libro utatlán formación musical

8/20/2019 Libro Utatlán Formación Musical

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0µ `çsilm - Orupm VtgtnçkQrihfr sfhfstrf - IOFP:

Cmrhgliük

Husilgn



Cmrhgliük Husilgn :Qrihfr sfhfstrf

Pfsfrvgdms tmdms nms dfrfljms. Wufdg riourmsghfktf prmji`idg ng rfprmdulliük tmtgn m pgrligndf fstf hgtfrign fdulgtivm, pmr lugnquifr hfdim m prmlfdihifktm, sik ng gutmrizgliük dfn IkstitutmOugtfhgntflm df Fdulgliük Pgdimcükilg, IOFP. \foõk grtèlunm 40 df ng Lmkstituliük Qmnètilg dfOugtfhgng quf sf rfcfrf g ng gutmrèg.

© Ikstitutm Ougtfhgntflm df Fdulgliük Pgdimcükilg, IOFP.Fs ukg m`rg prmdulidg pmr fn Dfpgrtghfktm df Pfdglliük y Disf÷m, pgrg fn

Ikstitutm Ougtfhgntflm df Fdulgliük Pgdimcükilg, IOFP.

77 gvfkidg 7:-46, Liudgd Kufvg, zmkg 0Liudgd df Ougtfhgng.

Q@Z5 0470 3333Cgx5 0470 3?14

Lmrrfm fnfltrükilm5 iofrAiofr.fdu.ot

Qçoikg wf`5 www.iofr.fdu.otFdiliük 0176

Ihprfsm fk IOFP tgnnfrfs orçclms

Lüdiom5 7771:70317

I\@K5 9?:9909374076

Gorgdflihifktms

Fn Ikstitutm df Fdulgliük Pgdimcükilg df Ougtfhgng “IOFP“ gorgdflf g nms grtistgs, orupms husilgnfs, lmhpmsi-tmrfs y hõsilms pmr jg`fr lmktri`uidm df ukg u mtrg cmrhg lmk ng ikcmrhgliük df fstf ni`rm df tfxtm. Fstf fs ukpfquf÷m rflmkmlihifktm g ng ihpmrtgklig quf tifkfk sus hgkicfstglimkfs husilgnfs lmhm jfrfklig smlimlunturgny grtèstilg fk ng fdulgliük df ki÷ms y eüvfkfs.

\fhgkg Grtistg, hõsilm, orupm, lmhpmsitmr

7 Hgrèg Isg`fn Liudgd-Pfgn

0 Gnux Kgjugn

< Iomr df Ogkdgrigs

4 Hgnglgtfs Tré`mn \jmp

6 Kg’ib Hgdfrg

3 _mtz`fnè Gouingr

? Pilgrdm Gremkg

: Orupm ogrècukg, hgfstrm Pmofnim Nikm Crgkzug

9 Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük

71 Cfnipf df Efsõs Mrtfog

\fhgkg Grtistg, hõsilm, orupm, lmhpmsitmr

77 Emsé Fungnim \ghgymg

70 Emgquèk Mrfnngkg

7< Qgunm Gnvgrgdm

74 Og`y Hmrfkm

76 Emrof Çnvgrm \grhifktms

73 Néstfr J. Omdèkfz

7? Qglm Qérfz

Lgklimkfrm,pgrtiturgs y

grrfonms hu-silgnfs

Lésgr \gzm E.

Iougnhfktf, IOFP gorgdflf ng gsfsmrèg `rikdgdg pmr Fnvirg Lgstinnm df \gzm, HHF, pgrg fng`mrgr fstf ni`rm.



iiiCmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ Èkdilf

Èkdilf¡@ifkvfkidm y `ifkvfkidg gn hukdm husilgn! .................................................................................................. 7

\FHGKG 7½Wué fs ng hõsilg= .......................................................................................................................................................... 76

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngHgrèg Isg`fn Liudgd-Pfgn ............................................................................................................................................... 73@ginfhms pmr Ghérilg

Grofktikg (hgngh`m y tgkom) ..................................................................................................................................... 7?Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ..................................................................................................................................................... 7?Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkmsNg hõsilg fk kufstrgs vidgs ......................................................................................................................................... 7:Fn hukdm df ng hõsilgNg hõsilg sifhprf jg fstgdm prfsfktf .................................................................................................................... 797. Fktmklfs, ½luçn fs su mriofk= .................................................................................................................................. 010. Sfghms luçn fs fn siokilgdm df ngs pgng`rgs 'mriofk' y 'fvmnuliük' ....................................................... 07Onmsgrim ............................................................................................................................................................................... 00Pfsuhfk .............................................................................................................................................................................. 00Gutmlmktrmn ....................................................................................................................................................................... 00

Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef ................................................................................................................................................... 04

\FHGKG 0\mkidm, ruidm y sinfklim .................................................................................................................................................. 06

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngGnux Kgjugn ......................................................................................................................................................................... 03@ginfhms pmr GhérilgLu`g (smk lu`gkm) ........................................................................................................................................................... 0?Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ..................................................................................................................................................... 0?Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkmsNg pfrlfpliük dfn smkidm .............................................................................................................................................. 0:Fn hukdm df ng hõsilg\mkidm, ruidm y sinfklim .................................................................................................................................................. 097. \mkidm .............................................................................................................................................................................. 097.7 ½Dükdf sf pfrli`f fn smkidm= .............................................................................................................................. 097.0 ½Wué fs fn smkidm= .................................................................................................................................................... <17.< ½Lühm sf pufdf trgkshitir fn smkidm= ............................................................................................................. <10. Puidm ................................................................................................................................................................................. <7Onmsgrim ............................................................................................................................................................................... <<



ivIOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Pfsuhfk .............................................................................................................................................................................. <<Gutmlmktrmn ....................................................................................................................................................................... <<Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef ................................................................................................................................................... <4

\FHGKG <Ngs lugnidgdfs dfn smkidm ............................................................................................................................................. <6

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngIomr df Ogkdgrigs ............................................................................................................................................................. <3@ginfhms pmr GhérilgFstgdms Vkidms (squgrf dgklf m `ginf fk lugdrgdm) .......................................................................................... <:Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ..................................................................................................................................................... <:Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkms\mkidms y fhmlimkfs ...................................................................................................................................................... <9Fn hukdm df ng hõsilgNgs lugnidgdfs dfn smkidm ............................................................................................................................................. 417. Iktfksidgd ....................................................................................................................................................................... 410. Durgliük .......................................................................................................................................................................... 40

<. Gnturg ................................................................................................................................................................................ 444. Tih`rf .............................................................................................................................................................................. 43Onmsgrim ............................................................................................................................................................................... 4?Pfsuhfk .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4?Gutmlmktrmn ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4:Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef ................................................................................................................................................... 61

\FHGKG 4 Nms fnfhfktms df ng hõsilg ......................................................................................................................................... 67

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngHgnglgtfs Tré`mn \jmp ................................................................................................................................................... 60@ginfhms pmr GhérilgLmnmhìg (luhìg lmnmhìgkg y `ghùlm) .......................................................................................................... 6<Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ..................................................................................................................................................... 6<Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkmsIktfrprftgliük df nms fnfhfktms df ng hõsilg ...................................................................................................... 64Fn hukdm df ng hõsilgNms fnfhfktms df ng hõsilg .......................................................................................................................................... 667. Pithm ................................................................................................................................................................................ 660. Hfnmdèg ............................................................................................................................................................................ 66<. Grhmkèg ........................................................................................................................................................................... 63Onmsgrim ............................................................................................................................................................................... 6?

Pfsuhfk .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6:Gutmlmktrmn ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6:Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef ................................................................................................................................................... 31

\FHGKG 6Ngs ciourgs husilgnfs ..................................................................................................................................................... 37

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngOrupm husilgn df huefrfs Kg'ib Hgdfrg ................................................................................................................ 30



vCmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ Èkdilf

@ginfhms pmr GhérilgKilgrgoug (hgzurlgs y pmnlgs kilgrgoþfksfs, y `ginf „Fn Hfstizgef‘) .......................................................... 3<Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ..................................................................................................................................................... 3<Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkmsNms fnfhfktms rèthilms ................................................................................................................................................... 34Fn hukdm df ng hõsilgNgs ourgs husilgnfs ....................................................................................................................................................... 36

Onmsgrim ............................................................................................................................................................................... ?7Pfsuhfk .............................................................................................................................................................................. ?7Gutmlmktrmn ....................................................................................................................................................................... ?0Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef ................................................................................................................................................... ?4

\FHGKG 3

Fnfhfktms df ng fslriturg husilgn I .......................................................................................................................... ?6

Piklmklitm df Ougtfhgng_mtz`fnè Gouingr ................................................................................................................................................................ ?3@ginfhms pmr Ghérilg

@rgsin (sgh`g y `gigm) ..................................................................................................................................................... ??Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ..................................................................................................................................................... ??Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkmsNg fslriturg husilgn .......................................................................................................................................................... ?:Fn hukdm df ng hõsilg7. Fn pfktgorghg ............................................................................................................................................................... ?90. Gntfrglimkfs df nms tmkms m smkidms .................................................................................................................... :6Onmsgrim ............................................................................................................................................................................... :?Pfsuhfk .............................................................................................................................................................................. :?Gutmlmktrmn ....................................................................................................................................................................... ::Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef ................................................................................................................................................... 91

\FHGKG ?Fnfhfktms df ng fslriturg husilgn II ......................................................................................................................... 97

