tesis listo original.docx

7/23/2019 tesis listo original.docx

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-listo-originaldocx 1/51

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD

ESCUELA PROFECIONAL DE ODONTOLOGIA

PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN

“EFECTIVIDAD DE UN PROGRAMA EDUCATIVO “PREPARADOS

ANTE LOS PRIMEROS AUXILIOS” EN EL NIVEL DE

CONOCIMIENTO SOBRE TRAUMATISMO DENTOALVEOLARES

EN PROFESORES DEL NIVEL PRIMARIO DE ESCUELAS

PÚBLICAS DE LA PROVINCIA DE AZANGARO - 2014”

PRESENTADO POR:

BACH. PEDRO YUBERLY TURPO ZAPANA

PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO DE CIRUJANO DENTISTA

PUNO - PERU



INDICE

I TITULO DEL PROYECTO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

II NOMBRES Y APELLIDOS DEL AUTOR!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

III PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA…………………………………..……..3

3.1 Formu!"#$% &' (ro)'m!………………………………….……..……………...…*

3.+ E%u%"#!&o............................................................................................................... ,

3.3 Ju#/#"!"#$%............................................................................................................,

IV ANTECEDENTES INVESTIGATIVOS……………………………………….....0

*.1 A%'"'&'%' #%'r%!"#o%!'……………………………………………………......0

*+ A%'"'&'%' %!"#o%!'……………………………………………..…...................2 *.3 A%'"'&'%' o"!'……………………………………………………….………11

V MARCO TEÓRICO………………………………………………….…………1+,.1 Tr!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r'………………………….….……………………..….1+,.+ E(#&'m#oo4#!………………………………………………………....…..................13,.3 Fr'"u'%"#!…………………………………………………………………………....1*,.* Pr'!'%"#! ' #%"#&'%"#!……………………………………….…...………………...1*,., F!"or' '#o$4#"o……………………………………………….…..……….….....15,.5 F!"or' (r'&#(o%'%'………………………………………..…..……………...…16 ,.6 Lu4!r' &' o"urr'%"#! m7 /r'"u'%'……………………..……………………….10

,.0 D'%#"#$% !/'"!&! 8 &#'%' #%ou"r!&o……………………………..……….........10,.2 C!#/#"!"#$% &' o r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r'…..……………………………....+9,.19 L'#o%' &' o '#&o &uro &'%!r#o……………………….……………..…….…+9,.11 Fr!"ur! "oro%!r#!………………………………………………………....……....++,.1+ Fr!"ur! r!&#"u!r'………………………………………………………………....++,.13 L'#o%' &' o '#&o ('r#o&o%!'……………………………………………..…+3,.1* Proo"oo &' !'%"#$% &' r!um! &' !u#$% 8 /r!"ur! &'%!r#! ;u' &')'% '4u#r !

('ro%! #%'<('r!…………………………………………………………...……............+3,.1, ='&#o &' !m!"'%!m#'%o 8 r!%(or' &' &#'%'………………………………....+,

,.15 N'"'#&!&' &' r!!m#'%o…………………………………………………..…….+5,.16 Pr''%"#$% &' '#o%' &'%!' 8 or!'……………………………………….......+6

,.10 Im(!"o (#"o$4#"o &' ! '#o%' &'%!r#! Tr!um7#"!……………....………..,+

I #IPOTESIS……………………………………………………………………….3*II OB$ETIVOS DE ESTUDIO………………………………...…….…………...3,

III UTILIDAD DE LOS RESULTADOS DE ESTUDIO…………….…………….35IV METODOLOGIA………………………………………………….……………..35



I>.1 T#(o &' Eu&#o…………………………………………………….………………35I>.+ Po)!"#o% 8 mu'r! &' 'u&#o……………………………………..……………...36I>.3 O('r!"#o%!#?!"#o% &' !r#!)'…………………………………...……………….30I>.* I%rum'%o………………………………………………………..………………32I>., T'"%#"! 8 (ro"'&#m#'%o &' r'"o'""#$% &' &!o …………………………………32I>.5 Co%#&'r!"#o%' @#"!……………………………………………….…………….*1

I>.6 P!% &' r'"o'""#$% &' &!o.………………………………………..……………..*1I>.0 D#'o 8 !%7## '!&#"o………………………………………………………*1I>.2 Pr'u(u'o……………………………………………………….………………...*+

V AMBITO DE ESTUDIO…………………………………………………………*3>.1 Am)#o 4'%'r!…………………………………………………………………….*3>.+ Am)#o '('"#/#"o…………………………………………………………………*3>.3 U)#"!"#$% 'm(or!………………………………………………………………..*3

VI RECURSO………………………………………………………………………...*3>I.1 R'"uro um!%o……………………………………………….………………...*3>I.+ =!'r#!'……………………………………………………….………………….**>I.3 R'"uro #%#u"#o%!…………………………………………….…………………**>I.* F#%!%"#!m#'%o…………………………………………………..…………………**

VII CRONOCRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES………………………………………….**VIII BIBLIOGRAFIA………………………………………………………………….*,

IX ANEXOS…………………………………………………………………………..,9

I RESUMEN

O%&'()*+, D''rm#%!r ! '/'"##&!& &' (ro4r!m! '&u"!#o '% ' %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o

o)r' r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r' '% (ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#o &' '"u'! ()#"!

&' ! (ro#%"#! &' A?7%4!ro. M('.)/ M(++, E 'u&#o &' #(o "u!%#!#o %#'

!(#"!#o m@o&o '<('r#m'%! 8 &' u% oo &#'o. L! (o)!"#$% 'uo "o%/orm!&! (or

1+9 m!'ro &' ! #%#u"#o%' ()#"!. L! @"%#"! ;u' ' u##?$ /u' ! '%"u'! 8 '

#%rum'%o u% "u'#o%!r#o ' "u7 'r! om'#&o ! u#"#o &' '<('ro !(#"!&o !%' 8

&'(u@ &' ! ''"u"#$% &' (ro4r!m! '&u"!#o &#r#4#&o ! o "o%o"#m#'%o r'/'r#&o (or

o &o"'%' &' ! '"u'! (u)#"! ' "u! /u' om'#&o ! u#"#o &' '<('ro !(#"!&o

!%' 8 &'(u@ &' ! ''"u"#$% &' (ro4r!m! '&u"!#o.

P/%.3 /*' C+5+)6)'5(+7 (.86()36+ '5(+/*'+/.



II TITULO DEL PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACION

EFECTI>IDAD DE UN PROGRA=A EDUCATI>O PREPARADOS

ANTE LOS PRI=EROS AUILIOS EN EL NI>EL DE CONOCI=IENTO

SOBRE TRAU=ATIS=O DENTOAL>EOLARES EN PROFESORES DEL

NI>EL PRI=ARIO DE ESCUELAS PBLICAS DE LA PRO>INCIA DE

AZANGARO - +91*

III NOMBRE NOMBRES Y APELLIDOS DEL AUTOR

PEDRO YUBERLY TURPO ZAPANA

IV PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA

Lo r!um!#mo &'%!' o% ! '4u%&! "!u! &' !'%"#$% o&o%o('&#7r#"! &'(u@ &' !

"!r#' &'%! '% u% /uuro mu8 "'r"!%o ! #%"#&'%"#! &' ! '#o%' r!um7#"!

"o%#u#r7% ! (r#%"#(! &'m!%&! &' !'%"#$%. Lo r!um!#mo &'%!' ' "!r!"'r#?!%

(or;u' %o ' r#4'% (or u% $o m'"!%#mo '#o(!o4@%#"o %# #4u'% u% (!r$% (r'&'"#)'

'% "u!%o ! ! #%'%#&!& o '<'%#$%. P!r! o)'%'r )u'%o r'u!&o 'r!(@u#"o '

%'"'#! u% '%/o;u' mu#&#"#(#%!r#o "o% ! (!r#"#(!"#$% &' o&! ! '('"#!#&!&' &' !

o&o%oo4!. L! !"##&!&' &'(or#! 8 ! !4u&#?!"#$% %o!)' &' ! #o'%"#! '% o

m'&#o ur)!%o !"' ;u' ' "o%o"#m#'%o 8 !"#u&' ! om!r (!r! ' m!%'o !&'"u!&o &'

o r!um!#mo '% ! r'4#$% oro/!"#! "o%#u8!% u% !u%o &' '%orm' !"u!#&!& (!r! '



(ro/'#o%! '% o&o%oo4!. 1

E r!um!#mo !""#&'%! &' o &#'%' ' ;u#?7 u%o &' o !""#&'%' m7 &r!m7#"o ;u'

' u"'&'% ! u% #%&##&uo 8 u /r'"u'%"#! '% ! "%#"! o&o%o$4#"! ' "!&! &! m!8or. E%

o&o%o('&#!r! ' !% m7 '#&'%' (u'o ;u' ! #%"#&'%"#! &' '#o%' &'%!r#!

(r'"#!m'%' ' m!8or '% ! %#'? 8 '% ! !&o'"'%"#!.

+

S#% 'm)!r4o !m)#@% '<#'% /!"or' ;u' !um'%!% #4%#/#"!#!m'%' ! u"'(#)##&!& !

! '#o%' &'%!' "omo: m!o"u#$% "!' II o'r' ;u' '<"'&' o * mm. !)#o

u('r#or "oro #%"om(''%"#! !)#! 8 r'(#r!"#$% )u"! o"!#o%!% ;u' o #%"##o

u('r#or' '!% ! (#'?! m7 '#o%!&! '4u#&! (or o #%"##o #%/'r#or'.

Lo &!o !"umu!&o (or ! '!&#"! #%&#"!% "#/r! (r'o"u(!%' !"'r"! &' !

#%"#&'%"#! 8 (r'!'%"#! &' o r!um!#mo &'%!'. L! "#/r! r'"o'"!&! '% &#/'r'%'

(!' %o &#/#'r'% #4%#/#"!#!m'%' '% "u!%o ! ! '#oo4! &' 'o u"'o.+

E (r''%' 'u&#o )u"! ! '/'"##&!& &' (ro4r!m! (r'(!r!&o !%' o (r#m'ro

!u<##o '% ' %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o 8 ! !"#u& o)r' r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r'. E

#m(or!%' r'"o%o"'r ' ro ;u' &''m('!% o (ro/'or' (u' ! '"u'! ' ' u4!r &'

m!8or o"urr'%"#! &' 'o r!um!. Por '! r!?$% ! (!r#"#(!"#$% &' o (ro/'or' '% !

#u!"#$% &' 'm'r4'%"#! ' /u%&!m'%! (!r! )r#%&!r u%! !&'"u!&! 8 '/'"#! !'%"#$%

#%m'&#!! &'&' ' mom'%o '% ;u' o"urr' ' !""#&'%' !! ! "o%u! o&o%o$4#"!

#%#"#!. E &'%#! %o '!r7 (r''%' '% '' mom'%o (!r! (ro''r #%/orm!"#$% 8 '%'"'!r#o u% m!%'o #%m'&#!o o(oru%o 8 !(ro(#!&o &' ! '#$% '% u #o o !um%o.

Lo (ro/'or' &' '&u"!"#$% r';u#'r'% u% '%r'%!m#'%o !&'"u!&o '% !u& or! '% u

/orm!"#$% &' (r'-4r!&o 8 '% "uro &' ('r/'""#o%!m#'%o (ro/'#o%!. D' '' mo&o '

(o&r7 !/#!%?!r ! /uur! "o!)or!"#$% &' '' 4ru(o &' (ro/'#o%!'.

Por o '<(u'o ' 'u&#o ! '/'"##&!& &' (ro4r!m! (r'(!r!&o !%' o (r#m'ro

!u<##o '% ' %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o o)r' r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r' &')'r! 'r

"o%#&'r!&o '% o (!%' "urr#"u!r' &' ! /!"u!&' &' E&u"!"#$% (!r! ! /orm!r

(ro/'or' "o% !&'"u!&o "o%o"#m#'%o (!r! ! (r''%"#$% ! "omo '% ' m!%'o

!&'"u!&o &' 'o '% "!o &' (r''%!r'.3



41 F+.68/)95 '/ :.+%/'6

L! /ormu!"#$% &' (ro)'m! &' #%'#4!"#$% &' (r''%' (ro8'"o '7 &!&! (or !

#4u#'%' #%'rro4!%':

KCu7 ' ! '/'"##&!& &' (ro4r!m! (r'(!r!&o !%' o (r#m'ro !u<##o '% ' %#' &'

"o%o"#m#'%o o)r' r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r' '% (ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#o &'

'"u'! ()#"! &' ! (ro#%"#! &' A?7%4!ro - +91*

42 E585)+

E/'"o &' u% (ro4r!m! '&u"!#o o)r' r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r'.

V ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN

;1 ANTECEDENTES INTERNACIONALESAGUST<N S Y LEÓN B =2010> MADRID Eu&#o '(#&'m#o$4#"o r''!% ;u' u%o

&' "!&! "#%"o %#o u/r' !4% #(o &' r!um!#mo &'%!r#o &ur!%' ! '&!& '"o!r

mu"o &' o !""#&'%' o"urr'% '% "!! 8 '% ' "o'4#o. Lo (!&r' uor' (ro/'or' 8

&'m7 r'(o%!)' u'4!% u% (!(' "ru"#! '% ' (ro%$#"o &' u%! ur4'%"#! &' '!

"!r!"'r#"! 8! ;u' @' &'('%&' &' 'm(r!%o 8 !(ro(#!&o r!!-m#'%o. U%! !"u!"#$%

'%! o #%!&'"u!&! (u'&' '%'r "o%'"u'%"#! 4r!' (!r! ' &#'%' o &#'%' !/'"!&o. Lo

&#/'r'%' 'u&#o &'!rro!&o !"'r"! &' 4r!&o &' '&u"!"#$% &' o r'(o%!)' &' o%#o o)r' "$mo !"u!r !%' u% r!um!#mo &'%!r#o '!!% ' )!o "o%o"#m#'%o o)r'

' m!%'o &' '! #u!"#$% ! "omo ! %'"'#&!& &' r'!#?!r "!m(!! #%/orm!#! o)r'

' 'm!. E o)'#o &' '' 'u&#o /u' !or!r o "o%o"#m#'%o &' mo&o &' !"u!"#$%

/r'%' ! u% u(u'o r!um!#mo &' o (!&r' &' &#'ro %#o ;u' /u'ro% !'%&#&o '%

! F!"u!& &' O&o%oo4! &' ! U%#'r#&!& Com(u'%' &' =!&r#&. P!r! 'o '

r'(!r#'ro% u% o! &' 0* '%"u'! "o% r'(u'! m#('. Lo r'u!&o r''!ro% u%

(o)r' "o%o"#m#'%o &' m!%'o &' r!um!#mo &'%!r#o (or (!r' &' o (!&r'. L!

m!8or! &' o (!&r' %u%"! !)!% #&o #%/orm!&o o)r' ' 'm! M2156 8 !"u!r!% &'

u%! /orm! #%"orr'"! # u #o u/r#'r! u% !""#&'%' &' '' #(o. A (!r#r &' '' 'u&#o '

(u'&' "o%"u#r ! %'"'#&!& &' '!)'"'r m'&#o &' &#/u#$% (!r! r!%m##r ' "o%o-

"#m#'%o ;u' !8u&!r!% ! o (!&r' ! r'!""#o%!r &' u%! /orm! "orr'"! !%' u%



r!um!#mo &'%!.*

GOMEZ DIAS M Y COLABORADORES 2011 =COLOMBIA> Fu' E!u!r o

"o%o"#m#'%o !"#u&' 8 (r7"#"! o)r' r!um! &'%o!'o!r '% &o"'%' &'

#%#u"#o%' '&u"!#! o/#"#!' &' ! "#u&!& &' C!r!4'%!. U!%&o ' m@o&o. Eu&#o

&'"r#(#o &' "or' r!%'r! "u8! mu'r! ' o)uo (or m'&#o &' mu'r'o !'!or#o'r!#/#"!&o '%r' "o'4#o &' ! o"!#&!& 1 8 mu'r'o !'!or#o #m(' '%r' '"u'! (!r!

! ''""#$% &' &o"'%' ! mu'r! o)'%#&! /u' &' 113 &o"'%'. S' r'!#?$ (ru')! (#oo

8 (o'r#orm'%' /u' r'"o'"!&! ! #%/orm!"#$%. S' u##?$ ' (ro4r!m! '!&#"o S!!

'r#$% 11.9 (!r! #%&oQ (!r! r'!#?!r ' !%7## '!&#"o. O)'%#'%&o o #4u#'%'

r'u!&o. E 4@%'ro "o% m!8or (r'!'%"#! /u' ' /'m'%#%o '% u% ,6 ' %#' &'

/orm!"#$% /u' u%#'r#!r#o '% u m!8or! "o% u% 56 ' 7r'! &' m!8or &''m('o '% o

'%"u'!&o /u' "!'!%o '% u% ,5 ! '<('r#'%"#! "omo &o"'%' "o% m!8or (or"'%!'

/u' &' 11 ! +9 !o "o% u% 53 ' ,, &' ! (o)!"#$% "o%o"' o '#&o ;u' (ro'4'% o

&#'%' ('ro ' 05 &'"o%o"' ;u' ' u% r!um! ' ,6 &'"o%o"' o #(o &' r!um! '

,1 "o%o"' &' o )'%'/#"#o '% ' m!%'o &' r!um! &'%o!'o!r. E 25 &' o

'%"u'!&o "o%#&'r!% %'"'!r#o "!(!"#!r' (!r! ' m!%'o &' r!um! &'%o!'o!r.

L'4!%&o ! u%! "o%"u#$% &' ;u' A (!r#r &' o r'u!&o o)'%#&o ' o)uo '#&'%"#!

;u' ! m!8or! &' o &o"'%' '%"u'!&o ! ('!r ;u' "o%o"'% o '#&o ;u' (ro'4'%

o &#'%' &'"o%o"'% ;u' ' r!um! 8 o #(o ;u' ' &'r#!% &' ''. ,

D MCINTYRE Y COLABORADORES 200? =#ABANA CUBA> E (ro($#o &' ''

'u&#o /u' '!u!r ' "o%o"#m#'%o &' o m#'m)ro &' ('ro%! &' ! '"u'! (r#m!r#! '%

r'!"#$% "o% ' m!%'o &' ! '#o%' &'%!' r!um7#"! MTDI !%' 8 &'(u@ &' u%!

