agresión y ansiedad en violadores y abusadores de niños

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Comparative CriminologyInternational Journal of Offender Therapy and

DOI: 10.1177/0306624X052779432005; 49; 652Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol

Mally Shechory and Sarah Ben-David

Aggression and Anxiety in Rapists and Child Molesters

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Aggression and Anxiety inRapists and Child Molesters

Mally Shechory

Sarah Ben-David

Abstract: This study expands the empirical and theoretical understanding of the distinction

betweenthosewhoperpetrate sexual assaults againstchildren(childmolesters)and thosewho

perpetrate them against adults (rapists). Two questionnaires were completed by 88 incarcer-

ated,male sexual offenders(45 childmolesters and43 rapists):the Spielberger statetrait anxi-

ety inventory and the Buss-Durkee hostility inventory. It was found that the rapists’ level of

aggression was significantly higher than thatof the childmolesters.No significantdifferences

in anxietylevels were foundbetween thetwo groups.The results are discussedin terms of their

relevance to theory and clinical practice.

Keywords: rapists; child molesters; aggression; anxiety; victim age

Sex offender treatment, parole, and sentencing policy are, and should be, influ-

enced by both theoretical considerations and the danger they pose to society

(Bumby & Hansen, 1997; Finkelhor, 1984; Hall, 1990; Marshall, 1993). Hence,

understanding the characteristics and specific attributes of sex offender sub-

groups is important, not only for research and theoretical considerations but also

for treatment and criminal justice policies. Such insights may facilitate further

understanding, risk assessments, and treatment success.

Research on sex offender classification (Knight & Prentky, 1990; Knight,

Rosenberg, & Schneider, 1985) supported the notion that sex offenders are a het-erogeneous group, offering divisions such as anger rape versus power rape

(Groth, Burges, & Holmstrom, 1977). Others suggestedthatPsychopathy Check-

list-Revised scores may be useful for group discriminations between high and

low-risk offenders (Edens, Petrila, & Buffington-Vollum, 2001).

Several studies (Bruce, Pierson, & Kuznetsov, 1993; Groth & Birnbaum,

1979; Hillbrand, Foster, & Hirt, 1990; Knight et al., 1985; Marshall, Barbaree, &

Fernandez, 1995; Valliant & Antonowicz, 1992; Valliant & Blasutti, 1992) pro-

posed victimage as a variablefor differentiatingbetween sex offendercategories.

Of particular importance is whether the victim was an adult or a minor. In their

study, Kuznestov and Pierson (1992) uphold the view that the ageof the victimis

NOTE: Address all correspondence to Mally Shechory, Departmentof Criminology, Bar Ilan Univer-

sity, Ramat-Gan and the College of Judea and Samaria, Ariel, 44837, Israel. Tel.: +972-3-906-6101,

fax: +972-3-906-6161. E-mail: [email protected].

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 49(6), 2005 652-661

DOI: 10.1177/0306624X05277943

© 2005 Sage Publications

652








relevant to an understanding of sexual offenses. For example, the child molester

was different on a number of parameters from the rapist. In addition, the classifi-cation, according to victim age, was acknowledged and adopted by the criminal

justice system in many jurisdictions.This is one of the main reasons why we have

also adopted these classifications.

In comparisons between rapists and child molesters, research findings sug-

gested that although rapists are more emotionally restrained and antisocial, child

molesters are more regressive (Bruce et al., 1993; Finkelhor & Araji, 1986;

Hillbrand, Foster, & Hirt, 1990; Kalichman, 1991; Overholser & Beck, 1986;

Walters, 1987; Ward & Hudson, 1996). Rapists were found to be defensive,

aggressive, hostile, resentful, and alienated (Armentroaut & Hauer, 1978;

Finkelhor & Araji, 1986; Kalichman, 1991; Panton, 1978), whereas child

molesters had more emotional disturbances, low levels of self-esteem, a lack of

self-confidence, a lack of emotional maturity, and high levels of emotional pres-

sure and anxiety. Both rapists and child molesters suffered from a deficit of inti-

mate relations with other people and loneliness (Seidman, Marshall, Hudson, &

Robertson, 1994; Simkins, 1993). Yet child molesters were more fearful of inti-

macy in close relationships than were rapists (Marshall, 1989; Ward & Hudson,

1996). They showed either a fearful or preoccupied attachment style (Ward &

Hudson, 1996).