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngPilgrdm Gremkg ................................................................................................................................................................... 90@ginfhms pmr GhérilgHéxilm ("Egrg`f tgpgtèm") ............................................................................................................................................... 9<Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ..................................................................................................................................................... 9<Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkmsTifhpms df lmhpçs ......................................................................................................................................................... 94Fn hukdm df ng hõsilg

Fn lmhpçs ............................................................................................................................................................................. 967. ½Wué fs uk lmhpçs= ................................................................................................................................................... 960. Tifhpm df lmhpçs ...................................................................................................................................................... 93<. Vkidgd df tifhpm y ukidgd df lmhpçs ............................................................................................................. 9?4. \èh`mnms df rfpftiliük ............................................................................................................................................... 9:Onmsgrim ............................................................................................................................................................................... 99Pfsuhfk .............................................................................................................................................................................. 99Gutmlmktrmn ..................................................................................................................................................................... 711Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef ................................................................................................................................................. 710



viIOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

\FHGKG :Pfpgsm5 sfhgkgs 7 g ? ............................................................................................................................................... 71<

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngHõsilg ogrècukg ............................................................................................................................................................... 716@ginfhms pmr GhérilgJmkdurgs (ogrècukg y "Fn lgslgrf÷m") ...................................................................................................................... 713

Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ................................................................................................................................................... 713Fn hukdm df ng hõsilgPfpgsm5 sfhgkgs 7 g ? .................................................................................................................................................. 71?Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef ................................................................................................................................................. 770Mrifktglimkfs pgrg ng pruf`g pgrlign ................................................................................................................. 770

\FHGKG 9Oékfrms husilgnfs ......................................................................................................................................................... 77<

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngEmsé Frkfstm Hmkzük .................................................................................................................................................... 774@ginfhms pmr GhérilgQgkghç (luh`ig pgkghf÷g) ...................................................................................................................................... 776Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ................................................................................................................................................... 776Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkmsIktrmdulliük g nms oékfrms husilgnfs .................................................................................................................... 773Fn hukdm df ng hõsilg½Wué fs uk oékfrm husilgn= ...................................................................................................................................... 77?7. Hõsilg glgdéhilg ..................................................................................................................................................... 77?0. Hõsilg pmpungr ........................................................................................................................................................... 77:<. Hõsilg trgdilimkgn m cmnlnürilg .............................................................................................................................. 77:Onmsgrim ............................................................................................................................................................................. 779Pfsuhfk ............................................................................................................................................................................ 701

Gutmlmktrmn ..................................................................................................................................................................... 701Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef ................................................................................................................................................. 700

\FHGKG 71Dikçhilgs df vfnmlidgd y vmnuhfk ......................................................................................................................... 70<

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngCfnipf df Efsõs Mrtfog .................................................................................................................................................. 704@ginfhms pmr GhérilgPfpõ`nilg Dmhikilgkg (hfrfkouf y gljgtg) ..................................................................................................... 706Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ................................................................................................................................................... 706

Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkmsNg iktfksidgd df ukg m`rg husilgn .......................................................................................................................... 703Fn hukdm df ng hõsilgDikçhilgs df vfnmlidgd y vmnuhfk ......................................................................................................................... 70?7. Dikçhilg df vfnmlidgd ............................................................................................................................................. 70?0. Dikçhilg df vmnuhfk .............................................................................................................................................. 709Onmsgrim ............................................................................................................................................................................. 7<1Pfsuhfk ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7<1Gutmlmktrmn ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7<7Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef ................................................................................................................................................. 7<0



viiCmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ Èkdilf

\FHGKG 77Jistmrig df ng hõsilg I .................................................................................................................................................. 7<<

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngEmsé Fungnim \ghgymg .................................................................................................................................................... 7<4@ginfhms pmr GhérilgLmstg Pilg (puktm ougkglgstflm y „Fn Tgh`itm‘) ................................................................................................ 7<6Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ................................................................................................................................................... 7<6Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkmsNg hõsilg g trgvés dfn tifhpm ................................................................................................................................... 7<3Fn hukdm df ng hõsilgJistmrig df ng hõsilg5 gktioþfdgd ............................................................................................................................ 7<?7. Hfsmpmtghig ............................................................................................................................................................... 7<?0. Gktioum Foiptm ............................................................................................................................................................ 7<:<. Gktioug Ljikg .............................................................................................................................................................. 7<94. Gktioug Orflig ............................................................................................................................................................. 7416. Gktioug Pmhg .............................................................................................................................................................. 7473. Hõsilg hgyg ................................................................................................................................................................ 740Onmsgrim ............................................................................................................................................................................. 74<Pfsuhfk ............................................................................................................................................................................ 74<Gutmlmktrmn ..................................................................................................................................................................... 744Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef ................................................................................................................................................. 74:

\FHGKG 70Jistmrig df ng hõsilg II ................................................................................................................................................. 749

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngEmgquèk Mrfnngkg ............................................................................................................................................................. 761@ginfhms pmr GhérilgQfrõ (hgrikfrg y wititi) .................................................................................................................................................. 767Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ................................................................................................................................................... 767Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkmsNms fnfhfktms rèthilms ................................................................................................................................................. 760Fn hukdm df ng hõsilgJistmrig df ng hõsilg5 sionms S g ZZ ......................................................................................................................... 76< 7. Qfrèmdm jmhmcükilm ........................................................................................................................................... 76< 0. Pfkglihifktm ......................................................................................................................................................... 764 <. @grrmlm ..................................................................................................................................................................... 764 <.7 Ikstruhfktgnfs .............................................................................................................................................. 766 <.0 Smlgnfs ............................................................................................................................................................. 766

4. Lnçsilm ...................................................................................................................................................................... 763 6. Pmhçktilm .............................................................................................................................................................. 76? 3. Kufvgs tfkdfkligs husilgnfs fk fn sionm ZZ ............................................................................................. 76: 3.7 Egzz ................................................................................................................................................................... 76: 3.0 Pmlb gkd rmnn m rmlb’k’rmnn .......................................................................................................................... 769Onmsgrim ............................................................................................................................................................................. 731Pfsuhfk ............................................................................................................................................................................ 737Gutmlmktrmn ..................................................................................................................................................................... 730Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef ................................................................................................................................................. 734



viiiIOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

\FHGKG 7<½Lühm sf prmdulfk nms smkidms g trgvés df nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs= ........................................... 736

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngQgunm Gnvgrgdm ................................................................................................................................................................. 733@ginfhms pmr GhérilgFlugdmr (pgsinnms y sgkeugkitms) ................................................................................................................................ 73?

Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ................................................................................................................................................... 73?Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkms½Lmk qué prmdulihms hõsilg= ................................................................................................................................. 73:Fn hukdm df ng hõsilgNms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs ........................................................................................................................................ 739Gutmlmktrmn ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7?4Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef ................................................................................................................................................. 7?3

\FHGKG 74 Ng hõsilg y su prmyflliük lmhukilgtivg ............................................................................................................. 7??

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngOg`y Hmrfkm ................................................................................................................................................................... 7?:@ginfhms pmr GhérilgFn \gnvgdmr (Fn smk xul y fn `ginf „Nms fhpnuhgdms df Lglgmpfrg‘) ......................................................... 7?9Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ................................................................................................................................................... 7?9Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkmsFxprfsimkfs husilngfs ukivfrsgnfs ........................................................................................................................... 7:1Fn hukdm df ng hõsilgFn nfkougef husilgn y su iktfrprftgliük .................................................................................................................. 7:7 7. Hõsilg vmlgn .......................................................................................................................................................... 7:7 0. Hõsilg ikstruhfktgn ........................................................................................................................................... 7:7

<. \mnistgs y fksgh`nfs ........................................................................................................................................... 7:0Onmsgrim ............................................................................................................................................................................. 7:4Pfsuhfk ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7:4Gutmlmktrmn ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7:6Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef ................................................................................................................................................. 7:3

\FHGKG 76Iktfrprftgliük fk Ougtfhgng ..................................................................................................................................... 7:?

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngEmrof Çnvgrm \grhifktms .............................................................................................................................................. 7::@ginfhms pmr Ghérilg

Ougtfhgng (smk ljgpèk y smk trgdilimkgn) ............................................................................................................. 7:9Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ................................................................................................................................................... 7:9Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkmsOugtfhgng, lukg df grtistgs ....................................................................................................................................... 791Fn hukdm df ng hõsilgIktfrprftgliük fk Ougtfhgng ..................................................................................................................................... 797 7. \mnistgs df hõsilg lnçsilg ................................................................................................................................. 797 7.7 Bgrik Pgdfhgkk ........................................................................................................................................... 797 7.0 Gdrigkg Omkzçnfz ......................................................................................................................................... 797



ixCmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ Èkdilf

7.< Nuis Cfnipf Oirük Hgy ................................................................................................................................. 790 7.4 Gkg Isg`fn Ngzm ............................................................................................................................................. 790 7.6 Hgrim Ljgko .................................................................................................................................................. 790 0. \mnistgs pmpungrfs ................................................................................................................................................ 79< 0.7 Cgìmng Pmudjg .................................................................................................................................................. 79< 0.0 Cnghikig ................................................................................................................................................................. 79< <. Fksgh`nfs df hõsilg lnçsilg ........................................................................................................................... 79< <.7 Mrqufstg \ikcükilg Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng ..................................................................................... 794 <.0 Mrqufstg \ikcükilg Euvfkin Hukilipgn df Ougtfhgng .................................................................... 794 <.< @gkdg \ikcükilg Hgrlign df Ougtfhgng .............................................................................................. 794 <.4 Lugrtftm Lmktfhpmrçkfm ........................................................................................................................ 796 <.6 Lugrtftm Gsturigs ......................................................................................................................................... 796 <.3 Wuiktftm Fh`gegdmr ................................................................................................................................... 796 4. Lmrm .......................................................................................................................................................................... 796 4.7 Lmrm Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng .................................................................................................................. 793 4.0 Lmrm Siltmrig .................................................................................................................................................. 793 4.< Lmrm Euvfkin Hukilipgn .............................................................................................................................. 793 4.4 Lugrtftm df ng Lgpinng dfn Sgnnf df ng Gsukliük ............................................................................... 793

