epistemologia de la psicologia: viaje de ida y vuelta

8/6/2019 Epistemologia de La Psicologia: Viaje de ida y vuelta

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Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 3

Påp}na Rm`}lo`a4 YOCDM @M O@C _ Y]MNPC

Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc4 }g Yocdm `m O`c Y}mnpc

Inarmgpoga Bncgla

]goymr|o`c` C}pügaec `m Ec`ro`




Rm|}emg

M|pm prcbcda vrmpmg`m cgcnotcr nc| rmncloagm| ogpmrgc| a vrakrceãpolc| mgprm

Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc |}vagomgà s}m |m prcpc `m vmr|vmlpoyc| ò|lovnogcrm|

vrai}g`cemgpm oebrolc`c|. pcgpa `m|`m }g v}gpa `m yo|pc jo|pürola laea mg na s}m cpcóm c |}

yalcloüg mvo|pïeolc' Rmyo|crmea| vroemra mn lagpmgoà v|olanükola `m cnk}gc| `m nc|

va|oloagm| mvo|pmeanükolc| lnã|olc|' Mg |mk}gà n}kcr. vag`rmea| cnk}ga| mdmevna| s}m ga|

vmreoporãg |avm|cr mn oevclpa `m nc Mvo|pmeanakåc mg nc pmaråc v|olanükolc lmrrcrmea|

g}m|pra crk}emgpa lag }gc |}logpc rmyo|oüg `mn m|i}mrta `m nc V|olanakåc var laevrmg`mr nc

clpoyo`c` lomgpåiolc'

Cb|prclp

Pjo| {arh cgcn|m pjm ogpmrgcn “vrakrceecpol% rmncpoag|jov| bmp{mmg Mvo|pmeanak

cg` V|ljanak c||}eogk pjm iclp| pjcp pjm|m ò|lovnogm| jcym pjmor vmr|vmlpoym| `mmvn

oebrolcpm` cg` pjcp |}lj oebrolcpoag lcg bm cvvrmlocpm` irae bapj. c jo|parolcn vaogp ai yom{

cg` irae pjmor mvo|pmeol yalcpoag' Pa à |a. {m ior|pn rmyom{ pjm v|ljanakolcn lagpmgp ai

|aem ai pjm ea|p lnc||olcn mvo|pmeanakolcn va|opoag|' \mlag`n. {m vrm|mgp |aem mzcevnm| og

ar`mr pa mycn}cpm pjm oevclp ai Mvo|pmeanak ag v|ljanakolcn pjmarom|' Iogcnn. {m iogo|j pjm

crk}emgp {opj c |jarp rmyom{ ai pjm miiarp| ai V|ljanak pa }g`mr|pcg` pjm |lomgpoiol clpoyop'



Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. <

Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc4 }g Yocdm `m O`c Y}mnpc

Jc e}ljc| ecgmrc| `m vncgpmcr|m nc l}m|poüg `m nc| rmncloagm| mgprm mvo|pmeanakåc

v|olanakåc' Nc eã| abyoc. s}m |mk}rcemgpm i}gloagc laea vrmpmzpa vcrc m|pc rminmzoüg. pomgm

s}m ymr kmgïrolcemgpm lag nc l}m|poüg `mn m|pcp}pa lomgpåiola `m nc v|olanakåc4 ymcea| vroemra

s}ï ga| òlmg na| mvo|pmeanüka| s}m m| nc lomgloc. `mlo`cea| |o ga| vcrmlm |mg|cpa. mg m|a|

pïreoga|. vmg|cr mg nc v|olanakåc laea }gc lomgloc vralm`cea| c clp}cr mgpaglm| laea

lomgpåiola|. a bomg `mdïeaga| nnmycr var nc eanolom mvo|pmeanükolc rmg}glomea| c nc|

kcgcgloc|' _a lrma s}m m|pc iarec `m vralm`mr m|. laea eågoea. ogkmg}c. . |o em cv}rcg.

icnct' Nc rctüg eã| abyoc m| s}m nc eo|ec v|olanakåc m|pã `m jmlja oevnolc`c jo|pürolcemgpm

mg nc `miogoloüg `m na s}m m| a ga m| lomgloc' Var |o m|pa i}mrc vala. nc v|olanakåc pomgm. mgprm

aprc|. nc abnokcloüg `m m|p}òcr mg s}ï lag|o|pm lagalmr. mg kmgmrcn. mg s}ï lag|o|pm lagalmr

lomgpåiolcemgpm mg vcrpol}ncr'

Cjarc bomg. nc v|olanakåc m| mg lomrpa eaà. laea jm vrav}m|pa mg aprc| alc|oagm|

*ymr Bncgla. 26628 lcv' 3/. }gc ò|lovnogc „mvo|pmeanükolcemgpm cparemgpc`c―. eag|pr}a|c

bolïicnc' Nc rctüg `m m|pm paremgpa mvo|pmeanükola pomgm s}m ymr lag mn jmlja `m s}m mn

|mgpoà jo|pürola `m nc v|olanakåc vc|c var nc lag|pr}lloüg `m cgpravanakåc| gcp}rcno|pc| s}m

vmreopcg prceopcr mn vrabnmec `m nc |}bdmpoyo`c` `m|`m nc gm}prcno`c` iãlpolc vravoc `m nc|

lomgloc| gcp}rcnm|' Na jclm `m|`m mn vroglovoa. cjå m|pã vcrc rmoyogòlcrna nc abrc `mn eo|ea

[}g`p. eayoïgà|m ckügolcemgpm mgprm na| vana| `m nc gcp}rcnmtc nc l}np}rc. mgprm nc

yan}gpc` `m mzvnolcr nc |}bdmpoyo`c` mn oev}n|a orrmg}glocbnm `m laevrmg`mrnc' M|pc

yalcloüg jo|pürolc `m nc v|olanakåc nc lagyomrpm mg }g pmrroparoa ogm|pcbnm irãkon. `m kmaempråc

ycrocbnm' Nc lro|o| mg nc s}m nc v|olanakåc |m `m|mgy}mnym `m|`m |}| aråkmgm| ga v}m`m |mr

mgpmgò`c laea }g m|pcà `m prcg|oloüg. laea }g vmråaà `m ogec`}rmt mvo|pmeanükolc s}m

nnmkcrã c |mr |}vmrcà |o nc ò|lovnogc lag|ok}m |aempmr|m c nc nükolc `m nc| lomgloc| gcp}rcnm|'

Nc lro|o| m|. var `miogoloüg. mn m|pcà gcp}rcn `m nc v|olanakåc. laea |}va ymr J}||mrn mg Nc




Lro|o| ̀ m nc| Lomgloc| M}ravmc| *J}||mrn. 3??3/' Nc v|olanakåc m| mn pmrroparoa l}np}rcn mg mn

s}m |m òroem rcloagcnemgpm nc l}m|poüg `m na| nåeopm| iarecnm| `m nc |}bdmpoyo`c`. }gc

l}m|poüg s}m |üna va`råc s}m`cr lcbcnemgpm tcgdc`c mg }gc |alom`c` emòmycn. mg nc s}m nc

vravoc galoüg `m |}dmpa lcrmlom|m `m |mgpoà'

]g vrabnmec g}lnmcr vcrc mn `m|crranna `m m|pc pcrmc jo|pürolc `m nc v|olanakåc. cjarc

|m mgpmg`mrã emdar m|pc clncrcloüg `m vroglovoa|. m| d}|pcemgpm mn vrabnmec `m nc| kcrcgpåc|

`mn lagaloeomgpa' Nc v|olanakåc |}rkm laea clpop}` ò|lovnogcr c vcrpor `m nc lag|pcpcloüg `m

s}m g}m|prc |mg|cloüg `m jcbopcr }g e}gà abdmpoya m| }gc lag|pr}lloüg. òkãea|na c|å.

emgpcn' M|pm i}m mn lcbcnna `m bcpcnnc `m na| vroemra| mevoro|pc|' Rmlar`mea| mn lïnmbrm m||m

m|p vmrlovo `m Bmrhmnm' Mg mimlpa. |mr m| |mr vmrloboà. `m ecgmrc s}m nc ôgolc iarec `m

m|pcbnmlmr na| nåeopm| `mn e}gà lag|o|pm vcrc`üdolcemgpm mg m|pcbnmlmr na| nåeopm| `m g}m|prc

emgpm. }gc o`mc s}m. laea ymrmea| }g vala eã| cbcda. |m lagyorpoü c nc ncrkc mg mn

i}g`cemgpa eo|ea `mn avmrcloagcno|ea' M|pm m|. mg eo avogoüg. mn gôlnma `m nc ckmg`c

jo|pürolc `m nc v|olanakåc' Nc ab|m|oüg `m Hcgp. c nc va|prm `m nc ecar vcrpm `m nc

„v|olanakåc― `m nc |mk}g`c eopc` `mn |okna ZOZ. m| laglonocr nc lmrpo`}ebrm `m yoyor mg }g

e}gà rmvrm|mgpcà. lag|pr}oà. s}m |üna mzo|pm mg mn àeogoa `m|vmdcà `m nc laglomgloc

ogòyo`}cn. nc |mg|cloüg `m lomrrm. `m abdmpoyo`c`. `m lmrpo`}ebrm. s}m |m `mroycbcg `m nc|

krcg`m| lag|pr}lloagm| lomgpåiolc| `m nc on}|prcloüg' Mg apra| pïreoga|. nc vrmk}gpc m|4 ±lüea

v}m`m. ogln}|a lüea `mbm. vralm`mr }gc lag|pr}lloüg |}bdmpoyc `m nc abdmpoyo`c`1

\o mn crk}emgpa s}m m|pcea| `m|crranncgà |m mgpomg`m. |m mgpmg`mrã pceboïg s}m ga

va`mea| vralm`mr c rc|prmcr nc| rmncloagm| mgprm v|olanakåc mvo|pmeanakåc `cgà var

|}v}m|pa s}m |m prcpc `m ò|lovnogc| og`mvmgòmgpm|' S}m ga va`mea| |mgpcrga| c m|vmrcr c s}m

mn mvo|pmeünaka `m ea`c. jclm cnk}ga| cóa| Imokn. `m|v}ï| H}jg a Pa}neog. cjarc. var

mdmevna. Ncpa}r. ga| òkc |o na s}m jclmea| m| a ga m| lomgloc lüea pmgmea| s}m clp}cr

vcrc lag|mk}or mn yo|cà' Var na `meã|. m|pa m| e} oevarpcgpm. pa`c mvo|pmeanakåc nnmyc mg



Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. =

mn larctüg }gc o`mc `mn |}dmpa v|olanükola' M| `mlor. nc v|olanakåc m|. c ymlm| mzvnålopcemgpm.

