unidad 2 ingles

INSTITUTO DEL PROFESORADO DEL CONSUDEC

Septimio Walsh

(V-5)

Profesorado en Informtica

Modalidad a Distancia

INGLS

Unidad 2

Autora del Material: Zulema Abreg Actualizacin: Lic. Karina Cenzabella

Prohibida su reproduccin total o parcial. Derechos reservados.

Profesorado del CONSUDEC Materia: Ingls I


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Introduccin

La finalidad de esta asignatura es brindar a los alumnos los elementos para que

puedan comprender, interpretar y traducir manuales, folletos y textos especficos de

informtica del ingls al castellano, haciendo uso de conocimientos previos y de las

experiencias en dichos temas.

Para lograr este objetivo es importante el estudio comparativo de las gramtica de

ambas lenguas y el correcto uso del diccionario bilinge.

El material ha sido organizado en un orden de complejidad creciente a fin de que los

alumnos encuentren la menor cantidad de dificultades para el logro de los objetivos

propuestos por la docente.

Es por ello que, si bien un mdulo corresponde al bloque nominal y el otro al bloque

verbal, se incluyeron en el primer mdulo elementos que corresponden al segundo a fin

de que cuenten con algunos elementos necesarios para la tarea.

Requisitos para aprobar la materia:

Un trabajo prctico aprobado.

Un parcial domiciliario.

Examen final escrito presencial.

En todos los casos se podr consultar el diccionario, los glosarios de trminos informticos y

los apuntes sobre gramtica.

Metodologa:

Para lograr un buen aprendizaje les aconsejo tener en cuenta:

_ Cuando se realiza una traduccin lo que se transfiere de un idioma a otro son

ideas y no palabras.

_ Se debe ser fiel al original; dejar de lado lo superfluo, lo que nada agrega al

texto, conservando lo sustancial; evitar la repeticin.

_ Usar el diccionario: no dejarse llevar por la similitud de las palabras; buscar lo

que no se sabe o lo que no se sabe bien.

_ Antes de contestar las preguntas de la comprensin o de realizar la traduccin

se tiene que leer todo el texto, an cuando haya palabras que desconozcan.

Consulten sus dudas cada vez que sea necesario.



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UNIDAD 2: Bloque verbal

El VERBO

Clasificacin de los verbos

De acuerdo con su contenido:

1. Verbos que indican actividad

to walk: caminar

to eat: comer

2. Verbos que indican condicin

to sleep: dormir

to live: vivir

3. Verbos que indican cambio

to turn: volver / convertirse

to finish: acabar / terminar

Segn su empleo algunos verbos pueden pertenecer a ms de una categora.

Ej.:

They live in Paris. Viven en Pars. (indica condicin)

I want to live. Quiero vivir. (indica actividad)

De acuerdo con su funcin:

1. Verbos principales: son aquellos que contienen todo el significado del

predicado.

She gave him a present. Le hizo un regalo.

He can read. Sabe leer.

2. Verbos auxiliares: son aquellos que se emplean para la formacin de los

tiempos, modo, aspecto, voz y predicacin.

The boy didnt tell the truth. El chico no dijo la verdad.

They are leaving tomorrow. Se marchan maana

She has updated the antivirus. Ella ha actualizado el antivirus.



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3. Verbos modales: Tienen significado propio; comparten caractersticas de los verbos auxiliares.

She can swim very well. Sabe nadar muy bien

May I open the window, please? Puedo abrir la ventana, por favor?

De acuerdo con la forma:

Los verbos ingleses basan su conjugacin en tres formas nicamente que

representan el enunciado de un verbo. Son: infinitivo (to know), pretrito o

pasado (knew) y participio pasado (known).

Atendiendo a estos tres elementos bsicos, los verbos se clasifican en:

Regulares: Toman la terminacin -ed de inflexin, aadida a la raz o infinitivo

para formar el pretrito y el participio pasado.

To play played played (jugar, interpretar)

To study studied studied (estudiar)

Irregulares: Son verbos que tienen las tres formas iguales, dos formas

iguales y una desigual, las tres formas desiguales.

To cut cut cut (cortar)

To keep kept kept (guardar, conservar)

To drink drank drunk (beber)

To show showed shown (mostrar, ensear)

De acuerdo con su formacin:

Simples: Son aquellos que estn formados por una sola palabra.

