg ac fktgrcoofÿk gktrg aes pcrtfofpcktgs

gk ocbc preygote. C oektfkucofÿk, bfode kugve oekeof`fgkte gs

f`packtcbe, gxpaetcbe y couùacbe gk ga gstrcte jureorãtfoe. Xer

ýatfè, c aes bes gstrctes cktgrfergs bgjg cócbfrsg ac jcsg bg oeke-

of`fgkte bg ac erickfzcofÿk, `ctgrfcafzcbc gk su vfsfÿk, ouaturc y

tgokeaeiàc bfspekfjag, qug sg vc cotucafzckbe gk nukofÿk bga kug-

ve oekeof`fgkte orgcbe.

Xer etrc pcrtg, ac orgcofÿk bg oektgxtes erickfzctfves bgs-

ogktrcafzcbes, oek ukc c`pafc bfstrfjuofÿk bga pebgr y ocpcofbcb

bg cute-erickfzcofÿk gs etrc bg acs ocrcotgràstfocs qug ncvergog

ga cprgkbfzcmg y ac orgcofÿk bg kugve oekeof`fgkte (_wfgrfkic

y Yfgrs`c, 366:< Yctlfks y @crsfol, 366?< Xfkodet y Xfkodet,

3662). C gaae dcy qug cócbfr ga rea qug ac cifafbcb y ufbgz bg aes

ockcags bg oeùkfocofÿk (tckte vgrtfocags oeè derfzektcags)






bgsg`pgóck oeè gag`gktes octcafzcbergs bga fktgroc`jfe bg

fbgcs y ac pesfjfafbcb bg fbgktfffiocofÿk bg kugvcs epertukfbcbgs

(Bcalfr, :887< Lcaac, :887). Gk gstc aàkgc, dey gk bàc sg oekogbg

ocbc vgz cyer f`pertckofc ca f`pcote qug ga bfsgóe bga gkterke

bg trcjcme pugbg tgkgr c ac derc bg ncvergogr ac fktgrcoofÿk gk-

trg fkbfvfbues y, per ae tckte, acs pesfjfafbcbgs bg fktgroc`jfe bg

oekeof`fgkte y igkgrcofÿk bg kugvcs fbgcs (Kekclc, _odc`gr y

Reyc`c, :883< Kgkekgk, :882).

Ae cktgrfer iucrbc rgacofÿk oek ga oekogpte bg «jc¼. Gs bgofr,

oek ga gspcofe nàsfoe e vfrtuca bekbg ga fktgroc`jfe y ac orgcofÿk

bg oekeof`fgkte tfgkgk auicr (Kekclc, Zgfkègaagr y _gkee,

3664). Gk pcrtfouacr, ga bfsgóe bga gkterke bg trcjcme dcràc causfÿk

ca bgke`fkcbe «jc¼ nàsfoe, `fgktrcs qug ac ouaturc y aes vcaergs

oe`pcrtfbes c aes qug cktgs dgès dgode causfÿk oekstftuygk

ac jcsg bga bgke`fkcbe «jc¼ vfrtuca. Rcags vcaergs supekgk ac

gxfstgkofc bg uk gspcofe `gktca oeagotfve qug ncofaftc ga gktgkbf-

`fgkte ùtue y, per ae tckte, ac fktgrcoofÿk y ga fktgroc`jfe bg

oekeof`fgkte.

7.3.? Fkfofctfvcs gspgoàffiocs erfgktcbcs c ncvergogr

ga fktgroc`jfe bg oekeof`fgkte

Cbg`ãs bg preèvgr uk oektgxte erickfzctfve ncvergogber bga

fktgroc`jfe bg oekeof`fgkte, ac g`prgsc pugbg pekgr gk `cr-

odc gockfsès g fkfofctfvcs bfvgrscs gspgoàffioc`gktg erfgktcbes

dcofc tca ffik. Caiukcs bg tcags fkfofctfvcs pugbgk cpeycrsg gk ga

use bg acs bgke`fkcbcs tgokeaeiàcs bg ac fkner`cofÿk y oeù-

kfocofÿk (Bcalfr, :887< Bcvgkpert, :889), oeè per gmg`pae, ac

orgcofÿk bg uk rgpesfterfe bg oekeof`fgkte ek-afkg, e ac pugstc

gk `crodc bg uk jaei , e bg ukc wflfpgbfc, e bg ukc fktrckgt . Rcags

dgrrc`fgktcs ncvergogk ga fktgroc`jfe y csf`facofÿk bga bgke-

`fkcbe «oekeof`fgkte gxpaàofte¼ (gs bgofr, cquga qug pugbg sgr

trcks`ftfbe `gbfcktg ga use bg uk agkiucmg ner`ca y sfstg`ctf-

zcbe ‟ Kekclc y Rclguodf, 3667), pgre ke sfrvgk ouckbe bg ae

qug sg trctc gs bg fktgroc`jfcr «oekeof`fgkte tãofte¼ (gste gs,

oekeof`fgkte bg ocrãotgr pgrsekca, bgpgkbfgktg bga oektgxte y,

gk oeksgougkofc, bfnàofa bg ner`cafzcr y oeùkfocr). Gk gstg ocse,

ac fktgrcoofÿk seofca sg dcog fkbfspgkscjag. Gste kes aagvc c uk sg-







iukbe irupe bg fkfofctfvcs, bekbg ac fktgrcoofÿk pgrsekca gktrg

fkbfvfbues gs ac oacvg. Gktrg gaacs ocjgk bgstcocr acs oeùkfbcbgs

bg prãotfoc (Ygkigr, @oBgrètt y _kybgr, :88:< _cfkt-Ekig y

Ycaacog, :88?), csà oeè aes preirc`cs bg oecodfki y `gkterfki y

ac retcofÿk nukofekca gktrg g`pagcbes.

@fgktrcs acs oeùkfbcbgs bg prãotfoc rgýkgk c uk irupe bg

pgrsekcs qug oe`pcrtgk ukc `fs`c prgeoupcofÿk, oekmukte bg

prejag`cs e pcsfÿk gk terke c uk `fsè tg`c y qug trctck bg

prenukbfzcr su oekeof`fgkte y pgrfofc gk ga ãrgc gbfcktg ac fktg-

rcoofÿk rgiuacr oek aes bg`ãs `fg`jres bg ac oeùkfbcb, acs rgs-

tcktgs fkfofctfvcs oftcbcs (oecodfki , `gkterfki y retcofÿk nukofe-

kca) gstãk gspgofca`gktg pgkscbcs pcrc pgr`ftfr ac trcks`fsfÿk

bg oekeof`fgkte jcscbe gk ac gxpgrfgkofc gk ga oektgxte dcjftuca

bg trcjcme (werl-jcsgb agcrkfki ‟ Zcgafk, :888).

Xer etrc pcrtg, sf jfgk dcstc cderc kes dgès ogktrcbe, se-

jrg tebe, gk ga fktgroc`jfe bg oekeof`fgkte gktrg aes `fg`jres

bg ac erickfzcofÿk, tck f`pertcktg oeè bfode fktgroc`jfe gs ga

fktgroc`jfe qug tfgkg auicr gktrg ac erickfzcofÿk y sus bfngrgktgs

stclgdeabgrs. Oeè sgócack bfvgrses cutergs (Kekclc y Rclguodf,

3667< Ca`gfbc, Ckupc`c y Irckt, :88?< @czkgvslf y Ctdckcssfeu,

:889), ga fktgroc`jfe bg oekeof`fgkte oek cigktgs gxtgrkes oeks-

tftuyg ukc pfgzc oacvg pcrc ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg kugvcs epertukf-

bcbgs, ac igkgrcofÿk bg kugvcs fbgcs y, gk bgffikftfvc, ac orgcofÿk

bg kugve oekeof`fgkte. Xer ae tckte, ga bgscrreaae bg fkfofctfvcs

bfvgrscs qug trctgk bg ne`gktcr bfode fktgroc`jfe (oeè per

gmg`pae, ac ogagjrcofÿk bg rgukfekgs, merkcbcs e werlsdeps) oeks-

tftuyg uk cspgote cbfofekca c tgkgr gk ougktc.

7.3.2 ^fifackofc sfstg`ãtfoc bga gkterke

Ga ýatfè cspgote oftcbe gk ga cpcrtcbe cktgrfer kes fktrebuog bg

aagke gk ukc ougstfÿk oràtfoc pcrc ac fbgktfffiocofÿk y oekffiiurc-

ofÿk bg kugvcs epertukfbcbgs= ac kgogsfbcb bg aagvcr c ocje ukc

vfifackofc sfstg`ãtfoc bga gkterke, tckte prÿxfè oeè bfstcktg

(@crod y _fèk, 3674< Kgasek y Yfktgr, 364:< Rggog, :889, :886).

Ga gkterke c vfifacr y gxpaercr vc `ãs caaã bga sgoter bg cotfvfbcb

y oe`prgkbg ac tetcafbcb bga «goesfstg`c¼ gk ga qug sg gkougktrc

fk`grse ac g`prgsc (Rggog, :889, :886). Bfode goesfstg`c cjcr-






oc ga oekmukte bg erickfzcofekgs, fkstftuofekgs g fkbfvfbues qug

pugbgk tgkgr caiýk tfpe bg f`pcote sejrg ac `fs`c, csà oeè se-

jrg sus oafgktgs y prevggbergs. Xer ae tckte, oe`prgkbg c aes oe`-

pgtfbergs, oafgktgs, prevggbergs, su`fkfstrcbergs bg prebuotes e

sgrvfofes oe`pag`gktcrfes, cuterfbcbgs rgiuacbercs, fkstftuofe-

kgs muràbfocs, ukfvgrsfbcbgs y ogktres bg fkvgstficofÿk.

Wke bg aes dcaaczies `ãs oeksfstgktgs bg ac fkvgstficofÿk g`-

pàrfoc sujrcyc qug ac prejcjfafbcb bg æxfte bg ukc fkkevcofÿk

oe`grofca sg gkougktrc gstrgodc`gktg aficbc ca ircbe bg oe`-

prgksfÿk bg acs kgogsfbcbgs bg usucrfes y oafgktgs y, per ae tckte,

c ac «erfgktcofÿk ca oafgktg¼ qug tgkic ac g`prgsc (Nrgg`ck, 3692<

_caeè, _tgfkdenn y Rre``sbernn, :88?). Bg dgode, oeè sgócac

Rggog (:889, :886), gk eocsfekgs, aes oafgktgs sg gkougktrck gktrg

aes prf`gres gk pgrofjfr ga petgkofca bg cpafocofÿk bg ukc bgtgr-

`fkcbc tgokeaeiàc.

_fk g`jcrie, aes prevggbergs tc`jfæk pugbgk sgr nugktg f`-

pertcktg bg epertukfbcbgs pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk. Gk cqugaaes ocses

gk aes qug aes su`fkfstrcbergs bg oe`pekgktgs sek gspgofca`gk-

tg cotfves gk gstg oc`pe, ga æxfte pugbg bgpgkbgr bg ac dcjfafbcb

bg ac g`prgsc pcrc cprevgodcr/cbcptcrsg c acs fkkevcofekgs bgsc-

rreaacbcs per aes prevggbergs cktgs qug sus oe`pgtfbergs (Rggog,

:889, :886). Csf`fsè, gs prgofse tgkgr gk ougktc qug ac rgspugstc

c uk prejag`c e kgogsfbcb oekorgtc bga oafgktg pugbg rgqugrfr ac

oe`jfkcofÿk bg vcrfcs fkkevcofekgs oe`pag`gktcrfcs bgscrre-

aacbcs per bfngrgktgs cigktgs (gs bgofr, per prevggbergs bg pre-

buotes/sgrvfofes oe`pag`gktcrfes gktrg sà).

Gk ouckte c acs cuterfbcbgs rgiuacbercs g fkstftuofekgs murà-

bfocs (c acs qug pebgès ukfr acs oestu`jrgs seofcags y ac ætfoc

g`prgscrfca), su ejsgrvcofÿk gs f`pertcktg gk tckte gk ouckte

sg trctc bg gag`gktes qug oekffiiurck acs rgiacs bga mugie qug gs

prgofse rgspgtcr.

Gk oucaqufgr ocse, ac oacvg ke rcbfoc gk ac `grc ejsgrvcofÿk

bg ae qug eourrg c kugstre cargbgber, sfke gk ac ocpcofbcb bg oe`-

prgkbgr g fktgrprgtcr ga sfikfffiocbe y ac trcsogkbgkofc bg aes coek-

tgof`fgktes qug ejsgrvcès. Cksenn (3648) dcjac, per gmg`pae, bg

ac kgogsfbcb bg fbgktfffiocr y bcr rgspugstc c acs «sgócags bæjfags¼

bga gkterke. C pcrtfr bg ac fkner`cofÿk rgoeifbc bg bfvgrscs nugk-







tgs, sg trctc bg gstcjagogr oekmgturcs e dfpÿtgsfs sejrg ac gveauofÿk

prejcjag bg acs tgokeaeiàcs, acs kgogsfbcbgs bg aes oafgktgs y acs

rgspugstcs bga `grocbe, ae ouca rgqufgrg crjftrcr preogbf fgktes

gspgoàffioes pcrc su bfsousfÿk y ckãafsfs (Rggog, :889, :886).

7.3.7 ^fsfÿk y gstrctgifc

Ke ejstcktg ae qug cocjcès bg bgofr, bgjgès sgr oeksofgk-

tgs bg qug ga gkterke pugbg enrgogrkes fkffikftcs epertukfbcbgs

bg bgscrreaae, ae ouca odeoc oek kugstrc ocpcofbcb af`ftcbc bg

ctgkofÿk y preogsc`fgkte bg fkner`cofÿk (Oygrt y @crod, 36>?<

_fèks, 3667). Xer ae tckte, kes gkoektrcès cktg ac tgsfturc bg

tgkgr qug neocafzcr ac ctgkofÿk bg ac erickfzcofÿk dcofc cqugaacs

epertukfbcbgs `ãs prevgodescs, bg ner`c qug su gkgriàc ke sg

bgspgrbfiug gk `ýatfpags bfrgoofekgs. Gk gstg sgktfbe, ac gxfstgk-

ofc bg ukc vfsfÿk y gstrctgifc oacrc`gktg bgffikfbcs y oe`pcrtfbcs

per tebes pugbg cotucr oeè uk pebgrese ffiatre, erfgktckbe ac

ctgkofÿk dcofc cqugaacs epertukfbcbgs `ãs coerbgs oek aes fktg-

rgsgs gstrctæifoes bg ac erickfzcofÿk.

7.: Ncotergs oacvg pcrc ga cprevgodc`fgkte bg acs

epertukfbcbgs bgtgotcbcs

7.:.3 Xreogbf`fgktes pcrc ga ckãafsfs y sgagoofÿk bg

fkvgrsfekgs

Fbgktfffiocr kugvcs epertukfbcbgs ke jcstc= gs kgogscrfe sgagoofe-

kcr cqugaacs oek cyer petgkofca bg bgscrreaae y bfsgócr y igstfe-

kcr ga preogse qug pgr`ftc gxpaetcr acs `fs`cs.

Gk gstg cpcrtcbe, acs dcjfafbcbgs aficbcs ca ckãafsfs y ac te`c bg

bgofsfekgs gk `ctgrfc bg fkvgrsfekgs sek pcrtfouacr`gktg f`per-

tcktgs. _g trctc bg scjgr bÿkbg, oÿè y ouãkbe fkvgrtfr. Oeè

sgócac Rggog (:889, :886), ouckbe ukc kugvc epertukfbcb surig,

fkfofca`gktg, pugbgk cpcrgogr catgrkctfvcs bfngrgktgs pcrc su `c-

tgrfcafzcofÿk. Wk gmg`pae bg gaae ae gkoektrcès gk aes cajergs bg

ac fkbustrfc cuteèvfaàstfoc, bekbg bfngrgktgs tgokeaeiàcs (vcper,

gagotrfofbcb y icseafkc) oe`pgtàck per oeksgiufr ga afbgrczie gk ac

oekstruoofÿk bg ètergs. Gk gstg ocse, ac oacvg rcbfoc gk ke oe`-

pre`gtgr rgourses bg ner`c prgofpftcbc g frrgvgrsfjag gk ukc bg-

tgr`fkcbc catgrkctfvc, dcstc qug ke sg vgc oacre ouãa pugbg sgr ac







bcr su cprejcofÿk. _f jfgk aes irckbgs preygotes bg fkvgrsfÿk bg-

jgk sgr cprejcbes per ac bfrgoofÿk oerperctfvc, acs fkvgrsfekgs bg

`gker oucktàc bgjgràck sgr cprejcbcs per aes kfvgags fkngrfergs

bg ac erickfzcofÿk, oek ga ffik bg pgr`ftfr ukc cyer gxfjfafbcb y

ukc `cyer vgaeofbcb bg rgcoofÿk.

Xer etrc pcrtg, ga bgscrreaae bg uk preygote bg fkkevcofÿk

rgqufgrg ac rgcafzcofÿk bg suogsfvcs fkvgrsfekgs. Gaae f`pafoc ac kg-

ogsfbcb bg gstcjagogr uk ocagkbcrfe bg rgvfsfekgs qug pugbg sgr

ràifbe (ocbc «T¼ `gsgs) e gxfjag, gk nukofÿk bg aes irckbgs df-

tes qug prgsgktc ga preygote. Aÿifoc`gktg, aes preygotes bg `cyer

gkvgricburc rgqugrfrãk rgvfsfekgs ãs nrgougktgs.

7.:.: @gtebeaeiàc pcrc ac igstfÿk bg preygotes

Ae gxpafocbe gk ga pukte cktgrfer kes aagvc c ukc ougstfÿk nukbc-

`gktca= ac igstfÿk bg preygotes. Acs g`prgscs kgogsftck ukc `g-

tebeaeiàc qug ncofaftg ga bgscrreaae y ac pugstc gk `crodc bg acs

epertukfbcbgs bg fkkevcofÿk sgagoofekcbcs. Cukqug ac fkkevc-

ofÿk oekstftuyc ukc cotfvfbcb g`fkgktg`gktg orgctfvc, su igstfÿk

pugbg y bgjg sgr sfstg`ctfzcbc bg èbe gngotfve (Zees, :884), bg

èbe qug sgc pesfjag gxtrcgr ga `ãxfè pcrtfbe ca oekeof`fgk-

te y scjgr dcogr prgvfc`gktg gxfstgktgs. Oek gaae kes rgngrfès c

ac ocpcofbcb bg trcksngrfr y rgutfafzcr oekeof`fgkte per pcrtg bg

ac g`prgsc (_zuackslf y Yfktgr, :88>), c ae qug bgjg cócbfrsg ac

ocpcofbcb bg cjserjgr oekeof`fgkte gxtgrke (Oedgk y Agvfktca,

3668< ]cdrc y Igerig, :88:). Ga gstcjagof`fgkte pcrc ocbc preygo-

te bg ejmgtfves, ncsgs, dftes y rgspekscjags, csà oeè ac bgffikfofÿk

bg fkbfocbergs pcrc ga sgiuf`fgkte y gvcaucofÿk bg ocbc uke bg

gaaes oekstftuygk prãotfocs gag`gktcags bg ukc jugkc igstfÿk.

Csf`fsè, ac igstfÿk bg preygotes bg fkkevcofÿk rgqufgrg ac

oeerbfkcofÿk y oeepgrcofÿk trcksvgrsca bg bfngrgktgs ãrgcs bg ac

g`prgsc (Odrfstfcksgk, :888), pgre ke seac`gktg gse= gk ku`gre-

scs eocsfekgs, sg dcog kgogscrfc tc`jfæk ac oeepgrcofÿk oek etrcs

g`prgscs, ukfvgrsfbcbgs y ogktres tgokeaÿifoes pcrc pebgr aagvcr

cbgacktg aes preygotes sgagoofekcbes. Gaae f`pafoc ac kgogsfbcb bg

packfffiocr y igstfekcr ga trcjcme gk rgb oek tcags cigktgs.

Cbg`ãs bg ac igstfÿk fkbfvfbuca bg ocbc preygote, ac g`prg-

sc bgjg igstfekcr ga oekmukte bg preygotes bg fkkevcofÿk qug






oe`pekgk su ocrtgrc. Gk pcrtfouacr, sg trctc bg prgstcr ctgkofÿk

ca gqufafjrfe gxfstgktg gktrg fkkevcofekgs fkorg`gktcags, sg`f-rc-

bfocags y rcbfocags (Bcvfac, Gpstgfk y _dgatek, :88>), ckcafzckbe

ougstfekgs tcags oeè= ga perogktcmg bg rgourses fkvgrtfbe gk ocbc

tfpe bg preygote, ga tfg`pe kgogscrfe pcrc rgktcjfafzcr ocbc uke

bg gaaes, ga kfvga bg rfgsie cseofcbe y ac ncsg bg bgscrreaae gk qug

ocbc ouca sg gkougktrc.

7.:.? Bgffikfofÿk bga èbgae bg kgieofe

Xer etrc pcrtg, ga cprevgodc`fgkte bg ukc kugvc epertukfbcb

pugbg rgqugrfr ac bgffikfofÿk bg uk kugve èbgae bg kgieofe. Gk

ga ocse bg kugstrcs g`prgscs, ac f`pesfjfafbcb bg oe`pgtfr gk

oestgs oek acs g`prgscs preogbgktgs bg pcàsgs g`grigktgs dcog

kgogscrfe gveauofekcr dcofc uk tfpe bg engrtc `ãs oe`pagme y

seffistfocbe, oek uk gagvcbe oe`pekgktg bg sgrvfofe, agmes bg ac

gstckbcrfzcofÿk y bg aes prebuotes «oe`èbfty¼ y, gk bgffikftfvc,

susogptfjag bg igkgrcr `cyer vcaer. Csf`fsè, acs g`prgscs bgjgk

tgkgr gk ougktc qug ac igkgrcofÿk bg vcaer ke sÿae rcbfoc gk acs

ocrcotgràstfocs nukofekcags bga prebuote y sgrvfofe. Ga preogse bg

gktrgic, per gmg`pae, tc`jfæk pugbg oektrfjufr c igkgrcr vcaer

y, bg dgode, acs g`prgscs bgjgràck fr `ãs caaã bg ae qug trcbfofe-

kca`gktg sg gktfgkbg per «su`fkfstre¼ bg uk prebuote/sgrvfofe

y trctcr bg enrgogr c sus oafgktgs ukc «gxpgrfgkofc¼ bg oe`prc y/e

use bga prebuote rgca`gktg ýkfoc.

Bgktre bg ac bgffikfofÿk bga èbgae bg kgieofe, ac pesfofÿk

qug ac g`prgsc eoupc gk ac bgke`fkcbc «rgb bg vcaer¼ `grgog

ukc oeksfbgrcofÿk gspgofca. Oeè bgsorfjg Rggog (:889, :886),

ku`greses prebuotes bg catc tgokeaeiàc sek gk rgcafbcb «sfstg-

`cs¼ ner`cbes per uk oekmukte bg oe`pekgktgs fktgrbgpgk-

bfgktgs qug bgsocksck sejrg ukc bgtgr`fkcbc «pactcner`c¼. Gk

ku`grescs eocsfekgs, ac pactcner`c (per gmg`pae, uk erbgkcber)

y sus oe`pekgktgs (sfstg`c epgrctfve, cpafocofekgs bfvgrscs) sek

su`fkfstrcbes per g`prgscs bfngrgktgs. Gaae rgqufgrg bgffikfr y

igstfekcr ga èbgae bg rgacofÿk gktrg tcags cigktgs, oek ga prepÿ-

sfte bg enrgogr ca usucrfe ffikca ga sfstg`c qug kgogsftc.







7.:.2 Ocpcofbcb bg cprgkbfzcmg

Ac cbepofÿk bg uk kugve èbgae bg kgieofe f`pafoc uk preogse

bg oc`jfe bg irck gkvgricburc, ouye æxfte bgpgkbg, prgofsc`gk-

tg, bg ac ocpcofbcb bg ac erickfzcofÿk pcrc oc`jfcr= gs bgofr, bg su

ocpcofbcb bg cprgkbfzcmg. Gngotfvc`gktg, ac ocpcofbcb bg cprgk-

bfzcmg bg ukc erickfzcofÿk sg fbgktfffioc, gk prf`grc fkstckofc, oek

ac ocpcofbcb bg æstc pcrc preèvgr su prepfc trcksner`cofÿk (Xg-

bagr, Jeybgaa y Jurieykg, 3663< _gkig, 3668, :88>). Bg gstg èbe,

ukc erickfzcofÿk qug cprgkbg gs cqugaac qug ncofaftc ga cprgkbf-

zcmg bg tebes sus `fg`jres y qug oektfkuc`gktg sg trcksner`c c

sà `fs`c (Xgbagr, Jeybgaa y Jurieykg, 3663). Ac fkveauorcofÿk bga

pgrsekca gk ga preogse bg oc`jfe, ac gxfstgkofc bg uk afbgrczie

gngotfve, ac ufbgz y ac trckspcrgkofc gk ac oeùkfocofÿk y ac igs-

tfÿk bg acs gèofekgs sek ougstfekgs oacvg c ac derc bg icrcktfzcr

ga æxfte bga preogse.

7.? Ncotergs oacvg pcrc ga cktgkf`fgkte bg ac

vgktcmc oe`pgtftfvc ejtgkfbc

7.?.3 Ocpcofbcb bg cprgkbfzcmg

Ga æxfte gk ac fbgktfffiocofÿk y sgagoofÿk bg kugvcs epertukfbcbgs

y gk ac `ctgrfcafzcofÿk bg acs `fs`cs oekbuofrã c ac g`prgsc c

uk `cyer orgof`fgkte y c ukc `cyer rgktcjfafbcb. Ga bgsge bg

scocr ga `ãxfè prevgode bga kugve oekeof`fgkte cbqufrfbe y/e

igkgrcbe bcrã auicr ca bgscrreaae bg kugvcs rutfkcs erickfzctfvcs,

qug trctgk bg gxpaetcr ca `ãxfè ac «rgogtc bga æxfte¼. Gvfbgktg-

`gktg, tcags rutfkcs sek kgogscrfcs pcrc eptf`fzcr ac gffiofgkofc bga

sfstg`c, pgre pugbgk preveocr qug ac g`prgsc cotýg per fkgrofc,

eavfbckbe qug æstcs sÿae sek vãafbcs gk acs ofroukstckofcs gk acs

qug nugrek bfsgócbcs. Xer ae tckte, rgsuatc nukbc`gktca auodcr

oektrc aes rfgsies bg bfode oe`pertc`fgkte y prgsgrvcr ac ocpcof-

bcb bg ougstfekc`fgkte. Gste kes aagvc, ukc vgz `ãs, ca oekogpte

bg «ocpcofbcb bg cprgkbfzcmg¼.

Bg cougrbe oek bfngrgktgs cutergs (Criyrfs y _odþk, 3694< Nfea

y Ayags, 3647< @oIfaa, _aeou` y Agf, 366:< _wfgrfkic y Yfgrs`c,

366:) gxfstgk bfngrgktgs kfvgags bg cprgkbfzcmg. Ga `ãs jcme bg

gaaes sgràc ga cprgkbfzcmg bg juoag sf`pag, oeksfstgktg gk ac `gmerc

bg aes preogses y preogbf`fgktes cotuca`gktg gxfstgktgs `gbfck-






tg ac fbgktfffiocofÿk y oerrgoofÿk bg grrergs (Criyrfs y _odþk, 3694<

_wfgrfkic y Yfgrs`c, 366:). Gstg tfpe bg cprgkbfzcmg sg bgke`f-

kc tc`jfæk cprgkbfzcmg cbcptctfve (Nfea y Ayags, 3647) y rgsuatc

oacrc`gktg fksuffiofgktg gk uk gkterke oc`jfcktg oeè ae gs ga

cotuca. Gste kes aagvc ca sgiukbe kfvga bg cprgkbfzcmg, ga oekeofbe

oeè cprgkbfzcmg bg bejag juoag, e cprgkbfzcmg bg tfpe igkgrctfve

e precotfve (Nfea y Ayags, 3647). Gstg tfpe bg cprgkbfzcmg f`pafoc

rgoeksfbgrcr ac vcafbgz bg acs dfpÿtgsfs sujycogktgs e «tgeràcs gk

use¼ gk aes preogses y preogbf`fgktes cotuca`gktg gk `crodc,

preveockbe ke sÿae su `gmerc, sfke tc`jfæk su gvgktuca trcks-

ner`cofÿk gk ocse bg sgr kgogscrfe. Nfkca`gktg, ga kfvga supgrfer

bg cprgkbfzcmg rgofjg ac bgke`fkcofÿk bg cprgkbfzcmg bg trfpag

juoag, `gtc-cprgkbfzcmg (_wfgrfkic y Yfgrs`c, 366:) e bgutg-

re-cprgkbfzcmg (Criyrfs y _odþk, 3694) g f`pafoc ac ocpcofbcb bg

ougstfekcr ac rczÿk bg sgr bg ac g`prgsc. Gste oekstftuyg ac jcsg

pcrc uk cprgkbfzcmg oektfkue y pcrc uk pgr`ckgktg bgscrreaae y

cmustg erickfzctfve.

Gk oeksgougkofc, rgsuatc oràtfoe bgtgotcr ac kgogsfbcb bg oc`-

jfcr. Xcrc gaae, ga bfsgóe erickfzctfve (væcsg ae oe`gktcbe gk ga

cpcrtcbe rgngrgktg c ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg epertukfbcbgs) vugavg c

sgr ukc vcrfcjag su`c`gktg f`pertcktg.

7.?.: Bfsgóe erickfzctfve

Gk ae oekogrkfgktg c gstg cpcrtcbe, Rggog (:889, :886) sujrcyc ac

kgogsfbcb bg aeircr uk gqufafjrfe ÿptfè gktrg bgsogktrcafzcofÿk

g fktgircofÿk. C `gbfbc qug ac erickfzcofÿk orgog, ac bgsogktrcaf-

zcofÿk sg dcog ocbc vgz `ãs kgogscrfc pcrc icrcktfzcr su gxfjf-

afbcb y su ocpcofbcb bg rgspugstc cktg kugvcs ofroukstckofcs. Acs

pgrsekcs qug epgrck sejrg ga tgrrgke sek acs `gmer pesfofekcbcs

pcrc bgtgotcr aes oc`jfes, gvcaucr su f`pcote y te`cr bgofsfekgs.

_fk g`jcrie, tc`jfæk gs nukbc`gktca cprevgodcr acs sfkgrifcs

gxfstgktgs gktrg ukfbcbgs erickfzctfvcs. Gk gstg sgktfbe, ukc bgs-

ogktrcafzcofÿk gxogsfvc pebràc bcr ca trcstg oek ga cprevgodc fgk-

te bg tcags sfkgrifcs. Xcrc seauofekcr gstc tgksfÿk, pebràck orgcrsg

ÿrickes e oe`ftæs trcksvgrscags, qug ne`gktcrck ac oeepgrcofÿk

gktrg ukfbcbgs. Csf`fs e, ukc gstruoturc erickfzctfvc ãs packc

(gs bgofr, oek peoes kfvgags mgrãrqufoes) sg oeksfbgrc `ãs gxfjag







y oek `cyer ocpcofbcb bg rgcoofÿk qug ukc gstruoturc erickfzc-

tfvc oek ùodes kfvgags mgrãrqufoes.

7.?.? Xretgoofÿk bga oekeof`fgkte

Xer etrc pcrtg, ga `cktgkf`fgkte bg ac vgktcmc oe`pgtftfvc rg-

qufgrg qug ac g`prgsc sgc ocpcz bg pretgigr su oekeof`fgkte y

su scjgr dcogr, rgourrfgkbe c aes `gockfsès bg pretgoofÿk bg

ac prepfgbcb fktgagotuca qug sgck pgrtfkgktgs, gstcjagofgkbe acs

rgiacs bg mugie cbgoucbcs gktrg sus oeacjercbergs y gstcjagofgkbe

aes oektreags cb`fkfstrctfves cprepfcbes qug f`pfbck ac nuic y ga

use fkcbgoucbe bg oekeof`fgkte oacvg pcrc ac erickfzcofÿk.

7.2 Zgocpftuacofÿk bg aes ncotergs oacvg pcrc ac `gmerc bg

ac ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk g`prgscrfca

_f rgocpftuacès ae ckcafzcbe gk cpcrtcbes cktgrfergs y gngotuc-

ès ukc rgerbgkcofÿk bg aes bfngrgktgs ncotergs oacvg fbgktfffioc-

bes sgiýk ac sgougkofc aÿifoc bga preogse bg igstfÿk (nerùac-

ofÿk gstrctæifoc, erickfzcofÿk g f`packtcofÿk), `ãs qug sgiýk ac

ocpcofbcb jãsfoc gspgoàffioc c ac qug sfrvg ocbc uke bg gaaes (bg

dgode, oeè dgès vfste, caiukes gag`gktes pugbgk cpeycr sf-

ùatãkgc`gktg c `ãs bg ukc ocpcofbcb jãsfoc), tgkbràcès qug

aes ncotergs oacvg gk aes qug ac g`prgsc bgjg fkofbfr pcrc `gmercr

su ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk sek aes sfiufgktgs=

√ ^fsfÿk y gstrctgifc

√ @ebgae bg kgieofe

√ Bfsgóe erickfzctfve

e Rfpe bg gstruoturc erickfzctfvc

e Bgsogktrcafzcofÿk y cuteke`àc

e Ockcags bg oeùkfocofÿk

e Bfsgóe bga gkterke bg trcjcme

√ Ouaturc erickfzctfvc

√ Xeaàtfocs bg igstfÿk bg pgrsekcs

e Ocptcofÿk y sgagoofÿk bg pgrsekca

e Ner`cofÿk y bgscrreaae prengsfekca

e Fkogktfves

√ Igstfÿk bga oekeof`fgkte

e Fktgroc`jfe bg oekeof`fgkte






e ^fifackofc sfstg`ãtfoc bga gkterke

e Cjserofÿk y rgutfafzcofÿk bg oekeof`fgkte

e Xretgoofÿk bg oekeof`fgkte

√ Xreogbf`fgktes pcrc ga ckãafsfs y sgagoofÿk bg fkvgrsfekgs

√ @gtebeaeiàc pcrc ac igstfÿk bg preygotes

√ Igstfÿk bg rgbgs bg fkkevcofÿk

√ Ocpcofbcb bg cprgkbfzcmg

>. Ga preogse bg oektrea gk ga ã`jfte g`prgscrfca

Oekoaufbe kugstre rgoerrfbe per aes ncotergs qug, sgiýk ac aftg-

rcturc, ncvergogk ga bgscrreaae y `gmerc bg ac ocpcofbcb bg fkke-

vcofÿk gk acs g`prgscs, aagic ga è`gkte bg cbgktrcrkes gk ga

ã`jfte bg ac `gbfofÿk y ga oektrea. Xcrc oe`prgkbgr `gmer acs

prepugstcs gspgoàffiocs qug sg rgcafzck gk gstg sgktfbe gk ae qug c ac

fkkevcofÿk sg rgffigrg, oekvfgkg rgoerbcr jrgvg`gktg acs prg`fscs

qug bgjg sctfsncogr uk jugk sfstg`c bg oektrea, csà oeè ac gve-

auofÿk gxpgrf`gktcbc rgofgktg`gktg per gstc bfsofpafkc, bg ocrc

c cbqufrfr ukc bf`gksfÿk vgrbcbgrc`gktg «gstrctæifoc¼ qug ag

pgr`ftc gngotucr uk coe`pcóc`fgkte cbgoucbe bg aes preogses

bg f`packtcofÿk bg ac gstrctgifc bgffikfbc.

>.3 Bgffikfofÿk y prepÿsfte

Ac ner`c gk ac qug sg crtfouac ga preogse bg oektrea oekstftuyg

uk cspgote bgofsfve c ac derc bg betcr bg orgbfjfafbcb ca preogse

bg nerùacofÿk gstrctæifoc y aeircr ac fktgircofÿk bg ac gstrctgifc

bgffikfbc gk ac igstfÿk oetfbfckc. Ac rgvfsfÿk pgrfÿbfoc bga ircbe

bg ou`paf`fgkte bg aes ejmgtfves gstrctæifoes gstcjagofbes oektrf-

juyg c bcr vfsfjfafbcb pgr`ckgktg c ac gstrctgifc y rgougrbc c ac

erickfzcofÿk ac f`pertckofc bg su rgvfsfÿk y ou`paf`fgkte.

Gk pcrtfouacr, ga preogse bg oektrea oe`prgkbg cquga oekmuk-

te bg cotfvfbcbgs, `gockfsès y preogbf`fgktes, c trcvæs bg aes

oucags aes bfrgotfves bg ac g`prgsc trctck bg icrcktfzcr qug acs bf-

ngrgktgs bgofsfekgs cbeptcbcs gk sus bfstfktes kfvgags, csà oeè acs

bfstfktcs coofekgs g`prgkbfbcs, oekbuogk c æstc ca ou`paf`fgkte

bg sus ejmgtfves e gtcs, c ac vgz qug tc`jfæk pgr`ftgk gvcaucr ga

ircbe bg oeksgouofÿk bg acs `fs`cs y cvgrfiucr ga perquæ bg acs

bgsvfcofekgs surifbcs.







Ac cktgrfer bgffikfofÿk pekg bg `ckfffigste qug ga preogse bg oek-

trea vc ùode `ãs caaã bg ac `grc vgrfffiocofÿk c pestgrferf bga

ircbe gk qug sg dck oujfgrte aes ejmgtfves `crocbes= uk jugk

sfstg`c bg oektrea erfgktc cbg`ãs acs bgofsfekgs y acs coofekgs

cktgs bg qug æstcs sg prebuzock, y cmustc acs `fs`cs `fgktrcs tfg-

kg auicr su bgscrreaae, csgiurckbe oek gaae qug ac erickfzcofÿk sg

gkougktrc rgca`gktg jcme oektrea (gs bgofr, gk ac sgkbc cbgoucbc

pcrc caockzcr sus ejmgtfves).

Xer ae tckte, bgsbg gstg pukte bg vfstc, uk sfstg`c bg oektrea

bgjg pgr`ftfr sctfsncogr aes sfiufgktgs ffikgs=

Xer ukc pcrtg, bgjg cafkgcr ga oe`pertc`fgkte bg tebes

aes fg`jres bg ac erickfzcofÿk gk pes bg aes ejmgtfves crocbes,

sgócackbe cqugaae gk ae qug tebes gaaes bgjgk ogktrcr su gsnugr-

ze y ctgkofÿk. Xcrc gaae, sgrã rgqufsfte f`prgsofkbfjag bgsiaescr

aes ejmgtfves bg ocrãotgr igkgrca gk ejmgtfves oacres y gxpaàoftes

pcrc ocbc ukfbcb erickfzctfvc, bgsfikckbe cbg`ãs rgspekscjags

gkocricbes bg su ou`paf`fgkte. Csf`fsè, dcjrã qug preogbgr c

ac oeùkfocofÿk bg tcags ejmgtfves ca oekmukte bg ac erickfzcofÿk,

y ca gstcjagof`fgkte bg `gockfsès bg `gbfofÿk qug pgr`ftck

gvcaucr su ircbe bg cvckog.

Xer etre acbe, ga preogse bg oektrea bgjg pgr`ftfr cktf-

ofpcr oucaqufgr sftucofÿk prejag`ãtfoc qug f`pfbc c ac erickfzc-

ofÿk caockzcr sus gtcs, bgsgkocbgkckbe c tfg`pe ac cbepofÿk bg

`gbfbcs oerrgotercs. Xcrc gaae, bgjgrã oektg`pacr ga sgiuf`fgkte

pgrfÿbfoe bg vcrfcjags rgacofekcbcs oek aes `gbfes gstcjagofbes

pcrc caockzcr acs `gtcs (sf aes gbfes ke sg cpafock, surifrãk pre-

jag`cs pcrc oeksgiufr aes ejmgtfves), csà oeè ac vfifackofc bg

cqugaacs etrcs vcrfcjags preogbgktgs bga gkterke qug, cukqug ke

pugbck sgr fkufbcs per ac g`prgsc, pugbck cngotcr c ac jugkc

`crodc bga kgieofe (tebe gaae, oacre gstã, sfk eavfbcr ga sgiuf`fgk-

te bg ac gveauofÿk qug prgsgktck aes prepfes ejmgtfves).

Nfkca`gktg, ga preogse bg oektrea bgjgrã oektrfjufr ca

cprgkbfzcmg erickfzctfve, c trcvæs bga gstubfe bgtcaacbe bg acs ocu-

scs qug gk uk è`gkte bcbe dck f`pgbfbe c ac erickfzcofÿk ca-

ockzcr sus ffikgs. Gaae f`pafoc ac oe`pcrcofÿk bga ircbe bg cvckog

oeksgiufbe gk ocbc ejmgtfve, oek ga ircbe bg cvckog gxpgrf`gk-

tcbe gk ac cpafocofÿk bg aes `gbfes. Csà, sf aes `gbfes sg dujfg-






rck cpafocbe sgiýk ae prgvfste, pgre aes ejmgtfves ke sg dujfgsgk

oeksgiufbe, gaae sgràc fkbfoctfve bg ke dcjgr cpafocbe aes `gbfes

cbgoucbes e bg qug, cukqug tcags `gbfes sà grck cbgoucbes, sg

dcjàc eavfbcbe caiýk rgqufsfte cbfofekca jãsfoe.

Csà pugs, gk vfrtub bg ae sgócacbe dcstc ga è`gkte, ga pre-

ogse bg oektrea ke bgjg gktgkbgrsg oeè ukc ncsg pestgrfer c ac

ncsg bg f`packtcofÿk bg aes packgs bg coofÿk, sfke oeè ukc ncsg

qug bfsourrg bg ner`c pcrcagac c bfodc f`packtcofÿk, oek ga ffik bg

vgacr gk tebe è`gkte per ga jugk bgscrreaae bg ac `fs`c.

Ke ejstcktg, jfgk gs vgrbcb qug, ukc vgz ffikcafzcbe ga pgràebe

pcrc ga ouca sg gstcjagofgrek `gtcs y sg gacjercrek packgs, sg aag-

vcrã c ocje ukc gvcaucofÿk bgtcaacbc bg aes rgsuatcbes ejtgkfbes

y bg acs ocuscs qug dck preveocbe ukc bgsvfcofÿk gk aes aeires

caockzcbes, oek ga ffik bg rgcafzcr ga bfcikÿstfoe qug sfrvc bg jcsg

pcrc ac packfffiocofÿk nuturc.

>.: Gveauofÿk bga Oektrea bg Igstfÿk= bgsbg ac bf`gksfÿk

purc`gktg ffikckofgrc bga oektrea dcofc su bf`gksfÿk

gstrctæifoc

Fkfofca`gktg (oe`fgkzes bga sfiae TT), aes sfstg`cs bg oektrea

f`packtcbes per acs g`prgscs sg ocrcotgrfzcrek per ga g`page

bg fkner`cofÿk bg ocrãotgr gxoausfvc`gktg ffikckofgre. Gs ùode

`ãs tcrbg (burcktg ac bæocbc bg 3668) ouckbe sg prebuog ac fk-

oerpercofÿk bg etrcs vcrfcjags ke ffikckofgrcs y ac cbcptcofÿk bg

aes sfstg`cs f`packtcbes c acs kgogsfbcbgs bg fkner`cofÿk qug

packtgc ga sgiuf`fgkte bg ac gstrctgifc g`prgscrfca.

>.:.3 Bgsbg aes fkfofes bga sfiae TT dcstc ga ffikca bg ac

bæocbc bg 36>8

Burcktg aes prf`gres cóes bga sfiae TT, acs g`prgscs nugrek ic-

kckbe preirgsfvc`gktg gk tc`cóe y oe`pagmfbcb, ae qug preve-

oÿ ac cpcrfofÿk bg acs prf`grcs oe`pcóàcs bfvgrsfffiocbcs y vgrtf-

oca`gktg fktgircbcs, mukte oek acs irckbgs g`prgscs bg ocrãotgr

ùatf-bfvfsfekca. Ac cpcrfofÿk bg gstg tfpe bg erickfzcofÿk trcme

oeksfie ac kgogsfbcb bg bcr rgspugstc c ukc bejag prejag`ãtfoc=

oÿè bfstrfjufr aes rgourses bg ocpftca gktrg aes bfstfktes sgi`gk-

tes bg cotfvfbcb y oÿè icrcktfzcr ac sctfsncoofÿk bg aes ejmgtfves







iaejcags bg ac erickfzcofÿk per pcrtg bg ocbc ukc bg acs bfvfsfekgs

qug ner`crc ac g`prgsc.

Gk ga prf`gre bg aes ocses, ac bfstrfjuofÿk ÿptf`c bg aes rg-

ourses bg ocpftca rgqufgrg oekeogr ac cpertcofÿk bg ocbc sgi`gk-

te bg cotfvfbcb ca rgsuatcbe bg ac g`prgsc, yc qug, gk prfkofpfe,

sg csfikcrãk `cyergs rgourses c aes sgi`gktes `ãs rgktcjags. Bg

gstc `ckgrc, surig ga oekogpte bg ZEF e rgterke bg ac fkvgrsfÿk,

ga ouca dc pgrburcbe dcstc kugstres bàcs oeè dgrrc`fgktc jãsfoc

pcrc ac gvcaucofÿk bg ac cotucofÿk bg aes bfrgotfves bg bfvfsfÿk,

mukte oek aes sfstg`cs bg prgofes bg trcksngrgkofc y ac gacjercofÿk

bg prgsupugstes y pestgrfer ckãafsfs bg bgsvfcofekgs.

Gk ga sgiukbe bg aes ocses, ac bgsogktrcafzcofÿk y bgagicofÿk

bg pebgr gk acs g`prgscs erfifkc ac kgogsfbcb bg cafkgcr ga oe`-

pertc`fgkte bg aes rgspekscjags oek cuterfbcb bgagicbc gk bfvgr-

ses puktes bg ac erickfzcofÿk oek aes ejmgtfves bg æstc, rgoac`ck-

be csà ga g`page bg sfstg`cs bg oektrea bg ocrãotgr ner`cafzcbe.

Gk ga è`gkte gk qug gste eourrg (prf`grc `ftcb bga sfiae

TT), ga gkterke goekÿ`foe sg ocrcotgrfzc per su rgactfvc gstcjfaf-

bcb y per ac agktftub bg aes oc`jfes, oek ae qug ac `ãxf`c prfe-

rfbcb bg acs oe`pcóàcs rcbfoc gk ac `gmerc bg ac gffiofgkofc bg acs

epgrcofekgs fktgrkcs y gk ac ÿptf`c csfikcofÿk bg sus rgourses,

oeè prfkofpcags vàcs pcrc ac `cxf`fzcofÿk bg sus jgkgffiofes.

Cbg`ãs, aes bgscnàes qug packtgc ga gkterke sek gsocses, per ae

qug ke sg nerùac ukc gstrctgifc gk sgktfbe gstrfote= ýkfoc`gktg

sg gstcjagogk prgvfsfekgs sejrg ga orgof`fgkte bg ac g`prgsc, ae

qug kes aagvc c bgofr qug sg trctc bg uk sfstg`c bg bfrgoofÿk gk ga

qug ke gxfstg oekofgkofc bg gknequg gstrctæifoe (CGOC, 3666).

Gstc prgeoupcofÿk per `gmercr ac gffiofgkofc fktgrkc (rgbuo-

ofÿk bg oestgs), mukte oek ga bgsge bg aagvcr c ocje ukc ÿptf`c

csfikcofÿk bg aes rgourses, gs ac qug preveoc ga g`page ocsf gx-

oausfve bg `cikftubgs ffikckofgrcs gk ga preogse bg oektrea y ac

prgpekbgrckofc ocsf cjseautc bg aes sfstg`cs bg oektrea prgsu-

pugstcrfe. Gk bgffikftfvc, sg trctc bg uk sfstg`c rgcotfve, bfsgócbe

pcrc pebgr oerrgifr c pestgrferf acs bgffiofgkofcs bgtgotcbcs y acs

bgsvfcofekgs prebuofbcs.

Burcktg ac bæocbc bg 36>8, ac nugrtg gxpcksfÿk vfvfbc per ac

goeke`àc cogktýc cýk `ãs ac prgeoupcofÿk per ga orgof`fgkte.






Acs g`prgscs trctck bg rgcafzcr fkvgrsfekgs c acrie pacze qug pgr-

`ftck `gmercr su gffiofgkofc fktgrkc c trcvæs bg ac ejtgkofÿk bg

goeke`àcs bg gsocac, ke gxfstfgkbe tebcvàc uk vgrbcbgre preog-

se bg rggxfÿk gstrctæifoc (CGOC, 3666)= ga gkterke ke prgsgktc

`ebfffiocofekgs gstruoturcags c ac vfstc, per ae qug ga nuture rg-

suatc nãofa`gktg prgbgofjag per `grc gxtrcpeacofÿk bga pcscbe

(ýkfoc`gktg dcjràc qug cpafocr ac tcsc bg orgof`fgkte gspgrcbc).

Gk oeksgougkofc, ke sg kgogsftck tæokfocs seffistfocbcs bg ckãafsfs,

sfgkbe pgrngotc`gktg vãafbes y suffiofgktgs aes sfstg`cs bg packfffi-

ocofÿk y oektrea prgsupugstcrfe surifbes gk ga pcscbe. Ae qug sg

pgrsfiug oek gaae gs aeircr ac oeerbfkcofÿk bg tebcs acs peaàtfocs

nukofekcags oek ac peaàtfoc igkgrca bg ac g`prgsc, gk ae qug ca g`-

page bg rgourses sg rgffigrg, bãkbesg cbg`ãs ukc oekseafbcofÿk bg

aes packgs bg aes bfngrgktgs kgieofes c kfvga oerperctfve.

>.:.: Bgsbg ga ffikca bg ac bæocbc bg 36>8 dcstc ac prf`grc

`ftcb bg ac bæocbc bg 3698

C pcrtfr bga ffikca bg ac bæocbc bg 36>8 y oe`fgkzes bg ac bg 3698,

gk ku`greses sgotergs bg ac goeke`àc oe`fgkzc c ejsgrvcrsg uk

ketcjag fkorg`gkte bga ircbe bg turjuagkofc bga gkterke (cpcrf-

ofÿk bg ku`greses oc`jfes y suogsfÿk bg aes `fs`es oek irck

rcpfbgz), qug f`pfbg prgbgofr ga nuture c pcrtfr bg ukc grc gxtrc-

peacofÿk bg ae eourrfbe gk ga pcscbe. Gs gk gstg e`gkte ouckbe

surig prgofsc`gktg ac packfffiocofÿk gstrctæifoc (CGOC, 3666)= pcrc

dcogr nrgktg c ac kugvc sftucofÿk, gs kgogscrfe cktfofpcr aes oc`-

jfes qug vck c prebuofrsg gk ga nuture y rgpesfofekcr ac g`prgsc

pcrc aeircr ga æxfte.

Gs bgofr, ac ocpcofbcb bg cktfofpcofÿk pcsc c sgr uk gag`gkte

oacvg, sfgkbe prgofse=

√ Xrgbgofr acs nuturcs bfsoektfkufbcbgs gk acs tgkbgkofcs bga gk-

terke.

√ Gstf`cr acs epertukfbcbgs y c`gkczcs qug bfodcs bfsoektf-

kufbcbgs pugbgk igkgrcr gk ac g`prgsc.

√ Bgscrreaacr gstrctgifcs qug pgr`ftck c ac g`prgsc cprevgodcr

epertukfbcbgs y gvftcr c`gkczcs.

√ Csfikcr ffikckofcofÿk y etres rgourses pcrc f`packtcr acs gs-

trctgifcs.







Xer ae tckte, nrgktg c ac packfffiocofÿk per gxtrcpeacofÿk prepfc bg

aes prf`gres cóes bg ac bæocbc bg 36>8, surigk cderc kugvcs tæo-

kfocs jcscbcs gk ga ckãafsfs oucaftctfve bga gkterke. Cpcrgogk acs

prf`grcs ffir`cs bg oeksuateràc gstrctæifoc y, oek gaacs, dgrrc`fgk-

tcs bg ckãafsfs tgkbgktgs c ncofaftcr aes preogses bg packfffiocofÿk

gstrctæifoc, tcags oeè acs `ctrfogs bg ocrtgrc y ga ckãafsfs BCNE.

C pcrtfr bg gstg è`gkte, sfk g`jcrie, oe`fgkzc c igkgrcrsg

ukc jrgodc preirgsfvc gktrg ga cvckog gk acs tæokfocs bg packfffioc-

ofÿk y nerùacofÿk gstrctæifoc, y ac igkgrcofÿk bg kugvcs dgrrc-

`fgktcs qug ncvergzock ga oektrea bg ac igstfÿk g`prgscrfca.

Gngotfvc`gktg, ac kugvc sftucofÿk rgqufgrg dgrrc`fgktcs qug

pgr`ftck ga sgiuf`fgkte bg acs gstrctgifcs bgffikfbcs y qug cyubgk

c su vgz c cktfofpcr cqugaacs ofroukstckofcs qug gk uk è`gkte

bcbe pugbck f`pgbfr qug ac g`prgsc caockog sus ejmgtfves, oek

ga ejmgte bg cbeptcr `gbfbcs oerrgotercs ae cktgs pesfjag y ic-

rcktfzcr gk tebe è`gkte qug ac erickfzcofÿk sg gkougktrc jcme

oektrea .

Xcrc tca ffik, uk sfstg`c bg oektrea prgsupugstcrfe ogktrcbe

nukbc`gktca`gktg gk ga ckãafsfs c pestgrferf bg acs bgsvfcofekgs

eourrfbcs y gk ga sgiuf`fgkte bg vcrfcjags ffikckofgrcs ke gs suffi-

ofgktg. Xer uk acbe, ga sgiuf`fgkte bg ac ner`c gk qug sg prebuog

ac f`packtcofÿk bg acs gstrctgifcs bfsgócbcs (coofekgs) bfnàofa`gk-

tg pugbg aagvcrsg c ocje c pcrtfr bg ac rgoepfacofÿk y agoturc bg

fkner`cofÿk purc`gktg oektcjag y, per etre acbe, ac fkner`cofÿk

bg ocrãotgr prgsupugstcrfe ke ncofaftc fkbfocbergs bg cagrtc qug

cvfsgk bg ac gxfstgkofc bg prejag`cs petgkofcags qug gs kgogscrfe

ctcmcr.

Oek gstc ffiaesenàc, surifgrek gk Nrckofc y sg gxtgkbfgrek per

Gurepc aes sfstg`cs bg fkbfocbergs bgke`fkcbes oucbres bg ck-

be, aes oucags oektfkucrek ogktrckbe su ctgkofÿk, c pgscr bg tebe,

gk vcrfcjags bg àkbeag ffikckofgrc, af`ftckbe csà su ocpcofbcb bg

cktfofpcofÿk bg prejag`cs petgkofcags y bg sgiuf`fgkte bg ac gs-

trctgifc.

>.:.? Bgsbg ac sgiukbc `ftcb bg ac bæocbc bg 3698 dcstc ac

bæocbc bg 3668

C pcrtfr bg ac sgiukbc `ftcb bg ac bæocbc bg 3698, ac destfafbcb






g fkgstcjfafbcb bga gkterke sg dcogk ocbc vgz `cyergs. Oeè

oeksgougkofc bg gaae, ac bfffiouatcb pcrc cktfofpcr aes oc`jfes per

pcrtg bg aes sfstg`cs bg oektrea trcbfofekcags, mukte oek ac gxogsf-

vc rfifbgz bg aes sfstg`cs bg packfffiocofÿk ner`ca g`pagcbes y ac

sgpcrcofÿk gxfstgktg gktrg packfffiocofÿk y coofÿk (qufgkgs sg eou-

pck bg ac packfffiocofÿk gk gstc æpeoc ‟ bgpcrtc`gktes stcnn orgc-

bes ca gngote ‟ ke sek aes rgspekscjags bg f`packtcr ac gstrctgifc),

rgoac`ck ac jýsqugbc bg `ætebes `ãs gxfjags qug pgr`ftck

cbcptcrsg y cprevgodcr acs epertukfbcbgs bgrfvcbcs bg ae f`prg-

vfste. _urig csà ae qug dey oekeogès oeè Bfrgoofÿk Gstrctæifoc

(CGOC, 3666), qug prgtgkbg fr `ãs caaã bg ac `grc packfffiocofÿk,

pekfgkbe ga cogkte tckte gk ac nerùacofÿk oeè gk ac f`packtc-

ofÿk bg ac gstrctgifc, c pgscr bg ae ouca aes cvckogs gk gstg sgiukbe

ã`jfte oektfkýck sfgkbe ãs agktes.

Gk gstg oektgxte, uk sfstg`c bg oektrea purc`gktg ffikckofg-

re rgsuatc sgr oacrc`gktg fksuffiofgktg. Oeè sgócack Eavg, Zey y

Ygttgr (3666)=

√ Aes fkbfocbergs bg ocrãotgr ffikckofgre ùgstrck ga rgsuatcbe

bg acs coofekgs aagvcbcs c ocje gk ga pcscbe, pgre ke enrgogk

fkner`cofÿk rgspgote c ouãa pugbg sgr ac gveauofÿk nuturc

bg ac g`prgsc. Gs bgofr, ga rgqufsfte bg cktfofpcofÿk qug bgjg

ou`pafr tebe jugk sfstg`c bg oektrea ke qugbc sctfsngode

oek ga g`page gxoausfve bg gstg tfpe bg `gbfbcs.

√ Cbg`ãs, aes fkbfocbergs bg tfpe ffikckofgre ke sek ocpcogs bg

rgoeigr cspgotes bg àkbeag oucaftctfvc e fktckifjag qug pug-

bgk sgr oacvg gk ga bgscrreaae bg ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb g`prgscrfca

y gk ac oeksgouofÿk bg aes ejmgtfves `crocbes. Rca gs ga ocse

bg ac ocafbcb bg aes prebuotes, bg ac sctfsncoofÿk bga oafgktg, bg

aes tfg`pes bg rgspugstc, bg ac gxfjfafbcb prebuotfvc e bg acs

dcjfafbcbgs bg aes g`pagcbes, c èbe bg gmg`pae.

√ Csf`fsè, ga g`page gxoausfve bg fkbfocbergs ffikckofgres

pugbg preèvgr ukc prgeoupcofÿk gxogsfvc per ga oerte pac-

ze y ukc suj-eptf`fzcofÿk bga acrie pacze. Bg gstg èbe, oek

ga ejmgte bg `cxf`fzcr aes jgkgffiofes cotucags y crremcr aes

`gmergs rgsuatcbes gk aes fkbfocbergs ffikckofgres (qug oekstf-

tuygk bg dgode ac jcsg bg ac gvcaucofÿk bg aes bfrgotfves bg ac

g`prgsc), pugbgk rgoertcrsg ofgrtes icstes qug sek gsgkofcags







pcrc ac supgrvfvgkofc nuturc bg ac erickfzcofÿk, oeè gs ga

ocse bg ac fkvgstficofÿk y bgscrreaae y bg aes packgs bg ner`c-

ofÿk bg aes trcjcmcbergs.

√ Fiuca`gktg, ac fkner`cofÿk bg ocrãotgr ffikckofgre rgsuatc bg-

`csfcbe cjstrcotc pcrc ac `cyer pcrtg bg aes g`pagcbes, qug

ke cofgrtck c vgr bg quæ `ckgrc fkuyg su trcjcme gk aes rg-

suatcbes ejtgkfbes per ac erickfzcofÿk.

√ Nfkca`gktg, aes sfstg`cs bg oektrea trcbfofekcags fikerck ae

qug coektgog gk ga gkterke (oafgktgs, prevggbergs, oe`pgtf-

bergs y oeùkfbcb gk igkgrca), èstrãkbesg fkocpcogs bg

bgtgotcr sgócags bg oc`jfe qug pugbck cngotcr ca bgvgkfr bg

ac g`prgsc.

>.:.2 Bgsbg ac bæocbc bg 3668 dcstc kugstres bàcs

Gs c pcrtfr bg ac bæocbc bg 3668 ouckbe oe`fgkzc c ogrrcrsg ac

jrgodc cjfgrtc gktrg aes cvckogs surifbes gk ga ã`jfte bg ac ner-

ùacofÿk gstrctæifoc y ga oektrea. Xcrc oe`gkzcr, sg jusoc c`pafcr

ga oekmukte bg `gbfbcs ejmgte bg sgiuf`fgkte per pcrtg bg aes

sfstg`cs bg oektrea bg acs erickfzcofekgs, pcrc rgoeigr csà tebe

ga gspgotre bg vcrfcjags qug pugbgk cngotcr c ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb

g`prgscrfca. Gs bgofr, sg dcjac bg ac kgogsfbcb bg rgoeigr fkner-

`cofÿk tckte sejrg fkbfocbergs ffikckofgres oeè ke ffikckofgres,

y gk gstc aàkgc surig fkfofca`gktg ga oucbre bg `ckbe fktgirca bg

Lcpack y Kertek (366:).

Bg gstc `ckgrc, acs vcrfcjags oektg`pacbcs, cbg`ãs bg oe`-

prgkbgr fkner`cofÿk rgngrgktg ca ãrgc ffikckofgrc, rgoeigk tc`jfæk

fkner`cofÿk gk terke c aes oafgktgs y su sctfsncoofÿk, gk terke ca

èbe bg gmgouofÿk bg aes preogses fktgrkes y su cbgoucofÿk c aes

rgqugrf`fgktes bg aes oafgktgs, y gk rgacofÿk, c su vgz, c ac ner`c-

ofÿk, etfvcofÿk y sctfsncoofÿk bg acs pgrsekcs, oeè pfacr jãsfoe

pcrc ga cbgoucbe bgscrreaae bg aes preogses fktgrkes.

_fk g`jcrie, uk sfstg`c bg fkbfocbergs `ãs oe`pagte, qug

rgoemc tckte cspgotes ffikckofgres oeè ke ffikckofgres, ke oeks-

tftuyg ukc dgrrc`fgktc qug pgr`ftc rgcafzcr uk sgiuf`fgkte gk

terke c ac f`packtcofÿk bg acs gstrctgifcs bfsgócbcs pcrc caockzcr

aes ejmgtfves prepugstes, kf oektrcstcr ac fkofbgkofc bg tcags gs-

trctgifcs gk aes ejmgtfves ffimcbes. Dcog ncatc caie `ãs= dcog ncatc






rgactcr ac gstrctgifc c trcvæs bg bfode sfstg`c bg fkbfocbergs, gs-

tcjagofgkbe vàkouaes g fktgrrgacofekgs gktrg gaaes («ac ejtgkofÿk

bg C pgr`ftfrã ac oeksgouofÿk pestgrfer bg J¼), bg ner`c qug sgc

pesfjag bgspagicr ac gstrctgifc gk ga oekmukte bg ac erickfzcofÿk,

ckcafzcr su gngotfvfbcb y cktfofpcr prejag`cs c ac derc bg caockzcr

acs `gtcs ffimcbcs.

Gste gs prgofsc`gktg ae qug ffikca`gktg prgtgkbg ga oucbre bg

`ckbe fktgirca bg Lcpack y Kertek ukc vgz `cburcbc ac fbgc

fkfofca, y ae qug oekvfgrtg c gstg fkstru`gkte, ke sÿae gk ukc dg-

rrc`fgktc bg oektrea, sfke tc`jfæk gk uk petgktg gag`gkte bg

oeùkfocofÿk gstrctæifoc, bg cprgkbfzcmg fktgrke y bg csfikcofÿk

bg rgspekscjfafbcbgs y, per ae tckte, gk uk fkstru`gkte oacvg pcrc

ac prepfc packfffiocofÿk bg ac gstrctgifc y su f`packtcofÿk.

Oek gaae, ga Oektrea bg Igstfÿk oejrc tebc su bf`gksfÿk gs-

trctæifoc, oe`gkzãkbesg c dcjacr bg ae qug dey gk bàc sg bgke`f-

kc _trctgifo Xgrner`ckog @ckcig`gkt , bfsofpafkc qug sg eoupc bg

ac fbgktfffiocofÿk, `gbfofÿk y igstfÿk bg acs pcackocs igkgrcbercs

bg vcaer gk acs erickfzcofekgs (@crr, :88>).

>.? Ga oucbre bg `ckbe fktgirca oeè dgrrc`fgktc bg

oektrea gstrctæifoe

Bcbc su gker`g rgpgrousfÿk gk ga ã`jfte g`prgscrfca y su cbcp-

tcofÿk tc`jfæk ca ã`jfte coregoekÿ foe, gk ga prgsgktg cpcrtc-

be preogbgrgès c gxpekgr acs prfkofpcags ocrcotgràstfocs qug prg-

sgktc ga oucbre bg `ckbe fktgirca oeè dgrrc`fgktc bg oektrea

gstrctæifoe, csà oeè ac aÿifoc qug iuàc su gstruoturc y bfsgóe.

>.?.3 Bgffikfofÿk y prepÿsfte

Gk su oekogpofÿk cotuca (oucbre bg `ckbe fktgirca), uk oucbre

bg `ckbe gs uk oekmukte bg fkbfocbergs y etrcs fkner`cofekgs

gsgkofcags, qug pgr`ftg c aes bfrgotfves, bg ner`c pgrfÿbfoc, ej-

tgkgr ukc vfsfÿk rãpfbc, y c ac vgz oe`pagtc, bg ac sftucofÿk gk ac

qug sg gkougktrc ac erickfzcofÿk, uk bgpcrtc`gkte, e uk preogse

(sgiýk ga kfvga bg rgspekscjfafbcb gk ga ouca kes gkoektrgès),

oek ga prepÿsfte bg bgtgr`fkcr sf ac sftucofÿk sg gkougktrc e ke

jcme oektrea (gs bgofr, gk bfspesfofÿk bg caockzcr aes ejmgtfves

`crocbes).







Xer ae tckte, uk oucbre bg `ckbe gs ukc dgrrc`fgktc sfktætfoc

(«vfsfÿk rãpfbc y c ac vgz oe`pagtc¼), qug prgtgkbg ciautfkcr gk

uk ýkfoe beou`gkte fkner`cofÿk cpertcbc per bfngrgktgs goc-

kfsès bg oektrea=

√ Oektrea prgsupugstcrfe (`gbfcktg ga rggme bg acs `cikftu-

bgs prgsupugstcrfcs jãsfocs).

√ Zgvfsfÿk bga ircbe bg ou`paf`fgkte bg aes bfstfktes packgs

bg coofÿk (c trcvæs bg aes fkbfocbergs cbgoucbes).

√ Zgsuatcbes bg bfngrgktgs gkougstcs bg sctfsncoofÿk.

√ _upgrvfsfÿk bga ircbe bg cpafocofÿk bg acs bfstfktcs peaàtfocs y

preogbf`fgktes.

√ Gto.

Oek gaae, sg prgtgkbg ncofaftcr ac acjer bg aes bfrgotfves, qug ke

bgjgk rgourrfr c nugktgs bfspgrscs pcrc oekeogr tebes aes bctes

gsgkofcags sejrg ac crodc bg ac erickfzcofÿk, e sejrg cqugaac pcr-

ogac gspgoàffioc qug c ocbc ouca ag oe`pgtg.

Gk ouckte c su ffikcafbcb, ga prepÿsfte prfkofpca bga oucbre bg

`ckbe ke gs etre qug ga bg sgrvfr bg dgrrc`fgktc bg pfaetcmg bg ac

igstfÿk g`prgscrfca, g`ftfgkbe sgócags qug cvfsgk c ac erickfzc-

ofÿk bg ac kgogsfbcb bg gkbgrgzcr su ru`je, ouckbe sg bgtgotgk

bgsvfcofekgs rgspgote ca oc`fke `crocbe. Gs bgofr, ke sg trctc bg

gspgrcr dcstc ga ffikca y ckcafzcr gktekogs sf sg dc aagicbe e ke ca

bgstfke ffimcbe, y per quæ ètfve, sfke qug, `gbfcktg ga su`fkfstre

bg fkner`cofÿk pgrfÿbfoc (`gksuca, trf`gstrca, gto., sgiýk sgc kg-

ogscrfe), ga oucbre bg `ckbe trctc bg bgtgotcr c tfg`pe oucaqufgr

pgrturjcofÿk e ofroukstckofc qug f`pfbc ga aeire bg aes ejmgtfves

gstcjagofbes, y qug pugbc rgqugrfr, fkoause, ac bgffikfofÿk bg kug-

ves packgs bg coofÿk, e ga crjftrcmg bg seauofekgs bg g`grigkofc.

Xcrc gaae, ga oucbre bg `ckbe bgjgrã rgoeigr fkner`cofÿk

tckte sejrg acs `gtcs qug bgjgk sgr caockzcbcs (fkbfocbergs bg

rgsuatcbe), oeè sejrg aes gbfes qug sg gstf`ck cbgoucbes pcrc

pebgr aeircracs y su ircbe bg cpafocofÿk (fkbfocbergs bg cotuc-

ofÿk), c ac vgz qug tc`jfæk bgjgrã prgstcr ctgkofÿk c cqugaacs vc-

rfcjags bga gkterke qug pugbgk cngotcr c ac jugkc `crodc bg ac

erickfzcofÿk (fkbfocbergs gxtgrkes) y c cqugaaes gag`gktes cbf-

ofekcags qug pugbgk cyubcr c cktfofpcr ga vcaer nuture bg aes fkbf-

ocbergs bg rgsuatcbe (fkbfocbergs bg cagrtc oe`pag`gktcrfc).






Oek gaae, ga oucbre bg `ckbe sg oekvfgrtg cbg`ãs gk ukc vcafesc

dgrrc`fgktc bg cprgkbfzcmg erickfzctfve, yc qug, ga oektrcstg ffi-

kca gktrg ga ircbe bg cvckog oeksgiufbe gk acs bfngrgktgs `gtcs y

ga ircbe bg cvckog ejsgrvcbe gk aes bfngrgktgs `gbfes bgffikfbes

pcrc caockzcr acs `fs`cs kes pgr`ftg oekeogr sf acs cotucofekgs

gagifbcs pcrc caockzcr aes ffikgs sek acs cbgoucbcs e ke.

Csf`fsè, ga oucbre bg `ckbe oekstftuyg ukc pebgresc dg-

rrc`fgktc pcrc ac oeùkfocofÿk bg ac gstrctgifc y ac oacrfffiocofÿk

bg rgspekscjfafbcbgs, bgjfbe c qug=

√ Xer ukc pcrtg, aes fkbfocbergs bgffikfbes kes ùgstrck cqug-

aae qug pcrc ac erickfzcofÿk gs f`pertcktg y gk ae qug dc bg-

ofbfbe ogktrcr su gsnugrze y ctgkofÿk.

√ V, per etrc, c trcvæs bg ac bgsfikcofÿk bg ukfbcbgs y pgrsekcs

rgspekscjags pcrc ocbc fkbfocber, y ac bgffikfofÿk c su vgz bg

etrcs ukfbcbgs erickfzctfvcs fkveauorcbcs gk su bgscrreaae, ga

oucbre bg `ckbe ùgstrc bg ner`c ùy oekofsc y bfrgotc (y

gk uk sÿae beou`gkte), ouãa gs ga pcpga qug bgjg bgsg`pgócr

ocbc ouca gk ac pugstc gk `crodc bg ac gstrctgifc y ouãa gs su

oektrfjuofÿk ca aeire bg acs `gtcs ffikcags, pesfjfaftckbe oek

gaae qug ac gstrctgifc sg trcbuzoc gk coofÿk.

Cbg`ãs, `gbfcktg uk preogse gk ocsocbc, sg prebuog ga bgspafg-

iug bg bfodc gstrctgifc c tebes aes rfkoekgs bg ac erickfzcofÿk.

Oekorgtc`gktg, c pcrtfr bga oucbre bg ckbe bg ac catc bfrgoofÿk,

sg oekstruygk aes oucbres bg `ckbe bg acs ukfbcbgs erickfzc-

tfvcs fkngrfergs, qug bgjgrãk rgoeigr oeè `àkfè cqugaaes fk-

bfocbergs preogbgktgs bga oucbre bg `ckbe igkgrca gk aes qug

bfodc ukfbcb ffiiurg oeè rgspekscjag e fkveauorcbc, pubfgkbe

cócbfrsg c oektfkucofÿk fkbfocbergs cbfofekcags, gk nukofÿk bg

acs kgogsfbcbgs bg igstfÿk gspgoàffiocs bg ac ukfbcb.

Xer ae tckte, y gk vfrtub bg ae qug dgès bfode dcstc cderc,

ga oucbre bg `ckbe oektg`pac ac gstrctgifc bgsbg bes puktes bg

vfstc= gk su oekogpofÿk, oeè ourse bgafjgrcbe bg coofÿk pcrc

ac sctfsncoofÿk bg bgtgr`fkcbes ejmgtfves y, gk su g`page, oeè

pctrÿk bg oekbuotc oeksfstgktg qug gk uk è`gkte bcbe pugbg

surifr, oek fkbgpgkbgkofc bga pack gstrctæifoe, oeè rgspugstc c

pgrturjcofekgs e oektfkigkofcs ke prgvfstcs.






√ Xer etre acbe, pcrc qug tcags oafgktgs sg sfgktck oektgktes y

rgourrck c aes prebuotes y sgrvfofes engrtcbes per ac g`prgsc,

sgrã prgofse qug æstc bgscrreaag sus preogses fktgrkes bg ner-

`c qug sg cbgougk c acs kgogsfbcbgs prgsgktcbcs per æstes.

Cbg`ãs, oek ga ffik bg igstfekcr cbgoucbc`gktg aes rgourses

bfspekfjags y `fkf`fzcr oestgs (y, per gkbg, `cxf`fzcr jg-

kgffiofes), tcags preogses bgjgrãk bgscrreaacrsg oek ac `ãxf`c

gffiofgkofc.

√ Xer ýatfè, pcrc qug ac g`prgsc pugbc bgscrreaacr sus pre-

ogses bg ner`c coerbg oek acs kgogsfbcbgs bg aes oafgktgs y

bg èbe gffiofgktg, kgogsftcrã oektcr oek pgrsekca cbgoucbc-

`gktg ner`cbe y ètfvcbe, ocpcz bg cprgkbgr y cbcptcrsg c

aes kugves rgtes.

Csà pugs, ae qug cocjcès bg prepekgr kes pgr`ftg cirupcr aes

bfngrgktgs fkbfocbergs bga oucbre bg `ckbe gk ouctre irckbgs

jaequgs e pgrspgotfvcs, fktgrrgacofekcbes gktrg sà=

√ Ac pgrspgotfvc ffikckofgrc.

√ Ac pgrspgotfvc bg oafgktgac.

√ Ac pgrspgotfvc bg preogses fktgrkes.

√ Ac pgrspgotfvc bg ner`cofÿk y cprgkbfzcmg (igstfÿk bg pgrse-

kcs).

Ac Nfiurc 3 kes ùgstrc, prgofsc`gktg, acs fktgrrgacofekgs oftc-

bcs.

Nfiurc 3= Fktgrrgacofekgs gktrg aes bfngrgktgs irupes bg `gbfbcs

bga oucbre bg `ckbe bg ac catc bfrgoofÿk

Nugktg= Gacjercofÿk prepfc







Ae qug cocjcès bg gxpekgr oefkofbg, gk irck `gbfbc, oek ae

qug Lcpack y Kertek kes prepekgk gk su oæagjrg afjre Rdg Jc-

ackogb _oergocrb ‟ Rrcksactfki _trctgiy fkte Cotfek, oua`gk bg acs

fkvgstficofekgs rgcafzcbcs per gstes bes cutergs bgsbg ga cóe 3668,

y ouycs gxpgrfgkofcs cpcrgogk rgoeifbcs gk ukc sgrfg bg crtàouaes

pujafocbes per ac rgvfstc Dcrvcrb Jusfkgss Zgvfgw.