}gc mvo|pmeanakåc. nc mvo|pmeanakåc l}mgpc |omevrm. oevnålopc a mzvnålopcemgpm. lag

crk}emgpa| v|olanükola|' Ymcea| m|pa| à| rmlarroà| eã| `mpmgo`cemgpm'

Nc yalcloüg mvo|pmeanükolc `m nc v|olanakåc

Mevmlmea| rmlar`cgà s}m pcgpa nc v|olanakåc {}g`pocgc laea nc| v|olanakåc|

i}gloagcno|pc| `m og|vorcloüg `cr{ogocgc. `m|`m Bcn`{og c Vockmp. |m vncgpmcrag laea abdmpoya

eã| bã|ola prcpcr mg pïreoga| i}gloagcnm| gcp}rcno|pc| nc pmaråc hcgpocgc `mn lagaloeomgpa

*ymr. var mdmevna. Imrgãg`mt. 3??=8 \ãgljmt. 3??=/' Rmlar`mea| pceboïg s}m }gc `m nc|

vrmal}vcloagm| lmgprcnm| `m Hcgp mrc vrmlo|cemgpm m|p}òcr nc lomgloc laea iarec nåeopm `m nc

rcloagcno`c`' Nc jovüpm|o| `mn |}dmpa prc|lmg`mgpcn vmreopm s}m Hcgp crk}emgpm mn lcrãlpmr

gmlm|croa }goymr|cn `m nc| vrava|oloagm| lomgpåiolc|. cn emga| `mn lcgag `m nc lomgloc

gm{pagocgc' Var |} vcrpm. na| v|olaio|oünaka| cnmecgm| na| v|olünaka| i}gloagcno|pc|

m}ravma| cemrolcga| ogpmgpcg òn}lo`cr. c `m|`m na| vralmòeomgpa| `m nc| lomgloc|

gcp}rcnm|. l}ãnm| |ag nc| lagòloagm| s}m jclmg va|obnm mn lagaloeomgpa. mg pïreoga|

kmgmrcnm|. mn lagaloeomgpa lomgpåiola mg vcrpol}ncr'

C}gs}m nc o`mc `m nc lomgloc laea imgüemga iogcn c mzvnolcr m|pã `m cnk}gc iarec mg na|

aråkmgm| `m m|pc prcòloüg. nc iok}rc s}m vcrmlm rmlakmr `m ecgmrc eã| mzvnålopc m|pc

vrmal}vcloüg var nc| lagòloagm| v|olanükolc| `mn lagaloeomgpa lomgpåiola m| |mk}rcemgpm

Dmcg Vockmp' Vockmp. mg b}mgc emò`c pceboïg |} eã| on}|prm cgpmlm|ar. Bcn`{og. ogpmgpcg

`m|lrobor nc òemg|oüg mvo|pïeolc `mn `m|crranna agpakmgïpola |og vmr`mr g}glc `m yo|pc s}m na

s}m rmcnemgpm ogpmrm|c m| `cr l}mgpc lomgpåiolcemgpm `m nc vravoc lomgloc. lag|o`mrc`c cjarc

mg |} kïgm|o|' Var |}v}m|pa. |m mgpomg`m s}m mn mdmrloloa `m nc lomgloc m| i}g`cemgpcnemgpm nc

lag|ml}mgloc `mn `m|vnomk}m. c prcyï| `m iarec| `m clloüg cbomrpc| a mgl}bomrpc|

*avmrcloagm|/. `m laevmpmgloc| i}gloagcnm| ogjmrmgpm| c nc gcp}rcnmtc j}ecgc' Mn eapar `m

m|m `m|vnomk}m m|. lncra m|pã. nc ec`}rcloüg boanükolc' Mn lagaloeomgpa lomgpåiola m|. var




`miogoloüg. boanükolcemgpm gmlm|croa *ymr Vockmp. 3?9?/' Nc| lorl}g|pcgloc| |alocnm|.

l}np}rcnm| a boakrãiolc| |ag emrc| lagòloagm| `m va|obono`c` vcrc s}m nc rctüg l}evnc lag |}

rctüg `m |mr' Mgprm na| pcgpma| mzvnarcparoa| `mn bmbï nc `mea|prcloüg `m nc pmaråc m|vmlocn `m

nc rmncpoyo`c` |üna jc }gc òimrmgloc `m krcà' Mog|pmog mn bmbï m|pãg jclomgà bã|olcemgpm

na eo|ea4 |ag emrc| og|pcgloc| vcrc s}m nc rctüg |okc |omgà mdmrlo`c' Va`råc ycnmr mg m|pm

lc|a }gc irc|m lïnmbrm mgprm na| m|vmlocno|pc| mg kmgïpolc4 „}gc kcnnogc m| |üna nc iarec s}m }g

j}mya pomgm ̀ m vra`}lor apra j}mya―'

Mg l}cns}omr lc|a. na s}m ga| oevarpc. `m eaemgpa. m| s}m. `m|`m m|pc vmr|vmlpoyc

lag|pr}lpoyo|pc. nc v|olanakåc |m lagyomrpm mg mn m|vcloa ò|lovnogcr eã| c`ml}cà eã|

nmkåpoea vcrc rminmzoagcr |abrm nc gcp}rcnmtc `m nc clpoyo`c` lomgpåiolc' Jmea| ogpmgpcà jclmr

ymr s}m m|pc lagln}|oüg ga m| `mn paà krcp}opc |o }ga lagpmevnc nc| la|c| c }gc lomrpc

ò|pcgloc `m|`m }gc lomrpc vmr|vmlpoyc' Mg b}mgc emò`c m| mn rm|}npcà eã| nükola `m }g

vralm|a `m gcp}rcnotcloüg vrakrm|oyc `mn |}dmpa `m lagaloeomgpa. }g vralm|a s}m pomgm. yo|pa

`m|`m `mgpra. |} vom`rc cgk}ncr mg nc mvo|pmeanakåc hcgpocgc. . |oevnoiolcgà }g pcgpa mn

vralm|a. |}| v}gpa| `m cvaa eã| |ünoà| mg nc cgpravanakåc j}ecgå|polc `mn rmgcloeomgpa

|} `m|crranna c prcyï| `mn m|vårop} `m nc Rmiarec vrapm|pcgpm' Vmra cgpm| lagyomgm s}m òkcea|

cnka eã| |abrm nc iarec mg s}m nc vrm|}gloüg `m }g m|vcloa v|olanükola jc lagprob}oà

lagprob}m c nc lag|ano`cloüg `m nc oeckmg aiolocn `m nc lomgloc'

Mn |}dmpa v|olanükola mg nc pmaråc `m nc lomgloc

Clmvpmea|. na s}m. yo|pa na yo|pa. ga vcrmlm pcg `m|lcbmnncà. s}m l}cns}omr iarec `m

laglmbor nc lomgloc. a `m mdmrlmrnc. vrm|}vagm. var c|å `mlorna. }gc v|olanakåc. m| `mlor. }g

m|vcloa `m cprob}loüg `m i}gloagm| |}bdmpoyc|' _a lrma s}m nc o`mc m| yãno`c vcrc pa`c| nc|

pmaråc| `m nc lomgloc vmg|cbnm|. vmra lrma pceboïg s}m m|c vrm|mgloc `m }g m|vcloa `m

cprob}loüg v|olanükola |m jc oà jclomgà eã| mzvnålopc c vcrpor `m nc lro|o|. rmcn a oeckogc`c.



Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. ;

`mn va|opoyo|ea. `m nc memrkmgloc eã| a emga| larrmncpoyc `mn rcloagcno|ea lråpola `m Vavvmr

. |abrm paà. `m nc| `mgaeogc`c| }g vala eã| pcr`m. g}myc| iona|aiåc| ̀ m nc lomgloc'

Vcrc mevmtcr. var mdmevna. nc o`mc `m „avmrcloagcnotcloüg― `m Imokn *3?:3/. s}m

rmvrm|mgpc mg lomrpa |mgpoà mn nåeopm „empaànükola― `mn gmava|opoyo|ea. vrm|lrobm s}m nc

ôgolc kcrcgpåc `m }g mg}glocà vrapalancroa rcòlc mg nc va|obono`c` `m nokcrna c nc avmrcloüg

`m nc s}m memrkm. `m pcn ecgmrc s}m s}m`m |aempoà rcòlcnemgpm c nc rmvnolcbono`c` c nc

lråpolc ogpmr|}bdmpoyc' C}gs}m vcrmtlc vcrc`üdola. nc v|olanakåc larrmncpoyc c |memdcgpm

vmr|vmlpoyc m|. c}gs}m oevnålopcemgpm. ecrlc`cemgpm lag|pr}lpoyo|pc' Prcòloagcnemgpm |m

c|}eoråc s}m nc c`|lrovloüg `mn va|opoyo|ea nükola c nc prcòloüg mevoro|pc . var pcgpa. c }gc

v|olanakåc c|alocloago|pc. `mbmråc nnmycr nükolcemgpm c }g |}dmpa v|olanükola prcg|vcrmgpm. s}m

i}gloagc|m laea }gc m|vmlom `m m|pcbonotcàr vc|oya `m mzvmromgloc|. |ok}omgà garec|

}goymr|cnm| laevcrpo`c| lag aprc| m|vmlom|' Nc gmlm|o`c` `m m|vmloiolcr nc avmrcloüg s}m `c

n}kcr cn mg}glocà vrapalancroa |}rkm. var mn lagprcroa. `m nc |a|vmljc `m s}m |üna c|å m|

va|obnm lagprancr nc laev}n|oyc pmg`mgloc `mn |mr j}ecga c or eã| cnnã `m nc ogiarecloüg