In general, sex offenders were found to have more affective psychopathology,

such as anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and major depression; child

molesters were found to be more neurotic, affective, and socially impaired than

the rapists (Ahlmeyer, Kleinsasser, Stoner, & Retzlaff, 2003). In addition, child

molesters are traditionally portrayed as less aggressive than rapists, and sexual

offenses against children have often been characterized as nonviolent. It was

found that rapists often have strong, aggressive features (Bartol, 2002; Bruce

et al., 1993; Kalichman, 1991; Shealy, Kalichman, Handerson, Szymanowski, &

Mckee,1991). However,as Knight et al. (1985) noted, studies that “strongly sug-

gest that popular conceptions of child molesters as less physically violent than

rapists have overlooked important data” (p. 231). Some research indicates that a

subgroup of very violent offenders does exist. For example, Stermac, Hall, and

Henskens (1989), in their examination of the nature of adult sexual contact with

children among a clinical sampleof both familialand nonfamilial sexual offenses

against children, found that both groups of offenders had committed largely

violent assaults against children.

Based on former studies, it was reasonable to consider anxiety and aggression

as important variables for distinguishing between rapists and child molesters

(Kalichman, 1991; Marshall et al., 1995; Valliant & Antonowicz, 1992). Thus, it

was hypothesized that differences between rapists and child molesters would befound in the levels of anxiety and aggression and that rapists would have a lower

level of anxiety and a higher level of aggression than child molesters.

Rapists and Aggression 653








METHOD

PARTICIPANTS

From a list provided by the prison authority using a random numbers list, 88

incarcerated, convicted male sexual offenders were randomly selected. They

were divided into twogroups: 43 rapists and 45 child sexual molesters. The crite-

ria for group allocationwere based on information from their files. In accordance

with theoretical definitions (i.e., Bruce et al., 1993; Hillbrand et al., 1990;

Kalichman, 1991; Overholser & Beck, 1986; Walters, 1987), the rapist group

included sex offenders charged with the rapes of females aged 16 and older. Two

cases of familial rape were excluded.

The child molester group included sex offenders whose victims were girls

under theage of 12.They consistedof 22 incestoffenders (the offenderwaseither

a biological parent or step-parent of the victim) and 23 nonincest offenders (the

victim was not a family member). Because no significant differences were found

between the types of child molesters, all 45 of the offenders were grouped

together.

DESIGN AND PROCEDURE

The participants were tested individually. Eachof themreceived twoquestion-

naires. The Spielberger state trait anxiety inventory questionnaire included 40

items and measured anxiety (Spielberger, 1966, 1972, 1975). Both state (α = .91)

and trait (α = .88) anxieties were calculated by this self-report inventory.

To evaluate the level of aggression, the Buss-Durkee hostility inventory ques-

tionnairewas used.A 75-item true-false scale measuredseven hostilitysubscales,

five of whichrepresented instrumental aggression (assault , indirect hostility, irri-

tability, negativism, verbal hostility) and two of which represented emotional

aggression (resentment and suspicion; Buss, 1961, 1971; Buss & Durkee, 1957).

According to Buss and Durkee, Cronbach’s alpha ranged between .46 and .78. In

the present study, Cronbach’s alpha ranged between .81 and .54.

RESULTS

Rapists and child molesters had similar educational and occupational back-

grounds, but they differed in age and marital status. Molesters ( M = 43; SD =

10.65) were older than rapists ( M = 32.4; SD = 7.65), had a higher marriage rate

(χ2

= 13.03; p < .01), and had morechildren(χ2

= 12.29; p < .001).Themajority of the participants in both groups did not complete high school and were employed

inunskilled jobs at thetimeof theirarrest. Neither group differed in thenumber of

incarcerations (rapists: M = 2.22; SD = 1.20; molesters: M = 2.2; SD = 1.00).

654 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology








Approximately one third (32.6%) of therapists used drugs, whereas only 6.7% of

the molesters did.

Multivariate analysis of variance revealed no significant differences between

the rapists and the child molesters in levels of trait and state anxiety. However,

compared to the general population (Spielberger, 1975), both groups, the rapists

(F [2,41]= 17.46; p < .001) andthe childmolesters(F [2,43]= 12.08; p < .001) suf-

fered from a high level of state and trait anxiety (Table 1).

As Table 2 shows, rapists were significantly (F [8,79] = 2.16; p < .05) more

aggressive than child molesters in all pertinent aspects except in irritability.

Compared to the norm in the general population, as defined by Buss andDurkee (1957; M = 46.77; SD = 15.52), rapists were more aggressive ( M = 54.45;

SD = 18.74; p < .001), andchild molesters( M = 40.87;SD = 16.03; p < .001) were

less aggressive.


TABLE 1

Means and Standard Deviations for the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory

Rapists Child Molesters General Population

Variable M SD M SD M SD

State anxiety 43.54 13.70 41.20 13.10 31.50 7.14

Trait anxiety 45.54 11.31 43.04 10.99 37.40 8.16

TABLE 2

Means and Standard Deviations for the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory.