#%'r'%"#$% '&u"!#! &#r#4#&! ! #%"r'm'%!r ' "o%o"#m#'%o TDI. E uo &' u%

#%rum'%o &' 'u&#o /#!)' &' %u'o &'!rroo (ro)!mo %u'ro (!r#"#(!%' &'

('ro%! &' ! '"u'! (r#m!r#! o)r' TDI !%' M #'m(o 9 #%m'&#!!m'%' &'(u@

M #'m(o 1 8 r' m'' &'(u@ M #'m(o + ! #%'r'%"#$%. L! '"u'! /u'ro%

&#r#)u#&o !'!or#!m'%' '% r' 4ru(o: %#%4u%! #%'r'%"#$% "o%ro M C /o'o

MP 8 (!%/'o "o%/'r'%"#! MP L. Lo r'u!&o &' #%'r@ /u'ro% ' "o%o"#m#'%o

TDI "o% ' #'m(o '% r'!"#$% "o% ! #%'r'%"#o%' /r'%' ! o "o%ro'. E !%7##

'!&#"o #m(#"$ u% mo&'o #%'! &' m'&#&! r'('#&!. A #'m(o 9 ' "o%o"#m#'%o



TDI /u' )!! '%r' o r' 4ru(o. E% #'m(o1 ' "o%o"#m#'%o !um'%$ '% o&o o

4ru(o 8 '7 &!&! (or P P L C &ur!%' ' #'m(o + #'m(o1 ' 4ru(o &' P L

r'uo ' "o%o"#m#'%o m#'%r! ;u' '% o 4ru(o C 8 P ' %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o

&#m#%u8$ . E%r' #'m(o1 8 #'m(o + ' '%"o%r!ro% &#/'r'%"#! #4%#/#"!#! '%r'

!m)o 4ru(o &' #%'r'%"#$% '% "om(!r!"#$% "o% ' "o%ro MP C 8 P L C: !m)o P 99, . E% r'um'% !%o P "omo 4ru(o L P m'or$ #4%#/#"!#!m'%' '

"o%o"#m#'%o TDI '%r' ' ('ro%! &' ! '"u'! (r#m!r#! 8 '! &#/'r'%"#! "'')r!% ! o

!r4o &' #'m(o. E! #%'r'%"#o%' #'%'% ' (o'%"#! &' m'or!r ! 4'#$% &' TDI (or

('ro%! &' ! '"u'! (r#m!r#! "u!%&o ' '%/r'%!% ! '' #(o &' '#o%'.5

SANC#EZ S Y BARRIOS N 200@ =VENEZUELA> L! #%'r'%"#$% &' ! ('ro%!

;u' ' '%"u'%r!% "o% u% %#o ! mom'%o &' u/r#r u% r!um!#mo )u"o/!"#! (u'&' 'r

&''rm#%!%' (!r! ! r'ou"#$% &' o &!o ;u' @' (u'&! !)'r u/r#&o. E% ' !m)#'%'

'"o!r ! ('ro%! m7 "'r"!%! ' ' &o"'%'. D''rm#%!r ! %'"'#&!& &' r'!#?!r u%!

(ro(u'! &' u%! u%#&!& "urr#"u!r &#r#4#&! ! ! "!(!"#!"#$% '% ! !'%"#$% &' 'm'r4'%"#!

'% r!um!#mo )u"!' '% ' (!% &' 'u&#o &' '&u"!"#$% (r''"o!r ' #%'4r! &'

I%#uo P'&!4$4#"o &' =!r!"!8. S' r'!#?$ u% 'u&#o "o% u%! (o)!"#$% &' 19,

'u&#!%' &' %o'%o 'm'r' 8 +, (ro/'or' &' ! '('"#!#&!&' '&u"!"#$% (r''"o!r

' #%'4r!. P!r! ! o)'%"#$% &' o &!o ' u##?!ro% &o "u'#o%!r#o &#"o$m#"o &'

(r'4u%! "'rr!&!. 636+ &' o 'u&#!%' %o #'%' "o%o"#m#'%o r'!"#o%!&o !

m!%'o &' 'm'r4'%"#! '% r!um!#mo )u"!'. E 29 &' o &o"'%' &'"o%o"' '

m!%'o &' 'm'r4'%"#! ! mom'%o &' (r''%!r' u% r!um!#mo )u"!. A m#mo '

199 &' o &o"'%' m!%#/'!ro% ! %'"'#&!& &' #%"or(or!r u%! u%#&!& "urr#"u!r '% '

('%um &' 'u&#o ;u' "!(!"#' ! o '&u"!&or' '% ' 7r'!. E %'"'!r#o r'!#?!r u%!

(ro(u'! &' u%#&!& "urr#"u!r ;u' ('rm#! ! "!(!"#!"#$% &' o '&u"!&or' '% ' m!%'o

&' 'm'r4'%"#! '% r!um!#mo )u"!'. 6

CARMONA V Y YOLANDA A 2010 =CUBA> S' r'!#?$ u% 'u&#o &'"r#(#o &' 'r#'

&' "!o '% ! C%#"! Eom!o$4#"! =!%u' A%4uo F!rr7% &ur!%' ' !o +990. S'

'!)'"#$ "omo u%#'ro o 100 (!"#'%' "u8! #or#! "%#"! /u'ro% r'#!&! 8 !

mu'r! &' 'u&#o ;u'&$ "o%#u#&o (or 09 (!"#'%' #%4r'!&o '% ' D'(!r!m'%o &'

Oro&o%"#! o "u!' '%!% !%'"'&'%' &' r!um!#mo. L! #%'#4!"#$% ' r'!#?$ "o%



' (ro($#o &' &'"r#)#r ' "om(or!m#'%o &' o r!um!#mo or!' 8 u "!r!"'r#"!

! "omo ! /r'"u'%"#! &' !(!r#"#$% '<o m7 !/'"!&o 4ru(o &' '&!&' /!"or' &'

r#'4o ?o%! m7 !/'"!&! #(o &' &'%#"#$% '#o%!&! 8 ! "!#/#"!"#$%. E<##$ u%! !!

/r'"u'%"#! &' r!um!#mo or!' '% o #%/!%' 'u&#!&o (u' u% *+, u/r#$ !4%

#(o &' '#$% ' '<o /'m'%#%o /u' ' m7 !/'"!&o "o% u% ,5+, ' 4ru(o &' '&!&' &'1-3 !o /u' ' m7 '#o%!&o "o% u% *36, ! #%"om(''%"#! !)#! /u' ' /!"or &'

r#'4o ;u' ' &'!"$ ! ?o%! &' o #%"##o u('r#or' 'uo /r'"u'%'m'%' !/'"!&!

(u' ,6 (!"#'%' (!r! u% 61+, (r''%!ro% r!um!#mo ! &'%#"#$% 'm(or! /u' !

;u' r'"#)#$ m7 r!um! "o% u% 69 8 &'%ro &' ! "!#/#"!"#$% &' o r!um!#mo !

"o%"u#$% o"urr' '% m!8or (ro(or"#$% "o% u% 3302 '4u#&! &' ! /r!"ur! &' 'm!'. 0

GARC<A C Y COLABORADORES ESPAA =2002> E% ' mu%&o o""#&'%! o

r!um!#mo &'%!' '7% !&;u#r#'%&o u%! r''!%"#! #m(or!%' &'%ro &' ! (ro/'#$%

&'%!. E o)'#o &' (r''%' !r"uo ! #&o r'!#?!r u%! r'##$% )#)#o4r7/#"! o)r' o

'u&#o &' (r'!'%"#! 8 '#oo4! &' o r!um!#mo &'%!' &'&' 122, !! !

!"u!#&!&. =@o&o: !%!#?!r o 'u&#o (u)#"!&o '% ! )#)#o4r!/! m@&#"! u##?!%&o '

)u"!&or ='&#%'. R'u!&o 8 "o%"u#o%': ' "o%!! ;u' ! (r'!'%"#! ' ''!&! 8

'%r' ! "!u! ;u' o (roo"!% ! !"##&!&' &'(or#! ' '!&o 'mo"#o%! 8 !

#o'%"#! o"u(!% u% (!(' (r'(o%&'r!%'.2

LEGAOA $ Y COL =CUBA> Lo r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r' MTD o% ''%o ;u'

u"'&'% /r'"u'%'m'%'. L! "#/r! o% #4%#/#"!#! '% "u!%o ! ! #%"#&'%"#! 8

(r'!'%"#! ' "o%#&'r! "omo u% (ro)'m! &' S!u& P)#"! Go)!.O)'#o: '!u!r '

%#' &' #%/orm!"#$% o)r' r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r' '% (!&r' 8 '&u"!&or' '% !

'"u'! Jou@ P! G!r"!V &' ! "#u&!& &' C!m!4W'8. =@o&o: ' r'!#?$ u% 'u&#o

r!%'r! 8 &'"r#(#o &'&' S'(#'m)r' &' +995 ! =!8o &' +996. E u%#'ro '

"o%/orm$ (or o (!&r' 8 '&u"!&or' &' ! '"u'! 8 ! mu'r! ;u'&$ "o%#u#&! (or

''%! (!&r' 8 '#%' '&u"!&or' ' '!u$ u% "u'#o%!r#o &' /orm! "u!%#!#! 8

"u!#!#!. R'u!&o: ! "o%&u"! ! '4u#r !%' u% r!um!#mo /u' '!u!&! &'

#%u/#"#'%' "o% 655 '% o (!&r' 8 o '&u"!&or' "o% 0,. L! !r#!)' &' !o &'

'<('r#'%"#! &' o '&u"!&or' /u'ro% '!u!&o &' #%u/#"#'%' "o% "#/r! &' ,9 39 +9.

Co%"u#o%': ! '!u!"#$% 4'%'r! &' ! #%/orm!"#$% o)r' r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r'



/u' &' r'4u!r ' #%u/#"#'%' '% ! m!8or!. L! %'"'#&!&' '%#&! 8 r'!' "o#%"#&#'ro% 8

' "'%r!ro% '% o 'm! &': /!"or' &' r#'4o "!r!"'r#"! "%#"! 8 "o%&u"! !

'4u#r.19

TRAEBERT $ Y COLOBORADORES =BRASIL> 200 E "!r7"'r mu#&#"#(#%!r &'

! '!u!"#o%' &' '4u#m#'%o &' ! '#o%' &'%!' r!um7#"! MTDI r';u#'r' ;u'

!%o ' ()#"o '% 4'%'r! 8 o (ro/'#o%!' (o''% "o%o"#m#'%o &' ! 'r!'4#! &'

r!!m#'%o '% "u'#$%. E o)'#o &' '' r!)!o /u' '!u!r ' %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o &'

o m!'ro &' '"u'! (r#m!r#! ()#"! o (!&r' 8 o &'%#! &' ! "#u&!& &'

Jo!X!)! Sur &' Br!# o)r' ' r!!m#'%o &' ur4'%"#! &' TDI . S' r'!#?!ro% r' 'u&#o

r!%'r!' #%&'('%&#'%' ;u' #%"u8!% mu'r! &' m!'ro &' '"u'! ()#"! &'

(r#m!r#! M% +*, o (!&r' M % 196 8 &'%#! M% 0, '% ! "#u&!& '% +991 Lo

&!o /u'ro% r'"o'"!&o ! r!@ &' '%r'#! 'ru"ur!&! (!r! o m!'ro &' '"u'!

8 o &'%#! . 8 o "u'#o%!r#o (!r! o (!&r' ;u' "o%#'%'% (r'4u%! o)r' !

"!r!"'r#"! o"#o- &'mo4r7/#"! 8 o)r' #%"#&'%' ;u' r'u!ro% '% TDI . L!

r'(u'! '% o r' 'u&#o mor!ro% u%! !m(#! !r#!)##&!& &' o (ro"'&#m#'%o

#%&#"!&o (!r! ! #u!"#o%' &' TDI (ro(u'!. Lo r'u!&o &' o 'u&#o &'

!o"#!"#$% mor!ro% ;u' o m!'ro &' m!8or '&!& M ( 9993 o &'%#! &' m!8or

'&!& M ( 9913 8 o &'%#! ;u' ' !)!% 4r!&u!&o m7 r'"#'%'m'%' MP 993+

'#4#'ro% r'(u'! #4%#/#"!#!m'%' m7 "orr'"! '% !4u%o "!o &' &'/'%!"om'r"#!. L! r'(u'! &' o m!'ro &' '"u'! o (!&r' 8 o &'%#! mor!ro%

u%! !m(#! !r#!)##&!& &' o (ro"'&#m#'%o #%&#"!&o (!r! ! #u!"#o%' (ro(u'! .

L! 4r!% m!8or! &' 'o %o '4u#r! o m@o&o m7 r'"om'%&!&o '% ! #'r!ur! . A

m!8or #m(or!%"#! ' &')' "oo"!r '% TDI r!@ &' "!m(!! '&u"!#! &#r#4#&! ! o

(!&r' 8 m!'ro &' '"u'! 8 !m)#@% ! r!@ ' (r'4r!&o 8 (o4r!&o 8 (ro4r!m! &'

'u&#o &'%! "o% ' /#% &' m'or!r u 4'#$%11

PADILLA A Y COL =MEXICO> 200; E o)'#o (r#%"#(! &' '' 'u&#o /u' '!u!r ' "o%o"#m#'%o ;u' #'%' ! (o)!"#$% &' /!m##!r' o ('ro%! '%"!r4!&! &' o %#o

;u' '4!% ! "o%u! ! D'(!r!m'%o &' O&o%o('&#!r! &' ! D###$% &' Eu&#o &'

Po4r!&o ' I%'#4!"#$% FO UNA= !"'r"! &' o r!um!#mo &'%!r#o MTD. S'



'%"u'$ ! u% o! &' 199 ('ro%! '%"!r4!&! &' 'o %#o. E "u'#o%!r#o

(ro(or"#o%!&o #%"u! (r'4u%! &' o("#$% m#(' r'!"#o%!&! ! 'm! &' r!um!#mo

&'%!r#o. E! (r'4u%! ' or4!%#?!ro% '% r' (!r' &' !"u'r&o ! $(#"o &' 'm!: 1.

D!o 4'%'r!' &' /##!"#$% +. E<(' r#'%"#! ' #%/orm!"#$% (r'#! o)r' r!um!#mo

&'%!r#o 3. Co%&u"! ! '4u#r '% &#/'r'%' #u!"#o%' &' !""#&'%' &'%!r#o. Lu'4o &';u' o '%"u'!&o "o%'!r!% ! (r'4u%! ' ' r'(!r#$ u% /o'o #%/orm!#o o)r' '

'm!. Po'r#orm'%' o &!o /u'ro% or4!%#?!&o 8 "u!%#/#"!&o (!r! u !%7##

'!&#"o. Lo r'u!&o mor!ro% (or"'%!' mu8 )!o &' "o%o"#m#'%o o)r' ' 'm!:

06 &' o '%"u'!&o %u%"! r'"#)#'ro% #%/orm!"#$% !4u%! !"'r"! &' ! "o%&u"! ! '4u#r

'% '! 'm'r4'%"#! $o ' 12 "o%'!ro% "orr'"!m'%' o ;u' !r!% (r#m'ro '% u%!

u(u'! #u!"#$% &' TD $o ! m#!& &' '%"u'!&o M*2 mor$ #%'r@ '% r'"u('r!r

u% &#'%' !u#o%!&o 8 &' 'o $o ' 10 m!%'!r! '! #u!"#$% "orr'"!m'%'. Co%

'' 'u&#o (u&#mo "o%"u#r ;u' ! (o)!"#$% !%!#?!&! %o !)! r'"#)#&o #%/orm!"#$% &'

%#%4% #(o o)r' ;u@ !"'r '% "!o &' (r''%!r' !4% r!um!#mo &'%!r#o. E (or o

!%o #m(or!%' #m('m'%!r "!m(!! #%/orm!#! o)r' ' 'm! 8! ;u' %o ' (u'&'

&'"u#&!r '' !('"o !% /r'"u'%' ' #m(or!%' &' ! (ro/'#$% o&o%o$4#"!. 1+

CABAAS A Y COL =PARAGUAY> 201" E!u!r ' %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o 8 ' /u' '

r'4u!r "o% u% *6 M551*1 '4u#&o "o%&u"! &' o &o"'%' &' E&u"!"#$% I%#"#!

&o"'%' &' 1'r C#"o &o"'%' &' +&o C#"o 8 &o"'%' &' E&u"!"#$% F#"! &' !'"u'! ()#"! &' ! "#u&!& &' S!% Lor'%?o MP!r!4u!8 /r'%' ! "!o &' Au#$% 8

Fr!"ur! D'%!r#! &ur!%' ' !o +992. =!'r#! 8 =@o&o: E &#'o /u' #(o o)'r!"#o%!

&'"r#(#o &' "or' r!%'r!. E mu'r'o /u' (ro)!)##"o '%#'%&o '% "u'%! o

"r#'r#o &' ''""#$% &'%ro &' u%! mu'r! &' 1*1 &o"'%'. S' "!#/#"!ro% o &!o

'4% ' 4@%'ro 4ru(o '7r'o 4r!&o &' "!(!"#!"#$% 8 !o &' '<('r#'%"#! (ro/'#o%!

(!r! o "u! ' "o%/'""#o%$ u% "u'#o%!r#o. R'u!&o: E %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o o)r'

!u#$% 8 /r!"ur! &'%!r#! m7 /r'"u'%' &' o &o"'%' /u' ' mo&'r!&o "o% u% ,9

M691*1 '4u#&o (or ' "o%o"#m#'%o )!o "o% u% +6 /r!"ur! &'%!r#! m7 /r'"u'%' (or

o &o"'%(or ! "o%&u"! ! '4u#r /!or!)' "o% u% 39 M*+1*1. Co%"u#$%: ' %#' &'

"o%o"#m#'%o o)r' !u#$% 8 /r!"ur! &'%!r#! m7 /r'"u'%' /u' ' mo&'r!&o '% "u!%o !

o r'u!&o &' ! "o%&u"! ! '4u#r ' m7 /r'"u'%' /u' ' &' r'4u!r. T'%#'%&o '% "u'%!



o &!o !%'r#orm'%' (r''%!&o ' or%! %'"'!r#o #m('m'%!r "!m(!! '&u"!#!

o)r' ! !'%"#$% &' 'm'r4'%"#! '% Tr!um!#mo D'%!' '% ! '"u'! 8! ;u' '% '

!m)#'%' '"o!r ! ('ro%! m7 "'r"!%! ! %#o ' ' &o"'%' 8 u #%'r'%"#$% '% '

mom'%o ;u' ' %#o u/r' ' r!um!#mo &'%! (u'&' 'r &''rm#%!%' (!r! ! r'ou"#$%

&' o &!o ;u' @' (u'&! !)'r u/r#&o.