`c`c. var vagmrna mg pïreoga| br}gmrocga|' Var c|å `mlorna. avmrcloagcnotcr }g jmlja m|

lag|pcpcr s}m nc yalcloüg }goymr|cn `m nc lomgloc mzokm }gc m|pr}lp}rc garecpoyc ogln}|a vcrc

nc eo|ec ab|mrycloüg' M| `mlor. ga rcòlc mg mn lcrãlpmr v}rcemgpm m|vml}ncr `m nc laglomgloc

l}cgà |m mzvagm c nc| la|c|'

Mg }gc òrmlloüg |memdcgpm `mbmea| mgpmg`mr mgpaglm| nc vrmal}vcloüg ogolocn `m

[oppkmg|pmog var `m|jclmr|m `m nc| „la|c|― paecr laea v}gpa `m vcrpo`c na| „jmlja|―'

L}cgà [oppkmg|pmog òlm s}m nc nükolc m| }g rminmda `mn e}gà. m|pã c|}eomgà c s}m nc

nükolc ogpra`}lm garec| vcrc iare}ncr c`ml}c`cemgpm. m|pa m|. garecpoycemgpm. na| jmlja|'

M|pa m|. [oppkmg|pmog ga òlm s}m nc laglomgloc. òkcea| mn „lagpclpa imgaeïgola lag nc|

la|c|―. rminmdm mn e}gà' \üna va`mea| rminmdcr mn e}gà |o ò|vagmea| `m cnk}gc| rmknc|

vcrc lag|pr}or%iare}ncr c`ml}c`cemgpm na| jmlja|' _a lrma s}m nc ôgolc òimrmgloc |}|pcgpoyc



Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. :

mgprm m|pc iarec `m mgpmg`mr mn vcvmn `mn nmgk}cdm nc s}m cvcrmlm mg mn nncecà }g pcgpa

crboprcrocemgpm „|mk}gà [oppkmg|pmog― *ymr. var mdmevna. Rmk}mrc. 3??6/ rcòlc mg nc

kmgmrcnotcloüg `m nc galoüg `m rmknc c apra| d}mka| `mn nmgk}cdm. eã| cnnã `mn d}mka `m nc

nükolc ecpmeãpolc' Nükolcemgpm nc galoüg `m c`ml}cloüg |m `mbonopc a |m mzpomg`m jcloc nc

o`mc `m rmnmycgloc `m nc| rmknc| . var pcgpa. `mn d}mka. mg rmncloüg c nc| ò|pogpc| iarec| ̀ m

yo`c'

M|pc ecgmrc `m ymr nc| la|c|. vmreopm nmmr `m }gc ecgmrc cnpmrgcpoyc. }g vala emga|

ogpmrm|c`c. mn |}v}m|pa mrrar jo|pürola `mn gmava|opoyo|ea. |} rmcno|ea ogkmg}a. |} ab|m|oüg

abdmpoyo|pc. |} ecpmrocno|ea rmlcnloprcgpm. |} iaboc c nc empciå|olc. |} lcgò`mt ïpolc. c|å

|}lm|oycemgpm. clpop}`m| s}m c ymlm| |m paecg laea nc i}mgpm `m paà| na| ecnm|

„`mlag|pr}lpoya|― s}m cjarc. pceboïg |}v}m|pcemgpm. vc`mlm nc lomgloc. nc rctüg. nc ymr`c`

`meã| ycnarm| c|alocà|' \m mgpomg`m s}m nc lomgloc |}| `mimg|arm| m|pãg `m cnk}gc iarec

vckcgà ogd}|pcemgpm }g mrrar s}m laempomrag. `mboà c }gc laevrmg|obnm laebogcloüg `m

lcgò`mt mgp}|oc|ea cànm|lmgpm. na| gmava|opoyo|pc| *ymr \ãgljmt. 3???/' @m cs}mnna| naà|

d}ymgonm|. òlmg. yomgmg cjarc na| icgka| `mn |aloanako|ea. mn rmncpoyo|ea `meã| iarec| `m

orrcloagcno|ea'

]gc lag|ml}mgloc abyoc `m m|pc nmlp}rc lag|o|pm mg mgpmg`mr s}m nc| |}lm|oyc| pmaråc| `m

nc lomgloc. v|olanakåc| c|aloc`c|. jcg oà larrokomgà. c ymlm| mzlm|oycemgpm. na| mrrarm| `mn

va|opoyo|ea nükola. }gc nükolc. s}m c lag ecgmrc| `m mzvocloüg. |m kmgmrcnotc c nc vravoc

myan}loüg „ogpmrgc― `mn gmava|opoyo|ea' Nc ea`mrcloüg vrakrm|oyc `m c}parm| gmava|opoyo|pc|

laea Cmr a Lcrgcv |}mnm |mr `m|lropc c ymlm| lag nc nükolc `m }g vralm|a `m mzvocloüg a

crrmvmgpoeomgpa `m na| vmlcà| a mzlm|a| `m |abmrboc d}ymgonm|'

Ga ab|pcgpm. m|pm |}dmpa v|olanükola oevnålopa mg nc va|oloüg va|opoyo|pc ga m| rmlagaloà

laea |}dmpa vravoa var Imokn *3?:3/. s}m. mg }g eayoeomgpa rmpürolcemgpm laevrmg|obnm.

ogln}m mn lag`}lpo|ea mgprm na| iclparm| s}m `cg n}kcr jo|pürolcemgpm cn va|opoyo|ea nükola. a




Nc myan}loüg `m nc pmaråc `m nc lomgloc c vcrpor `m nc vrav}m|pc nobmrcn `m Vavvmr. s}m

b}|lcbc côg |}| kcrcgpåc| mg mn iarecno|ea nükola. mg nc lag|o|pmgloc `m`}lpoyc `m nc| pmaråc|.

vc|ü var nc cvmrp}rc vrakrm|oyc `m nc lcdc gmkrc mg nc s}m Vavvmr jcbåc lagymrpoà |} laglmvpa

`m lagpmzpa ̀ m `m|l}broeomgpa' Mn |}dmpa v|olanükola i}m lagymrpoà mg }g iclpar lag|pr}lpoya

lag mn cgãno|o| `mn vralm|a `m iarecnotcloüg vmrlmvpoyc `m na| jmlja| mg Jcg|ag *3?;;/' Nc|

pmaråc| `m Jcg|ag |ag mg rmcno`c` m|pr}lp}rc| eapoycloagcnm| lag |mnmlpoyo`c` cnoemgpcroc.

jcebromgpc| `m |}| vravoa| jmlja|. iclpaprüiolc|. |o |m ga| vmreopm nc nolmgloc' G}m|prc

vmrlmvloüg „lomrrc―. var c|å `mlorna. nc ogirc`mpmreogcloüg ogiarecpoyc `m nc| „la|c|― vcrc

lagymrpornc| mg „jmlja|―. mg yorp}` `m. a eapoyc`c var. |} vrmd}oloa pmürola' M| òiålon. `m|`m

n}mka. vmg|cr mg nc laglmvloüg `m nc lomgloc `m Jcg|ag |og vmg|cr mg nc| cnpmrgcpoyc| pmürolc|

s}m c iogcnm| `m na| cóa| logl}mgpc mevomtcg c lro|pcnotcr mg nc l}np}rc v|olanükolc

garpmcemrolcgc. |og pmgmr mg l}mgpc. eã| laglrmpcemgpm. mn m|vårop} `m na s}m |m òa mg nncecr

gm{ naah mg v|olanakåc `m nc vmrlmvloüg. }gc g}myc cvrazoecloüg s}m mgicpotcbc mn vm|a `m

na| vrmd}oloa| a mzvmlpcpoyc| `mn |}dmpa mg nc iarecnotcloüg vmrlmvpoyc `m nc mzvmromgloc

*Br}gmr. 3?;0/'

Cnka vcrmloà |}lm`m lag nc| o`mc| `m Immrcbmg` a Pa}neog cn rm|vmlpa' Vmra m|

Pjaec| H}jg s}omg eã| ïzopa yc c cnlcgtcr mg m|m vralm|a `m nobmrcloüg rmlagaloeomgpa

`mn |}dmpa v|olanükola laea iclpar `mlo|oya mg mn vralm|a `m lag|pr}lloüg `m lagaloeomgpa

lomgpåiola' Va`mea| `mlor s}m Hj}g mzprcm cn |}dmpa v|olanükola `m |} lagiogceomgpa mg nc

dc}nc `m ara `mn lagpmzpa `m `m|l}broeomgpa vcrc lagymrporna mg mn nal}| `mn lceboa jo|pürola

mg lomgloc' Mg eo avogoüg. na s}m |m nm jclm }rkmgpm c H}jg m| ò|vagmr `m }g m|vcloa `m

cprob}loüg s}m nm vmreopc nalcnotcr . |o i}mrc va|obnm iarecnotcr. na| eapoya| * ga pcgpa nc|

lc}|c|/ `m nc mzlopcloüg s}m nnmyc c na| lceboa| r}vp}rcnm|. |cnpcpoya|. rmyan}loagcroa|. a `mn

|a|omka `m nc lomgloc garecn ' Em k}|pcråc |}brccr s}m nc o`mc `m iarecnotcr m| rmncpoycemgpm

|ml}g`croc c nc o`mc `m nalcnotcr ' M| vroecroa vcrc H}jg s}m mzo|pc }g m|vcloa `m cprob}loüg




v|olanükola. eapoycloagcn. |abrm paà. ga pcgpa ò|vagmr `m }gc pmaråc v|olanükolc iarecn'

Jc cnk}gc| vr}mbc| eã| a emga| iorem| s}m cvacg m|pc o`mc'

Vcrc mevmtcr. m| lomrpa s}m H}jg *3?;=/ c|}em mzvnålopcemgpm nc ogin}mgloc s}m

mdmrlomrag |abrm ïn cnk}ga| laglmvpa| v|olanükola|. c}gs}m vcrmlm s}m eã| laea cvaa| a

lagiorecloagm| s}m laea iclparm| rmcnemgpm lag|pr}lpoya| *ymr pceboïg \anå| \apa. 3??:/'