To think pensar

To work trabajar

Compuestos: Estn formados por ms de una palabra.

To outdo aventajar

To overcome vencer



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Dentro de este grupo se encuentran tambin los verbos fraseolgicos

(phrasal verbs) y los preposicionales (prepositional verbs).

To look at mirar a / hacia (prepositional)

To come in entrar (phrasal)

Infinitivo s -ing pasado participio pasado go

(ir)

goes

(va)

going

(yendo)

went

(fue)

gone

(ido)

work

(trabajar)

works

(trabaja)

working

(trabajando)

worked

(trabaj)

worked

(trabajado)

Estas formas se combinan con los auxiliares y van a determinar los distintos tiempos

verbales. Los fundamentales son cuatro:

presente pasado futuro condicional o potencial

Y cuatro son las formas en que estos tiempos se combinan, a saber:

Los verbos auxiliares que empleamos en su formacin son:

To be (ser o estar) To have (haber) Do/did/does Will

Para formar los

tiempos continuos.

Para formar los

tiempos perfectivos.

Para formar el

negativo e

interrogativo del

presente y pasado

simple.

Para el

tiempo futuro

simple.

simple continuada perfectiva perfectiva continuada



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Verbo To Be

Presente

simple

Pasado

simple

Futuro

simple

I am You are He is She is It is We are You are

They are

I was You were He was She was It was We were You were They were

I will be You will be He will be She will be It will be We will be You will be They will be

Verbo To Have (haber - como auxiliar)

Do - Does - Did (auxiliares para formar el negativo e interrogativo del Presente y

Pasado Simples)

Presente Simple Pasado Simple

I do (not) I did (not)

You do (not) You did (not)

He does (not) He did (not)

She does (not) She did (not)

It does (not) It did (not)

We do (not) We did (not)

You do (not) You did (not)

They do (not) They did (not)

Presente

simple

Pasado

simple

Futuro

simple

I have You have He has She has It has We have You have They have

I had You had He had She had It had We had You had They had

I will have You will have He will have She will have It will have We will have You will have They will have



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TIEMPOS VERBALES

Tiempos Simples

Presente Simple:

Este tiempo se utiliza para describir una accin habitual. Todas las personas

tienen la misma forma con excepcin de las tercera persona del singular a la que

se le agrega una s es de acuerdo a la terminacin del verbo.

I sleep (yo) duermo

You sleep (usted) duerme

He sleeps (l ) duerme

She sleeps (ella) duerme

It sleeps (el gato-) duerme

We sleep (nosotros/as) dormimos

You sleep (ustedes) duermen

They sleep (ellos/as) duermen

Para preguntar se usa el auxiliar DO para todas las personas, salvo en las

terceras personas del singular que llevan el auxiliar DOES

Forma Afirmativa Forma Negativa Forma Interrogativa

I work

(trabajo)

I do not work

(no trabajo)

Do I work?

(trabajo?)

You work do not work Do you work?

He works does not work Does he work?

She works does not work Does she work?

It works does not work Does it work?

We work do not work Do we work?

You work do not work Do you work?

They work do not work Do they work?



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En conversaciones es muy comn contraer do not y does not por dont y

doesnt, respectivamente.

Pasado Simple:

Este tiempo verbal describe una accin pasada.

En el pasado simple se usa el mismo verbo auxiliar para todas las personas.

La forma negativa e interrogativa se forma con el

auxiliar did + la forma base del verbo.

Ej. :

I did not (= didnt) listen to her. (No la escuch.)

He did not study for the exam. (No estudi para el examen.)

Did you understand the problem? (Entendi el problema?)

Where did they go yesterday? (Adnde fueron ayer?)

.........

Consultar lista de verbos irregulares (pgina 22) * ............



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Futuro Simple:

Se forma con el auxiliar will seguido de la forma base del verbo principal; es igual

para todas las personas.

Ej.

I will get the scholarship. (Obtendr la beca.)

You will work in this office. ( Trabajar/s en esta oficina.)

We will study it very carefully. (Lo estudiaremos cuidadosamente.)

She will type the report. (Escribir el informe a mquina/en computadora.)

Para formar el interrogativo, invertimos el orden del auxiliar y verbo principal:

Will you finish the report soon? (Terminar el informe pronto?)