4.6 Lgpfnng Lgktmruh ........................................................................................................................................ 79? 4.3 Lgcfnng ............................................................................................................................................................... 79? 6. @gkdgs df rmlb-pmp ............................................................................................................................................ 79? 6.7 Sifktm fk Lmktrg .......................................................................................................................................... 79? 6.0 @mjfhig \uùr`gkg ................................................................................................................................... 79? 6.< Nms Hisfrig Luhìg @gkd ......................................................................................................................... 79: 6.4 Ogkostfr .......................................................................................................................................................... 79: 6.6 fnLnu`m ............................................................................................................................................................. 79: 3. Fksgh`nfs df hgrih`g ..................................................................................................................................... 79: 3.7 @gnnft Hmdfrkm y Cmnbnürilm Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng .................................................................... 79: ?. Qrmyflliük glgdéhilg ....................................................................................................................................... 799 ?.7 Hgrih`g df Lmklifrtm df @fnngs Grtfs ................................................................................................ 799 ?.0 Hgrih`g df Lmklifrtm df ng \flrftgrèg Qrivgdg df ng Qrfsidfklig df ng Pfpõ`nilg df

Ougtfhgng ...................................................................................................................................................... 799 ?.< Hgrih`g Cfhfkikg df Lmklifrtm .......................................................................................................... 799 :. Qrmyflliük pmpungr ............................................................................................................................................. 011 :.7 Hgrih`g Ljgpikngkdig .............................................................................................................................. 011Gutmlmktrmn ..................................................................................................................................................................... 017Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef ................................................................................................................................................. 010

\FHGKG 73Fxprfsimkfs pgtriütilgs df Ougtfhgng .................................................................................................................. 01<

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngNéstfr Omdèkfz ................................................................................................................................................................. 014@ginfhms pmr GhérilgSfkfzufng (sfùlçk y emrmpm) .................................................................................................................................... 016Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft ................................................................................................................................................... 016Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkms½Wué siokilg sfr ougtfhgntflm= ............................................................................................................................. 013Fn hukdm df ng hõsilgFxprfsimkfs pgtriütilgs husilgnfs df Ougtfhgng ............................................................................................... 01?



7Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ ¡@ifkvfkidm y ìfkvfkidg!

¡@ifkvfkidm y ìfkvfkidggn hukdm husilgn!

Durgktf fstf sfhfstrf fstf ni`rm nf glmhpg÷grç pgrg quf dfslu`rg ngs hgrgvinngs df ng

hõsilg, df nm quf jg jfljm lmk ustfd y pmr ustfd, y df nm quf jg jfljm lmk su lmhuki-

dgd, ng smlifdgd y fn hukdm.

Lmhm tmdm kufvm lmkmlihifktm, g vflfs pfksghms quf gnoukgs gsiokgturgs kuklg kms

sfrvirçk fk kufstrg vidg, pfrm nf gsfourghms quf ng hõsilg km smnghfktf nf sfrvirç, sikm

quf nm glmhpg÷grç tmdg ng vidg. Fn prmpüsitm df fstf sfhfstrf fs glfrlgrnf g fnng pgrg quf

pufdg lmkmlfrng, gprfligrng, vgnmrgr g nms quf ng lrfgk f iktfrprftgk, gpnilgrng y lmkvivir

lmk fnng fk tmdm hmhfktm.

Glfrquéhmkms uk pmlm y pfksfhms luçnfs jgk sidm ngs cuklimkfs hçs m`vigs df ng hõ-silg fk kufstrgs vidgs.

Fk kufstrms prihfrms g÷ms df vidg kms sirvf pgrg fxpnmrgr fn eufom y fxpfrihfktgr fn

hukdm quf kms rmdfg2 fs uk lfktrm df smlignizgliük y lmhukilgliük iktfrpfrsmkgn (fktrf

ukms y mtrms), yg quf kms gyudg g ng lmkvivfklig y gn rfspftm fktrf kmsmtrms. Ng hõsilg sf

lmkvifrtf fk uk rfcuoim df pgz, gnforèg y fkriquflihifktm fspiritugn.

Yg, fk épmlgs df gdmnfslfklig, ng hõsilg sf lmkvifrtf fk ukg rutg df fxprfsiük, yg quf

gyudg g fxpmkfr nm quf km sf pufdf fxprfsgr vfr`gnhfktf2 gdfhçs fs ukg cufktf df

pnglfr y divfrsiük. Tghìék sf lmkvifrtf fk uk rflursm huy õtin fk fstg fdgd, lmhm nm fs

ng lrètilg smlign, df lmstuh`rfs, trgdilimkfs y ritugnfs. Fs tghìék ukg vçnvung df fslgpf

df fkfroèg y fhmlimkfs pmr hfdim df ng rfspufstg cèsilg quf, lmhm ng dgkzg y ngs lmrfm-orgcègs, glmhpg÷gk huy df lfrlg g ng hõsilg.

Nf prmpmkom quf, fk fstf fspglim, fslri`g lühm ng hõsilg jg fstgdm prfsfktf fk su vidg,

qué fs nm quf nf oustg df fnng, y qué km nf oustg. Gdfhçs, gnoukgs idfgs sm`rf lühm ng

hõsilg nf gyudgrç dfspués df jg`fr fstudigdm fstgs diflisiftf sfhgkgs.



0IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Fstf n`rm dfn lursm df Cmrhgliük Husilgn dfn orupm Vtgtnçk (sfoukdm orgdm çsilm) lmks-

tg df diflisiftf sfhgkgs fk ngs quf sf dfsgrrmnngrçk lugtrm lmhpftfkligs.

Qfrm gktfs df fktrgr gn dftgnnf df ngs lmhpftfkligs df fstf lursm, fljfhms ukg hirgdg g

ng pmrtgdg. ¡Fhpflfhms!

Ng pmrtgdg df su ni`rm quifrf sfr ukg hmtivgliük pgrg gnlgkzgr ngs lmhpftfklig. Lmhpgr-tghms gnoukgs idfgs df fstg ihgofk.

• Sivihms fk lmhukidgd y smhms pgrtf df ng cghinig juhgkg. Ng Tifrrg rfprfsfktg

fn jmogr quf lmhpgrtihms y tmdgs ngs pmsiìnidgdfs quf fstf pngkftg kms mcrflf5

kgturgnfzg, lifklig, grtf, lunturg…

• Fn sèh`mnm df ng lngvf df smn kms rflufrdg quf fk kufstrm pgès fxistf huljg lrfg-

tividgd hgkicfstgdg g trgvés df ngs dicfrfktfs rghgs dfn grtf smkmrm5 ng hõsilg, fn

lgktm, ng dgkzg, ng lmrfmorgcèg quf sf gnihfktg dfn fspèritu df kufstrgs trgdilimkfs,

lmstuh`rfs f jistmrig y sf rfkufvg g trgvés df ngs dikçhilgs lunturgnfs df kufstrg

smlifdgd y lmhukidgdfs.• Fk fstf hukdm divfrsm fstghms fk lmkstgktf lmktgltm lmk mtrgs pfrsmkgs y lgdg vfz

hçs „lmkfltgdms‘ lmk mtrgs lunturgs y lmkmlihifktms. Ng hgkm dgkdm uk lnil kms

ikvitg g fxpnmrgr fstf hukdm g trgvés df iktfrkft. Fn hukdm df nms kfomlims sf hufvf

rçpidghfktf, iktfrkft fs ukg jfrrghifktg quf kms cglinitg lrfgr y ghpnigr rfnglimkfs

df trg`gem.

• Ng ihgofk df uk orupm df pfrsmkgs kms rflufrdg ng ihpmrtgklig df ng pfrsmkg, dfn

orupm y df ng lmhukidgd pmrquf vivihms fk smlifdgd y ùslghms fn ìfk lmhõk y fn

ìfkfstgr lmnfltivm.

0µ `çsilm - Orupm VtgtnçkQrihfr sfhfstrf - IOFP

:Cmrhgliük

Husilgn



<Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ ¡@ifkvfkidm y `ifkvfkidg!

½Lühm gnlgkzgrç ngs lmhpftfkligs df fstf lursm=

Kms fkcmlgrfhms fk lugtrm lmhpftfkligs fspflèlgs df ng hgtfrig df Cmrhgliük Husilgn. Qgrg sg`fr si

jg gnlgkzgdm fn dfsgrrmnnm df ngs lmhpftfkligs, fn Lurrèunm Kglimkgn @gsf prmpmkf ikdilgdmrfs df nmorm

quf fk kufstrm ni`rm ustfd hishm fvgnugrç fk fn lugdrm Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef, fn lugn sf fklufktrg gn

kgn df lgdg sfhgkg. Fstms ikdilgdmrfs m lritfrims smk lmhm uk tfrhühftrm quf hidf su dfsfhpf÷mfk lgdg lmhpftfklig. Irfhms gvgkzgkdm pgsm g pgsm. Sgyg eçkdmsf qué sfllimkfs dfn ni`rm jglfk

pmsi`nf quf ustfd dfsgrrmnnf ngs lmhpftfkligs quf prfsfktghms g lmktikugliük.