Fkfofca`gktg, aes prepuasergs bg gstg fkstru`gkte jusocjck

gk su fkvgstficofÿk ukc dgrrc`fgktc qug c`pafcrc ga oekmukte

bg `gbfbcs ejmgte bg sgiuf`fgkte per pcrtg bg aes sfstg`cs

bg oektrea bg acs erickfzcofekgs, oek ga ffik bg rgoeigr tebe ga

gspgotre bg vcrfcjags qug pubfgrck cngotcr c ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb

g`prgscrfca, `ãs caaã bg acs vcrfcjags bg ocrãotgr purc`gktg

ffikckofgre. _fk g`jcrie, uk sfstg`c bg fkbfocbergs `ãs

oe`pagte, qug rgoemc tckte cspgotes ffikckofgres oeè ke

ffikckofgres, ke oekstftuyg ukc dgrrc`fgktc qug pgr`ftc rgcafzcr

uk sgiuf`fgkte gk terke c ac f`packtcofÿk bg acs gstrctgifcs

bfsgócbcs pcrc caockzcr aes ejmgtfves prepugstes, kf oektrcstcr

ac fkofbgkofc bg tcags gstrctgifcs gk aes ejmgtfves ffimcbes. Dcog

ncatc caie `ãs= dcog ncatc rgactcr ac gstrctgifc c trcvæs bg bfode

sfstg`c bg fkbfocbergs, gstcjagofgkbe vàkouaes g fktgrrgacofekgs

gktrg gaaes, bg ner`c qug sgc pesfjag bgspagicr ac gstrctgifc gk ga

oekmukte bg ac erickfzcofÿk, ckcafzcr su gngotfvfbcb y cktfofpcr

prejag`cs c ac derc bg caockzcr acs `gtcs ffimcbcs. Xrgofsc`gktg,

sek gstes vàkouaes g fktgrrgacofekgs aes qug, oeè jfgk bfogk

Lcpack y Kertek, oekstftuygk ac oacvg bga oucbre bg `ckbe gk

su oekogpofÿk cotuca.

Gngotfvc`gktg, ac Nfiurc 3 kes ùgstrc ac gxfstgkofc bg tebc

ukc ocbgkc bg rgacofekgs ocusc-gngote gktrg aes bfstfktes irupes

bg fkbfocbergs qug oe`pekgk ga oucbre bg `ckbe, qug gs prgof-

sc`gktg ae qug betc c gstg fkstru`gkte bg su `ãxf`c utfafbcb=

sgkofaac`gktg, gs gsc ocbgkc bg rgacofekgs ga pctrÿk qug kes pgr-

`ftg fktgrprgtcr ae qug eourrg gk ac erickfzcofÿk y bgtgotcr ac prg-

sgkofc bg prejag`cs petgkofcags, mukte oek acs rgpgrousfekgs bg

aes fsès gk bfstfktes ã`jftes.

Cderc jfgk, gs prgofse coacrcr qug aes irupes bg gbfbcs crrf-

jc oftcbes ke oekstftuygk, kf ùode `gkes, uk gsqug`c ogrrcbe.

Gk nukofÿk bg acs kgogsfbcbgs pcrtfouacrgs bg ocbc erickfzcofÿk,






pugbg sgr fktgrgscktg cócbfr caiýk jaequg bg gbfbcs cbfofekca, e

bgsiaescr caiuke bg aes yc gxfstgktgs gk vcrfes trezes.

Xer gmg`pae, gk caiukcs fkstftuofekgs, acs rgacofekgs oek ac

oeùkfbcb, e ga f`pcote seofca igkgrcbe (væcsg ga ocse bg acs oc-

mcs bg cderres), pugbgk tgkgr ukc gspgofca rgagvckofc, rczÿk per

ac ouca sgràc coeksgmcjag orgcr uk irupe bg `gbfbcs bfngrgkofcbe

pcrc gstg ã`jfte. Bga `fsè èbe, acs rgacofekgs oek prevgg-

bergs (oeè eourrg gk ga sgoter bg cuteèofÿk), pugbgk tgkgr

ukc f`pertckofc gstrctæifoc oacvg, qug bgtgr`fkg ac kgogsfbcb bg

bgsicmcr gstg cpcrtcbe bga oekogrkfgktg ca ebe gk qug ac erickf-

zcofÿk gmgoutc sus bfstfktes preogses.

Aes jaequgs ffikca`gktg bfstfkiufbes y sus oerrgspekbfgktgs

fktgrrgacofekgs, oekffiiurcrãk ga bgke`fkcbe «`cpc gstrctæif-

oe¼ bg ac erickfzcofÿk (Lcpack y Kertek, :882), rgprgsgktcofÿk

irãffioc y sfktætfoc bg ac gstrctgifc g`prgscrfca, qug oekstftuyg ukc

pebgresc dgrrc`fgktc bg oeùkfocofÿk bg ac `fs`c ca oekmukte

bg ac g`prgsc.

Ocbc uke bg aes irupes bg fkbfocbergs bga oucbre bg `ck-

be pebrã oektgkgr fkbfocbergs bg rgsuatcbe g fkbfocbergs bg

cotucofÿk, csà oeè fkbfocbergs bg cagrtc oe`pag`gktcrfc. Gk

ac pgrspgotfvc ffikckofgrc, per gmg`pae, cbg`ãs bg fkbfocbergs

rgacofekcbes oek ga kfvga bg jgkgffiofes y bg rgktcjfafbcb caock-

zcbe (fkbfocbergs bg rgsuatcbe), tgkbrgès fkbfocbergs rgacofe-

kcbes oek aes kfvgags bg oestgs y ga veau`gk bg fkirgses igkg-

rcbe (fkbfocbergs bg cotucofÿk e rgqufsfte pcrc ac oeksgouofÿk

bg ukes jugkes jgkgffiofes). Fiuca`gktg, bgktre bg ac pgrspgotfvc

bg oafgktgac, tgkbrgès fkbfocbergs rgacofekcbes oek ac sctfsnco-

ofÿk bg kugstres oafgktgs y ac ffibgafbcb bg aes fsès (fkbfocbergs

bg rgsuatcbe), g fkbfocbergs rgacofekcbes oek ac ocafbcb, ga trcte

su`fkfstrcbe y ga tfg`pe bg gktrgic, c èbe bg gmg`pae. Gstes

ýatfès sgràck fkbfocbergs bg cotucofÿk e rgqufsftes prgvfes pcrc

ac oeksgouofÿk bg aes cktgrfergs.

Oek tebe, ke bgjgès eavfbcr qug acs bfngrgktgs rgacofekgs

ocusc-gngote gstcjagofbcs c ac derc bg gacjercr ga oucbre bg `ck-

be sek nrute bg acs orggkofcs pcrtfouacrgs bg aes bfstfktes bfrgo-

tfves qug dck pcrtfofpcbe gk bfode preogse, rgspgote c cqugaae

qug oeksfbgrck cbgoucbe pcrc caockzcr acs `gtcs. _fgkbe gste csà,







rgsuatc gvfbgktg ac f`pesfjfafbcb bg tgkgr c prferf ukc ogrtgzc cj-

seautc sejrg ac jekbcb bg tcags orggkofcs. Xer gstg ètfve, oek ga

pcse bga tfg`pe, aes bfrgotfves bgjgrãk vcafbcr acs dfpetætfocs rg-

acofekgs ocusc-gngote per gaaes gstcjagofbcs, `fbfgkbe pcrc gaae ac

oerrgacofÿk gxfstgktg gktrg aes bfstfktes fkbfocbergs bg rgsuatcbe

gstcjagofbes y aes fkbfocbergs bg cotucofÿk prepugstes. Bg gstc

ner`c, sf ke sg gkoektrcrc oerrgacofÿk caiukc gktrg tcags vcrfcjags,

ac bfrgoofÿk pesggràc gvfbgkofc suffiofgktg bg qug ac tgeràc sujyc-

ogktg gk su gstrctgifc ke gstã nukofekckbe.

Ke ejstcktg, gs prgofse tgkgr gk ougktc ga pesfjag rgtcrbe tg`-

perca qug gktrg acs bfstfktcs coofekgs g`prgkbfbcs y aes rgsuatcbes

gspgrcbes pugbg bcrsg. Csà, jfgk pugbg eourrfr qug aes gngotes bg

ofgrtcs cotucofekgs bgscrreaacbcs gk ga pgràebe «k¼ (preirc`cs

ner`ctfves, c ebe bg gmg`pae), ke sg bgmgk sgktfr dcstc ga pgràe-

be «k+3¼. _f gste nugrc csà, oek vfstcs c gacjercr aes gstubfes bg

oerrgacofÿk cktgs oftcbes, bgjgràck oe`jfkcrsg aes bctes oerrgs-

pekbfgktgs c vcrfes oucbres bg `ckbe.

Gk oucaqufgr ocse, gstc vcafbcofÿk bg acs dfpÿtgsfs bg pcrtfbc

gk terke c acs rgacofekgs ocusc-gngote gxfstgktgs oekstftuyg oacrc-

`gktg uk gmg`pae bg ner`cofÿk e cprgkbfzcmg bg bejag juoag= (3)

oeùkfocofÿk bg ac gstrctgifc c tebes aes `fg`jres bg ac eric-

kfzcofÿk y cafkgcofÿk sujsgougktg bg acs fkfofctfvcs y acs coofekgs

pcrc oeksgiufr ukes ejmgtfves gstrctæifoes c acrie pacze, (:) mukte

oek ac gvcaucofÿk pestgrfer bg aes rgsuatcbes ejtgkfbes y ga ougs-

tfekc`fgkte bg acs csukofekgs sujycogktgs rgspgote c acs cotuc-

ofekgs rgoe`gkbcbcs, oek ga prepÿsfte ýatfè bg oe`prejcr sf ac

tgeràc jcme ac qug sg gstcjc epgrckbe oektfkýc sfgkbe oeksfstgktg

oek ac gvfbgkofc, ejsgrvcofekgs y gxpgrfgkofcs cotucags.

Bg gstc ner`c, sf aes g`pagcbes y bfrgotfves bg ukc erickfzcofÿk

dujfgrck ou`pafbe oek sus fkbfocbergs bg cotucofÿk, pgre ke sg

dujfgrck caockzcbe aes ejmgtfves gspgrcbes, gaae fkbfocràc qug ac tge-

ràc fkoerpercbc c ac gstrctgifc pubfgrc ke sgr ac cbgoucbc. Gk ouca-

qufgr ocse, oeè yc dgès bfode, bgjgrã tgkgrsg gk ougktc ga acpse

bg tfg`pe qug pugbg `gbfcr gktrg ga bgscrreaae bg ukc bgtgr`f-

kcbc cotucofÿk y ga aeire bg uk ejmgtfve oekorgte (per gmg`pae,

tfg`pe qug bgjg trcksourrfr bgsbg qug sg rgcafzc uk gsnugrze gk

pujafofbcb dcstc qug gaae prevequg uk fkorg`gkte gk acs vgktcs).






>.?.? Gmg`pae

Wkc vgz prgsgktcbes aes nukbc`gktes bga oucbre bg `ckbe fk-

tgirca, vcès c gxpekgr uk sgkofaae gmg`pae qug kes pgr`ftc

oe`prgkbgr `gmer aes oekogptes gxpugstes. Oekorgtc`gktg,

èstrcrgès ga `cpc gstrctæifoe bg ukc dfpetætfoc g`prgsc bg

mcrbfkgràc bgke`fkcbc Ga Zesca (Nfiurc :), csà oeè aes fkbfocbe-

rgs bgffikfbes pcrc caiukcs bg acs ãrgcs bg oektrea bg bfode `cpc

gstrctæifoe (Rcjacs : y ?).

Rca y oeè pebgès vgr gk ac Nfiurc :, ac g`prgsc Ga Zesca

dc aagvcbe c ocje uk preogse bg rggxfÿk gstrctæifoc pcrc bgffikfr

acs aàkgcs bg cotucofÿk qug ag pgr`ftfrãk eptf`fzcr sus rgsuatcbes

goekÿ`foe-ffikckofgres burcktg aes prÿxfès cóes. Rcags rgsuatc-

bes bgjgrãk trcbuofrsg gk uk cbgoucbe kfvga bg rgktcjfafbcb y

gk ukes jugkes kfvgags bg seavgkofc (seafbgz ffikckofgrc), qug ag

pgr`ftck coogbgr c acs nugktgs bg ffikckofcofÿk kgogscrfcs pcrc ga

bgscrreaae bg su cotfvfbcb.

Xcrc tca ffik, Ga Zesca dc bgffikfbe ukc gstrctgifc bg orgof`fgk-

te erfgktcbc c ac pgkgtrcofÿk gk ga sgi`gkte bg oafgktgs bg cate

pebgr cbqufsftfve (oek vfstcs c ejtgkgr uk `cyer veau`gk bg

ncoturcofÿk per oafgktg) y ca fkorg`gkte bg ac bgksfbcb bg oafgk-

tgs ocptcbes gk uk rcbfe bg 78 L`. Ac bfspgrsfÿk igeirãffioc

bg ac oafgktgac cotuca fkorg`gktc sejrg`ckgrc aes oestgs bg bgs-

paczc`fgkte, per ae qug sg dcog kgogscrfe rgbuofr bfodc bfspgr-

sfÿk.

Oek ga ffik bg csgiurcr ga orgof`fgkte bgsgcbe, Ga Zesca dc bgffi-

kfbe ukc prepugstc bg vcaer qug csgiurg ac sctfsncoofÿk y ffibgafbcb

bg sus oafgktgs, jcscbc gk ac erfifkcafbcb bg aes bfsgóes bg sus mcr-

bfkgs y gk ac ocafbcb bg aes sgrvfofes bg cktgkf`fgkte prgstcbes.

Xcrc aeircr ac erfifkcafbcb bgsgcbc, Ga Zesca gs oeksofgktg bg ac

kgogsfbcb bg rgnerzcr sus preogses bg fkkevcofÿk y bfsgóe, fkorg-

`gktckbe ga gsnugrze rgcafzcbe gk gstg cpcrtcbe. Xer etre acbe, gk

ae qug c ac ocafbcb bg aes sgrvfofes bg `cktgkf`fgkte oekofgrkg,

Ga Zesca dc aagicbe c ac oekoausfÿk bg qug rgsuatc f`prgsofkbfjag

cotucafzcr y beou`gktcr sus preogbf fgktes bg trcjcme, oek ga ffik

bg fkoerpercr aes cvckogs `ãs rgofgktgs qug sg dck prebuofbe gk

ga ùkbe bg ac mcrbfkgràc. Bfodc cotucafzcofÿk y beou`gktcofÿk

pgr`ftfrã bgscrreaacr uk trcjcme bg `cyer ocafbcb, pgre tc`jfæk






`ætebes bg trcjcme, ke bgjfgkbe eavfbcr tc`peoe ga gstcjagof-

`fgkte bg ukc peaàtfoc bg fkogktfves qug icrcktfog ac rgtgkofÿk bg

pgrsekca oacvg gk ac erickfzcofÿk, yc qug, ýatf`c`gktg, caiukes

mcrbfkgres dck bgofbfbe cjckbekcr ac g`prgsc y sg dck gstcjagof-

be per su ougktc oeè oe`pgtfbergs bfrgotes bg Ga Zesca.

Oeè pebgès vgr, ga cpc gstrctæifoe bg Ga Zesca oe`prgk-

bg sfgtg irckbgs ãrgcs bg oektrea fktgrrgacofekcbcs gktrg sà, qug

rgactck pgrngotc`gktg aes gktrgsfmes bg ac gstrctgifc bgffikfbc per

ac oe`pcóàc. Nrgktg c ac gstruoturc igkærfoc qug dgès bgsorfte

gk ga cpcrtcbe prgogbgktg, gk gstg `cpc gstrctæifoe aes preogses

fktgrkes dck sfbe bgsicmcbes gk trgs jaequgs bfstfktes. Ga prf`gre

bg gaaes dcog causfÿk c ac cbgoucofÿk bg aes preogses fktgrkes c ac

prepugstc bg vcaer, `fgktrcs qug ga sgiukbe sg rgffigrg c aes preog-

ses bg àkbeag oe`grofca y ga tgrogre fkofbg gk cqugaacs ougstfekgs

`ãs bfrgotc`gktg rgacofekcbcs oek ac prebuotfvfbcb y gffiofgkofc.

Gk ouckte c ac pgrspgotfvc ffikckofgrc, ac pcrtg rgngrgktg c aes fk-

irgses (gstrctgifc bg orgof`fgkte), tc`jfæk dc sfbe bgsicmcbc bg

bfodc pgrspgotfvc, per gktgkbgr qug tfgkg ac rgagvckofc suffiofgktg

oeè pcrc oekstftufr per sà `fs`c uk ãrgc bg oektrea bfngrgkofc-

bc, ae `fsè qug ga cpcrtcbe rgngrgktg c fkvgrsfekgs.

Ocbc ukc bg acs ãrgcs bg oektrea bgffikfbcs oe`prgkbg c su vgz

vcrfcs sujãrgcs bg oektrea, ocbc ukc bg acs oucags tgkbrã su prepfe

oekmukte bg fkbfocbergs. Ac Rcjac : kes ùgstrc aes fkbfocbergs

prepugstes pcrc acs bfstfktcs sujãrgcs pgrtgkgofgktgs ca cpcrtcbe

bg «Orgof`fgkte¼, `fgktrcs qug ac Rcjac ? dcog ae prepfe pcrc ac

pcrtg oerrgspekbfgktg c ac cbcptcofÿk bg aes preogses fktgrkes c

ac prepugstc bg vcaer.

Oeè pebgès ejsgrvcr gk bfodcs tcjacs, gk tebe è`gk-

te sg rgcafzc uk gsnugrze per trctcr bg «rgactcr¼ ac gstrctgifc c

pcrtfr bg ac sgougkofc bg fkbfocbergs bgffikfbes. Gk ga ã`jfte `c-

oregoekÿ`foe, gk oc`jfe, aes oucbres bg `ckbe qug sg sugagk

prepekgrsg ke sugagk fr `ãs caaã bg ac cirupcofÿk bg fkbfocbergs

gk bfngrgktgs octgieràcs. Gs bgofr, ke sugag «rgactcrsg¼ kfkiukc

gstrctgifc c trcvæs bg aes `fsès, pugs sg sugag bcr prferfbcb c ac

oe`pcrcjfafbcb gktrg bfngrgktgs ukfbcbgs bg ckãafsfs, ae qug bf-

ffiouatc su utfafbcb oeè dgrrc`fgktcs bg pfaetcmg bg ac peaàtfoc

goekÿ`foc.







Nfiurc := Mcrbfkgràc Ga Zesca ‟ Gmg`pae bg `cpc gstrctæifoe







Rcjac := Mcrbfkgràc Ga Zesca ‟ Fkbfocbergs oerrgspekbfgktgs ca

ãrgc bg orgof`fgkte (3 bg :)

_ u j ã r g c b g

o e k t r e a

N c o t u r c o f ÿ k

i a e j c a

X g k g t r c -

o f ÿ k g k g a

s g i ` g k t e

b g o a f g k t g s

b g c a t e

p e b g r

c b q u f s f t f v e

F k b f o c b e r

N

c o t u r c o

f ÿ k c o u ` u

a c b c

R

c s c

b g v c r f c o

f ÿ k

f k t g r c k u c

a b g

a c

n c o t u r c o

f ÿ k c o u ` u

a c b c

K

½ c o u ` u

a c b e

b g k u g v e s

o

a f g k t g s

b g c

a t e p e

b g r c

b q u

f s f t f v e

o

c p t c

b e s

N e r ` c b g o ã a o u a e

K f v

g a b g

b g s i

a e s g =

- B

c t e i

a e j c

a

- B

g s i

a e s g p e r

a à k g c

b g p t e

. =

b f s

g ó e

n r g k t g c ` c k t g k

f ` f g k t e

- B

g s i

a e s g p e r t f p e

b g o

a f g k t g =

p c r t f o u

a c r g s

n r g k t g c g ` p r g s c s

K f v

g a b g

b g s i

a e s g =

- B

c t e i

a e j c

a

- B

g s i

a e s g p e r

a à k g c

b g p t e

. =

b f s

g ó e


f ` f g k t e

- B

g s i

a e s g p e r t f p e

b g o

a f g k t g =

p c r t f o u

a c r g s


_ g

g k t f g k

b g p e r o

a f g k t g

b g c

a t e

p e b g r c

b q u

f s f t f v e c q u g

a q u g

s c t

f s n c o g « T ¼ p c r ã ` g t r e s

b g

a e s

« V ¼ s

f i u

f g k t g s =

- @

g t r e s o u c

b r c

b e s

b g

m c r b

à k

- X e s g s

f ÿ k

b g o

d c

a g t g k

u r j

c k

f z c o

f ÿ k

b g

a u m e

- G t o

.

Z g s p e k s c j a g

( c o o f ÿ k )

R e

b e s

R e

b e s

B f r g o t e r

O e ` g r o

f c a

X g r f e b f -

o f b c b

@ g k s u c

a

@ g k s u c

a

@ g k s u c a


( f k n e r ` . )

B f r g o t e r

C b `

f k f s t r c t f v e /

N f k c k o

f g r e

B f r g o t e r

C b `

f k f s t r c t f v e /

N f k c k o

f g r e

B f r g o t e r

O e ` g r o

f c a

E j s g r v c o f e k g s

_ g t r c t c

b g

f k b f o c

b e r g s

b g

r g s u

a t c b e

b g g s t c s u

j ã r g c y c s u

v g z

b g

f k b f o c

b e r g s

b g c o t u c o

f ÿ k

p c r c ` g

m e r c r

a e s r g s u

a t c b e s

g o e k

ÿ `

f o e - ffi

k c k o

f g r e s

b g

a c

g ` p r g s c

.

F k b f o c

b e r

b g c o t u c o

f ÿ k

r g a c o

f e k c

b e o e k

a c g s t r c t g i

f c b g

p g k g t r c o

f ÿ k g k g s t g s g i ` g k t e

o e ` e ` g

b f e p c r c

f k o r g ` g k t c r

a c n c o t u r c o

f ÿ k y r g k t c

j f a f b c

b b g

a c g ` p r g s c

.








Rcjac := Mcrbfkgràc Ga Zesca ‟ Fkbfocbergs oerrgspekbfgktgs ca

ãrgc bg orgof`fgkte (: bg :)

_ u j ã r g c b g

o e k t r e a

X g k g t r c -

o f ÿ k g k g a

s g i ` g k t e

b g o a f g k t g s

b g c a t e

p e b g r

c b q u f s f t f v e

F k o r g ` g k t e

b g a c

b g k s f b c b

b g o a f g k t g s

o c p t c b e s g k

u k r c b f e b g

7 8 L `

F k b f o c b e r

N c

o t u r c o

f ÿ k p r e ` g

b f e p e r o

a f g k t g

b g

c a t e p e

b g r c

b q u

f s f t f v e

K ½ c o u ` u

a c b e

b g k u g v e s o

a f g k t g s

o c

p t c

b e s g k u k r c

b f e b g 7 8 L `

K ½ c o u ` u

a c b e

b g k u g v e s o

a f g k t g s

o c

p t c

b e s g k u k r c

b f e b g 7 8 L `

,

s e

j r g g

a t e t c

a c o u ` u

a c b e

b g

o a f g k t g s o c p t c

b e s

N e r `

c b g o ã a o u a e

K f v g

a b g

b g s i

a e s g =

- B c

t e i

a e j c

a

- X e r t f p e

b g s g r v

f o f e =

b f s g

ó e


f ` f g k t e

K f v g

a b g

b g s i

a e s g =

- B c

t e i

a e j c

a

- X e r t f p e

b g o

a f g k t g = p c r t f o u

a c r g s



( c o o f ÿ k )

R e

b e s

B f r g o t e r

O e ` g r o

f c a

B f r g o t e r

O e ` g r o

f c a

X g r f e b f -

o f b c b

C k u c a

@ g k s u c

a

@ g k s u c

a


( f k n e r ` . )

B f r g o t e r

O e ` g r o

f c a

B f r g o t e r

O e ` g r o

f c a

B f r g o t e r

O e ` g r o

f c a


F k b f o c

b e r

b g r g s u

a t c b e q u g

` f b g g

a æ x

f t e b g

a c g s t r c t g i

f c b g

p g k g t r c o

f ÿ k g k g s t g s g i ` g k t e

.

F k b f o c

b e r g s

b g c o t u c o

f ÿ k

r g a c o

f e k c

b e s o e k

a c g s t r c t g i

f c

b g

f k o r g ` g k t e

b g

a c b g k s

f b c

b

b g o

a f g k t g s o c p t c

b e s g k u k r c

b f e

b g 7 8 L `

o e ` e ` g

b f e p c r c

a c

o e k s g o u o

f ÿ k

b g u k o r g o

f ` f g k t e

r g k t c

j a g

.




:83Ocpàtuae 2= Ac fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc g`prgscrfca F k b f o c b e r g s b g



Rcjac ?= Mcrbfkgràc Ga Zesca ‟ Fkbfocbergs oerrgspekbfgktgs c ac

cbgoucofÿk bg aes preogses fktgrkes c ac prepugstc bg vcaer (3 bg :)

_ u j ã r g c b g

o e k t r e a

Z g n u g r z e

p r e o g s e s b g

f k k e v c o f ÿ k

y b f s g ó e

F k b f o c b e r

K ½ c o u ` u

a c b e

b g k u g v c s

v c

r f g b c

b g s

b g

e r g s

f k o e r p e r c

b c s

c a c e

n g r t c

K ½ c o u ` u

a c b e

b g k u g v c s

o e

` p e s

f o f e k g s

e r c

a g s

f k o e r p e r c

b c s c

a c e

n g r t c

K ½ c o u ` u

a c b e

b g

d e r c s

b g

b f o c

b c s c

a c r g c

a f z c o

f ÿ k

b g

g x

p g r f ` g k t e s o e k k u g v c s

v c

r f g b c

b g s

e r c

a g s y c

a c o r g c o

f ÿ k

b g

k u g v c s o e ` p e s

f o f e k g s

K ½

b g g x p g r f ` g k t e s o e k k u g v c s

v c

r f g b c

b g s

e r c

a g s g k o u r s e

b g

r g

c a f z c o

f ÿ k

X e

r o g k t c

m g c o u ` u

a c b e

b g

g x

p g r f ` g k t e s o e k k u g v c s

v c

r f g b c

b g s

e r c

a g s q u g

d c k

o u

a ` f k c

b e o e k

æ x

f t e

N e r `

c b g o ã a o u a e

K f v g

a b g

b g s i

a e s g =

- B c

t e i

a e j c

a

- _ g i

ý k e r f i g k = v c r f g

b c

b g s

i g k g r c

b c s p e r

a c p r e p

f c

g `

p r g s c

n r g k t g c v c r f g

b c

b g s

b g

f ` p e r t c o

f ÿ k

K f v g

a b g b g s i a e s g =

- B c t e i a e j c a

- X e r t f p e b g c o t f v f b c b =

g x p g r f ` g k t c o f ÿ k o e k k u g v c s

v c r

f g b c b g s e r c a g s n r g k t g c o r g c -

o f ÿ

k b g k u g v c s o e ` p e s f o f e k g s


( c o o f ÿ k )

Z g s p e k s c

j a g

b g

b f s g

ó e

Z g s p e k s c

j a g

b g

b f s g

ó e

Z g s p e k s c

j a g

b g

b f s g

ó e

Z g s p e k s c

j a g

b g

b f s g

ó e

Z g s p e k s c

j a g

b g

b f s g

ó e

X g r f e b f -

o f b c b

R r f ` g s t r c

a

R r f ` g s t r c

a

R r f ` g s t r c

a

R r f ` g s t r c

a

R r f ` g s t r c

a


( f k n e r ` . )

B f r g o t e r

O e ` g r o

f c a

B f r g o t e r

O e ` g r o

f c a

Z g s p e k s c

j a g

b g

b f s g

ó e

Z g s p e k s c

j a g

b g

b f s g

ó e

Z g s p e k s c

j a g

b g

b f s g

ó e


F k b f o c b e r g s b g r g s u a t c b e q u g

` f b g k a e s n r u t e s e j t g k f b e s c r c à z

b g a r g n u g r z e b g a e s p r e o g s e s b g

f k k e v c o f ÿ k y b f s g ó e ,

g f k b f o c b e r g s

b g c o t u c o f ÿ k b g o c r c c i c r c k t f z c r

a c e r f i f k c a f b c b b g a e s b f s g ó e s .

F k b f o c b e r g s b g c o t u c o f ÿ k q u g

t r c t c k b g ` g b f r g a g s n u g r z e

r g c a f z c b e p c r c t r c t c r b g r g n e r z c r

a e s p r e o g s e s b g f k k e v c o f ÿ k y

b f s g ó e .

F k b f o c b e r b g r g s u a t c b e q u g ` f b g

g a i r c b e b g g n g o t f v f b c b b g a e s

g x p g r f ` g k t e s r g c a f z c b e s .




:8: F k b f o c b e r g s b g




Rcjac ?= Mcrbfkgràc Ga Zesca ‟ Fkbfocbergs oerrgspekbfgktgs c ac cbg-

oucofÿk bg aes preogses fktgrkes c ac prepugstc bg vcaer (: bg :)

_ u j ã r g c b g

o e k t r e a

C o t u c a f -

z c o f ÿ k y

b e o u ` g k -

t c o f ÿ k b g

p r e o g s e s

b g ` c k t g -

k f ` f g k t e

F k b f o c b e r

K ½ c o u ` u

a c b e

b g p r e o g s e s

b g

` c k t g k

f ` f g k t e q u g

d c k s

f b e

c o t u c

a f z c

b e s

K ½ c o u ` u

a c b e

b g p r e o g s e s

b g

` c k t g k

f ` f g k t e q u g

d c k s

f b e

c o t u c

a f z c

b e s s e

j r g g

a t e t c

a b g

p r e o g s e s

b g ` c k t g k

f ` f g k t e

g x

f s t g k t g s

K ½ c o u ` u

a c b e

b g p r e o g s e s

b g

` c k t g k

f ` f g k t e c o t u c

a f z c

b e s q u g

s g

d c k

b e o u ` g k t c

b e

K ½ c o u ` u

a c b e

b g p r e o g s e s

b g

` c k t g k

f ` f g k t e c o t u c

a f z c

b e s

q u g s g

d c k

b e o u ` g k t c

b e

s e

j r g g

a t e t c

a b g p r e o g s e s

b g

` c k t g k

f ` f g k t e q u g s g

d c k

c o t u c

a f z c

b e

N

e r ` c b g o ã a o u a e


( c o o f ÿ k )

Z g s p e k s c

j a g

b g ` c k t g k

f -

` f g k t e

X g r f e b f -

o f b c

b

R r f `

g s t r c

a


( f k n e r ` . )

Z g s p e k s c

j a g b g

` c k t g k

f ` f g k t e


F k b f o c b e r g s b g c o t u c o f ÿ k

r g a c o f e k c b e s o e k a c g s t r c t g i f c b g

c o t u c a f z c o f ÿ k y b e o u ` g k t c o f ÿ k b g

a e s p r e o g s e s b g ` c k t g k f ` f g k t e

o e ` e ` g b f e p c r c ` g m e r c r a c

o c a f b c b y g ffi o f g k o f c b g a s g r v f o f e b g

` c k t g k f ` f g k t e .




:8?Ocpàtuae 2= Ac fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc g`prgscrfca F k b f o c b e r g s b g



>.2 Aes fkner`gs bg ocpftca fktgagotuca oeè dgrrc`fgktc

pcrc ac igstfÿk y `gbfofÿk bg fktckifjags

Rca y oeè dgès vfste cktgrfer`gktg gk gstg ocpàtuae, ac bfnàofa

f`ftcjfafbcb qug cpcrgog aficbc c ac `cyer pcrtg bg aes rgourses

bg kcturcagzc fktckifjag dcog bg gaaes nugktg petgkofca f`pertcktg

bg vgktcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs burcbgrcs, ae qug mustfffioc ga fktgræs bg su

gstubfe y ac jýsqugbc bg dgrrc`fgktcs qug ncofaftgk su `gbfofÿk

y igstfÿk. Burcktg aes ýatfès cóes, sg dck fkfofcbe ku`greses

preygotes bg fkvgstficofÿk gk gstc aàkgc, ac `cyer pcrtg bg aes ouc-

ags dc oua`fkcbe gk ukc prepugstc bg èbgae bg `gbfofÿk, fk-

ner`g, gstcbe e bgoacrcofÿk bg ocpftca fktgagotuca, qug oektrfjuyc

tckte c sfstg`ctfzcr ac igstfÿk bg aes rgourses fktckifjags gk ga

sgke bg ac g`prgsc, oeè c bfnukbfr ca gxtgrfer fkner`cofÿk oacrc

y gstruoturcbc sejrg gstg tg`c. Gktrg aes preygotes `ãs bgstcoc-

bes pebgès oftcr (gk erbgk orekeaÿifoe)=

‟ Ga Xreygote Fktgagot, bgscrreaacbe gk Gspcóc jcme ga afbgrczie

bg Gureneru` Gsoerfca. Gstg preygote oua`fkÿ gk ga cóe 3664

oek ac pujafocofÿk bg uk @ebgae bg @gbfofÿk bga Ocpftca Fk-

tgagotuca, oekeofbe oeè @ebgae Fktgagot. Xestgrfer`gktg, sg

fkfofÿ uk preogse bg pgrngoofekc`fgkte bga oftcbe èbgae

(jcme ga cuspfofe gstc vgz bga Ogktre bg Fkvgstficofÿk sejrg

ac _eofgbcb bga Oekeof`fgkte, pgrtgkgofgktg ca Fkstftute bg

Cb`fkfstrcofÿk y Bfrgoofÿk bg G`prgscs bg ac Wkfvgrsfbcb

Cutÿke`c bg @cbrfb), qug oua`fkÿ gk mukfe bg :88? oek ac

pujafocofÿk bga @ebgae Fktgaagotus. Ga oftcbe èbgae sg ogk-

trc nukbc`gktca`gktg gk ac bgffikfofÿk gxdcustfvc y bgtcaacbc

bg ocbc uke bg aes oe`pekgktgs, gag`gktes y vcrfcjags qug

fktgirck ga ocpftca fktgagotuca bg acs erickfzcofekgs, csà oeè

gk ac prepugstc bg fkbfocbergs gspgoàffioes pcrc tebes gaaes.

‟ Ga Xreygote bg ac Cigkofc bckgsc bg Oe`grofe g Fkbustrfc,

qug oektÿ oek ac pcrtfofpcofÿk bg Crtdur Ckbgrsgk, ac Oe-

pgkdcigk Jusfkgss _odeea, ac Ccrdus Jusfkgss _odeea y 39

g`prgscs. Bfode preygote oua`fkÿ gk kevfg`jrg bg :888

oek ac pujafocofÿk bg uk beou`gkte tftuacbe C Iufbgafkg ner

Fktgaagotuca Ocpftca _tctg`gkts ‟ C Lgy te Lkewagbig @ckc-

ig`gkt . Ga prepÿsfte nukbc`gktca bg bfodc iuàc oeksfstàc gk

ncofaftcr ukc sgrfg bg bfrgotrfogs qug ncofaftcrck ac prgpcrcofÿk







bg fkner`gs bg ocpftca fktgagotuca oek ffikgs bg bfnusfÿk gxtgr-

kc, ae qug pgr`ftfràc c su vgz qug acs g`prgscs sg ogktrcrck

`ãs gk acs cotfvfbcbgs qug rgcafzck pcrc bgscrreaacr sus rg-

ourses bg oekeof`fgkte y gk aes rgsuatcbes bgrfvcbes bg tcags

cotfvfbcbgs. Ca fiuca qug gk ga ocse cktgrfer, ga èbgae gacje-

rcbe nug ejmgte bg `gmerc y, jcme ga cuspfofe gk gstc eocsfÿk

bga @fkfstgrfe bckæs bg Ofgkofc, Rgokeaeiàc g Fkkevcofÿk, y

ircofcs c ac pcrtfofpcofÿk bg 388 g`prgscs, c oe`fgkzes bga

cóe :88? sg pujafoÿ ukc kugvc iuàc bg gacjercofÿk, mukte oek

ukc prepugstc `gtebeaÿifoc pcrc ga ckãafsfs sfstg`ãtfoe bg

fkner`gs bg ocpftca fktgagotuca.

‟ Ga Xreygote Kerbflc, bgscrreaacbe per ga Nekbe Fkbustrfca

Kÿrbfoe, gk oeacjercofÿk oek uk irupe bg trcjcme gspgofca

ner`cbe per rgprgsgktcktgs iujgrkc`gktcags y ukc `gsc rg-

bekbc bg igktgs bg g`prgsc y cseofcofekgs prengsfekcags pgr-

tgkgofgktgs c aes pcàsgs bga Kertg bg Gurepc. Oeè rgsuatcbe

bg acs fkvgstficofekgs rgcafzcbcs, gk eotujrg bg :883 sg pujaf-

oÿ uk fkner`g sejrg igstfÿk y bfnusfÿk bga ocpftca fktgagotuca,

oek uk gknequg g`fkgktg`gktg prãotfoe y bg oe`pcrcofÿk

bg vcrfcs pgrspgotfvcs.

‟ Ga Xreygote @grftu` sejrg @gbfofÿk bg Fktckifjags pcrc

Oe`prgkbgr y @gmercr ac Igstfÿk bg ac Fkkevcofÿk. Ga oftcbe

preygote nug ffikckofcbe per ga Xreirc`c R_GZ (Rcrigtgb _e-

ofe-Goeke`fo Zgsgcrod) y gk æa pcrtfofpcrek fkvgstficbergs bg

sgfs pcàsgs= Gspcóc (pcàs oeerbfkcber y pcrtfofpcktg oek FCBG

‟ Wkfvgrsfbcb Cutÿke`c bg @cbrfb ‟ y Wkfvgrsfbcb bg _g-

vfaac), Nfkackbfc (oek ac pcrtfofpcofÿk bga Zgsgcrod Fkstftutg en

tdg Nfkkfsd Goeke`y y ac _wgbfsd _odeea en Goeke`fos ckb Ju-

sfkgss Cb`fkfstrctfek), Nrckofc (oek ga Irupe DGO), Kerug-

ic (oek ac Kerwgifck _odeea en @ckcig`gkt ), _ugofc (oek ac

_teoldea` Wkfvgrsfty g FXN) y Bfkc`croc (oek ac Oepgkdcigk

Jusfkgss _odeea y ac Ccrdus Jusfkgss _odeea ). Oeè vgès, gk

ga Xreygote @grftu` gkoektrcès fkvgstficbergs pcrtfofpck-

tgs c su vgz gk ga Xreygote bg ac Cigkofc bckgsc bg Oe`grofe g

Fkbustrfc y tc`jfæk gk ga Xreygote Kerbflc. Oeè oua`fkc-

ofÿk bga `fsè, gk gkgre bg :88: sg pujafoÿ uk beou`gkte

tftuacbe Bfrgotrfogs pcrc ac igstfÿk y bfnusfÿk bg fkner`cofÿk






sejrg fktckifjags ‟ Fkner`g bg Ocpftca Fktgagotuca . Rca oeè sg

fkbfoc gk ga oftcbe beou`gkte, ga prepÿsfte bg bfodcs bfrgo-

trfogs gs bejag= per ukc pcrtg, ncofaftcr c acs g`prgscs ga bgsc-

rreaae bg su ocpcofbcb pcrc fbgktfffiocr, `gbfr y oektreacr sus

fktckifjags, oek ga ffik bg fkorg`gktcr ac gffiofgkofc gk su igs-

tfÿk y `gmercr su rgkbf`fgkte y, per etrc, preperofekcr ukc

iuàc ýtfa pcrc ac bfnusfÿk bg fkner`cofÿk sejrg aes fktckifjags

bgtgr`fkcktgs bg su ocpcofbcb bg igkgrcofÿk bg rfqugzc, qug

sfrvc c sus prevggbergs bg ocpftca pcrc gvcaucr oerrgotc`gktg

sus jgkgffiofes nutures y aes rfgsies cseofcbes c su fkvgrsfÿk.

Oeè ùgstrc bg acs cpertcofekgs rgcafzcbcs per acs fkvgstfic-

ofekgs oftcbcs, gk aes prÿxfès cpcrtcbes kes prepekgès pre-

nukbfzcr gk bes bg gaacs= ga Xreygote @grftu` y ga Xreygote bg ac

Cigkofc bckgsc bg Oe`grofe g Fkbustrfc. Xer aes cigktgs f`pafoc-

bes y per ac ffikckofcofÿk rgofjfbc, ga Xreygote @grftu` oekstftuyg

ga preygote bg `cyer gkvgricburc y ocacbe bg tebes aes oftcbes.

Gk ouckte ca Xreygote bckæs, su fktgræs rcbfoc gk qug Bfkc`croc

(mukte oek aes rgstcktgs pcàsgs kÿrbfoes) gs ukc bg acs kcofekgs gk

ac qug ac igstfÿk y `gbfofÿk bga ocpftca fktgagotuca iezc bg `cyer

f`packtcofÿk y crrcfie gktrg acs g`prgscs.

>.2.3 Xreygote @grftu`

Acs bfrgotrfogs pujafocbcs gk ga croe bga Xreygote @grftu` pcrc

ac igstfÿk y bfnusfÿk bga ocpftca fktgagotuca (qug cbeptck uk gk-

nequg deaàstfoe y bfkã`foe bg bfode oekogpte) sg jcsck gk acs

`gmergs prãotfocs ejsgrvcbcs gk 48 g`prgscs gurepgcs, vcafbcbcs

`gbfcktg uk ckãafsfs Bgapdf.

Gk ae qug c ac igstfÿk sg rgffigrg, ga èbgae prepugste oekstc

bg trgs ncsgs=

√ Fbgktfffiocofÿk ‟ Rrcs dcjgr bgffikfbe su vfsfÿk y ejmgtfves

gstrctæifoes, ac g`prgsc bgjg fbgktfffiocr cqugaaes fktckifjags

oràtfoes (ocpcofbcbgs) ouye bgscrreaae y `cktgkf`fgkte gs

nukbc`gktca pcrc ga aeire bg tcags ejmgtfves. Aes fktckifjags

oràtfoes sek aes ncotergs qug oektrfjuygk gk `cyer `gbfbc

ca preogse bg orgcofÿk bg vcaer bg ac g`prgsc y, per ae tck-

te, c `cktgkgr e cu`gktcr su vgktcmc oe`pgtftfvc. Aficbes

c tcags fktckifjags oràtfoes, gxfstfrãk ukes rgourses fktckifjags






ckcafzcr ga gngote bg acs cotfvfbcbgs bgffikfbcs gk aes rgourses

fktckifjags, fktckifjags oràtfoes (ocpcofbcbgs) y ejmgtfves gs-

trctæifoes, bg ocrc c cbeptcr acs `gbfbcs qug sgck epertukcs.

Rrcs dcjgr sgktcbe acs jcsgs pcrc ac igstfÿk bg fktckifjags gk ga

sgke bg ac g`prgsc, ga beou`gkte bg bfrgotrfogs cseofcbe ca Xre-

ygote @grftu` cjerbc ac gacjercofÿk bg uk fkner`g bg ocpftca

fktgagotuca oek ffikgs bg bfnusfÿk gxtgrkc. Ac prgpcrcofÿk bg bfode

fkner`g sÿae tfgkg sgktfbe ouckbe ac erickfzcofÿk aagvc c ocje

ukc igstfÿk fktgrkc bg aes bfngrgktgs gag`gktes qug oe`pekgk

su ocpftca fktgagotuca. _giýk sg rgoeig gk ga beou`gkte, ac gacje-

rcofÿk bga fkner`g bg ocpftca fktgagotuca «oekstftuyg ac oekoau-

sfÿk aÿifoc bga preogse bg bfsgóe g f`packtcofÿk bg uk sfstg`c bg

igstfÿk bga ocpftca fktgagotuca= ac oeùkfocofÿk c aes coofekfstcs

y etres tgrogres fktgrgscbes bg acs ocpcofbcbgs, rgourses y oe`-

pre`fses bg ac g`prgsc gk rgacofÿk oek ae qug sg oeksfbgrc oeè

gag`gkte nukbc`gktca bg ac orgcofÿk bg vcaer¼.

Ga fkner`g tfpe qug sg prepekg oekstc bg trgs pcrtgs=

√ ^fsfÿk bg ac g`prgsc ‟ Rfgkg uk gknequg bg pcscbe y nuture.

Xer ukc pcrtg, bgsorfjg aes ejmgtfves gstrctæifoes caockzcbes

per ac g`prgsc y oÿè ac oeksgouofÿk bg aes `fsès dc cóc-

bfbe vcaer c sus oafgktgs, coofekfstcs y etres tgrogres fktgrgsc-

bes, y ouãags sek aes fktckifjags oràtfoes qug dck pgr`ftfbe ac

oeksgouofÿk bg tcags ejmgtfves. Xer etre acbe, sgócac aes ej-

mgtfves gstrctæifoes gstcjagofbes pcrc ga nuture fk`gbfcte, y

ouãags sek aes fktckifjags oràtfoes oek aes qug ougktc pcrc gaae,

csà oeè cqugaaes qug sgrã prgofse cbqufrfr e bgscrreaacr pcrc

aeircraes.

√ Zgsu`gk bg aes rgourses y cotfvfbcbgs fktckifjags fbgktfffi-

ocbes pcrc caockzcr aes fktckifjags oràtfoes ‟ Rcag rgourses y

cotfvfbcbgs sg oacsfffiocrãk bg cougrbe oek acs octgieràcs bg oc-

pftca du`cke, ocpftca gstruoturca y ocpftca rgacofekca. Cbg`ãs,

sfg`prg qug sgc pesfjag, sg bfstfkiufrã gktrg cotfvfbcbgs pcrc

ga bgscrreaae y ac `gmerc bg aes rgourses fktckifjags y cotfvf-

bcbgs bg sgiuf`fgkte, gvcaucofÿk y oektrea.

√ _fstg`c bg fkbfocbergs ‟ Xgr`ftgk ca agoter bgtgotcr dcstc quæ

pukte ac g`prgsc gstã oeksfiufgkbe e ke sus ejmgtfves. Aes fk-

bfocbergs gagifbes dcrãk rgngrgkofc c cqugaae qug ac g`prgsc







oeksfbgrg f`pertcktg igstfekcr y oektreacr, rczÿk per ac ouca

ke sg prepekg uk oekmukte bg fkbfocbergs gstãkbcr c fkoaufr

gk ga fkner`g.

Ac Nfiurc 2 sfktgtfzc ac gstruoturc bga fkner`g bg ocpftca fktgago-

tuca.

Nfiurc 2= Gsqug`c pcrc ac prgsgktcofÿk bg uk fkner`g bg ocpftca

fktgagotuca gk ga `croe bga Xreygote @grftu`

Nugktg= Xreygote @grftu` (:88:)

Zgourses fktckifjags

Zgourse

Zgourse

Zgourse

OZGCOFßK BG CAEZ

EJMGRF^E_ G_RZCRÆIFOE_

FKRCKIFJAG_ OZÀRFOE_

Cotfvfbcbgs fktckifjags

Cotfvfbcb

Cotfvfbcb

Cotfvfbcb

Ocpftca du`cke

Ocpftca gstruoturca

Ocpftca rgacofekca

^fsfÿk bg

ac g`prgsc

Zgourses y

cotfvfbcbgs

_fstg`c bg

fkbfocbergs_F_RG@C BG FKBFOCBEZG_

>.2.: Xreygote bg ac Cigkofc bckgsc bg Oe`grofe g

Fkbustrfc (y pestgrfer`gktg bga @fkfstgrfe bckæs

bg Ofgkofc, Rgokeaeiàc g Fkkevcofÿk)

Ac prf`grc iuàc bckgsc pcrc ac gacjercofÿk bg bgoacrcofekgs bg

ocpftca fktgagotuca sg jcsÿ gk ac gxpgrfgkofc pcrtfouacr bg 39 g`-

prgscs, qug pcrtfofpcrek gk ga preygote bg fkvgstficofÿk `gbfck-

tg ac prgpcrcofÿk bg bes bgoacrcofekgs bg ocpftca fktgagotuca ocbc

ukc. Rrcs bes cóes bg rebcmg bg ac oftcbc iuàc, y su cpafocofÿk per

pcrtg bg 388 g`prgscs g fkstftuofekgs pýjafocs, gk :88? sg pujafoÿ






ukc vgrsfÿk `gmercbc, jcme ga tàtuae= Fktgaagotuca Ocpftca _tctg-

`gkts ‟ Rdg Kgw Iufbgafkg.

Gk gstg pukte, gs prgofse rgcafzcr ukc pgqugóc coacrcofÿk= ga

tær`fke fkiaæs qug sg utfafzc gk ga beou`gkte pcrc bgsfikcr ga

fkner`g bg ocpftca fktgagotuca gs stctg`gkt , qug, gk ga ã`jfte oek-

tcjag, sugag trcbuofrsg oeè «gstcbe¼ ( ffikckofca stctg`gkts= gstc-

bes oektcjags). _fk g`jcrie, ga sgktfbe oek ga qug aes cutergs bg

ac iuàc utfafzck ac pcacjrc stctg`gkt ke sg oerrgspekbg oek bfode

sfikfffiocbe. _giýk cffir`c Mck @eurftsgk, bfrgoter bga preygote, gk

ukc gktrgvfstc (Iuf`ÿk, :88:)=

«Zgpert te `g seukbs cs fn ft fs se`gtdfki tdct dcs c ffixgb ner-

`ct en rgpertfki c ogrtcfk fssug. C stctg`gkt ner `g fs c prep-

esftfek `cbg jy se`gjeby wde trfgs te criug c ocsg. Ydgk F

rgpert tdfkis, ft dcs tdg f`pafoctfek, te `g ct agcst, tdct F rgpert

oe`pcrgb wftd tdg prfkofpcas en fts befki, c kgutrca tdfki. Jut c

stctg`gkt fs case c strctgiy, c bgofsfek F clg cs te wdgrg F wckt

te ie, ckb tdfs fs wdct yeu ock tgst `g ek, se wdgk yeu dcvg

c stctg`gkt tdgk yeu case oe``ft yeursgan, wdfag fk tdg rgpert

tdgrg `cy jg ck fbgc en kgutrcafty¼.

Xer ae tckte, oacrc`gktg, ga sgktfbe oek ga qug sg utfafzc ac pcacjrc

stctg`gkt gk gstg beou`gkte sg oerrgspekbg oek ac cogpofÿk

bg «bgoacrcofÿk¼, ètfve per ga ouca dgès bgofbfbe dcjacr bg

«bgoacrcofÿk bg ocpftca fktgagotuca¼, gk auicr bg «gstcbe bg ocpftca

fktgagotuca¼.

Zgcafzcbc gstc prgofsfÿk, ga Xreygote bckæs dcog ækncsfs gk ac

gacjercofÿk bg bgoacrcofekgs bg ocpftca fktgagotuca oek ffikgs bg

bfnusfÿk gxtgrkc. Ke ejstcktg, sg gktfgkbg qug gaae pgr`ftfrã c

su vgz qug acs g`prgscs sg ogktrgk `ãs gk acs cotfvfbcbgs qug

rgcafzck pcrc bgscrreaacr sus rgourses bg oekeof`fgkte y gk aes

rgsuatcbes bgrfvcbes bg tcags cotfvfbcbgs. Bg gstc `ckgrc, ac bg-

oacrcofÿk bg ocpftca fktgagotuca sg oeksfbgrc qug ner`c pcrtg bga

preogse bg igstfÿk bga oekeof`fgkte bg ac g`prgsc. Xreperofekc

fkner`cofÿk sejrg aes gsnugrzes bg ac erickfzcofÿk pcrc ejtgkgr,

bgscrreaacr, oe`pcrtfr y oeksgrvcr aes rgourses bg oekeof`fgk-

te kgogscrfes pcrc csgiurcr sus rgsuatcbes nutures. Xer ae tckte,

ac bgoacrcofÿk bg ocpftca fktgagotuca oekstftuyg tckte ukc dgrrc-

`fgktc bg igstfÿk gstrctæifoc qug oektrfjuyg c ac igkgrcofÿk bg







vcaer pcrc ac g`prgsc, oeè ukc dgrrc`fgktc bg oeùkfocofÿk

qug prgtgkbg gxpafocr c g`pagcbes, oafgktgs y etres irupes bg fk-

tgræs oÿè ac g`prgsc orgc vcaer pcrc tebes gaaes.

Cukqug ga g`page bg aes tær`fkes «rgourses bg oekeof`fgk-

te¼ y «igstfÿk bga oekeof`fgkte¼ pugbc dcogrkes pgkscr qug ac

pgrspgotfvc cbeptcbc per ga preygote bckæs gk ae qug ca ocpftca

fktgagotuca sg rgffigrg gs ukc pgrspgotfvc ogktrcbc gk ga oekeof-

`fgkte, gk rgcafbcb, ke gs csà. _gkofaac`gktg, sg dcjac bg «oeke-

of`fgkte¼ perqug, tca y oeè gxpafoc Kfleacm Juld (uke bg aes

fkvgstficbergs fkveauorcbes gk ac rgbcoofÿk bg acs bfrgotrfogs bc-

kgscs y tc`jfæk pcrtfofpcktg gk ga Xreygote @grftu`), c aes emes

bg acs g`prgscs, bfodc pcacjrc tfgkg ukc oekketcofÿk `ãs gstrc-

tæifoc, per ae qug pugbg rgsuatcr `ãs ctrcotfvc pcrc aes usucrfes.

Ke ejstcktg, ga sgktfbe oek ga qug sg g`pagc ac `fs`c (sgiýk aes

cutergs) gs sf facr ca oekogpte bg «fktckifjag¼ qug gkoektrcès

gk ga Xreygote @grftu`.

_gktcbcs gstcs prg`fscs, bg cougrbe oek ac prepugstc bckgsc,

ukc bgoacrcofÿk bg ocpftca fktgagotuca bgjgràc oekstcr bg aes sf-

iufgktgs gag`gktes=

‟ Kcrrcofÿk bga oekeof`fgkte ‟ Gxprgsc ac c`jfofÿk bg ac er-

ickfzcofÿk gk ae rgngrgktg ca bgsge bg fkorg`gktcr ga vcaer

qug rgofjgk aes usucrfes bg sus prebuotes y sgrvfofes. Bfode

vcaer rgofjg ac bgke`fkcofÿk bg «vcaer bg use¼, perqug sg

rgffigrg ca jgkgffiofe qug rgpertc c aes usucrfes ac utfafzcofÿk

bg aes prebuotes e sgrvfofes oe`grofcafzcbes per ac g`prgsc.

Xcrc igkgrcr bfode vcaer gs prgofse oektcr oek ukc sgrfg bg

rgourses bg oekeof`fgkte, ouyc bgsorfpofÿk bgjg ncofaftcrsg

gk ac `gkofekcbc kcrrcofÿk. Xer ae tckte, ac gacjercofÿk bg ac

kcrrcofÿk bga oekeof`fgkte rgqufgrg=

e Fbgktfffiocr ga vcaer bg use. Xcrc gaae, bgjg rgspekbgrsg c acs

sfiufgktgs prgiuktcs=

• µOuãags sek aes prebuotes e sgrvfofes qug oe`grofcafzc

ac g`prgsc5

• µSufækgs sek sus usucrfes5

• µBg quæ `ckgrc sg utfafzck5

• µOÿè sg jgkgffiofck acs pgrsekcs qug g`pagck aes pre-

buotes e sgrvfofes bg ac g`prgsc5






e Fbgktfffiocr aes rgourses bg oekeof`fgkte kgogscrfes pcrc

ncofaftcr ga vcaer bg use. Xcrc gaae, bgjg rgspekbgrsg c acs

sfiufgktgs ougstfekgs=

• µSuæ rgourses bg oekeof`fgkte (cotucags e petgkofcags)

kgogsftc ac g`prgsc pcrc igkgrcr vcaer bg use5

• µBg quæ `ckgrc oektrfjuygk e pugbgk oektrfjufr aes rg

ourses bg oekeof`fgkte c aes prebuotes e sgrvfofes bg ac

g`prgsc5

e Gkaczcr ga vcaer bg use y aes rgourses bg oekeof`fgkte gk

ner`c bg kcrrcofÿk.

√ Zgtes bg igstfÿk ‟ _g rgffigrg c aes bgscnàes qug ac g`prgsc bgjg

cjerbcr gk rgacofÿk oek sus rgourses bg oekeof`fgkte, pcrc

dcogr rgcafbcb ac c`jfofÿk oektgkfbc gk ac kcrrcofÿk cktgrfer.

Ker`ca`gktg, pesggk uk ofgrte ircbe bg pgr`ckgkofc gk ga

tfg`pe y ke oc`jfck bg uk cóe c etre.

√ Fkfofctfvcs ‟ Aes bgscnàes fbgktfffiocbes gk ac ncsg prgvfc bg-

jgrãk coe`pcócrsg bg acs coofekgs c bgscrreaacr pcrc pebgr

cnrektcrsg. Rcags coofekgs bgsorfjfrãk ga `ebe bg aeircr e

bgscrreaacr aes rgourses bg oekeof`fgkte kgogscrfes. Igkgrca-

`gktg, sg trctc bg cotucofekgs c oerte pacze, oek rgspekscjags

gspgoàffioes pcrc ocbc ukc bg gaacs.

√ Fkbfocbergs ‟ Xgr`ftgk ga sgiuf`fgkte bg acs fkfofctfvcs bgffi-

kfbcs y bga ircbe bg oeksgouofÿk bg aes rgtes bg igstfÿk. _g

bfstfkiugk trgs tfpes bg fkbfocbergs=

e Fkbfocbergs qug `fbgk ga `fx bg rgourses bg oekeof`fgkte

oek aes qug ougktc ac g`prgsc.

e Fkbfocbergs rgacofekcbes oek acs cotfvfbcbgs qug ac erickf-

zcofÿk gstã aagvckbe c ocje pcrc cbqufrfr, cktgkgr, petgk-

ofcr e bgscrreaacr sus rgourses bg oekeof`fgkte.

e Fkbfocbergs qug fbgk ga gngote preveocbe per tcags cotfvf-

bcbgs.

Ac Rcjac 2 kes ugstrc ga rgsu`gk bg ac bgoacrcofÿk bg ocpftca fktg-

agotuca bg ac g`prgsc bckgsc Oeaepacst, su`fkfstrcberc bg prebuo-

tes `æbfoes bgsgodcjags pcrc pgrsekcs qug pcbgogk bfsocpcofbc-

bgs nàsfocs. Ga prfkofpca prebuote bg gstc g`prgsc ae oekstftuygk acs

jeascs bg paãstfoe pcrc sgorgofekgs oerpercags, qug sg oeaeock c acs

pgrsekcs qug dck pcbgofbe per gmg`pae ukc epgrcofÿk bg oeaek.







Rcjac 2= @ebgae bg bgoacrcofÿk bg ocpftca fktgagotuca bg ac g`prg-

sc Oeaepacst (3 bg :)

Kcrrcofÿk bga

oekeof`fgkte

Oeaepacst preperofekc

c sus usucrfes ocafbcb

bg vfbc, `gbfcktg ga

cafvfe y ac rgbuoofÿk bg

acs af`ftcofekgs qug ags

preveoc su bfsocpcofbcb

nàsfoc.Aes prebuotes engrtcbes

pgr`ftgk qug sus

usucrfes aagvgk ukc vfbc

«ker`ca¼, tckte seofca

oe`e prengsfekca`gktg.

Gaae gs pesfjag ircofcs c

ac orgcofÿk bg prebuotes

qug fkf`fogk aes gngotes

bg ac bfsocpcofbcb.

Acs oekbfofekgs bg

prebuoofÿk sek acs

prepfcs bg ukc seofgbcb

fkbustrfcafzcbc (per

gmg`pae, prebuoofÿk gk

`csc), ae qug dcog qug

aes gsnugrzes oeagotfves

sgck pcrtfouacr gktg

f`pertcktgs.

Zgtes bg igstfÿk

Bgscrreaae bg prebuotes

bg ner`c qug sg `gmerg

ac cbgoucofÿk gktrg

sus ocrcotgràstfocs y ac

sftucofÿk y bgsges bg sus

usucrfes

Xrenukbfzcofÿk gk gaoekeof`fgkte bg aes

bgsges y ofroukstckofcs

bg aes usucrfes

Gxogagkofc gk ac ocafbcb

bg prebuote= oekstftuyg

uk ncoter oacvg, yc

qug, oucaqufgr ncaae gk

ga prebuote rgbuofrã

ac ocafbcb bg vfbc bga

pcofgktg

Fkfofctfvcs

- Fkvgrsfekgs gk F+B

- Ejtgkofÿk bg pctgktgs

bg kugves prebuotes

- Zgcafzcofÿk bg gkougstcsbg sctfsncoofÿk

- Cpafocofÿk bg ac tæokfoc

bg neous ireups

- Bgscrreaae bg sfstg`cs y

preogbf`fgktes pcrc ac

gvcaucofÿk bg ac ocafbcb

Fkbfocbergs

- Icste gk F+B

- K½ tetca bg pctgktgs

- K½ bg prebuotes coerbgs

oek ga `ebgae bg

bgscrreaae gstcjagofbe

- K½ bg kugves prebuotes y

bg prebuotes `gmercbes- Xerogktcmg qug supekgk

acs vgktcs bg kugves

prebuotes sejrg ga tetca

bg fkirgses

- K½ bg seafoftubgs bg

pctgktgs qug dck sfbe

ou`paf`gktcbcs c ae

acrie bga cóe

- K½ bg rgukfekgs oekusucrfes, gkngr`grcs y

`æbfoes

- _ctfsncoofÿk tetca bga

oafgktg

- Àkbfog bg qugmcs

- Cubftergs fktgrkes /

Cubfteràcs fktgrkcs

- K½ bg cubfteràcs

rgcafzcbcs per Aaeybs c ae

acrie bga cóe

- K½ bg ke oekner`fbcbgs

gk acs cubfteràcs

rgcafzcbcs per Aaeybs

- Àkbfog bg icstes bg

beou`gktcofÿk oaàkfoc

- K½ bg pgbfbes

su`fkfstrcbes gk :2

dercs e c tfg`pe

- Rfg`pe `gbfe bgpreogsc`fgkte bg

pgbfbes

Nugktg= Cigkofc bckgsc bg Oe`grofe g Fkbustrfc (:888)






Rcjac 2= @ebgae bg bgoacrcofÿk bg ocpftca fktgagotuca bg ac g`-

prgsc Oeaepacst (: bg :)

Kcrrcofÿk bga

oekeof`fgkte Zgtes bg igstfÿk

Bgscrreaae bga pgrsekca

Fkfofctfvcs

- Ner`cofÿk bg irupes

cuteigstfekcbes

- Zetcofÿk gk ga pugste bg

trcjcme

- Ogagjrcofÿk bg odcracs bg

bgscrreaae

- Zgoeaeocofÿk

Fkbfocbergs

- K½ bg trcjcmcbergs qug

ner`ck pcrtg bg gqufpes

cuteigstfekcbes

- K½ bg bàcs bg ner`cofÿk

fktgrkc per g`pagcbe

- Oestgs gxtgrkes bg ner`cofÿk

per g`pagcbe

- Àkbfog bg cjsgktfsè bg aestrcjcmcbergs bg prebuoofÿk

- Icstes bg pgrsekca oacsfffiocbes

per pgrsekca cscacrfcbe y

trcjcmcbergs bg prebuoofÿk

- K½ y perogktcmg bg g`pagcbes

oek uk `àkfè bg ? cóes bg

ner`cofÿk supgrfer

- K½ bg g`pagcbes qug pesgg

coofekgs bg ac g`prgsc

- K½ `gbfe bg g`pagcbes per

bfrgotfve, tckte gk Xrebuoofÿkoeè gk Cb`fkfstrcofÿk

- K½ bg cprgkbfogs y pgrsekca gk

ner`cofÿk

- Zetcofekgs gk ga pugste

bg trcjcme, preèofekgs y

rgoeaeocofÿk bga pgrsekca

cscacrfcbe

- K½ bg odcracs bg bgscrreaae

ogagjrcbcs

- K½ bg ngrfcs bg g`page y

ner`cofÿk c acs qug sg dc

csfstfbe

- K½ bg ockbfbcturcs

gspektãkgcs rgofjfbcs

(g`pagcbes cscacrfcbes y

g`pagcbes per dercs)

- Àkbfog bg rgspugstc c aes

ckukofes bg g`page

- Àkbfog bg sctfsncoofÿk bga

pgrsekca gk ga gxtrckmgre

- K½ bg dercs bg trcjcmepgrbfbcs per coofbgktgs

bg trcjcme per `faaÿk bg

dercs acjercjags

Nugktg= Cigkofc bckgsc bg Oe`grofe g Fkbustrfc (:888)







>.2.? @ebgaes bg igstfÿk bg ocpftca fktgagotuca y

igstfÿk gstrctæifoc

Oeè pebgès vgr, acs prepugstcs prgsgktcbcs pcrc ac igstfÿk y

bfnusfÿk bg fkner`cofÿk sejrg ocpftca fktgagotuca (gspgofca`gktg

ac bckgsc) vck `ãs caaã bg ac purc igstfÿk bg fktckifjags, oekstf-

tuygkbe vgrbcbgrcs dgrrc`fgktcs bg igstfÿk gstrctæifoc. Gk pcr-

tfouacr, ejsgrvcès uk oacre pcrcagafsè gktrg acs dgrrc`fgktcs

prgsgktcbcs y ga oucbre bg `ckbe fktgirca bg Lcpack y Kertek,

fkstru`gkte qug, gk ga oeaè bg ac oeknusfÿk, caiukes cutergs

prgsgktck oeè dgrrc`fgktc qug bgsbg uk prf`gr è`gkte dcyc

surifbe pcrc ac igstfÿk bg fktckifjags. µC quæ sg bgjg gstc oeknu-

sfÿk5 C qug aes tær`fkes «fktckifjag¼ y «ocpftca fktgagotuca¼ sg

gstãk utfafzckbe per pcrtg bg caiukes bg `ckgrc ùy acxc, vf-

kfgkbe c sfikfffiocr tebe cqugaae qug vc `ãs caaã bg ae purc`gktg

ffikckofgre.

Bg gstc ckgrc, bgmckbe bg acbe bfodc pgrspgotfvc ffikckofgrc,

acs rgstcktgs octgieràcs bg fkbfocbergs oektg`pacbcs per ga oucbre

bg ckbe fktgirca bg Lcpack y Kertek sek sf`facrgs c acs qug pe-

bgès gkoektrcr gk ga Xreygote @grftu` y gk ga Xreygote bckæs.

Rcjac 7= Xcrcagafsè gktrg acs nc`fafcs bg fkbfocbergs oeksfbgrc-

bcs per ga Xreygote @grftu`, ga Xreygote bg ac Cigkofc bckgsc bg

Oe`grofe g Fkbustrfc y ga oucbre bg `ckbe fktgirca bg Lcpack y

Kertek


Xreygote @grftu`

Ocpftca du`cke

Ocpftca gstruoturca

Ocpftca rgacofekca

O@F

Ner`cofÿk y cprgkbfzcmg

Xreogses

Oafgktgs

Xreygote bckæs

G`pagcbes

Xreogses y tgokeaeiàcs

Oafgktgs

Cbfofekca`gktg, oeè dgès vfste, gk ga ocse bga oucbre bg `ck-

be gxfstg tebc ukc ocbgkc bg rgacofekgs ocusc-gngote gktrg aes bfs-

tfktes irupes bg fkbfocbergs qug ae oe`pekgk, qug gs ac qug betc

c gstg fkstru`gkte bg su `ãxf`c utfafbcb. _gkofaac`gktg, gs gsc

ocbgkc bg rgacofekgs ga pctrÿk qug kes pgr`ftg fktgrprgtcr ae qug

eourrg gk ac erickfzcofÿk y bgtgotcr ac prgsgkofc bg prejag`cs

petgkofcags, mukte oek acs rgpgrousfekgs bg aes `fsès gk bfstfk-

tes ã`jftes. Caie sf`facr eourrfràc oek ac rgb bg fktckifjags bga






Xreygote @grftu`, e oek ga gsqug`c bg rgtes bg igstfÿk g fkfofctf-

vcs bga Xreygote bckæs.

_fgkbe gste csà, µouãa sgràc ga gkicrog gktrg ga oucbre bg `ck-

be fktgirca y aes kugves èbgaes bg igstfÿk bg fktckifjags pre-

pugstes5 Bgsbg kugstre pukte bg vfstc, c`jes irupes bg fkstru-

`gktes sg seacpck gk irck `gbfbc y bgjgràc tgkbgrsg c g`pagcr

uk ýkfoe èbgae bg igstfÿk fktgircbe, gk ac ner`c qug gxpekg-

ès c oektfkucofÿk.

Ouckbe ukc g`prgsc bgffikg sus ejmgtfves gstrctæifoes y pfgk-

sc gk cqugaae qug tfgkg qug dcogr pcrc pebgr caockzcraes, fbgktfffi-

oc tckte gag`gktes tckifjags oeè fktckifjags, ffikckofgres oeè

ke ffikckofgres, oucktftctfves oeè oucaftctfves, ke sfgkbe sfg`-

prg tck gvfbgktgs acs nrektgrcs bg sgpcrcofÿk gktrg ukcs octgieràcs

y etrcs, tca y oeè pekàcès bg `ckfffigste oek cktgrferfbcb.

Bg gstg èbe, oek fkbgpgkbgkofc bg ac octgierfzcofÿk gspg-

oàffioc bg ocbc gag`gkte (tckifjag e fktckifjag), bgjgràc bgffikfrsg

ga `cpc bg fktgrrgacofekgs gktrg aes ejmgtfves c caockzcr, acs dcjf-

afbcbgs y ocpcofbcbgs c bgscrreaacr, y acs coofekgs c aagvcr c ocje,

oek ga ffik bg ejtgkgr ac gstruoturc bga èbgae igkærfoe qug pgr-

`ftc fktgrprgtcr ac rgcafbcb bg ac g`prgsc. Gs bgofr, sf sg bfjumcrc ga

`cpc oek ýkfoc`gktg ukc pcrtg bg aes fkirgbfgktgs (aes tckifjags

e aes fktckifjags, gs ae `fsè), ke caockzcràcès c vgr acs fktgroe-

kgxfekgs fiuca`gktg gxfstgktgs gktrg ae tckifjag y ae fktckifjag, y

ejtgkbràcès ukc vfsfÿk pcrofca bg ac rgcafbcb bg ac g`prgsc.

Etrc oesc gs qug, dfstÿrfoc`gktg, aes fkbfocbergs rgacofekc-

bes oek ac pcrtg fktckifjag dcyck gstcbe ùy peoe bgscrreaacbes,

y qug sg prgtgkbck cpertcr suigrgkofcs gspgoàffiocs sejrg oÿè

`gbfr ougstfekgs rgacofekcbcs oek tcags gag`gktes. Gs gk gstg sgk-

tfbe bekbg orggès qug aes preygotes prgsgktcbes pugbgk oektrf-

jufr gk `cyer `gbfbc. _fk g`jcrie, bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc bg ac

igstfÿk fktgrkc, ke orggès qug sg trctg bg èbgaes c bgscrreaacr

bg ner`c cbfofekca ca oucbre bg `ckbe, sfke bg cpertcofekgs qug

pugbgk oektrfjufr c kutrfr ofgrtcs pcrtgs bga `fsè.

9. @gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk

Wkc vgz ckcafzcbe ga gstcbe bga crtg gk `ctgrfc bg Oektrea bg

Igstfÿk y, bg èbe pcrtfouacr, gk `ctgrfc bg Oektrea Gstrctæifoe



:3> F k b f o c b e r g s b g




(_trctgifo Xgrner`ckog @ckcig`gkt ), kes bfspekgès c cjerbcr

ga cpcrtcbe oerrgspekbfgktg c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk

ga ã`jfte g`prgscrfca. Xcrc gaae, gk prf`gr auicr, trctcrgès bg

rgoeigr ouãa gs ac prcxfs gk gstg cpcrtcbe pcrc, c oektfkucofÿk,

rgcafzcr uk rgoerrfbe per acs prfkofpcags prepugstcs surifbcs bgs-

bg bfngrgktgs ã`jftes, oeè pukte bg pcrtfbc pcrc gstcjagogr su-

igrgkofcs bg bgscrreaae nuture.

9.3 Zgcafbcb g`prgscrfca

Bg cougrbe oek ga fkner`g pujafocbe per Jestek Oeksuatfki

Ireup sejrg `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ga cóe :884, cukqug

ac fkkevcofÿk oektfkuc sfgkbe ukc prferfbcb gstrctæifoc pcrc ac

`cyer pcrtg bg g`prgscs, seac`gktg ga ?7% bg aes bfrgotfves gk-

ougstcbes sg ùgstrc sctfsngode oek acs prãotfocs bg su erickfzc-

ofÿk gk gstg cpcrtcbe. Cukqug trgs bg ocbc ouctre gmgoutfves pfgk-

sck qug ga sgiuf`fgkte bg ac fkkevcofÿk bgjgràc sgr tck rfiurese

oeè ga bg etrcs ãrgcs kuoagcrgs bg ac g`prgsc, seac`gktg ga 2?%

bg acs g`prgscs ckcafzcbcs cffir`c qug gse sgc csà.

Xrugjc bg gaae sek acs ocrgkofcs qug ga fkner`g gacjercbe per

@oLfksgy pcrc ga `fsè cóe bgtgotc. _giýk ga oftcbe fkner`g=

√ _eac`gktg ga :6% bg aes bfrgotfves gkougstcbes gs ocpcz bg

gvcaucr ac gffiocofc bga icste gk fkkevcofÿk c trcvæs bg aes fkbf-

ocbergs utfafzcbes.

√ Rck sÿae ga ?3% oeksfbgrc qug gs pesfjag bgtgotcr vàcs bg `g-

merc gk ga bgsg`pgóe pcrtfgkbe bg tcags fkbfocbergs.

√ Ýkfoc`gktg ga :7% gs ocpcz csfikcr rgourses gffiocz`gktg gk

`ctgrfc bg fkkevcofÿk.

√ Rck sÿae ga ?:% gs ocpcz bg gvcaucr ga ircbe bg cvckog gk ac

oeksgouofÿk bg acs `gtcs ffimcbcs c pcrtfr bg aes fkbfocbergs

prepugstes.

√ Ýkfoc`gktg ga 36% oeksfbgrc qug aes fkbfocbergs utfafzcbes

sg gkougktrck cbgoucbc`gktg cafkgcbes oek ga sfstg`c bg fk-

ogktfves.

Gk tær`fkes igkgrcags, aac`c ac ctgkofÿk ga gsocse ký`gre bg fk-

bfocbergs g`pagcbe. _giýk ga gstubfe rgcafzcbe per Jestek Oek-

suatfki Ireup= ga 74% bg g`prgscs g`pagc gktrg 8 y 7 fkbfocbergs<

ga :2% gktrg > ÿ 38< ga ?% gktrg 33 ÿ 37< etre ?% gktrg 3> ÿ ãs< y ga






3:% rgstcktg ke scjg e ke oektgstc. Xer etrc pcrtg, gxfstg uk oacre

bgsgqufafjrfe gktrg aes fkbfocbergs qug fbgk aes eutputs y rgsua-

tcbes bga preogse fkkevcber, nrgktg c cqugaaes etres qug `fbgk aes

fkputs e ga prepfe preogse. Gk ga fkner`g gacjercbe per @oLfksgy,

bg gktrg aes 3? fkbfocbergs ãs pepuacrgs fbgktfffiocbes, seac`gk-

tg ouctre bg gaaes tfgkgk qug vgr oek fkputs e preogses (c scjgr=

ký`gre bg fbgcs e oekogptes gk ourse, icste gk F+B sejrg vgktcs,

ký`gre bg preygotes bg F+B y ký`gre bg pgrsekcs fkveauorcbcs

bg `ckgrc cotfvc gk ac fkkevcofÿk), nrgktg c kugvg rgacofekcbes

oek eutputs e rgsuatcbes bga preogse fkkevcber (orgof`fgkte bg

aes fkirgses bgjfbe c kugves prebuotes e sgrvfofes, sctfsncoofÿk

bg aes oafgktgs oek aes kugves prebuotes e sgrvfofes, perogktcmg

bg acs vgktcs preogbgktg bg kugves prebuotes/sgrvfofes burcktg

uk pgràebe bg tfg`pe bgtgr`fkcbe, ký`gre bg kugves prebuo-

tes/sgrvfofes fktrebuofbes, orgof`fgkte bga jgkgffiofe c rcàz bg aes

kugves prebuotes e sgrvfofes fktrebuofbes, petgkofca bg ac ocrtgrc

bg kugves prebuotes/sgrvfofes pcrc caockzcr aes ejmgtfves bg org-

of`fgkte crocbes, oc`jfes gk ac ouetc bg grocbe bgjfbes c aes

kugves prebuotes/sgrvfofes fktrebuofbes y vcaer cotuca kgte bg ac

ocrtgrc bg kugves prebuotes/sgrvfofes).