Will they arrive on time? (Llegarn a tiempo?)

Para formar el negativo se agrega "not "al auxiliar:

I will not see you. (No lo ver.)

We will not be here tomorrow. (No estaremos aqu maana.)

Tiempos Continuos

Todos los tiempos continuos se forman con el verbo "TO BE" y la forma "-ing"

del verbo principal. Presente Continuo

I am writing. (Estoy escribiendo.)

They are studying. (Estn estudiando.)

Is she working in the new department? (Est trabajando en la nueva

seccin?)

He is not studying there. (No est estudiando all.)



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Pasado Continuo

She was studying for the exam. (Estaba estudiando para el examen.)

They were repairing the computer. (Estaban arreglando la computadora.)

Were they working? (Estaban trabajando?)

He was not repairing the system. (No estaba arreglando el sistema.)

Tiempos Perfectivos

Se forman con el auxiliar "TO HAVE" y el participio pasado del verbo principal.

Presente Perfecto

have / has + participio pasado del verbo principal.

En el caso de los verbos regulares, el participio pasado es igual al pasado

simple, es decir, se agrega "-ed" o "-d". En el caso de los verbos irregulares, es la

tercera columna.

Ej.

She has typed the report. (Ha escrito el informe a mquina/en computadora.)

They have changed the computers. (Han cambiado las computadoras.)

I have been here before. (He estado aqu antes.)

La negacin se forma agregando "NOT" despus de HAVE / HAS, y la

interrogacin invirtiendo el orden del auxiliar y el sujeto.

I have not telephoned her. (No la llam por telfono/ No la he llamado

por telfono.)

She has not arrived yet. ( Todava no lleg/ No ha llegado todava.)

Have you seen her today? (Hoy la vio?/ La ha visto hoy?.)

Has he studied for the test? (Estudi para la prueba?/Ha estudiado

para la prueba?)



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Pasado Perfecto

"had" + el participio pasado del verbo principal.

El negativo se forma agregando "NOT" despus de "HAD", y el interrogativo

invirtiendo el orden del auxiliar y el sujeto.

When I arrived, the manager had left (Cuando llegu, el gerente se haba ido)

When she left, I had eaten my sandwich. (Cuando se fue, me haba comido

mi sandwich.)

When he arrived, they had not finished the report. (Cuando lleg, no haban

terminado el informe.)

Had they remembered the meeting when he telephoned?. (Se haban acordado

de la reunin cuando l llam?)

LOS VERBOIDES

FORMA "-ing"

PREPOSICION + -ING se traduce PREPOSICION + INFINITIVO

It is a device for controlling the cursor.

Es un dispositivo para controlar el cursor.

The flowchart shows the path the computer will follow in executing the

program.

El diagrama de flujo muestra la ruta que seguir la computadora al

ejecutar el programa.



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BY + ING cuando indique la manera de realizar algo.

With this program you can select hundreds of pictures simply by moving the

mouse.

Con este programa puede seleccionar cientos de dibujos simplemente moviendo el

mouse.

No traducimos la preposicin; el verbo se traduce con la terminacin "ando",

"endo".

Al comienzo de la oracin se traduce como sustantivo o infinitivo

Programming is very interesting.

La programacin es muy interesante.

Programar es muy interesante.

SUSTANTIVO+ ING se traduce SUSTANTIVO + QUE + VERBO

Programs are instructions telling the computer what operations have to be

carried out.

Los programas son instrucciones que le indican a la computadora que

operaciones se deben realizar.

AFTER / BEFORE + ING se traduce DESPUES / ANTES DE + INFINITIVO

I often listen to music after working.

A menudo escucho msica despus de trabajar.

INFINITIVO puede traducirse:

A + INFINITIVO

I stopped for a few minutes to rest.

Me detuve un momento a descansar.



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PARA + INFINITVO

She went to England to know more about British culture.

Fue a Inglaterra para conocer ms sobre la cultura britnica.

DE + INFINITIVO

He tried to forget the incident.

Trat de olvidar el incidente.

QUE + VERBO CONJUGADO

They don't permit people to smoke.

No permiten que la gente fume.

The rate of inflation is expected to rise.

Se espera que aumente el ndice de inflacin.

MODO IMPERATIVO

Afirmativo: Se forma con el infinitivo sin "to" colocado al comienzo de la oracin y

sin el pronombre personal.