13

MENDEZ R =VENEZUELA> 2010 E (ro($#o &' '! #%'#4!"#$% /u' !%!#?!r !

(r'!'%"#! mo&!#&!& &' r!!m#'%o 8 "om(#"!"#o%' m7 /r'"u'%' &' r!um!

&'%o!'o!r !'%&#&o '% ! C%#"! &' Po4r!&o &' C#ru4! Bu"! &' ! F!"u!& &'

O&o%oo4! &' ! U%#'r#&!& C'%r! &' >'%'?u'! '% ' ('r#o&o "om(r'%&#&o '%r'

'%'ro &' 1220 ! m!r?o &' +919. S' !%!#?!ro% 3.1+1 #or#! "%#"! &' o "u!' 1*0

(!"#'%' /u'ro% !'%&#&o (or 'm'r4'%"#! >"#m! &' r!um! &'%o!'o!r. Lo

r'u!&o ' !%!#?!ro% '!&#"!m'%' m'&#!%' ' uo &' (ro4r!m! SPSS MS!##"!

P!"!4' /or ' So"#! S"#'%"' 'r#$% 15 (!r! =!" OS . S' &''rm#%$ ;u' ' 60 &'

o "!o 'u&#!&o ('r'%'"!% ! 4@%'ro m!"u#%o &' r!?! m'#?! 8 (ro"'&'%' &' !

r'4#$% "!(#! ' 3* '%!% '%r' +1 8 39 !o &' '&!& "o% u%! m'&#! &' +11* [ 1250

!o. E ,, &' o (!"#'%' #"#m! &' r!um! &'%o!'o!r /u'ro% #%&##&uo

'"o%$m#"!m'%' !"#o. E /!"or '#o$4#"o (r'&om#%!%' /u'ro% o !""#&'%' &'

r7%#o "o% 3 2 8 ! !4r'#o%' /#"! "o% +5 &' o "!o. L! ?o%! m!<#!r !%'ro

u('r#or /u' ! m7 !/'"!&! M56 !&'m7 &' o #%"##o "'%r!' u('r#or' "o% u%

(rom'&#o &' &o &#'%' '#o%!&o (or (!"#'%'. L! '#o%' m7 "omu%' /u'ro% /r!"ur!&' (ro"'o !'o!r M32 8 u<!"#o%' '<ru#! M39 ' r!!m#'%o r'!#?!&o "o%

m!8or /r'"u'%"#! /u' "%#"o ;u#rr4#"o M36 8 r!!m#'%o "o%'r!&or "o% /#!"#$%

!!m)r'-r'#%! M3, u)o u% (or"'%!' mu8 )!o &' "om(#"!"#o%' '% r'!"#$% ! o

r!!m#'%o M100. Por '! r!?$% ! '!u!"#o%' ('r#$&#"! &' ! '(#&'m#oo4#! &' o

r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r' %o ('rm#'% u% !%7## &'!!&o &' '' #(o &' '#$% 8 (or

'%&' u% #%rum'%o &' '!u!"#$% 8 !%7## &'!!&o &' ! !'r%!#! 'r!(@u#"! 8 &'

#%'#4!"#$% "o% m#r! ! u% m'or !)or&!' 8 (r''%"#$% '% ! (o)!"#$% !'%&#&! (or

%u'ro 'r#"#o.1*

FRANCISCO $ =ESPAA> 200; Lo r!um!#mo &'%!r#o o% "o%#&'r!&o "omo

u%! ur4'%"#! &'%ro &' ! !#'%"#! &' ! "o%u! &'%! ;u' &')'% 'r r!!&o &'



#%m'&#!o. L! (!u! r'"om'%&!&! (or ! Ao"#!"#$% Am'r#"!%! &' E%&o&o%"#! (!r!

' r!!m#'%o &' ! '#o%' &'%!' r!um7#"! '7% ('%!&! (!r! !8u&!r !

o&o%o'om!$o4o '% ' m!%'o 8 ' r!!m#'%o &' '#o%' &'%!'. L! 'r!(@u#"!

r!um!o$4#"! ' u%! &' ! (!r' &' ! o&o%oo4! ;u' '7 '% "o%#%u! r'##$% 8

!"u!#?!"#$%. E o)'#o ! r'!#?!r '' r!)!o /u' &!r ! "o%o"'r ! #m!r'"om'%&!"#o%' (u)#"!&! (or ! Ao"#!"#$% Am'r#"!%! &' E%&o&o%"#! r'('"o ! !

(!u! &' r!!m#'%o &' o r!um!#mo &'%!'.1,

MC INTYRE $7 COL =200?> EEUU, E 'u&#o '!u$ o "o%o"#m#'%o (r7"#"! 8

'<('r#'%"#! r'('"o ! '#o%' r!um7#"! &'%!' '% u%! mu'r! &' ('ro%! &' u%!

'"u'! (r#m!r#! '% o EE.UU. L! '!u!"#$% ' r'!#?$ "o% u% "u'#o%!r#o &'mo4r7/#"o 8

u% #%rum'%o r'"#'%'m'%' &'!rro!&o !"'r"! &' '#o%' r!um7#"! &'%!'.

Lo r'u!&o r''!ro% ;u' $o ' +, &' o (ro/'or' &' '"u'! (r#m!r#! !/#rm!ro%

!)'r r'"#)#&o #%/orm!"#$% !"'r"! &' r!um!#mo &'%!'. L! m!8or! &' o

'%"u'!&o %o '!)!% )#'% #%/orm!&o o)r' r!um!#mo &'%!' m!%'o o

)'%'/#"#o &' ! !'%"#$% o(oru%! o o "oo &' r!!m#'%o. Cu!%&o ' ' (r'4u%$

!"'r"! &' ! r'#m(!%!"#$% '% "!o &' u%! !u#$% &'%! ' M** r'(o%&#$ ;u' %o

!r!% 'o m#'%r! ;u' ' +0 &' 'o %o !)!% "$mo !"'ro. A&'m7 &''rm#%$ ;u'

&' o! &' o '%"u'!&o ' M3* '!$ ! ! '"' "omo ' m'&#o m7 !&'"u!&o (!r!

r!%(or!r ' &#'%' !u#o%!&o 8 ' M5 ! !4u!. Por or! (!r' !(ro<#m!&!m'%' '06 &' o '%"u'!&o #%/orm!ro% &' ;u' 'r! !&'"u!&o 4u!r&!r ' &#'%' 4o('!&o '% u%

u4!r '<'r%o 8 !"u&#r ! &'%#!. S#% 'm)!r4o ' ('ro%! m!%#/'$ u% 4r!% #%'r@ '%

r'"#)#r #%/orm!"#$% !"'r"! &' r!um!#mo &'%!'.15

MORI G7 COL =200@> BRASIL, E!u!ro% ' "o%o"#m#'%o o)r' !u#$% &'%! (!r!o "u! '%"u'!ro% ! 116 (ro/'or' &' (r#m!r#! &' A&!m!%#%! S\o P!uo Br!#. Lo

r'u!&o mor!ro% ;u' ' M6,+ &' (ro/'or' "o%o"!% ! #m(or!%"#! &' m!%'o &'

! 'm'r4'%"#! 8 ' M595 )u"!r! u% &'%#! (!r! ' r!!m#'%o &' o "!o $o '



M100 r'#m(!%!r! ' &#'%' #%m'&#!!m'%' ' M,, o !!r!% "o% !4u! ' M*+6

o m!%'%&r!% '% u% m'&#o m'&o ('ro $o ' M65 o m!%'%&r! '% '"'. E

M33 &' (ro/'or' ! '%#&o '<('r#'%"#! (r'#! '% ' m!%'o &' u%! !u#$% &'%!.

E' 'u&#o mu'r! ! /!! &' "o%o"#m#'%o &' o (ro/'or' o)r' !u#$% 8 !

%'"'#&!& &' "!m(!! '&u"!#! (!r! m'or!r ' m!%'o &' 'm'r4'%"#! &' ! !u#$%.

16

VIEIRA F =200@> BRASIL, E 'u&#o ' '$ ! "!)o '% "#%"o &#/'r'%' 4ru(o &'

(ro/'#o%!' M(ro/'or' &' '"u'! (r#m!r#! (ro/'or' &' ! '&u"!"#$% /#"! 'm('!&o

&' )!%"o &'%#! m@&#"o ('&#!r! &' ! "#u&!& &' Br!##! Br!#. Lo (ro/'#o%!'

!##'ro% ! u%! "o%/'r'%"#! 8 /u'ro% '!u!&! (or u% "u'#o%!r#o !(#"!&o &o '"'

!%' 8 &'(u@ &' ! "o%/'r'%"#!. Lo r'u!&o &' o *62 "u'#o%!r#o &'u'o /u'ro%

!%!#?!&o. No u)o !r#!"#$% '!&#"!m'%' #4%#/#"!#! '% ' &''m('o &' o 4ru(o

(ro/'#o%!' &'(u@ ;u' ' (ro(or"#o%$ #%/orm!"#$% MP 99991. S$o ' 15 &' o

(ro/'or' &' '"u'! (r#m!r#! u#'ro% u% %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o !&'"u!&o !%' &' !

"o%/'r'%"#! &'(u@ &' '! u% 22 r'/#r#$ '%'r "o%o"#m#'%o !"'r"! &' r!um!#mo

&'%!'. E 'u&#o "o%"u8$ #%&#"!%&o ;u' ! '&u"!"#$% ' mu8 #m(or!%' (!r! /!or'"'r

' "o%o"#m#'%o o)r' ! (r''%"#$% 8 m!%'o &' 'm'r4'%"#! &' !u#$% &'%! 8 (u'&!

m'or!r ' (ro%$#"o &' '!.10

CARMONA E Y COL =MEXICO> 2010 S' r'!#?$ u% 'u&#o &'"r#(#o &' 'r#' &'

"!o '% ! C%#"! Eom!o$4#"! =!%u' A%4uo F!rr7% &ur!%' ' !o +990. S'

'!)'"#$ "omo u%#'ro o 100 (!"#'%' "u8! #or#! "%#"! /u'ro% r'#!&! 8 !

mu'r! &' 'u&#o ;u'&$ "o%#u#&o (or 09 (!"#'%' #%4r'!&o '% ' D'(!r!m'%o &'

Oro&o%"#! o "u!' '%!% !%'"'&'%' &' r!um!#mo. L! #%'#4!"#$% ' r'!#?$ "o%

' (ro($#o &' &'"r#)#r ' "om(or!m#'%o &' o r!um!#mo or!' 8 u "!r!"'r#"!

! "omo ! /r'"u'%"#! &' !(!r#"#$% '<o m7 !/'"!&o 4ru(o &' '&!&' /!"or' &'

r#'4o ?o%! m7 !/'"!&! #(o &' &'%#"#$% '#o%!&! 8 ! "!#/#"!"#$%. E <##$ u%! !!

/r'"u'%"#! &' r!um!#mo or!' '% o #%/!%' 'u&#!&o (u' u% *+, u/r#$ !4%

#(o &' '#$% ' '<o /'m'%#%o /u' ' m7 !/'"!&o "o% u% ,5+, ' 4ru(o &' '&!&' &'

1-3 !o /u' ' m7 '#o%!&o "o% u% *36, ! #%"om(''%"#! !)#! /u' ' /!"or &'

r#'4o ;u' ' &'!"$ ! ?o%! &' o #%"##o u('r#or' 'uo /r'"u'%'m'%' !/'"!&!

(u' ,6 (!"#'%' (!r! u% 61+, (r''%!ro% r!um!#mo ! &'%#"#$% 'm(or! /u' !



;u' r'"#)#$ m7 r!um! "o% u% 69 8 &'%ro &' ! "!#/#"!"#$% &' o r!um!#mo !

"o%"u#$% o"urr' '% m!8or (ro(or"#$% "o% u% 3302 '4u#&! &' ! /r!"ur! &' 'm!'. 12

VIAS M Y COL =CUBA> 200 E r!um! &'%o!'o!r ' u% (ro)'m! &' !u&

()#"! &')#&o ! u #%"#&'%"#! 8 ! ! 4r!' '"u'! ;u' (u'&! &'!r. S' r'!#?$ u% 'u&#o&'"r#(#o r'ro('"#o 8 &' "or' r!%'r! (!r! &''rm#%!r ' "om(or!m#'%o &' o

TDA '% o !um%o &' ! '"u'! '"u%&!r#! )7#"! ur)!%! &' o mu%#"#(#o !r'm#!

'% ' ('r#o&o "om(r'%&#&o '%r' '%'ro 8 u%#o &' +990. E u%#'ro /u' &' +50* !um%o

8 &' 'o 392 "o%#u8'ro% u%! mu'r! ! '!r !/'"!&o (or !4% #(o &' TDA.

A4u%o !/'"!&o ' ' r'4#r!ro% ! #4u#'%' !r#!)': '"u'! '&!& '<o '#oo4!

&' TDA ('r#o&o '% ;u' o"urr#$ ' TDA !r"!&! !/'"!&! &#'%' '#o%!&o 8 #(o &' '#$%.

P!r! r'"o4'r o &!o ' "o%/'""#o%o u% /ormu!r#o 8 'o ' (ro"'!ro% '!&#"!m'%'

(or ' #'m! '<'. A%' o r'u!&o ' (r''%!ro% '% !)! 8 4r7/#"o. S' "o%!$ ;u'

' o! &' !um%o '<!m#%!&o oo ' 11., r'uo !/'"!&o "o% u% "om(or!m#'%o

omo4@%'o ! TDA '% ! '% ! "u!&ro ESBU. A &#r#)u#ro (or '<o !(ro<#m!&!m'%'

m7 &' ! m#!& "orr'(o%&#$ ! m!"u#%o 8 ' #%'r!o &' '&!& &' m!8or %m'ro &'

!/'"!&o /u' &' 11 ] 1+ !o. L! (r#%"#(! "!u! &' TDA /u'ro% ! "!&! 8 ' m!8or (or

"#'%o &' o! &' TDA o"urr#$ &ur!%' ' ('r#o&o !"!"#o%!. L! !r"!&! u('r#or ! m!

(ro('%! ! o TDA 8 /u'ro% o "'%r!' o &#'%' m7 !/'"!&o. L! (@r&#&! &' '#&o

"oro%!r#o r'(r''%o m7 &' ! m#!& &' ! '#o%' (ro&u"#&! (or ! TDA.+9

;2 ANTECEDENTES NACIONALES

C#AVEZ N =200?> LIMA, E 'u&#o )u"$ &''rm#%!r ' %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o 8

!"#u& o)r' ' m!%'o &' r!um! &'%! '% o 'u&#!%' &' P'&!4o4! &' #mo "#"o

&' '&u"!"#$% (r#m!r#! 8 '&u"!"#$% /#"! &' ! U%#'r#&!& E%r#;u' Gu?m7% 8 >!' ]L!



C!%u! '% ' !o +996. L! mu'r! 'uo "o%/orm!&! (or 1,, 'u&#!%'

"orr'(o%&#'%&o 111 ! E&u"!"#$% Pr#m!r#!. S' u##?$ u% "u'#o%!r#o "omo I%rum'%o &'

R'"o'""#$% &' D!o "o% (r'4u%! &' !'r%!#! m#('. D' o! &' Eu&#!%' &'

P'&!4o4! &' #mo "#"o &' E&u"!"#$% Pr#m!r#! ' M102 uo u% %#' &'

"o%o"#m#'%o m!o ' M531 #'%' u% %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o r'4u!r 8 ' 10 uo u%%#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o )u'%o o)r' Tr!um!#mo D'%!'. A m#mo &' o! &'

Eu&#!%' &' P'&!4o4! &' #mo "#"o &' E&u"!"#$% Pr#m!r#! ' 161 uo u%!

A"#u& N'4!#! !%' Tr!um!#mo D'%!' ' 532 uo u%! A"#u& I%&#/'r'%' 8 '

102 uo u%! A"#u& (o##!.+1

UINTANA C =200> LIMA, E 'u&#o &''rm#%$ ' %#' &' #%/orm!"#$% !

'<('r#'%"#! (r'#! '% r!um! &'%!r#o 8 ! !"#u& &' o (!&r' 8 (ro/'or' /r'%' ! o

r!um! &' !u#$% 8 /r!"ur! &'%!r#! '% %#o (!r! 'o !(#"$ u% "u'#o%!r#o ! 36+

(ro/'or' 8 *99 (!&r' &' 7r'! "'%r! &' L#m! ='ro(o#!%!. Lo r'u!&o r''!ro%

;u' ' %#' &' #%/orm!"#$% &' o (ro/'or' ' )u'%o '% ' M*.3 u% M5* &'

(ro/'or' u#'ro% u% %#' r'4u!r &' #%/orm!"#$% 8 ' M31.6 uo u% %#' &'

#%/orm!"#$% m!o !#m#mo u% M**.1 &' o (ro/'or' m!%#/'$ '%'r u%! !"#u&

#%&'"#! 8 ' !&'"u!&! '% u% M*51 &' o (ro/'or'. T!m)#@% &''rm#%$ ;u' ' M61.0

&' o (ro/'or' %u%"! ! r'"#)#&o #%/orm!"#$% o)r' ' 'm! (or m'&#o &' %#%4u%! /u'%'

&' #%/orm!"#$%. S$o ' M,.* &' o (ro/'or' ;u' /u'ro% #%/orm!&o (or ' &'%#!

(r''%!ro% u% %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o r'4u!r. E M*0 ;u' u#'ro% "omo m'&#o &'#%/orm!"#$% o "uro &' (r#m'ro !u<##o u#'ro% u% %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o r'4u!r &'

m#mo mo&o &''rm#%$ ;u' $o ' M11 &' o ;u' /u'ro% #%/orm!&o (or ' &'%#!

u#'ro% u%! !"#u& !&'"u!&!. E M,2 ;u' !)!% r'"#)#&o "uro &' (r#m'ro !u<##o

u#'ro% u%! !"#u& #%&'"#!. F#%!m'%' ' r'!"#o%$ ! !"#u& "o% ' %#' &'

"o%o"#m#'%o &o%&' ' !$ ;u' ' M,*.5 &' o (ro/'or' uo r'4u!r %#' &'

#%/orm!"#$% 8 u%! !"#u& #%&'"#!. E M15 &' o (ro/'or' uo u% )u'% %#' &'

#%/orm!"#$% 8 mor!ro% u%! !"#u& !&'"u!&! /r'%' ! r!um! &'%!. E 'u&#o "o%"u8$

#%&#"!%&o ;u' '<#' u%! !o"#!"#$% '!&#"!m'%' #4%#/#"!#! '%r' ' %#' &'

#%/orm!"#$% 8 ! !"#u& &' o (!&r' 8 (ro/'or' /r'%' ! r!um! &' !u#$%-/r!"ur!