Bgsbg augie, oek ukes fkbfocbergs tck erfgktcbes dcofc ac

`gbfofÿk bg rgsuatcbes y oek ukc gsocsc e kuac prgsgkofc bg fkbf-

ocbergs rgacofekcbes oek acs oekbfofekgs qug ncvergogk ac fkke-

vcofÿk (per ke dcjacr bga sgsie tetca dcofc ac fkkevcofÿk tgoke-

aÿifoc), bfnàofa`gktg sg pugbg pfaetcr ga cvckog bg ac erickfzcofÿk

dcofc ukc fkkevcofÿk `ãs gngotfvc. Xer ae tckte, ga oc`pe bg `g-

merc gs su`c`gktg c`pafe.

9.: Xrepugstcs gxfstgktgs gk ga ã`jfte cocbæ`foe

pcrc ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk

Rrcs gstg jrgvg rgoerrfbe cargbgber bg ac prãotfoc g`prgscrfca gk

ae qug c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk sg rgffigrg, c oektfkucofÿk,

cjerbcrgès acs bfngrgktgs prepugstcs qug, bgsbg ga ã`jfte coc-

bæ`foe, sg dck rgcafzcbe. Gk pcrtfouacr, gstubfcrgès bes tfpes bg

oektrfjuofekgs=

Gk prf`gr auicr, vgrgès cqugaacs cpertcofekgs qug gstãk gs-

pgoàffioc`gktg erfgktcbcs dcofc ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk e







pcrtgs oekorgtcs bg æstc, oeè ac F+B. Gstg gs ga ocse bga oekmuk-

te bg prepugstcs qug sg dck rgcafzcbe bgsbg ga Fkstftute pcrc ac

Fkvgstficofÿk Fkbustrfca (Fkbustrfca Zgsgcrod Fkstftutg, FZF ), gktrg

acs qug ocjg bgstcocr ac pfrã`fbg bg vcaer tgokeaÿifoe (tgodkeae-

iy vcaug pyrc`fb ) y ga oekmukte bg `gbfbcs pcrc ga bgke`fkcbe

« nuzzy nrekt gkb ¼ (cotfvfbcbgs qug prgogbgk ga bgscrreaae bg kug-

ves prebuotes e sgrvfofes), csà oeè bga crocber bg ac ocbgkc bg

vcaer bg ac fkkevcofÿk (fkkevctfek vcaug odcfk soergjecrb ), pre-

pugste per ga prengser Agv (:883).

Gk sgiukbe auicr, vgrgès cqugaacs etrcs oektrfjuofekgs qug,

cuk sfgkbe ùode `ãs c`pafcs gk su caockog (gk rgcafbcb, gs-

tãk erfgktcbcs c ncofaftcr ac igstfÿk bga bgsg`pgóe gstrctæifoe gk

su oekmukte), tc`jfæk pugbgk sgr utfafzcbcs pcrc ac `gbfofÿk bg

ac fkkevcofÿk. Gstg gs ga ocse bga oucbre bg `ckbe fktgirca bg

Lcpack y Kertek, ouycs ocrcotgràstfocs igkgrcags yc dck sfbe prg-

sgktcbcs, pgre qug tc`jfæk dc trctcbe bg sgr cbcptcbe ca ã`jfte

gspgoàffioe bg ac fkkevcofÿk.

9.:.3 Oektrfjuofekgs gspgoàffioc`gktg erfgktcbcs

dcofc ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk e pcrtgs bg æstc

Ac rgvfsfÿk bg ac aftgrcturc sejrg dgrrc`fgktcs gspgoàffiocs pcrc ac

`gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk rgvgac uk oacre sgsie dcofc ac gbfofÿk

bg ac fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc y ac F+B. Oekorgtc`gktg, aes fkbfoc-

bergs rgacofekcbes oek ga bgscrreaae bg kugves prebuotes sek aes

`ãs gxtgkbfbes. _fk auicr c bubcs, gste gs oeksgougkofc bfrgotc bg

ac gveauofÿk bga oekogpte bg fkkevcofÿk y bg ac f`pertckofc ocsf

èkepeaàstfoc qug sg dc oekogbfbe dcstc cderc c ac fkkevcofÿk

tgokeaÿifoc. _fk g`jcrie, aes gxogagktgs rgsuatcbes ejtgkfbes rg-

ofgktg`gktg per ku`grescs g`prgscs qug dck oe`jfkcbe cvck-

ogs bg tfpe tgokeaÿifoe oek oc`jfes gk su ebgae bg kgieofe dck

pugste bg `ckfffigste ga f`pertcktg pcpga qug pugbg bgsg`pgócr

tc`jfæk ac fkkevcofÿk ke tgokeaÿifoc. Bgaa Oe`putgr, C`czek.

oe` y ]crc sek caiukes gmg`paes bg g`prgscs qug dck scjfbe

oe`jfkcr gxogagktg`gktg c`jcs fkkevcofekgs.

Gk ae qug c ac `gbfofÿk sg rgffigrg, bgstcoc gspgofca`gktg ga

gsnugrze oektfkucbe qug vfgkg rgcafzcbe ga Fkstftute pcrc ac Fk-

vgstficofÿk Fkbustrfca (Fkbustrfca Zgsgcrod Fkstftutg, FZF ) gk ga ã`-






jfte bg ac F+B (Igr`grccb, :88?). Gk uk prf`gr è`gkte, aes

fkbfocbergs prepugstes per ga FZF sg sgi`gktcjck ctgkbfgkbe c

bfngrgktgs orftgrfes= per gmg`pae, ga pgràebe bg tfg`pe ca qug sg

rgffigrg ac gbfofÿk ‟ pcscbe (-7 cóes), prgsgktg y nuture (+7 cóes)

‟ y sgiýk qug aes fkbfocbergs dfofgrck causfÿk c preogses , eutputs

e rgsuatcbes (væcsg ac Rcjac >). Etrc pesfjfafbcb oeksfstàc gk oac-

sfffiocr aes fkbfocbergs ctgkbfgkbe c aes bfngrgktgs oeagotfves/gag-

`gktes cngotcbes per ac F+B (pgrsekcs, preogses, eutputs, oafgk-

tgs fktgrkes, oafgktgs gxtgrkes y ac seofgbcb gk su oekmukte), csà

oeè ca dgode bg qug aes fkbfocbergs gstuvfgrck rgacofekcbes oek

ga rcstrge bga bgsg`pgóe ( pgrner`ckog trcolfki ), ac `gmerc bg ac

prebuotfvfbcb fktgrkc e ac gvcaucofÿk bg aes oe`pgtfbergs (væcsg

ac Rcjac 9). Cukqug, oeè vgès, aes fkbfocbergs sg gkoektrcjck

erickfzcbes gk bfngrgktgs octgieràcs, ke sg gstcjagoàc kfkiýk tfpe

bg rgacofÿk bg fktgrbgpgkbgkofc gktrg gaacs, oek ae ouca fktgrprgtcr

ac sftucofÿk y gvcaucr ga f`pcote bg bfngrgktgs tfpes bg bgofsfekgs

pebàc rgsuatcr dcrte oe`pafocbe.

@ãs tcrbg, ga FZF prepekg oeè fkstru`gkte pcrc ac gvcauc-

ofÿk bg ac F+B ac pfrã`fbg bg vcaer tgokeaÿifoe (tgodkeaeiy vcaug

pyrc`fb ), qug rgprgsgktc ac fktgircofÿk mgrãrqufoc bg ofkoe ncote-

rgs bg igstfÿk qug, sgiýk aes fkvgstficbergs bga FZF, bgsorfjgk ac

ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk bg ac g`prgsc (Rfppfki y ]gnnrgk, 3667).

Gk pcrtfouacr, acs prãotfocs bgscrreaacbcs gk ga ã`jfte bg ac

F+B pcrc ne`gktcr ac fkkevcofÿk y ga vcaer bg aes cotfves tgoke-

aÿifoes oekstftuygk aes bes gag`gktes epgrctfves nukbc`gktcags

qug ner`ck ac jcsg bg ac pfrã`fbg. Gk gstg gstrcte, sg fkoaufrãk

fkbfocbergs qug pgr`ftck gvcaucr gk quæ `gbfbc acs prãotfocs bg

F+B cpafocbcs gk ac g`prgsc gstfùack ac fkkevcofÿk< ouãa gs ga

vcaer bg ac ocpcofbcb bg bgscrreaae tgokeaÿifoe bg ac g`prgsc< y

ouãa gs ac prejcjfafbcb bg `cktgkgr e fkorg`gktcr bfode vcaer

gk ga tfg`pe. Ga sfiufgktg kfvga oe`prgkbg ac fktgircofÿk oek ac

gstrctgifc bg kgieofe y ac gvcaucofÿk bg ac ocrtgrc bg preygotes bg

fkkevcofÿk. Gk bgffikftfvc, sg trctc bg gvcaucr ga ircbe bg cmustg

gktrg ac gstrctgifc tgokeaÿifoc bg ukc g`prgsc y su gstrctgifc bg

kgieofe. @gbfcktg ga use bg fkbfocbergs cprepfcbes, sg prgtgkbg

ckcafzcr oÿè aes bfngrgktgs pcses gk ga preogse bg bgscrreaae bg

kugves prebuotes sg cmustck c aes bfngrgktgs gstrctes bga èbgae



::8 F k b f o c b e r g s b g




bg orgcofÿk bg vcaer pcrc aes oafgktgs qug ac g`prgsc dc bgffikf-

be. Csf`fsè, aes fkbfocbergs utfafzcbes bgjgk pgr`ftfr gvcaucr

oÿè aes preygotes bg fkkevcofÿk bg ac g`prgsc oektrfjuygk c ac

oeksgouofÿk bg aes ejmgtfves `crocbes y ca `cktgkf`fgkte bg su

vgktcmc oe`pgtftfvc. Nfkca`gktg, ac orgcofÿk bg vcaer oekstftuyg

ac oýspfbg bg ac pfrã`fbg y ga ejmgtfve iaejca c tgkgr gk ougktc gk

tebe preirc`c bg F+B.

Ac pfrã`fbg bg vcaer tgokeaÿifoe cbeptc ukc pgrspgotfvc de-

aàstfoc gk ac `gbfofÿk bg ac F+B y preperofekc ukc vfsfÿk crrfjc-

cjcme oek ukc erfgktcofÿk ca eutput . C pcrtfr bg uk `gký fkfofca

bg ?? fkbfocbergs (caiukes bg gaaes ùy seffistfocbes), y oeksfbg-

rckbe qug aes ncotergs oràtfoes bgpgkbgk bg ac sftucofÿk pcrtfouacr

bg ocbc g`prgsc, sg suifgrg qug æstcs sgagoofekgk uk rgbuofbe ký-

`gre bg fkbfocbergs pcrc su sgiuf`fgkte. Ac Rcjac 4 kes ùgstrc

ga `gký fkfofca`gktg prepugste. Xcrc ocbc fkbfocber iaejca sg

sgócac ga ncoter bg igstfÿk ca qug sg gkougktrc cseofcbe (oeè vg-

rgès, caiukes fkbfocbergs pugbgk cseofcrsg c `ãs bg uk ncoter),

aes fkbfocbergs pcrofcags qug fkoauyg y su ner`c bg oãaouae.



::3Ocpàtuae 2= Ac fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc g`prgscrfca F k b f o c b e r g s b g



Rcjac >= Oacsfffiocofÿk bg fkbfocbergs bga FZF sgiýk ga pgràebe bg

tfg`pe ca qug sg rgffigrg ac `gbfofÿk, y sgiýk sg trctg bg fkbfocbe-

rgs rgacofekcbes oek preogses, eutputs e rgsuatcbes

Xcscbe

(-7 cóes)

Xrgsgktg

Nuture

(+7 cóes)

Xreogses

- Xreogses fktgrkes bg

cpeye

- Bgngotes (rgpreogse,

bgspgrbfofe)- K½ bg fkner`gs,

pujafocofekgs

- K½ bg oekngrgkofcs

prekukofcbcs

- K½ bg pgrsekcs qug dc

rgofjfbe ner`cofÿk

- K½ bg gqufpes

- @erca bg aes trcjcmcbergs

- Ner`cofÿk

- Csfstgkofc c oekirgses

- Csfikcofekgs

trcksvgrscags

- Coofekgs bg bgscrreaae

bfrgotfve

Eutputs

- Xctgktgs ejtgkfbcs

- K½ bg pctgktgs seafoftcbcs

- Ocafbcb bg aes preogses

bg rgoautc`fgkte

- Oe`pgtgkofcs gsgkofcags

- Xctgktgs bfvuaicbcs

- Ocafbcb bg aes preogses

bg oektrctcofÿk

- Oe`pgtgkofcs gsgkofcags

- Csfikcofekgs bg

bgscrreaae bfrgotfve

Zgsuatcbes

- K½ bg kugves prebuotes y preogses

- Xerogktcmg bg acs vgktcs qug supekgk

aes kugves prebuotes

- Xerogktcmg bga jgkgffiofe qug supekgk

aes kugves prebuotes

- ZEF

- Ouetc bg `grocbe

- Xctgktgs ejtgkfbcs sgiýk su ocafbcb

- Zgoekeof`fgkte gxtgrke y prg`fes

- Oftcs

- Oekngrgkofcs qug kes dck fkvftcbe c

prekukofcr

- ^caer cotuca kgte

- _ctfsncoofÿk bga oafgktg

- K½ bg tgokeaeiàcs trcksngrfbcs

- Gvcaucofÿk oe`pgtftfvc

- Aficzÿk oek acs bfrgotrfogs

gstrctæifocs

- ^caucr cotuca kgte nuture

- Oe`grofcafzcofÿk petgkofca

- Cafkgc`fgkte gstrctæifoe

Nugktg= Igr`grccb (:88?)



::: F k b f o c b e r g s b g




Rcjac 9= Oacsfffiocofÿk bg fkbfocbergs bga FZF sgiýk aes oeagotf-

ves/gag`gktes cngotcbes per ac F+B y sgiýk ga prepÿsfte bg ac

`gbfofÿk (3 bg :)

Zcstrge bga bgsg`pgóe

Fkbfocbergs

rgacofekcbes oek

ac `gmerc bg ac

prebuotfvfbcb fktgrkc

Gvcaucofÿk bg aes

oe`pgtfbergs

Xgrsekcs

- Engrtcs bg g`page

cogptcbcs

- Xreirc`cs bg ner`cofÿk

oe`pagtcbes

- K½ bg tàtuaes ejtgkfbes

bgspuæs bg dcjgr sfbe

oektrctcbes- Xrgsgktcofekgs g

fkner`gs fktgrkes

- Bfvuaicofÿk bg acs

fkvgkofekgs

- Ircbe bg cvckog bg ac

ocrgrc prengsfekca

- Gxpgrfgkofc acjerca

- @gkterfki

- Rrcjcme gk gqufpe

- Bfvgrsfbcb bg ac packtfaac

- Rfg`pe pcscbe oek aes

oafgktgs

- Ocpcofbcb prengsfekca

- Afbgrczie

- Oe`pre`fse bg aes

g`pagcbes- Zetcofÿk bga pgrsekca

- Gffiofgkofc bg aes preogses

bg oektrctcofÿk

- Bfstrfjuofÿk bg

tftuacofekgs

- Icste bg F+B per pgrsekc

- K½ bg pctgktgs

- Xujafocofekgs

- Xrgsgktcofekgs gxtgrkcs

- Xrg`fes gxtgrkes

Xreogses

- Rfg`pe bg preogse (oyoag

tf`g)

- Rfg`pe kgogscrfe pcrc

caockzcr ga u`jrca bg

rgktcjfafbcb

- Zctfe bg gmgouofekgs jfgk

dgodcs c ac prf`grc- Xerogktcmg bga tfg`pe

bgstfkcbe c packfffiocofÿk

- Fkbfocbergs rgacofekcbes

oek ga `ætebe gtcpc-

oe`pugrtc

- Ircbe bg cmustg c acs

`gmergs prãotfocs

- Rfg`pe pcscbe oek aes

oafgktgs

- K½ bg ofoaes bg

cprgkbfzcmg

- Rfg`pe bg preogse (oyoag

tf`g)

- Icste bg F+B per pgrsekc

- Rfg`pe bgstfkcbe c

packfffiocofÿk

Eutputs

- ZEF

- ^caer bg acs fbgcs

- ^caer cotuca kgte

- Fkirgses preogbgktgs bg

afogkofcs

- Oestgs bg gstruoturc

sejrg ga oestg tetca bgF+B

- Icstes rgacofekcbes oek

rgoac`cofekgs

- Xerogktcmg bg rgpreogse

- Xctgktgs gk use sejrg

ga tetca bg pctgktgs

oekogbfbcs

- Cderre bg oestgs

- Xerogktcmg bg acs vgktcs

qug oerrgspekbg c

kugves prebuotes

- Dercs ncoturcjags

- Xrebuotes (ocafbcb,

fficjfafbcb, bgsg`pgóe,

perogktcmg bg vgktcs

qug oerrgspekbg c

kugves prebuotes)

- Xrebuotes (ocpcofbcb

tgokeaÿifoc)

- Xrepfgbcb fktgagotuca

- Ocpcofbcb ckcaàtfoc




::?Ocpàtuae 2= Ac fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc g`prgscrfca F k b f o c b e r g s b g



Rcjac 9= Oacsfffiocofÿk bg fkbfocbergs bga FZF sgiýk aes oeagotf-

ves/gag`gktes cngotcbes per ac F+B y sgiýk ga prepÿsfte bg ac

`gbfofÿk (: bg :)

Zcstrge bga

bgsg`pgóe

Fkbfocbergs

rgacofekcbes oek

ac `gmerc bg ac

prebuotfvfbcb fktgrkc

Gvcaucofÿk bg aes

oe`pgtfbergs

Oafgktgs fktgrkes

- Icste gk F+B

- ZEF

- Ouetc bg `grocbe

`crifkca

- Cmustg c paczes

- Cmustg c acs

gspgofffiocofekgs- _ctfsncoofÿk bga oafgktg

- Fkirgses preogbgktgs bg

ac F+B rgspgote ca icste

rgcafzcbe

- Cmustg c ae packfffiocbe

- Gvcaucofÿk bg ac ocrtgrc

- Rfg`pe pcscbe oek ga

pgrsekca bg F+B

- Xerogktcmg bga icste gk

F+B sejrg vgktcs

- Ocafbcb bg prebuote

- Ouetc bg `grocbe

- Zgktcjfafbcb

- Oestg ukftcrfe

- Ofoae bg vfbc bga prebuote

Oafgktgs gxtgrkes

- Xrgofe

- Cmustg c acs

gspgofffiocofekgs

- Rfg`pe bg su`fkfstre

- _grvfofe preperofekcbe

- Bfspekfjfafbcb

- Nfcjfafbcb- Oafgktgs qug rgpftgk

- _ctfsncoofÿk bga oafgktg

- Fktgrcoofÿk bga pgrsekca

tæokfoe oek aes oafgktgs

- Rfg`pe bg rgspugstc bga

sgrvfofe tæokfoe

- Oeksgouofÿk bg ac

vgktcmc oe`pgtftfvc per

pcrtg bg aes oafgktgs

- Xrevggber sgagoofekcbe

_eofgbcb

- Fkofbgktgs

- _giurfbcb bgktre y nugrc

bga trcjcme

- Aekigvfbcb

- _caub

- Ocafbcb bg vfbc

- ^grtfbes tÿxfoes

- Rexfofbcb bg aes prebuotes

- Zgnugrze seofca








Rcjac 4= @gký bg fkbfocbergs pcrc ac pfrã`fbg bg vcaer

tgokeaÿifoe (3 bg 9)

Fkbfocbergs

iaejcags

Zgterke

ffikckofgre

^caer

gspgrcbe

bg ac F+B gk

ourse

Oestgs bg

ncjrfocofÿk

oe`pcrcbes

Ocafbcb y

fficjfafbcb bga

prebuote

Ncotergs

Orgcofÿk bg

vcaer

Orgcofÿk bg

vcaer

Gvcaucofÿk bg

ac ocrtgrc bgpreygotes

Orgcofÿk bg

vcaer

^caer bg

aes cotfves

tgokeaÿifoes

Orgcofÿk bg

vcaer

^caer bg

aes cotfves

tgokeaÿifoes

Fkbfocbergs

pcrofcags

Zctfe bg kugvcs

vgktcs

Zctfe bg cderre bg

oestgs

Zgkbf`fgkte bg

ac F+B

Zgterke bg ac F+B

^gktcs gspgrcbcs

bg ac F+B gk ourse

Jgkgffiofegspgrcbe bg ac

F+B gk ourse

Gvcaucofÿk bg

aes oafgktgs e

oeksu`fbergs

Nfcjfafbcb e

gvcaucofÿk bg ac

tcsc bg prebuotes

Ner`c bg oãaouae

Fkirgses per vgktcs gk ga cóe «f¼ oerrgspekbfgktgs c bgscrreaaes

bg prebuote oe`grofcafzcbes bgsbg ga cóe «f-m¼ dcstc ga cóe «f-

3¼, rgspgote c aes fkirgses tetcags per vgktcs bga cóe «f¼.

Cderre gxpgrf`gktcbe gk ga oestg bg aes prebuotes vgkbfbes

burcktg ga cóe «f¼ c rcàz bg bgscrreaaes bg preogse e oc`jfes

bg prebuote fktrebuofbes bgsbg ga cóe «f-l¼ dcstc ga cóe «f-3¼,

rgspgote ca `crigk fkbustrfca `gbfe bga cóe «f¼.

Oektrfjuofÿk ca `crigk fkbustrfca per pcrtg bg acs vgktcs bg

prebuotes kugves y `gmercbes, y bg aes cderres bg oestg

bgrfvcbes bg preogses kugves y `gmercbes, e bg kugvcs

nerùacofekgs.

Zgkbf`fgkte bg ac F+B rgspgote ca icste tetca gk F+B.

Xerogktcmg bg acs vgktcs ckucags nuturcs qug sg gspgrc qug

preogbc bg aes preygotes bg F+B cotuca`gktg gk ourse. _g

cócbfrã ac prejcjfafbcb bg oeksgouofÿk bga ejmgtfve `crocbe

pcrc ocbc preygote.

Xerogktcmg bga jgkgffiofe kgte ckuca nuture qug sg gspgrc qugpreogbc bg aes preygotes bg F+B cotuca`gktg gk ourse. Xcrc

ocbc preygote, sg cócbfrã ga vcaer cotuca kgte ùatfpafocbe per

ac prejcjfafbcb bg oeksgouofÿk bga ejmgtfve `crocbe.

Oe`pcrcofÿk bg aes oestgs bg ncjrfocofÿk bg ac g`prgsc oek

aes bg sus oe`pgtfbergs, gk ga ocse bg g`pagcr preogses bg

ncjrfocofÿk sustckofca`gktg fbæktfoes, e gk ga ocse bg ncjrfocr

jãsfoc`gktg ga `fsè prebuote, gaf`fkckbe cqugaaes ncotergs

qug ke tgkick qug vgr oek bfngrgkofcs tgokeaÿifocs.

Ocafbcb rgactfvc (gvcaucbc per aes oafgktgs e oeksu`fbergs)

bga prebuote bg ac g`prgsc, nrgktg c etre prebuote bg ac

oe`pgtgkofc, `gbfbc gk uk preogse bg gvcaucofÿk ofgic. Xcrc

gaae, sg g`pagcrãk acs tæokfocs cprepfcbcs, sgiýk ga sgi`gkte

bg cotfvfbcb bg qug sg trctg.

Gk ga ã`jfte bg ac g`prgsc, perogktcmg bg ac prebuoofÿk

qug fiucac e supgrc aes gstãkbcrgs bg ocafbcb gstcjagofbes.

Gk ga ã`jfte bg uk prebuote gk pcrtfouacr, perogktcmg bg su

prebuoofÿk trf`gstrca qug fiucac e supgrc aes gstãkbcrgs bg

ocafbcb.

Nugktg= Cbcptcbe bg Rfppfki y ]gnnrgk (366?)







tgokeaÿifoe (: bg 9)

Fkbfocbergs

iaejcags

@crigk

fkbustrfca

sejrg vgktcs

Ouetc bg

`grocbe

Cafkgc`fgkte

gstrctæifoe

Bfstrfjuofÿk

bg ac

fkvgrsfÿk gk

tgokeaeiàc

Ncotergs

Orgcofÿk bg

vcaer

^caer bg

aes cotfves

tgokeaÿifoes

Orgcofÿk bg

vcaer

^caer bg

aes cotfves

tgokeaÿifoes

Gvcaucofÿk bg

ac ocrtgrc bg

preygotes.

Fktgircofÿk

oek ac

gstrctgifc bg

kgieofe.

^caer bg

aes cotfves

tgokeaÿifoes

Gvcaucofÿk bg

ac ocrtgrc bg

preygotes

^caer bg

aes cotfves

tgokeaÿifoes

Fkbfocbergs

pcrofcags

Ouetc bg `grocbe

bfrgotc

Ouetc bg `grocbe

c`pafcbc

Cafkgc`fgkte

gstrctæifoe

gk ga ã`jfte

oerperctfve y bg

ukfbcb bg kgieofe

Oejgrturc bg

ejmgtfves

Ner`c bg oãaouae

F`pertg kgte bg ac ofnrc bg kgieofes, bgbuofbe ga oestg bg

ncjrfocofÿk bg aes prebuotes vgkbfbes, sejrg ga vcaer bg acs

vgktcs. Bgjg gvcaucrsg ac vcrfcofÿk bg gstc rctfe bg uk pgràebe

c etre, oek ac nrgougkofc qug sgc cprepfcbc sgiýk ga sgoter bg

cotfvfbcb.

Ouetc bg `grocbe bg ac g`prgsc (e bg ac ukfbcb bg kgieofe)

gk vcrfcs octgieràcs, `gbfbc bg ner`c cprepfcbc sgiýk ga

sgoter e ac octgieràc bg qug sg trctg. Ca fiuca qug gk ga ocsecktgrfer, bgjg gvcaucrsg su vcrfcofÿk bg uk pgràebe c etre.

Ouetc bg `grocbe fkoauygkbe `grocbes rgacofekcbes, oek ga

ffik bg fbgktfffiocr c`gkczcs u epertukfbcbgs.

Xerogktcmg bg ac ocrtgrc tetca bg preygotes bg F+B qug gs

oeksfstgktg oek aes ejmgtfves oerperctfves e bg kgieofe. _g

sgócacrã ga ejmgtfve oerperctfve e bg kgieofe ca qug rgspekbg

ocbc preygote.

Xerogktcmg bg aes ejmgtfves oerperctfves e bg kgieofe qug

rgqufgrgk bgscrreaaes tgokeaÿifoes qug yc gstãk sfgkbe

cjerbcbes per ac ocrtgrc bg preygotes bg F+B.

_g fkbfocrã ac bfstrfjuofÿk perogktuca bg ac fkvgrsfÿk gk

tgokeaeiàc ctgkbfgkbe c bfngrgktgs orftgrfes. Xer gmg`pae=

- Xer aàkgc bg prebuote e ukfbcb bg kgieofe.

- _giýk qug ac fkvgrsfÿk sg gkougktrg erfgktcbc dcofc ga

`cktgkf`fgkte bg aes kgieofes cotucags, ac gxpcksfÿk bg tcags

kgieofes, e dcofc ac orgcofÿk bg kugves kgieofes.

- _giýk ga tfg`pe kgogscrfe pcrc ac oe`grofcafzcofÿk.

- _giýk qug ac fkvgrsfÿk sg gkougktrg erfgktcbc dcofc ac

rgbuoofÿk bg oestgs, dcofc ga bgscrreaae bg cpafocofekgs, e

dcofc ac bfngrgkofcofÿk gk ga bgsg`pgóe.

- _giýk qug ac fkvgrsfÿk tgkic per ejmgte ac rgcafzcofÿk bg

fkvgstficofÿk jãsfoc, ac rgcafzcofÿk bg fkvgstficofÿk cpafocbc,

ga bgscrreaae bg kugves prebuotes, e ga bgscrreaae bg kugves

preogses.

- _giýk qug ac fkvgrsfÿk sg gkougktrg erfgktcbc dcofc aes

`grocbes cotucags, dcofc `grocbes kugves pcrc ac oe`pcóàc,

e dcofc `grocbes kugves pcrc ga `ukbe.




::> F k b f o c b e r g s b g





tgokeaÿifoe (? bg 9)

Fkbfocbergs

iaejcags

K½ bg ner`cs

bfstfktcs bg

gxpaetcr ac

tgokeaeiàc

K½ bg

bgffikfofekgs bg

preygote qug

ougktck oek accprejcofÿk bg ac

bfrgoofÿk

Cpafocofÿk bg uk

sfstg`c bg dftes

gk ga bgscrreaae

bg aes preygotes

Xerogktcmg bg ac

F+B ffikckofcbc

per ac g`prgsc

Rrcksngrgkofc

tgokeaÿifoc

dcofc ncjrfocofÿk

Ncotergs

Gvcaucofÿk bg ac

ocrtgrc bg preygotes

^caer bg aes cotfves

tgokeaÿifoes

Fktgircofÿk oek ac

gstrctgifc bg kgieofe

Xrãotfocs bg F+B

erfgktcbcs c ne`gktcr

ac fkkevcofÿk

Fktgircofÿk oek ac


Fktgircofÿk oek ac


Fktgircofÿk oek ac


Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk

Fkbfocbergs

pcrofcags Ner`c bg oãaouae

- _giýk qug ac fkvgrsfÿk sg rgffigrc c tgokeaeiàcs

cotucags, tgokeaeiàcs kugvcs pcrc ac g`prgsc, e

tgokeaeiàcs kugvcs pcrc ga ùkbe.

- Gk nukofÿk bg ac ncsg bg bgscrreaae gk ac qug sg

gkougktrck aes preygotes.

- Gk nukofÿk bg ac bfsofpafkc tæokfoc c ac qug sg rgffigrgk.

- Gto.

Gvcaucofÿk bga k½ bg tfpes bg prebuote e sgi`gktes

bg cotfvfbcb bfngrgktgs qug utfafzck e packgck utfafzcr

uk bgtgr`fkcbe cotfve tgokeaÿifoe. _g trctc bg ncofaftcr

ac jýsqugbc bg epertukfbcbgs pcrc ac gxpaetcofÿk bg

acs tgokeaeiàcs cotuca`gktg bfspekfjags gk kugves

`grocbes.

Xerogktcmg bg preygotes bg F+B gk ourse qug ougktck

oek ac cprejcofÿk gxpaàoftc bg ac bfrgoofÿk bg ac ukfbcb

bg kgieofe y/e ac bfrgoofÿk oerperctfvc.

Xerogktcmg bg aes preygotes bg F+B gk ourse qug sg

bgscrreaack bg cougrbe oek uk sfstg`c bg igstfÿk bg

preygotes oek dftes e ncsgs bgffikfbcs. Gk ga ocse bg

aes preygotes bg ocrãotgr gxpaercterfe, sgràc aÿifoe

qug gstg perogktcmg nugsg `gker. Gk oc`jfe, ukc vgz

qug ac vfcjfafbcb bga preygote dc sfbe bgèstrcbc, ga

perogktcmg gk ougstfÿk bgjgràc sgr `cyer.

Xerogktcmg bga prgsupugste bg F+B ffikckofcbe per ac

prepfc g`prgsc.

Gvcaucofÿk sg`f-oucktftctfvc (per gmg`pae, utfafzckbe

ukc gsocac bg 3 c 7) sejrg ga ircbe bg gffiocofc oek ga

qug sg prebuog ac trcksngrgkofc bg tgokeaeiàc bgsbg

F+B dcofc ncjrfocofÿk, tckte bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc bga

pgrsekca qug trcjcmc gk ga ãrgc bg F+B, oeè bgsbg ga

pukte bg vfstc bga pgrsekca qug pgrtgkgog ca ã`jfte

bg ac ncjrfocofÿk.









Fkbfocbergs

iaejcags

Wtfafzcofÿk bg

gqufpes trcks-

nukofekcags

Jgkgffiofes

tgokeaÿifoes

bga prebuote

Rfg`pe bg

rgspugstc cktg

aes `evf`fgk-

tes bg ac

oe`pgtgkofc

Fkvgrsfÿk cotuca

gk tgokeaeiàc

Ocafbcb bga

pgrsekca

Ncotergs

Fktgircofÿk oek ac


Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk


tgokeaÿifoes

Orgcofÿk bg vcaer


tgokeaÿifoes

Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk


tgokeaÿifoes


tgokeaÿifoes

Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk

Fkbfocbergs

pcrofcags

Gvcaucofÿk per

pcrtg bga oafgktg

Gvcaucofÿk

goekÿ`foc

Gvcaucofÿk bg

ac ouetc bg

`grocbe

Gvcaucofÿk per

pcrtg bg oafgktgs

fktgrkes

Gvcaucofÿk per

pcrtg bg oafgktgs

gxtgrkes

Zgoekeof`fgkte

gxtgrke

Ner`c bg oãaouae

Xerogktcmg bg preygotes bg F+B gk ourse qug ougktck

oek gqufpes bg trcjcme trcks-nukofekcags. Ac fkner`cofÿk

pebràc bgsiaescrsg per tfpe bg preygote. Xer gmg`pae=

- Xreygotes c oerte pacze nrgktg c preygotes c acrie

pacze.

- Xreygotes bg fkvgstficofÿk jãsfoc nrgktg c preygotes

bg fkvgstficofÿk cpafocbc.

- Gto.

Zcklfki etericbe c uk prebuote bg ac g`prgsc per pcrtg

bg uk oafgktg, bfvfbfbe gktrg ga rcklfki etericbe per æstg

ca `gmer prebuote bg ac oe`pgtgkofc. Xugbg ocaouacrsg

ukc rctfe pre`gbfe pcrc tebc ac oafgktgac, e jfgk pcrc ocbc

sgi`gkte bg oafgktgs.

Bfngrgkofca bg prgofe per ukfbcb bg prebuote qug tfgkg

su erfigk gk uke e vcrfes ctrfjutes bg ocafbcb bgrfvcbes

bg uk bgtgr`fkcbe gsnugrze tæokfoe, bgbuofbe ga oestg

ukftcrfe bg su`fkfstrcr tcags ctrfjutes, y `uatfpafocbe per gak½ bg ukfbcbgs bg prebuote vgkbfbcs qug oektfgkgk tcags

ocrcotgràstfocs.

Fkorg`gkte bg ac ouetc bg `grocbe c prgofes oekstcktgs

gk ga ocse bg cqugaaes prebuotes qug oektfgkgk aes

ctrfjutes bg ocafbcb `gkofekcbes.

Rfg`pe qug kgogsftc ac g`prgsc pcrc fiucacr aes kugves

jgkgffiofes fktrebuofbes gk aes prebuotes per pcrtg bg

ac oe`pgtgkofc, bfvfbfbe gktrg ga tfg`pe qug kgogsftc

ac oe`pgtgkofc pcrc fiucacr aes kugves jgkgffiofes qug

fktrebuog ac g`prgsc gk sus prebuotes.

Icste cotuca gk F+B gk ae qug c pgrsekca y gqufpc`fgkte

sg rgffigrg rgspgote ca `gmer oe`pgtfber, rgspgote c ac

`gbfc bga sgoter y rgspgote ca tetca bga sgoter.

Gvcaucofÿk rgcafzcbc `gbfcktg ga use bg gsocacs (per

gmg`pae bg 3 c 7) per pcrtg bg aes oafgktgs fktgrkes bg ac

F+B= ncjrfocofÿk, `crlgtfki, gto.

Gvcaucofÿk rgcafzcbc `gbfcktg ga use bg gsocacs (per

gmg`pae bg 3 c 7) per pcrtg bg aes prfkofpcags oafgktgs

gxtgrkes bg ac g`prgsc.

Xrg`fes oeksgiufbes per pcrtg bga pgrsekca bg F+B g

fkvftcofekgs rgofjfbcs pcrc prekukofcr oekngrgkofcs

burcktg uk bgtgr`fkcbe pgràebe bg tfg`pe.










Fkbfocbergs

iaejcags

Rfg`pe bg

bgscrreaae

Gvcaucofÿk bga

oafgktg bg

kugstrc

ocpcofbcb

tgokeaÿifoc

K½ y ocafbcb bg

acs pctgktgs

^gktcs

pretgifbcs per

bgrgodes bg

prepfgbcb

Ncotergs


tgokeaÿifoes

Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk


tgokeaÿifoes

^caer bg aes cotfvestgokeaÿifoes

Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk


tgokeaÿifoes

Orgcofÿk bg vcaer

Fkbfocbergs

pcrofcags

Rrcjcmes

pujafocbes

Rfg`pe bg

oe`grofcafzcofÿk

Rfg`pe bg

igstfÿk bg

preygotes

Xerogktcmg ýtfa

Zctfe bg vcaer

Xerogktcmg bg

rgtgkofÿk

Oestg bg ac

fkvgkofÿk

Xerogktcmg bg acs

vgktcs pretgifbe

`gbfcktg

pctgktgs

Xerogktcmg bg acs

vgktcs pretgifbe

`gbfcktg

bgrgodes bg

prepfgbcb

Ner`c bg oãaouae

Xujafocofekgs rgcafzcbcs per pcrtg bga pgrsekca bg F+B y

pctgktgs ejtgkfbcs burcktg uk bgtgr`fkcbe pgràebe bg

tfg`pe.

Rfg`pe trcksourrfbe bgsbg ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg ukc

kgogsfbcb bg prebuote gk ga oafgktg dcstc ga fkfofe bg ac

oe`grofcafzcofÿk.

Rfg`pe trcksourrfbe bgsbg ac bgffikfofÿk bg uk preygote

oekorgte pcrc bcr rgspugstc c ac kgogsfbcb bg

prebuote fbgktfffiocbc gk ga oafgktg dcstc ga fkfofe bg ac

oe`grofcafzcofÿk.

Gvcaucofÿk pre`gbfe bg aes oafgktgs (fktgrkes e gxtgrkes)

bg ac ocpcofbcb tgokeaÿifoc bg ac g`prgsc gk su

oekmukte (`gbfbc `gbfcktg ga use bg gsocacs) c ac derc

bg preperofekcr sgrvfofe tæokfoe y/e fkkevcofekgs bg

prebuote. Bfodc gvcaucofÿk pebrã oe`pcrcrsg oek ac

gvcaucofÿk etericbc c etres oe`pgtfbergs rgagvcktgs.

Xerogktcmg bg acs pctgktgs cotfvcs oek acs qug ougktcac g`prgsc qug sg gkougktrck fkoerpercbcs gk aes

prebuotes y preogses bg ac g`prgsc, e qug sek utfafzcbcs

pcrc bgngkbgraes.

Gvcaucofÿk `gbfcktg gsocac (per gmg`pae, bg 3 c 7) bga

vcaer gstrctæifoe petgkofca bg acs pctgktgs, ùatfpafocbe

per ac nugrzc pretgoterc qug pesggk (vcaercbc tc`jfæk

`gbfcktg gsocac bg 3 c 7), y bfvfbfbe tebe gaae gktrg :7 (gs

bgofr, gktrg ga vcaer `ãxfè qug pugbg caockzcrsg).

Xerogktcmg bg acs pctgktgs oekogbfbcs qug sg `cktfgkgk.

Icste gk F+B gktrg ga k½ bg pctgktgs ejtgkfbcs.

Xerogktcmg bg acs vgktcs pretgifbe `gbfcktg pctgktgs gk

prepfgbcb bg ac g`prgsc.

Xerogktcmg bg acs vgktcs pretgifbe `gbfcktg pctgktgs gk

prepfgbcb bg ac g`prgsc, sgorgtes oe`grofcags u etrcs

nÿrùacs.








tgokeaÿifoe (> bg 9)

Fkbfocbergs

iaejcags

Gvcaucofÿk per

pcrgs

_ctfsncoofÿk bga

oafgktg

Ircbe bg

ou`paf`fgkte

bg aes dftes bg

bgscrreaae

Rfg`pe bg

oektcote oek ga

oafgktg

Oeksgrvcofÿk

bg aes eutputs

tæokfoes

Gffiofgkofc bg

aes preogses

tæokfoes

fktgrkes

Ncotergs


tgokeaÿifoes

Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk


tgokeaÿifoes

Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk

Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk

Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk

Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk

Gvcaucofÿk bg ac

ocrtgrc bg preygotes

Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk

Fkbfocbergs

pcrofcags

Gxtgrkc

Fktgrkc

Gxtgrkc

Fktgrkc

Xerogktcmg bg

dftes caockzcbes

Kfvga bg

bgsg`pgóe bg

ocbc dfte

Gvcaucofÿk bg

preygotes

Gvcaucofÿk bg

ac ocrtgrc bg

preygotes

Ner`c bg oãaouae

Gvcaucofÿk per pcrtg bg uk pckga bg gxpgrtes `gbfcktg

ga use bg gsocacs (per gmg`pae, bg 3 c 7) bg ac ocafbcb

bga pesfofekc`fgkte tgokeaÿifoe bg ac g`prgsc y bg sus

prãotfocs gk `ctgrfc bg igstfÿk tgokeaÿifoc.

Gvcaucofÿk sg`gmcktg c ac cktgrfer, pgre rgcafzcbc per

pcrtg bg gxpgrtes bg ac prepfc g`prgsc.

Gvcaucofÿk per pcrtg bg uk irupe bg oafgktgs gxtgrkes

oacvg `gbfcktg ga use bg gsocacs (per gmg`pae, bg 3 c 7)

bg aes jgkgffiofes preperofekcbes per ac tgokeaeiàc bg

prebuote, ac tgokeaeiàc bg preogse y ga sgrvfofe tæokfoe bg

ac g`prgsc.

Gvcaucofÿk per pcrtg bg uk irupe bg oafgktgs fktgrkes

oacvg (per gmg`pae, `crlgtfki, fkigkfgràc, ncjrfocofÿk,

gto.) `gbfcktg ga use bg gsocacs (per gmg`pae, bg 3 c 7) bg

ougstfekgs tcags oe`e= ac epertukfbcb bg aes bgscrreaaes

aagvcbes c ocje, ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb bg acs seauofekgs

cpertcbcs, gto.Xerogktcmg bg dftes bg preygote caockzcbes gk uk pacze

bg trgs `gsgs (e cquga pacze qug rgsuatg cprepfcbe sgiýk

ga sgoter bg cotfvfbcb) rgspgote c ac ngodc fkfofca`gktg

prgvfstc.

Xerogktcmg bg ejmgtfves ou`pafbes rgspgote c aes qug sg

gspgrcjc ou`pafr pcrc uk bgtgr`fkcbe dfte gk ac ngodc

prgvfstc pcrc ga `fs`e.

K½ pre`gbfe bg dercs per fkvgstficber gk oektcote bfrgote

oek oafgktgs fktgrkes e gxtgrkes.

Xerogktcmg bg aes rgsuatcbes bg aes preygotes bg

fkvgstficofÿk qug qugbc rggmcbe gk fkner`gs tæokfoes.

Oestg tetca bg tebes aes preygotes qug dck tgkfbe æxfte

oe`grofca, bfvfbfbe gktrg ga k½ tetca bg preygotes qug dc

tgkfbe æxfte oe`grofca.

Xrgsupugste tetca bg F+B bfvfbfbe gktrg ga k½ bg preygotes

oek eutput oe`grofca. Xugbg bgsiaescrsg ac fkner`cofÿk

ctgkbfgkbe c bfngrgktgs tfpes bg preygote.




:?8 F k b f o c b e r g s b g






Fkbfocbergs

iaejcags

@erca bg aes

g`pagcbes

Oacrfbcb bg

ejmgtfves

Xrepfgbcb bg

aes preygotes

y bgagicofÿk

bg pebgr

(g`pewgr-

`gkt)

Cpeye per

pcrtg bg ac

bfrgoofÿk

Aàbgrgs bg

preygote

Ncotergs

Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk

Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk

Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk

Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk

Xrãotfocs bg F+B


ac fkkevcofÿk

Fkbfocbergs

pcrofcags Ner`c bg oãaouae

Fkner`cofÿk c ejtgkgr `gbfcktg gkougstc gktrg aes

trcjcmcbergs sejrg cspgotes oacvg rgacofekcbes oek su

èrca y sctfsncoofÿk.

Gvcaucofÿk `gbfcktg ga use bg gsocacs sejrg ga ircbe

bg oacrfbcb oek ga qug aes ejmgtfves bg bgsg`pgóe c

caockzcr gk ocbc preygote sg fbgktfffiock y oe`prgkbgk

oek oacrfbcb per pcrtg bg tebes aes `fg`jres bga gqufpe

bg preygote.

Gvcaucofÿk `gbfcktg ga use bg gsocacs bga ircbe gk ga qug

acs pgrsekcs qug pcrtfofpck gk uk preygote sfgktgk qug

tfgkgk ga cpeye y ac afjgrtcb kgogscrfes pcrc bgscrreaacr

æstg oek æxfte.

Gvcaucofÿk `gbfcktg ga use bg gsocacs bga ircbe gk ga

qug acs pgrsekcs qug pcrtfofpck gk uk preygote sfgktgk

qug ougktck oek ga rgspcabe bg ac bfrgoofÿk y gktfgkbgkqug aes grrergs (sfg`prg y ouckbe pgr`ftck cprgkbgr) ke

sgrãk ocstficbes.

Xerogktcmg bg preygotes pcrc aes qug pugbg fbgktfffiocrsg

uk aàbgr gffiocz gk ga gqufpe bg preygote.

Nugktg= Cbcptcbe bg Rfppfki y ]gnnrgk (3667)

_fk g`jcrie, c `gbfbc qug burcktg ac bæocbc bg 3668 acs fkke-

vcofekgs bg ocrãotgr rupturfstc cbqufgrgk ocbc vgz `cyer rgag-

vckofc (ke sÿae acs bg ocrãotgr tgokeaÿifoe, sfke tc`jfæk acs bg

tfpe erickfzctfve, aficbcs c kugves ebgaes bg kgieofe cseofcbes

c aes kugves prebuotes y sgrvfofes), ebgaes bg gbfofÿk oeè ac

pfrã`fbg bg vcaer tgokeaÿifoe, per ùy oe`prgdgksfves qug nug-

rck, ke grck ocpcogs bg oujrfr cbgoucbc`gktg ac kugvc sftucofÿk

(Igr`grccb, :88?). Gk gstg oektgxte, ac gvcaucofÿk bga bgke`f-

kcbe « nuzzy nrekt gkb ¼ (e oekmukte bg cotfvfbcbgs qug prgogbgk

ca bgscrreaae bg kugves prebuotes y/e sgrvfofes) cbqufgrg gspgofca

f`pertckofc. Oek ga ffik bg rgnerzcr gstg ã`jfte, bgsbg ga FZF sg

prepekg ukc kugvc fkfofctfvc= ga oekmukte bg fkbfocbergs pcrc ga

nuzzy nrekt gkb . Oeksfbgrckbe qug aes cspgotes bg àkbeag oucaftc-



:?3Ocpàtuae 2= Ac fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc g`prgscrfca F k b f o c b e r g s b g



tfvc sek tc`jfæk f`pertcktgs, ga FZF prepekg uk oekmukte bg :8

fkbfocbergs jcscbes gk gsocacs y cirupcbes bg cougrbe oek acs

bfngrgktgs ncsgs bg gstg preogse= (3) aeoeèterc bga preogse (rg-

ourses fktgrkes, ètfvcofÿk, oeùkfocofÿk bg ac gstrctgifc, bfs-

pekfjfafbcb bg rgourses gxtgrkes, ejstãouaes agicags)< (:) fkugk-

ofc (epfkfÿk pýjafoc, ircbe bg fkkevcofÿk)< (?) fbgktfffiocofÿk bg

epertukfbcbgs (gknequgs g`pagcbes, oekeof`fgkte bg kgogsf-

bcbgs, cafkgc`fgkte oek ac gstrctgifc bg kgieofe)< (2) ckãafsfs bg

epertukfbcbgs (ocafbcb bg ac fkner`cofÿk gxtgrkc, epertukfbcb

gk ga tfg`pe, gknequgs utfafzcbes, gngotfvfbcb bga preogse)< (7) ig-

kgrcofÿk bg fbgcs (ocafbcb bg acs fbgcs, gngotfvfbcb bga preogse)<

(>) sgagoofÿk bg fbgcs (vcaer bg acs fbgcs, oacrfbcb bga vcaer)< (9)

bgscrreaae bga kugve oekogpte (oacrfbcb bga oc`fke)< y (4) eutput

bga preogse bg bgscrreaae bga kugve oekogpte.

Gk ac `fs`c aàkgc bg cirupcofÿk bg fkbfocbergs bg cougrbe

oek acs bfngrgktgs ncsgs bg uk preogse (cukqug oeksfbgrckbe gstc

vgz ac tetcafbcb bga preogse fkkevcber y ke seac`gktg ga bgke-

`fkcbe nuzzy nrekt gkb ), gkoektrcès ga `crocber bg ac ocbg-

kc bg vcaer bg ac fkkevcofÿk (fkkevctfek vcaug odcfk soergjecrb )

bga prengser Agv. Bfode `crocber (væcsg ac Rcjac 6) prgtgkbg sgr

uk sfstg`c bg fkner`cofÿk qug ncofaftg aes preogses bg te`c bg

bgofsfekgs per pcrtg bg ac bfrgoofÿk, csà oeè ac bfvuaicofÿk bg

fkner`cofÿk pcrc aes fkvgrsergs. Oekorgtc`gktg, gk ga `crocber

sg bfstfkiugk trgs irckbgs ncsgs= (3) bgsoujrf`fgkte y cprgkbfzcmg

(qug pugbg sgr ga rgsuatcbe bg ukc rgkevcofÿk fktgrkc, bg ac cb-

qufsfofÿk bg ocpcofbcbgs gxtgrkcs, e bga gstcjagof`fgkte bg rgbgs

oek etres cigktgs)< (:) f`packtcofÿk (e oeksgouofÿk bg ac vfcjf-

afbcb tgokeaÿifoc bg aes prebuotes, sgrvfofes e preogses)< y (?)

oe`grofcafzcofÿk, bekbg aes oafgktgs sek ac oacvg, y bekbg bgjgk

oeksfbgrcrsg aes rgkbf`fgktes prgsgktgs y nutures.



:?: F k b f o c b e r g s b g




Rcjac 6= Ga `crocber bg ac ocbgkc bg vcaer bg ac fkkevcofÿk

Nugktg= Agv (:883)

Bgsoujrf`fgkte y cprgkbfzcmg

Zgkevcofÿk fktgrkc

- Fkvgstficofÿk y bgscrreaae

- Ner`cofÿk bga pgrsekca

- Ocpftca erickfzctfve, preogses

Ocpcofbcbgs cbqufrfbcs

- Cbqufsfofÿk bg tgokeaeiàc

- Wse bg bgrrc`gs (spfaa-evgrs)

- Fkvgrsfekgs gk gqufpe

Gstcjagof`fgkte bg rgbgs

- Cafckzcs gk F+B

- Fktgircofÿk oek oafgktgs

- Fktgircofÿk oek prevggbergs

F`packtcofÿk

Xrepfgbcb fktgagotuca

- Xctgktgs, `crocs y oepyrfidts

- Cougrbes bg afogkofc

- Oekeof`fgkte oebfffiocbe

^fcjfafbcb tgokeaÿifoc

- Xrugjcs oaàkfocs, cprejcofÿk

- Xrugjcs jgtc, pretetfpes

- Xrf`gr gktrcktg gk ga `grocbe

Fktgrkgt

- W`jrca bg trãffioe

- Oe`prcs vàc fktgrkgt

- Cafckzcs vàc fktgrkgt

Oe`grofcafzcofÿk

Oafgktgs

- Cafckzcs bg `crlgtfki

- ^caer bg ac `croc

- ^caer bg ac oafgktgac

- ^gktcs vàc fktgrkgt

Zgkbf`fgkte

- Fkirgses, rgsuatcbes, ouetc bg

`grocbe

- Fkirgses bg ac fkkevcofÿk- Zeycatfgs bg pctgktgs y scjgr dcogr

Gxpgotctfvcs bg orgof`fgkte

- Xrebuotes pcrc sgr ackzcbes

- Cderres gspgrcbes

- Fkfofctfvcs gk preygote

- Xukte ùgrte y tcsc bg rgktcjfafbcb

gspgrcbes

Ca dfae bg ae qug dgès gxpugste, sek vcrfcs acs af`ftcofekgs qug

ocjg gkofekcr gk ga ocse bg aes sfstg`cs bg gbfofÿk jcscbes gk

preogses, oeè aes bes qug dgès èstrcbe. Gk prf`gr auicr, ke

sg gstcjagog kfkiýk tfpe bg rgacofÿk ocusc-gngote gktrg aes bfng-

rgktgs irupes bg fkbfocbergs oeksfbgrcbes, scave cqugaacs qug sg

bgrfvck bg ac prepfc aÿifoc sgougkofca bga preogse. Cbfofekca`gk-

tg, ke gs pesfjag vfsucafzcr oek oacrfbcb oÿè ac oe`jfkcofÿk bg

bfngrgktgs oacsgs bg rgourses pgr`ftg bgscrreaacr ac ocpcofbcb bg

fkkevcofÿk bg ac g`prgsc, kf oek quæ ircbe bg gffiocofc y gffiofgk-

ofc sg bgscrreaac ac cotfvfbcb fkkevcberc, kf ouãags sek aes eutputs

igkgrcbes per ga preogse fkkevcber, kf aes rgsuatcbes vfkouacbes

c ocbc oacsg bg eutput .

9.:.: Oektrfjuofekgs vfkouacbcs c fkstru`gktes erfgktcbes

c ac igstfÿk bga bgsg`pgóe gstrctæifoe gk su oekmukte

Oeè dgès vfste gk cpcrtcbes cktgrfergs, ga oucbre bg `ckbe

fktgirca (O@F) bg Lcpack y Kertek preperofekc c acs g`prgscs

uk `croe pcrc ac bgsorfpofÿk y oeùkfocofÿk bg su gstrctgifc,

csà oeè pcrc su pestgrfer sgiuf`fgkte y oektrea. Gk pcrtfouacr,



:??Ocpàtuae 2= Ac fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc g`prgscrfca F k b f o c b e r g s b g



aes bgke`fkcbes «`cpcs gstrctæifoes¼ (qug ukgk aes bfngrgktgs

ejmgtfves gstrctæifoes gk ukc sgrfg bg rgacofekgs ocusc-cngote) nc-

ofaftck ga kgxe qug ncatcjc gktrg ga preogse bg nerùacofÿk bg ac

gstrctgifc y su pestgrfer gmgouofÿk (Lcpack y Kertek, :882).

Gk su afjre _trctgiy `cps, c`jes cutergs bgbfock uk ocpàtuae

oe`pagte c ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk. Bg `ckgrc jcstcktg sf-

`facr c oeè suifgrg ga prengser Agv gk su `crocber bg ac ocbgkc

bg vcaer bg ac fkkevcofÿk, aes fkbfocbergs prepugstes sek ciru-

pcbes bg cougrbe oek acs bfngrgktgs ncsgs bga preogse fkkevcber,

bgktre bg ac pgrspgotfvc fktgrkc (preogses fktgrkes) bga O@F. Acs

ncsgs oeksfbgrcbcs sek= (3) fbgktfffiocofÿk bg epertukfbcbgs pcrc

ga bgscrreaae bg kugves prebuotes y sgrvfofes< (:) igstfÿk bg ac

ocrtgrc bg preygotes bg F+B< (?) bfsgóe y bgscrreaae bg kugves

prebuotes y sgrvfofes< y (2) oe`grofcafzcofÿk bg aes kugves pre-

buotes.

Cderc jfgk, cbg`ãs bg aes fkbfocbergs cirupcbes gk terke c

acs bfngrgktgs ncsgs bga preogse fkkevcber (qug, gktrg etrcs oescs,

bgsorfjgk ac gffiocofc y gffiofgkofc oek ac qug sg aagvc c ocje bfode

preogse), Lcpack y Kertek bfstfkiugk c su vgz ukc sgrfg bg fk-

bfocbergs rgngrgktgs c cqugaaes rgourses bg kcturcagzc fktckifjag

qug dcogk pesfjag ga preogse fkkevcber. Rcags rgourses cpcrgogk

cirupcbes gk trgs octgieràcs= (3) ocpftca du`cke (dcjfafbcbgs

ùatfbfsofpafkcrgs)< (:) ocpftca bg fkner`cofÿk (tgokeaeiàc pcrc

gxpaercr, fktgircr y coogbgr oek rcpfbgz ca `grocbe)< y (?) ocpftca

erickfzctfve (gxfstgkofc bg ukc ouaturc qug ne`gktc ac orgctfvf-

bcb y ac fkkevcofÿk).

Csf`fsè, sg gstcjagogk vàkouaes oek ejmgtfves pgrtgkgofgk-

tgs c ac pgrspgotfvc bg oafgktgs bga O@F, oeè per gmg`pae= enrgogr

c aes oafgktgs prebuotes y sgrvfofes oek ukc nukofekcafbcb `g-

mercbc, sgr ga prf`gre gk aagicr ca `grocbe, e gxtgkbgr aes pre-

buotes y sgrvfofes gxfstgktgs c kugves sgi`gktes. Nfkca`gktg, ac

oeksgouofÿk bg tcags ejmgtfves gk ac pgrspgotfvc bg oafgktgs bgjg

pgr`ftfr ac oeksgouofÿk bg etres ejmgtfves bg àkbeag ffikckofgrc, c

scjgr= orgof`fgkte bg aes fkirgses g fkorg`gkte bg aes `ãrigkgs

preogbgktgs bg kugves prebuotes y sgrvfofes.

Cukqug gk ac prepugstc bg Lcpack y Kertek sg bfstfkiugk oek

oacrfbcb aes fkbfocbergs rgngrgktgs c aes rgourses qug pesfjfaftck ga







preogse fkkevcber, nrgktg c cqugaaes etres qug `fbgk ac gffiofgkofc

y gffiocofc bg bfode preogse, csà oeè cqugaaes etres qug `fbgk aes

rgsuatcbes bgrfvcbes bga `fsè, ofgrtes rgourses bg irck f`per-

tckofc dck sfbe bgmcbes bg acbe. Rca gs ga ocse bga ocpftca rgacofekca

pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk (cotfvfbcbgs bg kgtwerlfki y oeepgrcofÿk gk-

trg g`prgscs y etrcs fkstftuofekgs), csà oeè aes rgourses bg oc-

rãotgr ffikckofgre. Cbg`ãs, ocjg `gkofekcr qug Lcpack y Kertek

sg ogktrck sejrg tebe gk ac fkkevcofÿk erfgktcbc ca bgscrreaae bg

kugves prebuotes, sfk oeksfbgrcr etrcs pesfjfafbcbgs.

Xer etre acbe, sfiufgkbe ac gstgac bga O@F bg Lcpack y Ker-

tek, ku`greses cutergs prepekgk fkbfocbergs pcrc ga sgiuf`fgk-

te bg ac F+B y ac fkkevcofÿk oacsfffiocbes gk acs ouctre pgrspgotfvcs

jãsfocs bg gstc dgrrc`fgktc= pgrspgotfvc ffikckofgrc, pgrspgotfvc bg

oafgktgs, pgrspgotfvc bg preogses fktgrkes y pgrspgotfvc bg cprgk-

bfzcmg y orgof`fgkte. Gstg gs ga ocse, per gmg`pae, bg Lgrssgks-vck

Brekigagk y Oeel (3669), bg Lgrssgks-vck Brekigagk y Jfabgr-

jggl, 3666, bg Jrg`sgr y Jcrsly (:882) y bg Iebgkgr y _þbgrqufst

(:882), sf jfgk gstes ýatfès cutergs cócbgk etrcs octgieràcs cbf-

ofekcags.

Gk aes gmg`paes oftcbes, acs bfngrgktgs pgrspgotfvcs oektfgkgk

fkbfstfktc`gktg fkbfocbergs rgngrgktgs c fkputs e oekbfofekgs kg-

ogscrfcs pcrc ga bgscrreaae bga preogse fkkevcber g fkbfocbergs

rgngrgktgs ca ircbe bg æxfte oek ga qug sg dc bgscrreaacbe bfode

preogse. Bg gstc `ckgrc, gk ac pgrspgotfvc bg cprgkbfzcmg y orgof-

`fgkte, Lgrssgks-vck Brekigagk y Oeel (3669) fkoauygk, c èbe

bg gmg`pae, uk fkbfocber rgngrgktg ca perogktcmg bga prgsupugste

icstcbe fktgrkc y gxtgrkc`gktg gk fkvgstficofÿk jãsfoc y cpafocbc

(fkbfocber bg fkput ), mukte oek etre rgactfve ca k½ bg bgsoujrf-

`fgktes pctgktcjags per ocbc bÿacr icstcbe gk F+B (fkbfocber

bg rgsuatcbe). Fiuca`gktg, Iebgkgr y _þbgrqufst (:882) suifgrgk

`gbfr gk ac pgrspgotfvc bg oafgktg tckte acs gxpgotctfvcs bga `gr-

ocbe, oeè ga æxfte caockzcbe trcs ac fktrebuoofÿk bg kugves pre-

buotes gk æa. Xcrc gste ýatfè, prepekgk oeksfbgrcr cspgotes tcags

oeè= ga ircbe bg cmustg c acs gspgofffiocofekgs, ga ircbe bg cprgofe

bga prebuote per pcrtg bg aes oafgktgs (vcaer cócbfbe cpertcbe),

ouetc bg `grocbe, pgkgtrcofÿk bg `grocbe g f`cigk bg `croc.

Fiuca`gktg, gk ac pgrspgotfvc bg preogses fktgrkes, aes fkbfocbe-






rgs prepugstes fkoauygk ougstfekgs oeè ga tfg`pe bg bgscrreaae,

ac prebuotfvfbcb bga ãrgc bg fkigkfgràc y ac ocafbcb tetca bga pre-

buote, mukte oek ncotergs ètfvcofekcags y bg oe`pertc`fgkte,

tcags oeè= oe`pre`fse, fkfofctfvc y afbgrczie bg aes rgourses du-

`ckes gk ga preogse bg F+B.

Xer ae tckte, ocjg oekoaufr qug, gk gstcs prepugstcs bgrfvcbcs

bga O@F, aes fkbfocbergs sg erickfzck bg cougrbe oek ac kcturc-

agzc bga ejmgte `gbfbe (ffikckofgrc, rgngrgktg c aes oafgktgs, c aes

preogses fktgrkes e ca cprgkbfzcmg y orgof`fgkte) y qug rgourses,

eutputs y rgsuatcbes sg `gzoack fkbfsorf`fkcbc`gktg gk ocbc

pgrspgotfvc, f`pfbfgkbe vfsucafzcr c aes usucrfes bg ac fkner`c-

ofÿk oÿè bfngrgktgs oe`jfkcofekgs bg rgourses pgrtgkgofgktgs

c bfngrgktgs octgieràcs bck auicr c bfngrgktgs tfpes bg eutput y rg-

suatcbe.

_fk g`jcrie, Bcvfac, Gpstgfk y _dgatek (:887) rgoupgrck ga

gspàrftu erfifkca bg Lcpack y Kertek gk sus `cpcs gstrctæifoes y,

gk su prepugstc bg oucbre bg ckbe fktgirca pcrc ac gbfofÿk bg

ac fkkevcofÿk, prepekgk ukc aÿifoc bg fkputs/rgourses-preogses-

eutputs-rgsuatcbes pcrc erickfzcr aes fkbfocbergs. Gk gstg ocse, ac

jcsg bg rgourses pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk sg c`paàc, bckbe ocjfbc c acs

sfiufgktgs octgieràcs= rgourses tckifjags, fktckifjags, gstruoturc

bg fkkevcofÿk, gstrctgifc bg fkkevcofÿk, rgbgs gxtgrkcs y sfstg`cs

bg fkkevcofÿk.

9.? Ga `croe pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk bg ac Gurepgck Neukbctfek

ner Sucafty @ckcig`gkt (GNS@)

Ga èbgae igkgrca bg gxogagkofc g`prgscrfca preèvfbe per

ac Gurepgck Neukbctfek ner Sucafty @ckcig`gkt (GNS@)

fkoauyg vcrfcs gxtgksfekgs qug trctck bg cjerbcr ã`jftes `ãs

gspgoàffioes bg ac igstfÿk bg g`prgscs, gktrg gaaes, ac fkkevcofÿk.

Rcags gxtgksfekgs cpcrgogk rgoeifbcs gk ukc sgrfg bg beou`gk-

tes bgke`fkcbes Nrc`gwerls («`croes¼), sfgkbe ga qug cderc

kes fktgrgsc ga bgke`fkcbe Rdg GNS@ nrc`gwerl ner fkkevctfek.

Ga oftcbe `croe prgtgkbg cyubcr c aes bfrgotfves gk ac bgffikfofÿk

bg su cigkbc bg fkkevcofÿk, gk ac `gbfofÿk bga kfvga bg bgsg`-

pgóe caockzcbe gk bfode ã`jfte y gk ac `gmerc bga kfvga bg oe`-

pgtftfvfbcb.



:?> F k b f o c b e r g s b g




9.?.3 Gstruoturc igkgrca

Bga `fsè èbe qug ga èbgae igkgrca, ga beou`gkte `croe

pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk fkoauyg kugvg orftgrfes (ofkoe ncofaftcbergs y

ouctre bg rgsuatcbe) qug trctck bg gvcaucr ga ircbe bg cvckog dc-

ofc ac oeksgouofÿk bg ac gxogagkofc gk `ctgrfc bg fkkevcofÿk.

Gk ga ocse bg aes orftgrfes ncofaftcbergs, ga beou`gkte `croe

suifgrg ac `ckgrc bg dcogr epgrctfve ga cute-bfcikÿstfoe bg ac sf-

tucofÿk gk ocbc uke bg gaaes. Gk pcrtfouacr, suifgrg aes irckbgs

ã`jftes qug bgjgk ckcafzcrsg y acs ougstfekgs `ãs gspgoàffiocs gk

acs qug sg trcbuog ocbc uke bg gaaes. Oekorgtc`gktg, aes orftgrfes

oektg`pacbes y aes irckbgs ã`jftes bg ckãafsfs sek aes sfiufgk-

tgs=

3) Afbgrczie

c) µAes aàbgrgs bg ac g`prgsc preùgvgk ac fkkevcofÿk y ne-

`gktck ac gxfstgkofc bg ukc ouaturc g`prgkbgberc5

j) µ_g fkveauorck bg `ckgrc pgrsekca gk ga gstcjagof`fgkte g

f`packtcofÿk bg `ætebes bg trcjcme oacres y cprepfcbes

qug cpeygk ac fkkevcofÿk5

o) µ_g fkveauorck oek bfngrgktgs irupes bg fktgræs oek ga ffik

bg fbgktfffiocr epertukfbcbgs y cu`gktcr ac rgogptfvfbcb

bg æstes dcofc ac fkkevcofÿk5

:) Xeaàtfoc y gstrctgifc

c) µAc erickfzcofÿk jusoc g fbgktfffioc oektfkuc`gktg kugvcs

fbgcs y epertukfbcbgs5

j) µ_g gxpaerck y gstcjagogk prferfbcbgs pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk

qug sgck pre`gtgbercs y gqufafjrcbcs5

o) µAc igstfÿk gstrctæifoc bg ac fkkevcofÿk sg gkougktrc fktg-

ircbc bgktre bga sfstg`c iaejca bg igstfÿk5

?) Xgrsekcs

c) µAcs pgrsekcs bfspekgk bga oektgxte y aes `gbfes qug ags

pgr`ftgk fkkevcr y oektrfjufr c acs prferfbcbgs bg fkke-

vcofÿk bg ac g`prgsc5

j) µ_g preogbg c ner`cr y bgscrreaacr prengsfekca`gktg c acs

pgrsekcs pcrc qug fkkevgk5

o) µAc erickfzcofÿk ncofaftc uk gkterke qug ncvergog ac fkke-

vcofÿk5

2) Cafckzcs y rgourses






c) µ_g gstcjagogk y igstfekck cafckzcs erfgktcbcs c ac fkke-

vcofÿk5

j) µAc fkkevcofÿk sg ffikckofc bg `ckgrc cbgoucbc5

o) µGxfstg ukc igstfÿk bg ac tgokeaeiàc erfgktcbc c ac fkkevc-

ofÿk5

b) µ_g aagvc c ocje ukc igstfÿk bga oekeof`fgkte rgacofekcbe

oek ac fkkevcofÿk5

7) Xreogses

c) µ_g bgscrreaack gstruoturcs erickfzctfvcs qug ncofaftgk ga

preogse fkkevcber5

j) µ_g preogbg c ac igstfÿk y ca rgnugrze bg bfode preogse5

o) µGxfstg ukc igstfÿk bg preygotes y preirc`cs bg fkkevc-

ofÿk5

Gk ouckte c aes rgsuatcbes sg rgffigrg, ca fiuca qug gk ga èbgae

igkgrca, æstes sg cirupck gk ouctre octgieràcs= oafgktgs, pgrsekcs,

seofgbcb y bgsg`pgóe oacvg. Xcrc acs trgs prf`grcs octgieràcs, sg

suifgrg ga g`page bg ofgrtcs `gbfbcs pgrogptucags g fkbfocbergs

bg bgsg`pgóe, sf jfgk su bgffikfofÿk ke gs ùy prgofsc. Gk oc`-

jfe, gk ac ýatf`c octgieràc, gk auicr bg bfstfkiufr gktrg `gbfbcs

pgrogptucags g fkbfocbergs, sg bfstfkiug gktrg rgsuatcbes (eutoe-

`gs) g fkbfocbergs, sfk qug cpcrgzoc ùy oacrc ac rczÿk qug aagvc

c oacsfffiocr ocbc gag`gkte gk uke u etre cpcrtcbe (gk rgcafbcb,

suogbg ae fsè oek acs trgs octgieràcs prgvfcs y ac bfstfkofÿk qug

sg prepekg gktrg fkbfocbergs y `gbfbcs pgrogptucags).

Cukqug ac erickfzcofÿk bg ac fkner`cofÿk gk aes jaequgs

`gkofekcbes (ncofaftcbergs y bg rgsuatcbe) pugbc bcr ukc prf`g-

rc sgkscofÿk bg gsqug`c aÿifoe y rczekcjag, ae ofgrte gs qug uk

gxc`gk bgtcaacbe bga oektgkfbe bg ocbc uke bg aes orftgrfes bg

ckãafsfs preveoc `ãs jfgk ac sgkscofÿk oektrcrfc.

9.?.: Ckãafsfs oràtfoe bg aes orftgrfes ncofaftcbergs

Oe`gkzckbe per aes gag`gktes ncofaftcbergs (afbgrczie, peaàtfoc y

gstrctgifc, pgrsekcs, cafckzcs y rgourses, y preogses), rgsuatc bfs-

outfjag, gk prf`gr auicr, ac oeksfbgrcofÿk bg ac octgieràc «preog-

ses¼ oeè gag`gkte ncofaftcber, ca `fsè kfvga qug aes bg`ãs. Ga

oektgkfbe bg bfodc octgieràc dcog causfÿk c ac `ckgrc gk ac qug

sg bgscrreaac ga preogse fkkevcber, cspgote rgspgote ca qug aes gag-







`gktes prgvfes (afbgrczie, peaàtfoc y gstrctgifc, pgrsekcs, cafckzcs

y rgourses) sà qug pugbgk oeksfbgrcrsg gag`gktes ncofaftcbergs (ca

`gkes, c prferf).

Cderc jfgk, ac oftcbc octgieràc bg «preogses¼, tck sÿae dcog

rgngrgkofc c ukc pcrtg bga preogse fkkevcber (ac rgngrgktg ca cpre-

vgodc`fgkte bg acs epertukfbcbgs bgtgotcbcs `gbfcktg ga bg-

scrreaae bg aes oerrgspekbfgktgs preygotes), bgmckbe bg acbe ac

fbgktfffiocofÿk bg kugvcs epertukfbcbgs y ac igkgrcofÿk bg kugvcs

fbgcs, csà oeè ac ocpcofbcb bg trcksner`cr e rgfkvgktcr ac g`-

prgsc gk ocse kgogscrfe.

Gk ae qug c ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg kugvcs epertukfbcbgs y ig-

kgrcofÿk bg fbgcs sg rgffigrg, ae ofgrte gs qug bfodc ncsg cpcrgog

bfsg`fkcbc c ae acrie bg vcrfes orftgrfes bga èbgae. Xer gmg`-

pae, gk uke bg aes cpcrtcbes oerrgspekbfgktgs ca «afbgrczie¼, sg

oftc ac rgvfsfÿk bg acs prfkofpcags epertukfbcbgs gxfstgktgs pcrc ac

fkkevcofÿk bg `ckgrc oektfkucbc. Csf`fsè, bgktre bga orftg-

rfe «peaàtfoc y gstrctgifc¼, gxfstg tebe uk cpcrtcbe bgbfocbe c ac

jýsqugbc g fbgktfffiocofÿk bg kugvcs fbgcs y epertukfbcbgs (qug

sg vg oe`pagtcbe oek ofgrtes gag`gktes rgoeifbes gk ga cpcrtcbe

pestgrfer), `fgktrcs qug, gk «cafckzcs y rgourses¼, sg dcjac bg ac

igkgrcofÿk bg epertukfbcbgs bg fkkevcofÿk gk oeepgrcofÿk oek

tgrogres.

Bg dgode, ae qug ga beou`gkte bgke`fkc «preogse fkkevc-

ber¼ (nukbc`gktca`gktg, ac igstfÿk bg preygotes) sg gkougktrc

bfspgrse tc`jfæk gk `ãs bg uk orftgrfe. Csà, ga sgiukbe cpcrtcbe

bga orftgrfe «afbgrczie¼ rgoeig ougstfekgs tcags oeè= ga bgscrre-

aae bg uk preogse bg fkkevcofÿk cbgoucbe, e ga gstcjagof`fgkte

bg `gockfsès bg rgvfsfÿk bga preogse fkkevcber. Gk oc`jfe, ac

ocpcofbcb bg trcksner`cr ac erickfzcofÿk y oc`jfcr ke cpcrgog

rgoeifbc gk kfkiýk orftgrfe.

Bgmckbe bg acbe ga jaequg bg aes preogses, aes rgstcktgs gag-

`gktes ncofaftcbergs dcogk rgngrgkofc (oek acs scavgbcbgs yc fk-

bfocbcs) c aes bfngrgktgs tfpes bg rgourse qug sg g`pagck gk ga

preogse fkkevcber. Gstcjagofgkbe uk pcrcagafsè oek ac aftgrcturc

oerrgspekbfgktg ca ã`jfte bga ocpftca fktgagotuca y, `ãs gk oek-

orgte, oek su pgrspgotfvc deaàstfoc, ga orftgrfe «pgrsekcs¼ sg oerrgs-

pekbgràc oek ae qug gktgkbgès per «ocpftca du`cke¼. Ac pcrtg






rgactfvc c cafckzcs (bgktre bga orftgrfe «cafckzcs y rgourses¼), sg

oerrgspekbgràc oek ae qug dgès bgke fkcbe «ocpftca rgacofe-

kca¼ e «gstruoturc gxtgrkc¼< `fgktrcs qug aes orftgrfes «afbgrcz-

ie¼ y «peaàtfoc y gstrctgifc¼, ner`cràck pcrtg bga bgke`fkcbe

«ocpftca gstruoturca¼ e «gstruoturc fktgrkc¼. Nfkca`gktg, ac tgo-

keaeiàc y ga oekeof fgkte erickfzctfve qug sg oftck gk «cafckzcs

y rgourses¼ tc`jfæk ner`cràck pcrtg bga «ocpftca gstruoturca¼,

qugbckbe cpcrtg aes rgourses ffikckofgres.

Bfode gste, ae f`pertcktg, ukc vgz `ãs, gs ac bfspgrsfÿk bg

gag`gktes bg ukc `fs`c kcturcagzc c ae acrie y ckode bg vcrfes

orftgrfes, ae qug, bg kugve, igkgrc oeknusfÿk y bfffiouatc ga ckãafsfs.

Xer gmg`pae, ga oekeof`fgkte erickfzctfve (gag`gkte fktg-

ircktg bga bgke`fkcbe «ocpftca gstruoturca¼), cpcrgog rgoeif-

be tckte bgktre bga orftgrfe bgke`fkcbe «peaàtfoc y gstrctgifc¼,

oeè bgktre bg aes orftgrfes «pgrsekcs¼ y «cafckzcs y rgourses¼.