Unplug electrical appliances before repairing them.

Desenchufe los artefactos elctricos antes de arreglarlos.

Negativo: Se comienza la oracin con do not / don't seguido por el infinitivo sin "to".

Do not ( don't )press the return key.

No presione la tecla "return".

Imperativo con "LET": Se forma con "let's" (let us) seguido del infinitivo sin "to".

Let's follow the instructions.

Sigamos las instrucciones.

Let's read the summary.

Leamos el resumen.



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VOZ PASIVA

EL SUJETO DE LA VOZ PASIVA ES EL OBJETO DE LA VOZ ACTIVA

V. Pasiva: This house was built in 1486. Esta casa se construy en 1486.

sujeto

V. Activa: They built this house in 1486. Construyeron esta casa en 1486.

objeto

La voz pasiva se utiliza cuando nos interesa enfatizar quin o qu recibe la accin

del verbo, en lugar de quin o qu realiza la accin.

La estructura de la voz pasiva es: VERBO "TO BE" + PARTICIPIO PASADO

TIEMPO DE LA VOZ

PASIVA

ESTRUCTURA

EJEMPLO

Presente Simple am/is/are + participio pasado English is spoken here.

Presente Continuo am/is/are being + pp The house is being painted.

Pasado Simple was/were + pp I wasn't invited, but I went.

Pasado Continuo was/were being + pp I felt I was being watched.

Presente Perfecto have/has been +pp Has Mary been told?

Pasado Perfecto had been + pp I knew I had been forgotten.

Futuro Simple will be + pp You will be told soon.

Verbos modales

(pgina 18)

can/could/must/should

be + pp

The car should be

repaired.

Cuando en la oracin pasiva no aparece "by", la traduccin es impersonal:

SE + VERBO CONJUGADO

The plan is called a flow chart. El plan se llama diagrama de flujo.

Hundreds of megabytes of software can be recorded on one disk.

Cientos de megabytes de software se pueden grabar en un disco.



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Cuando en la oracin pasiva aparece "by", la traduccin es literal:

The telephone was invented by Graham Bell.

El telfono fue inventado por Graham Bell.

Manchester were beaten 3-0 by Liverpool yesterday.

Ayer Manchester fue derrotado 3-0 por Liverpool.

Cuando la voz pasiva va seguida de un infinitivo, se traduce:

VOZ PASIVA IMPERSONAL (SE) + QUE + VERBO CONJUGADO

You are supposed to know the answer.

Se supone que conoces la respuesta.

Esta traduccin slo se realiza con verbos tales como: say, suppose, think,

assume, consider, believe, etc.

Cuando se utilizan otros verbos la traduccin se efecta de la siguiente manera:

It is used to store information.

Se utiliza para almacenar informacin.

USOS ESPECIALES DE "BE", "HAVE", "DO"

BE

* Cuando deseamos enfatizar ideas presentes con intencin, seguridad o planes de

que se cumplan en el futuro, utilizamos la construccin: BE + GOING TO + VERB

Next year is going to be different. El ao prximo va a ser diferente.

It is going to rain: look at those clouds.

Va a llover: mire esas nubes.

They were going to buy a ink-jet printer but finally they bought a laser one.

Iban a comprar una impresora a chorro de tinta pero finalmente compraron

una lser.



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* Como equivalente de "must" en la construccin: BE TO + VERBO

You are to stop smoking or you will die.

Debes dejar de fumar o te morirs.

* Tambin puede traducirse "ir a" segn el contexto en que se emplee.

She is to come tomorrow.

Va a venir maana.

* Se traduce "es probable que" en la siguiente construccin: BE LIKELY + VERBO

It is likely to rain.

Es probable que llueva.

The virus is likely to damage data on the disk.

Es probable que el virus dae los datos del disco. * Se traduce "haber " o "existir" en la construccin:

THERE + BE There is no water on the moon.

No hay agua en la luna.

There were many children sleeping in the street.

Haba muchos nios durmiendo en la calle.

* Se traduce "tener" en casos como:

She is fifteen years old. It is 50 cm wide.

Tiene quince aos. Tiene 50 cm de ancho.



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HAVE

* En la construccin:

HAVE + OBJETO + PARTICIPIO PASADO

I had my watch repaired.