&'%!r#! '% %#o.++



;" ANTECEDENTES LOCALES No !8 r'/'r'%"#! o)r' #%'#4!"#$%.

;4 $83()))95 ' / )5*'3())95

L! r''!%"#! (r7"#"! &' '! #%'#4!"#$% ' &!r "o%o"'r ! (ro/'or &' '&u"!"#$%

(r#m!r#! "omo !"u!r '% u%! 'm'r4'%"#! &' TDA 8! ;u' ' (ro/'#o%! '%r! (or m!8or

#'m(o '% "o%!"o "o% ' '%or%o &' %#o &ur!%' ! #%/!%"#! 8 ! %#'? ' %'"'!r#! u

(!r#"#(!"#$% '% ! (r''%"#$% ! "omo ' m!%'o !&'"u!&o &' r!um!#mo &'%!r#o.

E! #%'#4!"#$% (r''%! u% !(or' '$r#"o 8 &' #(o &'"r#(#o &')#&o ! ;u' !

(r''%"#$% 8 ' m!%'o !&'"u!&o r'(r''%!% u% &'!/o ;u' r';u#'r' &' o&o o

(ro/'#o%!' #%ou"r!&o '% ' "u#&!&o &' ! !u& &' #%/!%'. Y "o% ! #%/orm!"#$% &'

(r#m'ro !u<##o &'%!' '! ('ro%! '%&r7% u%! !"#u& !&'"u!&! !%' u% r!um!#mo

&'%o!'o!r.

E! #%'#4!"#$% ' "o%#&'r! #!)' 8! ;u' !8 &#(o%#)##&!& #'m(o #'r!ur!

'('"#!#?!&! r'"uro um!%o r'"uro /#%!%"#'ro 8 ! # m#mo ! #%'#4!"#$% %o

&'! &' #4%#/#"!r "o%r#)u8'%&o '% o (!%' "urr#"u!r' &' ! /!"u!&' &' E&u"!"#$%

(!r! ! /orm!r (ro/'or' "o% !&'"u!&o "o%o"#m#'%o (!r! ! (r''%"#$% ! "omo '% '

m!%'o !&'"u!&o

VI MARCO TEÓRICO

@1 TRAUMATISMOS DENTOALVEOLARES

E "u#&!&o &' %#o "o% r!um! '% ! &'%#"#$% (r#m!r#! r';u#'r' u% '%/o;u' &#/'r'%' &' !

u##?!&! '% ! &'%#"#$% ('rm!%'%' ;u' &')#&o ! ;u' '<#' u%! 'r'"! r'!"#$% '%r' '

7(#"' &' &#'%' &'"#&uo !/'"!&o (or ' r!um! 8 ' &#'%' &' 4'rm'% u"'or

('rm!%'%' . Lo (o#)' '/'"o o)r' ' &#'%' &' (#' ' &')'% "o%#&'r!r "u!%&o '

r'!#?! ' r!!m#'%o #%m'&#!!m'%' (!r! (r''%#r u% &!o m!8or. T!m)#@% #'%'% ;u' 'r

'%'r '% "u'%! ! '"u'! /#%!' (ro)!)' &' u% r!um!#mo 8! '! (!r! ! (ro(#!

&'%#"#$% (r#m!r#! 8 (!r! ! ('rm!%'%'. D!&! ! #m(or!%"#! &' 'm! ' (r''%' "!(uo

r!! &' !)or&!r '' 'm! '% @rm#%o 4'%'r!' ! (!r#r &' ! #or#! &' o '<7m'%'

4'%'r!' #%r!or! 8 r!&#o4r7/#"o "o% ' /#% &' !%!#?!r ! /o%&o ' (!"#'%'. =7 !7 &'



"!#/#"!"#$% &' ! '#o%' r!um7#"! '% ' '#&o &'%! 8 !(o8o !"'% #%"!(#@ '% '

&#!4%$#"o ' r!!m#'%o &!&o ' (ro%$#"o 8 (r''r!"#$% &' "!&! #u!"#$% "%#"!. U%

'm! ' '#&o )!%&o ' #%"u8$ u%! '#$% 8! ;u' #'%' 4r!% #m(!"o (!r! ' %#o 8 u

/!m##! 8 (u'&' '!r !o"#!&! "o% oro #(o r!um!#mo. Como ' !%7## &' '!&o &'

!"u%!"#$% &' %#o ' u4#'r' &!&! ! '<#'%"#! &' "!o ;u' r';u#'r'% ! !"u%! @!%o' '% u #&! "u!%&o ' !!&' ! ! r'"om'%&!"#$% &' =#%#'r#o &' S!u& "o% r'('"o ! !

#%mu%#?!"#$% "o%r! ' @!%o. T!m)#@% !8 u% ''m'%o &' ! &#"or&#! ! or#'%!"#$% !

o (!&r' 8 ! r'('r"u#o%' &' r!um!#mo '% o &#'%' &' '"' 8 o u"'or'

('rm!%'%'. Or! '!(! o r#'4o &' '#o%' r!um7#"! ' '%r' o 0 ! 11 !o &' '&!&

(ro)!)'m'%' &')#&o ! ! (r7"#"! &'(or#! !"'%u!&! 8 ''%u!m'%' ! !4% #(o

&' u'4o r#'4oo. S' "o%#&'r! !m)#@% ;u' &ur!%' o 1, ! 16 !o ! ('!r ;u' %o '

(r''%' u% r#'4o r'!m'%' #%m#%'%' !m)#@% (u'&' (r''%!r' ''%u!' '#o%'

r!um7#"! (o#)'m'%' (or ' "om(or!m#'%o "!r!"'r#"o '% ! #%&'('%&'%"#! !

!uo"o%/#!%?! '<"'#! 8 %'4#4'%"#! &' "u#&!&o ('ro%!'.+3

@2 EPIDEMIOLOGIA

E% u%! '#$% &'%! r!um7#"! MTDI ! ! !u& &'%! ()#"! (ro)'m! &' o8. L!

r'(u'! ' u% "o%u%&'%' ^^ 8 ! r!?o%' o% "u!ro. E% (r#m'r u4!r u% r!um!#mo

'% ! r'4#$% or! o"urr' "o% /r'"u'%"#! 8 r'(r''%! u% , &' o&! ! '#o%' (or ' ;u'

! ('ro%! )u"!% r!!m#'%o '% o&! ! "%#"! &'%!' 8 o(#!' '% u% "o%&!&o.E% '4u%&o u4!r #%rum'%o &' &'/'%! "om'r"#! #'%&'% ! o"urr#r ! u%! 'm(r!%! '&!&

'% ! ;u' ' "r'"#m#'%o 8 ' &'!rroo #'%'% u4!r. E% o %#o '% '&!& (r''"o!r (or

''m(o ! "#/r! ' !% !! "omo ' 10 &' o&! ! '#o%'. E% 'r"'r u4!r '

r!!m#'%o &' u% TDI ! m'%u&o (u'&' 'r "om(#"!&o 8 "!ro "o% /r'"u'%"#! ;u' #m(#"!

! (!r#"#(!"#$% &' '('"#!#! '% !r#! &#"#(#%!. E% "u!ro u4!r '% "o%r!' "o%

mu"! or! r!um7#"! '#o%' r!!&! &' /orm! !m)u!or#! u% TDI ' '% u m!8or!

r!!m#'%o #rr''r#)' 8 (or o !%o ' (ro)!)' ;u' "o%#%' (!r! ' r'o &' ! #&! &'

(!"#'%'. Or! (r'4u%! o)r' #%rum'%o &' &'/'%! "om'r"#! o% &' #%'r@. # TDI

'% ' /uuro ' m#mo !('"o "omo o !"'% o8 '% &! KS'4u#r7 #'%&o 'r &' 19 ! %#o

&' 1+ !o &' '&!& ;u' o% ! "#m! m7 (ro)!)' &' o r!um!#mo &'%!' O

K'r7 u% !um'%o '%r' %#! ! "!u! &' u "r'"#'%' #%'r@ '% o &'(or' O o% !mo



! 'r ! ! ('ro%! &' '&!& !!%?!&! ;u' !% #'%'% u (ro(#! &#'%' "o% u% !um'%o &'

r#'4o &' u% TDI &')#&o ! ! "!&! Or! %u'! "!'4or! (o&r! 'r #%&##&uo ;u' #'%'%

('r&#&o u% &#'%' !%'r#or &')#&o ! u% TDI 8 "omo ou"#$% ''4!%' !% r'"#)#&o u%

#m(!%'. Lo ;u' u"'&' (!r! ' #m(!%' 8 ' u'o "u!%&o ' '%"u'%r!% oro TDI

I%/orm' r'"#'%' &' "!o ' !% "'%r!&o '% '' #(o &' (ro)'m!.L! '#&'%"#! u4#'r' ;u' !m)#@% !8 u% #m(!"o &' r!!m#'%o &' r!um! &'%! '% !

"!#&!& &' #&! M_oL &' #%&##&uo. Eu&#o r'"#'%' &' o !&o'"'%' #'%'% #%&#"!&o

;u' ' r!!m#'%o &' o #%"##o ('rm!%'%' "o% /r!"ur! &' 'm!' - &'%#%! %o

'#m#%! ' #m(!"o &' r!um! '% ! #&! &#!r#!. E% (rom'&#o o %#o "o% u% TDI #%

r!!r 'r!% +9 '"' m7 (ro('%o ! r'(or!r u% #m(!"o '% ! "!#&!& &' #&! &')#&o ! !

'#$% "u!%&o '% "om(!r!"#$% "o% o %#o #% %#%4% TDI. =7 !&o'"'%' "o%

!%'"'&'%' &' r!!m#'%o &' u%! '%!m'&'%#% /r!"ur!% u/r#&o &' r'&u"#&! "!#&!& &'

#&! &' o !&o'"'%' #% !%'"'&'%' &' r!um! &'%!. H!! !or! $o u%o (o"o

'u&#o !% (r''%!&o !!?4o '% '! m!'r#!.+*

E o)'#o &' '! r'##$% &' 1+ !o ' ' &' (r''%!r u% !m(#o R'#! I%'r%!"#o%!

&' ! (r'!'%"#! 8 ! #%"#&'%"#! &' TDI #%"u8'%&o !r#!)' &' #'rr! r!'ro. U% r7(#&o

/7"# m@o&o &' r'4#ro &' o IDC (!r! r'"#)#r u%! "om(r'%#$% (r#m!r#! &' ! '<'%#$% 8

! 4r!'&!& &' o r!um!#mo &'%!' '% "!&! "%#"! &'%! !m)#@% ' (r''%!r7. +*

@" FRECUENCIAEu&#o #%'r%!"#o%!' r''!% ;u' o Tr!um!#mo D'%o!'o!r' MTDA o% '#o%'

/r'"u'%' '% ! (o)!"#$% #%/!%ou'%# 8 ! #'r!ur! r'(or! ;u' u% +, &' o&o o

'u&#!%' !% '<('r#m'%!&o !4% #(o &' r!um!#mo "u8! "!u! o% "!&! '? m7

&#'r! 8 !% '%#&o u% !um'%o !!rm!%' '% o #mo #'m(o !&'m7 (u'&'% &'!r

4r!' '"u'! !%o /u%"#o%!' "omo.E@#"! 8o #"o$4#"! ;u' (o&r!% #m(#"!r

r!!m#'%o (!r! ' r'o &' u #&!. E% C#' '<#'% (o"o 'u&#o &' u%o r'!#?!&o (or

Soo L +996 &'mor$ ;u' ! (r'!'%"#! &' TDA ! %#' %!"#o%! '% ! (o)!"#$% &' 1+

!o 'r! &' , 8 '% ! R'4#$% ='ro(o#!%! &' S!%#!4o ! !! 'r! &' +.1*. D')#&o ! u

/r'"u'%"#! ' !% "o%'r#&o '% u% (ro)'m! &' !u& ()#"! (or o "u! !% #&o

#%"u#&o '% ' r!!m#'%o &' ur4'%"#! o&o%o$4#"! '% ' 'r"'r r@4#m'% &' ! G!r!%!

E<(#"#! '% S!u& +,



@4 PREVALENCIA E INCIDENCIA

E r!um! &'%! ' &'/#%' "omo u% #m(!"o !4r'#o o)r' ! 'ru"ur! )#o$4#"!

&'%!' o !&8!"'%' &' ! "u!' ' &'r#! !4% #(o &' '#$% !/'"!%&o o '#&o

)!%&o !)#o m'#! '%4u! (#o &' )o"! 8 '#&o &uro "omo: 'm!' &'%!!r#"u!"#$% 'm(orom!%&#)u!r 8 '#&o $'o.1 E' r!um! ! #&o "o%#&'r!&o "omo u%!

ur4'%"#! &'%ro &' ! "o%u! o&o%o$4#"! 8 &')' 'r r!!&o &' #%m'&#!o (u' ' )u'%

(ro%$#"o &' o &#'%' &'('%&' &' u%! !'%"#$% r7(#&! 8 !&'"u!&!. L! '#o%' (or

r!um! o% ! '4u%&! "!u! &' !'%"#$% o&o%o('&#7r#"! o% "omu%' '% %#o 8

!&o'"'%' "o%#r#@%&o' '% u% (ro)'m! &' !u& ()#"! "omo ! "!r#' 8 !

'%/'rm'&!& ('r#o&o%!. E ,9 &' o %#o u/r' '#o%' !%' &' 'rm#%!r o 'u&#o

'"o!r' (o%#'%&o '% ('#4ro ! &'%#"#$% ('rm!%'%' &')#&o ! ! !'r!"#o%' '% u

'!(! &' &'!rroo 8 &'!%&o 4r!' '"u'! "omo ! (@r&#&! o! o (!r"#! &' o

&#'%' %'"ro# (u(!r r'!)or"#$% #%'r%! o '<'r%! !'r!"#o%' &' ! o"u#$% !

/o%@#"! 8 ! '@#"!. S'4% F'rr'#r! ' !. ! (!r#r &' u% 'u&#o r'!#?!&o '% %#o &' 3 !

,2 m'' ' r!um! &'%o!'o!r /u' &' 1*2. T!m)#@% ' ! '!)'"#&o ;u' '%

&'%#"#$% ('rm!%'%' o om)r' u/r'% '!&#"!m'%' m7 '#o%' ;u' ! mu'r'.

L! r'!"#$% !r! '%r' 13 8 +3:1. S#% 'm)!r4o '% ! &'%#"#$% 'm(or! ! &#/'r'%"#! '

#%/'r#or 8 (u'&' '4!r &' 92 ! 13:1.5 E% r'!"#$% "o% ! !%!om! &'%! ' ! r'(or!&o

;u' o #%"##o "'%r!' '4u#&o (or o !'r!' o% o &#'%' m7 !/'"!&o '%&'%#"#$% (r#m!r#!. E% r'!"#$% "o% ! '#$% J' ' !.0 '% ' +919 o)'r!ro% ;u' !

u<!"#$% !'r! /u' ! (r#%"#(! '#$% '% 111 %#o "o% u% 33*. D' !"u'r&o "o% o

/!"or' '#o$4#"o ' 'u&#o &' `!% ' !. '% P!#7% ! (r#%"#(! "!u! &' r!um! '%

#%&##&uo &' 0 ! 09 !o &' '&!& /u' (or "!&! "o% u% 552. Au%;u' !m)#@% ' !%

r'!"#o%!&o "o% (r7"#"! &'(or#! "o##o%' !""#&'%' '% )#"#"'! o #o'%"#!

#%r!/!m##!r. L! m!8or! &' ! '#o%' o"urr'% '% ! "!! '% ' "o'4#o o '% ! "!'.

E<#'% !m)#@% /!"or' &' r#'4o ;u' #%"r'm'%!% ! u"'(#)##&!& &' u/r#r r!um!

&'%o!'o!r "omo u%! o"u#$% !%orm! u% o'r' ;u' o)r'(!! o * mm !)#o

u('r#or "oro !)#o #%"om(''%' 8 r'(#r!&or' )u"!'. L! (r''%"#$% &' ! '#o%'

r!um7#"! ' ! !""#$% m7 r'"om'%&!)' (or '! r!?$% ' ''%"#! '&u"!r ! o (!&r'

(ro/'or' !m#4o '"#%o 8 ! ('ro%! ;u' ro&'!% o %#o '% ! #&! &#!r#!. E



%'"'!r#o &!r #%/orm!"#$% o)r' "$mo !"u!r '% ' mom'%o &' u/r#r u%! '#$%

r!um7#"! !#m#mo ' #m(or!%' ;u' ' o&o%$o4o r'!#"' o &#!4%$#"o 8

r!!m#'%o !&'"u!&o &' '! '#o%'. Por or! (!r' ' r''!%' !8u&!r ! (r''%#r!

"o% ' uo &' (ro'"or' )u"!' o "u!' %o &')'% #%!&#r ! ! r'(#r!or#! %#

#%'r/'r#r '% ! &'4u"#$% 8 ' !)!. E "o%o"#m#'%o &' ! &#r#)u"#$% 8 /!"or' &' r#'4o&' r!um! &'%! ' ''%"#! (!r! ' m!%'o &' '#o%' /uur! '% !m)#'%' '"o!r' '%

@rm#%o &' &#'o &' 'r!'4#! &' (r''%"#$% 8 (romo"#$%. Por o !%'r#or ' (ro($#o

&' '' 'u&#o /u' &''rm#%!r ! (r'!'%"#! &' r!um! &'%! '% '"o!r' &' !

I%#u"#$% E&u"!#! =u%#"#(! &' P!o '% ' ('ro&o !"!&@m#"o +996-+990.+5

Lo &#'%' r!um!#?!&o "o% m7 /r'"u'%"#! '% !m)o 4@%'ro ('r'%'"'% ! 4ru(o &'

&#'%' ('rm!%'%'. A S!%&!# 8 "o. mor!ro% '% u 'u&#o "o% u%! mu'r! &' 151

&#'%' !/'"!&o ;u' 52 'r!% &#'%' (r#m!r#o 8 2+ &#'%' ('rm!%'%'. E% "u!%o ! !