Nc v|olanakåc iarec vcrpm `m cs}mnna| „X'''U lceva| mg na| s}m X'''U nc ogym|pokcloüg `m|l}brm

vrabnmec| |oeoncrm| c na| s}m nc jo|paroc vrm|mgpcbc cgpm eo cpmgloüg― *vk|' 36%33/' C H}jg

nm ogpmrm|cg Vockmp nc Km|pcnp vars}m vravarloagcg. lc`c }ga c |} ecgmrc. vr}mbc| s}m

lagiorecg |} o`mc kmgmrcn `mn e}gà laea rmvrm|mgpcloüg. cn eo|ea pomeva |}brccg mn

lcrãlpmr |o|pïeola. knabcn arkcgotcà `m nc rmvrm|mgpcloüg' Vcrmlm s}m cnk}gc| `m nc| o`mc|

s}m ecgmdc |ag laevcpobnm| lag cnk}gc| vrmd}oloa| v|olanükola| e} kmgmrcnm|. vmra ga em

cprmymråc c or e}lja eã| cnnã'

]gc `m nc| rctagm| var nc| s}m nc v|olanakåc iarecn ga pomgm }g vm|a oevarpcgpm mg nc

abrc `m H}jg rcòlc mg mn jmlja `m s}m |}| rmimrmgloc| |ag |omevrm paec`c| `m v|olanakåc|

`mn ogòyo`}a *eã| lmrlcgc| c na| vrabnmec| iona|üiola| s}m |m vncgpmc a c nc ecgmrc `m

vncgpmcrna|/. l}cgà rm|}npc myo`mgpm s}m na s}m gmlm|opc. mg paà lc|a. vcrc bomg a vcrc ecn.

m| }gc v|olanakåc |alocn' Var mdmevna. mn }|a `mn „m|vårop}― km|pãnpola `m nc rmm|pr}lp}rcloüg

|ôbopc ̀ mn lceva vcrc cv}gpcncr nc o`mc `mn lcrãlpmr |cnpcpoya r}vp}rcn `m na| lceboa|

laglmvp}cnm| rmyan}loagcroa|. nm j}bomrc rm|}npcà eã| ôpon. cn ecrkmg `m |} ycnar pmürola. `m

jcbmrna rml}vmrcà. var mdmevna. c vcrpor `mn prcbcda `m H}rp Nm{og. e}lja eã| vrmal}vcà

var ò|vagmr mn laevarpceomgpa `mn ogòyo`}a mg mn lceva ymlparocn `m na| eapoya| lanmlpoya|

*C' Bncgla. 3?::/'

]g ogòloa eã| s}m ga |}mnm |mr pmgoà mg l}mgpc l}cgà na| v|olünaka| |m vncgpmcg nc

rmnmycgloc `m nc galoüg `m vcrcòkec vcrc mzvnolcr mn `m|crranna jo|pürola `m nc v|olanakåc. m

og`mvmgòmgpmemgpm `m nc rmnmycgloc `mn vncgpmceomgpa. m| s}m mn vravoa H}jg |}komrm s}m |m




nm jota gmlm|croa mn laglmvpa `m vcrcòkec d}|pcemgpm laea lropmroa vcrc ò|lroeogcr mgprm

lomgloc| gcp}rcnm| lomgloc| |alocnm|' @m ecgmrc s}m. var `miogoloüg. |o i}ï|mea| iomnm| c na

s}m H}jg *3?;=/ |}komrm mg mn vrmicloa c Nc M|pr}lp}rc `m nc| Rmyan}loagm| Lomgpåiolc|. a. mg

paà lc|a. c na s}m vcrmlm }gc nmlp}rc bc|pcgpm abyoc `m na s}m m|lrobm. nc v|olanakåc ga va`råc

|mr lag|o`mrc`c mg gogkôg lc|a }gc lomgloc vcrcòkeãpolc' @m|v}ï| `m }g cóa *3?=:%=?/ mg mn

Lmgpra `m M|p}òa| Cycgtcà| `m nc Lag`}lpc. laemgtü c vmrlcpcr|m `m nc| gapcbnm|

òimrmgloc| `m iagà s}m mzo|påcg mgprm nc| lae}go`c`m| `m lomgpåiola| gcp}rcnm| |alocnm|'

„ Vroglovcnemgpm. em c|aebrï “|mócnc% cgpm mn gôemra cnlcglm `m na|

`m|cl}mrà| vcpmgpm| mgprm na| lomgpåiola| |alocnm|. |abrm nc gcp}rcnmtc `m na| vrabnmec|

eïpaà| lomgpåiola| clmvpcà| X'''U. nc| lagpraymr|oc| |abrm i}g`cemgpa| s}m. mg nc

clp}cno`c` vcrmlmg mg`ïeolc|. var mdmevna. mgprm na| v|olünaka| a na| |aloünaka|' Cn

prcpcr `m `m|l}bror mn arokmg `m m|pc òimrmgloc. nnmk}ï c rmlagalmr mn vcvmn

`m|mevmócà mg nc ogym|pokcloüg lomgpåiolc var na s}m. `m|`m mgpaglm|. nncea

„vcrcòkec| ― *vk' 3</'

Bcda eo v}gpa `m yo|pc. c H}jg nm nnmkc. var rctagm| s}m pomgmg s}m ymr pcn ymt lag mn

lagpmzpa clc`ïeola mg mn s}m |m e}mym. }gc v|olanakåc lakga|lopoyc s}m mgpomg`m s}m mn n}kcr

àg`m |m jclm rmnmycgpm mn vrabnmec mvo|pmeanükola m| mn ogòyo`}a. }g vrmd}oloa s}m

laevcrpm lag nc pmaråc `m nc lomgloc prcòloagcn. mg nc s}m nc lae}go`c` lomgpåiolc m| mgpmgò`c

laea }gc emrc |}ec ̀ m ogòyo`}a| a laea }g eaà ogòrmlpa `m vagmr nåeopm| a larrmkor na|

|m|ka| a ogpmrm|m| ogòyo`}cnm|' Var m|a nc| lae}go`c`m| lomgpåiolc| `m H}jg vcrmlmg

laevarpcr|m laea ogòyo`}a|. m| `mlor. pomgmg `m|ma|. eapoya|. empc|. d}tkcg. pomgmg

lrmmgloc|. |an}loagcg vrabnmec|. mpl' Var nc eo|ec rctüg. a bomg gmlm|opc na s}m va`råcea|

nncecr }g |}dmpa `m cprob}loüg vravoa `m nc v|olanakåc vav}ncr allo`mgpcn a bomg }gc v|olanakåc

|alocn |mg|obnm cn pova `m rmk}ncro`c`m| imgüemga| s}m mn kr}va ogpra`}lm mg nc m|imrc `m

vrabnmec| s}m nm ogpmrm|cg' \} pmaråc s}omrm |mr eã| }gc v|olanakåc |alocn `m nc lomgloc s}m



Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 3<

}gc |aloanakåc `m nc lomgloc' A |o ga ymcea| laea lomrrc |} Va|`cpc c nc mòloüg `m 3?9? `m

Nc M|pr}lp}rc ̀ m nc| Rmyan}loagm| Lomgpåiolc|4

„ Jcbomgà ogolocà m|pc va|`cpc mgicpotcgà nc gmlm|o`c` `m m|p}òcr nc

m|pr}lp}rc lae}gopcroc `m nc lomgloc. pmreogcrï |}brccgà nc gmlm|o`c` s}m mzo|pm `m

m|p}òa| |oeoncrm| . |abrm paà. laevcrcpoya| ̀ m nc| lae}go`c`m| larrm|vagòmgpm| c

apra| lceva|' ±Lüea mimlp}cr nc mnmlloüg lüea m| }ga mnmkoà vcrc |mr eomebra `m

}gc lae}go`c` vcrpol}ncr. lomgpåiolc a ga1 ±L}ãn m| mn vralm|a l}ãnm| |ag nc| mpcvc|

`m |alocnotcloüg vcrc mn kr}va1 ±S}ï m| na s}m ym mn kr}va lanmlpoycemgpm laea |}|

empc|18 ±s}ï ̀ m|yocloagm|. lanmlpoyc| a ogòyo`}cnm| v}m`mg panmrcr|m8 lüea |m

lagprancg nc| cbmrrcloagm| ga vmreo|obnm|1 X'''U Mn lagaloeomgpa lomgpåiola. laea

nmgk}cdm. m| ogpråg|mlcemgpm nc vravom`c` `m }g kr}va a gogk}gc aprc la|c. mg cb|an}pa'

Vcrc laevrmg`mrna. gmlm|opcrmea| lagalmr nc| lcrclpmrå|polc| m|vmlocnm| `m na| kr}va|

s}m na lrmcg na }|cg― *vk' <3?/'

C}gs}m. laea ymrmea| cn iogcn `m m|pm cvcrpcà. |å jc }gc v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc

|mg|obnm c |} òemg|oüg |alocn. s}m mg lomrpa eaà |m jc vrmal}vcà var `cr rm|v}m|pc c nc|

vrmk}gpc| `m H}jg. na lomrpa m| s}m mn lceoga `m y}mnpc `m nc pmaråc `m nc lomgloc c nc

v|olanakåc jc pmgoà }g m|vmlocn oevclpa |abrm iarec| `m jclmr v|olanakåc eã| lmgprc`c| mg mn

ogòyo`}a' _c jmea| emgloagcà nc ogin}mgloc `m nc pmaråc `m nc lomgloc `m l}óa hcgpocga

|abrm nc prcòloüg i}gloagcno|pc *Bcn`{og. Vockmp/ a `mn va|opoyo|ea |abrm mn lag`}lpo|ea *mn

prcbcda `m J}nn lag|pop}m }g mdmevna ogemdarcbnm/'

Mn |}dmpa v|olanükola laea nal}| `m nc ògãeolc lomgpåiolc

]g lc|a m|vmlocn mg m|pc eo|ec òrmlloüg pomgm s}m ymr lag mn `m|crranna `m v|olanakåc|

`mn cvrmgòtcdm. c|aloc`c| c nc ò`ãlpolc `m nc lomgloc. s}m oglarvarcg laea vroglovoa|

jm}rå|pola| laglmvpa| `mroycà| `m pmaråc| `m nc lomgloc cn }|a' Pcn m| mn lc|a `mn vravoa H}jg

mg mn prcbcda `m Kob|ag *3?:=/. `mn rcloagcno|ea lråpola `m Vavvmr *Bmrh|ag [mppmr|pmg.