Hice arreglar mi reloj.

They will have their house decorated next week.

Harn decorar su casa la prxima semana.

* Se traduce como equivalente de "must" (obligacin) en la estructura:

HAVE TO + VERBO

You have to pay in advance.

Debe pagar por adelantado.

They have to go to London for a meeting.

Deben ir a una reunin en Londres.

La diferencia entre el uso de "must" y "have to" reside en que en el caso de

"must" la obligacin es sentida por el sujeto, mientras que en la expresin "have

to" la obligacin viene desde afuera.

I must stop smoking.

Debo dejar de fumar. (es mi deseo)

I have to stop smoking.

Debo dejar de fumar. (por indicacin del mdico)



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DO

* Se utiliza para enfatizar el verbo y se traduce "ciertamente", "realmente", en la

estructura:

DO + VERBO

I said I was going to win, and I did win.

Dije que iba a ganar y ciertamente gan.

I do feel ill!

Realmente me siento enferma.

VERBOS ESPECIALES (MODAL VERBS)

SHOULD

* Se traduce: deber, debera, debiera

People should drive more carefully.

La gente debera manejar con ms cuidado.

OUGHT TO + VERBO

* Puede utilizarse con un significado similar a "should":

We ought to discuss the problem.

Debemos discutir el problema.

MUST

* Se utiliza para rdenes, consejos u opiniones y se traduce "deber":

Passengers must not speak to the driver.

Los pasajeros no deben hablar con el conductor.

He must realise that he is in trouble.

Debe darse cuenta de que est en problemas.



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CAN

* Se traduce "poder" y se puede utilizar con el sentido de:

a) habilidad b) permiso, requerimientos, ofrecimientos:

She can speak English quite well.

Puede hablar ingls bastante bien.(habilidad)

You can't come into my room.

No puedes entrar en mi cuarto.(permiso)

Can you put the children to bed?

Puede acostar a los nios?(requerimiento)

MAY

* Se utiliza con el sentido b) de "can", pero es ms formal y menos frecuente:

May I help you, sir?

Puedo ayudarlo, seor?

May I use your phone?

Puedo usar su telfono? COULD

* Se utiliza con el mismo sentido que "can" y se traduce "podra":

Could I pay you tomorrow?

Podra pagarle maana?

MIGHT

* Se utiliza para indicar una posibilidad ms remota que usando "may" y

tambin se traduce "podra":

My mother might be at home now.

Mi madre podra estar en casa ahora.



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FALSOS GOGNADOS

Son palabras que tienen la misma forma en ingls y espaol pero distinto

significado.

Ability: capacidad, destreza, aptitud

Actual: verdadero, real

Actually: en realidad

Assume: suponer

College: facultad

Billion: mil millones

Compass: brjula

Consistent: constante, consecuente

Eventually: finalmente

Exit: salida

File: archivo, fichero

Implications: consecuencias, efectos, repercusiones

Lecture: conferencia

Library: biblioteca

Notice: aviso

Regular: habitual, normal

Simple: sencillo, ordinario

Por supuesto que esta lista es bastante ms amplia y estos "falsos amigos"

pueden llevarnos a cometer graves errores no slo de traduccin sino de

comprensin. Recordemos en estos casos que "las apariencias engaan".

Concluimos aqu el estudio comparativo de la gramtica de ambas lenguas.

El estudio no se agota en los temas que hemos visto pero, al menos, dichos

temas permitirn que podamos cumplir con los objetivos que nos propusimos al

comenzar esta asignatura.



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Vocabulario especfico del rea informtica

En los siguientes artculos encontrarn los verbos, adjetivos y adverbios ms utilizados

en los textos tcnicos resaltados en color azul. Algunos de ellos son palabras

transparentes, es decir, se ven igual o casi igual a su traduccin en castellano. Usen

estos prrafos para crear su propia lista de verbos de referencia, para poder

consultar en el futuro a modo de mini-diccionario.

Software Maintenance

In software engineering, software maintenance is the process of enhancing and

optimizing deployed software (software release), as well as remedying defects.

Software maintenance is one of the phases in the software development process,

and follows deployment of the software into the field. The software

maintenance phase involves changes to the software in order to correct

defects and deficiencies found during field usage as well as the addition of new

functionality to improve the software's usability and applicability.