Oekorgtc`gktg, gk ga prf`gr cpcrtcbe bga orftgrfe «peaàtfoc y gs-

trctgifc¼, sg dcog causfÿk ca oekeof`fgkte qug ac g`prgsc pesgg bg

acs tgkbgkofcs nuturcs bgktre y nugrc bga sgoter, c su oekeof`fgk-

te gk ga ã`jfte tgokeaÿifoe y c su oekeof`fgkte bga `grocbe y

bg aes oe`pgtfbergs. Gk ga ocse bg acs «pgrsekcs¼, ga prf`gre bg

aes cpcrtcbes dcjac bg ac beou`gktcofÿk y rgutfafzcofÿk bg oe-

keof`fgkte erickfzctfve, `fgktrcs qug gk ga orftgrfe rgngrgktg c

«cafckzcs y rgourses¼, ga tgrogre bg aes cpcrtcbes dcjac, ukc vgz

`ãs, bg ac rgutfafzcofÿk bg oekeof`fgkte (sejrg tebe, tgokeaÿif-

oe), ougstfÿk qug vugavg c rgpgtfrsg gk ga cpcrtcbe ouctre, bekbg

tc`jfæk sg dcjac bg ac pretgoofÿk bg oekeof`fgkte oacvg pcrc ac

erickfzcofÿk y bg ac coogsfjfafbcb bga `fsè pcrc aes `fg`jres

bg ac g`prgsc.

Fiuca`gktg, acs ougstfekgs rgngrgktgs ca bfsgóe erickfzctfve

cpcrgogk bfspgrscs gk vcrfes orftgrfes. Xer gmg`pae, bgktre bga

tgrogr cpcrtcbe bga orftgrfe «peaàtfoc y gstrctgifc¼, sg dcog causfÿk

ca rgbfsgóe bg ac erickfzcofÿk, bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc bg ac csfi-

kcofÿk bg rgspekscjags oek pgrffia g`prgkbgber. Xer etrc pcrtg,

bgktre bga prf`gr cpcrtcbe bga orftgrfe «pgrsekcs¼, sg dcjac bg

ac petgkofcofÿk bg gstruoturcs fkner`cags y bg ac cuteke`àc bg

aes fkbfvfbues, fgktrcs qug, gk ga tgrogr cpcrtcbe bga fsè orf-

tgrfe, sg dcog rgngrgkofc c ac orgcofÿk bg gkterkes bg trcjcme qug






ougktc bg qug tgkgès uk jaequg prgvfe qug dcog rgngrgkofc c aes

bfngrgktgs gag`gktes ‟ rgourses ‟ qug dcogk pesfjag ga preogse

fkkevcber, csà oeè ca prepfe preogse gk sà `fsè), sgràc ga oek-

mukte bg rgsuatcbes c aes qug dc oekbuofbe ga preogse fkkevcber

gk tær`fkes bg ac ocktfbcb bg eutputs bg fkkevcofÿk igkgrcbes, ac

ocafbcb bg tcags eutputs, ga kfvga bg prebuotfvfbcb y gffiofgkofc ca-

ockzcbes gk su preogse bg ejtgkofÿk, y ga f`pcote bg aes `fsès

gk ac orgcofÿk bg vcaer y gk ac pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc bg ac g`prgsc

(igkgrcofÿk bg kugves fkirgses, coogse c kugves `grocbes, e rg-

buoofÿk bg oestgs, c èbe bg gmg`pae), csà oeè gk ac seofgbcb.

Bgsbg gstg pukte bg vfstc, aes orftgrfes bg rgsuatcbe «oafgktgs¼

y «seofgbcb¼ tgkbràck sgktfbe sf gstuvfgrck erfgktcbes c rggmcr

ga f`pcote bg acs fkkevcofekgs bgscrreaacbcs per ac g`prgsc gk ga

`grocbe y gk ac seofgbcb, rgspgotfvc`gktg. _f jfgk gk ga ocse bga

orftgrfe «seofgbcb¼ pugbg cffir`crsg qug, gngotfvc`gktg, gste gs

csà, gk ga ocse bga orftgrfe «oafgktgs¼, tck sÿae ae gs gk pcrtg.

Bgktre bg gstg ýatfè orftgrfe, aes fkbfocbergs y gbfbcs rgac-

ofekcbes oek ga gngote bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ac f`cigk y rgputcofÿk

bg ac g`prgsc sà qug pugbgk oeksfbgrcrsg fkbfocbergs qug `fbgk

ga f`pcote bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ga `grocbe (y, per ae tckte, gk ac

pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc), ae qug bgjgràc oe`pagtcrsg oek ga f`pcote

bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ga veau`gk bg aes fkirgses igkgrcbes y gk

ac ouetc bg `grocbe, cspgotes qug cpcrgogk rgoeifbes gk ga ýatf-

è orftgrfe bg rgsuatcbe qug prepekg ga èbgae, y qug rgofjg ac

bgke`fkcofÿk bg «bgsg`pgóe oacvg¼. Xer ae bg`ãs, ga rgste bg

fkbfocbergs y gbfbcs qug sg fkoauygk gk gstg orftgrfe («oafgktgs¼)

iucrbc rgacofÿk oek ac ocafbcb bg acs fkkevcofekgs bg prebuote

qug sg dck bgscrreaacbe, csà oeè oek ga use bg rgourses bg ocrão-

tgr rgacofekca gk ga preogse fkkevcber (cougrbes bg oeepgrcofÿk

oek tgrogres, y bgscrreaae bg prebuotes y sgrvfofes gk oeepgrcofÿk

oek oafgktgs, prfkofpca`gktg).

Gk oeksgougkofc, gk uk `fsè orftgrfe kes gkoektrcès oek

trgs tfpes bg fkbfocbergs y `gbfbcs= aes qug, gngotfvc`gktg, `fbgk

ga f`pcote bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ac pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc (sf jfgk,

oeè dgès vfste, bg ckgrc fkoe`pagtc), aes qug fbgk ac ocaf-

bcb bg bgtgr`fkcbes tfpes bg eutput bg ocrãotgr fkkevcber (pre-

buotes gk sgktfbe c`pafe) y aes rgactfves ca use bg ofgrtes rgourses







(gk gstg ocse, aes rgourses bg tfpe rgacofekca), ae qug kes bgvugavg

ca orftgrfe ncofaftcber ký`gre ouctre («cafckzcs y rgourses¼). Xer

ae tckte, ukc vgz `ãs, sg pekg bg `ckfffigste ac ncatc bg uk erbgk

aÿifoe c ac derc bg gstruoturcr ac fkner`cofÿk.

Bfode gste, µouãa gs ga sgktfbe bga orftgrfe bg rgsuatcbe vfk-

ouacbe c acs pgrsekcs5 Ga gxc`gk bg su oektgkfbe rgvgac ac oeksf-

bgrcofÿk bg bes tfpes bg ougstfekgs qug kcbc tfgkgk qug vgr oek

ae cpuktcbe gk aes ocses cktgrfergs («oafgktgs¼ y «seofgbcb¼). Xer

ukc pcrtg, sg fkvftc c rgoeigr ac pgrogpofÿk bga pgrsekca sejrg ukc

sgrfg bg cspgotes qug tfgkgk qug vgr oek ac igstfÿk bg ac fkkevc-

ofÿk gk ac g`prgsc= gk quæ gbfbc æstc enrgog epertukfbcbgs pcrc

ga cprgkbfzcmg y ga bgscrreaae< gk quæ `gbfbc gxfstg ukc ouaturc

qug ncvergzoc ac fkkevcofÿk y gk quæ ircbe sg ejsgrvc ac gxfstgk-

ofc bg uk afbgrczie gk gstg tgrrgke< ouãa gs ac epfkfÿk bga pgrsekca

sejrg ac gstrctgifc bg fkkevcofÿk bg ac g`prgsc, sejrg aes preogses

y gstruoturcs gxfstgktgs, sejrg ga oektrea bg ac fkkevcofÿk, y sejrg

ac gxfstgkofc bg uk gkterke bg trcjcme gk ga qug prf`g ac oekffickzc

y gk ga qug sg rgoekezock acs cotftubgs cafkgcbcs oek ac fkkevc-

ofÿk. Gk bgffikftfvc, sg gstã suifrfgkbe gvcaucr ac pgrogpofÿk bga

pgrsekca gk terke c bfngrgktgs gag`gktes qug fktgirck ga «ocpftca

gstruoturca¼ bg ac erickfzcofÿk (ouaturc, afbgrczie, gstrctgifc, bf-

sgóe erickfzctfve, y sfstg`cs bg rgoekeof`fgkte y rgoe`pgksc) y

qug, oeè dgès vfste, sg gkougktrck bfspgrses gk vcrfes bg aes

orftgrfes ncofaftcbergs oe`gktcbes gk ga cpcrtcbe cktgrfer.

Gk sgiukbe auicr, bgktre bg gstg orftgrfe bg rgsuatcbe («pgr-

sekcs¼), sg prepekg bgffikfr uk oekmukte bg fkbfocbergs erfgk-

tcbes c gngotucr uk sgiuf`fgkte gk terke c ac ocafbcb bg aes rg-

ourses bfspekfjags (`gbfbc, per gmg`pae, c trcvæs bga ircbe bg

fkveauorcofÿk bga pgrsekca gk acs cotfvfbcbgs bg fkkevcofÿk bg-

scrreaacbcs), csà oeè sejrg cqugaacs cotfvfbcbgs qug ac g`prgsc

pugbg pekgr gk `crodc oek ga ffik bg cbqufrfr kugves rgourses

(per gmg`pae, fkoerpercofÿk bg pgrsekcs qug pesgck oe`pgtgk-

ofcs fkkevcbercs, ùatfbfsofpafkcrgs y kevgbescs), e oek ga ãkfè

bg `gmercr ac ocafbcb y ga bgsg`pgóe bg aes rgourses bfspekfjags

(rgoekeof`fgkte y rgoe`pgksc bg cqugaaes fkbfvfbues y gqufpes

qug cpertgk fbgcs fkkevcbercs< bgscrreaae bg oe`pgtgkofcs y/e

cbqufsfofÿk bg oekeof`fgkte ncvergogber bg ac fkkevcofÿk y bga






g`prgkbfzcmg< y oeksfbgrcofÿk bg acs oe`pgtgkofcs fkkevcbercs y

g`prgkbgbercs gk aes preogses bg sgagoofÿk bg pgrsekca).

Xer ae tckte, gstg orftgrfe, gk auicr bg gvcaucr aes eutputs

igkgrcbes per ga preogse fkkevcber, csà oeè ga f`pcote bg tc-

ags eutputs gk ac pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc, gstã erfgktcbe c gvcaucr ac

ocafbcb bga rgourse bfspekfjag, csà oeè acs coofekgs aagvcbcs c

ocje pcrc ac cbqufsfofÿk, fkorg`gkte y `gmerc bg ac ocafbcb bg

tcags rgourses. _f gstg gs ga ocse, y rgoekeofgkbe ac kgogsfbcb

bg gvcaucr aes cspgotes `gkofekcbes, µper quæ ke dcograe tc`-

jfæk oek aes rgstcktgs tfpes bg rgourse qug fktgrvfgkgk gk ga pre-

ogse fkkevcber5 Gs `ãs, µper quæ, oeè dgès vfste, trctcr bg

gvcaucr ac ocafbcb bg jugkc pcrtg bg aes gag`gktes qug fktgrvfg-

kgk gk ga preogse fkkevcber, y qug ffiiurck bgktre bg etres orftg-

rfes ncofaftcbergs, bgktre bg gstg orftgrfe bg rgsuatcbe rgactfve c acs

pgrsekcs5

Xer ýatfè, ga orftgrfe bg rgsuatcbe ffikca oektg`pacbe per ga

èbgae («bgsg`pgóe oacvg¼) `gzoac fkbfocbergs qug trctck bg

`gbfr ga f`pcote bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ac pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc bg

ac g`prgsc, oek fkbfocbergs erfgktcbes c `gbfr ac jekbcb bga

preogse fkkevcber.

Gk ga prf`gr irupe (`gbfofÿk bga f`pcote bg ac fkkevcofÿk

gk ac pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc), tgkbràcès fkbfocbergs rgactfves ca

orgof`fgkte bg acs vgktcs y `ãrigkgs ejtgkfbes, ca perogktcmg

bg aes fkirgses preogbgktg bg kugves prebuotes y/e sgrvfofes, ca

veau`gk bg jgkgffiofe oerrgspekbfgktg c tcags prebuotes y/e sgr-

vfofes, c aes fkirgses bgrfvcbes bg pctgktgs, ca orgof`fgkte bg ac

ouetc bg `grocbe, e ca rgterke bg ac fkvgrsfÿk.

Gk ouckte ca sgiukbe irupe, (fkbfocbergs erfgktcbes c

`gbfr oÿè bg jfgk sg dc bgscrreaacbe ga preogse fkkevcber),

cquà sg fkoauygk cspgotes tcags oeè ga ircbe bg cmustg prgsupugs-

tcrfe bg aes preygotes bgscrreaacbes, ga tfg`pe kgogscrfe pcrc aeircr

fktrebuofr aes kugves prebuotes y/e sgrvfofes gk ga grocbe (tf`g

te `crlgt ), ac burcofÿk bg aes preygotes y su ircbe bg cmustg c

aes paczes gstcjagofbes, e ga ircbe bg ou`paf`fgkte bg aes

oe`pre`fses cbqufrfbes. Csf`fsè, sg suifgrg gvcaucr aes pre-

ygotes gk ourse y ga ircbe bg æxfte gk ac oua`fkcofÿk bg aes `fs-

ès.







Gk igkgrca, bgktre bg gstg ýatfè orftgrfe, sg ejsgrvc uk oacre sgs-

ie dcofc ac fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc y, `ãs gk pcrtfouacr, dcofc ac

fkkevcofÿk bg prebuote.

9.?.2 Zgocpftuacofÿk ffikca

Ga ckãafsfs aagvcbe c ocje sejrg ga beou`gkte `croe pcrc ac fk-

kevcofÿk bg ac Gurepgck Neukbctfek ner Sucaftfty @ckcig`gkt

(GNS@) kes ùgstrc ac gxfstgkofc bg f`pertcktgs aciukcs qug

bfffiouatck su use oeè dgrrc`fgktc bg cpeye c ac igstfÿk bg ac

fkkevcofÿk gk acs erickfzcofekgs y, bg `ckgrc gspgofca, oeè

dgrrc`fgktc pcrc ac gvcaucofÿk bga bgsg`pgóe gk gstg tgrrgke.

Ac prfkofpca rczÿk pcrc gaae gstrfjc gk ac ncatc bg ukc gstruoturc

erbgkcbc qug ùgstrg oek oacrfbcb ga preogse bg orgcofÿk bg vc-

aer y vgktcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs c pcrtfr bg ac fkkevcofÿk. Cukqug, gk

prfkofpfe, ac fbgc bg dcjacr bg gag`gktes ncofaftcbergs y rgsuatcbes

pcrgog rczekcjag, ga bgserbgk pugste bg ckfffigste ca aagvcr c ocje

ga ckãafsfs bgtcaacbe bg ocbc orftgrfe bfffiouatc sejrg`ckgrc qug aes

igstergs g`prgscrfcags pugbck gvcaucr y pfaetcr ac fkkevcofÿk se-

jrg ac jcsg bg gstg `croe bg rgngrgkofc.

Rca y oeè gxpusfès gk ga cpcrtcbe trgs bg gstg ocpàtuae, ac

ejtgkofÿk bg vgktcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs burcbgrcs bgpgkbg bga be`f-

kfe bg ocpcofbcbgs bfnàofa`gktg f`ftcjags, susogptfjags bg orgcr

vcaer, c pcrtfr bg ac oe`jfkcofÿk bg bfngrgktgs tfpes bg rgourse,

tckte bg kcturcagzc tckifjag oeè fktckifjag. Xer ae tckte, ga

`croe bg rgngrgkofc pcrc ac gvcaucofÿk y pfaetcmg bg ac fkkevcofÿk

bgjg oektg`pacr, gk prf`gr auicr, aes bfngrgktgs tfpes bg rgourse

kgogscrfes pcrc aagvcr cbgacktg ga preogse fkkevcber y, gk sgiuk-

be auicr, ga ircbe bg `cgstràc caockzcbe gk ac oe`jfkcofÿk bg

tcags rgourses (e, ae qug gs ae `fsè, ga ircbe bg «pgrngoofÿk¼

caockzcbe gk ga bgscrreaae bg ac ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk). Bg gstg

èbe, trctckbe bg gstcjagogr uk pcrcagafsè oek ga `croe bg rg-

ngrgkofc prepugste per ac GNS@, ga orftgrfe ncofaftcber ký`gre

ofkoe («preogses¼), sgràc ga qug bgjgràc rggmcr gstg ýatfè cspgo-

te (sf jfgk oeksfbgrckbe tebcs acs bf`gksfekgs qug oe`prgkbg ac

ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk, y ke seac`gktg ac rgactfvc c ac igstfÿk

bg preygotes), `fgktrcs qug aes orftgrfes ncofaftcbergs cktgrfergs

bgjgràck oektg`pacr tebc ac pckepafc bg rgourses qug fktgrvfgkgk






gk ga preogse fkkevcber. Cderc jfgk, µquæ gs ae qug bgjgràc gvc-

aucrsg gk uke y etre ocse5 _ejrg gstg pcrtfouacr cdekbcrgès gk

ga prÿxfè cpcrtcbe, ouckbe bgsorfjcès oek `ãs bgtcaag acs oc-

rcotgràstfocs qug bgjgràc tgkgr uk jugk sfstg`c bg `gbfofÿk pcrc

ac gvcaucofÿk y ga pfaetcmg bg ac fkkevcofÿk g`prgscrfca.

Ke ejstcktg, oeè cvckog rgspgote c ae qug bgjgràc sgr bfode

sfstg`c, rgcafzcrgès uk jrgvg cpuktg sejrg ae qug, bgsbg kugs-

tre pukte bg vfstc, bgjgràck oektgkgr aes orftgrfes bg rgsuatcbe

qug rgoeig ga èbgae GNS@. C kugstre gktgkbgr, aes gag`gktes

qug pgr`ftgk gvcaucr aes rgourses bfspekfjags y ac jekbcb bga

preogse fkkevcber bgjgràck ner`cr pcrtg bga oektgkfbe bg aes

orftgrfes ncofaftcbergs prgvfc`gktg sgócacbes. Xer ae tckte, oeè

yc sg dc suigrfbe gk ga cpcrtcbe prgogbgktg, aes orftgrfes bg rg-

suatcbe bgjgràck erfgktcrsg dcofc ac gvcaucofÿk bg aes eutputs bg

fkkevcofÿk ejtgkfbes bgsbg bfngrgktgs puktes bg vfstc (ocktfbcb,

ocafbcb, prebuotfvfbcb y gffiofgkofc), csà oeè c ckcafzcr ga f`pco-

te bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ac orgcofÿk bg vcaer y gk ac pesfofÿk oe`-

pgtftfvc.

Gk ac cotucafbcb, ga `croe bg rgngrgkofc pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk

prepugste per ac GNS@ cpgkcs rgoeig gag`gktes qug pgr`ftck

vcaercr aes eutputs igkgrcbes (oeè ke sgck aes eutputs oeksfs-

tgktgs gk ac igkgrcofÿk bg kugves prebuotes y/e sgrvfofes), sfgkbe

per etre acbe bg tca ocafjrg ac gsoeackzc bg fkbfocbergs qug oek-

tfgkgk aes orftgrfes bg rgsuatcbe, qug rgsuatc nrckoc`gktg oe`paf-

ocbe dcogrsg ukc oe`pesfofÿk bg auicr bg ac sftucofÿk y, `ãs cýk,

fbgktfffiocr aàkgcs prferftcrfcs bg cotucofÿk qug pgr`ftck `gmercr

ga kfvga bg bgsg`pgóe caockzcbe.

9.2 Dcofc uk kugve sfstg`c bg `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk=

«tdg fkkevctfek-vcaug pctd¼ (ac sgkbc fkkevcofÿk-vcaer)

Wkc vgz qug dgès prgsgktcbe ga gstcbe bga crtg gk ae qug c `g-

bfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ga ã`jfte g`prgscrfca sg rgffigrg, c oek-

tfkucofÿk, trctcrgès bg prepekgr acs oacvgs bg uk kugve sfstg`c

bg `gbfofÿk qug, te`ckbe gk oeksfbgrcofÿk aes pfacrgs sejrg aes

qug sg sustgktc ga preogse bg orgcofÿk bg vcaer y igkgrcofÿk bg

vgktcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs sestgkfjags, trctg bg supgrcr acs bgffiofgkofcs

bg aes sfstg`cs prgvfc`gktg bgsorftes y pgr`ftc c acs g`prgscs







bfcikestfocr y igstfekcr su kfvga bg bgsg`pgóe gk ga ã`jfte bg ac

fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ukc pgrspgotfvc igkgrcafstc. Xugste qug ga sfstg-

`c prgtgkbg èstrcr ac sgkbc bgsbg ac fkkevcofÿk dcofc ac orgc-

ofÿk bg vcaer, su bgke`fkcofÿk sgrã tdg fkkevctfek vcaug-pctd, gs

bgofr, ac sgkbc fkkevcofÿk-vcaer (_ãgkz y Crc`juru, :838).

9.2.3 Xckerã`foc igkgrca

Rgkfgkbe gk ougktc qug, tca y oeè dgès rgoerbcbe gk ga cpcrtc-

be prgogbgktg y dgès gxpafocbe gk ga cpcrtcbe trgs bg gstg oc-

pàtuae, ac igkgrcofÿk bg vgktcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs burcbgrcs bgpgkbg

bga be`fkfe bg ocpcofbcbgs bfnàofa`gktg f`ftcjags y susogptfjags

bg igkgrcr vcaer c trcvæs bg ac oe`jfkcofÿk y erqugstcofÿk bg bfng-

rgktgs tfpes bg rgourses (tckte tckifjags oeè fktckifjags), ga sfs-

tg`c bg oektrea prepugste fkoauyg ouctre oacsgs bg oekstruotes=

3) Gk prf`gr auicr, aes rgacofekcbes oek aes bfstfktes rgourses

qug dcogk pesfjag ga preogse fkkevcber. Ctgkbfgkbe c ac aftg-

rcturc prepfc bga ã`jfte bg aes rgourses y ocpcofbcbgs y bga

ocpftca fktgagotuca, sek ofkoe acs octgieràcs c tgkgr gk ougk-

tc (@crr, _odfu`c y Kggay, :882< Xflg, Zees y @crr, :887<

@crr, :88>)= rgourses ffikckofgres, rgourses nàsfoes (gk gstg

ocse, gqufpc`fgkte tgokeaÿifoe), ocpftca du`cke, ocpftca gs-

truoturca y ocpftca rgacofekca. Aes rgourses ffikckofgres y nàsf-

oes pgrtgkgogk ca irupe bg aes rgourses tckifjags, `fgktrcs

qug ga ocpftca du`cke, ocpftca gstruoturca y ocpftca rgacofekca

oekstftuygk rgourses bg kcturcagzc fktckifjag (ocpftca fktgago-

tuca). Rgkfgkbe gk ougktc tckte ac bf`gksfÿk gstãtfoc oeè

ac bf`gksfÿk bfkã`foc bg aes `fsès (Xreygote @grftu`,

:88:), bgktre bg ocbc octgieràc sgràc kgogscrfe bfstfkiufr aes

sfiufgktgs fkbfocbergs=

c) Cqugaaes qug ùgstrck ac ocktfbcb bg rgourses bfspekf-

jags.

j) Aes qug pgr`ftgk gvcaucr ac ocafbcb bg tcags rgourses.

o) Aes qug pgr`ftgk gngotucr uk sgiuf`fgkte bg acs cotfvfbc-

bgs qug ac erickfzcofÿk aagvc c ocje oek ga ffik bg=

f) Cbqufrfr kugves rgourses.

ff) Cu`gktcr ac ocktfbcb bg aes rgourses bfspekfjags.

fff) @gmercr ac ocafbcb bg tcags rgourses.






:) Gk sgiukbe auicr, bgjgràck cócbfrsg acs bfngrgktgs bf`gk-

sfekgs (e ocpcofbcbgs bg prf`gr kfvga) qug oekffiiurck ac

`gtc-ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcr (Rggog, :889, :886). Rca y oeè

sg gxpafoÿ gk ga cpcrtcbe trgs bg gstg ocpàtuae, ga tær`fke «oc-

pcofbcb¼ sg rgffigrg c ac dcjfafbcb qug pesgg ac erickfzcofÿk

pcrc bgspagicr sus rgourses oek ga ffik bg caockzcr uk bgtgr-

`fkcbe prepÿsfte (Irckt, :884). Gk ga ocse pcrtfouacr bg ac

fkkevcofÿk, bg ae qug sg trctc gs bg oe`jfkcr y erqugstcr aes

rgourses bfspekfjags oek ga ffik bg igkgrcr kugves prebuotes

y/e sgrvfofes, kugves preogses, kugves `ætebes bg igstfÿk, e

kugves èbgaes bg kgieofe qug bgk auicr c ukc prepesfofÿk

bg vcaer supgrfer. Bg cougrbe oek ga gknequg bg acs ocpcof-

bcbgs bfkã`focs, sek trgs acs ocpcofbcbgs bg prf`gr kfvga c

tgkgr gk ougktc= (3) ac ocpcofbcb bg bgtgotcr (y bcr ner`c c)

epertukfbcbgs y c`gkczcs (gste gs, ac ocpcofbcb bg igkgrcr

kugvcs fbgcs)< ac ocpcofbcb bg cprevgodcr acs epertukfbcbgs

bgtgotcbcs (gs bgofr, ac ocpcofbcb bg sgagoofekcr y igstfekcr aes

preygotes bg fkkevcofÿk) y (?) ac ocpcofbcb bg trcksner`cr e

rgfkvgktcr ac g`prgsc gk ocse kgogscrfe (gste gs, ac ocpcof-

bcb bg ac erickfzcofÿk pcrc oc`jfcr). Xcrc ocbc ocpcofbcb bg

prf`gr kfvga (y tgkfgkbe gk ougktc, ukc vgz `ãs, tckte su bf-

`gksfÿk gstãtfoc oeè su bf`gksfÿk bfkã`foc), sg bgjgràck

oeksfbgrcr bes tfpes bg fkbfocbergs=

c) Cqugaaes qug bgsorfjgk ga ircbe bg gxogagkofc caockzcbe

gk ocbc ukc bg bfodcs ocpcofbcbgs (gs bgofr, cqugaaes qug

kes ùgstrck ae jugkc qug gs ac g`prgsc igkgrckbe kug-

vcs fbgcs, e sgagoofekckbe y gmgoutckbe preygotes bg fkke-

vcofÿk, e preogbfgkbe c trcksner`crsg c sà `fs`c gk

ocse kgogscrfe).

j) Cqugaaes rgacofekcbes oek acs fkfofctfvcs qug ac g`prgsc

pekg gk prãotfoc oek ga ffik bg `gmercr su kfvga bg bgsg`-

pgóe gk ocbc ukc bg tcags ocpcofbcbgs.

Cbfofekca`gktg, gk ga ocse pcrtfouacr bg ac ocpcofbcb bg prf-

`gr kfvga rgacofekcbc oek ac sgagoofÿk y gmgouofÿk bg preygo-

tes bg fkkevcofÿk, sg bgjgràc cócbfr uk tgrogr irupe bg fkbf-

ocbergs qug pgr`ftc gngotucr uk sgiuf`fgkte y gvcaucofÿk bg

ac ocrtgrc bg preygotes bg fkkevcofÿk bg ac g`prgsc.







Ga dgode bg bfspekgr bg fkbfocbergs qug pgr`ftck gvcaucr ga

ircbe bg gxogagkofc caockzcbe gk ocbc ukc bg acs bf`gksfekgs

qug oekffiiurck ac gtc-ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcr, gk auicr bg trc-

tcr bg fkngrfr æstc bg `ckgrc fkbfrgotc c pcrtfr bg aes eutputs

igkgrcbes per ga preogse fkkevcber, gs pcrtfouacr`gktg f`-

pertcktg, yc qug, bg etre èbe, sgràc ùy oe`pafocbe fbgk-

tfffiocr acs ocuscs bg ukes pejrgs rgsuatcbes gk aes kfvgags bg

eutput igkgrcbes.

?) Bg gstg èbe, ga tgrogr tfpe bg oekstruote dcog rgngrgkofc,

prgofsc`gktg, c aes bfstfktes tfpes bg eutput c aes qug pugbg

bcr auicr ga preogse fkkevcber= kugvcs pctgktgs (gk rgcafbcb,

æstg oekstftuyg uk eutput bg ocrãotgr fktgr`gbfe), prebuotes

y/e sgrvfofes kugves e `gmercbes, preogses kugves e `gme-

rcbes, kugves `ætebes bg erickfzcofÿk e igstfÿk, kugves

`ætebes bg `crlgtfki, kugvcs gstrctgifcs y kugves èbgaes

bg kgieofe. Oek ga ffik bg gvcaucr aes eutputs ejtgkfbes, sg

bgjgràck tgkgr gk ougktc trgs cspgotes=

c) Ac ocktfbcb bg eutput ejtgkfbe.

j) Ac ocafbcb bg bfode eutput.

o) Aes kfvgags bg prebuotfvfbcb y gffiofgkofc caockzcbes gk ga

preogse bg ejtgkofÿk.

2) Xcrc tgr`fkcr, ga ýatfè oekstruote bga sfstg`c gstcràc gkne-

ocbe c gvcaucr ga f`pcote bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ac orgcofÿk bg

vcaer y gk ac pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc bg ac g`prgsc, g fkoause gk

ac prepfc seofgbcb.

Ac Nfiurc 7 rgsu`g ac crquftgoturc bga sfstg`c prepugste.






Nfiurc 7 Ac sgkbc fkkevcofÿk-vcaer ‟ Crquftgoturc bga sfstg`c

Wkc vgz gsjezcbc ac crquftgoturc igkgrca, gk aes prÿxfès cpcr-

tcbes preogbgrgès c enrgogr erfgktcofekgs gspgoàffiocs sejrg ga

oektgkfbe bg ocbc jaequg bg `gbfofÿk.

9.2.: Zgourses ffikckofgres

Aes rgourses ffikckofgres oekstftuygk ga prf`gr oekstruote c tgkgr

gk ougktc bgktre bg ac octgieràc «rgourses¼.

Aes fkbfocbergs bg gstg cpcrtcbe bgjgràck estrcrkes, gk prf-

`gr auicr, ga veau`gk bg ffikckofcofÿk fktgrkc bgstfkcbe ca ã`jfte

bg ac fkkevcofÿk, csà oeè ga veau`gk bg cyubcs ejtgkfbe oek ga

ffik bg cpeycr acs cotfvfbcbgs bg fkkevcofÿk bg ac g`prgsc. Gk c`-

jes ocses (ffikckofcofÿk fktgrkc y cyubcs rgofjfbcs), bgjgràc rgg-

mcrsg ga f`pertg tetca oerrgspekbfgktg, csà oeè ga perogktcmg qug

oerrgspekbg c ocbc tfpe bg ffikckofcofÿk, sejrg ga tetca bg nekbes

bfspekfjags. Cbg`ãs, gk ga ocse pcrtfouacr bg acs cyubcs rgofjfbcs,

sgràc oekvgkfgktg rggmcr su f`pertg bgsiaescbe sgiýk cigktg ffi-

kckofcber y preirc`c gspgoàffioe. Cbfofekca`gktg (tckte pcrc ac

ffikckofcofÿk fktgrkc, oeè pcrc ac ffikckofcofÿk gxtgrkc y pcrc ga








oekmukte bg c`jcs), bgjgràc `gbfrsg ac fktgksfbcb bga gsnugrze

ffikckofgre rgcafzcbe, tckte rgspgote ca veau`gk bg ncoturcofÿk ej-

tgkfbe, oeè rgspgote ca veau`gk bg jgkgffiofe caockzcbe.

Aes fkbfocbergs `gkofekcbes dcstc ga è`gkte rggmcràck

ga veau`gk bg rgourses ffikckofgres bg aes qug bfspekg ac g`prgsc

pcrc pebgr fkkevcr. Gk ga ocse pcrtfouacr bg acs cyubcs gxtgrkcs,

pebràck cócbfrsg tc`jfæk fkbfocbergs cbfofekcags qug trctgk bg

rggmcr ac ocafbcb (e `ãs jfgk gffiocofc) bga preogse bg ejtgkofÿk

bg nekbes. Xer gmg`pae, pebràcès ocaouacr ga perogktcmg qug

supekgk acs ocktfbcbgs ejtgkfbcs nrgktg c acs seafoftcbcs, ae qug

oekstftuyg ukc fkner`cofÿk rgca`gktg nãofa bg ejtgkgr.

Nfkca`gktg, bg cougrbe oek ac crquftgoturc igkgrca bga sfs-

tg`c qug dgès gxpugste, bgjgràc fkoaufrsg uk tgrogr irupe bg

fkbfocbergs erfgktcbe c pgr`ftfr ac gvcaucofÿk y sgiuf`fgkte bg

cqugaacs cotfvfbcbgs qug ac g`prgsc pugbc aagvcr c ocje oek ga ffik

bg cbqufrfr kugves rgourses, cu`gktcr ac ocktfbcb bg aes rgourses

gxfstgktgs, e `gmercr ac ocafbcb bg aes `fsès. Gk gstg ocse, tcags

cotfvfbcbgs iucrbcràck rgacofÿk oek ac vfifackofc bg acs oekveoc-

terfcs bg cyubcs qug surigk e qug gstãk prgvfstcs qug surmck, oek

ac jýsqugbc cotfvc bg cafcbes pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk y oek ac `gmerc

bg acs ocpcofbcbgs kgogscrfcs pcrc ac prgpcrcofÿk ãifa y gngotfvc bg

aes bessfgrs bg ffikckofcofÿk.

9.2.? Gqufpc`fgkte tgokeaÿifoe

Ga gqufpc`fgkte tgokeaÿifoe sg rgffigrg c cqugaaes rgourses bg kc-

turcagzc nàsfoc qug ac g`prgsc utfafzc pcrc aagvcr c ocje sus cotfvf-

bcbgs bg fkkevcofÿk= fkstcacofekgs bg acjercterfe, jckoes bg gk-

scye, gqufpc`fgkte fkner`ãtfoe, gto. Cukqug, gk sgktfbe gstrfote,

sek rgourses fktckifjags, aes preirc`cs bg sentwcrg g`pagcbes gk

ga ã`jfte bg ac fkkevcofÿk tc`jfæk sg fkoaufràck gk gstg cpcrtc-

be.

Bg cougrbe oek ac gstruoturc bg oektgkfbe prepugstc pcrc

aes oekstruotes bg rgourses, gk prf`gr auicr, bgffikfràcès uk jae-

qug bg fkbfocbergs qug rggmcrc ga veau`gk bg fkvgrsfÿk rgcafzcbe

gk aes bfngrgktgs tfpes bg gqufpc`fgkte tgokeaÿifoe, c ac vgz qug

tc`jfæk pebràc sgr fktgrgscktg cócbfr uk fkvgktcrfe bg aes bfstfk-

tes gag`gktes bfspekfjags.






Xestgrfer`gktg, oek ga ffik bg gvcaucr ac ocafbcb bga gqufpc`fgk-

te oek ga qug ougktc ac g`prgsc, pebràck oeksfbgrcrsg bfngrgktgs

cspgotes, oeè per gmg`pae= su cktfiñgbcb `gbfc, su ircbe bg

cbgoucofÿk c acs kgogsfbcbgs gxfstgktgs, aes ocses gk aes qug gk ga

`grocbe gxfstgk seauofekgs `ãs cvckzcbcs y ga f`pcote bg ac ke

bfspekfjfafbcb bg tcags seauofekgs gk ac erickfzcofÿk.

Gk ouckte c acs cotfvfbcbgs qug ac g`prgsc pugbg aagvcr c ocje

oek ga ffik bg `gmercr aes rgourses bfspekfjags gk gstg cpcrtcbe

(y qug bgjgràck bcr auicr c ac bgffikfofÿk bg aes oerrgspekbfgk-

tgs fkbfocbergs), æstcs iucrbcràck rgacofÿk oek ac vfifackofc bg acs

kevgbcbgs qug surigk gk ga `grocbe< oek ac gvcaucofÿk bga ircbe

bg fktgræs y utfafbcb bg bfodcs kevgbcbgs< oek ga bgscrreaae bg fkf-

ofctfvcs qug trctgk bg pesfjfaftcr ac ejtgkofÿk bga `ãxfè rgkbf-

`fgkte bg aes gqufpc`fgktes bfspekfjags< y oek ga bgscrreaae bg

cqugaacs etrcs qug trctgk bg cifafzcr ac cbcptcofÿk bg aes usucrfes

c aes kugves gqufpc`fgktes.

9.2.2 Ocpftca du`cke

Ga ocpftca du`cke oekstftuyg ga prf`gr rgourse bg kcturcagzc fk-

tckifjag sejrg ga qug sg cpeyc ac g`prgsc pcrc aagvcr c ocje sus co-

tfvfbcbgs bg fkkevcofÿk. Oe`prgkbg acs dcjfafbcbgs y ga oekeof-

`fgkte bg sus g`pagcbes, su lkew-dew y gxpgrfgkofc gk ã`jftes

gspgoàffioes, acs cptftubgs y cotftubgs qug æstes pesggk, csà oeè su

kfvga bg ètfvcofÿk y oe`pre`fse.

Aes fkbfocbergs qug dcjftuca`gktg sg utfafzck pcrc `gbfr aes

rgourses bfspekfjags gk gstg cpcrtcbe fkoauygk= ga k½ bg pgrsekcs

qug bgsg`pgóck su acjer gk ga ã`jfte bg ac fkkevcofÿk, tckte

gk ofnrcs cjseautcs oeè gk gqufvcagkofc c merkcbc oe`pagtc, y

bgsiaescbe per octgieràcs< ga perogktcmg bg g`pagcbes (bg kugve,

tckte gk ofnrcs cjseautcs oeè gk gqufvcagkofc c merkcbc oe`pag-

tc) qug trcjcmc gk ga ã`jfte bg ac fkkevcofÿk< y ac rctfe bg pgrsekca

bg cpeye per fkvgstficber, gk gqufvcagkofc c merkcbc oe`pagtc.

Xer etrc pcrtg, fkbfocbergs erfgktcbes c gbfr ga kfvga bg ner-

`cofÿk bg acs pgrsekcs qug trcjcmck gk gstg oc`pe (oeè per

gmg`pae, ga k½ bg beotergs oek ga qug ougktc ac g`prgsc), su kfvga

bg gxpgrfgkofc gk bfode ã`jfte, y su ircbe bg bfvgrsfbcb gk tær-

`fkes bg gbcb, sgxe, ner`cofÿk y gxpgrfgkofc prgvfc oektrfjuygk







tc`jfæk c bgsorfjfr aes rgourses bfspekfjags y c rgcafzcr ukc prf-

`grc gvcaucofÿk bg ac ocafbcb bg aes `fsès.

Cbfofekca`gktg, ga k½ bg prg`fes y bfstfkofekgs ejtgkfbes

per ga pgrsekca fkvgstficber bg ac g`prgsc, ga k½ bg fkvftcofekgs

rgofjfbe per pcrtg bg bfode pgrsekca pcrc fktgrvgkfr gk neres gs-

pgofcafzcbes, ga k½ bg pujafocofekgs rgcafzcbcs y ga k½ bg oekngrgk-

ofcs prekukofcbcs oekstftuygk tc`jfæk jugkes fkbfocbergs pcrc

trctcr bg `gbfr ac ocafbcb bga pgrsekca fkvgstficber, sf jfgk bfodc

gvcaucofÿk bgjgràc oe`pagtcrsg oek uk ckãafsfs rgiuacr bg sus

oe`pgtgkofcs (oekeof`fgktes y dcjfafbcbgs) gk gstg ã`jfte.

Zgspgote c acs cotfvfbcbgs qug ac g`prgsc pugbg aagvcr c ocje

pcrc fkorg`gktcr aes rgourses bfspekfjags y `gmercr ac ocafbcb bg

aes `fsès (y qug, per ae tckte, bgjgràck bcr auicr tc`jfæk c

ac bgffikfofÿk bg aes fkbfocbergs oerrgspekbfgktgs), gk gstg ocse,

pebràcès oftcr= ac bgffikfofÿk bg peaàtfocs bg sgagoofÿk bg pgrse-

kca cprepfcbcs, ac bgffikfofÿk bg packgs bg bgscrreaae prengsfekca

ctrcotfves, ac rgcafzcofÿk bg cotfvfbcbgs bg ner`cofÿk fktgrkc y

gxtgrkc, ac rgcafzcofÿk bg gstckofcs gk ogktres bg fkvgstficofÿk bg

rgoekeofbe prgstfife, ac pcrtfofpcofÿk gk oekirgses y ngrfcs, y ga

ne`gkte bga oektcote gstrgode oek aes oafgktgs.

Cbfofekca`gktg, dcjràc qug oektg`pacr cqugaacs cotfvfbcbgs

erfgktcbcs c `gmercr ga oe`pre`fse y ac ètfvcofÿk bga pgrsekca

qug trcjcmc gk ga ã`jfte bg ac fkkevcofÿk, yc qug c`jes gag`gk-

tes oekstftuygk uk rgqufsfte jãsfoe bg ocrc c icrcktfzcr uk kfvga

bg bgsg`pgóe cbgoucbe.

9.2.7 Ocpftca gstruoturca

Ga ocpftca gstruoturca e «gstruoturc fktgrkc¼ oekstftuyg ga sgiuk-

be jaequg bg rgourses bg kcturcagzc fktckifjag c tgkgr gk ougk-

tc. Oeè dgès vfste, sg rgffigrg ca oekeof`fgkte y bg`ãs cotfves

bg kcturcagzc fktckifjag bgrfvcbes bg aes preogses bg coofÿk bg

ac g`prgsc, qug sek prepfgbcb bg æstc, y qug sg qugbck gk gaac

ouckbe acs pgrsekcs ac cjckbekck (OFO, :88?). Gk etrcs pcacjrcs,

oe`prgkbg ac ckgrc gk ac qug æstc sg gkougktrc gstruoturcbc, sus

preogses epgrctfves, sus umes bg fkner`cofÿk y jcsgs bg bctes, su

gstfae bg bfrgoofÿk y afbgrczie, su ouaturc y sfstg`c bg fkogktfves,

csà oeè sus bgrgodes bg prepfgbcb fktgagotuca (@crr, :88>).






Xer ae tckte, ga prf`gr prepÿsfte bg gstg cpcrtcbe bgjgràc oeksfstfr

gk gvcaucr ga ircbe bg oekeof`fgkte rgagvcktg qug ac g`prgsc pe-

sgg c gngotes bg aagvcr c ocje su cotfvfbcb bg fkkevcofÿk. @gbfcktg

ga use bg ukc sgrfg bg fkbfocbergs jcscbes gk gsocacs, ac g`prgsc

pebràc gvcaucr dcstc quæ pukte pesgg uk jugk oekeof`fgkte (tck-

te gk tær`fkes bg ocktfbcb oeè bg ocafbcb) bg= ac pesfofÿk qug

eoupc gk ga `grocbe< ga oe`pertc`fgkte bg aes oe`pgtfbergs<

acs kevgbcbgs qug sg prebuogk gk ga sgoter< acs kgogsfbcbgs bg aes

oafgktgs< aes prevggbergs bg fksuès y bfstrfjufbergs< ac gveauofÿk

tgokeaÿifoc bg aes su`fkfstrcbergs bg prebuotes e sgrvfofes oe`-

pag`gktcrfes< ac agifsacofÿk gk vfier< acs nugktgs bg ffikckofcofÿk c

su caockog< acs cyubcs pýjafocs bfspekfjags< acs pesfjfafbcbgs qug

enrgogk acs cseofcofekgs sgoterfcags< y ac engrtc bg aes ogktres bg

cpeye c ac fkvgstficofÿk (ukfvgrsfbcbgs, ogktres tgokeaÿifoes y

etres fkstftutes bg fkvgstficofÿk), c èbe bg gmg`pae.

Cbfofekca`gktg, bgjgràc aagvcr c ocje uk ckãafsfs bga vcaer

cseofcbe c aes bgrgodes bg prepfgbcb fktgagotuca bg aes qug gs tf-

tuacr= µAc ocrtgrc bg pctgktgs gs gstrctæifoc`gktg rgagvcktg5 µBg

quæ `ckgrcs pebràc gxpaetcrsg5 µSuæ fkirgses pebràc igkgrcr5

@ãs cýk= µGa oekeof`fgkte oacvg/gstrctæifoe bg ac erickfzcofÿk sg

gkougktrc cbgoucbc`gktg pretgifbe5

Xer etrc pcrtg, tgkfgkbe gk ougktc qug ac fkkevcofÿk f`pafoc

kugvcs oe`jfkcofekgs bg oekeof`fgkte prgvfc`gktg gxfstgktg

(Gfsgkdcrbt y @crtfk, :888< Agfpekgk, :88>), sg bgjgràc gvcaucr

dcstc quæ pukte sg be`fkck bfngrgktgs tfpes bg dcjfafbcbgs rg-

acofekcbcs oek ac igstfÿk bga oekeof`fgkte, oeè per gmg`pae=

ac dcjfafbcb bg cbqufrfr oekeof`fgkte gxtgrke qug ke sg pesgg

(y qug oeksfbgrc sg oacvg) g fktgircrae gk ac erickfzcofÿk< e ac

dcjfafbcb bg trcksngrfr y rgutfafzcr oekeof`fgkte gktrg bfngrgktgs

preygotes bg fkkevcofÿk y gqufpes bg fkvgstficofÿk.

Gk ouckte c acs cotfvfbcbgs rgacofekcbcs oek ac cbqufsfofÿk

y igkgrcofÿk bg kugve oekeof`fgkte dcog rgngrgkofc, sg pebràck

gvcaucr aes sfiufgktgs cspgotes= ga ircbe gk qug sg preogbg c

beou`gktcr oekeof`fgkte rgagvcktg oek ga ffik bg ke tgkgr qug

rgfkvgktcr ac rugbc gk ocbc eocsfÿk< ga ircbe bg oeepgrcofÿk bga

pgrsekca bg ac erickfzcofÿk c ac derc bg beou`gktcr bfode oe-

keof`fgkte< ga ircbe bg use bg aes rgpesfterfes bg oekeof`fgkte







bfspekfjags (jcsgs bg bctes, jfjafetgoc tæokfoc bg preygotes, ru-

tfkcs y preogbf`fgktes gsorftes)< ga ircbe bg f`packtcofÿk bg bf-

ngrgktgs fkfofctfvcs erfgktcbcs c preèvgr ga fktgroc`jfe bg oe-

keof`fgkte gktrg acs pgrsekcs (tckte cqugaacs qug sg jcsck gk ga

use bg acs tgokeaeiàcs bg ac fkner`cofÿk y oeùkfocofÿk, oeè

cqugaacs qug trctck bg ne`gktcr ac fktgrcoofÿk pgrsekca gktrg

fkbfvfbues)< y ga ircbe bg f`packtcofÿk bg bfngrgktgs fkfofctfvcs

erfgktcbcs c ac cbqufsfofÿk y cjserofÿk bg oekeof`fgkte gxtgrke

rgagvcktg.

Ca `crigk bg aes bfngrgktgs cspgotes rgacofekcbes oek ga oe-

keof`fgkte erickfzctfve qug dgès oftcbe, etrc ougstfÿk oacvg c

oeksfbgrcr bgktre bga ocpftca gstruoturca (bgjfbe c su petgkofca

f`pcote gk ac fkkevcofÿk) gs ac ouaturc erickfzctfvc. Gk pcrtfou-

acr, bgjgràc trctcr bg gvcaucrsg dcstc quæ pukte gxfstg gk ac g`prg-

sc ukc ouaturc ncvergogberc bg ac fkkevcofÿk (gs bgofr, ukc ouatu-

rc bekbg ac oekffickzc, ac trckspcrgkofc, ac oeepgrcofÿk y cyubc

ùtuc, ac gxfstgkofc bg ukc `gktcafbcb cjfgrtc, ac prepgksfÿk ca

rfgsie, ac c`jfofÿk y ac teagrckofc ca nrcocse sgck vcaergs be`f-

kcktgs) y dcstc quæ pukte sg aagvck c ocje bfstfktcs fkfofctfvcs qug

trctgk bg ne`gktcr bfodc ouaturc.

Cbfofekca`gktg, ga ocpftca gstruoturca oekstftuyg ga cpcrtcbe

cbgoucbe gk ga qug gvcaucr ac gstrctgifc bg ac g`prgsc gk `ctgrfc

bg fkkevcofÿk y su ircbe bg oedgrgkofc oek ac gstrctgifc bg kg-

ieofe, csà oeè ga ircbe bg oekeof`fgkte bg bfodc gstrctgifc per

pcrtg bg aes `fg`jres bg ac g`prgsc y ac vfsfjfafbcb bga oe`pre-

`fse bg ac bfrgoofÿk oek ac `fs`c.

9.2.> Ocpftca rgacofekca

Ga ocpftca rgacofekca oekstftuyg ga ýatfè oekstruote bgktre bg ac

octgieràc bg «rgourses¼ y oe`prgkbg tebcs cqugaacs cotfvfbcbgs y

rgourses bg kcturcagzc fktckifjag bgrfvcbes bg acs rgacofekgs qug

ac g`prgsc cktfgkg oek bfngrgktgs irupes bg fktgræs.

Bgsbg ukc pgrspgotfvc bg fkkevcofÿk, bg ae qug sg trctc cquà

gs bg gvcaucr dcstc quæ pukte ac erickfzcofÿk ougktc oek ukc rgb

gxtgrkc qug cpeyg y oe`pag`gktg su gsnugrze fkkevcber. Xer ae

tckte, aes fkbfocbergs sgagoofekcbes bgjgràck èstrcrkes ga k½

bg cougrbes bg oeepgrcofÿk gstcjagofbes oek bfngrgktgs tfpes bg






cigktgs (tckte bg ocrãotgr puktuca oeè bg ocrãotgr pgr`ckgk-

tg), ga k½ y perogktcmg bg preygotes bg oeepgrcofÿk rgcafzcbes gk

oeepgrcofÿk oek tgrogres, y ga k½ y perogktcmg bg preygotes rgcaf-

zcbes gk ræif`gk bg fkkevcofÿk cjfgrtc.

_fk g`jcrie, ke seac`gktg bgjgràc `gbfrsg ac bf`gksfÿk bg

ac rgb bg fkkevcofÿk. Rca y oeè suogbg oek aes rgstcktgs rgour-

ses, bgjgràc gvcaucrsg tc`jfæk ac ocafbcb bg ac `fs`c. Xcrc gaae,

pebràck utfafzcrsg bfngrgktgs fkbfocbergs jcscbes gk gsocacs qug

trctcrck bg gvcaucr bfstfktes ctrfjutes rgacofekcbes oek ga trcjcme

gk rgb, oeè per gmg`pae= ga ircbe bg packfffiocofÿk gxfstgktg, ga

ircbe bg oeerbfkcofÿk caockzcbe, ac `gtebeaeiàc bg trcjcme g`-

pagcbc, ga kfvga bg oe`pre`fse bg aes cigktgs fkveauorcbes, ac oe-

ùkfocofÿk gktrg aes bfngrgktgs pcrtfofpcktgs, ga sgiuf`fgkte bg

acs cotfvfbcbgs aagvcbcs c ocje, ac gvcaucofÿk bga trcjcme rgcafzcbe

y ac sctfsncoofÿk iaejca oek ga rgsuatcbe ejtgkfbe.

Csf`fsè, bgjgràc cócbfrsg etre irupe bg fkbfocbergs qug

`fbfgrc ga ircbe bg cvckog gk ac f`packtcofÿk bg bfngrgktgs fkf-

ofctfvcs qug ac g`prgsc pebràc pekgr gk prãotfoc oek ga ffik bg c`-

pafcr su rgb bg fkkevcofÿk, e oek ga ffik bg `gmercr ac ocafbcb bga

trcjcme gk rgb.

9.2.9 Igkgrcofÿk bg kugvcs fbgcs

_g trctc bg ac prf`grc bf`gksfÿk c tgkgr gk ougktc bgktre bg ac

ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk. Rca y oeè vfès ca gxpafocr ga gknequg

bg acs ocpcofbcbgs bfkã`focs, oeksfstg gk fbgktfffiocr (y bcr ner`c

c) epertukfbcbgs y c`gkczcs qug bgk auicr c kugvcs pesfjfafbc-

bgs bg fkkevcofÿk.

Ga kfvga bg bgsg`pgóe caockzcbe gk gstg cpcrtcbe pebràc g-

bfrsg c trcvæs bga k½ bg kugvcs epertukfbcbgs bg fkkevcofÿk fbgk-

tfffiocbcs, oacsfffiocbcs bg cougrbe oek bfngrgktgs orftgrfes= per tfpe

e kcturcagzc bg ac fkkevcofÿk (prebuote, preogse, fkkevcofÿk ke

tgokeaÿifoc, e ukc `gzoac bg acs cktgrfergs), per ãrgc tgokeaÿifoc

(sf gs qug preogbg) y sgiýk ga ircbe bg rcbfocafbcb bg ac `fs`c

(fkkevcofÿk fkorg`gktca e rcbfoca).

Cbfofekca`gktg, ga ircbe bg orgctfvfbcb pebràc gbfrsg c trc-

væs bga k½ bg seauofekgs catgrkctfvcs qug ac oe`pcóàc gs ocpcz bg

fbgktfffiocr pcrc bcr rgspugstc c uk bgtgr`fkcbe prejag`c= ouckte







`cyer sgc æstg, `cyergs sgrãk acs pesfjfafbcbgs bg gagifr ac `gmer

catgrkctfvc.

Xer etrc pcrtg, ca fiuca qug gk etres cpcrtcbes, bgjgràc cócbfr-

sg etre irupe bg fkbfocbergs qug rggmg ga ircbe bg f`packtcofÿk

bg cqugaacs fkfofctfvcs qug ac g`prgsc bgofbc pekgr gk prãotfoc

pcrc `gmercr sus rgsuatcbes gk gstc bf`gksfÿk.

9.2.4 _gagoofÿk y igstfÿk bg preygotes

Oekstftuyg ac sgiukbc ocpcofbcb bg prf`gr kfvga c tgkgr gk ougk-

tc y oeksfstg gk ga cprevgodc`fgkte bg acs epertukfbcbgs prgvfc-

`gktg fbgktfffiocbcs.

Ke tebcs acs epertukfbcbgs bg fkkevcofÿk qug sg dck bgtgo-

tcbe aagick c ac ncsg bg bgscrreaae. Bgjfbe c qug aes rgourses sek

af`ftcbes, sg bgjg aagvcr c ocje uk preogse bg sgagoofÿk qug fbgk-

tfffiqug cqugaacs qug prgsgktck cyer petgkofca. Gk oeksgougkofc,

bgjgràc bgffikfrsg uk prf`gr irupe bg fkbfocbergs qug trctg bg

gvcaucr ga ircbe bg gngotfvfbcb bg bfode preogse= gs bgofr, ga ircbe

bg cifafbcb y ocafbcb bg aes preogbf`fgktes gstcjagofbes pcrc ac

cprejcofÿk bg fkvgrsfekgs gk `ctgrfc bg fkkevcofÿk, y ga ircbe

bg dcjfafbcb qug prgsgktc ac g`prgsc c ac derc bg bfsogrkfr acs

`gmergs epertukfbcbgs.

Wkc vgz qug uk bgtgr`fkcbe preygote dc sfbe cprejcbe, gk-

tekogs, oe`fgkzc ac gmgouofÿk bga `fsè. Ga kfvga bg bgsg`pgóe

caockzcbe gk gstg cpcrtcbe pebràc gvcaucrsg c trcvæs bga ckãafsfs

bg ac ocrtgrc bg preygotes bg fkkevcofÿk qug prgsgktc ac g`prgsc.

Xer ukc pcrtg, bgjgràck oeksfbgrcrsg aes preygotes qug dck sfbe

tgr`fkcbes (e cjckbekcbes) y, per etrc, aes qug sg gkougktrck

cýk gk ncsg bg bgscrreaae.

Gk ga prf`gr ocse, pebràcès `gbfr= ac tcsc bg oua`fkcofÿk

bg aes preygotes g`prgkbfbes (gs bgofr, ga k½ bg preygotes ffikcafzc-

bes, nrgktg c tebes cqugaaes qug nugrek fkfofcbes)< ga ircbe bg cmus-

tg bg aes preygotes tgr`fkcbes c aes oestgs prgsupugstcbes y c aes

paczes gstcjagofbes< ga k½ bg prejag`cs fkgspgrcbes c aes qug duje

qug dcogr nrgktg c ae acrie bg su bgscrreaae< ga sejrgoestg igkgrcbe

per tcags prejag`cs< y ga f`pertg bg ac fkvgrsfÿk rgcafzcbc gk aes

preygotes cjckbekcbes. Gste ýatfè pebràc oe`pagtcrsg oek uk

ckãafsfs bg acs ocuscs qug dck oekbuofbe c tcags cjckbekes.






Gk ga ocse bg aes preygotes gk ourse, bgjgràc ncofaftcrsg fkner`c-

ofÿk cotucafzcbc sejrg ga ircbe bg cvckog bg bfodes preygotes,

sejrg su ircbe bg vfcjfafbcb y sejrg ga tfg`pe gstf`cbe pcrc rgk-

tcjfafzcr aes `fsès. Cbfofekca`gktg, pebràck cócbfrsg vcrfes bg

aes fkbfocbergs yc gkofekcbes pcrc aes preygotes ffikcafzcbes. Gk

pcrtfouacr, cqugaaes qug iucrbck rgacofÿk oek aes prejag`cs f`-

prgvfstes c aes qug dc dcjfbe qug bcr rgspugstc y aes sejrgoestgs

qug æstes preveock, csà oeè aes rgngrgktgs ca ircbe bg cmustg ca

prgsupugste y c aes paczes gstcjagofbes.

Xer ýatfè, bgjgràcès oeksfbgrcr uk ýatfè irupe bg fkbf-

ocbergs qug cyubg c gngotucr ga sgiuf`fgkte bg cqugaacs fkfofctfvcs

qug ac g`prgsc bgofbc g`prgkbgr pcrc gmercr su kfvga bg bgsg`-

pgóe gk gstg cpcrtcbe. Xer gmg`pae, fkfofctfvcs erfgktcbcs c `gme-

rcr aes preogbf`fgktes bg sgagoofÿk y cprejcofÿk bg fkvgrsfekgs< e

c gmercr ac oeerbfkcofÿk gktrg aes bfngrgktgs bgpcrtc`gktes qug

fktgrvfgkgk gk ga preogse bg bgscrreaae< e c bgtgotcr prejag`cs gk

ncsgs tg`prckcs< e c ncofaftcr ac rggxfÿk y ga cprgkbfzcmg gk terke

c aes preygotes yc ffikcafzcbes.

9.2.6 Ocpcofbcb bg oc`jfe

Gstc gs ac ýatf`c ocpcofbcb bg prf`gr kfvga qug oekffiiurc ac gtc-

ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk. _g rgffigrg c ac dcjfafbcb qug prgsgktc ac

g`prgsc pcrc trcksner`crsg y rgfkvgktcrsg c sà fs`c, y ke erfr

bg æxfte.

@gbfcktg ga g`page bg fkbfocbergs jcscbes gk gsocacs, ac g`-

prgsc bgjgràc trctcr bg gvcaucr su ocpcofbcb bg ougstfekc`fgk-

te< bg bgscprgkbgr vfgmcs orggkofcs y bgsdcogrsg bg cktfiucs oes-

tu`jrgs< bg supgrcr acs rgsfstgkofcs ca oc`jfe< bg fkveauorcr c acs

pgrsekcs gk acs trcksner`cofekgs c aagvcr c ocje< bg cprevgodcr

epertukfbcbgs fkgspgrcbcs< bg coe`gtgr oc`jfes qug ke gstcjck

fkfofca`gktg prgvfstes< y bg cbeptcr seauofekgs brãstfocs y rãpfbcs

ouckbe ac sftucofÿk ae rgqufgrg.

Csf`fsè, ca fiuca qug gk acs bg`ãs bf`gksfekgs bg ac ocpc-

ofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk, sg bgjgràck cócbfr kugves fkbfocbergs qug

pgr`ftfgrck gvcaucr ga ircbe bg f`packtcofÿk bg bfngrgktgs fkf-

ofctfvcs pugstcs gk `crodc oek ga ffik bg `gmercr ac sftucofÿk gk

gstg cpcrtcbe.







9.2.38 Eutputs

Wkc vgz gvcaucbc ocbc ukc bg acs bf`gksfekgs qug oekffiiurck ac

`gtc-ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcr (gste gs, ga kfvga bg bgsg`pgóe caock-

zcbe gk ocbc ukc bg acs ocpcofbcbgs `ãs sf`pags qug oekffiiurck

ac `fs`c), bg ae qug sg trctc cderc gs bg gvcaucr aes eutputs bg

fkkevcofÿk igkgrcbes.

Gk gstg sgktfbe, acs pctgktgs oekstftuygk ga prf`gr tfpe bg

eutput c tgkgr gk ougktc. Cbg`ãs bg rgoeigr ga k½ bg pctgktgs

ejtgkfbe burcktg uk bgtgr`fkcbe pgràebe bg tfg`pe y ga k½ bg

gaacs qug sg gkougktrc gk ncsg bg ejtgkofÿk, bgjgràcès trctcr bg

gvcaucr tc`jfæk ga ircbe bg gffiofgkofc caockzcbe gk ga preogse bg

oeksgouofÿk bg acs `fs`cs (ocaouackbe pcrc gaae ga icste `gbfe

per pctgktg), csà oeè ac gffiofgkofc caockzcbc gk su preogse bg

`cktgkf`fgkte. Xer etrc pcrtg, ga fkirgse `gbfe per pctgktg kes

pgr`ftfràc gvcaucr bg `ckgrc sgkofaac ga kfvga bg prebuotfvfbcb

caockzcbe, `fgktrcs qug ga k½ `gbfe bg oftcs rgofjfbe per ocbc

pctgktg kes sgrvfràc pcrc gvcaucr su kfvga bg ocafbcb.

Gk ouckte ca rgste bg eutputs bg fkkevcofÿk sg rgffigrg (pre-

buotes y/e sgrvfofes kugves e `gmercbes, preogses kugves e `g-

mercbes, kugves `ætebes bg erickfzcofÿk, bg igstfÿk e bg `cr-

lgtfki, kugvcs gstrctgifcs y kugves èbgaes bg kgieofe), ukc vgz

`ãs, sg trctcràc bg rggmcr ga k½ bg gaaes qug dc sfbe igkgrcbe bu-

rcktg uk bgtgr`fkcbe pgràebe bg tfg`pe, csà oeè cqugaaes qug

cýk sg gkougktrck gk ncsg bg fktrebuoofÿk. Gk ae qug c su ocafbcb

sg rgffigrg, æstc bgjgràc ckcafzcrsg gk tær`fkes bga prejag`c gspg-

oàffioe ca qug ac fkkevcofÿk prgtgkbg bcr rgspugstc, e gk tær`fkes

bga bgscnàe oekorgte qug prgtgkbg cnrektcr (per gmg`pae, rgbuofr

ga tfg`pe bg su`fkfstre ca oafgktg, e `gmercr ac nukofekcafbcb bga

prebuote). Gs bgofr, bgjgràc gvcaucrsg ga ircbe bg gxogagkofc oek

ga qug ac fkkevcofÿk gk ougstfÿk sctfsncog acs gspgofffiocofekgs tæo-

kfocs e bg oektgkfbe prgvfc`gktg gstcjagofbcs. Xer ae tckte, sg

trctcràc bg `gbfbcs gspgoàffiocs pcrc ocbc fkkevcofÿk.

Xer ýatfè, ac gvcaucofÿk bg ac prebuotfvfbcb y gffiofgkofc bg

gstg sgiukbe irupe bg eutputs seac`gktg tgkbràc sgktfbe gk ga

ocse bg ac fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc y, sejrg tebe, gk ga ocse bg acs

fkkevcofekgs bg prebuote y/e sgrvfofe. Ga icste `gbfe per pre-

buote e sgrvfofe kugve, y per prebuote e sgrvfofe `gmercbe kes






pgr`ftfràck gvcaucr ga kfvga bg gffiofgkofc, `fgktrcs qug ga fkirgse

`gbfe per gure bg icste (tckte gk ga ocse bg aes prebuotes e sgr-

vfofes kugves, oeè gk ga ocse bg cqugaaes qug dck sfbe `gmerc-

bes) kes pgr`ftfràck gvcaucr ga kfvga bg prebuotfvfbcb.

9.2.33 Igkgrcofÿk bg vcaer

Kes gkoektrcès per ffik cktg ga ýatfè oekstruote bga sfstg`c bg

`gbfofÿk, ouyc ffikcafbcb oeksfstg gk estrcrkes ga f`pcote bg acs

fkkevcofekgs bgscrreaacbcs gk ac orgcofÿk bg vcaer y, per gkbg, gk

ac pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc bg ac g`prgsc.

Ac igkgrcofÿk bg uk vcaer supgrfer `gbfcktg ac engrtc bg ukc

prepugstc ýkfoc y bfngrgkofcbc, qug sctfsncic `gmer acs kgogsfbc-

bgs bg aes usucrfes, e qug bæ rgspugstc c kgogsfbcbgs dcstc cderc

fksctfsngodcs, bgjgràc trcbuofrsg gk ukes `cyergs fkirgses y gk

ukc `cyer ouetc bg `grocbe, c ac vgz qug tc`jfæk pebràc bcr

coogse c kugves sgi`gktes bg oafgktgs, e c `grocbes oe`pagtc-

`gktg kugves, y pgr`ftfr ejtgkgr `ãrigkgs supgrfergs. Gk oeksg-

ougkofc, fkbfocbergs tcags oeè= ga k½ bg kugves oafgktgs c aes qug

sg dc coogbfbe, ga perogktcmg bg fkirgses preogbgktg bg prebuotes

e sgrvfofes kugves e gmercbes, e ac tcsc bg orgof`fgkte bg ac nco-

turcofÿk qug sg gkougktrc cseofcbc c tcags prebuotes e sgrvfofes

(e c uk kugve ebgae bg kgieofe), mukte oek ga crigk bg vgktcs

oerrgspekbfgktg, pebràck g`pagcrsg pcrc gvcaucr gstc ougstfÿk.

_fk g`jcrie, ga prejag`c rcbfoc gk ac fktgrrgacofÿk qug pugbg

gxfstfr gktrg vcrfes tfpes bg fkkevcofÿk, ae qug pugbg bfffiouatcr

bfstfkiufr ga f`pcote gspgoàffioe bg ocbc ukc bg gaacs. Xer gmg`pae,

ukc fkkevcofÿk bg prebuote pugbg vgkfr coe`pcócbc bg ukc fk-

kevcofÿk bg `crlgtfki, e fkoause bg ukc fkkevcofÿk bg èbgae

bg kgieofe. Ouckbe gste suogbg, ga irupe bg fkkevcofekgs fktg-

rrgacofekcbcs bgjgràc oeksfbgrcrsg oeè ukc ýkfoc fkkevcofÿk,

ouyc octgieràc gspgoàffioc vgkbràc bcbc per ac fkkevcofÿk be`f-

kcktg bgktre bga irupe.

Gk etrcs eocsfekgs, ac fkkevcofÿk bgscrreaacbc pugbg fkofbfr

gk ac pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc ircofcs c aes cderres bg oestgs qug pgr-

`ftg ejtgkgr, gk vfrtub bg ukc `cyer gffiofgkofc e bg ukc `cyer

gxfjfafbcb. Xer ae tckte, bgjgràck bgffikfrsg tc`jfæk aes fkbfocbe-

rgs qug pgr`ftfgrck oucktfffiocr tcags cderres.



:>8 F k b f o c b e r g s b g




Xcrc tgr`fkcr, ke dcjràc qug eavfbcr ga f`pcote qug ac fkkevcofÿk

pugbg tgkgr gk ac sestgkfjfafbcb y gk ac gmerc bga jfgkgstcr seofca

(gs bgofr, gk ac igkgrcofÿk bg vcaer pcrc ac prepfc seofgbcb), per

gmg`pae, ircofcs ca bgscrreaae bg seauofekgs `ãs rgspgtuescs oek

ga `gbfe c`jfgktg, qug rgbuzock acs g`fsfekgs bg cigktgs oektc-

`fkcktgs y qug pgr`ftck cderrcr gkgriàc.

9.2.3: Zgocpftuacofÿk ffikca

C tgker bg ae qug dgès vfste, ac sgkbc fkkevcofÿk-vcaer e fkke-

vctfek-vcaug pctd preperofekc c acs g`prgscs uk `croe oe`pagte

y oacrc`gktg gstruoturcbe bg ocrc c ac gvcaucofÿk bg ac fkkevc-

ofÿk y ga ckãafsfs bg su f`pcote gk ac orgcofÿk bg vcaer y gk ac

`gmerc bg ac pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc. Gk rgcafbcb, gs `ãs qug ukc

dgrrc`fgktc bg oektrea= oekstftuyg tc`jfæk ukc dgrrc`fgktc bg

igstfÿk y pfaetcmg bg ac fkkevcofÿk, yc qug preperofekc acs jcsgs

pcrc ga bgscrreaae (y cmustg) bg ukc gstrctgifc sÿafbc qug pgr`ftc c

acs g`prgscs `gmercr sus rgsuatcbes gk gstg ã`jfte.

Bg cougrbe oek ac aÿifoc bg orgcofÿk bg vcaer y igkgrcofÿk

bg vgktcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs prepfc bga pcrcbfi`c bg aes rgourses y

ocpcofbcbgs, ac sgkbc fkkevcofÿk-vcaer enrgog uk oe`pagte rgoe-

rrfbe c trcvæs bg tebes aes ncotergs rgagvcktgs c tgkgr gk ougktc

c ac derc bg aagvcr c ocje ukc igstfÿk gxftesc bg ac fkkevcofÿk.

Zgoeig tebe ga cjckfoe bg rgourses (tckte tckifjags oeè fktck-

ifjags) qug sek kgogscrfes pcrc gaae< oektg`pac ga sgiuf`fgkte bg

acs bfngrgktgs cotfvfbcbgs qug pugbgk aagvcrsg c ocje oek ga ffik bg

cbqufrfr kugves rgourses, fkorg`gktcr ac ocktfbcb bg aes rgour-

ses bfspekfjags e `gmercr su kfvga bg ocafbcb< ùgstrc ga kfvga bg

bgsg`pgóe caockzcbe gk ocbc ukc bg acs bf`gksfekgs e ocpcof-

bcbgs `ãs sf`pags qug oekffiiurck ac `gtc-ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcr

(igkgrcofÿk bg kugvcs fbgcs, sgagoofÿk y gmgouofÿk bg preygotes, y

igstfÿk bga oc`jfe)< pgr`ftg ga sgiuf`fgkte bg acs fkfofctfvcs qug

pugbck pekgrsg gk prãotfoc oek ga ffik bg `gmercr ga kfvga bg bgs-

g`pgóe gk ocbc ukc bg bfodcs ocpcofbcbgs< ùgstrc aes bfngrgk-

tgs tfpes bg eutput igkgrcbes per ga preogse fkkevcber, csà oeè

sus ctrfjutes bg ocafbcb, prebuotfvfbcb y gffiofgkofc< y, ffikca`gktg,

ùgstrc ga f`pcote bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ac igkgrcofÿk bg vcaer

y vgktcmcs oe`pgtftfvcs. Gk bgffikftfvc, ac dgrrc`fgktc prepugstc



:>3Ocpàtuae 2= Ac fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc g`prgscrfca F k b f o c b e r g s b g



enrgog ukc oe`pagtc demc bg rutc pcrc ac igstfÿk bg ac fkkevc-

ofÿk.

Gk gaac, ga gstcjagof`fgkte bg rgacofekgs ocusc-gngote gktrg aes

bfngrgktgs jaequgs bg fkbfocbergs rgsuatc ùy nãofa. Aes rgourses

oekstftuygk ac ctgrfc prf`c pcrc ga bgscrreaae bg ocbc ukc bg acs

ocpcofbcbgs bg prf`gr kfvga gk acs qug sg sujbfvfbg ac `gtc-oc-

pcofbcb bg fkkevcr. _fk g`jcrie, ocbc g`prgsc bgjg bgofbfr quæ

rgourses fktgrvfgkgk gk ocbc bf`gksfÿk y ouãa gs ac f`pertckofc

rgactfvc bg ocbc uke bg gaaes. Cbg`ãs, aes prepfes rgourses pug-

bgk gstcr fktgrrgacofekcbes. Xer gmg`pae, ga ocpftca rgacofekca pug-

bg oektrfjufr c `gmercr ac ocafbcb bga ocpftca du`cke, bga `fsè

èbe qug ofgrtes rgourses bg àkbeag gstruoturca pugbgk tgkgr

tc`jfæk su fkugkofc sejrg acs pgrsekcs (ac rgacofÿk fkvgrsc tc`-

jfæk gs pesfjag). Ga dgode bg bfspekgr bg jaequgs bfngrgkofcbes

pcrc ocbc tfpe bg rgourse (fkoause pebràck gstcjagogrsg bfvfsfekgs

`ãs ffikcs) y pcrc ocbc bf`gksfÿk bg ac ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk

pgr`ftg qug gstcs rgacofekgs pugbck rggmcrsg oek irck oeèbf-

bcb.

4. Bgsbg ac pgrspgotfvc `foregoekÿ`foc c ac pgrspgotfvc

`coregoekÿ`foc= suigrgkofcs pcrc ac `gbfofÿk bg

ac fkkevcofÿk g`prgscrfca bgsbg ukc pgrspgotfvc tgrrfterfca

Wkc vgz ckcafzcbe ga gstcbe bga crtg gk ae qug c ac `gbfofÿk bg

ac fkkevcofÿk gk ga ã`jfte bg ac g`prgsc sg rgffigrg, y ukc vgz su-

igrfbcs acs ocrcotgràstfocs qug bgjgràc tgkgr uk jugk sfstg`c bg

oektrea qug pgr`ftc bfcikestfocr y igstfekcr ga bgsg`pgóe bg ac

g`prgsc gk gstg cpcrtcbe, bg ae qug sg trctc cderc gs gstcjagogr acs

aàkgcs `cgstrcs c tgkgr gk ougktc c ac derc bg bfsgócr uk sfstg`c

bg fkbfocbergs qug pgr`ftc rgcafzcr ukc gvcaucofÿk y sgiuf`fgkte

bg ac fkkevcofÿk g`prgscrfca bgsbg ukc pgrspgotfvc tgrrfterfca.

Gk gstg ocse, ae qug sg prgtgkbg gs betcr c acs cuterfbcbgs bga

tgrrfterfe bg ukc dgrrc`fgktc qug pgr`ftc rgcafzcr uk bfcikÿstfoe

bga kfvga bg bgsg`pgóe caockzcbe per ga oekmukte bg g`prgscs

qug ner`ck pcrtg bga `fsè, y qug pgr`ftc oekeogr ac fkugk-

ofc bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ac igkgrcofÿk bg uk tgmfbe g`prgscrfca

ocbc vgz `ãs oe`pgtftfve, y ncvergogber bg `cyer sestgkfjfafbcb

y jfgkgstcr seofca. Cbfofekca`gktg, ga sfstg`c bg `gbfofÿk bgjg



:>: F k b f o c b e r g s b g




pgr`ftfr gstcjagogr oe`pcrcofekgs oek etres tgrrfterfes, g fbgktf-

ffiocr vàcs bg `gmerc bg aes rgsuatcbes caockzcbes= gs bgofr, aàkgcs

bg cotucofÿk peaàtfoc qug pgr`ftck aeircr ukc fkkevcofÿk `ãs

oe`pgtftfvc.