3?:0/ a `m nc nükolc `m na| vrakrcec| `m ogym|pokcloüg `m Nchcpa| mg na| ea`mna| `m

cvrmgòtcdm `m laglmvpa| lomgpåiola| `m Lcrm *3?:=/ a `m Vata *3?:;/'

Mn ea`mna `m Vata *3?:;/ em vcrmlm m|vmlocnemgpm ogpmrm|cgpm laea mdmevna `m m|pc

iarec `m prcbcdcr. pcgpa var |} lcvclo`c` `m ogpmkrcr rm|}npcà| laea var |} lag|o|pmgloc

laglmvp}cn lag nc iona|aiåc `m nc lomgloc `m Nchcpa|' Pceboïg na m| var |} iarec ecko|prcn `m

ogpmkrcr iarecnemgpm. rmpürolcemgpm. nc| prcòloagm| c nc| s}m |m `mbm' Emrmlm nc vmgc s}m nm

`mòs}mea| }g vala `m cpmgloüg'

@a| `m nc| pmaråc| |abrm mn `m|crranna lomgpåiola eã| ogin}mgpm| mgprm na s}m |m òa mg

nncecr g}myc| iona|aiåc| ̀ m nc lomgloc. nc pmaråc `m H}jg nc `m Nchcpa|. `mimg`åcg nc

mzo|pmgloc `m à| iarec| bã|olc| `m lceboa laglmvp}cn' Vcrc H}jg *3?;=/ mzo|påc }g lceboa

krc`}cn cl}e}ncpoya `}rcgpm na| vmråaà| vcrcòkeãpola| a `m lomgloc garecn. }g lceboa

r}vp}rcn. |cnpcpoya a rmyan}loagcroa mgprm vcrcòkec|' Var |} vcrpm. Nchcpa| *3?:</ ò|pogk}åc

pceboïg mgprm }gc ymr|oüg `ïbon }gc ymr|oüg i}mrpm `mn lceboa laglmvp}cn' Mn lceboa a

rmm|pr}lp}rcloüg `ïbon cimlpcråc |ancemgpm c na s}m Nchcpa| `mgaeogcbc logp}rüg vrapmlpar `m

nc pmaråc |} i}gloüg |mråc d}|pcemgpm vrm|mrycr mn gôlnma pmürola irmgpm c na| ogpmgpa| `m

icn|cloüg' Var |} vcrpm. nc rmm|pr}lp}rcloüg i}mrpm oevnolcråc }gc c}pïgpolc rmyan}loüg

laglmvp}cn. lag lceboa| |o|pïeola| |okgoiolcpoya|. ogln}|a mg na s}m nc pmaråc `miogm laea

jmlja|'

Nc o`mc `m Vata. og|vorãgà|m mg Lcrm *3?:=/. m| }ponotcr cnmkürolcemgpm nc pmaråc `m

Nchcpa| vcrc ogpmgpcr mgpmg`mr emdar nc| prcg|oloagm| |}lm|oyc| s}m |m ycg vra`}lomgà mg mn

vralm|a `m og|pr}lloüg lomgpåiolc' Mg rmcno`c`. nc ògãeolc `m rmm|pr}lp}rcloagm| s}m `m|lrobm

Nchcpa| al}rrm mg mn àeogoa `m|vmr|agcnotcà `m nc| pmaråc|. ga mg mn `m na| lomgpåiola|.

ogòyo`}cnm| a ckr}vcà| mg lae}go`c`m|' M| }gc ògãeolc `m nc| pmaråc| ga `m na| ckmgpm|

lomgpåiola|' Var m|a `mloea| s}m Vata jclm }g }|a cnmkürola `m nc iona|aiåc `m Nchcpa|'

Rmlagatlcea| s}m. `m|`m }g v}gpa `m yo|pc jo|pürola. nc m|prcpmkoc `m Nchcpa| i}m empmr laea



Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 3=

v}à `mgpra na s}m H}jg jcbåc `mdcà ci}mrc. c nc ogpmevmrom. rmncpoyotcà. |aempoà cn b}rà

ogpmrï|' _ c }g v|olünaka ogpmrm|cà mg lagalmr nc| lagòloagm| lakgopoyc|. ogpmrgc|. `mn

cvrmgòtcdm m|pm eayoeomgpa nm pomgm s}m rm|}npcr iarta|cemgpm ogpmrm|cgpm' \og mebcrka.

|ok}m jcbomgà mg Nchcpa|. laea mg H}jg }g vrabnmec lag nc ckmglocno`c`. m| `mlor. |ok}m |og

cvcrmlmr }g laevraeo|a mzvnålopa lag nc l}m|poüg `m mg s}oïg a mg s}ï rmlcm nc

rm|vag|cbono`c` `mn lceboa' \m prcpc. var |}v}m|pa. `m }g vrabnmec lag mn s}m na| v|olünaka|

pcevala ga| |anmea| mgirmgpcr c emg}à'

Mg l}cns}omr lc|a. na eã| ogpmrm|cgpm `m nc m|prcpmkoc `m Vata m| s}m. vcrc jclmr yocbnm

nc cnmkaråc. c|}em }g o|aeario|ea mgprm nc| m|pr}lp}rc| vralm|a| s}m l}r|cg. var c|å `mlorna.

mg nc lcbmtc `mn m|p}òcgpm na| s}m |m `cg mg nc m|imrc. i}gloagcnemgpm c}pügaec. `m nc|

pmaråc| lomgpåiolc|. na s}m pomgm |}| ymgpcdc| . |mk}rcemgpm. |}| oglagymgomgpm|' ]gc `m |}|

ymgpcdc| m| s}m `m m|m eaà rm|}npc va|obnm c|}eor }gc lagpog}o`c` l}cnopcpoyc mgprm ceba|

pova| `m vralm|a| *vmr|agcnm|%ò`ãlpola| y|' pmürola%lomgpåiola|/. |o |m mgpomg`m. laea m| mn

lc|a. s}m ceba| vmrpmgmlmg c nc lnc|m kmgmrcn `m na| vralm|a| lakgopoya|' Mg v}ro`c`. rm|}npc

e} crrom|kcà c|}eor m|c lagpog}o`c`' Ga jc gogk}gc rctüg cvcrmgpm s}m ga| vmreopc

|}vagmr s}m nc ògãeolc `mn lceboa s}m |m `c mgprm nc laglmvloüg vav}ncr `m nc krcym`c` |}

laglmvloüg lomgpåiolc pmgkc cnka s}m ymr lag mn lceboa laglmvp}cn s}m |m `cråc mg Gm{pag.

cgpm| `m|v}ï| `m nc lcå`c `m nc ecgtcgc. eãzoem |o Gm{pag m| mgpmgòà laea }gc emrc

alc|oüg vcrc s}m mn `m|crranna pmürola `m nc iå|olc |okc |} l}r|a'

Var apra ncà. }g oglagymgomgpm ogmyopcbnm nokcà c nc ymgpcdc cgpmroar m| s}m nc lomgloc

nc og|pr}lloüg s}m`cg |aempo`c| c }gc |}mrpm `m oev}go`c` l}np}rcn vanåpolc }g vala òiålon

`m c|}eor. v}m|pa s}m |} nükolc m| |omevrm cdmgc c |}| lagòloagm| `m oevncgpcloüg' \m

lagyomrpmg. laea vcrmlm s}m s}omrm g}m|prc l}np}rc. mg rmcno`c`m| cjo|pürolc|. a ogln}|a. mg

c}pïgpola| prob}gcnm| `m nc jo|paroc' @m m|pc ecgmrc. var mdmevna. nc| pmaråc| v|olanükolc| `mn




cvrmgòtcdm s}m`cg i}mrc `m pa`c |a|vmljc. laea na m|pã nc vravoc lomgloc s}m |m mglcrkcg `m

rmvra`}lor mg |}| vralmòeomgpa| mg |}| lagln}|oagm|'

Jc|pc cjarc jmea| yo|pa. c prcyï| `m cnk}ga| mdmevna|. lüea lomrpa| v}gpa| `m yo|pc

l}a abdmpoya vroearòcn m| laevrmg`mr nc lomgloc nnmycg orrmemòcbnmemgpm }gc v|olanakåc

cà|c`c' Vmra. laea jmea| |mócncà eã| crrobc. mn lceoga ogymr|a. m|pa m|. mn s}m yc `m nc

v|olanakåc c nc lomgloc ga |m ckapc lag na s}m va`råcea| nncecr mvo|pmeanakåc| v|olanükolc|.

cnk}ga| `m l}c| cvarpcloagm|. m|vmlocnemgpm nc prcòloüg i}gloagcno|pc `m prcòloüg hcgpocgc.

jmea| prcpcà c. go lag nc| oeãkmgm|. eågoecemgpm cnpmrc`c| laea clcbcea| `m ymr. s}m na|

v|olünaka| `mn cvrmgòtcdm nm| `my}mnymg c na| pmürola| `m nc lomgloc'

Mn lomgpåiola laea |}dmpa v|olanükola

Mzo|pm. c`meã|. }gc v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc. s}m lag|o`mrc nmkåpoea ogpmgpcr mzvnolcr

mzvnålopcemgpm na| vralm|a| `m vra`}lloüg jaeanakcloüg `m nc lomgloc. `m na| lomgpåiola|.

c vcrpor `m lcpmkaråc| v|olanükolc|. |og vrag}glocr|m garecnemgpm rm|vmlpa c aprc| va|obnm|

òemg|oagm| `mn c|}gpa' Em vcrmlm s}m mn nobra `m Ec|na{ *3?99/ m| mn vroemra mg }ponotcr nc

mzvrm|oüg v|olanakåc ̀ m nc lomgloc vcrc o`mgpoiolcr }g lceva `m prcbcda laglrmpa. c}gs}m pcn

ymt i}m Eopraii *3?;0/ s}omg nc vav}ncrotü' Påvolcemgpm }g v|olünaka `m nc lomgloc prcòloagcn

clpôc rm|vmlpa cn lceboa s}m ogpra`}lm Icrc`c mg nc jo|paroc `mn mnmlpraeckgmpo|ea `m }gc

ecgmrc |memdcgpm cn v|olünaka lnågola m|lancr l}cgà lag|o`mrc s}m mn irclc|a m|lancr mg