&'%#"#$% 'm(or! o &#'%' m7 "om%m'%' !/'"!&o (or '#o%' r!um7#"! "omo

! #%ru#$% 8 ! '<ru#$% o% o #%"##o u('r#or' &')#&o ! u o"!#?!"#$% #'%&o m7

u%'r!)' ! ! /r!"ur!. E #%"##o "'%r! u('r#or ' ' &#'%' m7 !/'"!&o 8 !

/r!"ur! "oro%!' o% ! '#o%' m7 (r'!'%' '% &'%#"#$% ('rm!%'%'.+5

@; FACTORES ETIOLÓGICOS

L! "!u! &' o r!um!#mo &'%!' o% &' %!ur!'?! "om('! 8 '7% #%/u'%"#!&!

(or &#/'r'%' /!"or' #%"u8'%&o ! )#oo4! um!%! "om(or!m#'%o 8 ' m'&#o!m)#'%'. E%r' o 5 8 o 1+ !o 8 "o% u% (#"o ! o 2 !o '%"o%r!r'mo ' 4ru(o &'

m!8or r#'4o (!r! u/r#r '#o%' &'%!'. Su''% !/'"!r ! u%o o (o"o &#'%' '% !m)!

&'%#"#o%' M! &'%#"#$% 'm(or! 8 ! &'%#"#$% ('rm!%'%'. E%r' o /!"or' "!u!'

'%'mo o /!"or' &''%"!&'%!%' 8 o /!"or' (r'&#(o%'%'. S'4% Om'&! u%o &'

o &''%"!&'%!%' &' o r!um!#mo &'%!'. E ' m!r!o /#"o M%&rom' &' %#o

m!r!!&o u%o "o% ! "!&! (r7"#"! &' u'4o o &'(or' #o'%o 8 o !""#&'%'

&' r7/#"o. +6

E<#'% !r#o /!"or' '#o$4#"o '% o r!um!#mo &'%!' '% %#o. L! m!8or! &'

o !uor' &'"r#)' "omo m7 /r'"u'%': ! "!&! !""#&'%' &' "o"' 8 &' )#"#"'! !

"o##o%' 8 ! !"##&!&' &'(or#!.+6

L3 3 '5 / )55)



L! "!u! &' o &##%o #(o &' r!um!#mo &'%!' ' (u'&'% '<(#"!r '4% ! '&!&

&' %#o.

E% &'%#"#$% 'm(or! u''% o"urr#r u% m!8or %m'ro &' !""#&'%' '% o (r#m'ro 3

!o &' #&!. E' '"o ' &')' ! ;u' &ur!%' '' ('r#o&o ' %#o (!! &' u% '!&o &'

&'('%&'%"#! o! &' mo#m#'%o ! u%! r'!#! #u!"#$% &' '!)##&!& (u' !(r'%&' !!4!"!r' 4!'!r (o%'r' &' (#' 8 !%&!r. To&o o %#o ' "!'% r'('#&!m'%' "u!%&o

'7% !(r'%&#'%&o ! m!%'%'r' 'r4u#&o 8 ! "!m#%!r. No ' r!ro ;u' 4o(''% u &#'%'

"o%r! ' )or&' &' u%! "u%! ! m'! o ' u'o. =7 !r&' '%&r7% o 4o(' '% ' r#"#"o

'% ' "oum(#o o "o% ! "!)'?! &' u% "om(!'ro.

A)'5('3 ' %))/'(

E r'u!&o &' u% !""#&'%' &' '' #(o ' u% ''ro r!um! &' '#&o '<r!or! 8 &uro

&')#&o ! ! 'o"#&!& 8 ! ! !ur! &' #m(!"o. L! 'o"#&!& ''!&! (roo"! ;u' '!% m7

"omu%' ! /r!"ur! &' "oro%! 8 %o ! '#o%' &' o '#&o &' o(or' #'%&o !

'%'r4! &' #m(!"o r!%m##&! ! ! r!? &' &#'%'. Lo (!"#'%' "o% '' #(o &' r!um!

(r''%!% /r'"u'%'m'%' m#(' /r!"ur! &' "oro%! 8 '#o%' &' !)#o u('r#or 8 &' !

m'#!.

A()*)'3 ':+.()*3

Dur!%' ! '&!& '"o!r "o% u% (#"o m7<#mo !(ro<#m!&o &' 2 !o '%"o%r!mo ' 4ru(o

&' m!8or r#'4o ! u/r#r '#o%' &'%!' +* (or;u' ' r!um! '7 m7 r'!"#o%!&o "o% o

&'(or'.L! '#o%' r!um7#"! o% mu8 /r'"u'%' '% !"##&!&' &'(or#! o)r'o&o '% !

!&o'"'%"#!. Ho8 '% &! %o $o !8 mu"o %#o ;u' (r!"#"!% &'(or' #%o ;u' "!&!

'? 'm(#'?!% ! '&!&' m7 'm(r!%! 8 (r!"#"!% '% %#'' u('r#or' &' "om('#"#$%. L!

(r'!'%"#! &' o r!um!#mo &'%!' &ur!%' ! (r7"#"! &'(or#! ' ''! ! u% *,

#'%&o m7 /r'"u'%' ! u<!"#o%' 8 ! /r!"ur! &'%o!'o!r'. E<#'% mu"o

'u&#o ;u' r'/'!% ! ''r#&!& &' '' (ro)'m! 8 &'"r#)'% ;u' "!&! !o &' 1., ! !

3, &' o %#o ;u' (!r#"#(!% '% &'(or' &' "o%!"o u''% '%'r r!um!#mo.

36

L! '#o%' r!um7#"! o% m7 "omu%' '% o &'(or' &' ';u#(o "omo: )!o%"'o

Q!'r(oo )!o%m!%o )@#)o 8 ru4)8. Eo ' &')#&o ! m!8or %m'ro &' "o%!"o. S#%

'm)!r4o ! '#o%' m'%o 4r!' u''% &!r' '% &'(or' #%&##&u!' "omo (or



''m(o ' ';u.

Lo r!um!#mo !r!% "o% ! '&!& #'%&o ! /r!"ur! &'%!' m7 /r'"u'%' '% %#o

8 !&o'"'%' ;u' '% !&uo &')#&o ! ;u' @o '7% m7 '<(u'o ! &'(or' 8 u'4o.

@@ FACTORES PREDISPONENTESE<#'% &#/'r'%' /!"or' (r'&#(o%'%' ! o r!um!#mo &'%!'. E% o %#o '

/!"or (r'&#(o%'%' (r#%"#(! ' ! m!o"u#$% "!' II u)&###$% 1 &' A%4' &')#&o !

;u' '! (r''%! u% r'!' #m(or!%' 8 ! m'%u&o u% !)#o u('r#or "oro o

#%"om(''%'. Cu!%&o ! (roru#$% &' o #%"##o u('r#or' ' u('r#or ! * mm '

!"o%'! ' r!!m#'%o oro&$%"#"o (or;u' ! (r'!'%"#! &' ! '#o%' &'%!' !um'%!

&' /orm! (!r!'! ! ! (roru#$% &' o #%"##o. Dur!%' ' r!!m#'%o oro&$%"#"o

!m)#@% ' '#o%!% "o% m!8or /r'"u'%"#! o '#&o )!%&o !&8!"'%'.

Gr!% r'!': o %#o ;u' #'%'% o #%"##o u('r#or' !"#! /u'r!. Proru#$% &' #%"##o (or ' 7)#o &' u""#$% &' &'&o. I%'!)##&!&: o %#o ;u' 'm(#'?!% ! !%&!r ('ro %o &' /orm! '!)' 8 u/r'%

mu"! "!&!. D'/'"o 'ru"ur!': "omo ! !m'o4@%'# o &'%#%o4@%'# #m('r/'"! ;u'

!"'% ;u' ' 'm!' o ! &'%#%! r'('"#!m'%' '!% '#&o m7 )!%&o (or

!%o &#'%' m7 /7"#' &' rom('r'. +0

@ LUGARES DE OCURRENCIA MHS FRECUENTESLo !""#&'%' (u'&'% o"urr#r &'%ro &' ! '"u'! o /u'r! &' '! '% &#'ro ##o.

E% Aur!#! /u' "o%!!&o ;u' ! m!8or "!%#&!& &' o r!um!#mo o"urr'% '% "!! o '%

o !r'&'&or' ! "omo &'%ro 8 '% ! #%m'&#!"#o%' &' ! '"u'!. E% S#r#! u% 'u&#o

#&'%#/#"$ ;u' !(ro<#m!&!m'%' ! m#!& &' o r!um! &'%o!'o!r' o"urr'% '% "!! 8

m7 &' +, o"urr'% '% ! '"u'!. T!m)#@% "o%"u8'ro% ;u' '% ! '"u'! ' "om% (!r!

u% %#o 'r 'm(u!&o "o%r! oro %#o u o)'o (!r#"u!rm'%' "o%r! ' !!&'ro. +2

E%r' !%o (o"o 'u&#o r'!!ro% ' u4!r '% ' "u! o"urr#$ ' r!um!#mo

!'oo&'%!r#o 8 !;u'o ;u' r'!!ro% mor!ro% r'u!&o !m(#!m'%' &#/'r'%'. E%

oro 'u&#o "o% '"o!r' '%"o%r!ro% ;u' ! m!8or! &' r!um!#mo o"urr#'ro% '% "!!

/u'r! &' "!! 8 '% ! '"u'! r'('"#!m'%'. L! #%'#4!"#$% u4#r#$ ;u' "o%o"#'%&o '

u4!r &' o"urr'%"#! &' o r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r' u% (ro4r!m! '&u"!#o "o%



m'&#&! (r''%#! (o&r! 'r &#r#4#&o (r#m'r!m'%' ! o (!&r' 8 %#o 8 '% '4u#&! !

(ro/'or' '"o!r'. +2

@? DENTICIÓN AFECTADA Y DIENTES INVOLUCRADOS

L! '#o%' &' ! &'%#"#$% 'm(or! o% "omu%' ! "!u! &' ! r'##'%"#! &' u'o ;u'

ro&'! o &#'%' 'm(or!' "u8! '#o%' uu!m'%' "om(r'%&'% u<!"#o%' &'%!r#!.L! %#m! (ro<#m#&!& '%r' !m)! &'%#"#o%' "o%#u8' u% r#'4o (!r! ! &'%#"#$%

('rm!%'%' '% "u!%o ! ;u' ! '%'r4! (ro'%#'%' &' #m(!"o (u'&' 'r r!%m##&!

/7"#m'%' ! 4'rm'% &'%!r#o '% &'!rroo. U% &#'%' 'm(or! #%ru&o (u'&' r'u!r

/or?!&o ! #%'r#or &' /o"uo ('rur)!%&o ' '(#'#o &' 'm!' r'&u"#&o 8 o

!m'o)!o '"r'or' o "u! &! (or r'u!&o "oor!"#$% 8o #(o(!#! &' 'm!' &'

4'rm'% ('rm!%'%'.39

E% "!m)#o ! /r!"ur! "oro%!r#! "o%/orm!% ! '#o%' r!um7#"! m7 /r'"u'%' '% !

&'%#"#$% ('rm!%'%' (u' "o%#u8'% '%r' ' +5 8 ' 65 &' ! '#o%' '% !

&'%#"#$% ('rm!%'%' 8 oo ' * 8 ' 30 '% ! &'%#"#$% (r#m!r#!. A&'m7 &' !

(@r&#&! &' '#&o &uro '! '#$% (u'&' r'(r''%!r u% r#'4o (!r! ! (u(!. L! (r#%"#(!'

/u'%' &' "om(#"!"#$% (u(!r &'(u@ &' ! /r!"ur! "oro%!r#! o% ! "'r"!%! &' !

/r!"ur! ! ! (u(! 8 ' ('#4ro &' ;u' ('%'r'% '% ! (u(! )!"'r#! 8 o<#%! )!"'r#!%!.

E% "!o &' /r!"ur! "oro%!r#! %o "om(#"!&! 8 %o r!!&! ' !"umu!r7 ! (!"!

)!"'r#!%! o)r' ! &'%#%! '<(u'! (!r! #%!&#r (o'r#orm'%' o )uo &'%#%!r#o.

No ' "o%o"' ' r#mo &' '! #%!#$% %# u #4%#/#"!&o (!r! ! !u& (u(!r. E% "!o &''<(o#"#$% (u(!r ' (ro&u"'% o #4u#'%' !"o%'"#m#'%o.39

Po"o &'(u@ &' ! '#$% ! (u(! '<(u'! ' "u)r' "o% u%! "!(! &' /#)r#%!.

I%m'&#!!m'%' (or &')!o &' ##o &' '<(o#"#$% ' ' u%! ?o%! &' #%/!m!"#$% !4u&!.

D'(u@ &' + &! o"urr'% "!m)#o (ro#/'r!#o (or o ;u' /#%!m'%' ! (u(! !"'

(roru#$% ! r!@ &' ! '<(o#"#$%. U% #4%#/#"!#o !!?4o "o%#' '% ;u' ! ?o%!

#%/!m!or#! ' !! o&!! "o%/#%!&! ! o (r#m'ro 1 - + mm &' (u(! !u% u%! 'm!%!

&'(u@ &' ! '#$%.

E% "!o &' '<##r u%! u<!"#$% !o"#!&! 'o !"o%'"#m#'%o (u'&'% r'u!r

mo&#/#"!&o (or ! #;u'm#! o! 8 ! !uo## &' ! (u(!.

L! !u#$% &' &#'%' ('rm!%'%' ' m7 "om% '% ! &'%#"#$% ('rm!%'%' o'%.

L! !u#$% ' (ro&u"' (or;u' ! /orm!"#$% r!&#"u!r o&!! '7 #%"om('! 8 '



('r#o&o%o ' mu8 r'#'%'.

Por o 4'%'r! r'u! "om(rom'#&! u%! o! (#'?! (!r#"u!rm'%' u% #%"##o u('r#or

'% ' ,9 &' o "!o. E% ' 3* &' o !""#&'%' r'u!% r!um!#?!&! &o (#'?! 8

'% (or"'%!' mu"o m'%or' u% %m'ro m!8or &' (#'?! o)r' o&o '% %#o '%r' o

1, ] +, !o 8 '% r!%4o m!8or' "u!%&o ' %#o ' '<"'("#o%! o "o% &!o moor'.

30

Do 'u&#o '<(or!or#o '"!%&#%!o mor!ro% ;u' ' 39 &' o %#o u/r#'ro%

'#$% &'%! r!um7#"! '% ! &'%#"#$% 'm(or! '%r' o 1 8 3 !o &' '&!& 8 ++ '% !

&'%#"#$% ('rm!%'%'. L! '#o%' &'%!' !/'"!% (or o 4'%'r! u%o o &o &#'%' 8 !

(#'?! #%ou"r!&! "o% m7 /r'"u'%"#! o% o #%"##o "'%r!' u('r#or'.

U% 39 &' o %#o u/r' r!um!#mo '% ! &'%#"#$% (r#m!r#! 8 u% ++ &' o %#o

!! o 1* !o u/r' r!um!#mo '% ! &'%#"#$% ('rm!%'%' !/'"!%&o "o% '('"#!

/r'"u'%"#! ! o &#'%' !%'r#or' u('r#or'. Norm!m'%' !/'"! ! u% oo &#'%' '<"'(o

'% o !""#&'%' &' r7/#"o 8 ! '#o%' &'(or#!.

Com%m'%' ! /r!"ur! &'%!r#! o"urr'% '% u% oo &#'%' (r''%!%&o u%! m!8or

#%"#&'%"#! '% o #%"##o "'%r!' u('r#or' ('rm!%'%' 8 (u'&'% '!r !"om(!!&o

(or '#o%' '% o '#&o ('r#o&o%!'. E! /r!"ur! (u'&'% !/'"!r $o ! 'm!' !

'm!' 8 ! ! &'%#%! #% #%ou"r!r ! ! (u(! o )#'% '<(o%'r ! '#&o (u(!r. E% "!m)#o

'% ! &'%#"#$% 'm(or! o% m7 /r'"u'%' o &'(!?!m#'%o "omo ! u<!"#o%' 8 !

!u#$%.

E% ! o!#&!& &' o !%7## '(#&'m#o$4#"o ' &#'%' m7 !/'"!&o ' ' #%"##o "'%r!u('r#or '4u#&o (or ' !'r! u('r#or ' #%"##o "'%r! #%/'r#or.

E 7%4uo m'#o-#%"#! ' ' ;u' ' /r!"ur! "o% m7 /r'"u'%"#!. P!r! ! &'%#"#$%

('rm!%'%' ! '#$% m7 /r'"u'%' ' ! /r!"ur! &' "oro%! %o "om(#"!&! m#'%r! ;u' '%

! &'%#"#$% 'm(or! o% ! u<!"#o%' !u%;u' !8 !uor' ;u' #%&#"!% "omo m7

/r'"u'%' ! /r!"ur! &' "oro%!. E% ' %#o (';u'o ' (ro"'o !'o!r #'%' '(!"#o

m'&u!r' 4r!%&' 8 ' r'!#!m'%' /'<#)'. A&'m7 ' #4!m'%o ('r#o&o%! ' mu8

'7#"o ('rm##'%&o ;u' !%' u% #4'ro r!um!#mo o &#'%' ' u<'% '% '? &'

/r!"ur!r'. E% "o%r!' ! &'%#"#$% ('rm!%'%' u/r' m7 /r!"ur! ;u' u<!"#o%'

&')#&o /u%&!m'%!m'%' ! ! m'%or (ro(or"#$% "oro%!-r!? 8 ! ;u' ' u'o !'o!r '

m7 &'%o.

@ CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS TRAUMATISMOS DENTOALVEOLARES



A"u!m'%' ' (r7"#"!m'%' u%#'r! ' uo &' ! "!#/#"!"#$% &' A%&r'!'% ;u' ' u%!

mo&#/#"!"#$% &' ! (ro(u'! (or ! Or4!%#?!"#$% =u%&#! &' S!u& '% u "!!o4!"#$%

#%'r%!"#o%! &' '%/'rm'&!&' !(#"!&! ! ! O&o%oo4! 8 ! ! Eom!oo4! '% 122,. L!

"!#/#"!"#$% ' r'/#'r' !%o ! ! '#o%' &' o '#&o &uro &'%!' 8 &' ! (u(! !

"omo ! o '#&o ('r#o&o%!' mu"o! 8 u'o.

31

S'4% ! "!#/#"!"#$% &' A%&r'!'% ! '#o%' r!um7#"! ' "!#/#"!% '%:

@10 LESIONES DE LOS TE$IDOS DUROS Y LA PULPA

I5.)95, /r!"ur! #%"om('!. Corr'(o%&' ! u%! /#ur! &' 'm!'. Por !%o %o

!8 (@r&#&! &' u!%"#! &'%!r#!. F.(8. ' +.+5, (u'&' 'r %o "om(#"!&! "u!%&o !/'"! ! 'm!' o ! !