Rapists Child MolestersVariable M SD M SD F

Total aggression 54.45 18.74 40.87 16.03 13.38***

Instrumental aggression

Assault 51.16 32.99 29.88 25.27 11.61***

Indirect hostility 48.83 26.68 30.48 22.51 12.22***

Irritability 44.61 22.60 35.57 21.98 2.87

Negativism 65.70 29.40 47.22 29.80 8.57**

Verbal hostility 61.24 23.18 44.69 25.90 9.95***

Emotional aggression

Resentment 49.17 26.14 40.95 23.32 2.43

Suspicion 60.43 23.13 56.30 23.02 .71

* p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001.








Thelinks between thevariables (anxiety andaggression)were examinedusing

Pearson’s correlation ratios. Significant correlations between trait anxiety andgeneral aggression (r = .30; p < .01) and trait anxiety and suspicionscale (r = .31;

p < .01) were found.

DISCUSSION

Corroborating previous studies (Armentrout & Hauer, 1978; Bruce et al.,

1993; Eccles, Marshall, & Barbaree, 1994; Kalichman, 1991), the data of the

present study showed that the rapists were more aggressive than thechild molest-

ers. Furthermore, therapists scoredhigher on the level of aggression compared to

the general population, whereas the child molesters scored lower. As aforemen-

tioned, aggression is considerably less common in child molesters. Thus,

although most molestation does not include penetration and is limited to mastur-

bation and fondling (Bradford, Bloomberg, & Bourget, 1988), other findings

showing that child molesters committed largely violent assaults against children

will not be ignored (e.g., Stermacet al., 1989). However, as Stermac et al. (1989)

noticed, thepopulation used in their study wastakenonly from patients who were

referred to an in-patient psychiatric assessment. As they mentioned, it is conceiv-

able that this overall sample represents individuals who have committed more

serious and violent offenses than offenders who may not undergo psychiatric

assessments. Therefore,thisremains to be determined by further investigations.

Contradictory to previous studies (Kalichman, 1991; Marshall et al., 1995;

Valliant& Antonowicz, 1992;Ward& Hudson, 1996), rapists andchildmolesters

had similar levels of anxiety, whichwere,however, higher (particularly regarding

social anxiety) than the general population (see Armentrout & Hauer, 1978;

Finkelhor & Araji, 1986; Groth & Birnbaum, 1978; Groth & Hobson, 1983;

Hillbrand et al., 1990; Hoyer, Kunst, & Schmidt, 2001; Hunter, Childers, Roque,

& Hayden, 1990; Seidman et al., 1994; Walters, 1987).

Onepossible explanationfor the lack of distinction between therapists andthe

child molestersin the levels of anxiety maybe that thesample in thepresent study

consistedof inmates. Rapists andchild molesters, as a resultof also being consid-

ered sex offenders, have an equally low status in prison. For sex offenders, being

in prison is more stressful than for other criminals because they are exposed to

more hostilityandviolence from theother inmates. Forexample,Hopkins (1993)

found that incarcerated rapists appeared to be more socially anxious than incar-

cerated pedophiles. This may increase the rapists’anxiety levels, thereby equaliz-

ing the anxiety levels of rapists and pedophiles and blurring the differences

between these twogroups. In other words, it is possible that the impact of impris-onment was so extreme that it washed out any differences that might have previ-

ously existed between rapists and child molesters.

Although this may be a plausible explanation, we want to offer a more pro-

found explanation. It is theoretically possible that rapists andchild molesters suf-









fer from different types of anxiety and not necessarily from different levels of the

same type of anxiety.Despite the existing theoretical framework that emphasizes anxiety as being

significant in the etiology of sexual offences, little attention has been directed

toward thedifferentiationof theanxiety types of sexual offenders. Based on theo-

retical considerations, an alternative interpretation of our findings is proposed to

account for this incompatibility. Contrary to studies from the middle of the 20th

century, recent studies about sex offenders are largely from thecognitive psycho-

logical viewpoint. Although previous studies ascribed special importance to

examining the role of anxiety in the etiology of sexual deviation and offences,

contemporary studies seem to be less interested in the anxiety levels of these

offenders.

Karpman (1963)notedthat sexual impulsesof rapists andpedophiliacs aredis-

torted by crippling anxiety. “Pedophiliacs are particularly afflicted with anxiety

regarding their sexual potency” (p. 346), whereas

the neurotic mechanism operative in rapists is based on an underlying inferiorityfeeling that is reflectedin sexual attitudes. Theform taken bysuch feelings is a con-cealed fearof the usual masculine sentiments andattitudes surrounding sexual con-tact with women. (p. 347)

Therefore, we propose that both sexual offender groups suffer from sexual

anxiety, but they differ in the type of sexual anxiety. Consequently, a difference

between their sexual objects or victims exists. Rapists arecharacterizedwith a rel-

ativelyhightrait anxietyand lowself-esteem in theirheterosexual relations. Child

molesters suffer from anxiety about sexual relationships with adult women.