Lcnl}pc |m `mbm c }g `ïiolop cpmgloagcn kmgmrcnotcà' M| `mlor. ga m|pã `mec|ocà ogpmrm|cà

mg vrabnmecpotcr mn m|pcp}pa `m na| imgüemga| s}m `miogm laea rmnmycgpm| * laea

v|olanükola|/' Vagkcea| s}m nm ogpmrm|c laevrabcr mg s}ï emò`c v}m`m ogpmrvrmpcr mn lceboa

laea lceboa laglmvp}cn. cn ecrkmg `m s}m mzo|pcg lropmroa| lncra| a ga vcrc ò|alocr na s}m m|

laglmvp}cn `m na s}m m|. var mdmevna. rmpürola'

M|pm pova `m v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc pomg`m c lmgprcr|m mg mn ogòyo`}a. mg mn lomgpåiola

vcrpol}ncr' Mg cnk}gc| alc|oagm|. mn lomgpåiola vcrpol}ncr m| paecà |üna laea }g mdmevncr a



Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 3;

}g nal}| mg mn s}m |m `c lomrpa vralm|a kmgmrcn `m gcp}rcnmtc v|olanükolc *ymr. var mdmevna.

H}nhcrgo \oeag. 3?::/' Mg apra| lc|a|. mn abdmpoya `m nc v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc m| eã| bomg

ogpmgpcr mzvnolcr nc| lc}|c| v|olanükolc| `m nc vra`}lpoyo`c`. nc arokogcno`c` a mn ïzopa. mg

kmgmrcn. `m }g lomgpåiola vcrpol}ncr. c|}eomgà s}m m|m. mn v|olanükola. m| d}|pcemgpm mn m|pcp}|

`m pcnm| imgüemga|' Mn nobra mòpcà var Kjan|ag. \jcò|j. Gmoemmr Ja}p| *3?:?/

lag|pop}m }g b}mg vrmpmzpa vcrc vrai}gòtcr mg m|pc vmr|vmlpoyc' Mn m|p}òa `m lc|a| m|. var

apra ncà. }gc m|prcpmkoc o`mcn vcrc m|pm pova `m cvrazoecloüg *Kr}bmr. 3?:0/'

Nc ecar vcrpm `m nc| v|olanakåc| prcòloagcnm|. m. ogln}|a nc| ga pcg prcòloagcnm|. jcg

vramlpcà |} n}t |abrm na| lomgpåiola|. lag rm|}npcà| `m|ok}cnm|. `m|`m mn v|olacgãno|o| *var

mdmevna. mn lïnmbrm prcbcda `m Irm}` |abrm Nmagcrà/ jc|pc mn lag`}lpo|ea *ymr Ra|c. J}mrpc|.

Bncgla. 3??9/' Na lomrpa m| s}m. mg kmgmrcn. l}cns}omr mdmrloloa `m v|olanakotcloüg `m nc yo`c

a nc abrc `m }g lomgpåiola vcrpm lag mn nc|prm mgkarra|a `m pmgmr s}m ò|pcglocr|m rmpürolcemgpm

`mn |mgpoà laeôg vcrc pmgmr cnkôg pova `m ymgpcdc |oebünolc rm|vmlpa c ïn. vmra. cn eo|ea

pomeva. ga v}m`m lcmr mg mn mrrar `m jclmrna `mec|ocà cbomrpcemgpm vars}m mgpaglm| larrm mn

rom|ka `m rm|}npcr vala vav}ncr' Var m|pc| rctagm|. na eã| jcbop}cn m| jclmr }g }|a

d}|poiolcloago|pc `m nc| lcpmkaråc| pmürolc| iarecnm|. iartcgà mg lomrpa eaà nc |mnmlloüg `m

`cpa| mg |} òrmlloüg' Mg mn iagà. m|pc| v|olanakåc| `m nc lomgloc `m larpm lc|o jckoakrãiola

lag|mrycg mg e}lja| lc|a| mn anar `m nc| lcrclpmroanakåc| prcòloagcnm|. s}m mglagprcbcg }gc

iarec miolct `m lag|mk}or vav}ncro`c` cvnolcgà |}| vralmòeomgpa| c vmr|agcdm| icea|a|'

Nc| lcpmkaråc| s}m |m vagåcg. |m |ok}mg vagomgà. mg d}mka |ag pcg cebok}c| s}m rm|}npc

e} iãlon mzprcmr `mn cgãno|o| nc| lagln}|oagm| eã| icyarcbnm| cn cgcno|pc' Cnka `m m|pa jota

lag mn rm Imnovm OO D}cg J}crpm `m \cg D}cg mg |} Mzcemg ̀ m Ogkmgoa|. a Ecrocga L}bå. mn

eã| on}|prm rmvrm|mgpcgpm `m nc irmganakåc mg M|vcóc. lag vmr|agcdm| vav}ncrm| `m |} ïvalc'

Mg yorp}` `m |}| rmncloagm| lag mn |mgpoà laeôg. nc lagprob}loüg `m m|pc iarec `m

mgpmg`mr nc v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc c nc |alocnotcloüg `mn ò|l}r|a aiolocn |abrm nc lomgloc. cn



Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 3:

ecrkmg `m |} goymn `m lag|o|pmgloc ogpmrgc a pmürolc. m| mzprmec`cemgpm oevarpcgpm' Lag m|pm

iog. na| v|olünaka| `m nc lomgloc jcg pmgoà s}m |aempmr|m c }gc m|vmlom `m ckoargcemgpa

rmpürola iarta|a. j}ecgotcgà. gcp}rcnotcgà a `m|eopoiolcgà cnk}gc| `m nc| lcpmkaråc|

lmgprcnm| `m nc cgpravanakåc lomgpåiolc' M|pm vralm|a m| m|vmlocnemgpm nncecpoya. var mdmevna.

mg mn lc|a `m lcpmkaråc| laea kmgocno`c` lrmcpoyo`c` . lcpmkaråc| s}m mg iarec `m rc|ka| |m

|}mnmg vrm|}eor `m l}cns}omr lomgpåiola icea|a' Nc v|olanakåc jc jmlja }g mgarem prcbcda `m

clp}cnotcloüg . vagkcea|. `mealrcpotcloüg `m m|pc| lcpmkaråc| }g vala a|l}rc|. c nc| s}m

vcrmlm s}m g}m|prc l}np}rc ga v}m`m rmg}glocr iãlonemgpm' _a lrma s}m cebc| m|pãg

rmncloagc`c| jo|pürolc l}np}rcnemgpm lag nc ò|pogloüg lnã|olc mgprm cr| m ogkmgo}e' Mg m|pm

|mgpoà. rm|}npcråc }g vala ogkmg}a *pcn ymt ga pcgpa/ vmg|cr s}m nc v|olanakåc jc lag|mk}oà

larrabarcr lomgpåiolcemgpm nc yocbono`c` `m m|pc ò|pogloüg. laea }gc ò|pogloüg s}m vmreopm

rmimror|m rok}ra|cemgpm c abdmpa| a l}cno`c`m| s}m%m|pãg%cjå%ci}mrc' \mråc. mg lomrpa eaà.

laea vmg|cr s}m nc kmgïpolc jc lagiorecà lomgpåiolcemgpm mn icea|a c`ckoa vav}ncr „`m pcn

vcna. pcn c|ponnc―. a s}m nc empmrmanakåc *ck}dmra `m ataga. lcnmgpceomgpa vrakrm|oya.

`m|mrpotcloüg/ jc lagiorecà nc lrmmgloc pcg mzpmgò`c laea ogi}g`c`c |mkôg nc l}cn „cjarc

mg ogyomrga gomyc!nn}mym emga|―. „ c ga jc ogyomrga|―. mpl' Pmgmea| s}m vmg|cr eã| bomg

s}m |m prcpc `m lcpmkaråc| s}m |m jcg jmlja l}np}rcnemgpm i}mrpm| `m l}c yokmgloc

`mvmg`mg. c |} ymt. }g b}mg gôemra `m ò|pogloagm| |alocnm|. og|pop}loagm|. kr}va| m ogln}|a.

laea ymea|. vraim|oagm|'

Mg m|pc òrmlloüg va`mea| or ogp}mgà `m s}ï iarec| laglrmpc| nc v|olanakåc v}m`m.

|}mnm. jclmr|m l}np}rcnemgpm rmnmycgpm' Mg m|pm lc|a vcrpol}ncr nc v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc

larrabarc `m|`m |} m|pcp}| `m lomgloc. . var pcgpa. `m|`m mn va`mr s}m |m nm cprob}m. `m|`m nc

gm}prcno`c`. mn `m|ogpmrï|. m. ogln}|a. nc cbgmkcloüg `m „eã| `m }g |okna `m `}ra prcbcda mg mn

ncbarcparoa―. nc yokmgloc `m lcpmkaråc| s}m ga |ag m|prolpcemgpm „gm}prcnm|― *kmgocno`c`.

lrmcpoyo`c`. miolcloc/ mg mn |mgpoà mg mn s}m na m|. var mdmevna. nc galoüg iå|olc `m „ogmrloc―'



Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 3?