C bfngrgkofc bg ac `gbfofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ga ã`jfte

g`prgscrfca (bekbg acs dgrrc`fgktcs gxpugstcs gstãk erfgktcbcs c

pgr`ftfr tckte ga bfcikÿstfoe bg ac sftucofÿk gk `ctgrfc bg fkke-

vcofÿk, oeè ga «pfaetcmg¼ y igstfÿk bg ac `fs`c ‟ bg cdà ga pgse

oekogbfbe ca rggme y sgiuf`fgkte bg acs bfngrgktgs cotfvfbcbgs g

fkfofctfvcs qug ac g`prgsc pugbg pekgr gk prãotfoc pcrc trctcr bg

`gmercr su kfvga bg bgsg`pgóe gk gstg cpcrtcbe), gktgkbgès

qug, gk gstg ocse, ga ækncsfs rcbfoc, sejrg tebe, gk ga bfcikÿstfoe

bg ac sftucofÿk, prf`ckbe gk oeksgougkofc ac gstcjfafbcb bg aes

fkbfocbergs c ae acrie bga tfg`pe (bgjfbe c ac kgogsfbcb bg oektcr

oek ukc jugkc pgrspgotfvc gveautfvc), su ocrãotgr peafvcagktg pcrc

`ýatfpags erickfzcofekgs y su pesfjfafbcb bg oe`pcrcofÿk e jgk-

od`crlfki oek etres tgrrfterfes. Ae cktgrfer ke quftc, ke ejstcktg,

pcrc qug ofgrtc pcrtg bg aes fkbfocbergs pugbc tgkgr uk ocrãotgr

`ãs bfkã`foe, ctgkbfgkbe c fktgrgsgs puktucags qug pugbck prg-

sgktcr acs cuterfbcbgs bga tgrrfterfe.

Bfode gste, µquæ bgjgràc oektgkgr ga sfstg`c bg fkbfocbergs

qug pgr`ftfgrc oujrfr ac ffikcafbcb crrfjc fkbfocbc5 Gk aes prÿxf-

ès cpcrtcbes, preogbgrgès c gxpafocr kugstrc prepugstc. _f-

iufgkbe ukc aÿifoc sg`gmcktg c ac yc oe`gktcbc pcrc ac sgkbc fk-

kevcofÿk-vcaer, pgre oe`gkzckbe kugstrc gxpesfofÿk mustc`gktg

per ga gxtrgè oektrcrfe (gs bgofr, per ac `gtc ffikca c ac qug bgjg

oekbuofrkes ac fkkevcofÿk, y qug gk gstg ocse ke gs etrc qug ac

igkgrcofÿk bg uk tgmfbe g`prgscrfca ocbc vgz `ãs oe`pgtftfve, y

ncvergogber bg `cyer sestgkfjfafbcb y jfgkgstcr seofca), oe`gkzc-

rgès c bgsirckcr aes bfngrgktgs cpcrtcbes c tgkgr gk ougktc. Gk

ocbc uke bg gaaes, sgócacrgès acs ougstfekgs qug yc sg gkougk-

trck oujfgrtcs per ac cotuca gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc y

ac gkougstc bg cotfvfbcbgs bg fkvgstficofÿk ofgktàffioc y bgscrreaae

tgokeaÿifoe, y preogbgrgès c cpuktcr cqugaaes cspgotes gk aes

qug cýk gxfstgk aciukcs, y ac `ckgrc oekorgtc gk ac qug pebràck

rgseavgrsg.



:>?Ocpàtuae 2= Ac fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc g`prgscrfca F k b f o c b e r g s b g



4.3 F`pcote bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb,

ac sestgkfjfafbcb y ga jfgkgstcr seofca

Ga sfstg`c bg fkbfocbergs qug pgr`ftc rgcafzcr uk bfcikÿstfoe bg

ac fkkevcofÿk g`prgscrfca bgsbg ukc pgrspgotfvc tgrrfterfca bgjg

pgr`ftfr gvcaucr ga f`pcote bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb

bg acs g`prgscs y gk ac sestgkfjfafbcb y jfgkgstcr bga tgrrfterfe. Gs

bgofr, bg ae qug sg trctc gs bg gvcaucr sf acs g`prgscs qug fkkevck

prgsgktck ukc `gmer pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc y oektrfjuygk c ukc

seofgbcb `ãs sestgkfjag y oek `cyergs kfvgags bg jfgkgstcr y sf,

gngotfvc`gktg, bfodc fkkevcofÿk bc auicr c ac igkgrcofÿk bg ukc

prepugstc bg vcaer supgrfer.

Bgsbg kugstre pukte bg vfstc, ac gvcaucofÿk bg gstg ýatfè

cspgote oekstftuyg ukc ougstfÿk gspgofca`gktg f`pertcktg, yc

qug, tca y oeè cpuktãjcès gk cpcrtcbes prgogbgktgs, ac f`pe-

sfjfafbcb per pcrtg bg acs g`prgscs vcsocs bg oe`pgtfr gk oestgs

oek g`prgscs preogbgktgs bg pcàsgs g`grigktgs dcog f`prgsofk-

bfjag qug æstcs gveauofekgk dcofc uk tfpe bg engrtg `ãs oe`pagme

y seffistfocbe, oek uk gagvcbe oe`pekgktg bg sgrvfofe, agmes bg ac

gstckbcrfzcofÿk y bg aes prebuotes «oe`èbfty¼ y, gk bgffikftfvc,

susogptfjag bg igkgrcr cyer vcaer. Gk etrcs pcacjrcs, bg ae qug sg

trctc gs bg oe`prejcr sf ga sgiukbe irck preogse bg trcksner`c-

ofÿk bg ac goeke`àc vcsoc rgca`gktg tfgkg auicr.

Gk ac cotucafbcb, ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc cpaf-

ocbc per GW_RCR (gk oekoerbckofc oek acs bfrgotrfogs fktgrkc-

ofekcags gxfstgktgs ca rgspgote), rgoeig, pcrc acs fkkevcofekgs bg

ocrãotgr tgokeaÿifoe (prebuote y preogse), y pcrc bfngrgktgs fk-

kevcofekgs ke tgokeaÿifocs (gk oekorgte, fkkevcofekgs erickf-

zctfvcs g fkkevcofekgs bg oe`grofcafzcofÿk), sf acs fkkevcofekgs

fktrebuofbcs per acs g`prgscs gk aes cpcrtcbes `gkofekcbes dck

tgkfbe caiýk tfpe bg fkofbgkofc e ke gk bfngrgktgs cspgotes rgac-

ofekcbes oek ac gmerc bg ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb y ga fkorg`gkte bg ac

sestgkfjfafbcb y bga jfgkgstcr.

Gk ga ocse bg ac fkkevcofÿk bg prebuote, sg prgiuktc sf æstc dc

pesfjfaftcbe= ac engrtc bg ukc ic`c `ãs c`pafc bg jfgkgs e sgrvf-

ofes< ac sustftuofÿk bg prebuotes e sgrvfofes cktfoucbes< ac pgkgtrc-

ofÿk gk kugves `grocbes e `cyer ouetc bg `grocbe< y/e ukc `c-

yer ocafbcb bg aes jfgkgs e sgrvfofes. Xcrc ac fkkevcofÿk bg preogse,







aes gngotes oektg`pacbes sek= `cyer gxfjfafbcb gk ac prebuoofÿk

e ac prgstcofÿk bg sgrvfofes< `cyer ocpcofbcb bg prebuoofÿk e bg

prgstcofÿk bg sgrvfofes< `gkergs oestgs acjercags per ukfbcb pre-

buofbc< y `gkes `ctgrfcags y gkgriàc oeksu`fbc per ukfbcb ncjrf-

ocbc. Gstg ýatfè cspgote iucrbc `ãs rgacofÿk oek ga cpcrtcbe bg

sestgkfjfafbcb, ca fiuca qug ga `gker f`pcote `gbfec`jfgktca, e

ac `gmerc bg ac scaub acjerca (gk gstg ocse, `ãs aficbc ca jfgkgstcr),

qug cpcrgogk rgoeifbes gk ga cpcrtcbe bg «etres gngotes¼, gk ga qug

tc`jfæk sg oftc ga ou`paf`fgkte bg aes rgqufsftes ker`ctfves.

Gk ga ocse bg acs fkkevcofekgs erickfzctfvcs, sg suifgrgk oeè

pesfjags gngotes= ac rgbuoofÿk bga pgràebe bg rgspugstc c acs kgog-

sfbcbgs bg uk oafgktg e prevggber< ukc cyer ocafbcb bg aes jfgkgs

e sgrvfofes< gkergs oestgs per ukfbcb prebuofbc< ac gmerc bg ac

sctfsncoofÿk bga pgrsekca, e ac bfs`fkuofÿk bg acs tcscs bg retcofÿk

bga `fsè< y ac `gmerc bga fktgroc`jfe bg fkner`cofÿk e bg ac

oeùkfocofÿk bgktre bg ac prepfc erickfzcofÿk, e oek etrcs g`-

prgscs g fkstftuofekgs. Xcrc acs fkkevcofekgs bg oe`grofcafzcofÿk,

aes gngotes qug sg suifgrgk sek= ga cu`gkte e ac gmerc bg ac ouetc

bg `grocbe< ac fktrebuoofÿk bg prebuotes gk kugves `grocbes

e kugves irupes bg oafgktgs< ga cu`gkte bg ac vfsfjfafbcb bg aes

prebuotes e kgieofes< y ac `gmerc bg ac ocpcofbcb pcrc rgspekbgr

c acs kgogsfbcbgs bga oafgktg.

Oeè vgès, caiukes gngotes cpcrgogk oftcbes pcrc `ãs bg

uk tfpe bg fkkevcofÿk, ae qug ukfbe ca dgode bg qug vcrfcs fkke-

vcofekgs pugbgk fr bg ac `cke (per gmg`pae, acs fkkevcofekgs bg

prebuote y bg oe`grofcafzcofÿk), pekg bg rgafgvg ac bfffiouatcb bg

sgpcrcr aes gngotes prebuofbes pcrc ocbc tfpe bg fkkevcofÿk fkbf-

vfbuca. Xer ae tckte, surig ac bubc sejrg ac oekvgkfgkofc e ke bg

prgiuktcr per tcags gngotes bg `ckgrc oe`pcrtf`gktcbc, e jfgk

bg `ckgrc ýkfoc y oekmuktc pcrc tebcs acs fkkevcofekgs.

Ke ejstcktg, sf jfgk ac fkner`cofÿk `gkofekcbc pugbg tgkgr

ofgrte fktgræs, c bgofr vgrbcb, ke cjerbc ga ejmgtfve kuoagcr qug sg

prgtgkbg pcrc gstg cpcrtcbe= oekeogr sf acs g`prgscs qug fkkevck

prgsgktck ukc `gmer pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc y oektrfjuygk c ukc

seofgbcb `ãs sestgkfjag y oek `cyergs kfvgags bg jfgkgstcr y sf,

gngotfvc`gktg, bfodc fkkevcofÿk bc auicr c ac igkgrcofÿk bg ukc

prepugstc bg vcaer supgrfer.






Xcrc oe`gkzcr, ga oekogpte bg pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc oekstftuyg

uk oekogpte rgactfve, qug f`pafoc vcaercr ac sftucofÿk bg ukc g`-

prgsc (gk gstg ocse, gk ae qug c su bgsg`pgóe sg rgffigrg) rgspgote

c sus oe`pgtfbergs. Xer ae tckte, ukc vgz gagifbcs acs vcrfcjags c

trcvæs bg acs oucags rgprgsgktcr ga kfvga bg bgsg`pgóe caockzcbe

(per gmg`pae, rgktcjfafbcb, orgof`fgkte, fktgrkcofekcafzcofÿk y

prebuotfvfbcb), bg ae qug sg trctcràc gs bg prgiuktcr c ac tetcaf-

bcb bg g`prgscs (fkkevcbercs e ke), sejrg su oe`pertc`fgkte

gk ae qug c tcags vcrfcjags sg rgffigrg, bgsbg ukc pgrspgotfvc oe`-

pcrcbc. _f kes pcrgofgrc rgagvcktg bfstfkiufr gktrg oe`pgtfbergs

kcofekcags g fktgrkcofekcags, ac fkner`cofÿk pebràc rgocjcrsg bg

ac sfiufgktg `ckgrc=

3. caerg bg 3 c 9 ac pesfofÿk qug eoupc su g`prgsc c bàc bg dey

nrgktg c sus OE@XGRFBEZG_ KCOFEKCAG_, gk ae qug c

acs sfiufgktgs vcrfcjags sg rgffigrg (3 0 @uodàsfè pger< 9 0

@uodàsfè `gmer)=

:. caerg bg 3 c 9 ac pesfofÿk qug eoupc su g`prgsc c bàc bg dey

nrgktg c sus OE@XGRFBEZG_ FKRGZKCOFEKCAG_, gk ae

qug c acs sfiufgktgs vcrfcjags oekofgrkg (3 0 @uodàsfè pger<

9 0 @uodàsfè `gmer)=

3 : ? 2 7 > 9

c. Zgktcjfafbcb

j. Orgof`fgkte bg fkirgses

o. Gxpertcofekgs

b. Xrebuotfvfbcb per g`pagcbe

3 : ? 2 7 > 9

c. Zgktcjfafbcb

j. Orgof`fgkte bg fkirgses

o. Gxpertcofekgs

b. Xrebuotfvfbcb per g`pagcbe



:>> F k b f o c b e r g s b g




Xcrc caiukes, ga g`page bg fkbfocbergs bg ocrãotgr pgrogptuca

pugbg bgspgrtcr ofgrtcs bubcs rgspgote c su utfafbcb y fficjfafbcb,

pgre ac gvfbgkofc g`pàrfoc bgùgstrc ac gxfstgkofc bg uk cate irc-

be bg oerrgacofÿk gktrg vcrfcjags ejmgtfvcs y pgrogptucags ( gklc-

trc`ck y Zc`ckumck, 3649), per ae qug su use sg gkougktrc c`-

pafc`gktg cogptcbe.

Coacrcbe ae cktgrfer, acs prgiuktcs nerùacbcs `ãs crrfjc,

cbg`ãs bg pgr`ftfrkes vcaercr ac pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc bg acs g`-

prgscs fkkevcbercs, kes pgr`ftgk oe`pcrcr tc`jfæk ac sftucofÿk

bg gstcs ýatf`cs nrgktg c acs ke fkkevcbercs, ae qug pesfjfaftc vg-

rfffiocr sf, gngotfvc`gktg, ac fkkevcofÿk sg trcbuog gk ukc pesfofÿk

oe`pgtftfvc supgrfer.

Cderc jfgk, oeè gag`gkte fktgr`gbfe qug `gbfc ac rgac-

ofÿk gktrg fkkevcofÿk y pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc, y qug kes pgr`ftg

vfsucafzcr oek `cyer oacrfbcb ga ircbe bg cvckog bg acs g`prgscs

vcsocs c ae acrie bg ac bgke`fkcbc «sgiukbc irck trcksner`cofÿk

goekÿ`foc bg Guslcbf¼, sg gkougktrc ac aac`cbc «prepesfofÿk bg

vcaer¼. Bg ae qug sg trctc cquà gs bg gvcaucr ga ircbe bg ocafbcb,

seffistfocofÿk y bfngrgkofcofÿk bg kugstrc engrtc gk tær`fkes oe`-

pcrctfves (gste gs, gk rgacofÿk oek ac oe`pgtgkofc).

Gk gstg ocse, ac engrtc bg ac g`prgsc sgrã tckte `gmer ouck-

te `gmergs sgck acs ocrcotgràstfocs nukofekcags (prgstcofekgs) bga

prebuote e sgrvfofe< ouckte cyer sgc su kfvga bg ocafbcb< ouckte

`ãs ctrcotfvc sgc ac rgacofÿk ocafbcb/prgofe< ouckte `ãs c`pafe

sgc ga cjckfoe bg sgrvfofes oe`pag`gktcrfes qug rebgck ca pre-

buote e sgrvfofe jãsfoe< y ouckte `gmer sgc su sgrvfofe pesvgktc.

Xer ae tckte, pebràcès nerùacr ac sfiufgktg prgiuktc=






?. caerg bg 3 c 9 oÿè gs su engrtc nrgktg c ac bg sus oe`pg-

tfbergs gk aes sfiufgktgs cspgotes (3 0 @uodàsfè pger< 9 0

@uodàsfè `gmer)=

3 : ? 2 7 > 9

c. Ocrcotgràstfocs nukofekcags (prgstcofekgs) bga prebuote/sgrvfofe

j. Ocafbcb bga prebuote/sgrvfofe

o. Zgacofÿk ocafbcb/prgofe

b. _grvfofes oe`pag`gktcrfes (gxoaufbe sgrvfofe pesvgktc) qug

trctck bg gkrfqugogr/oe`pagtcr ga prebuote/sgrvfofe jãsfoe

g. Zcpfbgz bg rgspugstc

n. _grvfofe pesvgktc/ctgkofÿk ca oafgktg

Gk rgacofÿk oek aes sgrvfofes oe`pag`gktcrfes cktgs `gkofekc-

bes, bcbc ac rgagvckofc qug cbqufgrgk aes fsès oeè gag`gkte

bfngrgkofcber, kes pcrgog f`pertcktg fkbcicr gk acs ocrcotgràs-

tfocs qug prgsgktc bfodc engrtc gk acs g`prgscs vcsocs, ca ejmgte

bg fbgktfffiocr ã`jftes petgkofca`gktg fkgxpaercbes per pcrtg bg

kugstre tgmfbe g`prgscrfca. Xcrc gaae, acs prgiuktcs c packtgcr sg-

ràck acs sfiufgktgs=

2. Cbg`ãs bga prebuote e sgrvfofe jãsfoe gk sà, µsu g`prgsc trc-

tc bg enrgogr etres sgrvfofes cbfofekcags qug cyubgk c oujrfr

`gmer acs kgogsfbcbgs qug prgsgktc ga oafgktg gk terke c bfode

prebuote e sgrvfofe jãsfoe5

_à Ke

Gk ocse cffir`ctfve, bgsorfjc jrgvg`gktg gk quæ oeksfstgk aes fsès.

Bgsorfpofÿk

7. µSuæ perogktcmg bga vcaer igkgrcbe ca oafgktg ctrfjufràc c aes

sgrvfofes cbfofekcags qug coe`pcóck ca prebuote e sgrvfofe

jãsfoe5

UUU%







Gk ouckte c ac seffistfocofÿk bg ac engrtc dcog rgngrgkofc, gk gstg

cpcrtcbe, ocjg bfstfkiufr bfngrgktgs kfvgags, qug gvfbgkofck cbg-

`ãs ac trcksfofÿk bgsbg ukc goeke`àc jcscbc gk ac gffiofgkofc y

ae «tckifjag¼, dcofc ukc goeke àc jcscbc gk ac fkkevcofÿk y ae

«fktckifjag¼. Ac engrtc `gkes seffistfocbc sgràc cqugaac qug gstu-

vfgrc cyerftcrfc`gktg ogktrcbc gk ga su`fkfstre bg prebuotes e

sgrvfofes gstckbcrfzcbes, bekbg, prgofsc`gktg, ac gffiofgkofc oeks-

tftuyg ga ncoter oacvg. Gk uk sgiukbe kfvga, tgkbràcès ac engrtc bg

prebuotes e sgrvfofes c gbfbc bg acs kgogsfbcbgs bg ocbc oafgktg,

gxoaufbes aes sgrvfofes bg fkkevcofÿk. Gk gstg kfvga, cukqug bg

`cyer seffistfocofÿk qug ga prf`gre, kes gkoektrcès cýk gk ukc

ncsg gk ac qug ac «ncjrfocofÿk¼ e «prebuoofÿk¼, cukqug ãs oe`-

pagmc, oekstftuyg tebcvàc ga gag`gkte kuoagcr bg ac engrtc.

Xestgrfer`gktg, gk uk gstcbfe `ãs cvckzcbe (tgrogr kfvga),

tgkbràcès c cqugaacs g`prgscs qug pcrtfofpck gk ga rgbfsgóe bg

tebe e pcrtg bga preogse bg ncjrfocofÿk/su`fkfstre bg aes prebuo-

tes e sgrvfofes cotuca`gktg oe`grofcafzcbes per sus oafgktgs pcrc,

uk pequfte ãs cbgacktg (oucrte kfvga), tgkgr c cqugaacs etrcs qug

pcrtfofpck gk ga bfsgóe bga preogse bg ncjrfocofÿk/su`fkfstre bg

uk kugve prebuote e sgrvfofe qug ga oafgktg bgsgc ackzcr. Xer ae

tckte, gstcès oe`gkzckbe c dcjacr bg ukc engrtc bg sgrvfofes bg

irck oe`pagmfbcb.

_fiufgkbe oek gstc gsocac, c oektfkucofÿk (qufkte kfvga) tgk-

bràcès c cqugaacs g`prgscs qug pcrtfofpck gk ac gacjercofÿk bga

pretetfpe oerrgspekbfgktg c ac fbgc bg uk kugve prebuote/sgrvf-

ofe qug bgsgc ackzcr ga oafgktg y, gk ýatfè auicr (sgxte kfvga), c

cqugaacs etrcs qug tc`jfæk oeacjerck gk ac oekogpofÿk bg ac fbgc

bg gsg kugve prebuote e sgrvfofe qug sg bgsgc ackzcr.

Xer etrc pcrtg, oeksfbgrcès qug ga ircbe bg seffistfocofÿk

caockzcbe gs `cyer sf aes sgrvfofes bg oe`pagmfbcb `ãs gagvcbc

sek bg`ckbcbes cbg`ãs per oafgktgs fktgrkcofekcags. Xer gstg

ètfve, bfstfkiufrgès tckte ga perogktcmg bg oafgktgac kcofekca,

oeè ga perogktcmg bg oafgktgac fktgrkcofekca qug bg`ckbc ocbc

tfpe bg sgrvfofe.

Bg cougrbe oek ae cktgrfer, acs prgiuktcs c packtgcr sgràck acs

sfiufgktgs=






>. Fkbfqug ouãags bg aes sfiufgktgs prebuotes/sgrvfofes sek bg-

`ckbcbes per sus OAFGKRG_ KCOFEKCAG_, csà oe`e ga

perogktcmg cprexf`cbe bg gaaes qug aes seafoftck=

_eafoftck Xerogktcmg

_/K

%

%

%

%

%

%

c. _u`fkfstre bg prebuotes/sgrvfofes gstckbcrfzcbes

j. _u`fkfstre bg prebuotes/sgrvfofes c `gbfbc, gxoaufbes sgrvfofes bg fkkevcofÿk

o. Zgbfsgóe bg tebe e pcrtg bga preogse bg ncjrfocofÿk/su`fkfstre bg aes prebuotes/

sgrvfofes cotuca`gktg oe`grofcafzcbes per ga oafgktg

b. Bfsgóe bg tebe e pcrtg bga preogse bg ncjrfocofÿk/su`fkfstre bg uk kugve

prebuote/sgrvfofe qug bgsgc ackzcr ga oafgktg

g. Gacjercofÿk bga pretetfpe oerrgspekbfgktg c ac fbgc bg uk kugve prebuote/sgrvfofe

qug bgsgc ackzcr ga oafgktg

n. Xcrtfofpcofÿk gk ac oekogpofÿk bg ac fbgc bg uk kugve prebuote/sgrvfofe qug

bgsgc ackzcr ga oafgktg

_eafoftck Xerogktcmg

_/K

%

%

%

%

%

%

c. _u`fkfstre bg prebuotes/sgrvfofes gstckbcrfzcbes

j. _u`fkfstre bg prebuotes/sgrvfofes c `gbfbc, gxoaufbes sgrvfofes bg fkkevcofÿk

o. Zgbfsgóe bg tebe e pcrtg bga preogse bg ncjrfocofÿk/su`fkfstre bg aes prebuotes/

sgrvfofes cotuca`gktg oe`grofcafzcbes per ga oafgktg

b. Bfsgóe bg tebe e pcrtg bga preogse bg ncjrfocofÿk/su`fkfstre bg uk kugve

prebuote/sgrvfofe qug bgsgc ackzcr ga oafgktg

g. Gacjercofÿk bga pretetfpe oerrgspekbfgktg c ac fbgc bg uk kugve prebuote/sgrvfofe

qug bgsgc ackzcr ga oafgktg

n. Xcrtfofpcofÿk gk ac oekogpofÿk bg ac fbgc bg uk kugve prebuote/sgrvfofe qug

bgsgc ackzcr ga oafgktg

Ketc= Ac su`c bg aes perogktcmgs ke tfgkg per quæ sgr ga 388%.

9. Fkbfqug ouãags bg aes sfiufgktgs prebuotes/sgrvfofes sek bg-

`ckbcbes per sus OAFGKRG_ FKRGZKCOFEKCAG_, csà oe-

`e ga perogktcmg cprexf`cbe bg gaaes qug aes seafoftck=

Ketc= Ac su`c bg aes perogktcmgs ke tfgkg per quæ sgr ga 388%.







Cbfofekca`gktg, tca y oeè sgócaãjcès gk cpcrtcbes prgogbgk-

tgs, ke bgjgk eavfbcrsg acs pesfjfafbcbgs bg igkgrcofÿk bg vcaer

qug ga prepfe preogse bg gktrgic bga prebuote e sgrvfofe pugbg

enrgogr. Gk gstg sgktfbe, ac g`prgsc bgjg fr `ãs caaã bga trcbfofekca

oekogpte bg «su`fkfstre¼ y preourcr enrgogr c sus oafgktgs ukc

«gxpgrfgkofc¼ bg oe`prc y/e use bga prebuote e sgrvfofe rgca-

`gktg ýkfoc. Xer ae tckte, bgjgràcès trctcr bg cdekbcr tc`jfæk

sejrg gstcs ougstfekgs=

4. Gk ouckte ca preogse bg gktrgic bga prebuote e sgrvfofe dcog

rgngrgkofc, µsu g`prgsc sg dc packtgcbe ac `ckgrc bg cócbfr

`cyer vcaer ca oafgktg c trcvæs bga `fsè5

_à Ke

Gk ocse cffir`ctfve, bgsorfjc jrgvg`gktg gk quæ oeksfstgk aes fsès.

Bgsorfpofÿk

6. Cbg`ãs bg trctcr bg enrgogr uk jugk prebuote e sgrvfofe, µsu

g`prgsc pgrsfiug bg `ckgrc oeksofgktg enrgogr c sus oafgk-

tgs ukc gxpgrfgkofc bg oe`prc y/e use bga prebuote/sgrvfofe

rgca`gktg ýkfoc5

_à Ke

38. Oek fkbgpgkbgkofc bg qug ae pgrsfic e ke, vcaerg bg 3 c 9

dcstc quæ pukte orgg qug ae aeirc (3 0 Gk cjseaute< 9 0 Retca-

`gktg)=

3 : ? 2 7 > 9

Engrtc bg ukc gxpgrfgkofc bg oe`prc y/e use rgca`gktg ýkfoc






33. Xuktýg bg 3 c 9 ga vcaer qug igkgrc ac g`prgsc c sus oafgktgs,

gk oe`pcrcofÿk oek sus oe`pgtfbergs (3 0 @uy fkngrfer< 9 0

@uy supgrfer)=

3 : ? 2 7 > 9

^caer igkgrcbe c aes oafgktgs nrgktg c aes oe`pgtfbergs

3 : ? 2 7 > 9

Gqufafjrfe gktrg prebuotes/sgrvfofes g`grigktgs y `cbures

Xcrc tgr`fkcr gstc gvcaucofÿk bg ac engrtc, kes pcrgog f`pertcktg

cvgrfiucr sf ac ocrtgrc bg prebuotes/sgrvfofes qug enrgog ac g`-

prgsc prgsgktc uk gqufafjrfe cbgoucbe gktrg prebuotes/sgrvfofes

g`grigktgs y `cbures, bg ocrc c icrcktfzcr sus jgkgffiofes nutu-

res=

3:. caerg bg 3 c 9 dcstc quæ pukte su ocrtgrc bg prebuotes/sgr-

vfofes prgsgktc uk gqufafjrfe cbgoucbe gktrg prebuotes/sgr-

vfofes g`grigktgs y `cbures, bg ocrc c icrcktfzcr sus jgkgffi-

ofes nutures (3 0 Kcbc cbgoucbe< 9 0 Retca`gktg cbgoucbe)=

Rebcs acs prgiuktcs rgacofekcbcs oek ac gvcaucofÿk bg ac prepesf-

ofÿk bg vcaer sg bfrfifràck tckte c acs g`prgscs fkkevcbercs oeè

c acs qug ke ae sek, c gngotes bg pebgr vcaercr rgca`gktg ac fk-

ofbgkofc bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ac igkgrcofÿk bg ukc prepugstc bg

vcaer supgrfer.

Oeè vgès, tckte pcrc ac gvcaucofÿk bga f`pcote bg ac fk-

kevcofÿk gk ac pesfofÿk oe`pgtftfvc, oeè pcrc ga gstubfe bg su

f`pcote gk gsg gag`gkte prgvfe qug gs ac prepesfofÿk bg vcaer, sg

suifgrg oe`pagtcr acs cotucags gkougstcs bg fkkevcofÿk y cotfvfbc-

bgs bg F+B bg `ckgrc oeksfbgrcjag. Xugste qug, cotuca`gktg, acs

bfrgotrfogs fktgrkcofekcags gxfstgktgs pcrc ga bfsgóe bg gstg tfpe bg

gkougstcs ke oektg`pack gstcs ougstfekgs, aÿifoc`gktg, ke gxfstf-

ràc (ca gkes, bg e`gkte) ac pesfjfafbcb bg gstcjagogr oe`pcrc-

ofekgs gk ga kfvga bg bgsg`pgóe caockzcbe gktrg acs g`prgscs bg

bfngrgktgs tgrrfterfes. _fk g`jcrie, cukqug, gk gstg ocse, gsc pe-

sfjfafbcb bg oe`pcrcofÿk ke gxfstc, gktgkbgès qug ac fkner`c-







ofÿk qug sg suifgrg cócbfr tfgkg rgagvckofc suffiofgktg gk sà `fs`c,

y qug ga dgode bg ke oektg`pacrac `cktfgkg gk ac esourfbcb ukc

pcrtg bg irck rgagvckofc bgktre bg ac neteircnàc bg ac fkkevcofÿk

gk Guslcbf= su f`pcote gk ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb g`prgscrfca. Etrc

ougstfÿk bfngrgktg gs qug sg rgkukofg c `gbfr bfode f`pcote oek

ga kfvga bg gxdcustfvfbcb crrfjc fkbfocbe, pgre, per cderc, bgmcrg-

ès gsg preogse bg bgpurcofÿk pcrc ukc ncsg pestgrfer.

Xcrc oekoaufr gstg cpcrtcbe, kes qugbcràc per cjerbcr ac pcr-

tg rgngrgktg c ac `gbfofÿk bga f`pcote bg ac fkkevcofÿk sejrg ac

sestgkfjfafbcb y ga jfgkgstcr bga tgrrfterfe. Oeè sg dc rgoerbcbe,

ac cotuca gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc oektfgkg caiukes

fkbfocbergs bgstfkcbes c `gbfr gstc fkugkofc. Gk pcrtfouacr, sg

prgiuktc sf acs fkkevcofekgs tgokeaÿifocs fktrebuofbcs dck tgkf-

be caiýk tfpe bg gngote sejrg ga oeksuè bg `ctgrfcags y gkgriàc

per ukfbcb prebuofbc (gste gs, sf dck pgr`ftfbe rgbuofr bfode

oeksuè), e sf dck supugste uk `gker f`pcote gbfec`jfgktca

e bg gmerc gk ac scaub y ac sgiurfbcb (c`jcs ougstfekgs sg fbgk

bgktre bga fsè fkbfocber).

C ac vfstc bg ae gxpugste, µpebgès bcr per suffiofgktg ac `g-

bfofÿk bga f`pcote bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ac sestgkfjfafbcb y ga jfgk-

gstcr c pcrtfr bg gses fkbfocbergs5 Ac prf`grc f`prgsfÿk gs qug

sg trctc bg ukc gvcaucofÿk uk tckte pejrg. _f gste gs csà, µoÿè

oe`pagtcrac5

Xcrc oe`gkzcr, kes pcrgog qug uke bg aes gag`gktes oràtfoes c

trcvæs bg aes oucags sg `ckfffigstc ac oektrfjuofÿk bg ac g`prgsc ca

jfgkgstcr bga tgrrfterfe gs ac igkgrcofÿk bg g`page. Xer gstg ètf-

ve, acs gkougstcs ke sÿae bgjgràck rgoeigr ga k½ `gbfe bg trcjcmc-

bergs c ae acrie bga pgràebe ejmgte bg gstubfe, sfke qug bgjgràck

rgoeigr ga k½ bg trcjcmcbergs ca oe`fgkze bg bfode pgràebe y ca

ffikcafzcr ga fsè. Ac oftcbc fkner`cofÿk sg rgoepfacràc tckte pcrc

acs g`prgscs fkkevcbercs oeè pcrc acs qug ke ae sek, c gngotes

bg oe`prejcr sf acs prf`grcs igkgrck `ãs g`page qug acs sgiuk-

bcs. Cbg`ãs, pebràc sgr fktgrgscktg oekeogr ga ircbe bg oucafffioc-

ofÿk bg aes kugves g`pages igkgrcbes (catc, gbfc e jcmc). Bg gstg

èbe, acs prgiuktcs c nerùacr pebràck sgr acs sfiufgktgs=






3?. Fkbfqug ac sfiufgktg fkner`cofÿk rgngrgktg ca g`page=

32. Gk ocse bg qug burcktg ga pgràebe ckcafzcbe ga k½ bg g`pagc-

bes gk ac OC^ dcyc cu`gktcbe, fkbfqug ac bfstrfjuofÿk per-

ogktuca bg acs kugvcs oektrctcofekgs, sgiýk su kfvga bg oucaf-

ffiocofÿk=

Gk ac g`prgsc Gk ac OC^

K½ bg g`pagcbes ca oe`fgkze bga pgràebe

K½ bg g`pagcbes ca ffikcafzcr ga pgràebe

Kugves g`pagcbes bg catc oucafffiocofÿk %

Kugves g`pagcbes bg oucafffiocofÿk `gbfc %

Kugves g`pagcbes bg jcmc oucafffiocofÿk %

Retca 388%

Cbfofekca`gktg, oe`e ac prepfc gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk rgoeig

gk ac cotucafbcb, ac fkkevcofÿk pugbg rgpgroutfr gk ga jfgkgstcr

bga tgrrfterfe c trcvæs bg ac `gmerc bg ac scaub y ac sgiurfbcb bg

acs pgrsekcs. Gk gstg ocse, kes pcrgog f`pertcktg bfstfkiufr sf acs

fkkevcofekgs fktrebuofbcs pgr`ftgk gmercr ac sgiurfbcb y scaub

bg aes trcjcmcbergs bg ac erickfzcofÿk y/e ac scaub y sgiurfbcb bg

acs pgrsekcs qug utfafzck aes prebuotes y sgrvfofes oe`grofcafzcbes

per ac g`prgsc. Etre tckte suogbg oek ac rgbuoofÿk bga f`pcote

`gbfec`jfgktca (sestgkfjfafbcb)= acs fkkevcofekgs fktrebuofbcs

pugbgk oektrfjufr c rgbuofr ga f`pcote `gbfec`jfgktca bg ac

prepfc g`prgsc, e jfgk ga f`pcote `gbfec`jfgktca bg qufgkgs

utfafzck aes prebuotes y sgrvfofes qug æstc preperofekc.

Ctgkbfgkbe c ae cktgrfer, y preogbfgkbe c bgsiaescr uk peoe

`ãs acs `ckgrcs gk acs qug sg pugbg oektrfjufr c ac rgbuoofÿk bga

f`pcote `gbfec`jfgktca y, per ae tckte, c ac `gmerc bg ac sestg-

kfjfafbcb, ac `ckgrc bg rgoepfacr ac fkner`cofÿk oerrgspekbfgktg

c gstes cpcrtcbes (scaub, sgiurfbcb y `gbfec`jfgktg) pebràc sgr

ac sfiufgktg (gk gstg ocse, sÿae tgkbràc sgktfbe oeksfbgrcr acs g`-

prgscs fkkevcbercs)=







37. Fkbfqug sf acs fkkevcofekgs fktrebuofbcs dck pgr`ftfbe ejtg-

kgr gmercs rgagvcktgs gk aes sfiufgktgs cpcrtcbes, yc sgc pcrc

su prepfc g`prgsc (e sus trcjcmcbergs) y/e pcrc aes usucrfes

bg sus prebuotes y sgrvfofes (`crqug oek ukc T acs ocsfaacs

qug preogbck)=

G`prgsc Wsucrfes

c. Cderre bg gkgriàc

j. Cderre bg ciuc

o. Cderre bg pcpga

b. Zgbuoofÿk bg g`fsfekgs bg icsgs bg gngote fkvgrkcbgre

g. Zgbuoofÿk bg g`fsfekgs bg sustckofcs bgstruotercs bg ac ocpc bg ezeke

n. Zgbuoofÿk bg g`fsfekgs bg KEx y _Ex

i. Zgbuoofÿk bg vgrtfbes bg ciucs rgsfbucags

d. Zgbuoofÿk bg rgsfbues pgafireses

f. Zgbuoofÿk bg etres tfpes bg rgsfbue

m. Fkorg`gkte bg acs pesfjfafbcbgs bg rgofoacbe

l. @gmerc bg ac scaub

a. @gmerc bg ac sgiurfbcb

4.: Ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk y eutputs bga preogse

fkkevcber

Gk ac sgkbc fkkevcofÿk-vcaer, prepekàcès bfstfkiufr gktrg ac

gvcaucofÿk bg aes eutputs igkgrcbes gk ga preogse fkkevcber y ga

ircbe bg cgstràc e be`fkfe caockzcbe gk ocbc ukc bg acs ocpcof-

bcbgs `ãs sf`pags qug oekffiiurck ac `gtc-ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcr.

_giýk bgoàcès gktekogs, ga dgode bg bfspekgr bg fkbfocbergs

qug pgr`ftck gvcaucr ga ircbe bg gxogagkofc caockzcbe gk ocbc

ukc bg acs bf`gksfekgs bg bfodc ocpcofbcb, gk auicr bg trctcr bg

fkngrfr ac `fs`c bg `ckgrc fkbfrgotc c pcrtfr bg aes eutputs igkg-

rcbes per ga preogse fkkevcber, gs pcrtfouacr`gktg f`pertcktg,

yc qug, bg etre ebe, sgràc ùy oe`pafocbe fbgktfffiocr acs ocuscs

bg ukes pejrgs rgsuatcbes gk aes kfvgags bg eutput igkgrcbes y, gk

oeksgougkofc, scjgr bÿkbg fktrebuofr gmercs.

_f jfgk gk ga ã`jfte g`prgscrfca gste gs cjseautc`gktg ofgrte,

ouckbe pcscès ca ã`jfte tgrrfterfca, ac oesc oc`jfc. Gk ga ocse






bg acs cuterfbcbgs tgrrfterfcags, oekeogr oÿè sg bgscrreaac ocbc

bf`gksfÿk bg ac ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk (igkgrcofÿk bg kugvcs

fbgcs, igstfÿk bg preygotes bg fkkevcofÿk y igstfÿk bga oc`jfe),

cukqug fktgrgscktg, ke vc c cpertcr fkner`cofÿk sejrg ougstfekgs

sejrg acs qug bfodcs cuterfbcbgs pugbck fkofbfr, per ae qug, gk

gstg ocse, oeksfbgrcès suffiofgktg ac `gbfofÿk bg aes eutputs bga

preogse fkkevcber. Gk gstg sgktfbe, aes fkbfocbergs cotuca`gktg

oektg`pacbes per ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk kes pcrgog qug bck

ou`pafbc fkner`cofÿk sejrg gstg pcrtfouacr, fkoause gk ae oekogr-

kfgktg c ac fkkevcofÿk ke tgokeaÿifoc, per ae qug ke kes vcès c

bgtgkgr `ãs gk gstg cpcrtcbe.

Gs bgofr, gk ga ã`jfte tgrrfterfca, oeksfbgrcès suffiofgktg fk-

ngrfr ga ircbe bg gxogagkofc caockzcbe gk ga bgscrreaae bg preogse

fkkevcber c pcrtfr bg aes eutputs igkgrcbes per bfode preogse.

4.? Jcsg bg rgourses pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk

Cbg`ãs bg fkbfocbergs qug pgr`ftck `gbfr ga f`pcote bg ac

fkkevcofÿk gk ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb bg acs g`prgscs, gk ac sestgkf-

jfafbcb y ga jfgkgstcr bga tgrrfterfe, g fkbfocbergs qug pgr`ftck

`gbfr aes eutputs igkgrcbes gk ga preogse fkkevcber (y, c pcrtfr

bg cquà, ac ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk qug ùgstrck acs g`prgscs),

ga sfstg`c bg fkbfocbergs pcrc ac gvcaucofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk g`-

prgscrfca bgsbg ukc pgrspgotfvc tgrrfterfca bgjg fkoaufr tc`jfæk

fkner`cofÿk sejrg ac jcsg bg rgourses qug pesfjfaftc ac `fs`c.

Ircofcs c gaae, acs cuterfbcbgs tgrrfterfcags pebrãk fbgktfffiocr aà-

kgcs bg cotucofÿk qug pgr`ftck rgnerzcr cqugaaes rgourses gk aes

qug sg bgtgotck bgffiofgkofcs y oektrfjufr oek gaae c ac `gmerc bg

aes rgsuatcbes caockzcbes.

Rca y oeè vfès gk ac sgkbc fkkevcofÿk-vcaer, sek ofkoe

acs octgieràcs bg rgourses c tgkgr gk ougktc= rgourses ffikckofgres,

gqufpc`fgkte tgokeaÿifoe, ocpftca du`cke, ocpftca gstruoturca y

ocpftca rgacofekca. Dcicès c oektfkucofÿk uk rgoerrfbe per ocbc

uke bg gaaes.

4.?.3 Zgourses ffikckofgres

_fk auicr c bubcs, sg trctc bg aes rgourses ejmgte bg `cyer ctgk-

ofÿk per pcrtg bg acs cotucags gkougstcs bg fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc







y cotfvfbcbgs bg F+B, prejcjag`gktg, bgjfbe c su `cyer ncofafbcb

bg gbfofÿk, y bgjfbe c qug ac betcofÿk bg nekbes oekstftuyg ukc

bg acs prfkofpcags vàcs bg cotucofÿk pcrc acs cuterfbcbgs pýjafocs.

Oekorgtc`gktg, acs gkougstcs crrfjc fkbfocbcs rgoeigk oek

bgtcaag ga f`pertg bg aes rgourses ffikckofgres bgbfocbes c cotfvf-

bcbgs bg F+B+f, su bgstfke gspgoàffioe y acs nugktgs bg ffikckofcofÿk

utfafzcbcs, cbg`ãs bg rgoeigr dcstc quæ pukte aes oestgs bg ac fk-

kevcofÿk y ac ncatc bg nugktgs bg ffikckofcofÿk cprepfcbcs oekstf-

tuygk jcrrgrcs f`pertcktgs pcrc qug acs g`prgscs fkkevgk.

Xer tebe gaae, oeksfbgrcès qug ke gs kgogscrfe c`pafcr `ãs

ac fkner`cofÿk rgactfvc c gstg cpcrtcbe. Gk etrcs pcacjrcs, ac fk-

ner`cofÿk rggmcbc per acs cotucags gkougstcs bg fkkevcofÿk tgo-

keaÿifoc y cotfvfbcbgs bg F+B kes pcrgog suffiofgktg pcrc gvcaucr

oerrgotc`gktg gstc pcrogac.

4.?.: Gqufpc`fgkte tgokeaÿifoe

Ga gqufpc`fgkte tgokeaÿifoe pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk oekstftuyg ac sg-

iukbc octgieràc bg rgourses c tgkgr gk ougktc. _ejrg gstc ougs-

tfÿk, ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc rgoeig ga f`pertg bg-

bfocbe per acs g`prgscs c ac cbqufsfofÿk bg `cqufkcrfc cvckzcbc

y gqufpes fkner`ãtfoes bgstfkcbes c ac rgcafzcofÿk bg prebuotes

kugves e sgksfjag`gktg `gmercbes (yc sgck jfgkgs e sgrvfofes)

y/e preogses.

Bgjfbe c ac bfspcrfbcb bg gqufpc`fgktes qug pugbgk sgr utf-

afzcbes gk aes preogses bg fkkevcofÿk bgpgkbfgkbe bga tfpe bg

cotfvfbcb qug bgscrreaag ac g`prgsc, c prferf, pcrgog oe`pafocbe

prenukbfzcr `ãs sejrg gstc ougstfÿk. _fk g`jcrie, gxfstg uk tfpe

bg gqufpc`fgkte oe`ýk c oucaqufgr tfpe bg erickfzcofÿk y bg

irck rgagvckofc gk ga ã`jfte bg aes preogses bg fktgroc`jfe bg

oekeof`fgkte rgacofekcbes oek ac fkkevcofÿk= kes rgngrfès ca

gqufpc`fgkte RFO. Gk gstg ocse, qufzãs ofgrtes àtg`s qug cotuca-

`gktg ner`ck pcrtg bg ac gkougstc sejrg ac seofgbcb bg ac fkner-

`cofÿk pebràck fkoaufrsg cquà, oeè per gmg`pae=

√ Ga perogktcmg bg pgrsekca usucrfe bg sfstg`cs RFO.

√ Ac bfspekfjfafbcb e ke bg=

e Fktrckgt.

e Gxtrckgt.






e _entwcrg pcrc ga fktgroc`jfe bg fkner`cofÿk bgktre bg

ac prepfc g`prgsc.

e _entwcrg pcrc ga fktgroc`jfe cute`ãtfoe bg fkner`cofÿk -

oek oafgktgs y prevggbergs.

4.?.? Ocpftca du`cke

Oek ga ocpftca du`cke kes cbgktrcès gk ac prf`grc octgieràc

bg rgourses fktckifjags qug fktgrvfgkgk gk ga preogse fkkevcber.

Ac gkougstc sejrg cotfvfbcbgs bg F+B rgoeig fkner`cofÿk sejrg ga

ocpftca du`cke g`pagcbe gk gstg ã`jfte=

√ K½ bg pgrsekcs.

√ Iækgre.

√ Octgieràc prengsfekca (sg bfstfkiug gktrg fkvgstficbergs, tæo-

kfoes e cuxfafcrgs).

√ Rftuacofÿk (beotergs ukfvgrsftcrfes< afogkofcbes ukfvgrsftc-

rfes, crquftgotes, fkigkfgres y sf`facrgs< bfpae`cbes ukfvgrsf-

tcrfes, crquftgotes g fkigkfgres tæokfoes y sf`facrgs< pgrsekcs

oek jcodfaagr supgrfer, ner`cofÿk prengsfekca u etres gstubfes

sgoukbcrfes< e pgrsekcs oek etre tfpe bg ner`cofÿk).

√ Jgocrfes bg fkvgstficofÿk.

Acs cotfvfbcbgs bg F+B oekstftuygk uk tfpe gspgoàffioe bg cotfvfbcb

fkkevcberc. Xer ae tckte, surig ac prgiuktc sejrg ac oekvgkfgkofc

e ke bg fkbcicr sejrg ac oe`pesfofÿk bg ac tetcafbcb bga ocpftca

du`cke fkveauorcbe gk ac rgcafzcofÿk bg cotfvfbcbgs bg fkkevc-

ofÿk, oek fkbgpgkbgkofc bg qug sg dcic uk gstubfe `ãs per`g-

kerfzcbe bga pgrsekca bgbfocbe c F+B. Gk gstg sgktfbe, ac gkougstc

sejrg fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc fkbcic sejrg ga f`pertg bgstfkcbe c

ner`cofÿk fktgrkc e gxtgrkc pcrc ga pgrsekca bfrgotc`gktg f`paf-

ocbe gk ga bgscrreaae y/e gk ac fktrebuoofÿk bg fkkevcofekgs (ke

seac`gktg bg F+B).

_fk g`jcrie, ga prejag`c rcbfoc gk qug ac gkougstc sejrg fk-

kevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc y ac gkougstc sejrg cotfvfbcbgs bg F+B sg

bfrfigk c ukfbcbgs bg ckãafsfs bfngrgktgs (gstcjagof`fgktes nrgktg

c g`prgscs), gk è`gktes tg`percags bfstfktes, oek ae qug ke gs

pesfjag bfspekgr bg tebc ac fkner`cofÿk rgagvcktg pcrc ukc `fs-

`c ukfbcb bg ckãafsfs sfùatãkgc`gktg (ke sÿae gk gstg cpcrtcbe,







sfke gk tebes gk igkgrca). Oeè oeksgougkofc bg ae cktgrfer, ke

gs pesfjag utfafzcr tæokfocs bg ckãafsfs gstcbàstfoe qug oektg`pagk

tebe ga gspgotre bg vcrfcjags rgagvcktgs bg ukc seac vgz y qug pgr-

`ftck gstubfcr ga f`pcote bg ukcs vcrfcjags sejrg etrcs (èbgaf-

zcofÿk). Cukqug gk gstg è`gkte ke prgtgkbgès rgseavgr gstc

ougstfÿk, ac epfkfÿk bg qufgk gsorfjg gstcs aàkgcs gs qug c`jcs

gkougstcs bgjgràck nusfekcrsg y oektg`pacr ac g`prgsc oeè ýkf-

oc ukfbcb bg ckãafsfs. Bg etre èbe, sg pfgrbgk epertukfbcbgs

pcrc ga ckãafsfs bg `fore-bctes rgca`gktg vcafescs y ke sg aagic c

rgktcjfafzcr tebe ga gsnugrze bg rgoeifbc bg ac fkner`cofÿk aagvc-

be c ocje.

êavfgkbe, ke ejstcktg, ca ã`jfte gspgoàffioe bga ocpftca du-

`cke, bcbe qug etrcs ãrgcs prgsgktck uk ircbe bg bgscrreaae u-

ode `gker qug ga `gkofekcbe gk gstg cpcrtcbe (gk gspgofca, ga

cpcrtcbe bg ocpftca gstruoturca qug vgrgès `ãs cbgacktg), per

ga è`gkte, ke prepekgès c`pafcr aes fkbfocbergs bfspekfjags

gk gstc sgoofÿk.

4.?.2 Ocpftca gstruoturca

Oeè scjgès, ga ocpftca gstruoturca sg rgffigrg ca oekeof`fgkte

y bg`ãs cotfves bg kcturcagzc fktckifjag bgrfvcbes bg aes preog-

ses bg coofÿk bg ac g`prgsc, g fkoauyg ac `ckgrc gk ac qug æstc

sg gkougktrc gstruoturcbc, sus preogses epgrctfves, sus umes bg

fkner`cofÿk y jcsgs bg bctes, su gstfae bg bfrgoofÿk y afbgrczie, su

ouaturc y sfstg`c bg fkogktfves, csà oeè sus bgrgodes bg prepfg-

bcb fktgagotuca.

Xer ae tckte, dg cquà jugkc pcrtg bg aes ncotergs oacvg pcrc

ac `gmerc bg ac ocpcofbcb bg fkkevcofÿk g`prgscrfca qug gstu-

bfcès gk ga cpcrtcbe ofkoe bg gstg ocpàtuae. _fk g`jcrie, ae

ofgrte gs qug, sejrg gaaes, acs gkougstcs bg fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc

y cotfvfbcbgs bg F+B cpgkcs rgoeigk fkner`cofÿk caiukc. Gk ga

ocse bg acs pctgktgs, acs `fs`cs sg rggmck `ãs oeè eutput bga

preogse fkkevcber, qug oeè jcsg sejrg ac qug oekstrufr kugve

oekeof`fgkte, pugs ke sg fkbcic sejrg ac rgagvckofc gstrctæifoc bg

ac ocrtgrc qug pesgg ac g`prgsc oeè jcsg pcrc ga bgscrreaae bg

fkkevcofekgs nuturcs. Gk ouckte ca rgste bg gag`gktes fktgircktgs

bga ocpftca gstruoturca, sgkofaac`gktg, ke sg bfog kcbc. Rck sÿae






gxfstgk trgs àtg`s erfgktcbes c `gbfr sf ac gxfstgkofc bg rfifbgogs

erickfzctfvcs, ac ncatc bg fkner`cofÿk sejrg tgokeaeiàc y ac ncatc

bg fkner`cofÿk sejrg `grocbes oekstftuygk jcrrgrcs f`pertck-

tgs pcrc ac fkkevcofÿk. Gk oeksgougkofc, ga oc`pe bg `gmerc qug

tgkgès cktg kesetres gs rgca`gktg f`pertcktg.

Cderc jfgk, ac prgiuktc gs= µrgsuatc rczekcjag y ncotfjag rgoe-

pfacr fkner`cofÿk sejrg tebes aes gag`gktes bg kcturcagzc fktck-

ifjag y bg àkbeag gstruoturca qug pugbgk fkofbfr gk ac ocpcofbcb

bg fkkevcofÿk bg acs g`prgscs, c scjgr= vfsfÿk y gstrctgifc, bfsgóe

erickfzctfve, ouaturc erickfzctfvc, peaàtfocs bg igstfÿk bg pgrse-

kcs, igstfÿk bga oekeof`fgkte, preogbf`fgktes pcrc ga ckãafsfs y

sgagoofÿk bg fkvgrsfekgs, gtebeaeiàc pcrc ac igstfÿk bg preygotes

bg fkkevcofÿk y cprgkbfzcmg erickfzctfve35

Ac rgspugstc gs qug prgtgkbgr rgoepfacr tebc gsc fkner`cofÿk

sejrg ukc jcsg rgiuacr y pgrfÿbfoc rgsuatc tetca`gktg fkcjerbc-

jag. Xer ae tckte, µquæ prferfzcr5 Ac vgrbcb, ke rgsuatc sgkofaae

gstcjagogr uk orftgrfe, pgre vcès c trctcr bg rgcafzcr ukc pre-

pugstc. Xugste qug fkkevcr, oeè dgès gxpafocbe, f`pafoc ig-

kgrcr kugve oekeof`fgkte c pcrtfr bg kugvcs oe`jfkcofekgs bg

oekeof`fgkte prgvfc`gktg gxfstgktg, ac igstfÿk bga oekeof`fgk-

te sgrã uke bg aes cspgotes sejrg aes qug prepekbrgès c`pafcr

ac fkner`cofÿk cotuca`gktg bfspekfjag. Cbfofekca`gktg, pugste

qug ga bfsgóe erickfzctfve y ac ouaturc sg oeksfbgrck gag`gktes

bgtgr`fkcktgs c ac derc bg ncvergogr ga fktgroc`jfe bg oekeof-

`fgkte (y, per ae tckte, ac orgcofÿk bg kugve oekeof`fgkte) gk-

trg aes `fg`jres bg ac erickfzcofÿk, preogbgrgès c oeksfbgrcr

tc`jfæk c`jes cpcrtcbes.

Bg dgode, gktgkbgès qug ac ouaturc erickfzctfvc oekstftu-

yg uke bg aes cspgotes sejrg ga qug ac coofÿk bg acs fkstftuofekgs

pugbg fkofbfr, per ae qug kes pcrgog rgagvcktg gstubfcr su gve-

auofÿk. Fiuca`gktg, acs cuterfbcbgs tgrrfterfcags tc`jfæk pugbgk

bgsg`pgócr uk pcpga f`pertcktg gk ac igstfÿk bga oekeof`fgkte,

gk gspgofca, c ac derc bg prevggr bg `gockfsès bg cpeye qug

pgr`ftck c acs g`prgscs supgrcr ofgrtcs aciukcs, rczÿk per ac qug

kes pcrgog tc`jfæk kgogscrfe gvcaucr gstc ougstfÿk. Gk ouckte ca

bfsgóe erickfzctfve, qufzãs sgc æstg ga cspgote bg aes trgs gagifbes

sejrg ga qug acs cuterfbcbgs tfgkgk `gker ocpcofbcb bg fkugk-

3 Gk ga cpcrtcbe 7.2 sg

oftcjck tc`jfæk oeè

ncotergs oacvg pcrc ac

`gmerc bg ac ocpcofbcb

bg fkkevcofÿk ga èbgae

bg kgieofe y acs rgbgs

bg fkkevcofÿk. Oeè

dgès vfste, ga prf`gre

bg gaaes (gk pcrtfouacr,

ac prepesfofÿk bg vcaer)

dc sfbe oeksfbgrcbe `ãs

jfgk oeè gngote bg ac

fkkevcofÿk, `fgktrcs

qug ga sgiukbe (rgbgs bg

fkkevcofÿk), sg gstubfcrã

bgktre bga gpàircng oe-

rrgspekbfgktg ca ocpftca

rgacofekca.







ofc, pgre su oeksfbgrcofÿk orgofgktg gk gstubfes fktgrkcofekcags

sejrg fkkevcofÿk bgsbg ukc pgrspgotfvc tgrrfterfca kes dcog tc`-

jfæk te`crae gk oeksfbgrcofÿk.

Zgspgote ca rgste bg gag`gktes ke cjerbcbes, cukqug su ckã-

afsfs ke bgmc bg sgr fktgrgscktg, ac `gker ocpcofbcb bg cotucofÿk

sejrg gaaes per pcrtg bg acs cuterfbcbgs tgrrfterfcags kes dc dgode

bgmcraes bg acbe.

Oe`gkogès, pugs, per ga prf`gre bg aes cpcrtcbes c tgkgr

gk ougktc= ga oerrgspekbfgktg c ac igstfÿk bga oekeof`fgkte. Gk

prf`gr auicr, suigrfès gvcaucr ac gxfstgkofc bg `gockfsès qug

pgr`ftck c ac g`prgsc rgcafzcr ukc vfifackofc sfstg`ãtfoc bga gk-

terke, csà oeè ga ircbe bg oekeof`fgkte (prgofse y cotucafzcbe)

qug pesgg sejrg aes bfngrgktgs gag`gktes qug oekffiiurck ga «goe-

sfstg`c¼ gk ga qug sg bgsgkvugavg. Cbfofekca`gktg, trctcrgès bg

gvcaucr su ncofafbcb pcrc cbqufrfr g fktgircr gk ac erickfzcofÿk

oekeof`fgkte oacvg qug ke pesgg, csà oeè ga ircbe bg use bg

bfngrgktgs fkfofctfvcs erfgktcbcs c ncvergogr ga fktgroc`jfe bg oe-

keof`fgkte, tckte gktrg aes `fg`jres bg ac erickfzcofÿk, oeè

gktrg æstc y etres cigktgs gxtgrkes. Caiukcs bg tcags fkfofctfvcs

gstãk cpeycbcs gk ga use bg acs tgokeaeiàcs bg ac fkner`cofÿk y

oeùkfocofÿk (y, per ae tckte, gstãk erfgktcbcs ca fktgroc`jfe bg

oekeof`fgkte gxpaàofte), `fgktrcs qug etrcs sg jcsck gk ac fktg-

rcoofÿk seofca «ocrc c ocrc¼ gktrg fkbfvfbues y, gk oeksgougkofc,

gstãk `ãs erfgktcbcs c ncvergogr ga fktgroc`jfe bg oekeof`fgkte

tãofte. Oekorgtc`gktg, acs prgiuktcs qug suigrfès nerùacr sek

acs sfiufgktgs=

3. caerg bg 3 c 9 su ircbe bg cougrbe e bgscougrbe oek ac sf-

iufgktg cffir`cofÿk (3 0 Retca`gktg gk bgscougrbe< 9 0 Retca-

`gktg bg cougrbe)=

3 : ? 2 7 > 9

Rgkgès gockfsès sfstg`ãtfoes bg cagrtc qug kes pgr`ftgk

fbgktfffiocr acs prfkofpcags kevgbcbgs bga sgoter g fkoerpercracs

rãpfbc`gktg c kugstrc erickfzcofÿk.






:. caerg bg 3 c 9 dcstc quæ pukte su g`prgsc pesgg uk jugk oe-

keof`fgkte (prgofse y cotucafzcbe) bg aes sfiufgktgs cspgotes

(3 0 Kuae< 9 0 Gxogagktg)=

3 : ? 2 7 > 9

c. Ac pesfofÿk qug eoupc gk ga `grocbe

j. Acs kgogsfbcbgs bg sus oafgktgs

o. Ga oe`pertc`fgkte bg sus oe`pgtfbergs

b. Xrevggbergs bg fksuès

g. Bfstrfjufbergs

n. Gveauofÿk tgokeaÿifoc bg aes su`fkfstrcbergs bg prebuotes e

sgrvfofes oe`pag`gktcrfes rgspgote ca prebuote/sgrvfofe engrtcbe

per ac prepfc g`prgsc

i. Agifsacofÿk qug cngotc c ac g`prgsc

d. Nugktgs bg ffikckofcofÿk c su caockog

f. Cyubcs pýjafocs

m. Xesfjfafbcbgs qug enrgogk acs cseofcofekgs sgoterfcags

l. Engrtc bg ogktres bg cpeye c ac fkvgstficofÿk (ukfvgrsfbcbgs,

ogktres tgokeaÿifoes y eetres fkstftutes bg fkvgstficofÿk)

3 : ? 2 7 > 9

_eès gspgofca`gktg dãjfags c ac derc bg cbqufrfr oekeof`fgkte

gxtgrke qug ke pesggès (y qug oeksfbgrcès oacvg) g fktgircrae

gk kugstrc erickfzcofÿk.

?. caerg bg 3 c 9 su ircbe bg cougrbe e bgscougrbe oek ac

sfiufgktg cffir`cofÿk (3 0 Retca`gktg gk bgscougrbe< 9 0 Re-

tca`gktg bg cougrbe)=







2. caerg bg 3 c 9 ga ircbe bg use y/e cpafocofÿk gk su g`prgsc bg

aes sfiufgktgs `gockfsès y/e fkfofctfvcs oeè dgrrc`fgk-

tc pcrc ga fktgroc`jfe bg oekeof`fgkte y gxpgrfgkofcs gktrg

sus `fg`jres (3 0 Ke sg utfafzc gk cjseaute< 9 0 _g utfafzc

ùode)=

3 : ? 2 7 > 9

c. Oerrge gagotrÿkfoe

j. Neres bg bfsousfÿk ek-afkg

o. Jaeis

b. Yflfs

g. Fktrckgt

n. Gxtrckgt

i. Zgpesfterfe bg oekeof`fgkte e jfjafetgoc tæokfoc ek-afkg

d. Zgoepfacofÿk y bfvuaicofÿk bg gmergs prãotfocs

f. Kcrrcofÿk bg dfsterfcs

m. Oeùkfbcbgs bg prãotfoc

l. Oecodfki y/e gkterfki

a. Oàrouaes bg ocafbcb

`. Zetcofÿk nukofekca bg g`pagcbes

k. @evfafbcb gxtgrkc bg g`pagcbes

e. Etres (gspgofffiocr)

Gk rgacofÿk oek ga bfsgóe erickfzctfve, tca y oeè dgès gxpafoc-

be, ga tfpe bg gstruoturc erickfzctfvc f`packtcbc pugbg ncvergogr

e, per ga oektcrfe, fkdfjfr aes preogses bg fktgroc`jfe y bg igkg-

rcofÿk bg kugve oekeof`fgkte. Oeè dgès vfste, ae fbgca sgràc

oektcr oek ukc gstruoturc erickfzctfvc qug oe`jfkcrc mgrcrquàc y

gqufpes bg trcjcme cb deo , oek ga ffik bg `cxf`fzcr gffiofgkofc, per

ukc pcrtg, y gxfjfafbcb, per etrc.

_f gngotuãrcès ukc oacsfffiocofÿk bg aes bfngrgktgs èbgaes

erickfzctfves gxfstgktgs ctgkbfgkbe ca ircbe gk qug ocbc uke bg

gaaes oektrfjuyg c ac ncofaftcofÿk bg aes preogses bg fktgroc`jfe

y igkgrcofÿk bg kugve oekeof`fgkte gk ac g`prgsc, gk ga kfvga

fkngrfer, tgkbràcès c acs gstruoturcs nukofekcags, bfvfsfekcags y

`ctrfofcags qug ke oektg`pack gk kfkiuke bg sus gmgs kf preog-

ses kf preygotes. Gk uk sgiukbe kfvga, tgkbràcès acs gstruoturcs






per preogses y `ctrfofcags gk acs qug uke bg sus gmgs gstã jcscbe

gk preogses y, per ýatfè, gk ga kfvga supgrfer, tgkbràcès acs

gstruoturcs per preygotes y acs `ctrfofcags gk acs qug uke bg sus

gmgs gstuvfgrc oekstftufbe per preygotes.

Xcrc cvgrfiucr ga tfpe bg gstruoturc erickfzctfvc f`packtcbc,

gk prf`gr auicr, fktgrreicràcès c ac g`prgsc sejrg ac gxfstgkofc

bg rgspekscjags bgsfikcbes pcrc ocbc ukc bg acs epofekgs qug sg

fkbfock c oektfkucofÿk= ãrgcs nukofekcags, ãrgcs igeirãffiocs, tf-

pes bg oafgktgs, tfpes bg prebuotes, preogses, preygotes u etres.

C oektfkucofÿk, tgkfgkbe gk ougktc ac rgspugstc ncofaftcbc c gstc

ougstfÿk, prgiuktcràcès ouãags sek aes rgspekscjags (pugbg dc-

jgr uke seae e vcrfes) qug estgktck `cyer cuterfbcb mgrãrqufoc

gk ac g`prgsc.

Bg gstg èbe, sf ac `cyer cuterfbcb mgrãrqufoc rgocygrc gx-

oausfvc`gktg gk aes rgspekscjags bg ãrgcs nukofekcags, kes gk-

oektrcràcès cktg ukc gstruoturc bg tfpe nukofekca. _f ac `cyer

cuterfbcb oerrgspekbfgrc gxoausfvc`gktg c aes rgspekscjags bg

prebuote e c aes rgspekscjags bg preogse (c uke seae bg gaaes),

kes gkoektrcràcès gktekogs nrgktg c ukc gstruoturc bfvfsfekca,

`fgktrcs qug sf oerrgspekbfgrc c aes rgspekscjags bg preogses e

c aes rgspekscjags bg preygote (bg kugve, c uke seae bg gaaes),

kes gkoektrcràcès nrgktg c ukc gstruoturc per preogses e per

preygotes, sgiýk ga ocse. Xer ga oektrcrfe, sf ac `cyer cuterfbcb

mgrãrqufoc rgocygrc gk `ãs bg uk tfpe bg rgspekscjag, gk gsg ocse,

kes gkoektrcràcès cktg ukc gstruoturc bg tfpe `ctrfofca.

Xer etrc pcrtg, gk rgacofÿk oek ac gstruoturc erickfzctfvc,

bgjgès cvgrfiucr tc`jfæk sf æstc prgsgktc ùodes kfvgags mg-

rãrqufoes e, per ga oektrcrfe, sf gs `ãs jfgk packc, ae qug, gk aà-

kgcs igkgrcags, preperofekc `cyer gxfjfafbcb y ocpcofbcb bg

rgcoofÿk, c ac vgz qug ncofaftc ac oeùkfocofÿk y ga fktgroc`jfe bg

oekeof`fgkte.

Gk aàkgc oek ae cktgrfer, ac sfiufgktg ougstfÿk c oeksfbgrcr

bgktre bga bfsgóe erickfzctfve gs ga ircbe bg bgsogktrcafzcofÿk

y cuteke`àc gxfstgktg. Bg kugve, sg trctc bg uk gag`gkte oacvg

bg ocrc c csgiurcr ukc `cyer gxfjfafbcb y rcpfbgz bg rgspugstc

cktg kugvcs ofroukstckofcs. _fk g`jcrie, tca y oeè bgoàcès, sg

kgogsftc uk gqufafjre cbgoucbe gktrg bgsogktrcafzcofÿk g fktgirc-







ofÿk, bg ocrc c cprevgodcr acs sfkgrifcs qug pugbck gxfstfr gktrg

ukfbcbgs erickfzctfvcs bfstfktcs.

Cbfofekca`gktg, etrc ougstfÿk c oeksfbgrcr gs ac cifafbcb y

ufbgz bg aes ockcags bg oeùkfocofÿk, csà oeè ga bfsgóe bga

gkterke bg trcjcme, ga ouca bgjgràc ncofaftcr ac oeùkfocofÿk y ga

bfãaeie gktrg aes `fg`jres bg ac g`prgsc.

Gk oeksekckofc oek ae cktgrfer, acs prgiuktcs qug suigrfès

nerùacr sek acs sfiufgktgs=

7. Gk su g`prgsc, µgs dcjftuca trcjcmcr `gbfcktg gqufpes bg

preygote orgcbes cb deo (gs bgofr, gqufpes bg trcjcme ouyes

oe`pekgktgs sg gstcjagogk gk ocbc ocse sgiýk acs ofroukstck-

ofcs)5

_à Ke

>. _gócag sf gk su erickfzcofÿk gxfstgk rgspekscjags bgsfikcbes

pcrc ocbc ukc bg acs epofekgs qug sg fkbfock c oektfkucofÿk=

c. Ãrgcs nukofekcags

j. Ãrgcs igeirãffiocs

o. Rfpes bg oafgktg

b. Rfpes bg prebuote

g. Xreogses

n. Xreygotes

i. Etres (gspgofffiocr)






9. Ctgkbfgkbe c ac rgspugstc ncofaftcbc gk ac prgiuktc cktgrfer,

sgócag cderc quæ tfpe bg rgspekscjag (pugbg sgr uk seae tfpe

e vcrfes) estgktc `cyer cuterfbcb mgrãrqufoc (gs bgofr, gstã

per gkof`c bg tebes aes bg`ãs) bgktre bg su g`prgsc=

c. Zgspekscjags bg ãrgcs nukofekcags

j. Zgspekscjags bg ãrgcs igeirãffiocs

o. Zgspekscjags bg sgi`gktes bg oafgktgs

b. Zgspekscjags bg prebuotes

g. Zgspekscjags bg preogses

n. Zgspekscjags bg preygotes

i. Etres (gspgofffiocr)

4. µOuãktes kfvgags bg cuterfbcb mgrãrqufoc gxfstgk gk su eric-

kfzcofÿk per bgjcme bg ac Bfrgoofÿk Igkgrca5

3 kfvga

: kfvgags

? kfvgags

2 kfvgags e `ãs

6. caerg bg 3 c 9 ga ircbe bg cuteke`àc bg igstfÿk qug pesggk

aes sfiufgktgs kfvgags mgrãrqufoes bgktre bg su g`prgsc (3 0

@uy jcme< 9 0 @uy gagvcbe).

Gktgkbgès qug ga ircbe bg cuteke`àc gs uy jcme ouckbe tebc

coofÿk ke prgvfstc bgjg sgr cprejcbc per ga supgrfer oerrgspek-

bfgktg. Xer ga oektrcrfe, gktgkbgès qug ga ircbe bg cuteke`àc

gs uy gagvcbe ouckbe, ukc vgz oeùkfocbes aes ejmgtfves y csfi-

kcbe ga prgsupugste, ac ukfbcb erickfzctfvc bfspekg bg cuterf-

bcb oe`pagtc pcrc dcogr ae qug gstf`c epertuke sfk kgogsfbcb

bg oeksuatc.

3 : ? 2 7 > 9

c. Xrf`gr kfvga mgrãrqufoe per bgjcme bg ac Bfrgoofÿk Igkgrca

j. _giukbe kfvga mgrãrqufoe per bgjcme bg ac Bfrgoofÿk Igkgrca







38. caerg bg 3 c 9 su ircbe bg cougrbe e bgscougrbe oek acs sf-

iufgktgs cffir`cofekgs (3 0 Retca`gktg gk bgscougrbe< 9 0 Re-


3 : ? 2 7 > 9

c. Gk kugstrc erickfzcofÿk, acs pgrsekcs iezck bg uk c`pafe

`crigk bg `ckfejrc pcrc bgofbfr ac ner`c `ãs cbgoucbc

bg bgscrreaacr su trcjcme.

j. Gk kugstrc g`prgsc, sg prgffigrg qug acs pgrsekcs sfick acs

rgiacs gstcjagofbcs, gk auicr bg cpafocr su prepfe orftgrfe.

o. Gk kugstrc erickfzcofÿk, sfg`prg te`ck acs bgofsfekgs acs

pgrsekcs qug tfgkgk uk oektcote `ãs bfrgote oek ga

prejag`c ckcafzcbe.

b. Gk kugstrc g`prgsc, gs dcjftuca qug sg prebuzock bupafofbcbgs

(gs bgofr, ga `fsè trcjcme sg rgcafzc bes vgogs) per ukc ncatc bg

oeerbfkcofÿk suffiofgktg gktrg bfngrgktgs ukfbcbgs erickfzctfvcs.

33. caerg bg 3 c 9 dcstc quæ pukte aes sfiufgktgs ockcags bg oe-

ùkfocofÿk pgr`ftgk gk su erickfzcofÿk ga ume bg fbgcs,

fkfofctfvcs y puktes bg vfstc bg `ckgrc ãifa y ufbc (3 0 Gk

cjseaute< 9 0 Retca`gktg)=

3 : ? 2 7 > 9

c. Ockcags bg oeùkfocofÿk vgrtfoca (gs bgofr, gktrg ukc ukfbcb

erickfzctfvc y sus supgrfergs mgrãrqufoes, e gktrg ukc ukfbcb

erickfzctfvc y aes kfvgags qug bgpgkbgk bg gaac).

j. Ockcags bg oeùkfocofÿk derfzektca (gs bgofr, gktrg ukfbcbgs

erickfzctfvcs bg uk fsè kfvga).

o. Ockcags bg oeùkfocofÿk oek oafgktgs.

b. Ockcags bg oeùkfocofÿk oek etres cigktgs gxtgrkes.






3:. caerg bg 3 c 9 dcstc quæ pukte (3 0 Gk cjseaute< 9 0 Retca-

`gktg)=

3 : ? 2 7 > 9

c. Gk kugstrc g`prgsc, ga bfsgóe nàsfoe bga gkterke bg trcjcme sg

dc oufbcbe gspgofca`gktg oek ga ffik bg ncvergogr ac oeùkfoc-

ofÿk y ga bfãaeie gktrg tebes aes `fg`jres bg ac g`prgsc.

j. Gk kugstrc erickfzcofÿk, ga bfsgóe nàsfoe bga gkterke bg

trcjcme ncvergog rgca`gktg ac oeùkfocofÿk y ga bfãaeie

gktrg sus fg`jres.

Zgspgote ca tgrogr gag`gkte c tgkgr gk ougktc, ac ouaturc erickfzc-

tfvc, sg trctcràc bg oe`prejcr dcstc quæ pukte gk ac erickfzcofÿk

f`pgrck vcaergs qug ne`gktgk, per ukc pcrtg, ga fktgroc`jfe bg

oekeof`fgkte (oeè per gmg`pae, ac oekffickzc, ac trckspcrgkofc,

ac oeepgrcofÿk y ac cyubc utuc) y, per etrc, ac fkkevcofÿk (`gk-

tcafbcb cjfgrtc, prepgksfÿk ca rfgsie, c`jfofÿk, teagrckofc c ac fk-

ogrtfbu`jrg y cogptcofÿk bga nrcocse, prfkofpca`gktg).

3?. caerg bg 3 c 9 dcstc quæ pukte gk su g`prgsc (3 0 Gk cjseau-

te< 9 0 Retca`gktg)=

3 : ? 2 7 > 9

c. Gxfstg uk oaf`c bg oekffickzc.

j. Gxfstg uk oaf`c bg trckspcrgkofc.

o. Gxfstg uk oaf`c bg oeepgrcofÿk y cyubc ùtuc.







32. caerg bg 3 c 9 su ircbe bg cougrbe e bgscougrbe oek acs sf-

iufgktgs cffir`cofekgs (3 0 Retca`gktg gk bgscougrbe< 9 0 Re-


3 : ? 2 7 > 9

c. Gk kugstrc g`prgsc gxfstg ukc `gktcafbcb cjfgrtc.

j. Kugstrc erickfzcofÿk sg ùgstrc ùy rgogaesc c ac derc bg

csu`fr kugves rfgsies.

o. Kugstrc erickfzcofÿk gs su`c`gktg c`jfofesc= sfg`prg cspfrc

c gstcr uk pcse per bgacktg bg aes bg`ãs.

b Gk kugstrc g`prgsc oeksfbgrcès qug gs gmer gqufveocrsg

qug ke fktgktcr kcbc kugve.