Therefore, they tend to have sexual relationships with children (Simkins, 1993).

They have been shown to have unusual amounts of sexual anxiety (Goldstein,Kant, & Hartman, 1973).

Psychoanalytic theory asserts that child molesters do not successfully control

theiroedipal urges.In theirmind, sex with anadultwoman is tantamount to incest.

Thus, sexual relationships with children circumvent their oedipal dilemma.

Whereas theoedipal dynamics in abusive behavior is moot, child molesterssuffer

pervasive feelings of inadequacy and rejection. These emotions stem from emo-

tionally neglectful or abusive parents (Levy & Simpson, 1998). In addition,

molesters’ heterosexual, early-adult relationships are characterized by varying

degrees of sexual anxiety and fear of loss or rejection. Early traumatic sexual

experiencesmaylead child molesters to associateadult sexual behavior with anx-

iety andemotional distress (Langevin, 1988).As a result, it isplausiblethatpoten-

tial childabusers renounce thedangerous worldof adult sexuality andturn tochil-

dren as sources of emotionalandphysical intimacy andsexual gratification (Levy

& Simpson, 1998).Thechildmolester’s anxiety andresultant impotenceare often

interpreted as a lack of sexual interest in adult women (Langevin, 1988). Most

child sexual abuse does not include penetration but primarily consists of acts of









masturbation and fondling (Bradford et al., 1988). Child molesters seem to fear

the sexual act.Rapists, on the other hand, we suggest, do not suffer anxiety from the sexual

act, but they areapprehensiveof thebehaviors associated with normalsexual rela-

tions (Cohen, Seghorn, & Calmas, 1971; Langevin, 1983). It seems that they feel

inferior regarding their masculinity (Langevin, 1983). Their relationships with

women can be seen as an expression of their feelings of inferiority, and they have

difficulties in forming and sustaining intimate relationships with women. Conse-

quently, they have a history of either no romantic relationships with women or of

futile attempts to form them (Halleck, 1976). Thus, rape may be considered a

man’s desperate attempt to prove his masculinity, his sexual capability, and his

ability to control women. Rape is theproduct of therapist’s feelings of inferiority

and difficulty in forming intimate relationships. The rapist satisfies his need for

sexual dominance by degrading the sexual object through rape and sadistic or

perverse acts (Langevin, 1983).

Based on this assumption, we suggest that Spielberger’s test is appropriate for

distinguishing between the anxiety levels in varied sexual offender groups and

normal populations. However, it is inappropriate for distinguishingbetween anxi-

ety level differences in sexual offender groups. As aforementioned, both child

molesters and rapists suffer from anxiety primarily related to sexual contact with

theadultwomen. Yet thefocusof theiranxiety differs: Molestersare afraidof per-

forming the sexual act, whereas rapists fear sexual relationships.

In conclusion, child molesters’ lack of interest in having sexual intercourse

with adultwomenmaybe explained by theirhigh level of anxiety related to theact

itself, which results ina form of impotence. Incontrast,rapists sufferfromanxiety

about their sexual function and from inferiority regarding their masculinity.

Therefore, they have a high level of anxiety related to sexual relationships. This

distinction is important for determining treatment, risk assessment, and

recidivism.

There are several considerations that should be noted concerning the present

study. First, the lackof significant differences between rapists and child molesters

in levels of anxiety suggests that further inquiry about the type of anxiety charac-

teristic of sex offenders is needed. Although anxiety hasbeen recognized as a sig-

nificant factor in theetiology and treatmentof sexual offenders, there is a scarcity

of empirical research on this issue.

In addition, theparticipants in this study were incarcerated, untreatedcriminal

sex offenders. Therefore, caution should be exercised in applying these results to

nonconvictedand forensic hospital populations. Additionally, the composition of

thechild molester samplewasheterosexual, which provided themost meaningful

comparison group to therapists. This factor also limitsthe application of thefind-ings to homosexual child molesters.

Finally, in the present study, grouping together offenders on the basis of the

victim’s age reduced the heterogeneity of participants. Other variables, such as

victim-offender relationships and the amount and degree of violence used, may









also provide pertinent information to further understanding about the differential

characteristics of the variety of sex offenders.

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Mally Shechory, Ph.D.

The College of Judea and Samaria

44837 Ariel

Israel

Sarah Ben-David, Ph.D.

Department of Criminology

Bar-Ilan University

52900 Ramat-Gan

Israel


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