Qgrg gnlgkzgr ngs lmhpftfkligs df hfemr hgkfrg, fstf ni`rm df tfxtm vifkf glmhpg÷gdm df uk LD lmk

hçs df 011 pistgs df gudim. Lmkcmrhf vgyg nfyfkdm fn tfxtm, fklmktrgrç fn sèh`mnm lmk ng nfyfkdg

"Fsluljf ng pistg #", ikdilçkdmnf fn hmhfktm y gudim g fsluljgr. Fn tfxtm ikdilg fn kmh`rf df ng lgkliük

y hfnmdèg y su gutmr.

Lmhpftfklig 7 \flliük dfn ni`rm\fhgkg

Iktfrgltõglmk mtrgspfrsmkgs

fk ukgh`ifktfsmkmrm

lmkslifktfdf ng cuk-

liük quf fnmèdm dfs-

fhpf÷g fkfn qufjglfr

husilgn.

Piklmklitmdf

Ougtfhgng

@ginfhmspmr Ghérilg

Kgvfouf fkIktfrkft

Qgrg lmhfkzgr...siktmkiléhmkms

Fn hukdm dfng hõsilg

Gutmlmktrmn

7 0 < 4 6 3 ? : 9 71 77 70 7< 74 76 73 7?

ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

ZZ Z Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z

Z ZZ Z ZZ Z ZZ Z



4IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Fstg`nflfdicfrfkligs

fktrfhfksgefshusilgnfs

prmvfkifk-tfs df sulunturg y

mtrms sihi-ngrfs quf

idfktilgkg mtrgs

lunturgs.

Piklmklitmdf

Ougtfhgng


Kgvfouf fkIktfrkft



Gutmlmktrmn

7 0 < 4 6 3 ? : 9 71 77 70 7< 74 76 73 7?

ZZ

Z

Z

Z Z Z

Z Z Z Z

Z

Z

Z

Z

Z Z

Z Z Z ZZ

ZZ ZZ Z ZZ Z

Z

Z

Z

Z Z Z Z Z Z

Z Z Z Z ZZZ

Z




Lmhpftfklig < \flliük dfn ni`rm\fhgkg

Discrutg gnfsluljgr

m prmdulirhõsilg df

nms distiktmspgèsfs

ngtikmg-hfrilgkms,rfprfsfk-tgtivg dfdivfrsgsépmlgs,fstinms y

cmrhgsiktfrprftg-tivgs y ngslmhpgrg ylmktrgstglmk ngs df

su pgès.

Piklmklitmdf

Ougtfhgng


Kgvfouf fkIktfrkft



Gutmlmktrmn

7 0 < 4 6 3 ? : 9 71 77 70 7< 74 76 73 7?

ZZZ

Z

Z Z Z Z

Z

Z

Z

Z Z Z Z

ZZ ZZ Z ZZ Z Z

Z Z Z Z

ZZ

ZZZ Z Z Z ZZ ZZ ZZ Z ZZ Z Z

ZZZ Z Z Z ZZ ZZ ZZ Z ZZ Z Z



3IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Ng lmkstgklig y fn trg`gem digrim sfrçk sus gnigdms pgrg nmorgr trfs tipms df lmktfkidms5

Dflngrgtivms5 Nms lmktfkidms dflngrgtivms nf gpmrtgrçk fn lmkmlihifktm df nms

distiktms gspfltms tfürilms, lmklfptugnfs y lifktècilms dfn çrfg.

Qrmlfdihfktgnfs5 Lmhm ikdilg su kmh`rf, nms lmktfkidms prmlfdihfktgnfs sf

dfsgrrmnngrçk g `gsf df fefrlilims, mpfrglimkfs m gkçnisis df prm`nfhgs fk nms

lugnfs pufdg dfhmstrgr fn dmhikim y ng pufstg fk prçltilg df nms lmkmlihifktms

dflngrgtivms.

Gltitudikgnfs5 Fstms jglfk rfcfrfklig g su ‘gltitud‘, g ng hgkfrg fk quf fkcrfktg

fn fstudim y nms glmktflihifktms df su vidg lmtidigkg. Fn ni`rm nf prmpmrlimkg

gltividgdfs pgrg rfcnfximkgr y pfksgr glfrlg df fnngs.


Pfgnizglrfglimkfsprmpigs fkngs quf sffxprfsg

ni`rfhfktfy gpnilg suhgkfem dfn

nfkougefhusilgn.

Piklmklitmdf

Ougtfhgng


Kgvfouf fkIktfrkft



Gutmlmktrmn

7 0 < 4 6 3 ? : 9 71 77 70 7< 74 76 73 7?

ZZZ

Z

Z Z Z Z

Z

Z

Z

Z Z

ZZ ZZ Z ZZ Z Z

Z

Z

Z

ZZ Z Z ZZZ



:IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

@ginfhms pmr Ghérilg

Fn ni`rm rflmof gnoukgs df ngs huljgs

fxprfsimkfs trgdilimkgnfs df hõsilg y

dgkzg df Ghérilg lmk fn mèftm df quf

ngs lmkmzlg y gprflif ng hgfstrèg df iktfr-prftgliük df nms nuogrf÷ms df lgdg pgès y

quf fnnm nm hmtivf g fxpnmrgr, lmkmlfr y

rfoistrgr pgrg ng jistmrig ngs hgkicfstglim-

kfs lunturgnfs df su lmhukidgd.

Piklmklitm df OugtfhgngFk fstg sflliük nf prfsfktghms gnoukms df nms

lmhpmsitmrfs y orupms husilgnfs ougtfhgntflms

df dicfrfktfs épmlgs y fstinms husilgnfs.

Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

G nm ngrom dfn ni`rm fklmktrgrç ukg fkmrhf

lgktidgd df fknglfs pgrg fsluljgr crgohfk-tms husilgnfs fk fn dislm lmhpgltm quf glmhpg÷g fkfstf ni`rm. Tghìék sf nf prfsfktgk fknglf g vèdfms fk ng rfd si dfsfg fsluljgr ngspifzgs husilgnfs lmhpnftgs u m`sfrvgr su iktfrprftgliük.

Fk fstg sflliük Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft fklmktrgrç fxlnusivghfktf fknglfs g vèdfmsdmkdf sf hufstrgk dgkzgs trgdilimkgnfs df vgrims pgèsfs ngtikmghfrilgkms.

7?: IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

P iklmklitm df Ougtfhgng

Og`y Hmrfkm

(79:7 - ) “ Fsluljf ngs pistgs #74: y #749

Kgliü fk ng liudgd df Ougt fhgng fk 79:7. Fs ouit grristg y lgktgut mrg, fs dflir

quf gdfhçs df l gkt gr, f slri`f y lmhpmkf ng hõsilg df s us lgklimkfs. \u

hõsilg t ifkf ikc nufklig dfn nuf s, fn eg zz, fn cmnb, P&@ y fn smun.

Jg pu`nilgdm trfs çnùhfs y lmk fn tfrlfrm, "Qmst gnfs", m`t uvm fk fn 017< fn

prfhim Ngt ik Orghhy, fk ng lgt fomrèg df Hf emr Grtist g Kufvm. Dfsdf huy pf-

quf÷g ng hõsilg jg sidm pgrt f ihpmrt gkt f df su vidg. Ikiliü su lgrrfrg g`rifkdm

nms lmklifrtms d f grt ist gs ikt frkglimkgnfs, lmhm lugkdm Pilby H grt ik vikm g

Ougtfhgng.

@ginfhms pmr Ghér ilg

Héxilm “ Fsluljf ng pist g #43 ( Egr g`f t gpgt è m )

Ng hõsilg hfx ilgkg sf lgr glt fr iz g pmr t fkfr hfnmdè gs r ilgs y df ikt fr pr ft gliük r çpidg, gsè lmhm pmr sus `ginfs. Huljms df fst ms `ginfs sf r fgniz gk fk pgr f egs, lmk v fst ugr im v ist msm y fnfogkt f, quf t ifkf jfr fklig fur mpfg-fspg÷mng, gukquf km pifr df su dist ikouidm sfnnm ikdè ofkg. \f pufdf lngsic ilgr ng hõsilg hfx ilgkg fk gqufnngs df mr iofk pur ghfkt f ikdè ofkg, y fk gqufnngs dfn c r ut m dfn hfst iz g ef lmk „lunt ur g fspg÷mng‘, ikdè ofkg y gc r ilgkg. T ifkf fksgh`nfs lgr glt fr è st ilms lmhm fn dfn hgr iglji, quf nm lmhpmkfk ouit gr r gs, ouit gr r ük, v imnikfs y t r mhpft gs.

" "

"Egr g`f t gpgt è m"

Kgv f ouf f k I kt f r kf t

.

. „ ‘

.

.

\i dfsfg m`sfr v gr lühm sf f eflut g fn `ginf "Egr g`f t gpgt è m", pufdf lmksunt gr ng

siouifkt f dir flliük fnflt r ükilg5jt t ps5 / / w w w .y mut u`f.lmh / w gt lj=v 8U k-Q 77O`t m




Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkms

Ng sflliük Qgrg lmhfkzgr... siktmkiléhmkms kms prmpmkf5

• rflmrdgr lmkmlihifktms prfvims,

• lmkmlfr dgtms lurimsms rfnglimkgdms lmk fn tfhg,

• rfgnizgr fefrlilims df gudiliük y dicfrfkligliük.

Fstgs gltividgdfs kms gyudgk g "gouzgr fn

midm" y g dgrkms lufktg df nms lmkmlihifktmshusilgnfs quf jfhms gdquiridm gn fsluljgr

ngs fxprfsimkfs husilgnfs g kufstrm gnrfdfdmr.

y quf nufom fstudigrfhms fk ng sfhgkg.