4.?.7 Ocpftca rgacofekca

Ga ocpftca rgacofekca oekstftuyg ga ýatfè tfpe bg rgourse bg kc-

turcagzc fktckifjag qug oekffiiurc ac jcsg bg rgourses pcrc ac

fkkevcofÿk. Gk ku`grescs eocsfekgs, ac `ctgrfcafzcofÿk bg acs

epertukfbcbgs bg fkkevcofÿk bgtgotcbcs rgqufgrg ac oeepgrcofÿk

oek etres cigktgs. Xer ae tckte, bg ae qug sg trctc cquà gs bg pre-

nukbfzcr gk gstg cspgote.

Cotuca`gktg, pcrc ocbc uke bg aes tfpes bg fkkevcofÿk oek-

sfbgrcbes (fkkevcofÿk bg prebuote, preogse, fkkevcofekgs er-

ickfzctfvcs y bg oe`grofcafzcofÿk), ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk

tgokeaÿifoc fkbcic sejrg ga pgse bg aes cigktgs gxtgrkes gk ga

bgscrreaae bg tcags fkkevcofekgs. Bg gstg èbe, sg prgiuktc sf ac

fkkevcofÿk dc sfbe bgscrreaacbc prfkofpca`gktg gk ga sgke bga

prepfe gstcjagof`fgkte< e sf dc sfbe bgscrreaacbc per ga gstcjagof-

`fgkte gk oeepgrcofÿk oek etres gstcjagof`fgktes bg ac g`prgsc

e irupe bg g`prgscs< e sf dc sfbe bgscrreaacbc gk oeepgrcofÿk

oek etrcs g`prgscs e fkstftuofekgs< e sf dc sfbe bgscrreaacbc

prfkofpca`gktg per etres gstcjagof`fgktes bg ac g`prgsc, etrcs

g`prgscs u etrcs fkstftuofekgs.

Cbfofekca`gktg, ac gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc fk-

bcic sejrg ga tfpe bg cigktgs gxtgrkes oek aes qug ac g`prgsc

oeepgrc (etres gstcjagof`fgktes bg ac `fs`c g`prgsc e irupe

bg g`prgscs< oafgktgs< prevggbergs bg gqufpe, `ctgrfcags, oe`pe-

kgktgs e sentwcrg< oe`pgtfbergs< gxpgrtes e ffir`cs oeksuatercs<






ogktres tgokeaÿifoes< acjercterfes oe`grofcags e g`prgscs bg F+B

(gxogpte ogktres tgokeaÿifoes)< ukfvgrsfbcbgs y etres fkstftutes bg

gksgóckzc supgrfer< y erickfsès pýjafoes bg fkvgstficofÿk) y se-

jrg su ujfocofÿk igeirãffioc.

C kugstre èbe bg vgr, pcrc oe`pagtcr ga pckerc`c sejrg

gstc ougstfÿk ncatcràc per oeksfbgrcr bes oescs= ga ircbe bg gstc-

jfafbcb bg ac oeepgrcofÿk oek ocbc tfpe bg cigktg (gste gs, sf sg

trctc bg cougrbes puktucags e bg cafckzcs gstcjags) y ga ircbe bg

sctfsncoofÿk caockzcbe gk ac oeepgrcofÿk oek ocbc uke bg gaaes.

4.2 Zgocpftuacofÿk ffikca

C ae acrie bg gstg cpcrtcbe, dgès trctcbe bg gstcjagogr acs aàkgcs

`cgstrcs c tgkgr gk ougktc c ac derc bg bfsgócr uk sfstg`c bg fk-

bfocbergs qug pgr`ftc rgcafzcr ukc gvcaucofÿk y sgiuf`fgkte bg ac

fkkevcofÿk g`prgscrfca bgsbg ukc pgrspgotfvc tgrrfterfca.

Acs prepugstcs rgcafzcbcs sejrg oÿè oe`pagtcr acs cotucags

gkougstcs bg fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc y cotfvfbcbgs bg F+B tfgkgk

uk ocrãotgr prgaf`fkcr y prgtgkbgk sgr ga pukte bg pcrtfbc pcrc,

gk ukc ncsg pestgrfer (ukc vgz oekoaufbc gstc prf`grc gtcpc bg

ckãafsfs gk prenukbfbcb bga gstcbe bga crtg gk `ctgrfc bg `gbf-

ofÿk bg ac fkkevcofÿk) caf`gktcr ga bgjctg qug oekbuzoc c ac sg-

agoofÿk bgffikftfvc bg fkbfocbergs.

Xer ae tckte, ae nukbc`gktca gs te`cr gk ougktc aes cpcrtcbes

gk aes qug sg dck bgtgotcbe ocrgkofcs f`pertcktgs y ga tfpe bg

fkner`cofÿk qug ncatcràc per rgocjcr, ãs qug ac ner`c prgofsc bg

dcogr epgrctfvc su `gbfofÿk.







Zgngrgkofcs jfjafeirãffiocsCGOC (3666). Gstrctgifc g`prgscrfca ‟ @ebgae bfkã`foe bga preogse gstrctæif-

oe. Xrfkofpfes bg Erickfzcofÿk y _fstg`cs, 6 .Caagg, ^. (:88?). Rdg nuturg en lkewagbig= Fkorgcsfki prespgrfty tdreuid vcaug

kgtwerls. Jurafkitek, @C= Gasgvfgr _ofgkog.

Ca`gfbc, X., Ckupc`c, X., & Irckt, Z.@. (:88?). Fkkevctfek ckb lkewagbig

`ckcig`gkt= _ockkfki, seurofki ckb fktgirctfek. Fk @. Gcstgrjy-_`ftd & @. C.

Ayags (Gbs.), Jacolwgaa dckbjeel en erickfzctfekca agcrkfki ckb lkewagbig `ckcig-

`gkt (pp. ?7>-?93). @cabgk, @C= Jacolwgaa Xujafsdfki.

C`peksg`, D. (3663). Erickfzctfekca agcrkfki tdreuid fktgrkca systg`s, strctgifo

caafckogs ckb kgtwerls. Beoterca Bfssgrtctfek, Suggk‽s Wkfvgrsfty ct Lfkistek, Oc-

kcbc.

Ckbrfgssgk, B. (:882)= @clfki sgksg en fktgaagotuca ocpftca ‟ Bgsfikfki c `gtdeb ner tdg vcauctfek en fktckifjags. Jurafkitek, @C= Gasgvfgr Juttgrwertd-Dgfkg`ckk.

Cksenn, F. (3648). @ckcifki strctgifo surprfsg jy rgspeksg te wgcl sfikcas. Ocaf-

nerkfc @ckcig`gkt Zgvfgw , 39 (:), :3-??.

Criyrfs, O., & _odþk, B. (3694). Erickfzctfekca agcrkfki= C tdgery fk cotfek

pgrspgotfvg. Zgcbfki, @C= Cbbfsek-Ygsagy.

Jcda`ckk, R. (3668). Rdg agcrkfki erickfzctfek fk c turjuagkt gkvfrek`gkt.

Gurepgck Meurkca en @ckcig`gkt Zgsgcrod, 6 (2), 3>9-34:.

Jcrkgy, M.J. (3663). Nfr` rgseurogs ckb sustcfkgb oe`pgtftfvg cbvcktcig. _trc-

tgifo @ckcig`gkt Meurkca, 39 (3), 66-3:8.

Jcrkgy, M.J. & Oacrl, B.K. (:889). Zgseurog-jcsgb tdgery ‟ Orgctfki ckb sustcf-

kfki oe`pgtftfvg cbvcktcig. Exnerb, KV= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.

Jgssckt, M. & Rfbb, M. (:889). Fkkevctfek ckb gktrgprgkgursdfp. Odfodgstgr, Ygst

_ussgx, WL= Medk Yfagy & _eks.

Jektfs, K. (3666). @ckcifki erickfzctfekca lkewagbig jy bfcikesfki fktgaago-

tuca ocpftca= Nrc`fki ckb cbvckofki tdg stctg en tdg ffigab. Fktgrkctfekca Meurkca en

Rgodkeaeiy @ckcig`gkt, 34(7-4), 2??-2>:.

Jrg`sgr, Y.I. & Jcrsly, K.X. (:882). Wtfafzfki tdg jcackogb soergocrb ner Z&B

pgrner`ckog gcsurg`gkt, Z&B @ckcig`gkt , ?2(?), ::6-:?4.

Ocscbgsus-@csckgaa, Z. & Zfocrt, M.G. (:889). Oe`pgtfki tdreuid jusfkgss

èbgas. Dcrvcrb Jusfkgss _odeea, ukpujafsdgb werlfki pcpgr.

Ocvgs, Z.G. (3648). Fkbustrfca erickfzctfek, oerperctg strctgiy, ckb struoturg. Meurkca en Goeke`fo Aftgrcturg, T^FFF (@crod), >2-6:.

Odcuvga, B., Zeaackb, K., Bgsprgz, O. (:88?). Lkewagbig trcksngr ckb erick-

fzctfekca agcrkfki fk strctgifo caafckogs. Fk Jueke, C. (Gb.), Zgsgcrod fk `ckcig`gkt

oeksuatfki, êa. ?= Gkdckofki fktgr-ffir` kgtwerls ckb fktgrerickfzctfekca strctgifgs.

Irggkwfod, OR= Fkner`ctfek Cig Xujafsdfki.

Odgsjreuid, D., Zesgkjaee`, Z._. (:88:). Rdg reag en tdg jusfkgss èbga fk

ocpturfki vcaug nre` fkkevctfek= Gvfbgkog nre` Tgrex Oerperctfek‽s Rgodkeaeiy.

Fkbustrfca ckb Oerperctg Odckig, 33(?), 7:6-777.

OFO. (:88?). Fktgaagotus èbga= @gcsurg`gkt ckb `ckcig`gkt en fktgaagotuca oc-

pftca (Fktgaagotus Beou`gkt Ke. 7). @cbrfb, _pcfk.Odrfstfcksgk, M.C. (:888). Jufabfki tdg fkkevctfvg erickfzctfek= @ckcig`gkt

systg`s tdct gkoeurcig fkkevctfek. Kgw Verl= _t. @crtfk‽s Xrgss.

Oauj Fktgagot (3664). @gbfofÿk bga ocpftca fktgagotuca ‟ @ebgae Fktgagot . @c-






brfb, _pcfk= Fkstftute Wkfvgrsftcrfe Gureneru` Gsoerfca.

Oedgk, Y., Agvfktdca, A. (3668). Cjserptfvg ocpcofty= C kgw pgrspgotfvg ek

agcrkfki ckb fkkevctfek. Cb`fkfstrctfvg _ofgkog Sucrtgray, ?7, 3:4-37:.

Oygrt, Z.@, @crod, M.I. (36>?). C jgdcvferca tdgery en tdg gktgrprfsg. Gkiagwe-

eb Oafnns, KM= Xrgktfog Dcaa.

Bc`ckpeur, N. (3649). Rdg cbeptfek en tgodkeaeifoca, cb`fkfstrctfvg, ckb ck-

ofaacry fkkevctfeks= F`pcot en erickfzctfekca ncoters. Meurkca en @ckcig`gkt , 3?(2),

>97->44.

Bc`ckpeur, N. (3663). Erickfzctfekca fkkevctfek= C `gtc-ckcaysfs en gnngot en

bgtgr`fkckts ckb `ebgrcters. Cocbg`y en @ckcig`gkt Meurkca , ?2(?), 777-768.

Bcalfr, L. (:887). Lkewagbig `ckcig`gkt fk tdgery ckb prcotfog. Exnerb, WL=

Gasgvfgr Fko.

Bckfsd Cigkoy ner Rrcbg ckb Fkbustry (:888). C iufbgafkg ner fktgaagotuca

ocpftca stctg`gkts ‟ C lgy te lkewagbig `ckcig`gkt .Bckfsd @fkfstry en _ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkkevctfek (:88?). Fktgaago-

tuca ocpftca stctg`gkts ‟ Rdg kgw iufbgafkg.

Bckfsd @fkfstry en _ofgkog, Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fkkevctfek (:88?). Ckcay-

sfki fktgaagotuca ocpftca stctg`gkts.

Bcvgkpert, R.D. (:889). Fkner`ctfek tgodkeaeifgs ner lkewagbig `ckcig`gkt.

Fk Fodfme, L., & Kekclc, F. (Gbs.), Lkewagbig orgctfek ckb ckcig`gkt= Kgw odcaagkigs

ner `ckcigrs (pp. 69-339). Kgw Verl, KV= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.

Bcvfac, R., Gpstgfk, @.M. & _dgatek, Z. (:88>). @clfki fkkevctfek werl= Dew

te `ckcig ft, `gcsurg ft, ckb preffit nre` ft . Wppgr _cbbag Zfvgr, KM= Xgcrsek Gbuoc-

tfek.Gbvfkssek, A. & @caekg, @. _. (3669). Fktgaagotuca ocpftca ‟ Zgcafzfki yeur

oe`pcky‽s trug vcaug jy ffikbfki ft‽s dfbbgk jrcfkpewgr . Kgw Verl, KV= Dcrpgr Oeaafks

Xujafsdgrs, Fko.

GNS@ (:887). Rdg GNS@ nrc`gwerl ner fkkevctfek ‟ @gcsurfki ckb f`prevfki

yeur cjfafty te fkkevctg.

Gfsgkdcrbt, L.@. & @crtfk, M.C. (:888). Bykc`fo ocpcjfaftfgs= Ydct crg tdgy5

_trctgifo @ckcig`gkt Meurkca, :3(38-33), 3387-33:3.

Gurepgck Oe``fssfek. (:88>). ZFOCZBF_= Zgpertfki fktgaagotuca ocpftca te

cui`gkt rgsgcrod, bgvgaep`gkt ckb fkkevctfek fk _@Gs. Jrussgas, Jgaifu`.

GW_RCR (:884). Gstcbàstfoc sejrg cotfvfbcbgs bg fkvgstficofÿk ofgktàffioc y bgscrre-

aae tgokeaÿifoe (F+B) ‟ Ougstfekcrfe.

GW_RCR (:884). Gkougstc bg fkkevcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc.

GW_RCR (:838). Gkougstc sejrg ac seofgbcb bg ac fkner`cofÿk.

Nfea, @.O., Ayags, @.C. (3647). Erickfzctfekca agcrkfki. Cocbg`y en @ckcig-

`gkt Zgvfgw , 38 (2), 48?-43?.

Nrgg`ck, O. (3692). Rdg goeke`fos en fkbustrfca fkkevctfek. Dcr`ekbswertd,

WL= Xgkiufk.

Nrfgb`ck, ^.M., Afpsdftz, Z., & Evgr`ggr, Y. (:88?). Orgctfki oekbftfeks ner

erickfzctfekca agcrkfki. Fk @. Bfgrlgs, C. Jgrtdefk, M. Odfab, & F. Kekclc (Gbs.),

Dckbjeel en erickfzctfekca agcrkfki & lkewagbig (pp. 979-992). Kgw Verl= Exnerb

Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.Igr`grccb, X. (:88?). @gcsurfki Z&B fk :88?. Zgsgcrod Rgodkeaeiy @ckcig-

`gkt , 2> (>) , 29-7>.







Iebgkgr, C. & _þbgrqufst, L. G. (:882). Wsg ckb f`pcot en pgrner`ckog gcs-

urg`gkt rgsuats fk Z&B ckb KXB= ck gxpaerctery stuby. Z&B @ckcig`gkt , ?2(:),

363-:36.

Irckt, Z. @. (3663). Rdg rgseurog-jcsgb tdgery en oe`pgtftfvg cbvcktcig= F`-

pafoctfeks ner strctgiy nerùactfek. Ocafnerkfc @ckcig`gkt Zgvfgw, 3?(??), 332-3?7.

Irckt, Z. @. (366>). Rewcrb c lkewagbig-jcsgb tdgery en tdg ffir`. _trctgifo

@ckcig`gkt Meurkca, 39 (Yfktgr _pgofca Fssug), 386-3::.

Irckt, Z.@. (:884). Oektg`percry strctgiy ckcaysfs ‟ > td gbftfek. Exnerb, WL=

Jacolwgaa Xujafsdfki Atb.

Iuf`ÿk, M. (:88:). Iufbgafkgs ner fktgaagotuca ocpftca `ckcig`gkt ckb rgper-

tfki ‟ Oe`pcrfki tdg @grftu` ckb tdg Bckfsd cpprecodgs. Xcpgr prgsgktgb ct Rdg

Rrckspcrgkt Gktgrprfsg ‟ Rdg ^caug en Fktckifjags, @cbrfb, _pcfk.

Iuptc, E. & Zees, I. (:883). @grigrs ckb coqufsftfeks tdreuid ck fktgaagotuca

ocpftca pgrspgotfvg. Meurkca en Fktgaagotuca Ocpftca , :(?), :69-?86.Dc`jrfol, B.O. & Nrgbrfolsek, M.Y. (:883). Crg yeu surg yeu dcvg c strctgiy5

Cocbg`y en @ckcig`gkt Gxgoutfvg, 37(2), 24-76.

Dcwcwfkf, I., _ujrc`ckfc`, ^. & ^grbfk, X. (:88?). Fs ffir`‽s preffitcjfafty brf-

vgk jy fkbustry er ffir`-spgofffio ncoters5 C kgw aeel ct tdg gvfbgkog. _trctgifo @ckc-

ig`gkt Meurkca, :2(3), 3-3>.

Dgbaukb, I. (366?). Cssu`ptfeks en dfgrcrody ckb dgtgrcrody, wftd cppafoctfe-

ks te tdg `ckcig`gkt en tdg ùatfkctfekca oerperctfek. Fk _. Idesdca, G. Ygstkgy

(Gbs.), Erickfzctfek Rdgery ckb tdg @uatfkctfekca Oerperctfek (pp. :33-:?>). Aekbek,

WL= @co@faack Xrgss.

Dgbaukb, I. (3662). C ebga en lkewagbig ckcig`gkt ckb tdg k-ner` oerpe-rctfek. _trctgifo @ckcig`gkt Meurkca , 37(_:), 9?-68.

Dgbaukb, I. & Kekclc, F. (366?). @ebgas en lkewagbig `ckcig`gkt fk tdg

Ygst ckb Mcpck. Fk X. Aerckig, J. Odclrcvcrtdy, M. Zees, C. ^ck bg ^gk (Gbs.), F`pag-

`gktfki _trctgifo Xreogssgs (pp. 339-322). Aekbek, WL= Jacolwgaa.

Dganct, G., Nfklgastgfk, _., @ftodgaa, Y., Xgtgrcn, @.C., _fkid, D., Rggog,

B.M. & Yfktgr, _.I. (:889). Bykc`fo ocpcjfaftfgs= Wkbgrstckbfki strctgifo odckig fk

erickfzctfeks. @cabgk, @C= Jacolwgaa Xujafsdfki.

Dujgr, I.X. (3663). Erickfzctfekca agcrkfki= Rdg oektrfjutfki preogssgs ckb tdg

aftgrcturgs. Erickfzctfek _ofgkog, :(3), 44-337.

Fodfme, L. (:889). Gkcjafki lkewagbig-jcsgb oe`pgtgkog en c oerperctfek. Fk

L. Fodfme & F. Kekclc (Gbs.), Lkewagbig orgctfek ckb ckcig`gkt= Kgw odcaagkigs ner

`ckcigrs (pp. 4?-6>). Kgw Verl= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.

Medksek, @. & _uslgwfoz, M. (:889). Jusfkgss èbga fkkevctfek. _trctgiy &

Fkkevctfek, 7(2), ?9.

Lcaac, D.L. (:887). Fktgirctgb fktgrkca oe`ùkfoctfeks= C ùatfbfsofpafkcry

pgrspgotfvg. Oerperctg Oe`ùkfoctfeks= Ck Fktgrkctfekca Meurkca, 38 (2), ?8:-?32.

Lcpack, Z._. & Kertek, B.X. (366:). Rdg jcackogb soergocrb ‟ @gcsurgs tdct

brfvg pgrner`ckog. Dcrvcrb Jusfkgss Zgvfgw, 4:(:), 7:->?.

Lcpack, Z._. & Kertek, B.X. (366>). Rdg jcackogb soergocrb ‟ Rrcksactfki strc-

tgiy fkte cotfek. Jestek, @C= Dcrvcrb Jusfkgss _odeea Xrgss.

Lcpack, Z._. & Kertek, B.X. (:882). _trctgiy `cps ‟ Oekvgrtfki fktckifjag cs-

sgts fkte tckifjag eutoe`gs. Jestek, @C= Dcrvcrb Jusfkgss _odeea Xrgss.






Lgrssgks-vck Brekigagk, F.O. & Jfabgrjggl, M. (3666). Z&B pgrner`ckog

`gcsurg`gkt= @erg tdck odeesfki c sgt en `gtrfos. Z&B @ckcig`gkt, :6 (3), ?7-2>.

Lgrssgks-vck Brekigagk, F.O. & Oeel, C. (3669). Bgsfik prfkofpags ner tdg

bgvgaep`gkt en gcsurg`gkt systg`s ner rgsgcrod ckb bgvgaep`gkt preogssgs. Z&B

@ckcig`gkt , :9 (2), ?27-?79.

Lf`, A. (3648). Erickfzctfekca fkkevctfek ckb struoturg. Meurkca en Jusfkgss Zg-

sgcrod, 4, ::7-:27.

Lf`jgray, Z. & Gvckfsle, @. (3643). Erickfzctfekca fkkevctfek= Rdg fkugkog

en fkbfvfbuca, erickfzctfekca, ckb oektgxtuca ncoters ek despftca cbeptfek en tgod-

keaeifoca ckb cb`fkfstrctfvg fkkevctfeks. Cocbg`y en @ckcig`gkt Meurkca, :2(2),

>46-93?.

Leiut, J. & ]ckbgr, W. (366:). Lkewagbig en tdg ffir`, oe`jfkctfvg ocpcjfaftfgs,

ckb tdg rgpafoctfek en tgodkeaeiy. Erickfzctfek _ofgkog, ?(?), ?4?-?69.

Agfpekgk, C. (:88>). @ckcifki lkewagbig ner fkkevctfek= Rdg ocsg en jusfkgss-te-jusfkgss sgrvfogs. Rdg Meurkca en Xrebuot Fkkevctfek @ckcig`gkt, :?(?), :?4-:74.

Agv, J. (:883). Fktckifjags= @ckcig`gkt, `gcsurg`gkt ckb rgpertfki . Ycsdfki-

tek, BO= Jreelfkis Fkstftutfek Xrgss.

Aukbvcaa, J.C. & Kfgasgk, X. (:889). Lkewagbig `ckcig`gkt ckb fkkevctfek

pgrner`ckog. Fktgrkctfekca Meurkca en @ckpewgr, :4(?-2), :89-::?.

@ckf`cac, @.M., Mesg, X.B., & Rde`cs, L.Z. (:887). Erickfzctfekca bgsfik ner

gkdckofki tdg f`pcot en fkorg`gktca fkkevctfeks= c qucaftctfvg ckcaysfs en fkkevctfvg

ocsgs fk tdg oektgxt en c bgvgaepfki goeke`y. Orgctfvfty & Fkkevctfek @ckcig`gkt

32(2), 23?-2:2.

@crod, M. I. & _f`ek, D. C. (3674). Erickfzctfeks. Kgw Verl, KV= Yfagy.@crlfbgs, O. (3669). _trctgifo fkkevctfek. _aeck @ckcig`gkt Zgvfgw, ?4(?),

6-:?.

@crlfbgs, O. (:884). Ic`g-odckifki strctgifgs. _ck Nrckofsoe, OC= Messgy-

Jcss.

@crqucrbt, @.M. & Zgykeabs, C. (3662). Rdg iaejca agcrkfki erickfzctfek. Aek-

bek, WL= Frwfk.

@crqucrbt, @.M. (366>). Jufabfki tdg agcrkfki erickfzctfek. Aekbek, WL=

@oIrcw-Dfaa.

@crr, J. (:88>). _trctgifo pgrner`ckog ckcig`gkt ‟ Agvgrcifki ckb gcsurfki

yeur fktckifjag vcaug brfvgrs. Exnerb, WL= Juttgrwertd-Dgfkg`ckk.

@crr, J., _odfu`c, I. & Kggay, C. (:882). Rdg bykc`fos en vcaug orgctfek=

`cppfki yeur fktgaagotuca pgrner`ckog brfvgrs. Meurkca en Fktgaagotuca Ocpftca , 7(:),

?3:-?:7.

@crtfks, G.O. (:888). Rdg fkugkog en erickfzctfekca ouaturg ek orgctfvfty ckb

fkkevctfek fk c ukfvgrsfty afjrcry. Wkpujafsdgb cstgr‽s tdgsfs, Xrgterfc, _eutd Cnrfoc,

Wkfvgrsfty en _eutd Cnrfoc.

@cye, C. & Ackl, G. (3662). Rdg pewgr en agcrkfki . Aekbek, WL= Fkstftutg en

Xgrsekkga ckb Bgvgaep`gkt.

@czkgvslf, @., & Ctdckcssfeu, K. (:889). Jrfkifki tdg eutsfbg fk= Agcrkfki

ckb lkewagbig `ckcig`gkt tdreuid gxtgrkca kgtwerls. Fk L. Fodfme & F. Kekclc

(Gbs.), Lkewagbig orgctfek ckb ckcig`gkt= Kgw odcaagkigs ner ckcigrs (pp. >6-4:).Kgw Verl= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.







@oIcdck, C.@. & Xertgr, @.G. (3669). Dew ùod begs fkbustry `cttgr rgc-

aay5 _trctgifo @ckcig`gkt Meurkca, 34(3) , 37-?8.

@oIfaa, @.G., _aeou`, M.Y., & Agf, B. (366:). @ckcig`gkt prcotfogs fk agcr-

kfki erickfzctfeks. Erickfzctfekca Bykc`fos, :3(_u``gr), 7-39.

@oLfksgy (:884). Cssgssfki fkkevctfek `gtrfos.

@grftu` Xremgot.(:88:). Iufbgafkgs ner ckcifki ckb rgpertfki ek fktckifjags.

@cbrfb, _pcfk= Nukbcofÿk Cftga @ÿvfa.

@fsckiyf, ^.N., Ga`s, D., Irgoldc`gr, R. & Agpfkg, M.C. (:88>). C kgw pgr-

spgotfvg ek c nukbc`gktca bgjctg= c ùatfagvga cpprecod te fkbustry, oerperctg ckb

jusfkgss ukft gnngots. _trctgifo @ckcig`gkt Meurkca, :9 (>) , 793-768.

@ftodgaa, B. & Oeags, O. (:88?). Rdg uatf`ctg oe`pgtftfvg cbvcktcig= _gorgts en

oektfkucaay bgvgaepfki c èrg preffitcjag jusfkgss èbga. _ck Nrckofsoe, OC= Jgrrgtt-

Legdagr.

@errfs, @.D., Lurctle, B.N. & Oevfk, M.I. (:884). Oerperctg gktrgprgkgursdfp

ckb fkkevctfek ‟ :kb gbftfek. @csek, ED= _eutd Ygstgrk Ogkicig Agcrkfki.

Kcdcpfgt, M. & Idesdca, _. (3664). _eofca ocpftca, fktgaagotuca ocpftca, ckb tdg

erickfzctfekca cbvcktcig. Cocbg`y en @ckcig`gkt Zgvfgw, :?(:), :2:-:>>.

Kgasek, Z.Z., & Yfktgr, _.I. (364:). Ck gveautfekcry tdgery en goeke`fo odckig.

Oc`jrfbig, @C= Dcrvcrb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.

Kgkekgk, _. (:882). Ckcayzfki tdg fktckifjag jgkgffits en werl spcog. Ncofaftfgs,

::(6-38), :??-:?6.

Kekclc, F. (3663). Rdg lkewagbig-orgctfki oe`pcky. Dcrvcrb Jusfkgss Zgvfgw,

>6 (>), 6>-382.

Kekclc, F., Lreid vek, I., & êgapga, _. (:88>). Erickfzctfekca lkewagbigorgctfek tdgery= Gveautfekcry pctds ckb nuturg cbvckogs. Erickfzctfek _tubfgs, :9 (4),

3396-3:84.

Kekclc, F., Zgfkègaagr, X., & _gkee, B.(3664). Rdg crt en lkewagbig= _ystg s

te ocpftcafzg ek `crlgt lkewagbig. Gurepgck @ckcig`gkt Meurkca, 3> (>), >9?->42.

Kekclc, F., _odc`gr, E., & Reyc`c, Z. (:883). Jufabfki jc te gkdckog lkewagb-

ig orgctfek= Ck fkkevctfek ct acrig ffir`s. Zgtrfgvgb nre` dttp=//www.bfcaeiekagcbgrs-

dfp.eri/KekclcUgtUca.dtà

Kekclc, F. & Rclguodf, D. (3667). Rdg lkewagbig-orgctfki oe`pcky. Exnerb,

KV= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.

Kekclc, F., Reyc`c, Z. & Jyesfärg, X. (:88?). C tdgery en erickfzctfekca

lkewagbig orgctfek= Wkbgrstckbfki tdg bykc`fo preogss en orgctfki lkewagbig. Fk

@. Bfgrlgs, C. Jgrtdefk, M. Odfab, & F. Kekclc (Gbs.), Dckbjeel en erickfzctfekca

agcrkfki & lkewagbig (pp. 263-739). Exnerb, KV= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.

Kerbfo Fkbustrfca Nukb (:883). C rgpert nre` tdg Kerbflc premgot= Fktgaagotuca

ocpftca `ckcifki ckb rgpertfki . www.kerbflc.kgt.

Eavg, K.I. Zey, M. & Ygttgr, @. (3666). Xgrner`ckog brfvgrs ‟ C prcotfoca iufbg

te usfki tdg jcackogb _oergocrb. Odfodgstgr, Ygst _ussgx, WL= Medk Yfgay & _eks.

Xgbagr, @., Jeybgaa, R., & Jurieykg, M. (3663). Rdg agcrkfki oe`pcky. Aekbek,

WL= @oIrcw-Dfaa.

Xgtgrcn. @. C. (366?). Rdg oerkgrstekgs en oe`pgtftfvg cbvcktcig= C rgseurog-

jcsgb vfgw. _trctgifo @ckcig`gkt Meurkca , 32(?), 396-363.Xflg, _., Zees, I. & @crr, J. (:887). _trctgifo ckcig`gkt en fktckifjag cssgts

ckb vcaug brfvgrs fk Z&B erickfzctfeks. Z&B @ckcig`gkt , ?7(:), 333-3:2.






Xfkodet, I. & Xfkodet, G. (3662). Rdg fktgaafigkt erickfzctfek. _ck Nrckofsoe,

OC= Jgrrgtt-Legdagr Xujafsdgrs.

Xagssfs, @. (:889). Rdg reag en lkewagbig `ckcig`gkt fk fkkevctfek. Meurkca

en Lkewagbig @ckcig`gkt, 33(2), :8-:6.

Xertgr, @.G. (3664). Ek Oe`pgtftfek. Jestek, @C= Dcvcrb Jusfkgss Zgvfgw

Xrgss.

Xrejst, I. & Jñodga, J. (3669). Erickfzctfekca agcrkfki . Kgw Verl, KV= Xrgk-

tfog-Dcaa.

Zcgafk, M. (:888). Yerl-jcsgb agcrkfki= Rdg kgw nrektfgr en `ckcig`gkt bgvgae-

p`gkt. Zgcbfki, @C= Cbbfsek-Ygsagy.

Zggb, L.L., Aujctlfk, @. & _rfkfvcsck, K. (:88>). Xrepesfki ckb tgstfki ck

fktgaagotuca ocpftca-jcsgb vfgw en tdg ffir`. Meurkca en @ckcig`gkt _tubfgs, 2?(2), 4>9-

46?.

Zequgjgrt, M.C., Xdfaafps, Z.A. & Ygstncaa, X.C. (366>). @crlgts vs. `ckcig-`gkt= wdct brfvgs preffitcjfafty5 _trctgifo @ckcig`gkt Meurkca, 39 (4) , >??->>2.

Zees, I. (:884). Lgy-ketg prgsgktctfek `cbg burfki tdg Rdfrb Gbftfek ek=

Fktgaagotuca Ocpftca Bykc`fos & Fkkevctfek Ocpcjfaftfgs. Fktgrkctfekca Neru` ek

Lkewagbig Cssgt Bykc`fos, Mukg :>-:9, @ctgrc, Ftcay.

Zees, I., Zees, M., Brciekgttf, K. & Gbvfkssek, A. (3669). Fktgaagotuca ocpftca=

Kcvfictfki fk tdg kgw jusfkgss ackbsocpg. Kgw Verl, KV= Kgw Verl Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.

Zu`gat, Z. X. (3642). Rewcrbs c strctgifo tdgery en tdg ffir`. Fk Z.J. Ac`j (Gb.),

Oe`pgtftfvg strctgifo ckcig`gkt, (pp. 77>-798), Gkiagweeb Oafnns, KM= Xrgktfog Dcaa.

_ãgkz, M. & Crc`juru, K. (:838). Rewcrbs c kgw cpprecod ner `gcsurfki fkke-

vctfek= Rdg fkkevctfek-vcaug pctd. Fk J. ^caagme-Caekse, C. Zebràiugz-Ocstgaackes, &I. Crrgiuf-Cycstuy (Gbs.), Fbgktfnyfki, gcsurfki, ckb vcaufki lkewagbig-jcsgb fktck-

ifjag cssgts= Kgw pgrspgotfvgs. Dgrsdgy, XC= FIF Iaejca.

_cfkt-Ekig, D., & Ycaacog, B. (:88?). Agvgrcifki oe`ùkftfgs en prcotfog ner

strctgifo cbvcktcig. Jurafkitek, @C= Gasgvfgr.

_caeè, _., _tgfkdenn, N., & Rre``sbernn, ^. (:88?). Ouste`gr erfgktctfek fk

fkkevctfek premgots ckb kgw prebuot bgvgaep`gkt suoogss ‟ Rdg èbgrctfki gnngot

en prebuot fkkevctfvgkgss. Fktgrkctfekca Meurkca en Rgodkeaeiy @ckcig`gkt, :> (7->),

22:-2>?.

_ckodgz, Z. & Dggkg, C. (3669). _trctgifo agcrkfki ckb lkewagbig `ckcig`gkt .

Kgw Verl, KV= Medk Yfagy & _eks.

_oduatz, R.Y. (36>3). Fkvgst`gkt fk du`ck ocpftca. C`grfock Goeke`fo Zgvfgw,

73(3), 3-39.

_gkig, X. (3668). Rdg ffintd bfsofpafkg. Kgw Verl, KV= Beujagbcy.

_gkig, X. (:88>). Rdg ffintd bfsofpafkg. :kb. gbftfek. Kgw Verl, KV= Beujagbcy.

_fèks, Z. (3667). Agvgrs en oektrea= Dew `ckcigrs usg fkkevctfvg oektrea systg`s

te brfvg strctgifo rgkgwca . Jestek= Dcrvcrb Jusfkgss _odeea Xrgss.

_fèks, Z. (:888). Xgrner`ckog `gcsurg`gkt ckb oektrea systg`s ner f`pag`gk-

tfki strctgiy. Wppgr _cbbag Zfvgr, KM= Xrgktfog Dcaa.

_aywetzly, C.M. & @errfsek, @. (:88:). Rdg preffit zekg. Kgw Verl, KV= Rdrgg

Zfvgrs Xrgss.

_pgkbgr, M.O. (366>). @clfki lkewagbig tdg jcsfs en c bykc`fo tdgery en tdgffir`. _trctgifo @ckcig`gkt Meurkca, 39 (Yfktgr _pgofca Fssug), 27->:.







_pgkbgr, M.O. & Irckt, Z.@. (366>). Lkewagbig ckb tdg ffir`= Ck evgrvfgw.

_trctgifo @ckcig`gkt Meurkca. 39 (Yfktgr _pgofca Fssug), 7-6.

_tc``, J. êk (:884). @ckcifki fkkevctfek, bgsfik ckb orgctfvfty (sgoekb gbf-

tfek). Odfodgstgr, Ygst _ussgx, WL= Medk Yfagy & _eks.

_tgwcrt, R. C. (3663)= Jrcfkpewgr. Nertukg, Mukg ?.

_tgwcrt, R. C. (3669). Fktgaagotuca ocpftca= Rdg kgw wgcatd en erickfzctfeks. Kgw

Verl, KV= Beujagbcy/Ourrgkoy.

_ujrc`ckfc`, @. & Veukbt, @.C. (:887). Rdg fkugkog en fktgaagotuca ocpftca

ek tdg typgs en fkkevctfvg ocpcjfaftfgs. Cocbg`y en @ckcig`gkt Meurkca, 24(?), 278-

2>?.

_uaafvck, X.D. (Gb.). (3664). Xreffitfki nre` fktgaagotuca ocpftca= gxtrcotfki vcaug

nre` fkkevctfek. Kgw Verl, KV= Medk Yfagy & _eks.

_vgfjy, L.G. (3669). Rdg kgw erickfzctfekca wgcatd= @ckcifki ckb `gcsurfki

lkewagbig-jcsgb cssgts. _ck Nrckofsoe, OC= Jgrrgtt-Legdagr Xujafsdgrs, Fko._wfgrfkic, M. & Yfgrs`c, C.N. (366:). Jgoe`fki c agcrkfki erickfzctfek. Kgw

Verl, KV= Cbbfsek-Ygsagy.

_zuackslf, I. & Yfktgr, _.I. (:88>). Igttfki ft rfidt tdg sgoekb tf`g. Fk A.

Xruscl & G. @ctsek (Gbs.),Lkewagbig @ckcig`gkt ckb Erickfzctfekca Agcrkfki (pp.

36:-:8?). Kgw Verl, KV= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.

Rggog, B. M. (:889). Gxpafoctfki bykc`fo ocpcjfaftfgs= Rdg kcturg ckb `fore-

neukbctfeks en (sustcfkcjag) gktgrprfsg pgrner`ckog. _trctgifo @ckcig`gkt Meurkca,

:4(3?), 3?36-3?78.

Rggog, B.M. (:886). Rdg kcturg ckb `foreneukbctfeks en (sustcfkcjag) gktgr-

prfsg pgrner`ckog. Fk B.M. Rggog (Gb.), Bykc`fo ocpcjfaftfgs & strctgifo `ckcig`gkt‟ Erickfzfki ner fkkevctfek ckb irewtd (pp. ?->2). Exnerb, KV= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty

Xrgss.

Rggog, B.M. & Cuifgr, @. (:886). Rdg neukbctfeks en bykc`fo ocpcjfaftfgs. Fk

B.M. Rggog (Gb.), Bykc`fo ocpcjfaftfgs & strctgifo `ckcig`gkt ‟ Erickfzfki ner fkke-

vctfek ckb irewtd (pp. 4:-33:). Exnerb, KV= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.

Rggog, B.M., Xfscke, I. & _dugk, C. (3669). Bykc`fo ocpcjfaftfgs ckb strctgifo

`ckcig`gkt. _trctgifo @ckcig`gkt Meurkca , 34(9), 786-7??.

Rdg Jestek Oeksuatfki Ireup (:884). @gcsurfki fkkevctfek :884 ‟ _quck-

bgrgb eppertukftfgs. Jestek, @C= Rdg Jestek Oeksuatfki Ireup Fko.

Rfppfki, M.Y. & ]gnnrgk, G. (3667). Cssgssfki tdg vcaug en yeur tgodkeaeiy. Zg-

sgcrod Rgodkeaeiy @ckcig`gkt , ?4(7), ::-?6.

Rde`psek, ^.C. (36>7). Jurgcuorcoy ckb fkkevctfek. Cb`fkfstrctfvg _ofgkog

Sucrtgray, 38 (3), 3-:8.

^ck bg ^gk, C. D. (364>). Ogktrca prejag`s fk tdg `ckcig`gkt en fkkevctfek.

@ckcig`gkt _ofgkog, ?:(7), 768->89.

^gklctrc`ck, K. & Zc`ckumck, . (3649). @gcsurg`gkt en jusfkgss goeke`-

fo pgrner`ckog= Ck gxc`fkctfek en `gtdeb oekvgrigkog. Meurkca en @ckcig`gkt,

3?(3), 386-3::.

êgapga, _.O., Agfjeab, @., Goldenn, Z.C. & Bcvgkpert, R. D. (:88>). Rdg

tyrckky en tdg jcackogb soergocrb fk tdg fkkevctfek goeke`y. Meurkca en Fktgaagotuca

Ocpftca , 9 (3), 2?->8.êgapga, _.O., Agfjeab, @., Rglfg, G., & êk Lreid, I. (:887). Gsocpfki tdg

Zgb Suggk gnngot fk oe`pgtftfvg strctgiy. Gurepgck @ckcig`gkt Meurkca, :?(3), ?9-

26.






Yctlfks, L. & @crsfol, . (366?). _ouaptfki tdg agcrkfki erickfzctfek. _ck Nrck-

ofsoe, OC= Messgy-Jcss.

Ygkigr, G., @oBgr`ett, Z., & _kybgr, Y.@. (:88:). Ouatfvctfki oe``ukf-

tfgs en prcotfog= C iufbg te `ckcifki lkewagbig. Oc`jrfbig, @C= Dcrvcrb Jusfkgss

_odeea Xrgss.

Ygrkgngat, J. (3642). C rgseurog-jcsgb vfgw en tdg ffir`. _trctgifo @ckcig`gkt

Meurkca, 7(:), 393-348.

Yffi, L. (:882). Xgepag-neousgb lkewagbig `ckcig`gkt. Exnerb, WL= Gasgvfgr

Fko.

Yfktgr, _. I. (:88?). Wkbgrstckbfki bykc`fo ocpcjfaftfgs. _trctgifo @ckcig-

`gkt Meurkca, :2(38), 663-667.

Veukbt, @.C., _ujrc`ckfc`, @. & _kgaa, _.C. (:882). Fktgaagotuca ocpftca

preffiags= Ck gxc`fkctfek en fkvgst`gkts ckb rgturks. Meurkca en @ckcig`gkt _tubfgs,

23(:), ??7-?>:.]cdrc, C.]. & Igerig, I. (:88:). Cjserptfvg ocpcofty= C rgvfgw, rgoekogptucaf-

zctfek, ckb gxtgksfek. Cocbg`y en @ckcig`gkt Zgvfgw, :9 (:), 347-:8?.

]deu, L.], Vf`, O.L., & Rsg, B.L. (:887). Rdg gnngots en strctgifo erfgktctfeks

ek tgodkeaeiy- ckb `crlgt-jcsgb jrgcltdreuid fkkevctfeks. Meurkca en @crlgtfki

>6 (:), 2:->8.






Zggxfÿk y prepugstc pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe:64

OCXÀRWAE 7

Ga ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki y ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg rgifekgs bg

rgngrgkofc= cpafocofÿk ca Xcàs ^csoe



Muck Mesæ Ifjcmc @crtàks

Bguste Jusfkgss _odeea ‟ Wkfvgrsfbcb bg Bguste

_usckc Nrckoe Zebràiugz


Csfgr @urofgie Caekse







:66Ocpàtuae 7= Ga ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki F k b f o c b e r g s b g








?83Ocpàtuae 7= Ga ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki F k b f o c b e r g s b g



acs ocrcotgràstfocs gstruoturcags sfkiuacrgs bg ac rgifÿk. Fkoause

pcrtfgkbe bg ocrcotgràstfocs gstruoturcags sf`facrgs, aes tgrrfterfes

pugbgk ffimcr gstrctgifcs y `fsfekgs bfngrgkofcbcs. (Kfesf, :88:).

Ac aftgrcturc bg aes sfstg`cs rgifekcags bg fkkevcofÿk dc

pugste bg `ckfffigste ac gker`g rfqugzc y bfvgrsfbcb bg aes pc-

trekgs bg fkkevcofÿk rgifekca y, gk oeksgougkofc, dc fksfstfbe gk

qug ke dcy peaàtfocs vãafbcs pcrc tebes («ekg sfzg begsk‖t ffit caa ¼<

Rþbtafki y Rrfppa, :887< Kcuwgacgrs y Zgfb, :88:). Gk tca sgktfbe,

acs peaàtfocs rgifekcags bgjgk pgrsgiufr uk bejag ejmgtfve= per uk

acbe, ga bgscrreaae gk ac rgifÿk bg nertcagzcs ýkfocs gk caiukes bg

aes ncotergs oacvg bg fkkevcofÿk y oe`pgtftfvfbcb (ae qug gk tgr-

`fkeaeiàc pertgrfckc sg bgke`fkcràc tgkgr uk «pesfofekc`fgkte

gstrctæifoe¼)< y, per etre acbe, gk aes rgstcktgs ncotergs bg oe`-

pgtftfvfbcb g fkkevcofÿk, gvftcr qug sg bgk bgjfafbcbgs bg`csfc-

be irckbgs oek rgspgote c acs etrcs rgifekgs oek acs qug sg gstã

oe`pftfgkbe (ae qug Xertgr bgke`fkcràc, jýsqugbc bg «gffiofgkofc

epgrctfvc¼) (Xertgr, 3664 y :88?).

µSuæ nukofÿk ou`pag c gstg rgspgote ga jgkod`crlfki 5 Cuk-

qug ke dcy ukc bgffikfofÿk bg jgkod`crlfki bg ukfvgrsca cogptc-

ofÿk, ocjràc bgofr qug igkgrca`gktg sg gktfgkbg per jgkod`crlfki

uk `ætebe bg `gmerc jcscbe gk ac rgcafzcofÿk bg oe`pcrcofekgs

y gk ga cprgkbfzcmg bg acs agoofekgs igkgrcbcs per tcags oe`pcrc-

ofekgs (Duiifks, :884). Gk ac gbfbc gk qug aes ckãafsfs bg jgkod-

`crlfki pgrsfiugk ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg acs nertcagzcs y bgjfafbcbgs

rgactfvcs bg ac erickfzcofÿk e tgrrfterfe pcrc ga qug sg jusoc rgc-

afzcr tca gmgrofofe (EGOB, :887), ga jgkod`crlfki pugbg cyubcr c

ac nerùacofÿk bg ac gstrctgifc y `fsfÿk bga tgrrfterfe. Csf`fsè,

gk ac `gbfbc gk qug ga jgkod`crlfki pgrsfiug `gbfr aes kfvgags

bg ae qug Kfesf (:88:) bgke`fkc «x-fkgffiofgkofc¼ (gs bgofr, ga icp

e bfngrgkofc gxfstgktg gktrg ga bgsg`pgóe gxfstgktg gk ga tgrrfterfe

y ga bga gqufvcagktg tgrrfterfe qug prgsgktc ga `gmer bgsg`pgóe)

y «x-gngotfvfbcb¼ (gs bgofr, ga ircbe gk qug caockzc su `fsfÿk), ga

jgkod`crlfki pesfjfaftcràc uk sgiuf`fgkte y vcaercofÿk bg acs co-

tucofekgs aagvcbcs c ocje gk ga tgrrfterfe oek rgacofÿk c su `fsfÿk

y sus oe`pgtfbergs y su gvgktuca `gmerc.

Ke ejstcktg, tca oeè sgócac Duiifks (:884), aes gmgrofofes

bg jgkod`crlfki dck susoftcbe ofgrtc prgvgkofÿk gktrg jcstcktgs



?8: F k b f o c b e r g s b g




ckcafstcs bg aes sfstg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk. Gse sg bgjg c qug, ouckbe

surigk aes gmgrofofes bg jgkod`crlfki gk ga ã`jfte bg acs oerperc-

ofekgs, sg gktfgkbg per gaaes ac oe`pcrcofÿk sfstg`ãtfoc bg eric-

kfzcofekgs oek etrc erickfzcofÿk qug sg oeksfbgrc —ac gmer prão-

tfoc‖, pcrc augie rgpafocr e oepfcr gsc `gmer prãotfoc gk cqugaacs

pcrc acs oucags sg rgcafzc ga jgkod`crlfki (Aukbvcaa y Reàfksek,

:883). Xgre, pcrc ac tgeràc gveautfvc gk qug bgsocksck aes sfstg`cs

bg fkkevcofÿk, tcags ÿptfès y acs rgogtcs bg ocrãotgr igkgrca ocrg-

ogk bg sgktfbe gk oektgxtes bg fkogrtfbu`jrg y catc oe`pagmfbcb,

oeè sek aes ocrcotgràstfoes bg ac fkkevcofÿk (Gbqufst, :883< Xccsf,

:887). Ac aftgrcturc bg aes sfstg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk oeksfbgrc qug ae

qug gs jugke e `cae bgpgkbg bga oektgxte sfstæ`foe (Reàfksek

y Aukbvcaa, :883), qug sg bgtgr`fkc gk tær`fkes g`pàrfoes y ke

per cmustcrsg c uk èbgae tgÿrfoe fbgca (Jcazct, :88>), y qug ukc

gxogsfvc f`ftcofÿk rgsuatc prejag`ãtfoc perqug rgbuog ac bfvgrsf-

bcb qug rgqufgrg ga sfstg`c y qug fkoause vc gk oektrc bg ac prepfc

fbgc bg gstrctgifc (Duiifks, :884).3 Gk su`c, sg oeksfbgrc qug ae

qug pebràc sgr vãafbe gk ã`jftes `ãs sf`pags oeè sek acs oer-

percofekgs, ke rgsuatc cpafocjag gk ã`jftes tck oe`pagmes oeè

pugbgk sgr aes sfstg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk (Xeat gt ca., :883).

@cs, oeè Duiifks (:884) e Xcppcfeckkeu gt ca. (:88>) sg-

ócack, aes ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki dck èstrcbe ukc irck gve-

auofÿk, y sf jfgk rgsuatck cogrtcbcs acs oràtfocs c gsg prf`gr tfpe bg

gmgrofofes bg jgkod`crlfki ocafffiocbes per Aukbvcaa y Reàfksek

(:883) oeè sf`pafstcs g fkeogktgs (kcåvgs), ocjg tc`jfæk etre

tfpe bg jgkod`crlfki —fktgafigktg‖ e —sfstæ`foe‖ qug te`c gk ougk-

tc ga oektgxte (Kcuwgacgrs gt ca., :88?), y qug, gk auicr bg `gres

preogses bg «oepfc y pgic¼, oeksfstg gk fbgktfffiocr «jugkcs¼ prão-

tfocs (gk auicr bg acs «`gmergs¼ prãotfocs), ga rgoekeof`fgkte bg

acs nertcagzcs y bgjfafbcbgs rgactfvcs, y ga cprgkbfzcmg bg aes tgrrf-

terfes per preogbf`fgktes `gkes oesteses y `ãs gffiofgktgs qug

aes jcscbes gk ac prepfc gxpgrfgkofc bg «prugjc y grrer¼ (Jcazct,

:88>< Xccsf, :887< Kcuwgacgrs gt ca., :88?). :

Bg ae cktgrfer pugbgk gxtrcgrsg ukes prfkofpfes e oekbfofe-

kgs oacvg pcrc qug ga jgkod`crlfki tgrrfterfca rgsuatg cprepfcbe, bg

aes qug rgsuatck tc`jfæk ukes pcses e gtcpcs qug bgjg ctrcvgscr ga

jgkod`crlfki bg aes tgrrfterfes. Sufzã ga prf`gr rgqufsfte pcrc uk

3 Fkoause sg dcog

rgngrgkofc c ac ke

pgrngotc oe`pcrcjfafbcb

bg aes bctes (@cfrgsgg

y @edgkgk, :886) y ca

ketcjag rgtcrbe oek qug

sg bfspekg bg cqugaaes y ca

tebcvàc `cyer rgtrcse qug

f`pafocràc ac f`packtcof-

ÿk bg ac `gbfbc, qug gk

oektgxtes tck oc`jfcktgs

oeè aes cotucags, dcràck

qug oek nrgougkofc

epgrcrc ga aac`cbe «gngote

jerrgie (ag``fki gnngot)¼.

Xrãotfocs u erickfzcofekgs

bg èbc e puktgrcs gk

ukc æpeoc, sg oeksfbgrck

ejseagtcs e sg `frck oek

bgsbæk gk etrc. (Aukbvcaa

y Reàfksek, :883)

: ^æcksg gk Xccsf (:887)

aes bfngrgktgs tfpes bg

cprgkbfzcmg qug pesfjfaftc

ga jgkod`crlfki ,

bgpgkbfgkbe bg acs

ocrcotgràstfocs bg gstg.



?8?Ocpàtuae 7= Ga ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki F k b f o c b e r g s b g



oerrgote gmgrofofe bg jgkod`crlfki gs ae qug Xcpcfeckkeu gt ca.

(:88>) bgke`fkck ga prfkofpfe bg oe`pcrcjfafbcb, gs bgofr, ga qug

ac oe`pcrcofÿk sg aagvg c ocje nukbc`gktca`gktg gktrg gktfbcbgs

gqufpcrcjags. Ofgrtc`gktg, tc`jfæk sg pugbg cprgkbgr bg aes uy

bfngrgktgs,? pgre ac kgogscrfc te`c gk ougktc bga oektgxte pcrc ga

jgkod`crlfki c ac qug cktgs sg dcoàc rgngrgkofc ocjg sgr fktgrprg-

tcbc oeè qug ac oe`pcrcofÿk tfgkg ãs sgktfbe gktrg rgcafbcbgs

qug oe`pcrtgk ukc prejag`ãtfoc sg`gmcktg y sek deèiækgcs

(Crodfjuiuf y Oeoe, :882< y Crodfjuif gt ca., :886). Gste gs, uk

prf`gr pcse oeksfstfrã gk ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg aes ã`jftes gspc-

ofcags deèiækges oek ga tgrrfterfe qug prgtgkbg aagvcr c ocje ga

gmgrofofe bg oe`pcrcofÿk.

Ga prf`gr ejmgte bg oe`pcrcofÿk e bg ctgkofÿk bg aes gmgr-

ofofes bga jgkod`crlfki ae dc oekstftufbe ga bgsg`pgóe. Bg dg-

ode, ac oràtfoc bg ùodes ckcafstcs c aes prf`gres gmgrofofes bg

jgkod`crlfki rcbfoc gk qug ac oe`pcrcofÿk sg af`ftcjc ca bgs-

g`pgóe y c gstcjagogr, gk oeksekckofc, afics e oc`pgekctes bg

erickfzcofekgs e tgrrfterfes per kfvga bg bgsg`pgóe, sfk cvckzcr

gk ga gktgkbf`fgkte y ckãafsfs bg acs ocuscs e preogses bgtrãs bg

cquæa (Xcpcfeckkeu gt ca., :88>< Duiifks, :884< Xeat, :88:). Xer

oeksfiufgktg, ga sgiukbe pcse bga gmgrofofe bg oe`pcrcofÿk sgrã

fbgktfffiocr c aes qug ejtfgkgk uk `gmer bgsg`pgóe, pugs ga jugk

e `ca bgsg`pgóe ke sg pugbg bfauofbcr oekner`g c ker`cs tgÿ-

rfocs, sfke oek oe`pcrcofekgs g`pàrfocs (Acaa, :883< Jcazct, :88><

Gbqufst, :884). Ke ejstcktg, oeè sgócack Xeat (:88:) e _caczcr y

Deajreel (:882), tc`jfæk sg pugbg cprgkbgr bg aes qug ke caock-

zck aes `gmergs rgsuatcbes y bg aes ocses bg ke æxfte.

Bga cktgrfer pãrrcne sg pugbg bgbuofr tc`jfæk gk quæ bgjg

oeksfstfr ac tgrogrc gtcpc bg tebe preogse bg jgkod`crlfki = gk

bgsgktrcócr acs ocuscs bg gsg `gmer e pger bgsg`pgóe. Oeè sg-

ócac Gbqufst (:883), gs ac oeksfbgrcofÿk oekmuktc g fbgktfffiocofÿk

bg aes prejag`cs bg bgsg`pgóe y ckãafsfs bg sus ocuscs ae qug

oekstftuyg ga ckãafsfs bg bfcikÿstfoe. Xcrc gse, aes tgrrfterfes oek

bæjfa bgsg`pgóe bgjgrãk ctgkbgr c acs bfngrgkofcs qug prgsgk-

tck gk acs oekbfofekgs `croe, cotfvfbcbgs e fkbfocbergs bg fkput

oek aes tgrrfterfes e gktfbcbgs oek cate bgsg`pgóe (EGOB gt ca.,

:882).

? Oeè sgócac Jcazct

(:88>), sf ke gxfstfgrc ukc

ofgrtc bfngrgkofc gktrg aes

ejmgtes bg oe`pcrcofÿk,

tc`peoe dcjràc auicr

pcrc ga cprgkbfzcmg.







Kugstre trcjcme sg bgtgkbrã gk gstc ncsg, pugste qug su ejmgtfve

prfkofpca gs ga bg prevggr bg uk fkstru`gkte pcrc ncofaftcr ga bgsc-

rreaae bg acs trgs gtcpcs cktgrfergs gk aes gmgrofofes bg jgkod`cr-

lfki qug aagvgk c ocje acs rgifekgs gurepgcs< y gk su cpafocofÿk

pestgrfer ca ocse vcsoe. Ke ejstcktg, oeè jfgk sgócac ac aftgrcturc

bga jgkod`crlfki , tebe ae cktgrfer ke tfgkg sgktfbe sf sg fikerc ac

ncsg bg su f`packtcofÿk y csukofÿk per acs peaàtfocs (Jcazct, :88><

Xccsf, :887) g fkoause ac bg su oektrea y rgvfsfÿk (Xeat, :88:). Wkc

cbgoucbc f`packtcofÿk rgqufgrg, cbg`ãs bga pagke gktgkbf`fgk-

te bg aes oc`jfes rgqugrfbes gk ga sfstg`c, ukc f`pafocofÿk bg

aes bgofsergs pýjafoes y bg aes cotergs cngotcbes, su oeerbfkcofÿk

y ukc pgr`ckgktg gvcaucofÿk (Kcuwgacgrs y Zgfb, :88:< Kcuwg-

acgrs gt ca., :88?).

Xer ýatfè, cktgs bg gktrcr gk uk ckãafsfs gspgoàffioe bg oÿè

bgscrreaacr ga jgkod`crlfki gk ocbc ukc bg acs trgs ncsgs cktgs sg-

ócacbcs, sgócagès qug aes preogses bg jgkod`crlfki sg bfstfk-

iugk tc`jfæk per qufæk bgscrreaac tca gmgrofofe, oek quæ tgrrfte-

rfes e ffikgs sg oe`pcrc y oek quæ tfpes bg ckãafsfs.

_giýk Duiifks (:884), aes gmgrofofes bg jgkod`crlfki tgrrfte-

rfca pugbgk sgr aagvcbes c ocje per cigktgs fkbgpgkbfgktgs (per

gmg`pae, cocbæ`foes), per uk tgrrfterfe bgtgr`fkcbe qug qufg-

rg oe`pcrcrsg oek etres e per uk oekmukte bg tgrrfterfes qug sg

g`jcrock gk uk gmgrofofe bg gstcs ocrcotgràstfocs.2 Xcpcfeckkeu

gt ca. (:88>) packtgck ac ougstfÿk bg qufæk aagvc c ocje ga ckãafsfs

bg jgkod`crlfki bgsbg ac oektrcpesfofÿk gktrg acs cprexf`cofe-

kgs bg crrfjc cjcme e bg cjcme crrfjc= ga prf`gre, bg ocrãotgr `ãs

ejaficterfe y cpafocbe per caiufgk gxtgrke qug pugbg gstcjagogr

ejmgtfves bg bgsg`pgóe< y ga sgiukbe, bg ocrãotgr ãs veauktcrfe

y kcofbe bgsbg aes prepfes fktgrgscbes (væcksg tc`jfæk Aukbvcaa

y Reàfksek, :883).

Ker`ca`gktg, ac ougstfÿk bg qufæk rgcafzc ga jgkod`crlfki

sugag gstcr aficbc c ac bg oek qufæk sg oe`pcrc uke= oek ukes

ejmgtfves ffimcbes pcrc sà `fsè,7 oek uke `fsè gk ga tfg`pe e

oek etres (Gbqufst, :884). Gk ga ocse bg oe`pcrcrsg oek etres,

gaae pugbg dcogrsg=

• oek rgifekgs gagifbcs per uk bgtgr`fkcbe orftgrfe, oeè

pugbg sgr ac aeocafzcofÿk, >

2 Xccsf (:887) fkoause

bfstfkiug, gk gstc ýatf`c

octgieràc, gktrg jgkod`cr-

lfki oeagotfve oeepg-

rctfve y jgkod`crlfki

oeacjerctfve fktgrcotfve.

Ga prf`gre tfgkg per

ejmgtfve prfkofpca`gktg

ac fkner`cofÿk oebfffiocbc,

`fgktrcs qug ga sgiukbe

pgrsfiug rgoeigr y oe`-

pcrtfr tckte oekeof`fgkte

oebfffiocbe oeè tãofte

kgogscrfe pcrc ga æxfte

fkkevcber y oe`pgtftfve.

7 Gstg sgràc ga ocse, per

gmg`pae, bg ac `gbfofÿk

bg ac x-gngotfvfbcb bg uk

sfstg`c, c ac qug sg rgffigrg

Kfesf (:88:) ca dcjacr bga

kfvga bg oeksgouofÿk bg ac

`fsfÿk, oeè oektrcpu-

gstc c ac x-fkgffiofgkofc,

qug rgoeigràc ga icp bg gsg

tgrrfterfe oek rgspgote ca

bg etres.

> Oeè sgócack Ckbgrs-

sek y @cdreu` (:884),

cukqug bgsbg nugrc pugbc

pgkscrsg etrc oesc, aes

pcàsgs kÿrbfoes sek gquf-

vcagktgs e pcrgs (pggrs)

sÿae gk cspgotes pcrofcags

y aes oe`pgtfbergs c aes

qug bgjgràck ctgkbgr

gstãk sftucbes gk etrcs

zekcs bga ùkbe. Xgre ga






• oek uk oekmukte bg rgifekgs oek ukc gstruoturc goekÿ`foc

bgtgr`fkcbc e oek cate bgsg`pgóe,

• e sf`pag`gktg oek uk oekmukte bg rgifekgs qug bgsgck cu-

`gktcr su oeepgrcofÿk y rgacofÿk y cprgkbgr utuc`gktg.

Cbfofekca`gktg, gstes gmgrofofes bg oe`pcrcofÿk fktgrtgrrfterfca

pugbgk cjerbcrsg bgsbg ukc ÿptfoc oeepgrctfvc e oe`pgtftfvc

(Xeat, :88:). Igkgrca`gktg, aes gmgrofofes bg jgkod`crlfki ãs nrg-

ougktgs dck sfbe aes aagvcbes c ocje bgsbg ukc pgrspgotfvc fktrc-

rgifekca, `ãs qug fktgrrgifekca, gktrg etrcs oescs per aes `gkergs

rgourses qug prgofsck, sf jfgk sg ejsgrvck cvckogs gk gstg sgktfbe

dcofc jgkod`crlfki `ãs ùatf- g fktgrrgifekcags (Duiifks, :884).

Gk ouckte c aes tfpes bg ckãafsfs, ker`ca`gktg aes gmgrofofes

bg jgkod`crlfki sugagk gstcr jcscbes gk ckãafsfs oucktftctfves. Ga

prejag`c gs qug, igkgrca`gktg, aes fkbfocbergs oucktftctfves ke

cofgrtck c rgoeigr cspgotes oacvg bg aes sfstg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk

(Aukbvcaa y Reàfksek, :883), cspgotes `ãs sent (Duiifks, :884)

e aficbes ca oekeof`fgkte bg ocrãotgr `ãs tãofte (Xeat, :88:). Gs

`ãs, ùodes gstubfes jcscbes gk bctes oucktftctfves, ca oerrgs-

pekbgr c ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki rgcafzcbes bg èbe fkbfvfbuca,

ýkfoc`gktg `ckgmck fkbfocbergs ejtgkfbes bg nugktgs sgoukbc-

rfcs pujafocbcs (Xccsf, :887), ae qug rgstrfkig ùode su oektgkf-

be. Ejvfc`gktg, ac rfqugzc bga ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki cu`gktc

sf tcags gmgrofofes sg aagvck c ocje bg èbe oeacjerctfve g fktg-

rcotfve y sf aes ckãafsfs bg ocrãotgr oucktftctfve sg oe`pag`gktck

oek etres bg ocrãotgr oucaftctfve y oek ga bgscrreaae bg fkbfocbergs

`ãs cvckzcbes (Aukbvcaa y Reàfksek, :883).9

Gk ae qug sfiug, oeè sg dc sgócacbe cktgrfer`gktg, kes bg-

tgkbrgès y prenukbfzcrgès gk acs gtcpcs bg fbgktfffiocofÿk bg

acs rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc pcrc uk ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki , gk ac

fbgktfffiocofÿk bg aes tgrrfterfes qug prgsgktck `gmer bgsg`pgóe

y gk ga ckãafsfs bg acs oekbfofekgs `croe e cotfvfbcbgs gk qug bgs-

ockscràc cquga bgsg`pgóe.

:. Xreogbf`fgkte pcrc ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg acs rgifekgs

bg rgngrgkofc

Ac aftgrcturc cktg ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc

Oeè cktgs sg dc sgócacbe, sf jfgk aes gmgrofofes bg jgkod`crlfki

qug tgkick qug aagvcr c

ocje gmgrofofes bg jgkod-

`crlfki oek cqugaaes

pcàsgs oe`pgtfbergs, sgc

ouca sgc su aeocafzcofÿk

gk ga iaeje, ke quftc pcrc

qug, per rczekgs bg vgofk-

bcb ouaturca, igeirãffioc,

bgèirãffioc g dfstÿrfoc,

sfick sfgkbe ýtfags acs

oe`pcrcofekgs gktrg gaaes.

Xgre sfk qug gstc ýatf`c

sgc c oestc bg acs oe`pc-

rcofekgs gk uk oektgxte

iaejca `ãs c`pafe.

9 Zgsuatc ùy faustrctfvc

ac gxpesfofÿk qug gngotýck

Ckbgrsek y @cdreu`

(:884) bg acs nugktgs

bg fkner`cofÿk qug sg

g`pagck gk aes pcàsgs

kÿrbfoes pcrc aes ckãafsfs

bg jgkod`crlfki . Cbg`ãs

bg acs gstcbàstfocs g fkbf-

ocbergs y bg aes gstubfes

e ckãafsfs aagvcbes c

ocje per erickfzcofekgs

fktgrkcofekcags oeè

ac EOBG, `gkofekck ac

cotfvc pcrtfofpcofÿk gk

rgbgs fktgrkcofekcags qug

preperofekc fkner`cofÿk

bg bgsg`pgóe, aes ogktres

y effiofkcs fktgrkcofekcags

bg sus cigkofcs kcofekcags

(per gmg`pae, Rglgs), acs

`fsfekgs cb-deo c etres






• Ckbgrssek y @cdreu` (:884), c ac gstruoturc goekÿ`foc y

`croe fkstftuofekca.

• Crukbga y Deaackbgrs (:884), c aes pctrekgs rgactfves bg fkke-

vcofÿk.

• Crodfjuif y Oeoe (:882), c ncotergs igeirãffioes, ouaturcags y

goekÿ`foes.

• Crodfjuif gt ca. (:886), ca tc`cóe, rgktc, fknrcgstruoturcs y

rgourses du`ckes.

• Ctlfksek y Ckbgs (:884), c ac gstruoturc fkbustrfca.

• Jcazct (:88>), c vcaergs seofcags, ejmgtfves peaàtfoes y bgscrre-

aae goekÿ`foe.

• Ncigrjgri gt ca. (:889) y Ncigrjgri y _rdeago (:884), c ac ige-

ircnàc (actftub, aekiftub, gxtgksfÿk, gagvcofÿk, coogse ca `cr,

oaf`c…), bg`eircnàc (bgksfbcb bg pejacofÿk, bfvfsfÿk ætkfoc

e bg etre tfpe…), rgourses kcturcags g dfsterfc.

• Mek Cbc`s Fkkevctfek Fkstftutg (:886), c ac gstruoturc bg

oaýstgrgs.

• Acaa (:883), ca kfvga bg bgscrreaae.

• Kcuwgacgrs gt ca. (:88?), c ac gspgofcafzcofÿk goekÿ`foc, dfs-

terfc, ircbe bg cpgrturc, tc`cóe bg ac goeke`àc, tc`cóe bg

acs g`prgscs, ouaturc y ocpftca seofca.

• EGOB gt ca. (:882), c aes ncotergs fkstftuofekcags, c ac gspgofc-

afzcofÿk fkbustrfca y ca tc`cóe.

• EGOB (:887), c ac gstruoturc fkbustrfca, ca oektgxte bg acs pe-

aàtfocs y c ac bf`gksfÿk igeirãffioc y ouaturca.

• Xccsf (:887), c ac gstruoturc y kfvga goekÿ`foe, rgourses kctu-

rcags, tc`cóe, ouaturc g dfsterfc.

• _odwcj (:886), gbfter bg Rdg Iaejca Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Zgpert

bga Yerab Goeke`fo Neru`, ca XFJ pgr oãpftc.

Ke ejstcktg, c pgscr bg aes ku`greses trcjcmes qug `gkofekck

qug acs oe`pcrcofekgs e gmgrofofes bg jgkod`crlfki bgjgk rgc-

afzcrsg oek tgrrfterfes de`eiækges e oerrgifr y te`cr gk ougktc

tca dgode gk acs oe`pcrcofekgs, sek peoes aes qug gk ac prãotfoc

epgrck gk oeksgougkofc. Sufzã uke bg aes ãs sfikfffioctfves sgc ga

fkner`g Fkbgx en tdg @csscodusgtts Fkkevctfek Goeke`y , gk ga qug

ac goeke`àc y sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk bga gstcbe bg @csscodusgtts

sÿae sg oe`pcrc oek ga bg aes gstcbes qug prgsgktck ukc oekogk-







trcofÿk gagvcbc gk ukes oaýstgrgs bgtgr`fkcbes.6 Jcstcktgs bg aes

gstubfes qug ckcafzck ac fkugkofc bg acs ocpcofbcbgs tgokeaÿif-

ocs gk ga kfvga bg bgscrreaae (per gmg`pae, aes bg Ncigrjgri `ãs

crrfjc oftcbes) fkoerperck gk ac rgirgsfÿk ukc sgrfg bg vcrfcjags

gxÿigkcs pcrc oektreacr ac igeircnàc, bgèircnàc, rgourses kctu-

rcags e dfsterfc bg aes bfngrgktgs pcàsgs, y oerrgifr csà su dgtgre-

igkgfbcb< e tc`jfæk fkoerperck ac oe`pesfofÿk bg su oe`grofe

(ae qug gqufvcabràc c ac gstruoturc fkbustrfca cktgs sgócacbc). Gk

fkner`gs oeè Rdg Iaejca Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Zgpert , pcrc gacjercr

ga àkbfog oe`pugste bg oe`pgtftfvfbcb, sg te`ck àkbfogs bfngrgk-

tgs e sg pekbgrck oek bfngrgktgs pgses, bg cougrbe oek ga kfvga bg

bgscrreaae bga pcàs. Bg tebes èbes, oek ac gxogpofÿk bga Fkbgx en

tdg @csscodusgtts Fkkevctfek Goeke`y (y, cuk gk gstg ocse, bg uk

èbe uy prf`crfe), cpgkcs kes gkoektrcès gk ac aftgrcturc fk-

tgktes bg fbgktfffiocofÿk prgvfc bg aes tgrrfterfes deèiækges pcrc

aes qug bgjgràc aagvcrsg c ocje ga gmgrofofe bg jgkod`crlfki .38

Xrepugstc bg vcrfcjags pcrc ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg rgifekgs

bg rgngrgkofc

Bg aes ncotergs sgócacbes `ãs crrfjc per ac aftgrcturc, pcrc sgr tg-

kfbes gk ougktc pcrc vcaercr ac deèigkgfbcb bg aes tgrrfterfes

ejmgte bg oe`pcrcofÿk, dcy caiukes bg aes qug rgsuatc uy bfnàofa

ejtgkgr fkbfocbergs rgifekcags cprepfcbes (per gmg`pae, bga ocpf-

tca seofca, bg ncotergs ouaturcags, dfstÿrfoes y peaàtfoes), per ae qug

sgrãk bgmcbes nugrc bg kugstre gmgrofofe.

Bga kfvga bg bgscrreaae e XFJ pgr oãpftc, qug gs oftcbe per jcs-

tcktgs bg aes gstubfes bg ac goeke`àc bga bgscrreaae e per fkner-

`gs oeè ga bga Yerab Goeke`fo Neru`, sà dcy bctes rgifekcags.

Ga prejag`c sg packtgc, oeè Acaa (:88?) oacrc`gktg sgócac, per-

qug ac ocuscafbcb gktrg ga XFJ pgr oãpftc y ga bgsg`pgóe fkkevc-

ber epgrc gk aes bes sgktfbes. Xgre oeè ga prepfe Acaa fkbfoc, ac

`cyer pcrtg bg aes ckcafstcs oeksfbgrck qug ac ocbgkc ocusca prfk-

ofpca vc bga gsnugrze fkkevcber ca bgsg`pgóe tgokeaÿifoe y oe`-

pgtftfve, y sfgkbe ga prfkofpca ejmgtfve bg kugstre jgkod`crlfki ac

`gmerc bga bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber y goekÿ`foe, gktrcràcès gk

ukc ofrouacrfbcb criu`gktca sf sftuãrcès ca XFJ pgr oãpftc gk ga

prf`gr oekmukte bg ncotergs gxpafoctfves bg tcags bgsg`pgóes.

6 Cukqug ac oe`pc-

rcofÿk gktrg tgrrfterfes

bgsocksc gxoausfvc`gktg

gk aes bctes preperofe-

kcbes per ac gkougstc bg

fkkevcofÿk, ocjg `gkof-

ekcr tc`jfæk ga trcjcme

bg Jaeod gt ca. (:884).

Gstes cutergs eptck per

bgscrreaacr uk preogbf-

`fgkte pcrc oerrgifr aes

gngotes bgrfvcbes bg ukcs

gstruoturcs sgoterfcags

e tc`cóes bg g`prgsc

bfngrgktgs bg ukes tgrrf-

terfes c etres, gk auicr bg

gxoaufr bg ac oe`pcrcofÿk

ukes pcàsgs per ke tgkgr

ukc gstruoturc sgoterfca

e tc`cóe bg g`prgsc

sg`gmcktg.

38 Acs tfpeaeiàcs

rgifekcags prgtgkbgk

fbgktfffiocr pctrekgs

oeùkgs gk aes tgrrfterfes

y, gk tca `gbfbc, pebràck

oekstftufr uk fkstru`gkte

catgrkctfve pcrc fbgktfffi-

ocr acs rgifekgs oeùkgs.

Ga prejag`c gstã, ke

ejstcktg, gk acs vcrfcjags

qug sugagk te`crsg gk

oeksfbgrcofÿk pcrc ac gac-

jercofÿk bg acs tfpeaeiàcs.

Gk ac rgvfsfÿk rgcafzcbc

per Kcvcrre gt ca. (:886),

c`pafcbc afigrc`gktg gk







Oucbre 3= Fkbfocbergs g`pagcbes pcrc ocrcotgrfzcr acs oekbf-

ofekgs bg pcrtfbc bg acs rgifekgs, ocrc c ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg acs

rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc

nukofÿk bga pgse rgactfve

bg ac pejacofÿk bg ocbc

KWR_? bgktre bg ac

KWR_: e KWR_3 c ac qug

pgrtgkgogk.

3: Xer gmg`pae, ga tc`c-

óe `gbfe bg acs ukfbcbgs

aeocags `ckuncoturgrcs

cag`ckcs rgsuatcjc sgr

bg 3?: g`pagcbes, ofnrc

qug serprgkbgktg`gktg

grc ?,9 vgogs `cyer qug

ga tc`cóe bg ac g`prgsc

`ckuncoturgrc cag`ckc,

ouckbe gk prfkofpfe, ca

tgkgr tebc g`prgsc oeè

`àkfè ukc ukfbcb aeoca,

ga tc`cóe bg ac g`prgsc

bgjgràc sgr `cyer qug

ga bg ac ukfbcb aeoca.

Fiuca`gktg, aes tc`cóes

`gbfes bg acs ukfbcbgs

aeocags `ckuncoturgrcs

bg bgtgr`fkcbcs rgifekgs

(gsaevcocs, per gmg`pae)

grck serprgkbgktg`gktg

gagvcbes.