&'%#%! ('ro #% !/'"!r ! ! (u(! o "om(#"!&! "u!%&o '%'mo !/'"!"#$% (u(!r. F.(8. +.+5+-.)8/., %o "om(#"!&! "u!%&o !/'"! ! 'm!' &'%#%! o

"'m'%o &' ! r!? ('ro #% !/'"!r ! ! (u(! o "om(#"!&! "u!%&o !/'"! ! 'm!'

&'%#%! o "'m'%o ('ro "o% !/'"!"#$% (u(!r. F.(8. .)8/., !/'"! ! "'m'%o &'%#%! 8 (u(!.

@11 LESIONES DE LOS TE$IDOS PERIODONTALES

C+583)95, '#$% &' ! 'ru"ur! &' o(or' #% mo##&!& %# &'(!?!m#'%o

&' &#'%' ('ro # ' #4!m'%o ('r#o&o%! '7 #%/!m!&o '<##r7 &oor ! !

('r"u#$% &' &#'%' M! 4o('!ro. S8%/8)95, !/o!m#'%o &' &#'%' '#$% &' ! 'ru"ur! &' o@% '% ! ;u'

' &#'%' '7 /oo ('ro %o ' mu'' '% ' !@oo. L8)95 )5(.83)*, &#o"!"#$% "'%r! &'(!?!m#'%o &' &#'%' '% ' u'o

!'o!r. E! '#$% "ur! !"om(!!&! &' "o%m#%u"#$% o /r!"ur! &' ! (!r'&

!'o!r. L8)95 '(.83)*, &'(!?!m#'%o (!r"#! &' u% &#'%' '% u !@oo. L8)95 /('./, &'(!?!m#'%o &' &#'%' '% u%! &#r'""#$% !'r! u'' '<##r

/r!"ur! &' !'$o. A*8/3)95, !#&! &' &#'%' /u'r! &' !@oo.

@12 LESIONES DE LA ENCIA O LA MUCOSA ORAL

L'.)95, 'r#&! (ro&u"#&! (or &'4!rr!m#'%o. C+5(83)95, ' (ro&u"' u%! 'morr!4#! u)mu"o! #% &'4!rr!m#'%o. E or#4'%



r!um7#"o u'' 'r "o% u% o)'o romo. A%.3)95, 'r#&! u('r/#"#! (or &'4!rr!m#'%o &' ! mu"o! ;u' &'! !

u('r/#"#' !%4r!%' 8 7('r!.

@1" LESIONES DEL #UESO DE SOSTEN

C+56)58)95 ' / *) /*'+/.: /r'"u'%'m'%' ' (r''%! u%o ! u%!

u<!"#$% !'r! o #%ru#!. F.(8. ' / :.' /*'+/., ' #m#! ! ! (!r'&' '#)u!r o #%4u!. F.(8. '/ :.+'3+ /*'+/., (u'&' !/'"!r "!#&!& !'o!r. Fr!"ur! &' m!<#!r o m!%&)u!.

@14 PROTOCOLO DE ATENCIÓN DEL TRAUMA DE AVULSIÓN Y

FRACTURA DENTARIA UE DEBEN SEGUIR LAS PERSONAS

INEXPERTAS

E r!!m#'%o #&'! &' ! /r!"ur! &'%!r#! ' ! !&'#$% &' /r!4m'%o &'%!r#o 8 '

r!!m#'%o &' ! !u#$% &'%! ' ' r'#m(!%' #%m'&#!o &' %o 'r 'o (o#)' !8 ;u'

'#!r ! &''"!"#$% &' #4!m'%o ('r#o&o%! 8 &' /r!4m'%o /r!"ur!&o r!%(or!%&o '

&#'%' !u#o%!&o 8 o /r!4m'%o &'%!r#o '% u% m'&#o /##o$4#"o !&'"u!&o ('ro !%o

' ('ro&o '<r!or! 8 ' m'&#o &' !m!"'%!m#'%o 8 r!%(or' o% /!"or' ;u' '7% !

"!r4o &' ('ro%! #%'<('r!. 3+

M5'&+ ' (.86()36+3 '5 )'5('3 :.)6.)+3

a L! '#o%' m7 /r'"u'%' &' o &#'%' (r#m!r#o o% ! u<!"#o%' '% ! "u!' '&#'%' ' &'(!?! o ' "om('!m'%' !u#o%!&o.

a E o)'#o (r#%"#(! &' r!!m#'%o &' o r!um!#mo &' o &#'%' (r#m!r#o ' !

(r''%"#$% &' &!o (o'%"#! '% o &#'%' ('rm!%'%' (or !%o m'&#&! 'ro#"! (!r!

!!r ' &#'%' (r#m!r#o %o ' r'"om#'%&!%.

a P!u!r'mo !%!4'#! &#'! )!%&! 8 "o%u! ! &'%#!.

a E &#'%' (r#m!r#o !u#o%!&o o &'(!?!&o NO DEBE SER REI=PLANTADO.

a S# !8 (o#)##&!& &' !(#r!"#$% &' &#'%' !or!r ! '<r!""#$% ur4'%'.

M5'&+ ' (.86()36+3 '5 )'5('3 :'.65'5('3

Fr!"ur! &'%!'

a E r!!m#'%o #%m'&#!o '% ' S'r#"#o &' Ur4'%"#! &' P'&#!r! %o ' %'"'!r#o # %o '

&#(o%' &' u% &'%#! 8! ;u' #%"uo /r!"ur! ;u' !/'"!% ! ! (u(! (u'&'% 'r r!!&!



"o% @<#o or! m7 !r&'.

a A%!4'#! 8 &#'! )!%&!.

a E! '#o%' &')'% 'r '% 4'%'r! r'm##&! ! &'%#! (!r! u r!!m#'%o.

a L! /r!"ur! ;u' !/'"!% (u(! o% ! m7 "om(#"!&! '% 'o "!o ' (ro%$#"o

&'('%&' &' !m!o &' '<(o#"#$% 8 ' #'m(o '%r' ' r!um!#mo 8 ' r!!m#'%o. T#'%'m'or (ro%$#"o # ' '<(o%' 1 mm &' (u(! 8 ' r!!m#'%o ' r'!#?! '% ! (r#m'r!

+* or!. E r!!m#'%o !%#)#$#"o ' &#"u#)' 8! ;u' (!r'"' ;u' '% mo&'o

'<('r#m'%!' !%#m!' &#m#%u8' ' r#'4o &' r'!)or"#$% &' ! r!? ('ro %o ' !

&'mor!&o ;u' '%4! '/'"o o)r' ! (u(! o ' #4!m'%o ('r#o&o%!. S# ' &'"#&' (!u!r

!%#)#$#"o !mo<#"##%!-"!!%#"o *9 m44&!.

Lu<!"#o%' &' &#'%'

a E m!%'%#m#'%o &' ! #!)##&!& &' #4!m'%o ('r#o&o%! ' ' o)'#o (r#%"#(! '% '

m!%'o &' o&! ! u<!"#o%' &' &#'%'.

a E% 4'%'r! '% ! u<!"#o%' Mu)u<!"#$% #%ru#$% '<ru#$% u<!"#$% !'r!

(!u!r'mo !%!4'#! &#'! )!%&! 8 r'm##r'mo ! &'%#!.

a L! u)u<!"#o%' (u'&'% r';u'r#r #%mo##?!"#$% "o% r'#%! '% ' "!o &' o &#'%'

('rm!%'%' 8 "o%u! ! &'%#! '% ' m'%or #'m(o (o#)'.

a E% ' "!o &' ! '<ru#$% r'm##r ! &'%#! o !%' (o#)' 8! ;u' o &#'%'

('rm!%'%' &')'% 'r r'!#%'!&o ' #%mo##?!&o !% (ro%o "omo '! (o#)'. Eo

&#'%' &')'% r!!r' #%m'&#!!m'%' 8! ;u' "u!%o m!8or '! ! &'mor! m7 (ro)!)##&!&' !8 ;u' ' &#'%' ;u'&' /#o '% (o#"#$% !%orm!. E r!!m#'%o "o%#' '%

! r'&u""#$%: "oo"!"#$% &' u &#'%' '% u u4!r 8 /#!"#$% M/@ru! !"r#"!.

A*8/3)95 '5(.)

L! !u#$% ' ' &'(!?!m#'%o o! &' u%! (#'?! &'%!r#! /u'r! &' u !@oo. E% 'o

"!o ' (ro&u"' ! ru(ur! &' (!;u'' 7"uo-%'r#oo &' ! /#)r! ('r#o&o%!' 8

!&'m7 ' o"!#o%!% '#o%' '% ' "'m'%o '% ' u'o !'o!r 8 '% o '#&o

('r#o&o%!'. Cu!%&o ' (!"#'%' '4! ! ! "o%u! ' &')'% '!u!r ! "o%&#"#o%' '%

;u' ' (r''%! ! (#'?! &'%!r#! !u#o%!&! (!r! (o&'r r'!#?!r u% &#!4%$#"o 8 u'4o

#%!ur!r u% r!!m#'%o "orr'"o. 33

E m'or (ro%$#"o (!r! '' &#'%' '<#' # ! 'r!(#! ' r'!#?! '%r' o (r#m'ro 39-59



m#%uo &' ! !u#$% 8! ;u' ' @<#o &' ! r'#m(!%!"#$% &' &#'%' !u#o%!&o ' mu8

&'('%&#'%' &' #'m(o. L! (o#)##&!& &' ;u' ' &#'%' u'! ! ;u'&!r /#o &'('%&' &' !

#!)##&!& &' #4!m'%o ('r#o&o%! 8 ' r!!m#'%o #%m'&#!o ' !(o8! '% '' (r#%"#(#o.

E &#'%' (u'&' 'r r'#m(!%!&o (or "u!;u#'r ('ro%! "!(!? M(!&r' '%r'%!&or ('&#!r!

'".. E (ro"'&#m#'%o (!r! ! r'#m(!%!"#$% &' &#'%' ' ' #4u#'%':1. E%"o%r!r ' &#'%'.

+. D''rm#%!r # ' &#'%' ' (r#m!r#o '4% ! '&!& &' %#o. Lo &#'%' (r#m!r#o %o '

r'#m(!%!% ! r'#m(!%!"#$% (u'&' '%'r '/'"o %'4!#o '% ' &#'%' &'/#%##o.

3. S# ' ('rm!%'%' ' !"!r!r7 ' &#'%' SIN FROTAR "o% !4u! o u'ro !#%o

o'%#'%&o ' &#'%' (or ! "oro%! %o (or ! r!?.

*. I%'r!r ' &#'%' '% ' !'oo '% u (o#"#$% %orm! M%o (r'o"u(!r' # ' '<ru8' u%

(o"o.

,. S# ! r'#m(!%!"#$% ' r'!#?! /u'r! &' u% 'r#"#o m@&#"o ' !"u&#r7 r7(#&!m'%' ! u%

"'%ro '('"#!#?!&o o ! Ur4'%"#!. 33

@1; MEDIO DE ALMACENAMIENTO Y TRANSPORTE DEL DIENTE

M')+ ' /6'56)'5(+ (.53:+.(' :. )'5('3 .(8.+3,

Lo m'or' m'&#o o% !;u'o ;u' %ur'% ! "@u! r'm!%'%' &' #4!m'%o

('r#o&o%! 8 #'%'% u% P )!!%"'!&o -ou"#o%' r'"o%#u8'%' "omo ' m'&#o &'

E!4' ! ou"#$% &' H!%V o ' >#!S(!% -. Eo m'&#o &' r!%(or' (u'&'% %o '!r !!"!%"' &' o (!"#'%' o ;u' #m#! u u##?!"#$%. E<#'% or! !'r%!#! (!r! 'm('!r

'% ' ##o &' !""#&'%': ! '"' ' u% )u'% m'&#o (!r! m!%'%'r ! #!)##&!& &'

#4!m'%o ('r#o&o%! !r'&'&or &' 3 or! oro m'&#o (o#)' &' !m!"'%!m#'%o ' !

ou"#$% /##o$4#"! '@r#. L! !#! %o ' r'"om#'%&! (or;u' u #(oo%#"#&!&

"om(rom'' ! #&! &' ! "@u! ('r#o&o%!' 8 ! r'#'%"#! ! ! )!"'r#! '7

&#m#%u#&! ' !4u! "orr#'%' %o ' "o%'%#'%' 8! ;u' (or u omo!r#&!& (ro&u"' !

mu'r' "'u!r. "4

M')+ ' /6'56)'5(+ (.53:+.(' :. )'5('3 *8/3)+5+3,

Lo m'or' m'&#o o% !;u'o ;u' #'%'% ! #4u#'%' "!r!"'r#"!: (H 8

omo!#&!& /##o$4#"! "o%'%4!% %ur#'%' '!% ;u#&o '@r#' 8 '@% &#(o%#)' '%



' u4!r &' !""#&'%'. Lo r'u!&o &' 'o 'u&#o mu'r!% ;u' ! '"' /r'"!

&'"r'm!&! (!'ur#?!&! /u' m'or ;u' ! !#! ' !4u! ! ou"#o%' (!r! '%' &'

"o%!"o 8 ' G!or!&'b. E HBSS 8 ' >#!(!% /u'ro% m'or' ;u' ! '"' ' (ro($'o 8

' !4u! &' "o"o. E >#!(!% /u' #4u! ! o m'or ;u' ' HBSS (!r! (r''r!r ! "@u! &'

#4!m'%o ('r#o&o%!. A ('!r &' u '/'"##&!& '% m!%'%'r ! #!)##&!& "'u!r '>#!(!% 8 ' HBSS o% "ooo 8 %o '7% &#(o%#)' r7(#&!m'%' '% ' u4!r &'

!""#&'%' ! &#/'r'%"#! &' ! '"'. L! '"' 4r!"#! ! o (#&o "o%'%#&o o ! !

(!'ur#?!"#$% ' "o%#&'r!&! "omo u% )u'% m'&#o (!r! o /#)ro)!o &' #4!m'%o

('r#o&o%!. L! #4u#'%' r!?o%' (u'&'% '<(#"!r (or ;u@ ! '"' ' u% )u'% m'&#o:

a L! omo!#&!& M+,9 mOm4 8 ' (H ('rm#'% ! #!)##&!& "'u!r

a Pu'&' (ro''r %ur#'%' ! ! "@u! &' #4!m'%o ('r#o&o%!

a T#'%' m!r"!&!m'%' m'%o "!%#&!& &' )!"'r#! ;u' ! !#!

E% "o%r!' ! !#! #'%' u%! omo!#&!& &' 59-09 mOm`4. L! !#! ' u%! ou"#$%

#(o$%#"! o ;u' "!u! ;u' ! "@u! &' #4!m'%o ('r#o&o%! "r'?"!% 8 r'#'%'%. E

u'ro /##o$4#"o #'%' u%! omo!#&!& &' +09 mOm`4.

@1@ NECESIDADES DE TRATAMIENTO

Eu&#o '(#&'m#o$4#"o !% &'mor!&o ;u' ! %'"'#&!&' &' r!!m#'%o &' !

'#o%' &'%!' r!um7#"! %o o% "um(#&! !(ro(#!&!m'%'. Eo ' !(#"! !%o !

(!' '% &'!rroo "omo ! (!' &'!rro!&o.

Lo )!o %#'' &' r!!m#'%o )r#%&!&o o)'r!&o ! %#' mu%&#! (u'&'% 'r ! "!u! &';u' ! '#o%' &'%!' r!um7#"! %o ' '!% "omo u%! '%/'rm'&!&. Oro !('"o ;u'

(u'&' um!r ! ! %'4#4'%"#! '% ' r!!m#'%o &' ! '#o%' &'%!' r!um7#"!.

A&#"#o%!m'%' ! F!"u!&' &' O&o%oo4! 8 !uor#&!&' &' !u& #'%&'% ! '%/o"!r o

r'"uro '% or! "o%&#"#o%' &' !u& or! 8 %o '% ' r!!m#'%o &' ! '#o%' &'%!'

r!um7#"!.

>!r#o 'u&#o !% "o%/#rm!&o ;u' ' r!!m#'%o &' ! '#o%' &'%!' r!um7#"! !

m'%u&o ' &'"u#&!&o. =!r"'%' 8 Co. !% mor!&o '% 'u&#o '% Br!# 8 S#r#! ;u' !

m!8or! &' o &#'%' r!um!#?!&o %o /u'ro% r!!&o.*9 E% oro 'u&#o ' &'mor$ ;u'

"!# ! m#!& &' ! mu'r! ;u' !)! '<('r#m'%!&o '#o%' ! ! &'%#"#$% ('rm!%'%' %o

!)! #&o '!&! ! &'%#! (!r! ! '!u!"#$% o r!!m#'%o. U% 'u&#o '% T!#Q7%

C'%r! !m)#@% mor$ ;u' u% %m'ro m#%or#!r#o &' 'o u'o !)! )u"!&o !8u&!



&'%! o m@&#"!.

Lo r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r' o% "o%#&'r!&o &' ur4'%"#! 8 &' !'%"#$% o&o%o$4#"!

#%m'&#!! 8 %'"'!r#!.3,

@1 PREVENCIÓN DE LESIONES DENTALES Y ORALESA ('!r &' ;u' o r!um!#mo o% #m(r'##)' !4u%! m'&#&! (u'&'% 'r om!&!

(!r! (r''%#r ! '#$% '% #%&##&uo (r'&#(o%'%' "omo o%: E uo &' (ro'"or'

)u"!' ('ro%!#?!&o '% ! (r''%"#$% &' r!um!#mo &ur!%' ! (r7"#"! &' &'(or' &'

"o%!"o r!!m#'%o oro&$%"#"o (!r! #%&##&uo "o% o'r ' ''ro 8 ! m#mo !

'&u"!"#$% '% (r#m'ro !u<##o '% r'!"#$% ! &#'%' r!um!#?!&o (!r! o (!"#'%'

(!&r' 8 (ro/'or'. Lo )'%'/#"#o ;u' !(or!% o (ro'"or' )u"!' r'('"o ! !

'4ur#&!& &' #%&##&uo !% #&o &'mor!&o '% m#(' 'u&#o.35

S' ! &'"r#o !m(#!m'%' ;u' ! (!r#"#(!"#$% &'(or#! "o%'! u% r#'4o "o%#&'r!)'