Fn hukdm df ng hõsilg

Fn prmpüsitm df fstg sflliük fs gprfkdfr, prgltilgr y

gpnilgr nms cukdghfktms quf kms gyudgrçk g gprf-

ligr y sfr lrètilms gktf ngs dicfrfktfs hgkicfstglim-kfs husilgnfs df dicfrfktfs fstinms, épmlgs, nuogrfs

y lmktfxtms lunturgnfs.

Nms lmktfkidms lmktifkfk fxpnilglimkfs, fefhpnms

y fefrlilims.

Gkmtf sus dudgs y rfsgntf nm quf df`f rflmrdgr m prfstgr gtfkliük.

791 IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Oug tfhgng, lukg df gr tis tgs

Ougtfhgng jg sidm lukg pgrg fn dfsgrrmnnm df huljms grtistgs fk fn çh`itm df

ng hõsilg. Huljms smnistgs y dicfrfktfs fksgh`nfs jgk sidm ihpmrtgktfs fk fn

dfsgrrmnnm df ng idfktidgd dfn ougtfhgntflm g nm ngrom df vgrigs ofkfrglimkfs.

G trg`g egr...

Fsluljf nms siouifktfs crgohfktms husilgnfs. ½Luçktms df fstms grtistgs ougtfhgntflms pufdf rflm-

kmlfr= Fslri`g su kmh`rf fk ng nèkfg dgdg.

"Dé eghf fk pgz", Nuligkm Hirgn. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7:4

jttps5/ /w w w.ymutu`f.lmh / wgtlj=v86gpLH SnEzl4

"Fn oritm", Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7:6

jttp5 //w w w. ymutu`f.lmh / wgtlj= v8]x]mv47mjgb

"\mk df grhmkèg". - Fsluljf ng pistg #7:3

jttp5 / /w w w.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj= v8DNiPB _ wU7F4

"Vb'u'x Vnf w". - Fsluljf ng pistg #7:?

jttp5/ /w ww.ymutu`f.lmh / wgtlj=v8Ko\<t9ZCGxH

"Dms lng vfnfs", Nms ik vgsmrfs df Kuf vm Nfük. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7::

jttp5/ /w w w.ymutu`f.lmh / wgtlj=v8kmMU7dcf Sh w

"Lmk ukg lgkliük". - Fsluljf ng pistg #7:9

jttp5/ / ww w.ymutu`f.lmh /wgtlj= v8q eBmgy SgJ6G

"Hi vidg", Grhgkdm Qgdinng. - Fsluljf ng pistg #791

jttp5// ww w. ymutu`f.lmh /wgtlj= v8@3mb@z1HhFG

Fk fstg nèkfg, fslri`g nms kmh`rfs df mtrms grtistgs m orupms grtèstilms quf ustfd lmkmzlg.

70?Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 71


Dikçhilgs df vfnmlidgd y vmnuhfk

\foõk fn dillimkgrim df ng Pfgn Glgdfhig Fspg÷mng, dikçhilg fs ng cufrzg m ik-tfksidgd df ukg gltividgd m hmvihifktm. Fk hõsilg fs nm rfngtivm g ng vfnmlidgd

y gn vmnuhfk dfn smkidm.

7. Dikçhilg df vfnmlidgd

Fn girf husilgn fs ng vfnmlidgd lmk quf s f feflutg ukg m`rg husilgn, m sfg ng hf-didg fk omnpfs pmr hikutm. Vkg pifzg sf pufdf glfnfrgr “feflutgr hçs rçpidm-

m dfsglfnfrgr “feflutgr hçs nfktm“ lugkdm sf lgh`ig fn girf, m sf dgk hfkmsomnpfs pmr hikutm.

Gn priklipim dfn pfktgorghg, ofkfrgnhfktf sf fslri`f ng ikdilgliük gn iktérprftfm dirfltmr dfn fksgh`nf sm`rf ng vfnmlidgd, fn lgrçltfr y ng iktfkliük df ng m`rg.

Fn dillimkgrim df ng Pfgn Glgdfhig Fspg÷mng dilf quf girf fs ng gpgrifklig, gs-pfltm m fstinm df gnouifk m df gnom. Iougn fs fk hõsilg, pufs nf dg g ng hõsilg,pmr hfdim df ng vfnmlidgd, fn fstinm quf fn lmhpmsitmr quifrf quf tfkog su m`rg,y nms iktérprftfs sf ouigrçk pmr ng dfslripliük dgdg.

Fefrlilim 7

Pfvisf fn lgklimkfrm, gn cikgn df su ni`rm, y fk ngs siouifktfs nèkfgs fslri`g nms girfs husilgnfs quf fk-lmktrü fk liklm lgklimkfs. Fslri`g prihfrm, fn kmh`rf df ng pifzg y nufom, su girf husilgn.

7.

0.

<.

4.

6.



71IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Gutmlmktr mn

Glt ividgd 7. Dfhufstr f nm gpr fkdidm.Fslr i`g fk fn pr ihfr fspglim ng lngsic ilgliük df nms ikstr uhfktms husilgnfs, y nufom nms ikstruhfktms quf sf r flufrdf, fk su lngsic ilgliük lmrr fltg5

Lngsiclgliük Lngsiclgliük Lngsiclgliük

S ifktm hgdfr g

Lngsiclgliük Lngsiclgliük

Ouitgr r g fnéltr ilg

Onmsgrim

Fn onmsgrim prfsfktg ngs pgng`rgs kufvgs quf utinizü fk

ng sfhgkg. Lmküzlgngs y gprfkdg su siokilgdm. Fs ukg

hgkfrg df ghpnigr su vmlgùngrim.

Pfsuhfk

Fn rfsuhfk rflmof `rfvfhfktf tmdm fn

lmktfkidm df ng sfhgkg. Fs ukg jfrrghifk-

tg pgrg egr y rflmrdgr lmkmlihifktms y

luhpnf ng cukliük df ukg ljg df fstudim.

Gutmlmktrmn

Fn gutmlmktrmn fs su gutmfvgnugliük. Nf gyudgrç g sg`fr qué gprfkdiü, lühm nm gprfkdiü y qué df`f

hfemrgr. Ngs gltividgdfs tmlgk nms tfhgs fstudigdms y pmr lmksiouifktf nms nmorms df ng sfhgkg. Fn

gutmlmktrmn tifkf trfs hmhfktms df fefrlitgliük.

Dfhufstrf nm gprfkdidm

Fs uk prihfr hmhfktm. Pfsmn-

vfrç fefrlilims quf fvgnõgk nglmhprfksiük dfn tfhg.

Gpniquf nm gprfkdidm

Fs uk sfoukdm hmhfktm. Nf pfr-

hitirç gpnilgr nms lmkmlihifktms

gdquiridms g situglimkfs rfgnfs.

Dfsgrrmnnf kufvgs jgìnidgdfs

Fs uk tfrlfr hmhfktm. Gquè sf nf prfsfktg-

rçk gltividgdfs quf nf gyudgrçk g m`tfkfr

kufvms lmkmlihifktms y dfstrfzgs quf nf

sfrçk df utinidgd fk su vidg digrig y lmhm

fhprfkdfdmr.

Onmsgrimdfsghmr5 Cgntg df ghmr m ghistgd.

cgngkof5 Lgdg ukm df nms jufsms df nms dfdms.

ngtèk5 Nfkoug jg`ngdg pmr fn ihpfrim rmhgkm dfsdf ukms lugktms sionms gktfs df Lristm.

rgslgdmr5 Ikstruhfktm quf sirvf pgrg rgslgr ng supfrlif df uk mèftm hftgn, hgdfrg, pifn, ftl.

Pfgn Glgdfhig Fspg÷mng5 Ikstituliük quf vfng pmr ng rfoungrizgliük nikoþèstilg fstg`nflifkdm kmrhgs

sm`rf fn usm dfn idimhg fspg÷mn pgrg cmhfktgr ng ukidgd idimhçtilg fktrf nms divfrsms tfrritmrims df

jg`ng fspg÷mng.

n

n n

n n n

n n n

n n n n n

n n n n n

n n

Pfsuhfk

• Ng hõsilg kms pfrhitf fxprfsgr kufstrms sfktihifktms gukquf km sfghms hõsilms, pufs smnm

`gstg fsluljgr ukg pifzg husilgn m lmhpgrtirng pgrg quf cmrhf pgrtf df kufstrg hfhmrig y df

kmsmtrms hishms gn fvmlgrkms rflufrdms m fxpfrifkligs vividgs.

• Ng hõsilg fs ukg fxprfsiük ukivfrsgn dfn jmh rf y jg fxistidm dfsdf sifhprf. Fk sus ikilims nms

jmh`rfs sf `gsgrmk fk ng kgturgnfzg y lrfgrmk mèftms lmk fn cik df ihitgr nms smkidms, nms cfkü -

hfkms df ng kgturgnfzg, g nms gkihgnfs y g nms hishms jmh`rfs.

• Nms prihfrms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs cufrmk fng`mrgdms lmk jufsms, pifnfs y trmklms df hgdfrg.

Gnoukms df fstms ikstruhfktms tmdgvèg smk utinizgdms fk distiktgs pgrtfs dfn hukdm, pfrm mtrms

ikstruhfktms tghìék jgk fvmnulimkgdm y g nm ngrom dfn tifhpm jgk idm iklmrpmrgkdm kufvms

gspfltms orgligs g ng tflkmnmoèg.

n n n n n n n

n n

n n n

Gltividgd 0. Gpniquf nm gprfkdidm.