Vmra na lomrpa m| s}m e}lja| v|olünaka| vomg|cg c|å' Rm|}npc. c}gs}m |} c}par ga na ymc

garecnemgpm `m m|pm eaà. }g vala ogs}ompcgpm laevrabcr. var mdmevna. s}m nc lïnmbrm lopc

nopmrcroc s}m mglcbmtc }g lcvåp}na |abrm cvrmgòtcdm yolcroa lagpomgm }gc `miogoloüg eã| lncrc.

ogp}opoyc vrmlo|c s}m nc s}m ogemòcpcemgpm `m|v}ï| ogpmgpc |clcr c`mncgpm mn vravoa

lcvåp}na' \o mn nmlpar ga clcbc `m mgpmg`mr var s}ï rctüg `mbmråc rm|}npcr ogs}ompcgpm.

oeckågm|m |mglonncemgpm s}m |memdcgpm imgüemga |m òm|m. var mdmevna. mg }g ecg}cn `m

aipcneanakåc. mgàlroganakåc a ogkmgområc loyon'

Mg l}cns}omr lc|a. mn prcbcda `m m|pm pova `m v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc rmi}mrtc a

n}brolc na| mgkrcgcdm| s}m |m mglcrkcg `m rmvra`}lor prcg|iarecr nc l}np}rc mg nc

òrmlloüg c`ml}c`c' _ mg pcn |mgpoà. mn `m|crranna |meãgpola `m lcpmkaråc| laea

kmgocno`c` a lrmcpoyo`c` |ok}m }g l}r|a e} vcrmloà cn `m lcpmkaråc| laea im.

laevraeo|a. |ano`cro`c` . a lomgloc. var s}ï ga'

Nc m|prcpmkoc mg nc s}m |m mebcrlc nc v|olanakåc m| bc|pcgpm abyoc mg m|pm |mgpoà4 mg

c}|mgloc `m }g vrmd}oloa pmürola bomg iarecà |abrm nc gcp}rcnmtc `m nc lrmcpoyo`c` a `mn kmgoa.

|m paec `m ecgmrc eã| a emga| mzvnålopc mn vrmd}oloa `m |mgpoà laeôg' C vcrpor `m òlja

vrmd}oloa |m paec. c |} ymt. }gc e}m|prc rmvrm|mgpcpoyc `m kmgpm lrmcpoyc |m laevr}mbc s}ï

m| na s}m pomgmg mg laeôg lüea na jcg lag|mk}oà' Lag na| `cpa| c|å abpmgoà| |m vra`}lm

}gc `miogoloüg gmpcemgpm mzpmg|oagcn `m nc lrmcpoyo`c`. s}m pomgm }g mimlpa |memdcgpm cn `mn

lagmda s}m |cnm `m nc ljo|pmrc' Paà mn e}gà |cbåc s}m mn lagmda jcbåc m|pcà |omevrm cjå. mg

mn àbnm iagà `m nc ljo|pmrc. vmra paà mn e}gà cvnc}`m cn ymrna cvcrmlmr eayomgà |}|

bokapm|' \o cgpm| `m nnmkcr c nc `miogoloüg ga |cbåcea| na s}m mrc nc lrmcpoyo`c`. ga |m mgpomg`m

iãlonemgpm lüea jmea| |oà lcvclm| `m m|lakmr c`ml}c`cemgpm g}m|prc e}m|prc `m kmgpm

lrmcpoyc' \mc laea i}mrm. c `m|vmlja `mn ogknï|. |m vravagmg m|prcpmkoc| vcrc mg|mócr

lrmcpoyo`c` s}m. mg nc ecaråc `m na| lc|a|. m|pãg nmda| mnnc| eo|ec| `m ea|prcr mn eågoea

ogòloa `m lrmcpoyo`c`' Mg l}cns}omr lc|a. vcrmlm s}m m| eã| oevarpcgpm lrmcr ò|l}r|a m




og|pop}loagm| s}m |avarpmg nc lcpmkaråc s}m lag|mk}or laevarpceomgpa| rmcnemgpm lrmcpoya|. |o

m| s}m m|pa |okgoiolc cnka c m|pc| cnp}rc|' \üna mg g}m|prc| eã| |}bnoem| vc||anogocgc|

icgpc|åc| |mråcea| lcvclm| `m oeckogcr c }g eagdm prcvmg|m ò|mrpcgà vôbnolcemgpm |abrm nc

imgaemganakåc `mn arkc|ea. e}lja emga| *c}gs}m m|pa ga m| pcg lncra/ |anolopcgà

iogcglocloüg vôbnolc vcrc |} prcbcda'

Mg paà lc|a. mg na| ônpoea| cóa| m|pãg cvcrmlomgà v|olanakåc| `m nc lomgloc s}m jcg

c|}eoà mn rmpa mzvnålopa mg mn vrakrcec `m H}jg. m| `mlor. mgprcr mg nc nükolc `m nc

lae}go`c`. `mn kr}va. mgpmgòmgà s}m nc clpoyo`c` lomgpåiolc g}glc m|. var `miogoloüg. }gc

clpoyo`c` ogòyo`}cn *ymr Ra|c. J}mrpc| Bncgla. 3??9/' Mg paà lc|a. nc mpos}mpc ga kcrcgpotc

var |å eo|ec s}m nc| vrmk}gpc| `m H}jg yccg c pmgmr rm|v}m|pc|' Jc v|olanakåc| |alocnm| `m

nc lomgloc s}m |m jcg noeopcà c lanagotcr |meãgpolcemgpm mn lceva `m nc clpoyo`c` lomgpåiolc

k}oc`c| var nc ckmg`c `m vrabnmec| `m nc v|olanakåc |alocn prcòloagcn *no`mrctka. lajm|oüg.

laginolpa/. |og c|}eor. var mdmevna. cnkôg pova `m vrmd}oloa rmncpoya c nc |aloanakåc `mn

lagaloeomgpa `m|`m nc s}m nc clpoyo`c` lomgpåiolc `mbmråc labrcr |mgpoà' Pcn m| mn lc|a `m nc

rm|v}m|pc mzvnålopc c H}jg s}m mglagprcea| mg mn prcbcda `m Na`cjn Karàg *3?;2/. }g

prcbcda s}m mgl}mgprc. var mdmevna. }gc lncrc larrmncloüg mgprm mn goymn `m m|pcbono`c` `m }g

vcrcòkec mn goymn `m laginolpa mg nc paec `m `mlo|oagm| kr}vcnm|' Cnka |memdcgpm al}rrm

lag nc iarec mg s}m mn vravoa Ea|layolo *3??</ mgpomg`m nc v|olanakåc `m nc lomgloc' Mg paà|

m|pa| lc|a| |m c|}em s}m mn lagaloeomgpa m| }g imgüemga ogòyo`}cn m ogpmrga s}m |}vagm

m|pcr mg va|m|oüg `m cnka' Nc rmcno`c` |alocn. mg paà lc|a. ò|vagm mn vco|cdm var mn l}cn mn

lagaloeomgpa ò|l}rrm cgpm| `m |mr cvrm|cà var emgpm| ogòyo`}cnm|. eayo`c| var ycnarm|.

lrmmgloc|. clpop}`m|. mpl'

Irmgpm c m|pc v|olanakåc |alocn `m nc lomgloc s}m nncecrmea| prcòloagcn vcrc

mgpmg`mrga|. cvcrmlm aprc yogl}nc`c c m|pm ga pcg g}mya. vmra |å eã| |aio|polcà mzpmgòà.

laevnmda va|p *va|pea`mrga. va|pm|pr}lp}rcn. va|p{oppkmg|pmogocga/. }gc v|olanakåc |alocn `m




nc lomgloc. s}m c vm|cr `m ga s}mrmr vrm|logòr `m |} ionocloüg v|olanükolc. d}mkc d}|pcemgpm c

vrabnmecpotcr. `m|v|olanakotcr . lanmlpoyotcr rmvabncr vanåpolcemgpm nc rmcno`c` lomgpåiolc

*ymr. var mdmevna. @aeêgmlj. 3??:/' \} ecprot m|pã vrmlo|cemgpm mg nc lagymrkmgloc mgprm nc

|aloanakåc `mn lagaloeomgpa `m Bmrkmr N}lhecg *3?:0/. nc mpgaempaànakåc `m Kcrioghmn

*3?9;/. na s}m kmgïrolcemgpm. cb}|cgà }g vala `mn nmlpar. va`råcea| `mgaeogcr pmaråc|

lråpolc| *lag|pr}lloago|ea |alocn. v|olacgãno|o| lråpola. v|olanakåc |alocn lråpolc.

`mlag|pr}lloago|ea/' Paeã| Obãómt N}vologoa Oóåk}mt jcg mòpcà rmlomgpmemgpm Lropolcn

\alocn V|ljanak *Obãómt m Oóåk}mt. 3??:/. }g yan}emg mzprmec`cemgpm ôpon vcrc mgpmg`mr nc

in}o`mt mn lcrãlpmr }g vala o|aprüvola s}ogmcga. var }ponotcr }gc imnot mzvrm|oüg `m Iaàr.

`m m|pc g}myc clpop}` pmürolc' @m|`m eo v}gpa `m yo|pc. nc v|olanakåc |alocn lråpolc |üna pomgm }g

vrabnmec ymr`c`mrcemgpm oevarpcgpm. c |cbmr. |} ab|pogcloüg var |mk}or rmlagaloïgà|m laea

v|olanakåc. . var m|c eo|ec rctüg. |} gmlm|o`c` vmrmgparoc `m `miogor|m laea cnpmrgcpoyc c

aprc v|olanakåc. nmkopoecgà c|å. c}gs}m |üna |mc iarecnemgpm. nc vmrpogmgloc `m |mk}or

v|olanakotcgà nc |}bdmpoyo`c`' Mgprm nc| lag|ml}mgloc| c ymlm| vala ckrc`cbnm| `m m|pm

mglc`mgceomgpa `m lorl}g|pcgloc| |m mgl}mgprc nc vrmal}vcgpm pmg`mgloc c b}|lcr cnocgtc|

iona|üiolc| a pmürolc| c ymlm| bc|pcgpm krcp}opc|. pceboïg lomrpc| m|pmrmapovoc| on}|prc`c|. bomg

laevrmg|obnm|. var apra ncà. mg |}| mdmrloloa| `m `meagotcloüg `m nc `mgaeogc`c. mg

alc|oagm| }g vala vrmlovopc`cemgpm. lomgloc va|opoyc' Ga v}m`m |mr. var mdmevna. s}m mn

eïpaà mzvmroemgpcn rm|}npm ogpråg|mlcemgpm vmrymr|a laea m|prcpmkoc `m ogym|pokcloüg mg

v|olanakåc. a s}m |m c|alom crboprcrocemgpm lag mn ogòyo`}cno|ea. lag nc mzckmrcloüg `mn ycnar

`m na| gôemra|. mpl'