Software maintenance involves a number of specific techniques. One

technique is static slicing, which is used to identify all the program codes that

can modify some variable. It is generally useful in refactoring program codes and

was specifically useful in assuring Y2K compliance. The software maintenance

phase is an explicit part of the waterfall model of the software development

process which was developed during the structured programming movement of

computer programming. The other major model, the spiral model developed during

the object oriented movement of software engineering, makes no explicit mention

of a maintenance phase. Nevertheless, this activity is notable, considering the

fact that two-thirds of a software system's lifetime cost involves maintenance.

In a formal software development environment, the developing organization or team

will have some mechanisms to document and track defects and deficiencies.

Software just like most other products, is typically released with a known set of

defects and deficiencies. The software is released with the issues because the

development organization decides the utility and value of the software at a

particular level of quality outweighs the impact of the known defects and

deficiencies.



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The known issues are normally documented in a letter of operational considerations

or release notes so that the users of the software will be able to work around the

known issues and will know when the use of the software would be

inappropriate for particular tasks.

With the release of the software, other undocumented defects and deficiencies

will be discovered by the users of the software. As these issues are reported to

the development organization, they will be entered into the defect tracking system.

The people involved in the software maintenance phase are expected to work on

these known issues, address them, and prepare for a new release of the software,

known as maintenance release, which will address the documented issues.

LIST OF VERBS (Basic)

Los verbos regulares forman el Simple Past y el Past Participle agregando -ed al infinitivo.

Los verbos irregulares no siguen esta regla (se encuentran marcados con i ). *

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Spanish

answer answered answered responder

arrive arrived arrived llegar

ask asked asked preguntar

be i was / were been ser

borrow borrowed borrowed tomar prestado

break i broke broken romper

buy i bought bought comprar

catch i caught caught atrapar

clean cleaned cleaned limpiar



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climb climbed climbed escalar

collect collected collected coleccionar

come i came come venir

compose composed composed componer

cook cooked cooked cocinar

cut i cut cut cortar

dance danced danced bailar

describe described described describir

discover discovered discovered descubrir

do i did done hacer

drink i drank drunk beber

drive i drove driven conducir

eat i ate eaten comer

enjoy enjoyed enjoyed disfrutar

fall i fell fallen caer

feel i felt felt sentir

find i found found encontrar

fly i flew flown volar

forget i forgot forgotten olvidar

give i gave given dar

go i went gone ir

happen happened happened suceder

have i had had tener



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help helped helped ayudar

hurt i hurt hurt herir, doler

invent invented invented inventar

invite invited invited invitar

kill killed killed matar

know i knew known saber

lend i lent lent prestar

leave i left left dejar

lie i lay lain yacer

like liked liked gustar

live lived lived vivir

look looked looked mirar

love loved loved amar

make i made made hacer

meet i met met conocer, encontrar

miss missed missed perder, extraar

open opened opened abrir

pack packed packed empacar

pay i paid paid pagar

phone phoned phoned llamar por telfono

play played played jugar

prefer preferred preferred preferir

prepare prepared prepared preparar



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push pushed pushed empujar

put i put put poner

rain rained rained llover

read i read read leer

remember remembered remembered recordar

rent rented rented alquilar

rescue rescued rescued rescatar

return returned returned volver, devolver

ring i rang rung llamar por telfono

save saved saved ahorrar

say i said said decir

search searched searched buscar

see i saw seen ver

sell i sold sold vender

sit i sat sat sentarse

skate skated skated patinar

ski skied skied esquiar

sleep i slept slept dormir

smell smelled smelled oler

speak i spoke spoken hablar

spend i spent spent gastar

start started started comenzar

stay stayed stayed quedarse



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stop stopped stopped detener

study studied studied estudiar

survive survived survived sobrevivir

swim i swam swum nadar

take i took taken tomar

talk talked talked hablar

teach i taught taught ensear

tell i told told decir

think i thought thought pensar

throw i threw thrown lanzar

touch touched touched tocar

try tried tried intentar

use used used usar

visit visited visited visitar

wait waited waited esperar

walk walked walked caminar

want wanted wanted querer

wash washed washed lavar

watch watched watched mirar

wear i wore worn llevar puesto

work worked worked trabajar

write i wrote written escribir



27

LIST OF VERBS (Advanced)