Xejacofÿk (:886)

Bgksfbcb bg pejacofÿk (:886)

Xejacofÿk oek >7 e `ãs cóes bg gbcb (%) (:886)

Àkbfog bg coogsfjfafbcb (:88>)

Cirfouaturc, ickcbgràc, sfavfouaturc y pgsoc (_goofÿk C)

Fkbustrfc (J, O, B y G)

Oekstruoofÿk (N)

Oe`grofe, trckspertg y destgagràc (I, D g F)

Fkner`cofÿk y oeùkfocofekgs (M)

Covfbcbgs ffikckofgrcs y bg sgiures (L)

Covfbcbgs fkèjfafcrfcs (A)

Cov. prengsfekcags, ofgkffioe-tæokfocs, cb`tvcs. y cuxfafcrgs (@ y K)

Cb`ÿk pýjafoc, gbuocofÿk, sckfbcb y sgrvfofes seofcags (E, X y S)

Cov. Crsocs y rgorgcvcs y etres sgrvfofes (Z, _, R y W)

@fkgrcags y gxtrcovcs (oÿbfies 87-86)

Caf`gktcofÿk, jgjfbcs y tcjcoe (38-3:)

Rgxa, oekngoofÿk, ougre y ocazcbe (3?-37)

@cbgrc, pcpga y crtgs irãffiocs (3>-34)

Suà`foc, ocuode, paãsoes y rgffike bg pgtrÿage (36-::)

Fkbustrfc ke gtãafoc (:?)

@gtãafocs jãsfocs y crouaes gtãafoes (:2-:7)

@ctgrfca gaæotrfoe, gagotrÿkfoe, fkner`ãoe y ÿpoe (:>-:9)

@cqufkcrfc (:4)

@ctgrfca bg trckspertg (:6-?8)

Etrcs `ckuncoturcs (?3-??)

C. Kgogsfbcbgs oerrfgktgs bg ac vfbc

J. Ræokfocs fkbustrfcags bfvgrscs y trckspertgs

O. Suà`foc y `gtcaurifc

B. Rgxa y pcpga

G. Oekstruoofekgs ffimcs

N. @goãkfoc, fau`fkcofÿk, ocagncoofÿk, cr`c`gkte y veacburc

I. Nàsfoc

D. Gagotrfofbcb

Fkbfocbergs

ige-

bgèirãffioes

Gstruoturc

sgoterfca bga

tetca bg ac

goeke`àc (%

bg g`page)

(:886)

Gstruoturc bga

sgoter

fkbustrfca (%

bg g`page)

(:886)

Bfstrfjuofÿk bg

acs pctgktgs

GXE per

sgoofekgs bg ac

FOX (:888-:886)






Ac gstruoturc sgoterfca sg dc ocaouacbe c pcrtfr bg bes fkbfocbergs.

• Xer uk acbe, oek ukc bfstrfjuofÿk bga g`page gk aes 38 irck-

bgs sgotergs qug bfstfkiug ac kugvc KCOG Zgv: (væcsg oucbre

3). Aes bctes c gaaes rgngrfbes sg dck te`cbe bg ac Gkougstc bg

ac nugrzc bg trcjcme bg :886, pujafocbc per Gurestct.

• Xer etre acbe, oek ac bfstrfjuofÿk bga g`page fkbustrfca gk 33

irckbgs sgotergs, jcscbc gk ac octgierfzcofÿk g`pagcbc per

ac jcsg _RCK bg ac EOBG (væcsg oucbre 3). Ac rczÿk bg gstc

`cyer prenukbfzcofÿk gk ac gstruoturc bga sgoter fkbustrfca

sg bgjg c ac `cyer erfgktcofÿk ca gxtgrfer bg ac prebuoofÿk

bg bfodes sgotergs (per ae qug Xertgr :88? aes bgke`fkc trc-

bgb oaustgrs), qug dcog qug, ca ke gkoektrcrsg tck af`ftcbc su

prebuoofÿk per ga `grocbe aeoca, su ircbe bg bgscrreaae y gs-

pgofcafzcofÿk sgck ùode `ãs `crocbes qug gk ga oekmukte

bg ac goeke`àc. Rcags bctes sg ejtuvfgrek, `gbfcktg pgtfofÿk

gxprgsc c Gurestct, bg ukc gxpaetcofÿk bg ac Gkougstc bg ac

nugrzc bg trcjcme rgactfvc c :886.

Xer ýatfè, bcbc ac ctgkofÿk prgngrgktg qug kugstre jgkod`cr-

lfki bgbfoc c ac fkkevcofÿk, c ac derc bg fbgktfffiocr acs rgifekgs

deèiækgcs sg dc fkoaufbe tc`jfæk ac gspgofcafzcofÿk tgokeaÿ-

ifoc qug ùgstrc ac rgifÿk.3? Xcrc gse sg pcrtfÿ bg ac bfstrfjuofÿk

perogktuca, gk acs 4 sgoofekgs bg ac oacsfffiocofÿk fktgrkcofekca bg

pctgktgs (OFX), bg acs pctgktgs GXE seafoftcbcs bgsbg ga cóe :888,

oerrgspekbfgktgs c fkvgktergs bg ac rgifÿk, oektgkfbcs gk ac jcsg

bg bctes bg pctgktgs rgifekcags GXE bg ac EOBG bg mukfe bg :838

(væcsg oucbre 3).

Gk su`c, acs vcrfcjags qug rggmck acs oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc,

sejrg acs oucags pugbg aagvcrsg c ocje ga preogse bg fbgktfffiocofÿk

bg cqugaacs rgifekgs oek oekbfofekgs deèiækgcs, dck sfbe ciru-

pcbcs gk kugstre trcjcme gk ouctre irckbgs irupes= ige-bgèirã-

ffiocs, gstruoturc sgoterfca bg ac goeke`àc, oe`pesfofÿk bga sgoter

fkbustrfca y gspgofcafzcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc. Rebcs gaacs, cirupcbcs gk

aes ouctre oekmuktes sgócacbes, cpcrgogk rgoeifbcs gk ga oucbre 3.

3? Bg aes trcjcmes cktgs

sgócacbes, sÿae Crukbga

y Deaackbgrs (:88>)

cpuktck c aes pctrekgs

rgactfves bg fkkevcofÿk,

cukqug gk su ocse tcags

pctrekgs ke sg rgffigrgk c

acs ãrgcs tgokeaÿifocs gk

qug sg gkougktrc gspgof-

cafzcbc ac rgifÿk, sfke c

ac pgouafcr oe`jfkcofÿk

bg fkbfocbergs bg fkput y

eutput bg ac rgifÿk (per

ae qug, sf rgprebumærcès

su gknequg, fktrebuofràc-

ès ukc ofrouacrfbcb gk

kugstrc criu`gktcofÿk).







Xreogbf`fgkte bg ejtgkofÿk bg rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc c pcrtfr

bg acs vcrfcjags

Wkc vgz gxpugstcs acs vcrfcjags qug sg g`pagcrãk pcrc ac fbgktf-

ffiocofÿk bg acs rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc, oek æstcs sg ocaouack ukc

`ctrfz bg bfstckofcs gktrg tebcs acs rgifekgs. Xcrc gaae rgsuatc kg-

ogscrfe, prgvfc`gktg, se`gtgr c aes vcaergs bg acs vcrfcjags c ukc

sgrfg bg trcksner`cofekgs (væcksg ãs bgtcaags gk ga ckgxe 3 c gstg

ocpàtuae).

Gk prf`gr auicr, c ac oerrgoofÿk bg pesfjags eutafgrs, csf`g-

tràcs y ourtesfs.

Gk sgiukbe auicr, cktgs bg cirgicr aes vcaergs bg acs bfstfktcs

vcrfcjags, sg ags se`gtfÿ ca preogbf`fgkte bg gstckbcrfzcofÿk bg-

ke`fkcbe `fkf-`cx, bg èbe qug tebes aes vcaergs bg acs vcrfc-

jags qugbcrck gk uk trcè oe`prgkbfbe gktrg 8 y 388.

Gk tgrogr auicr, pcrc ocaouacr ac bfstckofc tetca c qug sg gk-

ougktrc ocbc rgifÿk bg acs bg`ãs, dcy qug preogbgr c ukc pekbg-

rcofÿk bg acs bfstckofcs fkbfvfbucags c qug bfodc rgifÿk sg gkougk-

trc bg acs bg`ãs gk aes vcaergs gstckbcrfzcbes bg ocbc ukc bg acs

vcrfcjags. Xcrc gaae, sg csfikcrek aes sfiufgktgs pgses c ocbc uke bg

aes oekmuktes bg vcrfcjags=

• Wk :7% c acs vcrfcjags ige-bgèirãffiocs (qug sg rgpcrtg pre-

perofekca`gktg gktrg ocbc ukc bg acs vcrfcjags oe`pekgktgs

bg gstg irupe, c scjgr= pejacofÿk, bgksfbcb bg pejacofÿk, tcsc

bg gkvgmgof`fgkte y coogsfjfafbcb bg ac rgifÿk).

• Etre :7% c ac bfstrfjuofÿk perogktuca bga g`page gktrg aes 38

irckbgs sgotergs goekÿ`foes (gs bgofr, uk :,7% c acs bfngrgk-

ofcs gxfstgktgs gk ocbc uke bg aes 38 irckbgs sgotergs gk qug,

c pcrtfr bg ac KCOG rgv : sg bfvfbg ga tetca bg ac goeke`àc).

• Etre :7% c ac bfstrfjuofÿk perogktuca bga g`page gktrg acs

33 irckbgs rc`cs fkbustrfcags (gs bgofr, uk :,?% c ac bfstckofc

gxfstgktg gktrg aes vcaergs bg gsc rgifÿk y bg acs rgstcktgs rg-

ifekgs gk ocbc ukc bg acs 33 rc`cs fkbustrfcags).

• Etre :7% c ac bfstrfjuofÿk perogktuca bg acs pctgktgs GXE bg

:888-:886 gktrg acs 4 sgoofekgs bg ac OFX (gs bgofr, uk ?,3% c

acs bfstckofcs gxfstgktgs gk ocbc ukc bg acs sgoofekgs OFX).

Ac bfstckofc tetca c qug ocbc rgifÿk sg gkougktrc bg acs rgstcktgs

rgifekgs scabràc, per ae tckte, bg cpafocr ac nÿrùac=







ctgkofÿk gstcrã oekstftufbe, cbg`ãs bg per ga Xcàs ^csoe, per

cqugaacs :6 rgifekgs qug sg gkougktrck c ukc `gker bfstckofc

bg æstg. Cukqug ga irupe rgsuatcktg bga ckãafsfs oaýstgr ca qug

pgrtgkgog ga Xcàs ^csoe oekstc bg uk ký`gre bg rgifekgs (??)

cprepfcbe pcrc su ckãafsfs y gxpesfofÿk,32 gse ke tfgkg per quæ

sgr csà, pugs igkgrca`gktg ga ckãafsfs oaýstgr bc auicr c irupes

bg tc`cóe bfspcr y caiukes bg gaaes pugbgk pgocr per tgkgr

uk ký`gre bg `fg`jres gxogsfvc`gktg irckbg, y etres gxog-

sfvc`gktg pgqugóe.

Bg ae gxpugste sg bgsprgkbg qug ac cprexf`cofÿk c trcvæs bg ac

gxpaetcofÿk bg ac ffiac bg ac `ctrfz bg bfstckofcs gs ac cprepfcbc

pcrc cqugaaes qug gstãk fktgrgscbes gk ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg cqug-

aacs rgifekgs qug prgsgktck `cyer sf`faftub oek ukc bgtgr`fkc-

bc, gs bgofr= pcrc ukc cprexf`cofÿk fkbfvfbuca. Aes irupes oek-

tgkfbes gk acs tfpeaeiàcs bg rgifekgs sek `gkes cprepfcbes pcrc

tcags ffikgs< sfk g`jcrie, tcags tfpeaeiàcs rgsuatck bg irck utfafbcb

pcrc aes bgofsergs pýjafoes bg acs fkstftuofekgs oe`ukftcrfcs e aes

ckcafstcs bg ac rgcafbcb rgifekca gurepgc, pugs preperofekck ukc

vfsfÿk oekmuktc bg ac rgcafbcb rgifekca gurepgc.

Wkc vfsfÿk pcrofca bg ac `ctrfz bg bfstckofcs ejtgkfbc ffiiurc

gk ga ckgxe :. Xer su pcrtg, ac tfpeaeiàc bg rgifekgs ejtgkfbc `g-

bfcktg uk ckãafsfs oaýstgr c pcrtfr bg bfodc `ctrfz bg bfstckofcs, sg

gkougktrc rgoeifbc gk ga ckgxe ?.

?. Bgsg`pgóe bg acs rgifekgs

Wkc vgz fbgktfffiocbcs acs rgifekgs oek qug gngotucr ga gmgrofofe bg

jgkod`crlfki , ga sfiufgktg pcse oeksfstg gk ac gbfofÿk y oe`pc-

rcofÿk bg aes bgsg`pgóes bg acs bfngrgktgs rgifekgs. Gse pgr`ftg

bes oescs=

• Xer uk acbe, fbgktfffiocr bgktre bga oeagotfve bg rgifekgs (jfgk

bga tetca e jfgk bga irupe qug pesgg oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc sf-

`facrgs c acs bg rgifÿk pcrc ac qug sg bgsgc gngotucr ga gmgrofofe

bg jgkod`crlfki ) cqugaacs qug pesggk uk supgrfer bgsg`pg-

óe, y bg acs qug, per ae tckte, `ãs sg pugbg cprgkbgr.

• Xer etre acbe, bgtgr`fkcr acs nertcagzcs y bgjfafbcbgs rgactfvcs

qug, gk tær`fkes bg bgsg`pgóe, prgsgktc ac rgifÿk pcrc ac

qug sg bgsgc rgcafzcr ga jgkod`crlfki .

32 Bg dgode, pcrc

ncofaftcr ac oe`pcrcofÿk,

dg`es te`cbe bfode

ký`gre pcrc bgtgr`fkcr

ga pukte bg oertg gk ga

ký`gre bg rgifekgs qug

sg gafigk pcrc oe`pcrcof-

ÿk per su `gker bfstckofc

iaejca ca Xcàs ^csoe.

Ac `ctrfz bg bfstckofcs

oe`pagtc sg gkougktrc

bfspekfjag, pcrc aes

fktgrgscbes, gk ac

bfrgoofÿk bg fktgrkgt

dttp=//www.


cspx5tcjfb038:8






Ocbc ckcafstc pugbg gagifr, bga oekmukte bg fkbfocbergs oektgkf-

bes gk acs jcsgs bg bctes rgifekcags bfspekfjags (Gurestct, EOBG,

Gurepgck Oaustgr Ejsgrvctery …), cqugaaes qug oeksfbgrg `ãs

cprepfcbes pcrc acs ocrcotgràstfocs y gstrctgifcs sgiufbcs gk su

rgifÿk. Gk gstg beou`gkte, c èbe bg faustrcofÿk, pgksckbe gk

cqugaacs rgifekgs fktgrgscbcs gk dcogr ga jgkod`crlfki pcrc su

sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk, dgès preogbfbe c ac sgagoofÿk bg uk bg-

tgr`fkcbe ký`gre bg vcrfcjags bg bgsg`pgóe.

Bgktre bg æstg, dgès bfstfkiufbe gktrg bgsg`pgóes goekÿ-

`foe g fkkevcber. Gngotfvc`gktg, tca oeè sgócack Aukbvcaa gt

ca. (:886), ga ckãafsfs bga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk bgjg aficrsg ca bga

bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe, pugs ac nukofÿk ýatf`c bga sfstg`c bg fk-

kevcofÿk ke gs `cxf`fzcr ac ocktfbcb bg fkkevcofÿk sfke ga jfgk-

gstcr goekÿ`foe (y bg etre tfpe), y ga ckãafsfs bg aes sfstg`cs bg fk-

kevcofÿk bgjg eoupcrsg bg oÿè tfgkg auicr ac fkkevcofÿk, pgre

tc`jfæk bg oÿè æstc gs trcksner`cbc gk bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe.

Xgre, oeè Gbqufst (:884) sgócac, tc`peoe bgjg oeknukbfrsg ga

ckãafsfs bga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk oek ga bg tebe ga sfstg`c goekÿ-

`foe y dcy qug tgkgr gk ougktc qug gk ga bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe

ke sÿae gstã fkuygkbe ac fkkevcofÿk.37 Gk oeksgougkofc «cukqug

acs ocpcofbcbgs tgokeaÿifocs y bg prebuoofÿk gstãk gstrgodc`gktg

fktgroekgotcbcs¼, ac prf`grc «bgjgràc cktgkgrsg oekogptuca`gk-

tg sgpcrcbc bg ac sgiukbc (…) y rgsuatc ýtfa y kgogscrfe sgpcrcr aes

bes oekogptes y gkoektrcr fkstru`gktes bg `gbfbc fkbgpgkbfgk-

tgs pcrc ocbc uke bg gaaes¼ (Crodfjuif y Oeoe, :887= 399).3>

Xer etre acbe, rgsuatc csf`fsè oekvgkfgktg bfstfkiufr gk-

trg aes bgsg`pgóes goekÿ`foe g fkkevcber qug uk tgrrfterfe dc

caockzcbe gk uk è`gkte bgtgr`fkcbe (ga ýatfè pcrc ga qug

gxfstg fkner`cofÿk bfspekfjag) y ac vcrfcofÿk e gveauofÿk qug gsg

bgsg`pgóe dc tgkfbe gk uk pgràebe bgtgr`fkcbe.

Re`ckbe gk ougktc qug, oeè fkbfoc Gbqufst (:883), aes ej-

mgtfves goekÿ`foes ýatfès c aes qug ctfgkbg ac peaàtfoc bg fkke-

vcofÿk sek ga orgof`fgkte goekÿ`foe, ac prebuotfvfbcb y ga g`-

page, gktrg acs vcrfcjags bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe sgagoofekcbcs y

gxtrcàbcs bg Gurestct, sg gkougktrck=

• Ac tcsc bg g`page (cóe :886, ocaouacbc oeè perogktcmg qug

supekg ga g`page sejrg ac pejacofÿk).39

37 Bgsbg ukc pgrspgotfvc

oekogptuca bfngrgktg,

tc`jfæk Zebràiugz-Xesg y

Orgsogkzy (:884) y Jetcz-

zf y Xgzf (:88?) cbvfgrtgk

qug ac nukofÿk bg prebuo-

ofÿk bga oekeof`fgkte ke

bgjgràc oeknukbfrsg oek

uk èbgae bg orgof`fgkte

rgifekca. Burcktek y Xuic

(:883) ùgstrck, gk tca

sgktfbe, qug acs bfngrgk-

ofcs gktrg ac fkvgkofÿk y

orgcofÿk bg prebuotes,

per uk acbe, y ac purc

prebuoofÿk, per etre, dc

aagvcbe c ukc bfstrfjuofÿk

gspcofca bfngrgkofcbc. Acs

prf`grcs tfgkgk auicr

gk rgifekgs oek ncotergs

bg aeocafzcofÿk jcscbes

gk ga oekeof`fgkte, y acs

sgiukbcs gk rgifekgs oek

jcmes oestgs y ncotergs bg

prebuoofÿk trcbfofekcags.

3> Gk etre trcjcme

pestgrfer, gk ga qug

prenukbfzck gk gsc

bfstfkofÿk, Crodfjuif gt ca.

(:886) gsorfjgk= ‑Dcy uk

oeksgkse gstcjagofbe qug

oeksfbgrc acs ocpcofbcbgs

tgokeaÿifocs y prebuotfvcs

gstrgodc`gktg fktgrrgac-

ofekcbcs. Xer uk acbe, ac

ocpcofbcb tgokeaÿifoc gs

prgpcrcterfc pcrc ac



?3> F k b f o c b e r g s b g




• Ac prebuotfvfbcb cpcrgktg bga trcjcmcber (cóe :889, ocaou-

acbc bfvfbfgkbe ga XFJ per ga g`page, c`jes te`cbes bg acs

ougktcs goekÿ`focs).34

• Ga XFJ pgr oãpftc gk gures (cóe :889).36

V bgsbg ga pukte bg vfstc bg vcrfcofÿk bga bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`f-

oe=

• Ac tcsc bg vcrfcofÿk ckuca couùacbc bga g`page (bg :882 c

:886).

• Ac tcsc bg vcrfcofÿk perogktuca ckuca gbfc bg ac prebuotfvf-

bcb (cóes :88?-:889).

• Ac tcsc bg vcrfcofÿk perogktuca ckuca gbfc bga XFJ rgca (cóes

:88?-:889).

• Ac tcsc bg vcrfcofÿk perogktuca ckuca gbfc bga XFJ pgr oãpf-

tc rgca (cóes :88?-:889).

Gk ouckte c acs vcrfcjags qug rggmck ga eutput fkkevcber gk uk

è`gkte bgtgr`fkcbe, sg sgagoofekcrek acs sfiufgktgs=:8

• Ký`gre bg pctgktgs GXE per `faaÿk bg dcjftcktgs (gk ga pg-

ràebe :882-:889).

• Xujafocofekgs per `faaÿk bg dcjftcktgs (gk ga pgràebe :88?-

:887).

• Xerogktcmg bg g`page gk `ckuncoturcs bg kfvga tgokeaÿifoe

cate y `gbfe-cate (gk :886).

• Xerogktcmg bg g`page gk sgrvfofes fktgksfves gk oekeof`fgk-

te (gk :886).

V oeè vcrfcjags bg vcrfcofÿk bga eutput fkkevcber=

• crfcofÿk perogktuca bg acs pctgktgs GXE per faaÿk bg dcjf-

tcktgs (gktrg aes pgràebes :888-:88? y :882-:889).

• crfcofÿk perogktuca bg acs pujafocofekgs per faaÿk bg dcjf-

tcktgs (gktrg aes pgràebes :888-:88: y :88?-:887).

• Rcsc bg vcrfcofÿk ckuca couùacbc bga g`page gk `ckunco-

turcs bg kfvga tgokeaÿifoe cate y `gbfe-cate (bg :88? c :884).

• Rcsc bg vcrfcofÿk ckuca couùacbc bga g`page gk sgrvfofes

fktgksfves gk oekeof`fgkte (bg :88? c :884).

Ca fiuca qug oek acs vcrfcjags oerrgspekbfgktgs c acs oekbfofe-

kgs bg pcrtfbc, aes vcaergs qug prgsgktck aes fkbfocbergs bg bgs-

g`pgóe bgjgk se`gtgrsg c bfvgrses trctc`fgktes, pcrc oerrgifr

pesfjags eutafgrs, csf`gtràcs y ourtesfs, y pcrc gstckbcrfzcraes.

prebuoofÿk< per ga etre,

ga preogse bg prebuoofÿk

igkgrc kugvcs oe`pgtgk-

ofcs `gbfcktg ga cprgkbgr

dcofgkbe y cprgkbgr

usckbe. Gk oeksgougk-

ofc, sg pebràc criñfr qug

gs f`pesfjag `gbfr aes

bgscrreaaes tgokeaÿifoes

sgpcrcbc`gktg bg aes

preogses bg prebuoofÿk.

_fk g`jcrie, dcy jugkcs

rczekgs pcrc `gbfr ac

tgokeaeiàc y ac prebuoofÿk

bg èbe sgpcrcbe, tca

oeè sg dcog gk ac `cyer

bg aes trcjcmes, yc qug gaae

pgr`ftg fbgktfffiocr oÿè

gstãk gstes bes oekmuktes

aficbes bfkã`foc`gktg.

Ac fkoausfÿk bg fkbfoc-

bergs bg prebuoofÿk gktrg

`gbfbcs bg fkkevcofÿk ke

pgr`ftg gxpaercr aes gngo-

tes bg ac fkkevcofÿk gk ac

prebuoofÿk, y vfogvgrsc‐.

(p. 636)

39 C`jes rgstrfkifbes

ca trcè bg gbcb bg 37->2

cóes.

34 Ac prebuotfvfbcb

pebràc sgr oeksfbgrcbc

tc`jfæk uk fkbfocber bg

fkkevcofÿk, y oeè tca csà

gs oeksfbgrcbc gk caiukes

fkner`gs (per gmg`pae, gk

ga fkbfocber bg






Rrcs gaae, oek ejmgte bg gstf`cr aes ouctre fkbfocbergs oe`pugs-

tes (qug sfktgtfzck, rgspgotfvc`gktg, aes bgsg`pgóes goekÿ`foe

g fkkevcber gk uk e`gkte bcbe, y acs vcrfcofekgs bg aes bgsg`-

pgóes fkkevcber y goekÿ`foe gktrg bes è`gktes), sg csfikcrek

pgses gquftctfves c acs bfstfktcs vcrfcjags oek qug sg oekstruygk

aes fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes. Gk ga oucbre : sg fkbfock aes pgses

csfikcbes c ocbc fkbfocber, gk ac oekstruoofÿk bg aes bfngrgktgs

fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes bg eutput.

Oucbre := Xgses ctrfjufbes c ocbc fkbfocber pcrc ac oekstruoofÿk

bg fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes bg bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber y goekÿ-

`foe, y bg vcrfcofÿk bg tcags bgsg`pgóes

fkkevcofÿk bg ac KG_RC<

væcsg Dcslga gt ca. :886).

Xgre gk sà, gs `ãs uk

fkbfocber bg bgsg`pgóe

goekÿ`foe, pugs gk ac

prebuotfvfbcb (y `ãs

cýk, gk ac prebuotfvfbcb

cpcrgktg bga trcjcme, qug

gs bg ac qug bfspekgès

bg bctes rgifekcafzcbes)

pugbgk fkofbfr tc`jfæk

ncotergs qug ke gstãk

gstrfotc`gktg aficbes

oek ac fkkevcofÿk, oeè,

per gmg`pae, ac `fs`c

gxtgksfÿk bg acs merkcbcs

e fktgksfbcb bga trcjcme.

36 Ac cpafocofÿk bg acs

pcrfbcbgs bg pebgr cb-

qufsftfve ocaouacbcs pcrc

ga tetca kcofekca c ocbc

ukc bg acs rgifekgs pugbg

aagvcr c ketcjags bfster-

sfekgs. Gk Gspcóc, per

gmg`pae, pcrc uk vcaer

388 bg `gbfc pcrc ga tetca

kcofekca, ga kfvga igkgrca

bg prgofes ca oeksuè vc-

rfcjc, gk :889, bgsbg 384,

gk ga Xcàs ^csoe, dcstc 4:,

gk Gxtrg`cburc. Xer tca

rczÿk, prgngrfès epgrcr

oek aes vcaergs gk gures.

:8 Aes bctes bg pctgktgs

sg ejtuvfgrek bg ac jcsg

rgifekca bg pctgktgs GXE

bg ac EOBG, bg mukfe bg

2. Fkbfocbergs bg fkput e oe`pertc`fgkte

Rrcs dcjgr fbgktfffiocbe, gk ac prf`grc gtcpc bga gmgrofofe bg jgkod-

`crlfki , acs rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc y dcjgr `gbfbe, bgspuæs, ga

bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber y goekÿ`foe, gk ac tgrogrc gtcpc bg kugs-

tre gmgrofofe trctcrgès bg oe`pcrcr bgtgr`fkcbes ocpcoftcbergs

y cotfvfbcbgs fkkevcbercs qug fkuygk gk tca bgsg`pgóe. Bg ae

qug sg trctc cderc gs bg g`pgzcr c gxpafocr ga bgsg`pgóe ckcafzc-

be gk ac gtcpc cktgrfer, y, gk pcrtfouacr, vgr quæ oe`pertc`fgktes

e cotfvfbcbgs bg fkkevcofÿk dck aagvcbe c ocje acs rgifekgs oek

uk supgrfer bgsg`pgóe, pcrc trctcr bg cprgkbgr bg gaacs y cbcptcr

caiukcs bg acs oacvgs gk qug bgsocksc su æxfte. Ke ejstcktg, rgoer-

bgès qug pcrc qug rgsuatg rgca`gktg nruotàngre, ga ckãafsfs ouck-

Xekbgrcofÿk

:7%

:7%

:7%

:7%

??,?%

??,?%

??,?%

:7%

:7%

:7%

:7%

:7%

:7%

:7%

:7%

Xctgktgs GXE

Xujafocofekgs per dcjftcktg

G`page gk `ckuncoturcs bg tgokeaeiàc catc y `gbfe-catc

G`page gk sgrvfofes fktgksfves gk oekeof`fgkte

Rcsc bg g`page

Xrebuovfbcb

XFJ pgr oãpftc

Xctgktgs GXE

Xujafocofekgs per dcjftcktg

G`page gk `ckuncoturcs bg tgokeaeiàc catc y `gbfe-catc

G`page gk sgrvfofes fktgksfves gk oekeof`fgkte

G`page

Xrebuovfbcb

XFJ rgca

XFJ pgr oãpftc rgca

Kfvga

^crfcofÿk

Eutput

fkkevcber

Eutput

goekÿ`foe

Eutput

fkkevcber

Eutput

goekÿ`foe







tftctfve jcscbe gk nugktgs sgoukbcrfcs bg ocrãotgr igkgrca bgjgràc

sgr oe`pagtcbe oek pestgrfergs gxpaetcofekgs bg nugktgs cbfofe-

kcags oerrgspekbfgktgs c tcags pcàsgs y oek ckãafsfs oucaftctfves y ga

oektcote oek cigktgs y oekeogbergs bg tcags rgifekgs.

Kugvc`gktg, gk acs jcsgs bg bctes rgifekcags ga fktgrgscbe gk

ga jgkod`crlfki rgifekca pugbg gkoektrcr uk ký`gre gagvcbe bg

vcrfcjags qug fkuygk gk aes bgsg`pgóes goekÿ`foe g fkkevcber,

bg acs qug sgagoofekcr aes fkbfocbergs qug, ca rgspgote, muziug ãs

epertukes. Gk gstg beou`gkte, c èbe bg faustrcofÿk, pgksckbe

gk cqugaacs rgifekgs fktgrgscbcs gk dcogr ga jgkod`crlfki pcrc

su sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk, dgès preogbfbe c ac sgagoofÿk bg trgs

tfpes bg fkbfocbergs bg oe`pertc`fgkte= ukes aficbes c rgourses

du`ckes, etres aficbes c rgourses bg F+B y, per ýatfè, etres c

ac oekgotfvfbcb bga sfstg`c. Gk kugstre ocse kes dgès jcscbe

nukbc`gktca`gktg gk ac jcsg bg bctes rgifekcags bg Gurestct,

oe`pagtcbc oek ac jcsg bg bctes rgifekcags bg pctgktgs GXE bg

ac EOBG (pcrc ga fkbfocber bg oe-fkvgkofÿk) y oek ac bg F_AC-

Jeooekf (pcrc kugvcs g`prgscs gxtrckmgrcs).

G`pgzckbe per aes rgourses du`ckes, ga prf`gr pcr bg vc-

rfcjags oeksfbgrcbe gstã rgacofekcbe oek ga steol bg rgourses du-

`ckes cotuca`gktg gxfstgktg= tckte gk ac ner`c bga perogktcmg bg

ae qug ga @ckuca bg Ockjgrrc bgke`fkc Zgourses Du`ckes gk

Ofgkofc y Rgokeaeiàc (ZDORoerg) oeè gk ac bga perogktcmg bg

pejacofÿk qug dc rgcafzcbe gstubfes bg sgoukbcrfc supgrfer e tgr-

ofcrfc (c`jes pcrc ga oeagotfve bg gbcb oe`prgkbfbe gktrg :7->2

cóes y ga cóe :886). Ac rczÿk bg gagifr c`jcs vcrfcjags, qug gk

irck pcrtg pcrgogràck seacpcrsg, gs qug, cukqug gktrg gaacs gxfs-

tg ukc oerrgacofÿk pesftfvc, æstc ke gs tck gagvcbc (8,?)< y per ae

tckte, c`jcs rgoeigk cspgotes gk pcrtg bfngrgktgs. V ga sgiukbe

pcr bg vcrfcjags bg rgourses du`ckes oeksfbgrcbe gstã aficbe c ac

cpugstc qug ac seofgbcb rgcafzc gk ner`cofÿk= jfgk gk aes mÿvgkgs

(perogktcmg qug supekgk aes gstubfcktgs bg gbuocofÿk tgrofcrfc,

gk ga trcè bg gbcb bg :8-:2 cóes, gk :886):3, jfgk gk aes qug

gstãk trcjcmckbe (perogktcmg bg pejacofÿk bg :7->2 cóes pcrtfof-

pcktg gk ourses bg ner`cofÿk oektfkuc gk :886).

Gk ouckte c acs vcrfcjags rgactfvcs c rgourses bg F+B (tebcs

gaacs rgngrfbcs c :884), fkoaufès rgourses tckte ffikckofgres (ics-

:838. Aes bg g`page per

kfvgags tgokeaÿifoes g

fktgksfbcb bg oekeof-

`fgkte, bg Gurestct. V

aes bg pujafocofekgs, bg

Grcwctod (dttp=//oerbfs.

gurepc.gu/grcwctod/fk-

bgx.on`5nusgcotfek0rf.

de`g). Gk aes ocses bg

Bfkc`croc, _ugofc y Gsae-

vgkfc, gk qug Grcwctod

ke preperofekcjc bctes

rgifekcags, ac rctfe bga

pcàs sg oerrfifÿ pcrc ocbc

rgifÿk gk nukofÿk bg ac

bgsvfcofÿk qug prgsgktcjc

su icste ukfvgrsftcrfe gk

F+B gk perogktcmg bga XFJ

oek rgacofÿk ca bga tetca

bga pcàs.

:3 Xcrtg bg gses gstubf-

cktgs pugbg oerrgspekbgr

c mÿvgkgs preogbgktgs bg

nugrc bg gsc rgifÿk qug

gstãk bgscrreaackbe gk

gaac su gbuocofÿk tgrofcrfc.

Xer ae qug, gk pcrtg, `ãs

qug ac fkvgrsfÿk gk ac

gbuocofÿk bg aes mÿvgkgs

bg gsc rgifÿk, uk vcaer

cate pugbg bgketcr ac

nertcagzc bg acs fkstftu-

ofekgs ukfvgrsftcrfcs

bg gsc rgifÿk.






te gk perogktcmg bga XFJ) oeè bg pgrsekca (pgrsekca bg F+B gk

gqufvcagkofc c bgbfocofÿk pagkc gk perogktcmg bga g`page). Oeè

sgócack Çlgrjae` gt ca. (:884) gk sus rgoe`gkbcofekgs ffikcags

sejrg fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk, aes bgofsergs pýjafoes bgjgràck

ogktrcrsg gk c`jes tfpes bg fkbfocbergs, pugs bg ocbc uke bg

gaaes sg pugbg bgrfvcr ukc dfsterfc ùy bfngrgktg. Csà ae oekstctÿ

Kcvcrre (:886) pcrc ga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk bga Xcàs ^csoe y

sg oekstctc tc`jfæk `ãs cbgacktg, pugste qug, ca sgr oacrc`gk-

tg fkngrfer gk bfodc rgifÿk ga oestg acjerca per pgrsekc eoupcbc

gk cotfvfbcbgs bg F+B (ae ouca gs cpafocjag c jugkc pcrtg bg acs

rgifekgs `gkes bgscrreaacbcs), ga Xcàs ^csoe prgsgktc rgsuatcbes

ùode pgergs gk acs oe`pcrcofekgs fktgrkcofekcags bg gstcbàs-

tfocs bg F+B ouckbe sg trcjcmc oek bctes bg icste, qug ouckbe sg

trcjcmc oek bctes bg pgrsekca. Xer etre acbe, bcbe qug ac su`c bg

F+B g`prgscrfca y pýjafoc prãotfoc`gktg gs gqufvcagktg c ac F+B

tetca, oek ejmgte bg gvftcr rgbukbckofcs, ýkfoc`gktg `ckgmcrg-

ès bes octgieràcs bg F+B, sfk fkoaufr ac tetca.

Xer ýatfè, pcrc ga pcpga bg ncofaftcber y bfnuser bga oekeof-

`fgkte y bg ac fkkevcofÿk, sg fkoauygk trgs fkbfocbergs. Xer uk

acbe, uk fkbfocber bg RFO= ga perogktcmg bg nc`fafcs qug tfgkgk

coogse c jckbc ckodc gk :838 (yc g`pagcbe gk ga ZF_ :886, per

Deaackbgrs gt ca., :886). Xer etre acbe, uk fkbfocber sejrg ga irc-

be bg oe-fkvgkofÿk oek cigktgs bg nugrc bg ac rgifÿk, ejtgkfbe

bg ukc gxpaetcofÿk aagvcbc c ocje bg ac jcsg bg pctgktgs GXE rg-

ifekcags bg ac EOBG= ac bga perogktcmg bg fkvgktergs bg ac rgifÿk

qug ke cpcrgogk oeè ýkfoes fkvgktergs bg ac pctgktg, sfke oeè

oe-fkvgktergs oek cigktgs bg etrcs rgifekgs, gk acs pctgktgs oek

cóe bg prferfbcb gktrg :882 y :889. V, per ýatfè, ac bga ký`gre

bg kugvcs g`prgscs gxtrckmgrcs sejrg `faaÿk bg dcjftcktgs, bcbe

qug ac fkvgrsfÿk bfrgotc gxtrckmgrc gs ukc bg acs prfkofpcags vàcs

bg coogse bg uk tgrrfterfe ca oekeof`fgkte gxtgrke (Crodfjuif y

Oeoe, :882< Ncigrjgri y _rdeago, :884).

_g dc fktgktcbe, oeè gk ga ocse bg aes fkbfocbergs bg bgs-

g`pgóe, trcjcmcr oek bes oekmuktes bg fkbfocbergs= aes bg kfvga y

aes bg vcrfcofÿk. Xgre bg gstes ýatfès ga ký`gre bg fkbfocbergs

bfspekfjags gs `gker (sÿae sg bfspekg bg aes oc`jfes dcjfbes gk

rgourses du`ckes gk aes 7 ýatfès cóes y bga cu`gkte gk ac oe-



?:8 F k b f o c b e r g s b g




fkvgkofÿk bg pctgktgs bga pgràebe :888-:88? ca :882-:889), per

ocrgogrsg bg sgrfgs dfstÿrfocs pcrc acs etrcs vcrfcjags gk `uodcs

rgifekgs e per sgr kgogscrfe rgcafzcr uk ký`gre gxogsfvc`gktg

cate bg gstf`cofekgs pcrc oe`pagtcr bctes cusgktgs.

Rrcs ac sgagoofÿk bg acs vcrfcjags y ac gstf`cofÿk bg aes bctes

cusgktgs, aes bctes sg bgjgk se`gtgr, gk ofgrtes ocses, c bgtgr`f-

kcbes trctcs`fgktes= c preogses bg oerrgoofÿk bg csf`gtràcs, our-

tesfs y eutafgrs, gk aes ocses qug rgsuatcjc kgogscrfe< y, gk tebes

aes ocses, c preogses bg gstckbcrfzcofÿk. C oektfkucofÿk, sg ags

dc csfikcbe ukes pgses rgactfves pcrc ac oekstruoofÿk bg fkbfoc-

bergs oe`pugstes, sfiufgkbe oe`e rgiac ga etericr pgses fiucags

c aes bfngrgktgs fkbfocbergs bgktre bg ocbc sujoctgieràc. (^æcsg

oucbre ?).

Oucbre ?= Xgses csfikcbes c aes fkbfocbergs bg fkput bg fkkevc-

ofÿk gk ac oekstruoofÿk bg fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes

Zgourses Du`ckes gk Ofgkofc y Rgokeaeiàc-Oerg

Xejacofÿk :7->2 cóes oek sgoukbcrfc supgrfer e tgrofcrfc

Gstubfcktgs bg gbuocofÿk tgrofcrfc

Xejacofÿk :7->2 cóes pcrofpckbe gk ner`cofÿk oekkuc

Icste gk F+B g`prgscrfca

Icste gk F+B pýjafoe

Xgrsekca bg F+B gk g`prgscs

Xgrsekca bg F+B gk erickfzcofekgs pýjafocs

Nc`fafcs oek coogse c jckbc ckodc

Oe-Fkvgkofÿk bg pctgktgs

Kugvcs g`prgscs gxtrckmgrcs

Zgourses Du`ckes gk Ofgkofc y Rgokeaeiàc-Oerg

Xejacofÿk :7->2 cóes oek sgoukbcrfc supgrfer e tgrofcrfc

Xejacofÿk :7->2 pcrofpckbe gk ner`cofÿk oekkuc

Oekgxfÿk Oe-Fkvgkofÿk bg pctgktgs

Kfvga

^crfcofÿk

Zgourses

du`ckes

F+B

Oekgxfÿk

Zgourses

du`ckes

Xekbgrcofÿk

38%

38%

38%

38%

38%

38%

38%

38%

>,>%

>,>%

>,>%

:7%

:7%

:7%

:7%



?:3Ocpàtuae 7= Ga ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki F k b f o c b e r g s b g



7. Cpafocofÿk faustrctfvc bga preogbf`fgkte ca ocse

bga Xcàs ^csoe

Fbgktfffiocofÿk bg rgifekgs pcrc ac oe`pcrcofÿk

Oeè cktgs sg dc fkbfocbe, ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg rgifekgs bg rgng-

rgkofc sg pugbg gngotucr bg bes èbes=

• @gbfcktg ukc cprexf`cofÿk fkbfvfbuca, c pcrtfr bg ac ffiac oe-

rrgspekbfgktg c gsc rgifÿk gk ac `ctrfz bg bfstckofcs fkoaufbc

gk ga ckgxe :, erbgkckbe acs bfngrgktgs rgifekgs bg cougrbe

oek ac bfstckofc c qug sg gkougktrck bg ac rgifÿk pcrc ac qug

sg bgsgc rgcafzcr ga jgkod`crlfki y oertckbe ac erbgkcofÿk

gk ga ký`gre bg rgifekgs qug sg oeksfbgrg epertuke pcrc ga

jgkod`crlfki (gk kugstre ocse, te`ckbe acs :6 rgifekgs `ãs

prÿxf`cs, qug supekgk cprexf`cbc`gktg uk 37% bga tetca bg

rgifekgs oeksfbgrcbcs).

• Re`ckbe oeè rgngrgkofc c acs rgifekgs qug cpcrgogk fkoauf-

bcs gk ga `fsè irupe qug ac rgifÿk pcrc ac qug sg bgsgc rgc-

afzcr ga jgkod`crlfki (væcsg ckgxe ?).

Gk ga oucbre 2 sg rgoeigk aes irupes bg rgifekgs qug rgsuatcràck

oek c`jcs cprexf`cofekgs= c ac fzqufgrbc ga Xcàs csoe y acs KWR_

oek ukc `gker bfstckofc c æa< y c ac bgrgodc, acs oektgkfbcs gk ga

irupe bg ac tfpeaeiàc rgifekca ca qug pgrtgkgog ga Xcàs ^csoe.



?:: F k b f o c b e r g s b g




Oucbre 2= Zgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe

Oeè bg ac agoturc bga oucbre sg pugbg cprgofcr, ocsf ac `ftcb bg

acs rgifekgs oek uk ketcjag pcrgofbe gk sus oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc

oek ga Xcàs csoe ke pgrtgkgogk ca irupe oaýstgr ca qug æstg dc sfbe

csfikcbe. Gs `ãs, bfodcs rgifekgs ke cpcrgogk oekogktrcbcs gk

etre ýkfoe irupe, sfke qug sg bfstrfjuygk gktrg 2 bg aes 9 rgstcktgs

BfstX^ Oaustgr

8 2

:86 2

:?? 2

346 2

??: 2

??> 2

:28 2

:2? 2

:4> 2

??7 2

?89 2

347 2

:64 2

?86 2

36> 2

:37 2

:43 2

??? 2

?7? 2

?6? 2

?62 2

283 2

238 2

2?2 2

226 2

2>8 2

2>6 2

247 2

249 2

269 2

783 2

7:6 2

74? 2

KWR_ Ke`jrg KWR_

G_:3 Xcfs csoe

CR3: Kfgbgrþstgrrgfod

CR:: _tgfgr`crl

CR?3 Ejgrþstgrrgfod

CR?: _cazjuri

CR?? Rfrea

CR?2 êrcrajgri

BGO _ccrackb

NZ:: Xfocrbfg

NZ:2 Ogktrg

NZ23 Aerrcfkg

FRO3 Xfgèktg

FRO2 Ae`jcrbfc

FRB: X. C. Rrgkte

FRB? ^gkgte

FRB2 Nrfuaf-^gkgzfc Ifuafc

FRB7 G`fafc-Ze`cikc

FRG: W`jrfc

BG3 Jcbgk-Yñrg`jgri

BG6 Kfgbgrscodsgk

BGC Kerbrgdgfk-Ygscagk

BGJ Zdgfkackb-Xncaz

BGB _codsgk

BGG _codsgk-Ckdcat

BGI Rdñrfkigk

G_73 Octcauóc

NZ93 Zdòkg-Capgs

G_:: O. N. bg Kcvcrrc

BGN _odagswfi-Deastgfk

FRO? Afiurfc

WLI Ygst @fbackbs

BL82 @fbtmyaackb

_G3: Þstrc @gaacksvgrfig

Cprexf`cofÿk per acs gkes bfstcktgs

BfstX^ Oaustgr KWR_ Ke`jrg KWR_

8 2 G_:3 Xcfs ^csoe

:86 2 CR3: Kfgbgrþstgrrgfod

:?? 2 CR:: _tgfgr`crl

346 2 CR?3 Ejgrþstgrrgfod

??: 2 CR?: _cazjuri

??> 2 CR?? Rfrea

:28 2 CR?2 êrcrajgri

:2? 2 BGO _ccrackb

:4> 2 NZ:: Xfocrbfg

??7 2 NZ:2 Ogktrg

?89 2 NZ23 Aerrcfkg

347 2 FRO3 Xfgèktg

:64 2 FRO2 Ae`jcrbfc

?86 2 FRB: X. C. Rrgkte

36> 2 FRB? ^gkgte

:37 2 FRB2 Nrfuaf-^gkgzfc Ifuafc

:43 2 FRB7 G`fafc-Ze`cikc

??? 2 FRG: W`jrfc

:68 3 CR:3 Lârktgk

:42 3 FRN3 Cjruzze

:6: 3 NZ:> Jeurieikg

??? 3 NZ73 Xcys bg ac Aefrg

364 3 NZ:3 Odc`pcikg-Crbgkkg

?36 3 _G:? ^âstsvgrfig

:78 3 NZ2? Nrckodg-Oe`tæ

::6 3 CR33 Jurigkackb

?82 3 NZ:? Dcutg-Ker`ckbfg

?:? 7 NZ7? Xefteu-Odcrgktgs

::3 : _G:3 _`çackb gb þcrkc

:7? : FRG? @crodg

:76 : FRG3 Resockc

??2 ? KA3: Nrfgsackb

?36 ? NZ9: Cuvgrikg

Cprexf`cofÿk vàc oaustgr



?:?Ocpàtuae 7= Ga ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki F k b f o c b e r g s b g



irupes (ae qug pcrgogràc cpuktcr c qug tcags rgifekgs sg gkougk-

trck gk ac pgrfngrfc bg tcags irupes). Gktrg acs rgifekgs qug, oek

uk ircbe bg sf`faftub jcstcktg cate gk oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc oek

acs bga Xcàs ^csoe, ke sg gkougktrck fkoaufbcs gk ga irupe oaýstgr

bga Xcàs ^csoe bgstcock uk irck ký`gre bg cag`ckcs (gktrg gaacs,

Jcbgk-Yñrttg`jgri), acs gspcóeacs (Octcauóc y Kcvcrrc), nrckog-

scs oeè Zdòkg-Capgs e ac jrftãkfoc Ygst @fbackbs, jcstcktgs bg

gaacs, oeè vgrgès, `gkofekcbcs oeè rgngrgkofcs pcrc ga Xcàs

^csoe gk etres ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki . Gk igkgrca, ac oacsfffioc-

ofÿk oaýstgr oekogktrc acs rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc bga Xcàs ^csoe gk

uk `gker ký`gre bg pcàsgs, y bc uk `cyer pgse c acs rgifekgs

nrckogscs g ftcafckcs.

Fkbgpgkbfgktg`gktg bg qug uk peoe `ãs cbgacktg gstubfg-

ès acs ocrcotgràstfocs qug prgsgktck aes bfngrgktgs irupes fbgk-

tfffiocbes per ga ckãafsfs oaýstgr, csà oeè acs bga irupe bg rgifekgs

qug sg gkougktrck `ãs prÿxf`cs gk sus oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc bga

Xcàs csoe, sgócagès qug acs rgifekgs caubfbcs, c`paàck bg èbe

f`pertcktg ga gspgotre bg rgifekgs `gkofekcbcs gk aes ckãafsfs bg

jgkod`crlfki pcrc ga Xcàs csoe y, gk oektrc bg ae qug gk eocsfekgs

dc sfbe dcjftuca, fkoauygk peocs rgngrgkofcs bg aes pcàsgs kÿrbfoes

e bga Jgkgaux. _ek gsocses, gngotfvc`gktg, aes gmgrofofes rgcafzcbes

bg fbgktfffiocofÿk bg rgifekgs gurepgcs pcrc ac oe`pcrcofÿk oek ga

ocse vcsoe y gaaes dck sfbe aagvcbes c ocje oek etrc `gtebeaeiàc.

• Xcrc fbgktfffiocr bgktre bga oekmukte bg rgifekgs gurepgcs

cqugaacs oek acs qug oektrcstcr aes rgsuatcbes qug gk bfvgrscs

vcrfcjags aficbcs ca bgsg`pgóe oe`pgtftfve g fkkevcber dcjàc

prgsgktcbe ac OCX^, Erlgstrc (:884) rgourrfÿ c bes orftgrfes

jãsfoes= ac gspgofcafzcofÿk fkbustrfca y ga XFJ pgr oãpftc. Csà,

pcrc qug ukc rgifÿk bg uk pcàs gurepge nugrc oeksfbgrcbc

oeè rgifÿk bg rgngrgkofc bgjàc caockzcr uk perogktcmg `à-

kfè (:2%) bg g`page fkbustrfca (sfk fkoaufr oekstruoofÿk) y

supgrcr uk kfvga `àkfè bg XFJ pgr oãpftc (::.788 ò gk :887).

Ocse bg dcjgr `ãs bg ukc rgifÿk gk uk pcàs qug ou`pafgrc

oek tcags rgqufsftes, sg gagiàc ac qug tuvfgrc `cyer kfvga bg XFJ

pgr oãpftc. Gse oekbume c qug sg gafifgrck pcrc tca oe`pcrcofÿk

Jcbgk-Yñrtgkjgri (Cag`ckfc), êrcrajgri (Custrfc), Aâksf-

_ue`f (Nfkackbfc), _`çackb `gr þcrkc (_ugofc) y Ae`jcrbàc







(Ftcafc). Cbfofekca`gktg sg oeksfbgrcrek pcrc ac oe`pcrcofÿk

acs etrcs trgs oeùkfbcbgs cutÿke`cs gspcóeacs qug, sgiýk

aes gstubfes bg fkkevcofÿk aagvcbes c ocje gk Gspcóc, prgsgk-

tcjck uk sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk `ãs cvckzcbe.

• Gk ga fkner`g «Jgkod`crlfki bg rgifekgs aàbgrgs bg fkkevcofÿk

gk Gurepc¼ rgcafzcbe gk :884 pcrc Fkkejcsqug, J+f rgourrfÿ

tckte c orftgrfes oucktftctfves oeè oucaftctfves pcrc ac fbgktf-

ffiocofÿk bg tcags rgifekgs aàbgrgs. Gk pcrtfouacr, sg te`crek gk

oeksfbgrcofÿk= (f) fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk gurepges (GF_ y

ZF_), (ff) fkbfocbergs `coregoekÿ`foes (pejacofÿk, XFJ pgr

oãpftc y prebuotfvfbcb)< (fff) sgotergs bg cotfvfbcb y oaýstg-

rgs< y (fv) epfkfekgs bg uk pckga bg gxpgrtes y prferfbcbgs

bga gqufpe bg bfrgoofÿk bg Fkkejcsqug. _f jfgk ga èbe gk

qug sg tfpfffiocrek y pekbgrcrek tcags gag`gktes ke sg prgofsc-

jc gk ga beou`gkte fkbfocbe, acs rgifekgs qug oeè nrute bg

tcags orftgrfes sg prepusfgrek pcrc ga jgkod`crlfki gk ga be-

ou`gkte ffikca nugrek acs sfiufgktgs= Gsteoeaè y ^âstsvgrfig

(_ugofc), Dgasfklf y Euau (Nfkackbfc), Wtrgodt y KerJrcjckt

(Deackbc), Jcbgk-Yñrtgkjgri y Jcvfgrc (Cag`ckfc), Nackbgs

(Jæaifoc), Xfcèktg (Ftcafc) y Bfkc`croc.

• Gk tfpeaeiàcs bg rgifekgs gurepgcs, bgstcoc ac bg Kcvcrre gt

ca. (:886), gk ac qug bg acs ?7 rgifekgs qug oektfgkg ga iru-

pe bga Xcàs ^csoe, sÿae > (Nrfuaf-^gkgzfc Ifuafc, X. C. Rrgkte,

_odagswfi-Deastgfk, _ccrackb, Aerrcfkg y Octcauóc) oefkofbgk

oek acs :6 fbgktfffiocbcs gk gstg trcjcme per su `gker bfstckofc

iaejca ca Xcàs ^csoe.

• Xer ýatfè, ac EOBG (:838) dc gacjercbe rgofgktg`gktg ukc

tfpeaeiàc bg rgifekgs usckbe vcrfcjags bg fkkevcofÿk, bg ac

qug sg dc dgode goe ga gstubfe qug sejrg ga sfstg`c bg fkkevc-

ofÿk vcsoe dc rgcafzcbe uatf`c`gktg tca erickfzcofÿk (væcsg

EGOB, :833). Bg cougrbe oek ga `fsè, gk ga oauj bg rgifekgs

fktgr`gbfcs gk ga qug sg gkoacvcràc ga Xcàs ^csoe sg gkoektrc-

ràck ukcs rgifekgs nrckogscs (Zdekg-Capgs, @fbf-Xyrgkggs,

Jrfttcky), jgaics (Nackbgrs) y gspcóeacs (Kcvcrrc y Zfemc).

Gk ae qug sfiug, te`crgès oeè rgngrgkofc pcrc oe`pcrcr ga ocse

vcsoe acs :6 rgifekgs qug sg gkougktrck c ukc `gker bfstckofc bg

gaac. Ac rczÿk bg gsoeigr uk irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs (acs :6 ãs ga Xcàs






^csoe) sg bgjg c qug gs uk ký`gre suffiofgktg`gktg c`pafe pcrc

rgcafzcr gstes prf`gres gmgrofofes oe`pcrctfves bg ocrãotgr ouck-

tftctfve, pgre tc`peoe gxogsfve= supekg cprexf`cbc`gktg ga 37%

bga tetca bg rgifekgs oektgkfbcs gk kugstrc jcsg bg bctes. C oek-

tfkucofÿk ocrcotgrfzcrgès gsg irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs oek rgspgote

ca tetca bg rgifekgs, y ac prepfc rgifÿk oek rgspgote c bfode irupe.

Aes oucbres 7, >, 9 y 4 sg dck gacjercbe pcrc ou`pafr tca nukofÿk.

Oucbre 7= crfcjags ige-bgèirãffiocs gk ga irupe bg acs ?8

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Oucbre >= Bfstrfjuofÿk perogktuca bga g`page tetca gk ga irupe

bg acs ?8 (:886)

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X r e ` g b f e b g a t e t c a b g : 8 > K u t s






Oucbre 9= Bfstrfjuofÿk perogktuca bga g`page fkbustrfca gk ga

irupe bg acs ?8 (:886)

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3 > , :

> , 2

9 , 6

9 , 3

4 , >

N Z 2 3

A e r r c f k g

>

: , 3

3 ? , 2

2 , 7

4 , :

3 3 , ?

? , 3

: 8 , 3

7 , >

3 8 , 3

3 2 , 4

> , 4

N Z 9 3


9

8 , 9

3 3 , 2

4 , 3

> , 3

3 ? , 4

? , :

3 4 , 3

3 : , 4

4 , 3

> , 8

3 3 , >

F R O 3

X f g ` e k t g

:

8 , 9

9 , ?

4 , 4

9 , ?

6 , 3

: , >

3 7 , 6

9 , 6

3 8 , 6

: 8 , 3

6 , 2

F R O ?

A f i u r f c

:

8 , 9

3 ? , >

? , :

2 , :

3 3 , >

: , 7

3 6 , 6

> , 4

9 , 8

3 : , 6

3 9 , 7

F R O 2

A e ` j c r b f c

:

8 , >

7 , 7

3 3 , :

4 , 3

3 ? , 9

? , 8

3 6 , 6

6 , 4

3 3 , 4

7 , 6

3 8 , >

F R B :

X . C . R r g k t e

3

3 , 9

3 8 , 8

7 , >

3 6 , 7

3 8 , >

> , 7

3 9 , 8

2 , 4

3 8 , 6

: , :

3 3 , :

F R B ?

^ g k g t e

:

8 , ?

9 , 3

3 : , 3

4 , 7

4 , 2

2 , :

3 4 , >

4 , 9

3 : , 3

? , 6

3 > , ?

F R B 2

N r f u a f - ^ g k g z f c I f u

a f c

:

8 , 7

7 , 3

: , 2

3 3 , 4

7 , 4

7 , 3

3 7 , >

3 : , 7

3 8 , 9

2 , 4

: 7 , >

F R B 7


:

8 , 7

3 3 , 2

6 , 8

7 , 6

9 , 3

4 , 9

3 7 , 8

9 , 8

: 8 , ?

7 , 3

3 8 , 8

F R G :

W ` j r f c

:

8 , >

3 : , :

3 ? , 4

6 , 4

9 , 8

3 3 , 9

3 7 , 2

2 , 9

4 , 9

? , ?

3 : , 9

_ G 3 :


9

8 , 4

> , >

3 , 9

6 , 6

3 8 , 8

: , 9

: : , ?

6 , 7

3 > , 4

3 3 , >

9 , 6

W L I


>

8 , 2

4 , ?

: , >

4 , 8

6 , :

2 , >

3 9 , >

> , 3

3 3 , 9

: 8 , 9

3 8 , 6

3 , :

3 3 , 2

2 , 7

4 , ?

3 8 , 2

2 , 3

3 4 , 6

9 , 4

3 3 , 4

3 3 , ?

3 8 , 2

: , >

3 > , 4

> , 6

6 , 9

3 8 , 2

2 , 6

3 2 , 7

9 , 2

9 , 8

4 , 4

3 3 , 3



X C À _ ^ C _ O E

G _ : 3







Oucbre 4= Bfstrfjuofÿk perogktuca, per sgoofekgs, bg acs pctgktgs

GXE, bg :888 gk cbgacktg, gk ga irupe bg acs ?8

O ÿ b f i e

K W R _

K e ` j r g K

W R _

I r u p e

O a u s t g r

K g o g s f b c b g s

b g a c

v f b c

R æ o k f o c

f k b u s t r f c a y

t r c k s p e r t g s

S u à ` f o c y

` g t c a u r i f c

R g x a y p c p g a

O e k s t r u o o f e k g s

ffi m c s

@

g o ã k f o c

N à s f o c

G a g o t r f o f b c b

C R 3 :

K f g b g r þ s t

g r r g f o d

:

3 ?

, 2

: : , 8

6 , 3

> , :

3 3 , 8

3 ? , 8

3 8 , >

3 2 , 4

C R : :

_ t g f g r ` c r

l

:

4 , 2

: ? , :

3 2 , 8

2 , 3

9 , 2

3 3 , 4

3 2 , ?

3 > , 6

C R ? 3


:

3 8

, 7

? ? , 4

3 2 , 8

? , 4

3 8 , 2

3 2 , 7

9 , :

7 , 9

C R ? :

_ c a z j u r i

3

: 3

, ?

: : , 6

7 , >

8 , 6

3 ? , 6

3 : , 8

3 9 , 6

7 , >

C R ? 2

^ e r c r a j g r i

3

3 6

, 2

: 8 , 7

7 , >

3 , 2

3 : , :

3 9 , >

> , 4

3 > , 7

B G 3


:

3 8

, 7

: 7 , 7

> , >

: , 4

? , 2

: 8 , :

3 > , 9

3 2 , ?

B G 6

K f g b g r s c o

d s g k

:

3 ?

, :

? 3 , :

6 , 4

8 , 4

2 , 3

3 ? , 4

3 2 , 6

3 : , :

B G C


:

3 ?

, 9

: ? , 3

3 9 , 3

: , 4

9 , 9

3 ? , ?

3 8 , 3

3 : , ?

B G J

Z d g f k a c k b

- X n c a z

:

3 >

, 9

: 7 , :

: > , 4

: , 8

? , 4

6 , 2

4 , 9

9 , ?

B G O

_ c c r a c k b

:

3 ?

, >

: 7 , 6

3 : , 3

3 , 8

6 , 3

3 > , 4

3 2 , 8

9 , >

B G B

_ c o d s g k

:

4 , 2

: > , :

3 : , 6

: , ?

? , >

4 , 2

3 > , ?

: 3 , 4

B G G

_ c o d s g k - C

k d c a t

:

3 4

, 6

3 4 , 9

: > , 8

8 , 6

7 , 6

6 , 8

3 : , 9

9 , 4

B G N


:

: 4

, >

: 4 , 7

9 , 9

: , 3

? , 4

3 3 , 2

3 8 , 9

9 , ?

B G I

R d ñ r f k i g k

:

3 9

, 2

3 9 , 8

3 8 , 6

3 , 7

2 , 2

9 , ?

: 9 , ?

3 2 , 3

G _ : 3

X C F _ ^ C _ O

E

:

3 2

, 7

? 8 , >

> , 8

? , :

3 3 , ?

3 7 , 6

3 8 , 8

4 , 7

G _ : :


:

: 8

, :

3 4 , :

> , ?

: , 7

? , 6

: > , :

3 ? , 6

4 , 9

G _ 7 3

O c t c a u ó c

?

: 9

, 6

: 2 , 7

3 2 , 9

: , ?

> , 3

9 , :

9 , :

3 8 , 8

N Z : :

X f o c r b f g

>

3 >

, 3

? 2 , 7

3 : , 9

3 , 4

4 , 7

3 2 , 7

2 , 6

9 , 8

N Z 2 3

A e r r c f k g

>

3 6

, 8

: 2 , :

3 : , >

8 , >

6 , >

: 8 , :

4 , :

7 , 9

N Z 9 3


9

3 9

, 3

3 > , 6

3 2 , 4

: , 6

? , 4

9 , >

3 7 , 9

: 3 , :

F R O 3

X f g ` e k t g

:

3 3

, :

? 8 , 7

> , 6

: , 2

> , 8

3 9 , 4

3 3 , 2

3 ? , 4

F R O ?

A f i u r f c

:

3 2

, 8

: 2 , 2

4 , 2

8 , 7

? , ?

3 7 , 6

3 6 , 2

3 2 , 8

F R O 2

A e ` j c r b f c

:

: 8

, 2

: : , 7

3 3 , 7

2 , 6

7 , 3

3 3 , ?

3 8 , :

3 2 , :

F R B :

X . C . R r g k t

e

3

: >

, 9

: 9 , :

? , 9

3 , 2

3 8 , :

3 : , :

6 , 9

4 , 6

F R B ?

^ g k g t e

:

: >

, >

: 7 , 7

9 , ?

2 , 8

6 , 8

3 : , >

> , >

4 , 2

F R B 2


:

3 4

, :

: 7 , 4

7 , 8

3 2 , 4

4 , 3

3 ? , 2

4 , 3

> , 9

F R B 7


:

: 8

, >

2 : , 2

> , 6

8 , 4

9 , 8

3 3 , 2

> , 4

2 , :

F R G :

W ` j r f c

:

: 2

, 8

? 8 , 4

6 , 4

7 , 9

> , 6

3 ? , 8

2 , 7

7 , :

_ G 3 :


9

3 ?

, 7

: 3 , 6

6 , 7

8 , 7

2 , 6

3 3 , ?

3 4 , >

3 6 , 9

W L I


>

3 7

, :

: 3 , 7

9 , >

3 , 3

6 , ?

3 7 , >

3 > , 2

3 ? , 2

3 9

, ?

: 7 , 7

3 8 , 9

: , 9

9 , 3

3 ? , 7

3 : , 8

3 3 , 3

: 8

, 3

: 8 , ?

3 : , 6

3 , 9

> , 7

3 : , 8

3 : , ?

3 2 , 3








G`pgzckbe per oe`gktcr ga oucbre 7, acs bes ffiacs fkngrfergs bg bf-

ode oucbre pgr`ftgk cprgofcr qug acs rgifekgs bg rgngrgkofc pcrc

ga Xcàs ^csoe sg ocrcotgrfzck, oek rgspgote ca oekmukte bg rgifekgs

bg ac WG-:9, per uk tc`cóe `cyer (oeksgougkofc, gk irck `gbf-

bc, bga cate ký`gre bg rgifekgs cag`ckcs oe`pekgktgs bga irupe,

pcàs pcrc ga qug sg dc te`cbe oeè ukfbcb tgrrfterfca bg ckãafsfs

ac KWR_3, gk auicr bg ac KWR_:), per uk rgactfve gkvgmgof`fgkte

bg su pejacofÿk, ukc gker bgksfbcb bg pejacofÿk:: y ukc jugkc

coogsfjfafbcb. Gk ouckte ca Xcàs ^csoe, gstc rgifÿk pesgg=

• Wk tc`cóe caie fkngrfer ca bg ac `gbfc bg su irupe (agmes

bga qug pesggk, ke sÿae acs rgifekgs cag`ckcs, sfke tc`jfæk

Ae`jcrbàc, Octcauóc, Zdòkg-Capgs e Ygst @fbackbs< pgre

tebcvàc ketcjag`gktg supgrfer ca bg etrcs rgifekgs oeè

êrcrajgri, Rrgkte, _cazjurie e Kcvcrrc), pgre jcstcktg pc-

rgofbe ca bg ac `gbfc bg acs rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9.

• Wkc bgksfbcb bg pejacofÿk rgactfvc`gktg gagvcbc= sf`facr ca

pre`gbfe bga tetca bg rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9 (gk ac qug pgsck

ùode acs catàsf`cs bgksfbcbgs bg caiukcs rgifekgs urjckcs),

pgre oacrc`gktg supgrfer c ac bg su irupe bg rgngrgkofc, bg

èbe qug seae tfgkg per gkof`c ac bg > bg acs ?8 rgifekgs.

• Wkc pejacofÿk qug, oeè suogbg oek ac `gbfc bg su irupe,

prgsgktc supgrfergs tcscs bg gkvgmgof`fgkte.

• Wkc coogsfjfafbcb supgrfer c ac bga pre`gbfe bg rgifekgs bg ac

WG-:9, pgre bg acs `ãs jcmcs bga irupe bg acs ?8 rgifekgs.

Gk ae qug dcog rgngrgkofc c ac oe`pesfofÿk sgoterfca bg ac goeke-

`àc (oucbre >), ae `ãs ocrcotgràstfoe bga irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs gs

su gspgofcafzcofÿk fkbustrfca y, gk `gker `gbfbc, gk etrc sgrfg bg

sgrvfofes bg `grocbe jcstcktg fktgksfves gk oekeof`fgkte (Cotf-

vfbcbgs ffikckofgrcs y sgiures, Cotfvfbcbgs prengsfekcags, ofgktàffi-

oe-tæokfocs y cb`fkfstrctfvcs y Crtg y gktrgtgkf`fgkte)< y, per ga

oektrcrfe, su sujgspgofcafzcofÿk gk Cirfouaturc y, gk gker `gbf-

bc, gk ga rgste bg sgotergs. Xer su pcrtg, ga Xcàs ^csoe, prgsgktc gk

igkgrca gses fsès rcsies, pgre ãs cogktucbes, oek rgspgote ca

pre`gbfe bg acs ?8 rgifekgs, csà oeè uk pgse oacrc`gktg fkng-

rfer gk Cb`fkfstrcofÿk pýjafoc, gbuocofÿk y scaub.

Ctgkbfgkbe c ac gspgofcafzcofÿk bg su fkbustrfc (oucbre 9),

ga irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs sg ocrcotgrfzc per ga `cyer perogktcmg bg

:: Gstc ýatf`c ocrcotgrf-

zcofÿk sg bgjg c qug dcy

ukc sgrfg bg rgifekgs ur-

jckcs (gktrg acs qug bgstc-

ock acs rgifekgs ocpftca=

Aekbrgs, Xcràs, @cbrfb,

Jgraàk, Jrusgacs…) oek

ukc gagvcbàsf`c bgksfbcb

bg pejacofÿk, qug sujgk

ac `gbfc bg acs rgifekgs

gurepgcs. _f sg gxoauygrc

tca irupe bg rgifekgs

(fkoaufbcs gk ga irupe 3

bga ckgxe ?, ac bgksfbcb

bg pejacofÿk bga irupe bg

rgngrgkofc bga Xcàs csoe

supgrcràc ac bga rgste bg

rgifekgs bg ac WG.



??8 F k b f o c b e r g s b g




g`page fkbustrfca qug prgsgktc gk aes sgotergs aficbes ca `gtca

(@gtãafocs jãsfocs y crtàouaes gtãafoes, @cqufkcrfc y @ctgrfca bg

trckspertg) y ca @ctgrfca gaæotrfoe y gagotrÿkfoe. Ga pgrffia bga Xcàs

^csoe rgprebuog ga pgrffia bg gspgofcafzcofÿk bga irupe bg ?8, pgre

oek uk pgse tebcvàc `cyer bg aes sgotergs aficbes ca `gtca y ca

`ctgrfca gaæotrfoe y gagotrÿkfoe.

Xer ýatf`e, ac gspgofcafzcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc bgrfvcbc bg ac bfs-

trfjuofÿk per sgoofekgs OFX bg acs pctgktgs GXE (oucbre 4) pcrgog

rggmcr ac gspgofcafzcofÿk cktgrfer= ga irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs bgstcoc

gk pctgktgs bg Ræokfoc fkbustrfca, @goãkfoc y Oekstruoofekgs nà-

sfocs. V kugvc`gktg, ga Xcàs ^csoe sg ocrcotgrfzcràc bgktre bg su

irupe per prgsgktcr uk kfvga bg gspgofcafzcofÿk fkoause supgrfer

gk tcags sgoofekgs.

Bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe g fkkevcber

Cukqug sg prepuikc qug ac oe`pcrcofÿk sg gngotýg cktg tebe oek

rgifekgs qug prgsgktck oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc sg`gmcktgs, ofgrtc-

`gktg ac jcsg bg bctes pesfjfaftc ac oe`pcrcofÿk bga bgsg`pgóe

bg ocbc rgifÿk oek aes bg tebcs acs rgstcktgs rgifekgs. Ga oucbre 6

rgoeig aes àkbfogs y pesfofekgs gk ga rcklfki bg tebcs acs rgifekgs

gk aes fkbfocbergs oe`pugstes bg eutput goekÿ`foe y bg fkke-

vcofÿk. Bg æa sg pebràck ejtgkgr, bfrgotc`gktg, tebcs acs rgifekgs

qug prgsgktck uk `gmer bgsg`pgóe qug ukc rgifÿk bcbc, pesf-

jfaftckbe qug ac pgrsekc qug ke bgsgg af`ftcr ac oe`pcrcofÿk c

acs rgifekgs fbgktfffiocbcs sgiýk ga preogbf`fgkte bgsorfte gk ga

cpcrtcbe cktgrfer, bfspekic bg acs rgifekgs qug, per su gmer bgs-

g`pgóe, prejcjag`gktg pugbck sgr `ãs ýtfags pcrc uk preogse

bg cprgkbfzcmg.

_f jfgk bg ac oe`pcrcofÿk bg ac pesfofÿk qug tfgkg ukc rg-

ifÿk, gk aes àkbfogs bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe y bg fkkevcofÿk

rgoeifbes gk ga oucbre 6, sg pugbg yc bgbuofr gk quæ rgifekgs

gxfstgk pcrcbemcs bg oe`pgtftfvfbcb (uk kfvga bg bgsg`pgóe goe-

kÿ`foe kcbc coerbg oek ga bgsg`pgóe bg fkkevcofÿk), gaae te-

bcvàc sg pugbg vgr `ãs oacrc`gktg gk ga irãffioe 3, ctgkbfgkbe c

aes puktes qug sg gkougktrck `uy per gkof`c e per bgjcme bg ac

rgotc bg cmustg. Oek ejmgte bg cmustcrkes ca orftgrfe prepugste gk

aes cpcrtcbes cktgrfergs, gs bgofr, bcr prferfbcb c ac oe`pcrcofÿk



??3Ocpàtuae 7= Ga ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki F k b f o c b e r g s b g



oek cqugaacs rgifekgs qug prgsgktck ukcs oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc

sf`facrgs c acs bga Xcàs ^csoe, gk ga irãffioe 3 dgès bgstcocbe oek

uk sà`jeae gspgofca (uk oucbrcbe irfs acs ke gspcóeacs, y oucbrc-

be irfs y jerbg kgire acs gspcóeacs= OR, KK) cqugaacs :6 rgifekgs

qug ner`ck pcrtg bga irupe bg rgngrgkofc bga Xcàs ^csoe. Fiuca-

`gktg, bcbc ac fkugkofc qug ga `croe kcofekca prgsgktc gk aes

rgsuatcbes bg ukc rgifÿk, dgès ctrfjufbe csf`fsè uk sà`jeae

gspgoàffioe (uk trfãkiuae irfs) c acs rgifekgs gspcóeacs. Nfkca`gk-

tg, acs rgotcs vgrtfoca y derfzektca qug oertck ga oucbre fkbfock ga

vcaer pre`gbfe bga bg tebcs acs rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9 gk ga oerrgs-

pekbfgktg àkbfog< y ac rgotc trcksvgrsca oerrgspekbg c ac rgotc bg

cmustg qug ùgstrc ac oerrgacofÿk gktrg aes vcaergs bg aes àkbfogs

bg eutput goekÿ`foe g fkkevcber.



??2 F k b f o c b e r g s b g




Irãffioe 3= ^caergs gk aes àkbfogs bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe

y bg fkkevcofÿk

Xugs jfgk, ga irãffioe 3 pekg bg `ckfffigste qug tebcs acs rgifekgs

bga irupe bg ?8 sg gkoektrcràck gk ga oucbrcktg supgrfer bgrgode,

gs bgofr= gk cquga oek `cyer bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe g fkkevcber.

Xer ga oektrcrfe, ac `cyeràc bg acs rgifekgs gspcóeacs (oek ac gx-

ogpofÿk bg @cbrfb y bg acs trgs fkoaufbcs gk ga irupe bg acs ?8= Xcàs

^csoe, Kcvcrrc y Octcauóc) sg gkougktrck gk aes bes oucbrcktgs

bg ac fzqufgrbc (gs bgofr, per bgjcme bga pre`gbfe bg acs rgifekgs

gurepgcs gk fkkevcofÿk), y igkgrca`gktg gk ga fkngrfer (gste gs,

oek uk kfvga bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe igkgrca fkngrfer ca bga pre-

`gbfe bg acs rgifekgs gurepgcs).

Etre dgode bgstcocjag gs qug, sf jfgk prãotfoc`gktg tebes

aes ckãafsfs rgcafzcbes gk aes ýatfès cóes èstrcjck uk gagvcbe

bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe y tgkbàck c oeksfbgrcr

qug gse grc sgóca bga æxfte oe`pgtftfve bga Xcàs ^csoe, ga irãffioe

3 ùgstrc qug tca mufofe bgjgràc `ctfzcrsg. Gk gngote, bg cougrbe

oek ga irãffioe 3 ga Xcàs ^csoe ùgstrc uk bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe

supgrfer ca pre`gbfe bg acs rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9, oeè ùgstrc

ga dgode bg qug su sà`jeae (uk oàrouae irfs) sg gkougktrg per gk-

of`c bg ac rgotc qug sgócac ga vcaer pre`gbfe bg acs rgifekgs bg ac






WG-:9 e ga qug, gk ga oucbre 6 sg sftýg gk ga pugste 9> bga rcklfki

bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe gktrg acs :8> rgifekgs< y tc`jfæk ga fk-

bfocber oe`pugste bg eutput goekÿ`foe bga Xcàs ^csoe rgsuatc

supgrfer ca bg tebcs acs etrcs oeùkfbcbgs cutÿke`cs gspcóeacs

(gxoaufbc @cbrfb, rgifÿk ocpftca). Xgre sf ac oe`pcrcès oek su

irupe bg rgngrgkofc, gs bgofr, oek cqugaacs qug pcrtàck bg oek-

bfofekgs (gspgofcafzcofÿk sgoterfca y tgokeaÿifoc, y ncotergs ige-

bgèirãffioes) sf`facrgs c acs suycs, sg cprgofc qug ga Xcàs ^csoe

pesgg uk vcaer gk ga àkbfog bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe fkngrfer ca

bg su irupe bg rgngrgkofc (væcsg `ãs cbgacktg ga oucbre 38, pcrc

`ãs bgtcaags) y qug ac `cyeràc bg acs rgifekgs oekstftuygktgs bg

su irupe bg rgngrgkofc (gspgofca`gktg, acs ke gspcóeacs) tfgkgk

su sà`jeae (oucbrcbe irfs) per gkof`c bga sà`jeae bga Xcàs csoe

gk ga irãffioe 3.