Rmpaecgà }g crk}emgpa s}m |m ga| m|pã cncrkcgà c `mec|ocà. va`mea| `mlor s}m

nc| laevnmdc| rmncloagm| l}np}rcnm| mgprm nc v|olanakåc nc mvo|pmeanakåc |m mzpomg`mg `m|`m mn

laevraeo|a rcòlcn `m nc| v|olanakåc| s}m oglarvarcg rminmzoycemgpm }gc o`mc `m lomgloc

c}paogln}|oyc. jc|pc nc| v|olanakåc| `m nc lomgloc eã| jckoakrãiolc|. nmkopoeo|pc| |mg|obnm| c




nc| gmlm|o`c`m| l}np}rcnm| eã| abyoc|' Mg paà| na| lc|a|. nc c|}gloüg kmgmrcn |mkôg nc l}cn m|

va|obnm gcp}rcnotcr nc oeckmg `m nc lomgloc lagyorpoïgànc mg }g abdmpa s}m lcbm `mgpra `mn

vramlpa `m nc v|olanakåc lag|ok}m cnk}ga| mimlpa| s}m emrmlm nc vmgc. laea jmea| yo|pa.

pmgmr vrm|mgpm|' L}cgà nc v|olanakåc `miomg`m lomgpåiolcemgpm nc o`mc `m s}m nc lomgloc m| mn

vramlpa nåeopm `m nc gcp}rcnmtc. c prcyï| `mn `m|vnomk}m `m nc rctüg. lomrrc }g b}lnm jo|pürola'

Clcbc. var c|å `mlorna. lag mn eo|pmroa' Lmrpoiolc mn `m|poga `mn jaebrm lagyomrpm. var nc

eo|ec rctüg. mn |o|pmec `m ycnarm| s}m k}åc mn `m|crranna `m nc l}np}rc allo`mgpcn mg mn ôgola

vmg|cbnm' Var m|pc yåc. nc v|olanakåc |m lanalc mg mn larctüg `m nc eãs}ogc l}np}rcn. lrmcgà }g

m|vcloa s}m vramlpc. rminmdc rmirclpc oeãkmgm| `mn jaebrm i}g`cemgpcnm| vcrc `miogor mg

lc`c eaemgpa nc òrmlloüg. mn mpja| gmlm|croa vcrc s}m nc| la|c| yccg var àg`m `mbmg or'

Gcp}rcnotcgà. m| `mlor. jclomgà gmlm|croc m ogmyopcbnm nc clpoyo`c` lomgpåiolc. nc

v|olanakåc gcp}rcnotc jclm pceboïg ogmyopcbnm mn vravoa ecrla ïpola cn s}m nc lomgloc

rm|vag`m s}m mnnc eo|ec rmvra`}lm' Mn ecrla ïpola `m nc lomgloc pomgm s}m |mr. var c|å

`mlorna. nc m|mgloc. mn gôlnma `m }gc ïpolc |alocn s}m lagyomrpm c nc lomgloc cn vrakrm|a mg mn

emòa mn iog `m l}cns}omr lceboa |okgoiolcpoya'



Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 2<

Rmimrmgloc|

Bmrkmr. V'O' N}lhecgg. P' *3?:0/' Nc Lag|pr}lloüg \alocn `m nc Rmcno`c` ' B}mga|

Corm|4 Cearrarp}'

Bmrh|ag. [' [mppmr|pmg. D' *3?:0/' Nmcrgogk irae Mrrar' Hcrn Vavvmr‟| V|ljanak ai

Nmcrgogk ' Nc \cnnm. Onn'4 Avmg La}rp'

Bncgla. C' *3?::/' Logla Prcòloagm| mg nc V|olanakåc \alocn' Ec`ro`4 Earcpc'

Bncgla. I' *2662/' Mn L}npoya `m nc Emgpm' Ec`ro`4 Ecljcà'

Br}gmr. D' *3?;0/' Bmag` pjm Ogiarecpoag Koymg4 \p}òm| og pjm V|ljanak ai Hga{ogk '

Nagàg4 Kmarkm Cnnmg ) ]g{og'

Lcrm. \' *3?:=/' Laglmvp}cn Ljcgkm og Ljon`jaa` ' Lcebro`km. Ec||'4 E'O'P' Vrm||'

@aeêgmlj. E' *3??:/' Mn vrabnmec `m „na |alocn― mg nc V|olanakåc \alocn' Cnk}gc|

lag|o`mrcloagm| `m|`m nc |aloanakåc `mn lagaloeomgpa lomgpåiola' Cgpjrava|. 3;; 8 <0%<?'

Imokn. J' *3?:3/' Mn Nmkcà ̀ mn Va|opoyo|ea Nükola' Ycnmgloc4 Pmarmec'

Imrgãg`mt. P'R' *3??=/' Hcgp nc jo|paroc `mn \}dmpa4 }g m|bata boakrãiola' Lae}golcloüg

vrm|mgpc`c cn YOOO \eva|o}e `m nc \MJV ' Vcnec `m Ecnnarlc. 2;%2? `m Cbron'

Kcrioghmn. J' *3?9;/' \p}òm| og Mpjgaempjaànak' Mgknm{aa` Lnoii|. GD4 Vrmgpolm%Jcnn'

Kjan|ag.B'8 \jcò|j. ['R'8 Gmoemmr. R'C' Ja}p|. C'L' *3?:?/' V|ljanak ai \lomglm4

Lagprob}poag| pa Empc|lomglm' Lcebro`km. Mgk'4 Lcebro`km ]goymr|op Vrm||'

Kob|ag. H'D' *3?:=/' Pjm lagymrkmglm ai H}jg cg` lakgopoym v|ljanak' Gm{ O`mc| og

v|ljanak. 2. 233%223'

Kr}bmr. J'M' *3?:0/' @cr{og |abrm mn Jaebrm4 }g M|p}òa V|olanükola `m nc Lrmcpoyo`c`

Lomgpåiolc' Ec`ro`4 Cnocgtc Mòparocn'




Jcg|ag. R'G' *3?;;/' Vcpragm| ̀ m @m|l}broeomgpa' Ab|mrycloüg Mzvnolcloüg' Ec`ro`4

Cnocgtc'

J}||mrn. M' *3??3/' Nc Lro|o| `m nc| Lomgloc| M}ravmc| nc Imgaemganakåc Prcg|lmg`mgpcn '

Bcrlmnagc4 Mòparocn Lråpolc'

Obãómt. P' m Oóåk}mt. N' *3??:/' Lropolcn \alocn V|ljanak' Nagàg4 \ckm'

H}jg. P'\' *3?;=/' Nc M|pr}lp}rc `m nc| Rmyan}loagm| Lomgpåiolc|' Eïzola4 Iagà `m L}np}rc

Mlagüeolc'

H}nhcrgo. @' \oeag. J'C' *3?::/' Pjm vralm||m| ai |lomgpoiol ò|laymr 4 Pjm |prcpmk ai

mzvmroemgpcpoag' Lakgopoym \lomglm. Cvron%D}gm. Yan' 32 *2/4 3<?%3;='

Nchcpa|' O' *3?:</' Nc Empaànakåc `m na| Vrakrcec| `m Ogym|pokcloüg Lomgpåiolc' Ec`ro`4

Cnocgtc'

Na`cjn. D'B' Karàg. K' *3?;2/' Pjm |pr}lp}rm ai |lomgpoiol iomn`| cg` pjm i}glpoagogk ai

}goymr|op krc`}cpm `mvcrpemgp|' Cemrolcg \aloanakolcn Rmyom{' <; . =;%;2'

Ec|na{. C'J' *3?99/' Pjm V|ljanak ai \lomglm4 c Rmlaggco||cglm' Gm{ _arh4 Jcrvmr cg`

Ra{'

Eopraii. O'O' *3?;0/' Pjm |}bdmlpoym \o`m ai \lomglm4 C Vjona|avjolcn Ogs}or ogpa pjm

V|ljanak ai pjm Cvanna Eaag \lomgpo|p|' Ce|pmr`ce4 Mn|myomr'

Ea|layolo. \' *3??</' Pa{cr` c \alocn V|ljanak ai \lomglm' Da}rgcn iar pjm Pjmar ai

\alocn Bmjcyoa}r. 2<*0/. <0<%<;0'

Vockmp. D' *3?9?/' Boanakåc `mn Lagaloeomgpa' Ec`ro`4 \okna ZZO'

Vata. O' *3?:;/' Cvrmgòtcdm ̀ m nc Lomgloc Vmg|ceomgpa Lc}|cn ' Ec`ro`4 Yo|ar'

Rmk}mrc. O' *3??6/' [oppkmg|pmog na| {oppkmg|pmogocga|' Mg Vmlmnnåg. E' Rmk}mrc. O' *m`|'/

[oppkmg|pmog%Jmo`mkkmr ' Bc`cdat4 Mòloagm| `m nc @ov}pcloüg `m Bc`cdat'



Mvo|pmeanakåc V|olanakåc. 2=

Ra|c. C'. J}mrpc|. D'C' Bncgla. I' *3??9/' Empa`anakåc vcrc nc Jo|paroc `m nc V|olanakåc'

Ec`ro`4 Cnocgtc'

\ãgljmt. D'L' *3??=/' Nc kïgm|o| `m nc „Ogp}oloüg―' Jmnejanpt nc gcp}rcnotcloüg `mn \}dmpa

Prcg|lmg`mgpcn hcgpocga' Lae}golcloüg vrm|mgpc`c cn YOOO \eva|o}e `m nc \MJV '

Vcnec `m Ecnnarlc. 2;%2? `m Cbron'

\ãgljmt. D'L' *3???/' Vramlpa @almgpm' Jo|paroc ̀ m nc V|olanakåc' ]goymr|o`c` `m Ayom`a'

\anå|. L' \apa. V' *3??:/' Pjaec| H}jg nc lomgloc lakgopoyc' Mg \anå|. L' *m`'/ Cnpc

Pmg|oüg' Jo|paroc. \aloanakåc Iona|aiåc ̀ m nc Lomgloc' Bcrlmnagc4 Vco`ü|'

epistemologia de la psicologia: viaje de ida y vuelta

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