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Spanish

add added added agregar

answer answered answered responder

apologise apologised apologised disculparse

arrest arrested arrested arrestar

arrive arrived arrived llegar

ask asked asked preguntar

attack attacked attacked atacar

be i was / were been ser

become i became become convertirse

begin i began begun comenzar

believe believed believed creer

boil boiled boiled hervir

book booked booked reservar

borrow borrowed borrowed tomar prestado

break i broke broken romper

bring i brought brought traer

build i built built construir

buy i bought bought comprar

catch i caught caught atrapar

carry carried carried llevar

change changed changed cambiar



28

chop chopped chopped picar

clean cleaned cleaned limpiar

climb climbed climbed escalar

collect collected collected colleccionar

come i came come venir

compose composed composed componer

cook cooked cooked cocinar

copy copied copied copiar

cut i cut cut cortar

dance danced danced bailar

describe described described describir

destroy destroyed destroyed destruir

die died died morir

discover discovered discovered descubrir

discuss discussed discussed discutir

do i did done hacer

draw i drew drawn dibujar

dream i dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed soar

drink i drank drunk beber

drive i drove driven conducir

dye dyed dyed teir

eat i ate eaten comer

enjoy enjoyed enjoyed disfrutar



29

explode exploded exploded explotar

extinguish extinguished extinguished extinguirse

fall i fell fallen caer

feed i fed fed alimentar

feel i felt felt sentir

fight i fought fought pelear

find i found found encontrar

fly i flew flown volar

forget i forgot forgotten olvidar

freeze i froze frozen congelar

fry fried fried frer

give i gave given dar

go i went gone ir

grow i grew grown crecer

happen happened happened suceder

hate hated hated odiar

have i had had tener

hear i heard heard or

help helped helped ayudar

hire hired hired alquilar

hope hoped hoped esperar

hunt hunted hunted cazar

hurt i hurt hurt herir, doler



30

imagine imagined imagined imaginar

invent invented invented inventar

invite invited invited invitar

jump jumped jumped saltar

keep i kept kept guardar

kill killed killed matar

know i knew known saber

leave i left left dejar

lend i lent lent prestar

lie i lay lain yacer

lie lied lied mentir

lift lifted lifted levantar

like liked liked gustar

listen listened listened escuchar

live lived lived vivir

look looked looked mirar

lose i lost lost perder

love loved loved amar

make i made made hacer

meet i met met conocer, encontrar

miss missed missed perder, extraar

offer offered offered ofrecer

open opened opened abrir



31

pack packed packed empacar

pass passed passed pasar, aprobar

pay i paid paid pagar

peel peeled peeled pelar

phone phoned phoned llamar por telfono

plan planned planned planificar

play played played jugar

pour poured poured verter

prefer preferred preferred preferir

prepare prepared prepared preparar

push pushed pushed empujar

put i put put poner

rain rained rained llover

read i read read leer

reduce reduced reduced reducir

remember remembered remembered recordar

rent rented rented alquilar

rescue rescued rescued rescatar

return returned returned volver, devolver

ring i rang rung llamar por telfono

run i ran run correr

save saved saved ahorrar

say i said said decir



32

search searched searched buscar

send i sent sent enviar

scream screamed screamed gritar

see i saw seen ver

sell i sold sold vender

shine i shone shone brillar

shut i shut shut cerrar

sing i sang sung cantar

sit i sat sat sentarse

skate skated skated patinar

ski skied skied esquiar

sleep i slept slept dormir

smell smelled smelled oler

snore snored snored roncar

speak i spoke spoken hablar

spend i spent spent gastar

start started started comenzar

stay stayed stayed quedarse

steal i stole stolen robar

stop stopped stopped detener

study studied studied estudiar

survive survived survived sobrevivir

swim i swam swum nadar



33

take i took taken tomar

talk talked talked hablar

teach i taught taught ensear

tell i told told decir

thank thanked thanked agradecer

think i thought thought pensar

throw i threw thrown lanzar

touch touched touched tocar

try tried tried intentar

use used used usar

visit visited visited visitar

wait waited waited esperar

walk walked walked caminar

want wanted wanted querer

warn warned warned advertir

wash washed washed lavar

watch watched watched mirar

wear i wore worn llevar puesto

win i won won ganar

work worked worked trabajar

write i wrote written escribir

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