Fsluljf ngs pistgs dgdgs. Fk ng prihfrg lmnuhkg fslri`g fn kmh`rf dfn ikstruhfktm quf fsluljg, y fk

ng sfoukdg lmnuhkg ng lngsicilgliük g ng quf pfrtfkflf.

Qistg husilgn Ikstruhfktm Lngsiclgliük

"\uitf pgrg \mnm Lfnnm Km. 7 fk O Hg-ymr, prfnudim", E. \. @glj. - Fsluljfng pistg #7<: jttps5//www.ymutu`f.

lmh/wgtlj=v8qHPEhrNYSTw

- Fsluljf ng pistg #7<9jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/

wgtlj=v8YUNoP9?F:7V

"In \infkzim", Kiki Pmssm. - Fsluljfng pistg #741 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.

lmh/wgtlj=v8Gc\mIHg1FH1

Bghfnmt. - Fsluljf ng pistg

-

-

-

“

-] -

-] -

-

Gl tividgd <. Dfsgrrmnnf kuf vg

s jgìnidgdfs.

Ik vfk tf uk iks truhfk tm husilgn lrfgd

m lmk pgrtfs df iks truhfk tms df dicf

rfk tf lngsi lgliük, y di`õ efnm

fk fs tf fspglim dgdm.




Pfvisf su gprfkdizgef

Fk fstf õntihm gpgrtgdm nf prmpmkfhms quf

jgog uk gntm y rffximkf sm`rf su gprfkdi-

zgef. Fs huy ihpmrtgktf quf ustfd hishm

fvgnõf sus nmorms y dftfrhikf fk qué jgcgnngdm pgrg supfrgrnm.

Lmktfstf lmk tmdg siklfridgd y, pmstfrimr-

hfktf, lmksuntf lmk su mrifktgdmr ngs dudgs

quf tfkog.

Vkg õntihg sflliük5 fn lgklimkfrm

Qgrg su dfnfitf y lmk ng iktfkliük df quflmktikõf gpnilgkdm nms lmkmlihfiktmsgdquiridms durgktf fstf sfhfstrf, gn kg-nizgr ngs sfhgkgs df gprfkdizgef jfhmsiklnuidm uk lgklimkfrm pgrg quf sf gkihfg iktfrprftgr dicfrfktfs m`rgs husilgnfsougtfhgntflgs.

¡Sghms, gtrévgsf! Gprfkdg g tmlgr uk iks-truhfktm husilgn. Gquè nf prmpmrlimkghmsgnoukgs pgrtiturgs pgrg quf ikilif su vigefgn cg`unmsm hukdm df ng hõsilg.

61 IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Hgrquf lmk uk ljfquf ng lgsinng quf hfemr ikdiquf su rfkdihifktm. nmorgdm fkprmlfsm

kmnmorgdm

D f s p u é s d f f s t u d i g r . . .

Lmkmzlm ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn df Iomr df Ogkdgrigs.

Idfkticlm fn rithm husilgn squgrf dgklf m `ginf fk lugdrgdm df

Fstgdms Vkidms.

Pflmkmzlm ngs distiktgs lugnidgdfs dfn smkidm.

0<<Cmr hgliük husilgn∐ Lgklimkfr m

L gklimkfr mG lmktikugliük nf pr fsfktghms uk lgklimkfr m df hõsilg pmpungr ougtfhgntflg. Fk én fk-lmktr grç ng nftr g y hõsilg df 04 lgklimkfs df gutmr fs ougtfhgntflms pgr g quf ngs lmkmz lg,

pr gltiquf sus lmkmlihifktms husilgnfs f iktfr prftf fstgs m`rgs husilgnfs.¡Çkihm, dfnf r ifkdg sufntg g sus dmtfs husilgnfs!

L MKT F KIDM

@fnng Ougtfhgng Ofr hçk Gnlçktgr g ( hõsilg) y Nulè g Hgrtèkfz \m`rgn ( nftr g) Ljiljilgstfkgkom Cr gklislm Qér fz Hu÷mz Lm`çk

Dmhikom @ftjgklmur t (hõsilg) y Gkè gn Dfnogdm Pfqufkg ( nftr g) Df rgz g hgy g smy Eunig Fnisg df S iguFn oritm

Fv frgr dm df Nfük Licufktfs (hõsilg) y Emsé Fr kfstm Hmkz ük ( nftrg) Fn Hisjitm

Lgkliük tr gdilimkgn ougtfhgntflgNg ognnikitg Emsfckg S è ltmr Hgkufn Qmr r gsNg \gk eugkfritg Emsé Fr kfstm Hmkz ükNikdg hgdr f Emsé Nuis Euçr fz Msmr imNukg df Z fng eõ Qglm Qérfz Hg÷gkitgs ougtfhgntflgs @fkiokm Hf eè g Lr uz Hi lgktm g Ougtfhgng S gnfktèk dfn S gnnf Oükomr gHi Ljgpikngkdig Lgr nms Fkriquf Mr dü÷fz Hi nikdg hmrfkg S gnfktèk dfn S gnnf Oükomr gHi pnfogrig Hgr tè k Qér fz Hingormsm \f÷mr df Fsquipungs Emsé Frkfstm HmkzükKmljfs df Fsluiktng Hgr èg dfn T r çksitm @grr ims½Qmr qué sfr ç= Ouinnfr hm Cufktfs Oir ükQfték Itz ç

Qg`nm Qf÷gNgs pmsgdgs ougtfhgntflgs \gktm Jkm. Qfdr m \gk Emsé df @ftjgklmur tPfognitm df ghmr Emsé Gnf egkdr m df Nfük\mk ljgpèk

Pm`fr tm S gnnf O.Vk dèg df ghmr Emsé Hgr è g Oir ükVk nmr itm df S frgpgz Lgkliük pmpungr ougtfhgntflg



70IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Ni`rm, lngsf rgdign y lèrlunm df fstudim

¡\u fquipm df trg`gem!

Fn ni`rm, lmk sfr ukg `ufkg jfrrghifktg, km nm fs tmdm. Qgrg quf ustfd gnlgklf fn kivfn df

lmhpftfklig dfsfgdm, kufstrm sistfhg pmkf g su dispmsiliük5 fn ni`rm, ng lngsf rgdign y ng

ikvitgliük g pgrtilipgr fk uk lèrlunm df fstudim.

• Ng lngsf rgdign tifkf lmhm cukliük priklipgn

fxpnilgr y cglinitgr ng lmhprfksiük df nms tfhgs

trgtgdms fk fn ni`rm. Pflufrdf quf pufdf org`gr

ngs lngsfs rgdignfs fk ukg hfhmrig df tfnécmkm m

quf pufdf gdquirir uk LD lmk fstgs lngsfs org-

`gdgs. Qrfouktf lühm jglfrnm gn fklgrogdm dfn

lèrlunm df fstudim m g su mrifktgdmr vmnuktgrim.

Org`gr ngs lngsfs rgdignfs fs mptgtivm, pfrm pufdf

gyudgrnm.

• Fn lèrlunm df fstudim fs fn nuogr pgrg

lmhpgrtir y gprfkdfr euktms. Gprmvf-

ljf fstms rflursms y gpüyfsf fk pfr-smkgs df su lmhukidgd pgrg rfsmnvfr

sus dudgs. Pflufrdf quf sifhprf

pufdf lmksuntgr tfhgs quf nf rfsun-

tfk dicèlinfs g su tutmr g distgklig.

• Fn ni`rm luhpnf lugtrm cuklimkfs5

g. Tfxtm, fk fn quf fklufktrg ng ikcmrhgliük y fn

dfsgrrmnnm df nms lmktfkidms g fstudigr.

`. Qizgrrük, pgrg quf durgktf ng lngsf rgdign

su`rgyf idfgs ihpmrtgktfs m rfgnilf distiktgs

gltividgdfs.

l. Lugdfrkm df trg`gem, lmk fefrlilims pgrg prgl-

tilgr nm gprfkdidm.

d. Jfrrghifktg df gutmfvgnugliük, lugkdm rf-

sufnvf su gutmlmktrmn lgdg sfhgkg.

0µ `çsil m - Or upm Vt gt nçkQ r ihfr sfhfst r f - IOF P

:C mr hgl i ük Husi l gn



7<Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ ¡@ifkvfkidm y ìfkvfkidg!

Kufstrg hftmdmnmoèg pgsm g pgsm

Qgrg cglinitgr su gprfkdizgef y gprmvfljgr hçs y hfemr fn fstudim lgdg sfhgkg, siog fstms

pgsms. ¡Km sf sgntf kikoukm!

Nfg fn lmktfkidm df ng sfhgkg

Nffr fn lmktfkidm kms pfrhitf tfkfr ukg idfg ofkfrgn dfn tfhg5 qué

sg`fhms, lmk qué nm rfnglimkghms, ftl. Fstf prihfr lmktgltm tghìék

kms jgrç lgfr fk ng lufktg dfn fscufrzm g rfgnizgr pgrg gprfkdfr nm kufvm

y kms pmkdrç „fk mkdg‘ pgrg ng lngsf rgdign.

7

Fsluljf ng lngsf rgdign

Lmk nms 6 sfktidms

Ng lngsf rgdign fs kufstrg hgfstrg. Df gjè quf fn prmorghg sf nnghf "FnHgfstrm fk Lgsg". Ngs hgfstrgs y hgfstrms nmlutmrfs fxpnilgk fn lmktf-

kidm, prmpmkfk fefrlilims y mtrms fefhpnms pgrg ghpnigr fn tfhg.