&' (!&'"'r '#o%' &'%!'. E (or 'o ;u' mu"o !uor' r'"om#'%&!% u uo &ur!%' !

(r7"#"! &'(or#!. E<#'% &#'r! !r#'&!&' &' (ro'"or' )u"!' !u%;u' %o o&o

'o !(or!% ' m#mo 4r!&o &' (ro'""#$% 8 '4ur#&!& ! #%&##&uo. T!%o ! #%/orm!"#$%

8 r'"om'%&!"#$% (!r! ;u' o !'! 'm(''% (ro'"or' )u"!' "omo ! "orr'"!

'!)or!"#$% &' o m#mo o% "ru"#!' (!r! ! (r''%"#$% &' ! '#o%' oro/!"#!'. L!

(r'"r#("#$% !&'"u!&! &' 'o &#(o##o 8 u !&'"u!&! "o%/'""#$% &')'r!% '<'%&'r'

'% %u'r! (ro/'#$%.35

Lo (ro'"or' )u"!' (ro'4'% ! r'4#$% /!"#! #%"u8'%&o &#'%' !)#o "!rr#o 8

'%4u! r'&u"#'%&o ! #%"#&'%"#! 8 ! ''r#&!& &' '#o%' &ur!%' ! (r7"#"! &'(or#!

8 "o%#&'r7%&o' '! u%! "o%r#)u"#$% &' ! o&o%oo4! ! ! m'&#"#%! &'(or#! #'%&o

r'(o%!)##&!& &' "#ru!%o &'%#! ! r'!#?!"#$% &' (ro4r!m! '&u"!#o "o% @"%#"o

(!&r' 8 !'!.

@1? IMPACTO PSICOLÓGICO DE LAS LESIONES DENTARIASTRAUMHTICAS

Lo r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r' o% mu8 /r'"u'%' o)r' o&o '% %#o 8 ' &'"r#)'%

"omo '#o%' ;u' r'u!% &' /u'r?! '<'r%! #'%&o '% ! !"u!#&!& u%o &' o



(ro)'m! &' !u& ;u' '%/r'%! ! o"#'&!&. E! #%ur#! %o $o &'!% &!o /#"o #%o

;u' !m)#@% (ro&u"'% u% #m(!"o (#"o$4#"o '% ' %#o. Por o 4'%'r! o r!um!#mo

&'%o!'o!r' ' (r''%!% !o"#!&o ! or! #%ur#! '% o '#&o )!%&o. S#'%&o !

u<!"#$% &'%!r#! ! ;u' r'(r''%! ' 613 &' o&! ! '#o%' &'%!' '% &'%#"#$%

&'"#&u!. L! u<!"#o%' ' (u'&'% (r''%!r "omo: u<!"#o%' !'r!' #%ru#o%' 8'<ru#o%'. E o)'#o &' ! (r''%' r'##$% ')r#%&!r #%/orm!"#$% !"u!#?!&! o)r' '

&#!4%$#"o 8 r!!m#'%o &' u<!"#o%' '% %#o. 36

E% ! !"u!#&!& '<#'% (o"o 'u&#o ;u' '<!m#%!% o '/'"o (#"o$4#"o

(or!um7#"o '('"/#"o &' ! '#o%' /!"#!' ! m'%o ;u' ' r'"o%o?"!% 8 ' r!'%

o (ro)'m! (#"o$4#"o (or!um7#"o (u'&'% o'r' "r$%#"o. Lo (ro/'#o%!'

&')'% "o%o"'r ! m!%#/'!"#o%' M%om! 8 ;u' '%r' ! o("#o%' 'r!(@u#"! '

(u'&' #%"u#r ! r'm##$% ! o 'r#"#o &' !u& m'%!. E% o (!"#'%' r'!"#o ! !"u&#r !

'o '('"#!#! '<#'% '#&'%"#! &' uo &' !%#&'(r'#o (!r! ' !)or&!' &'

r'!""#o%' (#"o$4#"! &' r''!%"#!. L! '#o%' #%'%"#o%!&! &' or#4'% #o'%o o%

#&$%'! (!r! &''%"!&'%!r u%! !! !! &' r!or%o 'mo"#o%!' '% ! "#m!. A

m#mo ! '#o%' )u"o/!"#!' o% u% !('"o #4%#/#"!#o !u%;u' ! m!8or (!r' &' !

'"' #%/r!!or!&o &' ! "!r4! r!um7#"! o(or!&! (or %u'r! (o)!"#o%' m7

u%'r!)'. E r!!m#'%o ' or#'%! (or "om('o !"#! ! !'%"#$% &' ! m!%#/'!"#o%'

/#"! '#&'%' &' ! '#$% 8 ;u' r!r! '? ' #'%'% '% "u'%! o (ro)'m! (#"o$4#"o.

A m#mo '%r' ! r'!""#o%' "omu%' ! ! '#o%' r!um7#"! ' #%"u8'% %om!&'r#!&o &' '<('r#m'%!r &' /orm! r'('#&! Mr'##r 8 %o &''!&! ' u"'o

#('r'<"#!"#$% !%#'&!& 8 u%! '%!"#$% ('r#'%' &' ('#4ro !"u!. 30

VII #IPOTESIS

H1. L! !(#"!"#$% &' (ro4r!m! '&u"!#o #%/u8' #4%#/#"!#!m'%' '% ' %#' &'

"o%o"#m#'%o o)r' ! r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r' '% (ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#o &'

'"u'! ()#"! &' ! Pro#%"#! &' A?7%4!ro.

Ho. L! !(#"!"#$% &' (ro4r!m! '&u"!#o %o #%/u8' '% ' %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o o)r' !r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r' '% (ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#o &' '"u'! ()#"! &' !

(ro#%"#! &' A?7%4!ro.



VIII OB$ETIVOS DE ESTUDIO

1 O%&'()*+ '5'./

D''rm#%!r ! '/'"##&!& &' (ro4r!m! '&u"!#o '% ' %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o o)r'

r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r' '% (ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#o &' '"u'! ()#"! &' !

(ro#%"#! &' A?7%4!ro.

?2 O%&'()*+ '3:'))+

I&'%#/#"!r o r'u!&o &' ! !(#"!"#$% &' (ro4r!m! '&u"!#o ^PREPARADOS

ANTE LOS PRI=EROS AUILIOS ^ '% (ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#o &' '"u'! ()#"! &' ! (ro#%"#! &' A?7%4!ro !(#"!%&o u% (o '.

E!u!r ' %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o o)r' ! &'/#%#"#$% &' /r!"ur! &'%! '% o

(ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#o &' '"u'! ()#"!.

E!u!r ' %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o !%' r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r' '4% # !r'"#)#&o o %o #%/orm!"#$% o)r' (r#m'ro !u<##o &'%!' '% o (ro/'or' &'

%#' (r#m!r#o &' '"u'! ()#"!. E!u!r o "o%o"#m#'%o !%' 8 &'(u@ &' ! !(#"!"#$% &' (ro4r!m! '&u"!#o. Com(!r!r o r'u!&o &' ! !(#"!"#$% &' (ro4r!m! ^ PREPARADOS ANTE

LOS PRI=EROS AUILIOS^ '% o (ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#o &' '"u'!

()#"! &' ! (ro#%"#! &' A?7%4!ro &' 4ru(o "o%ro 8 '<('r#m'%!.

IX UTILIDAD DE LOS RESULTADOS DE ESTUDIO1. H!)#@%&o' &''rm#%!&o ;u' '% o (ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#o &' '"u'! ()#"!

&' ! (ro#%"#! &' A?7%4!ro ' %#' &' "o%o"#m#'%o o)r' r!um!#mo &'%!' '

r'4u!r ' &')' #m('m'%!r '% ! "urr"u! &' "uro &' (r#m'ro !u<##o 'm! !"'r"! &'

m!%'o #%m'&#!o !%' r!um!#mo &'%!' '% o&! ! F!"u!&' &' E&u"!"#$% &'

P'r (!r! ;u' &' '' mo&o o /uuro (ro/'#o%!' '% E&u"!"#$% "u'%'% "o% u%!

#%/orm!"#$% # ;u' ' ('rm#!% !"u!r !&'"u!&!m'%' !%' u% r!um!#mo &'%!.

+. S' &')' '!)'"'r "oor&#%!"#o%' '%r' ' =#%#'r#o &' E&u"!"#$% 8 ' =#%#'r#o &'S!u& (!r! '!)or!r 4u! '('"#!#?!&! '% ' m!%'o &' Tr!um!#mo D'%!' &#r#4#&o !

o &o"'%' '% 4'%'r!.

3. Lo O&o%$o4o &')'% &!r "!r! '&u"!#! &#r#4#&! ! o (ro/'or' !%o &' %#'



#%#"#! (r#m!r#o 8 '"u%&!r#o (!r! ;u' '%4!% m7 #%/orm!"#$% 8 '(!% !"u!r

!&'"u!&!m'%' !%' u% !""#&'%' r!um7#"o &'%!.

*. S' r'"om#'%&! ;u' ! F!"u!&' &' O&o%oo4! m'&#!%' ' D'(!r!m'%o &'

Pro8'""#$% So"#! )r#%&'% "uro &' (r#m'ro !u<##o &'%!' &#r#4#&o ! 'u&#!%' 8

(ro/'#o%!' '% E&u"!"#$% (!r! ! !m(#!r ' %#' &' #%/orm!"#$% 8 m'or!r u (roo"oo&' !'%"#$%.

X METODOLOGIA

101 TIPO DE ESTUDIO

E<('r#m'%! o%4#u&#%! &' "or' r!%'r!.

102 POBLACIÓN Y MUESTRA DE ESTUDIO

POBLACIÓN

L! (o)!"#$% &' 'u&#o '!r7 "o%/orm!&! (or 120 (ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#! &' *

'"u'! ()#"! &' ! (ro#%"#! &' A?7%4!ro.

NJ CENTRO EDUCATIVO NJ DE DOCENTES

1 I.E.P Gor#oo 02, +, (ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#!

2 I.E.P P!rro;u#! +, (ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#!

" I.E.P S!4r!&o Cor!?$% &' J' ,9 (ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#!

4 I.E.P =!r#!%o Z'!o Go%?!' +9 (ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#!

MUESTRA

D' ! (o)!"#$% &' 1+9 (ro/'or' ' o)uo u%! mu'r! &' +0 (ro/'or' '% o!#&!&. L!

mu'r! /u' ''""#o%!&! m'&#!%' ' mu'r'o (ro)!)##"o &' (ro(or"#o%' (!r!



(o)!"#$% /#%#! "o% u% %#' &' "o%/#!%?! &' 2, 8 u% 'rror r'!#o &' 9.1 o)'%#@%&o'

u%! mu'r! &' +0 m!'ro ' "u! /u' ''""#o%!&! (or "o%'%#'%"#! M#%'%"#o%!MKTODO DE MUESTREOE mu'r'o ' &' #(o %o !'!or#o 8 (or "o%'%#'%"#!.CRITERIOS DE INCLUSIÓN- Pro/'or' ;u' ou%!r#!m'%' &''!ro% (!r#"#(!r '% ' 'u&#o.

- Pro/'or' ;u' ('r'%'"'% ! ! '('"#!#&!& &' '&u"!"#$% (r#m!r#!.- Pro/'or' ;u' r!)!!)!% '% '"u'! ()#"! &' ! (ro#%"#! &' A?7%4!ro.

CRITERIOS DE EXCLUSIÓN

-Pro/'or' ;u' (r''%'% u%! &#"!(!"#&!&.

-Pro/'or' ;u' %o !"'('% (!r#"#(!r '% ' "uro.

10" OPERACIONALIZACIÓN DE VARIABLES

VARIABLES,V.)%/' )5':'5)'5('

EFECTI>IDAD DE UN PROGRA=A EDUCATI>O PREPARADOS ANTE LOS

PRI=EROS AUILIOS

V.)%/' ':'5)'5('

NI>EL DE CONOCI=IENTOS SOBRE TRAU=ATIS=O DENTOAL>EOLARES EN

PROFESORES

VARIABLE=3> DIMENSIONE=S> INDICADOR SUB

INDICADOR

CATEGORIA

EFECTI>IDAD DE

UN PROGRA=A

EDUCATI>O

PREPARADOS

ANTE LOS

PRI=EROS

AUILIOS

Pro4r!m! &'"o%o"#m#'%o o)r'TDA '% r'!"#$% !o (r#m'ro!u<##o.

EPOCICION

Pr#m'r! '""1, m#%uo

S'4u%&! '""

39 m#%uo



T'r"'r! '""1, m#%uo

NI>EL DE

CONOCI=IENTOS

SOBRE

TRAU=ATIS=O

DENTOAL>EOLA

RES ENPROFESORES

Co%o"#m#'%o o)r'! &'/#%#"#$% &'

/r!"ur! 8 TDA T' ME"!! &''!%#%o

- 1c "!'4or!

- +c "!'4or!

- 3c "!'4or!



104 INSTRUMENTO

Cu'#o%!r#o: S' u##?! (!r! r'"o'"!r &!o "o%#'%' '% u% "o%u%o &' (r'4u%!

r'('"o ! ! !r#!)' ! m'&#r '% ! #%'#4!"#$% ' u##?!r! ' #%rum'%o &'

"u'#o%!r#o "o% (r'4u%! "'rr!&! ;u' "o%#'%'% "!'4or! u o("#o%' &' r'(u'! "o%

!r#! o("#o%' ;u' %o 'r#r7 (!r! &''rm#%!r ! r'!"#$% ;u' '<#' '%r' ! !r#!)'10; TKCNICA Y PROCEDIMIENTOS DE RECOLECCION DE DATOS

L! @"%#"! ;u' ' u##?!r! (!r! ' r'"oo &' &!o 'r!% o #4u#'%':

E%"u'!, T@"%#"! &'#%!&! ! o)'%'r #%/orm!"#$% &' o u'o &' 'u&#o (ro(or"#o%!&!

(or 'o m#mo

P!r! #m('m'%!r ' 'u&#o ' '!r! ! "!)o ' r7m#' !&m#%#r!#o r'('"#o m'&#!%'

u% o/#"#o (!r! o#"#!r ! !uor#?!"#$% &' ! I%#u"#$%' '&u"!#! (r#m!r#! &' !

(ro#%"#! &' !?!%4!ro. Lu'4o ' r'!#?!r!% ! "oor&#%!"#o%' "o% o D#r'"or' &' !

#%#u"#$%' (!r! '!)'"'r ' "ro%o4r!m! &' r'"o'""#$% &' &!o ! "omo ! '#o%'

&'mor!#! "o% @"%#"! &' !(r'%&#?!' "omo (or ''m(o ! u#! &' #&'! o "u!' '

'!ro% ! "!)o '% r' &! '4u#&o &'%ro &' ! 'm!%! ' #%rum'%o 'r! !(#"!&o

(r'#o "o%'%#m#'%o #%/orm!&o '% &o o(oru%#&!&' M! #%#"#o 8 ! /#%! &' !

!"##&!&' '&u"!#! "o%#&'r!%&o u% (rom'&#o &' 39 m#% !%' &' ! !"##&!& (!r! !

'!u!"#$% 8 39 m#% &'(u@ ! @rm#%o &' ! 'r"'r! !"##&!& (!r! ! '!u!"#$% /#%!.

S' om!r! u% ' (!r! 'r "u7%o &' "o%o"#m#'%o #'%'% ! r'('"o &' 'm! o)r'

r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r ;u' "o%#' '% 19 (r'4u%! "'rr!&! ' '<!m'% &ur!r! 19m#%uo '4u#&!m'%' 'r'mo "u7' o% o r'u!&o ;u' ' o)uo '4% ' '

r'!#?!&o. E% u%! '4u%&! '#$% ' !r7 ! "!(!"#!"#$% "orr'(o%&#'%' &' (ro4r!m!

'&u"!#o PREPARADOS ANTE LOS PRI=EROS AUILIOS &' 39 m#%uo 'm!

'('"/#"o &' ! (r''%"#$% &' r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r'. Lu'4o &' ! "!(!"#!"#$% '

r'!#?!r! ! u#m! '""#$% ' "u! ' ! '%"u'! "o%!r! &' &o (!r' ! (r#m'r! #%"u8'

o &!o ('ro%!' o)r' 4@%'ro '&!& !o &' '<('r#'%"#! (ro/'#o%!. A&'m7 '

(r'4u%!r! # ! r'"#)#&o #%/orm!"#$% o)r' (r#m'ro !u<##o &'%!' 8 ! '4u%&! (!r':

"o%! &' 19 (r'4u%! "'rr!&! M&' r'(u'! m#(' &##&#&o '% * 4ru(o "!&! 4ru(o

"orr'(o%&' ! u%o &' o 'm! ;u' o (ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#o &')'% "o%o"'r o)r'

r!um!#mo &'%o!'o!r':

D#!4%$#"o 8 r!!m#'%o u4!r &' !'%"#$% m!%'o &' #'m(o !"o%&#"#o%!m#'%o



r!%(or'. C!&! (r'4u%! #'%' , !'r%!#! &' r'(u'! #'%&o u%! &' '! ! "orr'"!.

PROCEDIMIENTO DE LA RECOLECCIÓN DE DATOS

P!r! ! r'"o'""#$% &' &!o ' r'!#?!r! ! #4u#'%' !"##&!&'

DE LAS COORDINACIONES

S' "oor&#%!r! "o% ' &#r'"or &' "!&! "'%ro '&u"!#o (!r! ! ''"u"#$% &' (r''%'r!)!o &' #%'#4!"#$% o#"#7%&o' ' !(o8o r'('"#o

S' "oor&#%!r! "o% ' &#r'"or (!r! (!%#/#"!r o &! 8 or! &' !(#"!"#$% &' #%rum'%o.

DE LA SELECCIÓN Y OBTENCIÓN DE LA MUESTRA Y LA APLICACIÓN

DEL INSTRUMENTO

S' r'u%#r7 ! o&o o (ro/'or' &' %#' (r#m!r#o ! ! or! &' #%4r'o S' '<(#"!r! ! r!?$% 8 ' 'm! ;u' ' r!!r! ' "u'#o%!r#o Lu'4o ' (ro"'&'r7 ! &#r#)u#r ! '%"u'! ! o (ro/'or' ;u' &''!)!%

(!r#"#(!r ou%!r#!m'%' S' ' #%&#"!r!% ;u' 'r!% r'"o4#&! &'(u@ &' 1, m#%uo. U%! '? r'"o'"!&! ! '%"u'! ' r'#!ro% "!&! u%! 'r#/#"!%&o ;u' %o

'<#!% om##o%' o 'rror' '% o m#mo.10@ CONSIDERACIONES ETICAS• P!r! ! ''"u"#$% &' ! #%'#4!"#$% ' o#"#!r! ('rm#o ! ! &#r'"or &' "!&! '"u'!