Gste sfikfffioc qug, cukqug tc`jfæk nrute bg oe`pertc`fgk-

tes y peaàtfocs cogrtcbes, ga æxfte oe`pgtftfve bga Xcàs csoe gs `ãs

ga rgsuatcbe bg sus oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc (c su vgz, gk pcrtg, nrute

bg bgofsfekgs y oe`pertc`fgktes qug mugick oek ukc `cyer bf-

`gksfÿk tg`perca). Oekvfgkg sgócacr, per ýatfè, qug ga `gker

æxfte oe`pgtftfve bga Xcàs ^csoe qug pcrgogràc bgbuofrsg bg aes

rgsuatcbes rgoeifbes gk gstg trcjcme oek rgspgote ca qug rggmcjck

etres gstubfes cktgrfergs sg bgrfvc bg bes dgodes nukbc`gktcags=

per uk acbe, bg ukc bfngrgktg sgagoofÿk bg aes tgrrfterfes oek quæ

oe`pcrcrsg (gk gstubfes cktgrfergs, igkgrca`gktg pcàsgs y ga oek-

mukte bg rgifekgs bg ac WG< y cquà, acs :6 rgifekgs oek ukc `g-

ker bfstckofc oekmuktc ca Xcàs csoe gk acs vcrfcjags sgagoofekcbcs

oeè oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc)< y, per etre acbe, bg qug ga pgràe-

be bg ckãafsfs sg dc c`pafcbe gk caiukcs vcrfcjags oeè ac tcsc

bg g`page dcstc :886, y gk ga ýatfè cóe sek gvfbgktgs ga `cyer

f`pcote qug gk acs goeke`àcs gspcóeac y, gk `gker `gbfbc, ac

vcsoc dc tgkfbe ac orfsfs qug cotuca`gktg scoubg c acs goeke`àcs

eoofbgktcags.

Etre dgode bgstcocjag bga irãffioe 3 gs qug gxfstg ukc nugrtg

y pesftfvc oerrgacofÿk (+8,48) gktrg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe g fk-

kevcber. Xgre tc`jfæk cquà, gk oektrc bg ae qug suigràck ckãafsfs

cktgrfergs, gk ga Xcàs ^csoe pcrgog dcjgr prãotfoc`gktg bgscpc-

rgofbe ac aac`cbc pcrcbemc bg ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb, gs bgofr, ga qug



??> F k b f o c b e r g s b g




ac pesfofÿk bga Xcàs ^csoe gk tær`fkes bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe

qugbcrc ùy per gkof`c bg ac pesfofÿk gk tær`fkes bg bgsg`-

pgóe fkkevcber. Gk gngote, ga sà`jeae qug bgketc ac pesfofÿk bga

Xcàs ^csoe gk ga irãffioe 3 (oàrouae irfs) sg gkougktrc prãotfoc`gk-

tg gk ac rgotc bg cmustg bg aes vcaergs bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe

g fkkevcofÿk. µOÿè sg gxpafocràc tca dgode5 Jãsfoc`gktg per

bes ncotergs, gk aes qug sg prenukbfzcrã `ãs cbgacktg, ouckbe ga

ckãafsfs bg aes bgsg`pgóes goekÿ`foe g fkkevcber sg gngotýg gk

tær`fkes bg vcrfcofÿk. Gk prf`gr auicr, perqug, oeè sg cocjc bg

sgócacr, ac orfsfs dc cngotcbe bg èbe `ãs ircvg c acs goeke`àcs

gspcóeac y vcsoc qug c ac `gbfc bg rgifekgs gurepgcs, y gse dc

dgode qug gk tær`fkes bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ foe sg rgbuzoc caie

ac pesfofÿk qug ca rgspgote prgsgktcjc ga Xcàs csoe. V, gk sgiukbe

auicr, perqug gk tær`fkes bg fkkevcofÿk, ga Xcàs ^csoe dc sgiuf-

be `gmerckbe dcstc aes ýatfès cóes pcrc aes qug tgkgès bctes

bfspekfjags. C gse ocjràc cócbfr uk tgrogr ncoter= qug gk kugstre

gmgrofofe dgès te`cbe aes fkbfocbergs bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`f-

oe (XFJ pgr oãpftc y prebuotfvfbcb) gxprgscbes gk gures y ke gk

pcrfbcbgs bg pebgr cbqufsftfve, bcbe qug oeksfbgrãjcès qug ac

cpafocofÿk bg acs pcrfbcbgs bg pebgr cbqufsftfve ocaouacbcs pcrc

pcàsgs c acs rgifekgs ke rgsuatcjc ùy cprepfcbc, pugs, cbg`ãs

bg acs prepfcs bfffiouatcbgs qug prgsgktc ac gstf`cofÿk bg tcags pc-

rfbcbgs bg pebgr cbqufsftfve pcrc aes pcàsgs (qug dcog qug sus

vcaergs rgsuatgk gk eocsfekgs uk tckte gxtrcóes), ac cpafocofÿk bg

ukc `fs`c oerrgoofÿk bg prgofes c tebcs acs rgifekgs bg uk pcàs

ke gs gk cjseaute oerrgotc, pugs, per gmg`pae, gk Gspcóc, acs bf-

ngrgkofcs gk aes kfvgags igkgrcags bg prgofes sek ùy irckbgs bg

ukcs rgifekgs c etrcs. _gócagès, per ýatfè, qug gstc bgscpcrf-

ofÿk bg ac pcrcbemc bg ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb ke rgsuatc, gk èbe ca-

iuke, serprgkbgktg, sfke qug ocjràc oeksfbgrcrac oeè gspgrcjag.

Ga gsnugrze fkkevcber gmgrog sus gngotes goekÿ`foes oek ofgrtes

acis e rgtcrbes, y pcàsgs oeè Bfkc`croc, qug oeè ga Xcàs ^csoe

dcjàck oekstftufbe gmg`paes oftcbes prenusc`gktg per ac aftgrctu-

rc bg fkkevcofÿk oeè pcrcbemcs bg oe`pgtftfvfbcb per èstrcr

kfvgags bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe peoe coerbgs oek aes bg sus fk-

bfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk bfspekfjags, yc cotuca`gktg ke ae sek,

pugs ac `gmerc gk sus fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk dc oekbuofbe c






qug, gk gstes è`gktes, ca fiuca qug suogbg oek ga Xcàs ^csoe, sg

gkougktrgk cotuca`gktg ùy prÿxfès c ac rgotc bg cmustg bg aes

fkbfocbergs bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe g fkkevcber.

Oek ejmgte bg prenukbfzcr gk ga ckãafsfs bg aes bgsg`pgóes

goekÿ`foe y bg fkkevcofÿk, csà oeè bg fbgktfffiocr oek `ãs prg-

ofsfÿk aes puktes nugrtgs y bæjfags qug gk bgsg`pgóe prgsgktc

ukc rgifÿk oek rgspgote c su irupe bg rgngrgkofc y ca oekmukte bg

rgifekgs sg dc gacjercbe ga oucbre 38.






Bg ac oe`pcrcofÿk bg acs bes ffiacs fkngrfergs bga oucbre 38 sg pug-

bg ocrcotgrfzcr ga eutput bga irupe bg acs ?8 rgifekgs oek rgacofÿk

ca bga tetca bg rgifekgs=

• uk kfvga oacrc`gktg supgrfer bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe, bg-

jfbe nukbc`gktca`gktg c ukc `cyer prebuotfvfbcb<

• y uk bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber caie supgrfer, bgjfbe nukbc`gk-

tca`gktg ca gmer rgsuatcbe qug ejtfgkg gk pctgktgs y g`page

`ckuncoturgre bg catc y `gbfe-catc tgokeaeiàc, qug oe`pgk-

sck sejrcbc`gktg su pger rgsuatcbe gk pujafocofekgs.

Fiuca`gktg, oe`pcrckbe ac ffiac bga Xcàs ^csoe oek gscs bes ffiacs

fkngrfergs, sg pugbgk fbgktfffiocr acs nertcagzcs y bgjfafbcbgs rgactf-

vcs bga Xcàs ^csoe. Oek rgacofÿk c su irupe bg rgngrgkofc gk bgs-

g`pgóe goekÿ`foe sg gkougktrc caie `gmer gk XFJ pgr oãpftc, y

caie per bgjcme gk prebuotfvfbcb y tcsc bg g`page.:? V gk tær`f-

kes bg eutput bg fkkevcofÿk, sg gkougktrc caie `gmer gk g`page

gk ckuncoturcs bg cate y `gbfe-cate kfvga tgokeaÿifoe< pgre caie

per bgjcme gk sgrvfofes fktgksfves gk oekeof`fgkte, cýk `ãs per

bgjcme gk pujafocofekgs y sustckofca`gktg pger gk pctgktgs. Gk

eocsfekgs sg dc trctcbe bg mustfffiocr gk ga Xcàs ^csoe gses pgergs

rgsuatcbes gk pujafocofekgs y, sejrg tebe, pctgktgs, cbuofgkbe

qug ac gstruoturc sgoterfca bga Xcàs ^csoe, ùy jcscbc gk ac `gtca

`goãkfoc, ke gs tck prepfofc c uk ebe bg fkkevcofÿk jcscbe gk

ac ofgkofc y tgokeaeiàc oeè pubfgrc sgrae ac bg cqugaacs rgifekgs

jcscbcs gk quà`foc y ncr`cofc e RFOs, sfke qug gk gaac rgsuatc ãs

rgagvcktg uk èbe bg fkkevcofÿk jcscbe gk ac gxpgrfgkofc (gste

gs, gk ga cprgkbgr dcofgkbe, usckbe g fktgrcotuckbe). _fk kgicr ac

rgagvckofc bga èbe bg fkkevcofÿk jcscbe gk ac gxpgrfgkofc pcrc

ac oe`pgtftfvfbcb bg ac goeke`àc vcsoc, ae qug ga irãffioe 3 y ga ouc-

bre 38 pekgk bg ckfffigste gs qug acs etrcs rgifekgs oe`prgkbfbcs

gk ga irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs, qug oeè sg dc vfste cktgrfer`gktg

dck sfbe gagifbcs per ac prexf`fbcb bg su pgrffia sgoterfca y tgoke-

aÿifoe ca bga Xcàs ^csoe, ùgstrck gk gstes fkbfocbergs bg eutput

fkkevcber aficbes c uk èbe bg fkkevcofÿk jcscbe gk ac ofgkofc

vcaergs ùy supgrfergs c aes bga Xcàs ^csoe. Gk su`c, aes vcaergs

tck jcmes bga Xcàs ^csoe gk gstes fkbfocbergs ke pcrgogk sgr nrute

tckte bg su gspgofcafzcofÿk sgoterfca e tgokeaÿifoc (yc te`cbc gk

ougktc gk acs vcrfcjags qug dgès bgke`fkcbe «oekbfofekgs bg

:? Ga qug ga Xcàs csoe

supgrg afigrc`gktg gk XFJ

pgr oãpftc c ac `gbfc bg

su irupe bg rgngrgkofc,

cukqug qugbg caie per

bgjcme gk prebuotfvfbcb y

tcsc bg g`page sg gxpafoc

perqug ga cóe ca qug vck

rgngrfbes aes bctes gs bfng-

rgktg bg ukcs vcrfcjags c

etrcs= ga XFJ pgr oãpftc y ac

prebuotfvfbcb oerrgspek-

bgk c :889, y ac tcsc bg

g`page c :886. Gk gngote,

c sg`gmckzc bg oÿè sg

epgrc gk aes fkner`gs bg

oe`pgtftfvfbcb y bg fk-

kevcofÿk, gk gstg trcjcme

sg dc eptcbe per te`cr

ga ýatfè cóe bfspekfjag

pcrc ocbc vcrfcjag, gk

auicr bg trctcr bg enrgogr

ga `fsè cóe bfspekfjag

pcrc tebcs gaacs (ae qug

kes aagvcràc jcstcktg ctrãs

gk ga tfg`pe). Bg :889 c

:886 dc dcjfbe ukc nugrtg

ocàbc gk ac tcsc bg g`page

gk ga Xcàs ^csoe, bg èbe

qug sf dujfærcès oeifbe

ga bcte bg :889, ac tcsc

bg g`page bga Xcàs csoe

sg sftucràc per gkof`c bg

ac `gbfc bg su irupe bg

rgngrgkofc. Ocjg cvckzcr,

gk ga `fsè sgktfbe, qug,

ke dcjfgkbe ocàbe ga XFJ







gk ac `fs`c `gbfbc qug

ga g`page, gsc ocàbc bga

g`page dc oekbuofbe c

uk fkorg`gkte bg ac pre-

buotfvfbcb bga Xcàs csoe

bg :889 c :886.

pcrtfbc¼) sfke bg uk pejrg oe`pertc`fgkte ofgktàffioe y tgoke-

aÿifoe bg aes cigktgs vcsoes= ukfvgrsfbcbgs, ogktres tgokeaÿifoes

y bg fkvgstficofÿk, y g`prgscs. Xcrgog gvfbgktg qug ga Xcàs csoe

ke sg pugbg pgr`ftfr, nrgktg c acs etrcs rgifekgs bg pgrffia sf`facr ca

suye, ukc bgjfafbcb tck `crocbc gk su sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk.

_f ac oe`pcrcofÿk bga bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe y bg fkkevcofÿk

sg rgffigrg ke ca kfvga qug c`jes caockzck ga ýatfè cóe oek bctes

bfspekfjags, sfke c ac vcrfcofÿk qug gk ga bgsg`pgóe dc dcjfbe

gk aes ýatfès cóes, aes irãffioes : y ? pgr`ftgk cprgofcr qug, gk

igkgrca, acs rgifekgs qug ùgstrck `cyer `gmerc gk sus bgsg`-

pgóe goekÿ`foe y bg fkkevcofÿk sek acs qug pcrtàck bg kfvga fk-

ngrfer, sfgkbe ga preogse bg oekvgrigkofc caie `ãs cogktucbe gk

tær`fkes bg fkkevcofÿk (oegffiofgktg bg oerrgacofÿk bg -8,2: gktrg

vcaergs bg kfvga y bg vcrfcofÿk bga eutput bg fkkevcofÿk) qug goe-

kÿ`foes (oegffiofgktg bg oerrgacofÿk bg -8,?8). V gse gs cpafocjag

tckte pcrc ga oekmukte bg rgifekgs bg ac WG, oeè pcrc gspgoàffi-

oc`gktg acs rgifekgs gspcóeacs.

Gk tær`fkes bg vcrfcofÿk bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe, ga irupe

bg acs ?8 rgifekgs gk qug ffiiurc ga Xcàs ^csoe prgsgktc ukc `gmerc

bg su bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe igkgrca caie fkngrfer c ac bga pre`g-

bfe bg rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9, cukqug oek ukc ofgrtc vcrfcofÿk fk-

tgrkc= dcy rgifekgs bg gsg irupe qug dck gmercbe su bgsg`pgóe

`ãs qug ga pre`gbfe bg ac WG-:9, y etrcs qug ae dck `gmercbe

`gkes. Ga Xcàs ^csoe sg gkougktrc gk gstg sgiukbe irupe, cukqug

ke sg cagmc tckte bga pre`gbfe gurepge e bga pre`gbfe bga irupe

bg ?8 rgifekgs y tca dgode gstã ùy cngotcbe per ga gngote bg ac

orfsfs gk su fkbfocber bg g`page. Gk ouckte c acs rgifekgs gspc-

óeacs, ac `gmer gveauofÿk qug èstrcjck dcstc ac orfsfs sg dc vfstc

oertcbe bg rcàz oek æstc, bg èbe qug, bgktre bg ukc c`pafc bf-

vgrsfbcb bg oe`pertc`fgktes (oeè ugstrc ga dgode bg qug sus

sà`jeaes sg rgpcrtck gktrg aes ouctre oucbrcktgs bga irãffioe :),

gk su oekmukte ùgstrck ukc vcrfcofÿk iaejca bg su bgsg`pgóe

goekÿ`foe sf`facr ca bga pre`gbfe bg rgifekgs bg ac WG.






Irãffioe := ^caergs gk aes àkbfogs bg kfvga y bg vcrfcofÿk bga eutput

goekÿ`foe

Irãffioe ?= ^caergs gk aes àkbfogs bg kfvga y bg vcrfcofÿk bga eutput

fkkevcber






Oucbre 3?= ^crfcofÿk bga eutput goekÿ`foe y bg fkkevcofÿk gk

ga irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs

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3 , 6







Ga Xcàs ^csoe, qug sg sftýc gk ukc pesfofÿk jcstcktg ogktrca gk ga

irupe bg acs ?8 rgifekgs gk ae qug rgspgotc c vcrfcofÿk bga eutput

goekÿ`foe, oe`pcrtg oek su irupe ga qug ac vcrfcofÿk bg su bgs-

g`pgóe goekÿ`foe gs caie pger qug ac bg ac `gbfc bg rgifekgs bg

ac WG-:9. Xgre aes ncotergs qug gstãk bgtrãs bg gaae bfffigrgk bg aes

bg ac `gbfc bg su irupe= gk ga Xcàs ^csoe ga XFJ pgr oãpftc y ga XFJ

orgogk c uk rftè supgrfer, ke sÿae ca bg ac `gbfc bga irupe bg acs

?8, sfke ca bg ac `gbfc bg rgifekgs bg ac WG< sfk g`jcrie, ac pre-

buotfvfbcb y ga g`page ae dcogk c uk rftè fkngrfer. Kugvc`gktg,

tgkgès qug te`cr gk ougktc aes bfngrgktgs pgràebes oeksfbgrcbes

pcrc acs bfngrgktgs vcrfcjags, gk nukofÿk bg ac bfspekfjfafbcb bg

bctes gxfstgktg. Ga XFJ pgr oãpftc, ga XFJ y ac prebuotfvfbcb rgoeigk

ac `gbfc bg orgof`fgktes ckucags gk ga pgràebe :88?-:889, pgràebe

gk ga qug ac sftucofÿk goekÿ`foc `gmerÿ sustckofca`gktg gk tebes

aes pcàsgs (y, gspgofca`gktg gk ga Xcàs csoe y gk Gspcóc)< fgktrcs

qug ac vcrfcofÿk bga g`page vc rgngrfbc ca orgof`fgkte `gbfe ckuca

gk aes cóes :887-:886, pgràebe qug oe`prgkbg tckte cóes bg cuig

oeè bg orfsfs goekÿ`foc. _f tebcs acs vcrfcjags dujfgrck fbe rgng-

rfbcs c aes orgof`fgktes `gbfes ckucags bga pgràebe :88?-:889, ga

Xcàs ^csoe dujfgrc prgsgktcbe ukc vcrfcofÿk gk ga g`page ùode

`ãs pesftfvc y, per ae tckte, ukc vcrfcofÿk igkgrca gk ga eutput

`gmer qug ac bg su irupe bg rgngrgkofc, g fkoause qug ac bg ac gbfc

bg rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9< per ga oektrcrfe, sf acs sgrfgs rgactfvcs c XFJ

pgr oãpftc, XFJ y prebuotfvfbcb aagicrck dcstc :886, ac `gmerc bga

Xcàs ^csoe gk tcags vcrfcjags sgràc ùode `gker (ouckbe `gkes,

gk XFJ pgr oãpftc y XFJ) y ac vcrfcofÿk igkgrca gk bgsg`pgóe goe-

kÿ`foe dujfgrc sfbe ùode pger qug ac bg su irupe bg rgngrgkofc

y, tebcvàc `ãs, qug ac bg ac `gbfc bg rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9.

Ogktrãkbekes, gk pcrtfouacr, gk ac oe`pcrcofÿk oek acs etrcs

rgifekgs gspcóeacs qug ner`ck pcrtg bga irupe bg rgngrgkofc, ga

Xcàs ^csoe dc èstrcbe uk oe`pertc`fgkte `gmer qug cqugaacs

gk XFJ pgr oãpftc, XFJ y prebuotfvfbcb< y, per ga oektrcrfe, uk

oe`pertc`fgkte caie pger gk g`page. Gk igkgrca, gk oe`pcrc-

ofÿk oek ga rgste bg rgifekgs gspcóeacs, ga orgof`fgkte goekÿ`foe

bga Xcàs ^csoe dc bgsockscbe `gkes gk ac orgcofÿk bg g`page (c

su vgz, bgpgkbfgktg bg ac fk`fircofÿk), y `ãs gk `gmercs bg pre-

buotfvfbcb.



?2> F k b f o c b e r g s b g




Bg tebes èbes, ac oerrgacofÿk ke gs pagkc, bg èbe qug dcy rg-

ifekgs qug sg sftýck per gkof`c bg ac rgotc bg cmustg (gs bgofr, qug

oek gkes fkput ejtfgkgk uk supgrfer kfvga bg eutput) y etrcs ae

oektrcrfe< ae ouca pebràc te`crsg oeè uk fkbfocber bg gffiofgkofc

bg sus sfstg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk. Ocjg sgócacr ca rgspgote qug=

• Ocsf tebcs acs rgifekgs pgrtgkgofgktgs ca irupe bg acs ?8 rg-

ifekgs sg sftýck per gkof`c bg ac rgotc bg cmustg, ae qug sgràc

sgóca bg uk nukofekc`fgkte gffiofgktg bg sus sfstg`cs bg fkke-

vcofÿk.

• Acs rgifekgs gspcóeacs ke pgrtgkgofgktgs ca irupe cktgrfer

tfgkbgk, gk igkgrca, c sftucrsg per bgjcme bg ac rgotc bg cmustg,

ae qug pcrgogràc bgketcr uk prejag`c bg gffiofgkofc gk sus sfs-

tg`cs bg fkkevcofÿk.

• Ga Xcàs ^csoe sg sftýc ùy prÿxfè -cukqug caie per bgjc-

me- bg ac rgotc bg cmustg, ae qug sgràc sgóca bg qug sg gstãk

oerrfifgkbe aes prejag`cs bg gffiofgkofc qug dck vgkfbe cpuk-

tãkbesg bgsbg ga Xack bg Ofgkofc y Rgokeaeiàc :883-:882.

Ogktrãkbekes `ãs gspgoàffioc`gktg, ke gk ac gffiofgkofc, sfke gk

ga kfvga bg fkput e gsnugrze fkkevcber, ga irãffioe 2 pekg bg `ckf-

Irãffioe 2= ^caergs gk aes àkbfogs bg fkput y eutput fkkevcber






ffigste qug ga irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs (oek ocsf tebcs sus fktgircktgs

c ac bgrgodc bg ac rgotc vgrtfoca qug fkbfoc ga vcaer pre`gbfe bg

tebcs acs rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9) sg ocrcotgrfzc oacrc`gktg per uk

gsnugrze e fkput fkkevcber oacrc`gktg supgrfer. Ga Xcàs ^csoe sg

sftýc gk ukc sftucofÿk `gbfe-catc gk gsnugrze fkkevcber bgktre

bga irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs. Gk ouckte ca oekmukte bg rgifekgs gs-

pcóeacs, sf gxoaufès c @cbrfb, Kcvcrrc, Xcàs ^csoe, Octcauóc y

Crciÿk, tebcs acs bg`ãs sg sftýck c ac fzqufgrbc bg ac rgotc vgrtfoca

qug `croc ga pre`gbfe bg acs rgifekgs gurepgcs.

Ga oucbre 32 pgr`ftg oekstctcr qug ga supgrfer vcaer qug prg-

sgktc ga fkbfocber oe`pugste bg fkput bg fkkevcofÿk gk ga irupe

bg ?8 rgifekgs, oek rgacofÿk ca pre`gbfe bg rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9,

oerrgspekbg c ukc cyer F+B g`prgscrfca y c ukc gmer oekgotf-

vfbcb bg RFO. Gk aes fkbfocbergs bg rgourses du`ckes ga pre`g-

bfe bga irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs rgsuatc gqufpcrcjag ca pre`gbfe bg

acs rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9< g, fkoause, gk gstubfcktgs bg gbuocofÿk

tgrofcrfc, su rctfe gs caie `gker qug gk ga pre`gbfe oeùkftcrfe,

bgjfbe c qug acs `ãs irckbgs y prgstfifescs ukfvgrsfbcbgs gure-

pgcs igkgrca`gktg sg sftýck gk kýoages urjckes `ãs qug gk rg-

ifekgs fkbustrfcags y c qug, gk preperofÿk c etrcs rgifekgs, gk acs

rgifekgs fkbustrfcags ac gbuocofÿk sgoukbcrfc supgrfer tfgkg `c-

yer prgsgkofc y ac tgrofcrfc `gkes. Fiuca`gktg, bcbe qug aes umes

bg gktrcbc bg fkvgrsfÿk bfrgotc qug coubgk c aes pcàsgs cvckzcbes

ae dcogk gk `gker preperofÿk ctrcàbes per su ocpcofbcb bg pre-

buoofÿk fkbustrfca, ga irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs prgsgktc uk ký`gre

bg kugvcs g`prgscs gxtrckmgrcs per `faaÿk bg dcjftcktgs fkngrfer

ca bga pre`gbfe bg rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9 (bekbg acs rgifekgs bg aes

kugves pcàsgs `fg`jres cpcrgogk oeè f`pertcktgs rgogptercs

bg tcags fkvgrsfekgs).







Oucbre 32= Kfvga bg fkput bg fkkevcofÿk gk ga irupe

bg ?8 rgifekgs.

K e ` j r g K W

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k f v g a b g f k p u t

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X r e ` g b f e b g a t e t c a b g

: 8 > K W R _






Gk ouckte ca Xcàs ^csoe, rgsuatc ùy bgstcocjag qug, c bfngrgk-

ofc bg su irupe, prgsgktc ukc irck nertcagzc gk aes fkbfocbergs

bg rgourses du`ckes, gspgofca`gktg gk ga perogktcmg bg rgourses

du`ckes bg ofgkofc y tgokeaeiàc-oerg, fkbfocber gk ga qug ga Xcàs

^csoe sg sftýc ga prf`gre bga irupe bg ?8 (y ga bæofè bg acs :8>

rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9)< y gk ga bg pgrsekcs qug pcrtfofpc gk cotfvf-

bcbgs bg ner`cofÿk oektfkuc. Ke ejstcktg, ga Xcàs ^csoe prgsgktc

ukc rctfe fkngrfer c ac bg aes pre`gbfes bga irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs

y bga tetca bg :8> rgifekgs gurepgcs gk ga perogktcmg bg pejacofÿk

oek gbuocofÿk sgoukbcrfc supgrfer e tgrofcrfc= cukqug gk `gker

preperofÿk qug gk Gspcóc (e qug gk acs etrcs trgs rgifekgs gspc-

óeacs fkoaufbcs gk ga irupe bg acs ?8), tc`jfæk gk ga Xcàs ^csoe

dcy uk jcme perogktcmg bg pejacofÿk oek gstubfes bg sgoukbcrfc

supgrfer, qug tck nukbc`gktcags rgsuatck pcrc acs rgifekgs bg pgr-

ffia fkbustrfca. Gsg jcme perogktcmg ke bgjgràc prgtgkbgr sujsckcr-

sg dcofgkbe qug ac igktg sg bfrfmc c tca tfpe bg gstubfes gk auicr

bg coogbgr c ac gbuocofÿk tgrofcrfc, sfke qug bgjgràc oerrgifrsg

rgbuofgkbe aes tebcvàc fkcogptcjags kfvgags bg cjckbeke bg aes

gstubfes ukc vgz ffikcafzcbc ac sgoukbcrfc fkngrfer (e gbuocofÿk

ejaficterfc).

Ga oucbre 32 ùgstrc, fiuca`gktg, qug ga Xcàs ^csoe dc suj-

sckcbe ac bgjfafbcb qug gk ga pcscbe pesgàc gk F+B g`prgscrfca,

fkoause cukqug sg oerrfifgrck sus ofnrcs pcrc rggmcr ga dgode bg

qug gk su gstcbàstfocs bg F+B g`prgscrfca gstã oektcjfafzcbc ac

cotfvfbcb bg aes ogktres tgokeaÿifoes, ogktres bg fkvgstficofÿk

oeepgrctfvc y ogktres bg fkvgstficofÿk bg gxogagkofc qug gk pcrtg

bgsg`pgóck nukofekgs qug gk etres pcàsgs aagvck c ocje erickf-

zcofekgs pýjafocs, y qug gk caiukes bg tcags pcàsgs sg oektcjfafzck

oeè erickfsès pýjafoes bg fkvgstficofÿk. Ofgrtc`gktg, sf ga

Xcàs ^csoe sg oe`pcrc oek `gbfcs kcofekcags, gk :884 tebcvàc su

icste gk F+B g`prgscrfca qugbcjc caie per bgjcme bg ac `gbfc

bg ac WG (`ãs cýk gngotuckbe ac oerrgoofÿk cktgs sgócacbc). Xgre

gse suogbg perqug ac F+B sg gkougktrc ùy oekogktrcbc tgrrfte-

rfca`gktg gk peocs rgifekgs< y sf, per ae tckte, ac oe`pcrcofÿk sg

dcog oek acs rgifekgs, sg ejsgrvc qug ga icste gk F+B g`prgscrfca

bga Xcàs ^csoe supgrc ca bg ac `cyeràc bg acs rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9,

g fkoause ca bg ac `cyeràc bg acs rgifekgs oektgkfbcs gk ga irupe







bg acs ?8, qug, oeè cktgs sg dc fkbfocbe, sg ocrcotgrfzc per ukc

`cyer rctfe bg F+B g`prgscrfca. Gk F+B pýjafoc ga Xcàs ^csoe

prgsgktc, gk oc`jfe, ukc cpcrgktg bgjfafbcb, bgjfbc gk pcrtg ca

dgode cktgrfer`gktg sgócacbe bg qug aes ogktres tgokeaÿifoes y

aes rgofgktg`gktg orgcbes ogktres bg fkvgstficofÿk bg gxogagkofc

sg dck vgkfbe oektcjfafzckbe gk ga sgoter g`prgscrfca, y ke oeè

ogktres pýjafoes.

Xer ýatfè, sf pcscès c aes fkbfocbergs bg oekgotfvfbcb, pc-

rgog gvfbgktg qug gs gk gstes bekbg rcbfoc ac `cyer bgjfafbcb bga

Xcàs ^csoe gk fkbfocbergs bg fkput bg fkkevcofÿk. Ga Xcàs ^csoe

rgourrg gk uodc gker gbfbc qug acs etrcs rgifekgs c oe`pag-

`gktcr ga oekeof`fgkte bg sus fkvgktergs oek ga qug pesggk etres

fkvgktergs bg nugrc bg ac rgifÿk< ctrcg `gkes kugvcs g`prgscs

gxtrckmgrcs (qug pebràck cpertcrag kugvc tgokeaeiàc y èbes bg

erickfzcofÿk, coogse c ockcags bg bfstrfjuofÿk fktgrkcofekcags,

ne`gkte bg ac oe`pgtgkofc, bg`ckbc seffistfocbc y g`page igkg-

rca`gktg bg `cyer oucafffiocofÿk…), ke sÿae qug ga pre`gbfe bg

rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9, sfke tc`jfæk qug ga pre`gbfe bga irupe

bg ?8 rgifekgs ca qug cpcrgog aficbe gk gstg trcjcme< g fkoause gk

coogse c jckbc ckodc, cukqug per su gagvcbe kfvga bg rgktc y acs

irckbgs fkvgrsfekgs rgcafzcbcs gk ffijrc ÿptfoc ocjràc gspgrcr qug

gstuvfgrc gk ukc pesfofÿk bgstcocbc, ga vcaer bg su fkbfocber, sf

jfgk supgrc ca bg ac `gbfc gspcóeac y ca pre`gbfe bg rgifekgs bg

ac WG-:9, qugbc oacrc`gktg per bgjcme bg rgifekgs oeè @cbrfb,

Octcauóc e Jcagcrgs y bga pre`gbfe bga irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs.

Nfkca`gktg, ac oe`pcrcofÿk bg fkput bg fkkevcofÿk pugbg

fr rgngrfbc c ac vcrfcofÿk, gk auicr bg ca kfvga. Ga irãffioe 7 ùgs-

trc, ca rgspgote, qug gk ga oekmukte bg rgifekgs gurepgcs tc`jfæk

sg cprgofc ofgrtc oekvgrigkofc gk ga gsnugrze gk fkkevcofÿk, bcbe

qug acs rgifekgs oek `gker kfvga bg fkput bg fkkevcofÿk sek acs

qug dck gngotucbe uk `cyer cvckog gk ga fkbfocber oe`pugste

gstes ýatfès cóes, sf jfgk ac `cikftub bg ac oerrgacofÿk kgictfvc

qug dcy gktrg gstcs bes vcrfcjags (-8,:8) gs gker qug ac gxfstgktg

gktrg etrcs vcrfcjags cktgs ckcafzcbcs.

Csf`fsè, ga irãffioe 7 pekg bg `ckfffigste qug, cukqug ga

irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs dc tgkfbe, gk su oekmukte, uk orgof`fgkte

sg`gmcktg ca bga oekmukte bg rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9 gk su fkbfoc-






ber oe`pugste bg fkput bg fkkevcofÿk, ca fiuca qug suogbg gk ga

oekmukte bg rgifekgs gurepgcs, dcy ukc irck bfspgrsfÿk bg sftuc-

ofekgs gktrg sus rgifekgs oekstftuygktgs. Bg tebes èbes, rgsuatc

bgstcocjag qug sgck acs trgs rgifekgs gspcóeacs oe`prgkbfbcs gk

bfode irupe acs qug sg gkougktrgk gktrg acs qug `ãs cvckogs dck

rgcafzcbe ca rgspgote. Wkc `frcbc c ac pesfofÿk bg acs rgstcktgs

rgifekgs gspcóeacs rgvgac qug æstcs tc`jfæk, bgktre bg tebcs acs

rgifekgs bg ac WG-:9, sg gkougktrck gktrg acs qug `ãs cvckogs

dck rgcafzcbe gk aes ofkoe ýatfès cóes oek bctes bfspekfjags, bg

èbe qug kugvc`gktg sg oekstctc ac f`pertckofc qug ga oe`pe-

kgktg kcofekca pesgg gk ac gveauofÿk bg acs vcrfcjags rgifekcags.

Irãffioe 7= Kfvga y vcrfcofÿk bga fkbfocber oe`pugste bg fkput

fkkevcber







Oucbre 37= ^crfcofÿk bga fkput bg fkkevcofÿk gk ga irupe bg ?8

rgifekgs

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Ga oucbre 37 rgoeig ac vcrfcofÿk dcjfbc per tfpe bg fkbfocber bg

fkput bg fkkevcofÿk. Gk igkgrca, acs vcaergs pre`gbfes bga irupe

bg ?8 rgifekgs sg cprexf`ck ùode c aes bga tetca bg rgifekgs bg

ac WG-:9, sf gxogptucès aes bg oe-fkvgkofÿk, fkbfocber gk ga qug,

ca pcrtfr caiukcs rgifekgs gurepgcs ke oe`prgkbfbcs gk ga irupe

bg ?8 bg vcaergs kuaes e ùy jcmes, ac tcsc bg orgof`fgkte ocaou-

acbc sejrg tcags puktes bg pcrtfbc rgsuatc ùy gagvcbc y bc ukc

fbgc sgsicbc bga orgof`fgkte pre`gbfe. Gk ouckte ca Xcàs ^csoe,

su gveauofÿk dc sfbe pesftfvc gk tebes aes fkbfocbergs bg fkput,

pgre gspgofca`gktg gk ga f`puase c ac ner`cofÿk oektfkuc y gk ac

oe-fkvgkofÿk bg pctgktgs oek cigktgs bg nugrc bg ac rgifÿk, sf jfgk

gk gstc ýatf`c vcrfcjag su pukte bg pcrtfbc grc ùy jcme.

>. Zgsu`gk y oekoausfekgs

Ga ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki ncofaftc ac nerùacofÿk bg ac gstrctgifc

oe`pgtftfvc y bg fkkevcofÿk qug bgjg tgkgr tebe tgrrfterfe, csà

oeè ga sgiuf`fgkte y vcaercofÿk bg acs cotucofekgs gk æa aagvc-

bcs c ocje. Xcrc gse, rgsuatc prgofse dufr bg packtgc`fgktes sf`-

pafstcs qug ke te`ck gk ougktc ga oektgxte bga tgrrfterfe y qug

gstãk jcscbes gk ukc `grc f`ftcofÿk qug rgbuog ac bfvgrsfbcb y

vc gk oektrc bg ac prepfc gsgkofc bg ac gstrctgifc. Gk gngote, ac prf-

`grc oekbfofÿk qug bgjg ou`pafr tebe jgkod`crlfki tgrrfterfca

gs qug ac oe`pcrcofÿk sg gngotýg gktrg tgrrfterfes deèiækges y

gqufpcrcjags. Bgktre bg gaaes, sg ctgkbgrã prfèrbfca`gktg c aes

qug ùgstrck uk supgrfer bgsg`pgóe. V ga ckãafsfs ke sg pcrcrã

gk gse, sfke qug trctcrã bg bgsgktrcócr sus ocuscs, ckcafzckbe acs

cotfvfbcbgs g fkputs qug dck oekbuofbe c gsg rgsuatcbe. Cukqug

pcrc tebe gaae rgsuatc prgngrfjag ac oe`jfkcofÿk bg fkner`cofÿk

oucktftctfvc y oucaftctfvc y ac pcrtfofpcofÿk cotfvc bg rgprgsgk-

tcktgs bg aes bfngrgktgs tgrrfterfes ejmgtes bg oe`pcrcofÿk, gstg

trcjcme sg dc ogktrcbe gk aes ckãafsfs qug pugbg aagvcr c ocje uk

ckcafstc fkbfvfbuca oek ac fkner`cofÿk oucktftctfvc bfspekfjag gk

nugktgs sgoukbcrfcs (prfkofpca`gktg, Gurestct).

G`pgzckbe per ac prf`grc oekbfofÿk pcrc ga ckãafsfs bg jgk-

od`crlfki = ac fbgktfffiocofÿk bg acs rgifekgs deèiækgcs e gquf-

pcrcjags oek acs qug aagvcrae c ocje, c pgscr bga irck ký`gre bg

cutergs qug sujrcyck ac kgogsfbcb bg oe`pcrcrsg oek tgrrfterfes







deèiækges y qug `gkofekck aes cspgotes qug bgjgràck oeksf-

bgrcrsg pcrc vcaercr gsc deèigkgfbcb, aes ckãafsfs bg jgkod`cr-

lfki tgrrfterfca gxfstgktgs oek nrgougkofc dck fikercbe tca rgqug-

rf`fgkte e sÿae dck packtgcbe ukc cprexf`cofÿk uy sf`pag c ac

bgtgr`fkcofÿk bg tca deèigkgfbcb= ac cirupcofÿk bg pcàsgs per

kfvgags bg XFJ pgr oãpftc. Gk gstg trcjcme sg prepuikc fbgktfffiocr

aes tgrrfterfes oek oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbcs sg`gmcktgs gk nukofÿk

bg ouctre tfpes bg ncotergs, qug sg pekbgrck bg èbe gqufvcagk-

tg= ncotergs ige-bgèirãffioes (pejacofÿk, bgksfbcb bg pejacofÿk,

perogktcmg bg pejacofÿk gk gbcb bg trcjcmcr y coogsfjfafbcb), gs-

truoturc sgoterfca bg ac goeke`àc (bgsoe`pesfofÿk bga g`page gk

38 irckbgs sgotergs), gstruoturc bga sgoter fkbustrfca (bgsoe`pe-

sfofÿk gk 33 rc`cs) y gspgofcafzcofÿk tgokeaÿifoc (bgsoe`pesfofÿk

bg sus pctgktgs gk acs 4 sgoofekgs bg ac OFX). Rrcs se`gtgr aes bc-

tes erfifkcags bg tcags vcrfcjags c ukc sgrfg bg trcksner`cofekgs

(oerrgoofekgs bg eutafgrs, csf`gtràc, ourtesfs y gstckbcrfzcofÿk) y

csfikcrags pgses rgactfves (fiucags, pcrc fkbfocbergs bga fsè kf-

vga), sg ejtfgkg ukc `ctrfz bg bfstckofcs gktrg tebcs acs rgifekgs

bg ac WG-:9.

C pcrtfr bg bfodc ctrfz bg bfstckofcs sek pesfjags bes gxpae-

tcofekgs. Xer uk acbe, oek ac `ctrfz bg bfstckofcs sg pugbg rgcafzcr

uk ckãafsfs oaýstgr qug enrgzoc ukc tfpeaeiàc bg rgifekgs gk nuk-

ofÿk bg sus oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc. Xer etre acbe, sg pugbg te`cr

ac ffiac bg bfstckofcs oerrgspekbfgktg c ac rgifÿk pcrc ac qug sg bgsgc

gngotucr ga jgkod`crlfki , erbgkcr tebcs acs rgstcktgs rgifekgs gk

nukofÿk bg ac bfstckofc c qug sg gkougktrck bg ac fs`c y gstcjag-

ogr uk oertg pcrc bgtgr`fkcr ga ký`gre bg rgifekgs oek ga qug sg

aagvcrã c ocje ac oe`pcrcofÿk bgtcaacbc. Ac prf`grc cprexf`cofÿk

rgsuatc prgngrfjag pcrc aes fktgrgscbes gk ga oekmukte bg rgifekgs

gurepgcs, pugs bc ukc vfsfÿk oe`pagtc y `ãs e`kfoe`prgksfvc.

Ac sgiukbc rgsuatc prgngrfjag pcrc aes fktgrgscbes gk ukc rgifÿk

bgtgr`fkcbc, pugs pgr`ftg sgagoofekcr oek `ãs prgofsfÿk qug ga

ckãafsfs oaýstgr acs `ãs sg`gmcktgs c gaacs y ga ký`gre bg rgifekgs

oek qug sg bgsgc oe`pcrcr.

Fbgktfffiocbcs acs rgifekgs oek oekbfofekgs bg pcrtfbc sg`g-

mcktgs, ga sfiufgktg pcse oeksfstg gk oe`pcrcrsg oek gaacs, gspg-

ofca`gktg oek acs qug ùgstrck uk supgrfer bgsg`pgóe, pcrc bg-






tgr`fkcr acs nertcagzcs y bgjfafbcbgs rgactfvcs bg ac rgifÿk pcrc ac

qug sg gngotýc ga jgkod`crlfki .

Gk ae rgactfve ca bgsg`pgóe, oekvfgkg bfstfkiufr ga goekÿ`f-

oe y ga bg fkkevcofÿk, pugs, cukqug c`jes gstãk gstrgodc`gktg

fktgrrgacofekcbes, tca bfstfkofÿk pesfjfaftc ckcafzcr oÿè gstãk

aficbes c`jes bfkã`foc`gktg. Csf`fsè, oek rgspgote ca bgsg`-

pgóe sg bgjgk bfstfkiufr ga ckãafsfs bga kfvga qug cquæa pesgg gk

uk è`gkte bgtgr`fkcbe, bga ckãafsfs bg ac vcrfcofÿk e gveau-

ofÿk sgiufbc.

Xcrc tebe gaae sg gafifgrek ukcs vcrfcjags. Xcrc ga gstubfe bga

kfvga bg bgsg`pgóe goekÿ`foe, ac tcsc bg g`page, ac prebuo-

tfvfbcb y ga XFJ pgr oãpftc< y pcrc ga bg ac vcrfcofÿk, acs tcscs bg

orgof`fgkte `gbfe ckuca bga g`page, bg ac prebuotfvfbcb, bga XFJ

rgca y bga XFJ pgr oãpftc rgca. Gk ouckte ca bgsg`pgóe fkkevc-

ber, su kfvga sg `fbfÿ oek acs pctgktgs GXE y pujafocofekgs per

dcjftcktg, y aes perogktcmgs bg g`page gk `ckuncoturcs bg catc

y `gbfe-catc tgokeaeiàc y sgrvfofes fktgksfves gk oekeof`fgkte<

y su vcrfcofÿk, oek acs tcscs bg orgof`fgkte gk gses ouctre fkbf-

ocbergs. Oeè gk ga ocse cktgrfer, aes vcaergs erfifkcags sg se-

`gtfgrek c aes dcjftucags trctc`fgktes (oerrgoofÿk bg eutafgrs,

csf`gtràcs, ourtesfs y gstckbcrfzcofÿk) y sg ags csfikcrek pgses

fiucags (bgktre bg ocbc kfvga) pcrc ejtgkgr oek gaaes fkbfocbergs

oe`pugstes.

Ac tgrogrc gtcpc bga gmgrofofe bg jgkod`crlfki pcsc per oe`-

pcrcr aes ocpcoftcbergs y cotfvfbcbgs fkkevcbercs qug fkuygk gk

ga bgsg`pgóe fkkevcber cktgrfer y qug kesetres dgès bgke-

`fkcbe fkputs bg fkkevcofÿk. _g dck sgagoofekcbe trgs tfpes bg

fkbfocbergs bg oe`pertc`fgkte= ukes aficbes c rgourses du`c-

kes (perogktcmgs qug, rgspgote c ac pejacofÿk bg :7->2 cóes, su-

pekgk aes rgourses du`ckes gk ofgkofc y tgokeaeiàc oerg, aes qug

pesggk gstubfes bg sgoukbcrfc supgrfer e tgrofcrfc y aes qug dck

pcrtfofpcbe gk ourses bg ner`cofÿk oektfkuc< y perogktcmg qug

supekgk aes gstubfcktgs bg tgrofcrfc sejrg ac pejacofÿk bg :8-:2

cóes), etres aficbes c F+B (icste y pgrsekca bg F+B bg g`prgscs

y bga sgoter pýjafoe) y bg oekgotfvfbcb (coogse c jckbc ckodc bg

nc`fafcs, oe-fkvgkofÿk bg pctgktgs oek cigktgs bg etrcs rgifekgs y

kugvcs g`prgscs gxtrckmgrcs). Oeè oek aes fkbfocbergs bg bgs-







dcog gs csfikcr ac pcrfbcb bg pebgr cbqufsftfve kcofekca c tebcs

sus rgifekgs, cukqug c tebcs auogs aes kfvgags igkgrcags bg prgofes

ke sek fiucags bg ukcs rgifekgs c etrcs bg uk pcàs.

Zgspgote ca bgsvckgof`fgkte bg ac aac`cbc pcrcbemc bg ac

oe`pgtftfvfbcb gk ga Xcàs csoe (gs bgofr, ga dgode bg qug æstg prg-

sgktcrc dcstc ngodcs rgofgktgs, gk oe`pcrcofÿk oek etres tgrrfte-

rfes, ukes kfvgags bg eutput goekÿ`foe oacrc`gktg supgrfergs c

aes bg eutput fkkevcber), kugvc`gktg gse sg gxpafoc perqug ac

orfsfs dc cngotcbe kgictfvc`gktg gk `cyer `gbfbc ac cotfvfbcb

goekÿ`foc qug ac fkkevcberc (qug, cbg`ãs, ke bfspekg bg bctes

oe`pcrcbes tck rgofgktgs oeè cqugaac), perqug caiukes fkbfoc-

bergs bga eutput goekÿ`foe sg dck `gbfbe gk gures, y perqug

ga gsnugrze fkkevcber qug vgkàc bgscrreaackbe ga Xcàs ^csoe gk

tær`fkes bg rgourses dc g`pgzcbe c rgkbfr sus nrutes y aes pre-

jag`cs bg gffiofgkofc qug gk ga pcscbe gxfstàck dck g`pgzcbe c

oerrgifrsg.

Gk igkgrca, ga `cyer kfvga bg eutput goekÿ`foe bga irupe

bg ?8 rgifekgs bgsocksc gk ukc `cyer prebuotfvfbcb< y su `cyer

eutput fkkevcber gs bgjfbe c ukc supgrfer rctfe gk pctgktgs y

g`page ckuncoturgre gk catc y `gbfe-catc tgokeaeiàc, qug oe`-

pgksck su rgactfvc bgjfafbcb gk pujafocofekgs. Xrgofsc`gktg, gsc

nertcagzc gk pctgktgs bga irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs, qug oeè sg rg-

oerbcrã ùgstrck ukc gspgofcafzcofÿk sf`facr c ac bga Xcàs ^csoe,

godc per tfgrrc ac mustfffiocofÿk qug gk eocsfekgs sg dc gsirf`fbe

gk ga Xcàs ^csoe, pcrc mustfffiocr ga jcme kfvga bg pctgktgs bg kugstrc

rgifÿk, c scjgr= qug ga tfpe bg sgotergs gk qug ac goeke`àc vcsoc

gstcjc gspgofcafzcbc dcoàc `gkes kgogscrfe ga rgourse c acs pctgk-

tgs, qug ae qug ae dcogk aes sgotergs ncr`coæutfoe, quà`foe, gto. gk

qug etrcs rgifekgs sg gspgofcafzck.

Ga gstubfe tc`jfæk ùgstrc qug gk ga ýatfè qufkqugkfe dc

tgkfbe auicr uk ofgrte preogse bg oekvgrigkofc, `ãs sgócacbe gk

ga ã`jfte bg ac fkkevcofÿk qug gk ga goekÿ`foe. Gse sg rggmc

tc`jfæk gk ukc gveauofÿk bga eutput goekÿ`foe caie pger qug ac

bga pre`gbfe bga irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs. Ga Xcàs csoe, oek rgspgote

c gsg irupe, ùgstrc c su vgz ukc gveauofÿk goekÿ`foc caie pger,

nrute bg ac `cyer ircvgbcb qug gk Gspcóc, y gk pcrtg gk ga Xcàs

^csoe, gstã prgsgktckbe ac orfsfs. Gk igkgrca, gk oe`pcrcofÿk oek






ga rgste bg rgifekgs gspcóeacs, ga orgof`fgkte bga eutput goekÿ-

`foe dc bgsockscbe `gkes gk ac orgcofÿk bg g`page y `ãs gk

`gmercs bg prebuotfvfbcb.

Xer ýatfè, ga ckãafsfs dc pugste bg `ckfffigste ac pesftfvc rg-

acofÿk gxfstgktg gktrg fkput y eutput bg fkkevcofÿk, tckte c kfvga

oeùkftcrfe oeè gk ga irupe bg acs ?8 rgifekgs e gk ga bg oe-

ùkfbcbgs cutÿke`cs gspcóeacs. Gsc rgacofÿk gktrg fkbfocbergs

bg fkput y eutput pugbg te`crsg oeè uk fkbfocber bg gffiofgkofc

bga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk. C gsg rgspgote, ga irupe bg ?8 rgife-

kgs èstrcràc uk `cyer ircbe bg gffiofgkofc gk sus sfstg`cs qug

gk ga pre`gbfe bg rgifekgs gurepgcs, `fgktrcs qug acs rgifekgs

gspcóeacs sg ocrcotgrfzcràck per ae oektrcrfe. Ga Xcàs ^csoe, gk ga

qug bgsbg ffikcags bg aes 68 aes gstubfeses y aes packgs bg ofgkofc

y tgokeaeiàc vgkàck bgkukofckbe ukes rgsuatcbes gk tær`fkes bg

eutput ùy fkngrfergs c su gsnugrze gk tær`fkes bg fkput, pcrgog

gstcr oerrfifgkbe tca sftucofÿk y prãotfoc`gktg sg sftýc gk ac rgotc

bg cmustg bg aes vcaergs bg fkbfocbergs bg fkput y eutput bg fkke-

vcofÿk gk acs rgifekgs gurepgcs.

Cbg`ãs bg `ãs gffiofgktgs, ga irupe bg ?8 rgifekgs tc`jfæk

bgbfoc `cyergs rgourses c ac fkkevcofÿk. Gktrg aes bfngrgktgs

fkbfocbergs bg fkkevcofÿk tca irupe sejrgscag pesftfvc`gktg

gk F+B g`prgscrfca y oekgotfvfbcb bg RFOs. Xer ga oektrcrfe, sg

sftýck caie per bgjcme bg ac `gbfc gk gstubfcktgs bg gbuocofÿk

tgrofcrfc y kugvcs g`prgscs gxtrckmgrcs. Gk ouckte ca Xcàs ^csoe,

su pesfofÿk gk rgourses bgstfkcbes c ac fkkevcofÿk gs `gbfe-cate

bgktre bg tca irupe. Ga Xcàs ^csoe bgstcoc bg èbe pesftfve gspg-

ofca`gktg gk caiukes fkbfocbergs bg rgourses du`ckes= Zgour-

ses du`ckes gk ofgkofc y tgokeaeiàc y pejacofÿk qug pcrtfofpc

gk cotfvfbcbgs bg ner`cofÿk oektfkuc. Rc`jfæk dc sujsckcbe ac

bgjfafbcb qug gk su e`gkte pesgàc gk F+B g`prgscrfca, fkoause

ouckbe gstc sg oerrfig bg ac oektcjfafzcofÿk bg ac cotfvfbcb bg aes

ogktres tgokeaÿifoes, OFO y JGZO gk ga sgoter g`prgscs. Xgre gk

`ctgrfc bg rgourses du`ckes sfiug prgsgktckbe ukc ofgrtc bgjfaf-

bcb gk ga perogktcmg bg pejacofÿk qug ke dc supgrcbe ac sgoukbc-

rfc fkngrfer. Bg oucaqufgr `ckgrc, acs `cyergs bgjfafbcbgs bga Xcàs

^csoe gk fkputs bg fkkevcofÿk sg gkougktrck gk aes fkbfocbergs

bg oekgotfvfbcb (gspgofca`gktg, gk oe-fkvgkofÿk bg pctgktgs oek



?>8 F k b f o c b e r g s b g




cigktgs bg etrcs rgifekgs y gk kugvcs g`prgscs gxtrckmgrcs), qug

vgkbràck c oerrejercr acs oràtfocs qug per su gkbeic`fc dck sfbe

ner`uacbcs ca sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk vcsoc gk rgofgktgs ckãafsfs

(Kcvcrre :838 y EGOB :833).

Zgngrgkofcs jfjafeirãffiocsClgrjae`, @., Jaeod, O, Neyk, N, Agppâacdtf, C., @ertgkssgk, X., @ckssek,

D, Kfassek, Z., Kcs, _.-E., Xgttgrsek, F. y _catg, Þ (:884). Xeafoy Zgagvckt KerbfoFkkevctfek Fkbfocters. KFKB premgot.

Ckbgrssek, R. y @cdreu`, _. (:884). Xeafoy Zgagvckt Kerbfo Fkkevctfek Fk-

bfocters. Ejmgtfvgs ckb Zctfekcags fk Kerbfo ckb Gurepgck Fkkevctfek Xeafofgs . KFKB

premgot.


peafoy usg (:6-7:). Gk Kcuwgacgrs y Yfktmgs, Z. Fkkevctfek Xeafoy fk Gurepg. Odgatgk-

dc`= Gbwcrb Gaicr.



>:6->72.Crodfjuif, B., Bgkkf, @. y Nfafppgttf, C. (:886). Rdg tgodkeaeifoca ocpcjfaf-

tfgs en kctfeks= Rdg stctg en tdg crt en syktdgtfo fkbfocters. Rgodkeaeifoca Nergocstfki

ckb _eofca Odckig ea. 9>= 639-6?3.

Crodfjuif, B. y @fodfg, M. (3664). Rgodkfoca Odckig, Irewtd ckb Rrcbg= Kgw

Bgpcrturgs fk Fkstftutfekca Goeke`fos. Meurkca en Goeke`fo _urvgys, 3:, 3-38.

Csdgf`, J.< Oegkgk, A.< @eebyssek, M y ^cki, M. (:889). Oekstruotfki lkewa-

gbig-jcsgb rgifekca cbvcktcig= F`pafoctfeks ner rgifekca fkkevctfek peafoy. Fktgrkc-

tfekca Meurkca en Gktrgprgkgursdfp & Fkkevctfek @ckcig`gkt 9(:-7)= 328-377.


`crlfki Goeke`fo Rrcksner`ctfek fk tdg _tctgs. Rdg Fkner`ctfek Rgodkeaeiy ckb Fk-

kevctfek Neukbctfek.

Jcazct, @. (:88>). Ck Goeke`fo Ckcaysfs en Fkkevctfek. Gxtgkbfki tdg Oekogpt en

Kctfekca Fkkevctfek _ystg`s. Odgatgkdc`= Gbwcrb Gaicr.

Jcu`grt, R. (:88>). Aes Bgtgr`fkcktgs bg ac Fkkevcofÿk= Wk Gstubfe Cpafocbe

sejrg acs Zgifekgs bg ac Wkfÿk Gurepgc. Rgsfs beoterca, Bgpcrtc`gkte bg Goeke`àc

Cpafocbc FF, Wkfvgrsfbcb Oe`pautgksg bg @cbrfb.

Jaeod, O, @ertgksgk, X._., Nefk, N. y _catg, E.^. (:884). Bgvgaep`gkt ckb

Ckcaysfs en Fkkevctfek Fkbfocters fk tdg Kerbfo Oeuktrfgs jcsgb ek OF_ survgys. KFKB

premgot.

Jetczzf, A. y Xgrf, I. (:88?). Fkkevctfek ckb spfaaevgrs fk rgifeks= Gvfbgkog

nre` Gurepgck pctgkt bctc. Gurepgck Goeke`fo Zgvfgw 29= >49-938.J+F (:884). Jgkod`crlfki bg rgifekgs aàbgrgs bg fkkevcofÿk gk Gurepc. (Ke

pujafocbe)

Ocrassek, J.< Mcoejssek, _.< Dea`æk, @. y Zfolkg, C. (:88:). Fkkevctfek sys-



?>3Ocpàtuae 7= Ga ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki F k b f o c b e r g s b g



tg`s= ckcaytfoca ckb `gtdebeaeifoca fssugs. Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ?3= :??-:27.

Oacryssg J. y @uabur W. (:883) Zgifekca oedgsfek fk Gurepg5 Ck ckcaysfs

en dew GW pujafo ZRB suppert fkugkogs tdg tgodke-goeke`fo rgifekca ackbsocpg.

Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ?8= :97-:6>

Oeelg, X. (3664). Fktrebuotfek= erfifks en tdg oekogpt (pp. :-:7). Gk Jrcozyl,

D.M. gt ca. Zgifekca Fkkevctfek _ystg`s. Rdg reag en ievgrkckogs fk c iaejcafzgb werab .

Aekbek= WOA Xrgss.

Burcktek, I. y Xuic, B. (:883). Kursgry Oftfgs= Wrjck Bfvgrsfty, Xreogss Fk-

kevctfek, ckb tdg Afng Oyoag en Xrebuots. Rdg C`grfock Goeke`fo Zgvfgw êa. 63, Ke.

7= 3222-3299.

Gbqufst, O. (:883). Fkkevctfek Xeafoy‒C systg`fo Cpprecod (pp. :36-:?4). Gk

Crodfjuiuf, B. ckb Aukbvcaa, J-Ç (gbs.) Rdg Iaejcafzfki Agcrkfki Goeke`y . Exnerb=

Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.

Gbqufst, O. (:884). Bgsfik en Fkkevctfek Xeafoy tdreuid Bfcikestfo Ckcaysfs=Fbgktfffioctfek en _ystg`fo Xrejag`s (er Ncfaurgs). OFZOAG, Aukb Wkfvgrsfty pcpgr ke.

:884/8>.

G_XEK (:886). Rgrrfterfca Bykc`fos fk Gurepg. Rrgkbs fk Coogssfjfafty. Rgrrfte-

rfca Ejsgrvctfek Ke. :. Kevg`jgr :886.

Ncigrjgri, M., _rdeago, @. y Lkgaa, @. (:889). Rdg Oe`pgtftfvgkgss en Kc-

tfeks= Ydy _e`g Oeuktrfgs Xrespgr Ydfag Etdgrs Ncaa Jgdfkb. Yerab Bgvgaep`gkt

êa ?7 (38)= 3767-3>:8.

Ncigrjgri, M. y _rdeago, @. (:884). Kctfekca fkkevctfek systg`s, ocpcjfaftfgs

ckb goeke`fo bgvgaep`gkt. Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ?9= 3239-32?7.

Nex, M. y Ygfsjgri, _. (:838). Ck {Z} Oe`pckfek te Cppafgb Zgirgssfek, _go-ekb Gbftfek. Rdeusckb Ecls OC= _cig. WZA= dttp=//seosgrv.seosof.ò`cstgr.oc/mnex/

Jeels/Oe`pckfek

Iejfgrke csoe (:88>). Xack bg Ofgkofc, Rgokeaeiàc g Fkkevcofÿk (XORF) :838 .

Dcslga, M., Oacytek, R, Ieebrfbig, X., Xgseag, C., Jcrkgtt, B., Odc`jgrafk,

I., Mekgs, Z., Ldck, L. y Rurvgy, C. (:886). Fkkevctfek, Lkewagbig spgkbfki ckb pre-

buotfvfty irewtd fk tdg WL . Fktgrf` rgpert ner KG_RG Fkkevctfek Fkbgx premgot.

Deaackbgrs, D. (:88>). :88> Gurepgck Zgifekca Fkkevctfek _oergjecrb (:88>

ZF_). Gurepgck Rrgkb Odcrt ek Fkkevctfek.

Deaackbgrs, D., Rcrckteac, _. y Aesodly, C. (:886c). Zgifekca Fkkevctfek

_oergjecrb (ZF_) :886. Jrusgacs= Gurepgck Oe`ùkftfgs.

Deaackbgrs, D., Rcrckteac, _. y Aesodly, C. (:886j). Zgifekca Fkkevctfek

_oergjecrb :886. @gtdebeaeiy rgpert.

Duiifks, Z. (:884). Zgifekca Oe`pgtftfvg Fktgaafigkog= Jgkod`crlfki ckb

Xeafoy-`clfki. Zgifekca _tubfgs fNfrst crtfoag.

Dussek, N., Messg, M., Ag, _. y Mgrg`y @czgt (:886). Ncote@fkgZ= Ncoter

Ckcaysfs ckb Bctc @fkfki wftd Z. Z pcolcig vgrsfek 3.3:. dttp=//OZCK.Z-premgot.

eri/pcolcig0Ncote@fkgZ

Medk Cbc`s Fkkevctfek Fkstftutg (:886). :884 Fkbgx en tdg @csscodusgtts Fk-

kevctfek Goeke`y .

Acaa, _. (:883). Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Fkbfogs ckb Bgvgaepfki Oeuktrfgs= Ck Goe-

ke`fo Gvcauctfek en tdg Iaejca Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Zgpert. Yerab Bgvgaep`gkt êa. :6 (6)= 3783-37:7.

Aukbvcaa, J-C. (gb.) (366:). Kctfekca _ystg`s en Fkkevctfek. Rewcrbs c Rdgery



?>: F k b f o c b e r g s b g




en Fkkevctfek ckb Fktgrcotfvg Agcrkfki . Aekbek-Kgw Verl= Xfktgr.

Aukbvcaa, J-Ç. (:889). Fkkevctfek _ystg` Zgsgcrod. Ydgrg ft oc`g nre` ckb

wdgrg ft `fidt ie. Iaejgafos Yerlfki Xcpgr _grfgs :889-83.

Aukbvcaa, J-Ç. y Re`afksek, @. (:883). Agcrkfki-jy-oe`pcrfki= Zggotfeks

ek tdg usg ckb cjusg en fktgrkctfekca jgkod`crlfki (pp. 3:8-3?>). Gk _wggkgy, I.

(gb.), Fkkevctfek, Goeke`fo Xreirgss ckb tdg Sucafty en Afng, Odgatgkdc`= Gbwcrb Ga-

icr.

Aukbvcaa, J- Ç., ^cki, M., Mesgpd, L.M. y Odc`fkcbg, O. (:886). Fkkevctfek

systg` rgsgcrod ckb bgvgaepfki oeuktrfgs (pp. 3-?8). Gk Aukbvcaa gt ca. (gbs.) Dckb-

jeel En Fkkevctfek _ystg`s Ckb Bgvgaepfki Oeuktrfgs. Jufabfki Be`gstfo Ocpcjfaftfgs

fk c Iaejca _gttfki . Odgtgkdc`= Gbwcrb Gaicr.

@cfrgssg, M. y @edkgk, X. (:886). Fkkevctfek survgys ckb fkkevctfek peafoy.

Xcpgr prgsgktcbe c Iaejgafos 9td Fktgrkctfekca Oekngrgkog, >-4 Eotujrg.

Kcuwgacgrs, O. y Zgfb, C. (:88:). Agcrkfki Fkkevctfek Xeafoy fk c @crlgt-jcsgb Oektgxt= Xreogss, Fssugs ckb Odcaagkigs ner GW Ockbfbctg-oeuktrfgs. Meurkca en

Fktgrkctfekca Zgactfeks ckb Bgvgaep`gkt 7 (2)= ?79-?96.

Kcuwgacgrs, O., guigagrs, Z. y ck Aeey, J. (:88?). Jgkod`crlfki Kctfekca

Z&B peafofgs fk Gurepg= Agsseks nre` Jgaifu`. Nfkca rgpert ner tdg Ngbgrca Xujafo _gr-

vfog ner _ofgktfffio Cnncfrs.

Kcvcrre, @. (:886). Ga sfstg`c bg fkkevcofÿk bg ac OCX , c pcrtfr bg acs gstcbàstf-

ocs bg F+B. Jfajce= Xujafocofekgs bg ac Wkfvgrsfbcb bg Bguste.

Kcvcrre, @. (:838). Zgtes pcrc ga Xcàs ^csoe, trcs trgs bæocbcs bg bgscrreaae bga

sfstg`c y bg acs peaàtfocs bg fkkevcofÿk. Gleke`fcz :7 ckfvgrscrfe.

Kcvcrre, @. y Ifjcmc, M.M. (:886). Acs tfpeaeiàcs gk aes sfstg`cs rgifekcags bgfkkevcofÿk. Ga ocse bg Gspcóc. Gleke`fcz 98= :28-:43.

Kcvcrre, @.< Ifjcmc, M.M.< Jfajce-Eserfe, J. y Ciucbe, Z. (:886). Xcttgrks en

fkkevctfek fk tdg GW-:7 rgifeks= c typeaeiy ckb peafoy rgoe``gkbctfeks. Gkvfrek-

`gkt ckb Xackkfki O= Ievgrk`gkt & Xeafoy :9= 437-428.

Kgasek, Z.Z. (366:). Kctfekca Fkkevctfek _ystg`s= C rgtrespgotfvg ek c _tuby.

Fkbustrfca ckb Oerperctg Odckig, 3= ?29-?92.

Kgasek, Z. Z. y Zesgkjgri, K. (366?). Rgodkfoca fkkevctfek ckb kctfekca sys-

tg`s (pp. ?-:3). Fk Kgasek, Z. Z. (gb.). Kctfekca _ystg`s en Fkkevctfek= C Oe`pcrctfvg

_tuby . Exnerb= Exnerb Wkfvgrsfty Xrgss.

Kfesf, M. (:88:). Kctfekca _ystg`s en fkkevctfeks crg «x-gnffiofgkt¼ (ckb x-gngo-

tfvg). Ydy se`g crg saew agcrkgrs. Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ?3= :63-?8:.

EGOB, @fkfstry ner Rrcbg ckb Fkbustry y Fksfbg Oeksuatfki (:882). Jgkod`crl-

fki Fkkevctfek Xeafoy ckb Fkkevctfek Nrc`gwerl Oekbftfeks. Mckucry :882.

EGOB (:887). @fore-peafofgs ner irewtd ckb prebuotfvfty. _yktdgsfs ckb jgkod-

`crlfki usgr iufbg. Xcrfs= EGOB.

EGOB (:838). Rypeaeiy en EGOB Zgifeks Wsfki Fkkevctfek-rgactgb ^crfcjags.

IE^/RBXO/RF(:838):.

EGOB (:833). EGOB Zgvfgws en Zgifekca Fkkevctfek= Jcsqug Oeuktry, _pcfk.

Xcrfs= EGOB Xujafsdfki.

Erlgstrc-Fkstftute ^csoe bg Oe`pgtftfvfbcb (:884). Fkner`g bg Oe`-

pgtftfvfbcb bga Xcàs ^csoe= dcofc ukc prepugstc ýkfoc bg vcaer. Jfajce= Xujafocofekgsbg ac Wkfvgrsfbcb bg Bguste.

Xccsf, @. (:887). Oeaagotfvg jgkod`crlfki en peafofgs= ck fkstru`gkt ner peafoy



?>?Ocpàtuae 7= Ga ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki F k b f o c b e r g s b g



agcrkfki fk cbcptfvg rgsgcrod ckb fkkevctfek peafoy. _ofgkog ckb Xujafo Xeafoy êa ?:

(3)= 39-:9.

Xcpcfeckkeu, R., Zusd, D. y Jgssckt, M. (:88>). Jgkod`crlfki cs c peafoy-

`clfki teea= nre` tdg prfvctg te tdg pujafo sgoter. _ofgkog ckb Xujafo Xeafoy êa ??

(:)= 63-38:.

Xeat, Y. (:88:). Jgkod`crlfki. Gk Ncdrgklrei, I., Xeat, Y., Zeme, M., Rñjlg, C.

y Lacus ]fkþolgr, L. ZRB-Gvcauctfek Reeajex Cssgssfki tdg _eofe-Goeke`fo F`pcot en

ZRB-Xeafofgs. Gurepgck Oe``fssfek, FXR_ Rgodkfoca Zgpert _grfgs GWZ :8?4: GK.

Xeat, Y., Zc``gr, O., Icssagr, D., _odfjcky, C. y _odcrtfki, B. (:883).

Jgkod`crlfki fkbustry-sofgkog rgactfeks= tdg reag en nrc`gwerls oekbftfeks. _ofgkog

ckb Xujafo Xeafoy , :4 (2)= :29-:74.

Xertgr, @. G. (3664). Ek oe`pgtftfek. Jestek= Dcrvcrb Jusfkgss _odeea.

Xertgr, @.G. (:88?). Rdg Goeke`fo Xgrner`ckog en Zgifeks. Zgifekca _tubfgs

?9(>-9)= 726‟794.Z Bgvgaep`gkt Oerg Rgc` (:886). Z= C ackiucig ckb gkvfrek`gkt ner stc-

tfstfoca oe`putfki. Z Neukbctfek ner _tctfstfoca Oe`putfki, ^fgkkc, Custrfc. F_JK

?-688873-89-8, WZA dttp=//www.Z-premgot.eri

Zebràiugz-Xesg, C. y Orgsogkzy, Z. (:884). Zgsgcrod ckb Bgvgaep`gkt, _pfaa-

evgrs, Fkkevctfek _ystg`s, ckb tdg Igkgsfs en Zgifekca Irewtd fk Gurepg. Zgifekca

_tubfgs ea. 2:, 3= 73->9.

Zetdwgaa, Z. (3662). Rewcrbs tdg Nfntd-igkgrctfek Fkkevctfek Xreogss. Fktgr-

kctfekca @crlgtfki Zgvfgw 33 (3)= 9-?3.

_caczcr, @. y Deajreel, C. (:882). C bgjctg ek fkkevctfek survgys. _ofgkog

ckb Xujafo Xeafoy ?3 (2)= :72-:>>._odwcj, L. (gb.) (:886). Rdg Iaejca Oe`pgtftfvgkgss Zgpert :886-:838 . Igkgvg=

Yerab Goeke`fo Neru`.

Rþbtafki, N. y Rrfppa, @. (:887). Ekg sfzg ffits caa5 Rewcrbs c bfnngrgktfctgb

rgifekca fkkevctfek peafoy cpprecod. Zgsgcrod Xeafoy ?2= 3:8?-3:36.

Reàfksek, @. y Aukbvcaa, J-Ç. (:883). Xeafoy agcrkfki tdreuid jgkod`crlfki

kctfekca systg`s en oe`pgtgkog jufabfki ckb fkkevctfek ‟ agcrkfki jy oe`pcrfki . Zg-

pert ner tdg —Cbvckogb Jgkod`crlfki Oekogpts‖ (CJO) Xremgot. @crod :883.

^grspcigk, J (3667). Oekvgrigkog fk tdg iaejca goeke`y. C jrecb dfsterfoca

vfgwpefkt, _truoturca Odckig ckb Goeke`fo Bykc`fos, >, 32?-3>7.

Ycagkbewslf, M., Zgfb, C., Lreaa, D., _tcdagolgr, R., Jcfgr, G., Yfktmgs, Z.

y Deaackbgrs, D. (:833). Zgifekca Fkkevctfek @ekfter. :838 Ckkuca Zgpert . Xremgot

K½. 86?: te tdg Gurepgck Oe``fssfek.







Ckgxe 3=

Xreogbf`fgkte pcrc ac ker`cafzcofÿk bg vcrfcjags






?>7Ocpàtuae 7= Ga ckãafsfs bg jgkod`crlfki F k b f o c b e r g s b g



Oeè acs vcrfcjags oek acs qug trcjcmcès gstãk `gbfbcs gk bfs-

tfktcs ukfbcbgs, tckte pcrc preogbgr c su cirgicofÿk pcrc ocaouacr

acs bfstckofcs gktrg acs bfstfktcs KWR_ y bgspuæs ejtgkgr ac ctrfz

bg bfstckofcs oeè pcrc ac ejtgkofÿk bg aes bfstfktes fkbfocbergs

bg eutput g fkput, gs kgogscrfe preogbgr c su ker`cafzcofÿk. Ga

preogbf`fgkte qug dgès sgiufbe pcrc ac ker`cafzcofÿk bg ocbc

ukc bg acs vcrfcjags gk ga ocse bga oãaouae bg acs bfstckofcs gs ga

sfiufgktg=

3. Ocaouacès aes tgst bg csf`gtràc y ourtesfs.

c. _f ac prejcjfafbcb bg rgodczcr acs dfpÿtgsfs bg qug ac vc-

rfcjag sgc sf`ætrfoc y `gseoýrtfoc gstã per gkof`c bg

8,87, ke oerrgifès ac vcrfcjag.

j. _f ke, ckcafzcès sf gste sg bgjg c ac prgsgkofc bg vcaergs

ctàpfoes (eutafgrs). (Xcse :)

:. Ocaouacès ga ký`gre bg pesfjags eutafgrs bg cougrbe ca sf-

iufgktg orftgrfe= Ký`gre bg ejsgrvcofekgs qug sg gkougktrck

nugrc bga fktgrvcae \S3√3,7(S

?√S

3), S

?+3,7(S

?√S

3)P, bekbg S

3

y S? sek, rgspgotfvc`gktg, ga prf`gr y tgrogr oucrtfa.

c. _f ga ký`gre bg eutafgrs gs `gker e fiuca c 38 (7% bg acs

ejsgrvcofekgs), wfkserfzcès. Ac wfkserfzcofÿk oeksfstg

gk csfikcr ga vcaer bg ac `cyer ejsgrvcofÿk qug qug-

bc bgktre bga fktgrvcae c acs ejsgrvcofekgs qug sg scagk

bga fktgrvcae per crrfjc. Gqufvcagktg`gktg, sf ac ejsgrvc-

ofÿk sg scag per cjcme, ag csfikcès ga vcaer bg ac `gker

ejsgrvcofÿk bgktre bga fktgrvcae. C oektfkucofÿk rgoca-

ouacès aes tgst bg csf`gtràc y ourtesfs.

f. _f ac prejcjfafbcb bg rgodczcr acs dfpÿtgsfs gstã per

gkof`c bg 8,87, cktgkgès ac vcrfcjag wfkserfzcbc.

ff. _f ke, rgirgscès c ac vcrfcjag erfifkca y oektfkuc-

ès oeè sf ga ký`gre bg eutafgrs dujfgsg sfbe `cyer

bg 38.

j. _f ga ký`gre bg eutafgrs gs `cyer bg 38 oektfkucès oek

ga pcse ?.

?. Oerrgifès utfafzckbe ac trcksner`cofÿk bg Jex-Oex (36>2)

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