()#"!.• S' o#"#!r! ' "o%'%#m#'%o #%/orm!&o ! "!&! (ro/'or "o% (r'#! '<(#"!"#$% &' o

/#%' &' %u'r! #%'#4!"#$%. E% ! '"u'! ()#"! ' u##?!r! ' "o%'%#m#'%o

#%/orm!&o (r''%!&o '% ' (ro8'"o &' '! #%'#4!"#$%.10 PLAN DE RECOLECCION DE DATOSS' (!%'! &' ! #4u#'%' m!%'r!:

S' !(#"! o #%rum'%o &' '!u!"#$% M'%"u'! &ur!%' ! ''"u"#$% &' !

#%'#4!"#$% '4% ! !r#!)' ! #%'#4!r: %#' &' o)r' r!um!#mo

&'%o!'o!r'.

S' r'!#?! ! r'"o'""#$% &' &!o o)'%#&o.

S' (ro"'&' ! ! !)u!"#$% &' o &!o o)'%#&o.

S' r'!#?! ! r'"o'""#$% &' &!o o)'%#&o ! r!@ &' o "u!&ro &' &o)' '%r!&!

8 4r7/#"o '!&#"o.

11 PRESUPUESTO



111 DE BIENES

ARTICULO CANTIDAD UNIDAD DEMEDIDA

COSTOUNITARIO

TOTAL ENS

A8)3))95 '

('(+3P:'/ %+5

P:'/ %8/

P:'/+('3

P/86+5'3

P/8695 ./)+

C .+5 D*3

,

+

+

+9

1,

19

1

U5)

M)//.

C)'5(+3

U5)

U5)

U5)

D+'5

3,.99

+1.99

+.99

9.*9

1.,9

+.99

9.09

16,.99

*+.99

*.99

0.99

++.,9

+9.99

2.59

TOTAL 2?110

112 DE SERVICIOS

RUBRO CANTIDAD EN S

T):'+ '5 +6:8(+.

I6:.'3)95 '5 +6:8(+. =; &8'+3>

F+(++:)3

T.53:+.('

I5('.5'(

I6:.'*)3(+3

1,9.99

59.99

09.99

109.99

139.99

59.99

TOTAL 5*9.99

XII AMBITO DE ESTUDIO

121 AMBITO GENERAL

E u%! &' ! 13 (ro#%"#! &' D'(!r!m'%o &' Pu%o ! %or' &' !4o T##"!"! 8 ! "'%ro

&' D'(!r!m'%o. S#u!&! ! 30,2 m%m '% ! =''! &' Co!o ! "'%ro-%or' &' !4o



T##"!"!.Cu'%! "o% 13.6*5 !)#!%'. Su L!#u&: 15d 95e 19f S Lo%4#u&: 52d 35e ++f O

Coor&'%!&! UT=: 12 ` *3,103 0+12591.

122 AMBITO ESPEC<FICO

Lo * "'%ro '&u"!#o m#<o ' '%"u'%r!% u)#"!&o '% ! ?o%! ur)!%! r'#&'%"#! &'

! "#u&!&: )r#%&! '&u"!"#$% 4r!u#! 8 /u%"#o%! '% &o ur%o.Lo "'%ro '&u"!#o '% m'%"#$% (o''% #%/r!'ru"ur! (ro(#! ' 29 '7%

"o%ru#&o "o% m!'r#! %o)' 8 ' 19 &' m!'r#! ru#"o '% u 4'%'r!#&!& ' "u'%!

"o% u% !m)#'%' (!r! ! &#r'""#$% )#)#o'"! 8 !)or!or#o.

Lo "'%ro '&u"!#o "u'%!% "o% *2 ! ,9 &o"'%' '%'!%&o '% ur%o m!!%! 8 !r&'.

122 UBICACIÓN TEMPORAL

E (r''%' 'u&#o &' #%'#4!"#$% ' r'!#?!r! '% ! '"u'! ()#"! &' ! "#u&!& &'

A?7%4!ro u)#"!&o '% ' &'(!r!m'%o &' (u%o #u!&o ! 30,2m%m.

Lo "'%ro '&u"!#o o%:

IEP Gor#oo 02,

IEP P!rro;u#!

IEP !4r!&o "or!?$% &' J'

IEP =!r#!%o Z'!o Go%?!'

XIII RECURSOS

1"1 RECURSOS #UMANOS

S' "oor&#%!r! "o% ' &#r'"or &' "!&! "'%ro '&u"!#o (!r! ! ''"u"#$% &' (r''%'

r!)!o &' #%'#4!"#$% o#"#7%&o' ' !(o8o r'('"#o

S' "oor&#%!r! "o% o !u<##!r' (!r! (!%#/#"!r o &! 8 or! &' !(#"!"#$% &'

#%rum'%o

1"2 MATERIALESARTICULO CANTIDAD UNIDAD DE MEDIDA

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitud

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitud_(cartograf%C3%ADa)

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_Coordenadas_Universal_Transversal_de_Mercator

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitud_(cartograf%C3%ADa)

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_Coordenadas_Universal_Transversal_de_Mercator

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitud



A8)3))95 ' ('(+3

P:'/ %+5

P:'/ %8/

P:'/+('3

P/86+5'3

P/8695 ./)+

C .+5 D*3

,

+

+

+9

1,

19

1

U5)

M)//.

C)'5(+3

U5)

U5)

U5)

D+'5

1"" RECURSO INSTITUCIONAL

L! #%#u"#o%' %o (ro''r7% m!'r#! &#%'ro '". Y! ;u' ' !uo/#%!%"#!&o (or '

#%'#4!&or

1"4 FINANCIAMIENTO

E (r''%' r!)!o &' #%'#4!"#$% 'r7 !uo/#%!%"#!&o '% u #%'4r#&!& (or '

#%'#4!&or.

XIV CRONOCRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES

ACTIVIDADES

MESES 2014

N D E F M A M $

B38' '/ ((8/+ '/ :.+'(+ XR'*)3)95 '/ 5('''5('3 '/ :.+'(+ X

B38' ' %)%/)+. X

R')95 '/ :.+'(+ X

P.'3'5()95 :.+%)95 '/ :.+'(+ X

E&'8)95 '/ :.+'(+7 5Q/)3)3 ' )5('.:.'()95 ')5+.6)95

X X X

R')95 '/ )5+.6' X

S83('5()95 X



XVI. ANEXOS



ANEXOS 01



ANEXO 02

CATEGORIZACIÓN DE LA VARIABLE CONOCIMIENTOS

ESCALA DE ESTANINOS

FORMULA, X 0; =S>

Do%&': < m'&#!

S< &'#!"#$% '7%&!r

=EDIA M< *

S< 1.23

LIMITES DE CONFIANZA PARA LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE PUNTA$ES EN

CATEGORIAS

! m'&#! ] 9.6, MS<

) m'&#! 9.6, MS<

1! CATEGORIA : Pu%!' m#%#mo !! M!

+! CATEGORIA : m!8or ;u' M! !! M)

3! CATEGORIA : m!8or ;u' M) !! ' (u%!' m7<#mo

NIVEL DE CONOCIMIENTOS

DEFICIENTE 9 - 3

REGULAR * - 5

BUENO 6 ] 19

ANEXO 0"



VALIDEZ Y CONFIABILIDAD DEL INSTRUMENTO DE RECOLECCIÓN DE

DATOS =PRUEBA DE ALFA DE CRONBAC#>

S#'%&o

S+# ! um! &' !r#!%?! &' "!&! #'m.

S+ ! !r#!%?! &' o! &' /#! M(u%!' o! &' o u'"'

K ' %um'ro &' (r'4u%! o #'m.

PARA _UE EISTA CONFIABILIDAD !/! 9.,

ANEXO 4



CHLCULO DEL TAMAO DE MUESTRA

% T!m!o &' ! =u'r!

N T!m!o &' ! Po)!"#$% M1+9 PROFESORES

? 2, &' Co%/#!%?! 1.25

( Pro(or"#$% &' "!o &' ! (o)!"#$% ;u' #'%'% ! "!r!"'r#"! ;u' ' &''! 'u&#!r:,99.,

; 1-( Pro(or"#$% &' #%&##&uo &' ! (o)!"#$% ;u' %o #'%'% ! "!r!"'r#"! &'#%'r@: ,99.,

# Error r'!#o &' 199.1

FORMULA PARA TAMAO DE MUESTRA PARA POBLACION FINITA

% Z+. N. (. ; ……………………… #+ MN-1Z+ . ( . ;

% M1.25+ < 1+9 < 9., < 9., ……………………… M9.1+M1+9-1 M1.25+ < 9., < 9.,

% 11,.++0 % ,3.,2 ,*……………………….. +.1,9*

R'!u' &' !m!o &' mu'r!.%/ % --------- 1 % ------------ ND$%&':

% /: Corr'""#$% (or !m!o &' mu'r!.

N: T!m!o Po)!"#o%!.

R''m(!?!%&o:%/ ,* ,* 36.* 36 m!&r'

1 ,* 1.*, 1+9



ANEXO 0;

CONSENTIMIENTO INFORMADO

Yo……………………………………………………………………………. I&'%#/#"!&o

"o% DNI No ……………………. ……….….. '<(r'o m# "o%'%#m#'%o (!r! (!r#"#(!r

&' r!)!o &' #%'#4!"#$% “E'()*) D' U5 P.+.6 E8()*+ “P.':.+3 A5('

L+3 P.)6'.+3 A8)/)+3” E5 E/ N)*'/ D' C+5+)6)'5(+3 S+%.' T.86()36+

D'5(+/*'+/.'3 E5 P.+'3+.'3 D'/ N)*'/ P.)6.)+ D' E38'/3 P8%/)3 D' L

P.+*)5) D' A5.+ 2014” &!&o ;u' ' r'"#)#&o o&! ! #%/orm!"#o% %'"'!r#! &' o

;u' #%"u#r7 ' m#mo 8 ;u' u' ! o(oru%#&!& &' /ormu!r o&! ! (r'4u%! %'"'!r#!

(!r! m# '%'%&#m#'%o ! "u!' /u'ro% r'(o%&#&! "o% "!r#&!& 8 (ro/u%&#&!& (or '

#%'#4!&or.

D'o "o%!%"#! ;u' m# (!r#"#(!"#$% ' ou%!r#! 8 ;u' (u'&o &'!r &' (!r#"#(!r

'% ' mom'%o ;u' 8o o &'"#&!. A#m#mo o &!o ;u' o8 ! (ro(or"#o%!r o% /#&'&#4%o

8 &' "!r7"'r 'r#"o (!r! ' #4u#'%' r!)!o 8 %o (!r! oro /#%'.

FECHA: …………………………………….

ggggggggggggggggggggggg

FIR=A

REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS =SEGÚN NORMAS DE VANCOUVER>



1. G!r"! C P'r'? L C!'$% I. Pr'!'%"#! 8 '#oo4! &' o r!um!#mo &'%!'.

U%! r'##$%. RCOE. +993 0M+:131T*1.

+. G'%&or U `ou"'# B H!#%4 A. R# '!u!#o% !%& 8(' o/ r'!m'% o/ mu#('

&'%! r!um! '(#o&' o ('rm!%'% ''. E%&o&o%#" h D'%! Tr!um!oo48. +999

15M+:+9,T19.3. Om'&! J. D''""#$% &' m!r!o #%/!%# '% o "o%uor#o o&o%o'om!o$4#"o.

iC#!&o ' ++ Ju%. +919j. D#(o%#)' '%

(:QQQ.oro&o%"#!.Q(u)#"!"#o%'+99+r!um!#mog&'%!'.!(

*. S!%"'?. A L'o% E. >!or!"#$% &' ! !"#u& 8 "o%o"#m#'%o &' o (!&r' !%' u%

u(u'o r!um!#mo &'%!r#o #%/!%# =!&r#& +919.

,. Gom'? D#! =. A4u#'r! C. Co%o"#m#'%o A"#u&' Y Pr7"#"! So)r' Tr!um!

D'%o!'o!r E% Do"'%' D' I%#u"#o%' E&u"!#! O/#"#!' D' C!r!4'%! Coom)#!

+911 + M,: +9-+0.

5. ="I%8r' J L'' J. E/'"##&!& &' ! '&u"!"#$% r!um!#mo &'%!' (!r! ' ('ro%!&' ! '"u'! (r#m!r#! H!)!%! Cu)! Ar +990.

6. S!%"'? L. B!rr#o N Em'r4'%"#! '% r!um!#mo )u"!': U%! %'"'#&!& "urr#"u!r (!r! ' &o"'%'&' '&u"!"#$% (r''"o!r ' #%'4r! >'%'?u'!. +995.

0. >#&! C Yo!%&! A L'#o%' r!um7#"! or!' '% ! #%/!%"#! Or! Tr!um!#" Cu)!+919.

2. G!r"! C ='%&o?! =. Tr!um!oo4! or! '% O&o%o('&#!r!. D#!4%$#"o 8

r!!m#'%o #%'4r!. 3r! E&#"#$%. E(!!: Er4o% +993.11T+21,6T65.

19. ="I%8r' J. E'm'%!r8 "oo !// %oQ'&4' !)ou &'%! #%ur#'. D'%!

Tr!um!oo48 +990 +*M3: +02]20.

11. _u#%!%! C. =!%'o #%m'&#!o &' ! !u#$% 8 /r!"ur! &'%!r#! '% %#o: #%/orm!"#$%

!"#u& 8 '<('r#'%"#! (r'#! &' o (!&r' 8 (ro/'or'. T'# (!r! o(!r ' 4r!&o &'

=!4#'r '% Eom!oo4! UN=S=T+996.

1+. =or#' G L'! `. E!u!#o% o/ ' %oQ'&4' o/ oo !u#o% o/ "oo (ro/'#o%!/rom A&!m!%#%! S\o P!uo Br!?#. D'% Tr!um!o +995:+3M1: +T,.

13. G!r"!TGo&o8 F. =!%u' &' r!um!#mo O'oTP'r#oTD'%!. 1r! E&#"#$%. AIBOFA.

+990. iC#!&o ' 9* Ju. +919j. D#(o%#)' '%:



(:QQQ."r#)&."om&o"13*+96*,=!%u!T&'TTr!um!#moTO'oP'r#oD'%!'

1*. B!r)'r! E. A! &' o&o%oo4! #%/!%#. 1r! '&#"#$%. =!&r#&: R#(!%o E&#or#! m@&#"!

+99, +6+T6, (.

1,. J!"o)'% I =o&''r T. L'#o%' Tr!um7#"!. E%: O&o%o('&#!r!: E%/o;u' C%#"o.

1r! E&#"#$%. E(!!: E&#or#! =@&#"! P!%!m'r#"!%! 122*. 156T0,.15. C!m'ro% A ' !. Tr!!m#'%o &' o r!um!#mo. E%: C!m'ro% A. =!%u! &'

O&o%oo4! P'&#7r#"!. 1r! E&#"#$%. E(!!: H!r"our Br!"' 1220: 2,T1*1.

16. Co%r'r! N. Co%o"#m#'%o 8 !"#u&' &' m@&#"o ('&#!r! &' ! "#u&!& &'

Hu!%"!8o r'('"o ! ! !u& )u"! &' #%/!%'. L#m! ] P'r. T'# E('"#!#&!& '%

O&o%o('&#!r! UPCH +993.

10. G'%&or U ' !. C!#/#"!"#$% E(#&'m#oo4! 8 E#oo4!. E%: T'<o 8 A! ! Coor

&' L'#o%' Tr!um7#"! ! ! Eru"ur! D'%!'. * E&#"#$% Amo"!. +919 +16T** (.

12. =!r"'%' A'# O Tr!')'r J. C!u' !%& (r'!'%"' o/ r!um!#" #%ur#' o '

('rm!%'% #%"#or o/ "oo "#&r'% !4'& 1+ 8'!r #% J!r!4u! &o Su Br!?#. I% D'%.

J. +999,9: 06T2+.

+9. G!r"!TGo&o8 F. =!%u' &' r!um!#mo O'oTP'r#oTD'%!. 1r! E&#"#$%. AIBOFA.

+990. iC#!&o ' 9* Ju. +919j. D#(o%#)' '%:

(:QQQ."r#)&."om&o"13*+96*,=!%u!T&'TTr!um!#moTO'oP'r#oD'%!'

+1. B#'! = Y!r'& F Lo(' E. O""urr'%"' o/ (r#m!r8 #%"#or r!um!#m #% )r!?##!%

"#&r'%: ! ou'T)8Tou' ur'8. J. D'%#r8 /or C#&r'% 1229 ,6:*+*T+6.++. `!!)u! F P!"!'r A. Pr'!'%"' o/ '' Q# u%r'!'& &'%! r!um! !mo%4

%ur'r8 !%& (r#m!r8 "o (u(# #% D!r ' S!!!m T!%?!%#!. D'%. Tr!um!o. +99+

16:192T13.

+3. C!&! J Bur4o =. A r'ro('"#' u&8 o/ r!um!#" &'%! #%ur#' #% ! Br!?##!%

&'%! r!um! "#%#". D'% Tr!um!o +991 16:+,9T,3.

+*. Cor' = =!r"'%' S'#!m A. Pr'!'%"' !%& "orr'!' o/ r!um!#" #%ur#' o

' ('rm!%'% '' o/ "ooT"#&r'% !4'& 2T1* 8'!r #% B'o Hor#?o%' Br!?#. D'%.

Tr!um!o. +991 16:++T+5.

+,. A%&r'!'% J R!% J. E(#&'m#oo48 o/ r!um!#" &'%! #%ur#' o (r#m!r8 !%&

('rm!%'% '' #% ! D!%# (o(u!#o% !m('. I% Or! Sur4 126+ 1: +3,T36.

+5. Zu! ` S'mr! O HW'8'% `. Tr!um!#" #%ur#' o/ ' ('rm!%'% #%"#or #% "#&r'%



#% Sou'r% Tur'8: A r'ro('"#' u&8. D'% Tr!um!o +99, +1: +9T+,.

+6. S!%&!# N C#&#r S Gu'r N. C#%#"! #%'#4!#o% o/ r!um!#" #%ur#' #% Y'&#'('

U%#'r#8 Tur'8 &ur#%4 ' ! 3 8'!r. D'% Tr!um!o +99, +1: 100T2*.

tesis listo original.docx

Documents