0

Dfspués df ng lngsf rgdign, su trg`gem pfrsmkgn

Fstudim y gutmlmktrmn

Cikgnizgdg ng lngsf rgdign fs fn hmhfktm df su trg`gem pfrsmkgn. Distriù-

yg su tifhpm5 fs hfemr uk pmlm lgdg dèg, quf tmdm ng vèspfrg.

<

Lmksuntf sus dudgs

Vk fstudigktf iktfniofktf sg`f luçkdm pfdir gyudg

Lmksuntf nms tfhgs quf km nf jgk qufdgdm lngrms fk mtrms ni`rms, fk

iktfrkft, lmk cghinigrfs m ghioms. \fourm quf fklmktrgrç pfrsmkgs dis-

pufstgs g gyudgrnf.

4

Qgrtilipf fk uk lèrlunm df fstudim

Gprfkdfr euktmsQükogsf df glufrdm lmk mtrms fstudigktfs y mrogkilfk uk lèrlunm df fs-

tudim. \mnilitfk ng gyudg df gnoukg pfrsmkg vmnuktgrig df ng lmhukidgd.

Fsm nfs gyudgrç g rfsmnvfr dudgs y rfcmrzgr nm gprfkdidm. Gdfhçs, tfk-

drçk ng mpmrtukidgd df iktfrlghìgr gprfkdizgefs, idfgs y sfktihifktms.

Pflufrdf quf sifhprf pufdf gludir g su tutmr gsiokgdm.

6



74IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

½Lühm gprmvfljgr hfemr su fstudim=

• @usquf uk nuogr lühmdm y lmk `ufkg inuhikgliük. Fs ihpmrtgktf quf sf

gnfef dfn ruidm y df ngs distrgllimkfs.

• Fnieg uk jmrgrim pgrg trg`gegr y fstudigr. Ng lmkstgklig y ng dislipnikg smk

sus hfemrfs lmhpg÷frgs df fstudim.

• Nfg lmk gtfkliük ngs ikstrullimkfs df nms fefrlilims gktfs df rfsmnvfrnms.

• Lmksuntf sus dudgs lmk mtrgs pfrsmkgs df su lmhukidgd quf pufdgk

gyudgrnf.



76Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 7

7

½Wué fs ng hõsilg=Hõsilg y sinfklim… lmhìkgk cufrtfhfktf pmrquf ng hõsilg

sf jglf lmk fn sinfklim, y fn sinfklim fstç nnfkm df hõsilg.Hgrlfn Hgrlfgu

½Wué fklmktrgrç fstg sfhgkg=

Hgrèg Isg`fn Liudgd“Pfgn

Grofktikg Hgngh`m y tgkom

Ng hõsilg fk kufstrgs vidgs

Ng hõsilg sifhprf jg fstgdm prfsfktf

Fstg sfhgkg nmorgrç5

Lmkmlfr ng ìmorgcèg y m`rg husilgn df ng lmhpmsitmrg Hgrèg Isg`fn Liudgd-Pfgn.

Idfkticilgr nms rithms husilgnfs df Grofktikg5 hgngh`m y tgkom.

Pflmkmlfr ng prfsfklig df ng hõsilg fk kufstrgs vidgs.

Lmhprfkdfr fn mriofk df ng hõsilg.

Dicfrfkligr fktrf fn mriofk y ng fvmnuliük df uk ikstruhfktm husilgn.

Qfrliìr ngs lugnidgdfs smkmrgs df dicfrfktfs hgtfrignfs.



73IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Piklmklitm df Ougtfhgng

Hgrèg Isg`fn Liudgd“Pfgn \mnès(7936 - ) “ Fsluljf ng pistg #7

Jieg df dms orgkdfs hõsilms ougtfhgntflms5 fn

vimnikistg Lgrnms Liudgd-Pfgn y ng pigkistg Pgqufn

\mnès df Liudgd-Pfgn. Ng vidg husilgn df Hgrèg

Isg`fn ikiliü fk fn `gklm dfn pigkm df su hgdrf,

pgsgkdm nufom gn Lmksfrvgtmrim Kglimkgn df

Hõsilg df Ougtfhgng fk dmkdf sf orgduü df

@gljinnfr fk Grtf lmk fspflignizgliük fk pigkm.

Fs glrffdmrg df hõntipnfs prfhims y `flgs,

fktrf fnngs su lgrrfrg husilgn fk ng Vkivfrsidgd

df Hiljiogk Gkk Gr`mr, fk Fstgdms Vkidms, df

7994 g 7993, dirflliük mrqufstgn fk Sfkfzuf-

ng, lursms df pigkm y lmhpmsiliük df „Hõsilg

pgrg Cinhfs‘ df ng Glgdfhig Husilgn Ljioigkg

fk \ifkg, Itgnig, y fk 7999 cuf pgrtilipgktf fk fn \fhikgrim Lunturgn mrogkizgdm

pmr KMPGD fk Msnm, Kmrufog.

Fk 799: cukdü ng Cukdgliük Hõsilg y Euvfktud pgrg lmrms y mrqufstgs ikcgktinfs

y euvfkinfs df Ougtfhgng, pmrquf lrff quf g trgvés df ng hõsilg sf pufdfk

prmhmvfr fspglims smlimlunturgnfs quf cglinitfk ng fhpgtèg, ng pgz y ng ni`frtgd.

Df fstf orgk fscufrzm, kgliü fk 799? ng Mrqufstg \ikcükilg „Efsõs Lgstinnm‘ y fn

Qrmyfltm5 „Hõsilg y Euvfktud, lmkstruyfkdm ng pgz fk Ougtfhgng‘.

Lmhm dmlfktf jg pgrtilipgdm fk hõntipnfs lmkcfrfkligs, tgnnfrfs y sfhikgrims

sm`rf ng hõsilg ougtfhgntflg, ng cukliük df ng hõsilg fk kufstrg smlifdgd, y ng

kflfsidgd df prmhmvfr ng hõsilg dfktrm df ng fdulgliük iktforgn df nms ki÷ms

y eüvfkfs. Jg rfli`idm rflmkmlihifktms lmhm fn prfhim Grlm Iris Hgyg lmhm

lmhpmsitmrg, pmr su ng`mr smlim-lunturgn pmr pgrtf dfn Qrmorghg Fdulgtivm df

Ki÷m, Ki÷g y Gdmnfslfktf Trg`gegdmr ( QFKKGT) y ukg hfkliük jmkmrècilg fk fn

prfhim Huefr Gvmk 0110.

Lmhm lmhpmsitmrg f iktérprftf, sf jg prfsfktgdm fk hõntipnfs fslfkgrims ik-

tfrprftgkdm m`rgs dfn rfpfrtmrim pigkèstilm df tmdgs ngs épmlgs y lmhpmsilimkfsprmpigs. Fs ng prihfrg huefr fk dirioir ng Mrqufstg \ikcükilg Kglimkgn. Fktrf

sus m`rgs husilgnfs fstçk5 trfs pifzgs pgrg vimnèk y pigkm, lilnm df lgklimkfs

sm`rf pmfhgs df Pgcgfn Grévgnm Hgrtèkfz pgrg lmktrgntm, Gvf Hgrèg pgrg smprgkm,

lgklimkfs pgrg smprgkm lmk `gsf fk pmfhg df _gnnglf \tfvfks y Pm`frt Crmst,

iktfrnudim pgrg lugrtftm df lufrdgs, "\mkgtg Qmétilg".

Gltugnhfktf diriof fn Dfpgrtghfktm df Hõsilg df ng Vkivfrsidgd dfn Sgnnf df

Ougtfhgng y prfsidf ng Cukdgliük Hõsilg y Euvfktud.





Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

Grofktikg “ Fsluljf ng pistg #0 (hgngh`m) y ng pistg #< (tgkom)

Fk Grofktikg jgy vgrigs hgkicfstglimkfs husilgnfs df hmvihifktm. Fn hgngh-`m y fn tgkom smk vfrdgdfrghfktf rfprfsfktgtivms df fstf orgk pgès, y smksuhghfktf vistmsms.

Fn hgngh`m fs uk `ginf rfgnizgdm smnghfktf pmr jmh rfs y su hõsilg lgrflfdf nftrg, pufs fs ukg hgkicfstgliük lunturgn purghfktf df hmvihifktm y sfrfquifrf df lifrtg hgfstrèg pgrg fn hgkfem dfn zgpgtfgdm.

Fk lgh`im, fn tgkom fs uk `ginf rfgnizgdm fk pgrfeg, df huljm hmvihifktm yfxpfrtgef fk fn hgkfem df pifrkgs y vufntgs. Ng hgymrèg df ngs lgklimkfs dftgkom fxprfsgk ghmr, dfsghmr, tristfzg y dmnmr. Fn hgymr rfprfsfktgktf dfn

tgkom fs Lgrnms Ogrdfn.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm sf feflutgk nms `ginfs df hgngh`m y tgkom, pufdflmksuntgr ngs siouifktfs dirfllimkfs fnfltrükilgs5

Hgngh`m5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8kJ4tWVdQ@6s

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v80Z@TtTM6P-:

Tgkom5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8Olxv?i10nZl

Fn hgngh`m fs fn `ginf cmnlnürilm dfnms oguljms grofktikms.

Fn tgkom fs ukg dgkzg lgrgltfrès-tilg df @ufkms Girfs, Grofktikg y

Hmktfvidfm, Vruougy.

Nms oguljms smknms vgqufrms dfngs nngkurgs dfGrofktikg, Qgrg-ougy, Vruougyy sur df @mnivig,@rgsin y Ljinf.



7:IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Ng hõsilg fk kufstrgs vidgs

Ng hõsilg fs ihpmrtgktf pgrg kufstrgs vidgs pmrquf kms gyudg g pfrli`ir fhm-

limkfs. ½Jg vistm gnoukg vfz ukg pfnèlung sik hõsilg= Jgog ng pruf`g.Gn iougn quf ng lmhidg y nms mnmrfs, ng hõsilg kms trgkspmrtg y kms gyudg g rflmr-dgr situglimkfs ihpmrtgktfs fk kufstrgs vidgs. Ng cfrig pgtrmkgn, ng lfnf`rgliükdf gnoõk luhpnfg÷ms, ng `mdg dfn prihm…

G trg`gegr...

Jgog ukg pgusg f iktfktf trgfr g su hfhmrig uk hmhfktm df su vidg dmkdf ng hõsilg fstuvm prf-sfktf y dfslrè`gnm fk fn fspglim g lmktikugliük.

• ½Wué pifzg fs= ½\f rflufrdg dfn kmh`rf=

• ½Lmk quiék fstg`g=

• ½Wué lfnf`rg`gk=





Ng hõsilg sifhprf jg fstgdm prfsfktf

½Qmdrèg pfksgr quf ng hõsilg jg fstgdm prfsfktf fk tmdm hmhfktm dfsdf sifh-

prf= Ng hõsilg km fs smnghfktf fn prmdultm df ng lrfgtividgd dfn jmh`rf. Hçs`ifk, fn jmh`rf lrfü ng hõsilg `gsçkdmsf fk nms smkidms df ng kgturgnfzg.

Ng hõsilg fs ng hgkicfstgliük kgturgn df fxprfsimkfs lunturgnfs y df lmhukilg-liük fktrf ngs dicfrfktfs smlifdgdfs2 gõk hçs, fktrf ngs dicfrfktfs épmlgs df ngjistmrig.

¡Dislunpf, km fktfkdè!

\è, nf pfrtfkflf g tmdms, pufs nms smkidms y ng lrfgliük df dicfrfktfshgkicfstglimkfs pufdf rfgnizgrng lugnquifr pfrsmkg. Km sf kflfsitg sfr

uk orgk hõsilm pgrg pmdfr fxprfsgr sfktihifktms m pfksghifktms gtrgvés df ng hõsilg.

Qfrm km nf pfrtfkflf g kgdif, pufs fk fn hmhfktm quf lmhpgrtf gn-oukg pifzg husilgn mrioikgn m df gnouifk hçs, y fxistf gnouifk quf ngfsluljf, yg nf pufdf pfrtfkflfr g su rflufrdm, g su hfhmrig, y uti-nizgrng pgrg pmdfr ustfd hishm fxprfsgr mtrms pfksghifktms y mtrmssfktihifktms.

Ng hõsilg fs ukivfrsgn, nf pfrtfkflfg tmdms y km nf pfrtfkflf lmk fxlnu-sividgd g kgdif fk pgrtilungr…



01IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Fefrlilim 7½Jg m`sfrvgdm gnoukg vfz ikstruhfktms husilgnfs fng`mrgdms lmk hgtfrignfs df ng kgturgnfzg pmlmtrg`gegdms= Fslri`g fn kmh`rf df trfs ikstruhfktms df fstf tipm quf lmkmzlg.

7.

0.

<.

7. Fktmklfs, ½luçn fs su mriofk=

Fk ng prfjistmrig, nms jmh`rfs tfkègk sus gltividgdfs y sus mclims2 fktrf fstgs fs-tg`gk ng lgzg y nms ritugnfs df sus gllimkfs digrigs. Gdfhçs, dfcfkdfr sus tifrrgsy sus pmsfsimkfs nms nnfvgrmk g disputgs y oufrrgs.

Lgdg ukm df fstms gltms fstg`g glmhpg÷gdm df hõsilg y dgkzgs, quf oirg`gkgnrfdfdmr dfn hmvihifktm df ng kgturgnfzg. Gsè pufs, cufrmk dfslu`rifkdm sm-kidms prmdulidms pmr fn vifktm, fn goug, fn cufom, nms gkihgnfs y fnnms hishms,nms lugnfs quisifrmk ihitgr pmr hfdim df mèftms y grtfcgltms quf lmkstruyfrmkpgrg tgn fcfltm.

Qrm`g`nfhfktf usgrmk nms jufsms df nms gkihgnfs pgrg lmkstruir gutgs y rgslg-dmrfs, trmklms pgrg jglfr tgh`mrfs, lmkljgs y lufrkms df gkihgnfs lmhm trmh-pftgs, y grlms husilgnfs, suroidms dfn grlm y fljg quf utinizg`gk pgrg lgzgr.

Gdfhçs pmdrèghms pfksgr quf ng prmdulliük smkmrg dfn lufrpm juhgkm sf dimlmhm rfspufstg g ukg lmkslifklig rèthilg kgturgn quf tifkf fn jmh`rf, gsè qufpgtgdgs fk fn sufnm m pgnhgdgs, ng hishg pfrlusiük lmk pgnms sm`rf trmklms, y

fn lgktm lmhm ihitgliük gn lgktm df nms pçegrms, sfrègk ufkms fefhpnms df fstgsgltividgdfs df rfprmdulliük smkmrg.

¡Lühm sfrç ng ikvfktivg dfn jmh`rf quf df ukg cgngkof df rfkm sglgrmk smki-dm! \è, df fstf jufsm quf sf fklufktrg fk ng pgtg df nms rfkms, nmorgrmk sglgruk smnm smkidm, y sf lrff quf jglifkdm pgtrmkfs rèthilms dicfrfktfs trgkshitègkhfksgefs g trgvés df nms lghpms y hmktg÷gs.

Jmy fk dèg tmdgvèg jgy huljms ikstruhfktms gklfstrgnfs utinizgdms pmr divfrsgslmhukidgdfs gnrfdfdmr dfn hukdm, lmhm5 fn lgrglmn fk Ougtfhgng y Héxilm2 fndidofridmm fk Gustrgnig2 y fn hìrg fk Çcrilg.

HìrgDidofridmmLgrglmn




Fefrlilim 0

Fslri`g fk fstgs nèkfgs sus m`sfrvglimkfs sm`rf ng fvmnuliük dfn hìrg. ½Lühm sf trg`geü ng hgdfrg=,½lühm jgk idm lghìgkdm ngs tflngs hftçnilgs= M`sfrvf fk ng õntihg cmtm lühm sf jg iklmrpmrgdm ng

tflkmnmoèg lmhm pgrtf df ng fvmnuliük df fstf ikstruhfktm.

0. Sfghms luçn fs fn siokicilgdm df ngs pgng`rgs„mriofk‘ y „fvmnuliük‘

Mriofk5 Ng Pfgn Glgdfhig Fspg÷mng dilf quf ng pgng`rg „mriofk‘ vifkf dfn ngtèk,quf fs ukg pgng`rg hgslunikg y quf siokiclg5 priklipim, kglihifktm, hgkgktign,

rgèz y lgusg df gnom.

Fvmnuliük5 Fstg pgng`rg tghìék vifkf dfn ngtèk, fs ukg pgng`rg cfhfkikg y sio-kiclg dfsgrrmnnm df ngs lmsgs m df nms mrogkishms, pmr hfdim dfn lugn pgsgk

orgdugnhfktf df uk fstgdm g mtrm, lghìgkdm df cmkdm y df cmrhg.

Fn fefhpnm hçs m`vim fs fn sfr juhgkm. \u mriofk fk fstg vidg fs ng lmklfpliük,pfrm lmkcmrhf vg pgsgkdm fn tifhpm, vg fvmnulimkgkdm, lghìgkdm df cmrhg,df idfgs, df cmrhgs df pfksgr, df sfktir y df gltugr.

Ng hõsilg ikilig lmk ukg kflfsidgd dfn sfr juhgkm df fxprfsiük y fstm km lgh-ìg, pufs sifhprf sf tfkdrç ng kflfsidgd df fxprfsgrsf g trgvés dfn tifhpm y fklugnquifr nuogr dfn hukdm2 pfrm fsg ihitgliük vg g fvmnulimkgr g ukg lrfgliükpfrsmkgn df lgdg sfr juhgkm.

Sfghms gnoukms fefhpnms df fvmnuliük dfn hìrg.

Fn hìrg fs ukikstruhfktmhusilgn gcrilgkmlmk nfkouftgsquf sf prfsimkgklmk nms dfdmspgrg prmdulir

smkidms.



00IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Onmsgrimdfsghmr5 Cgntg df ghmr m ghistgd.

cgngkof5 Lgdg ukm df nms jufsms df nms dfdms.

ngtèk5 Nfkoug jg`ngdg pmr fn ihpfrim rmhgkm dfsdf ukms lugktms sionms gktfs df Lristm.

rgslgdmr5 Ikstruhfktm quf sirvf pgrg rgslgr ng supfrclif df uk mèftm hftgn, hgdfrg, pifn, ftl.

Pfgn Glgdfhig Fspg÷mng5 Ikstituliük quf vfng pmr ng rfoungrizgliük nikoþèstilg fstg`nflifkdm kmrhgssm`rf fn usm dfn idimhg fspg÷mn pgrg cmhfktgr ng ukidgd idimhçtilg fktrf nms divfrsms tfrritmrims dfjg`ng fspg÷mng.

Pfsuhfk

• Ng hõsilg kms pfrhitf fxprfsgr kufstrms sfktihifktms gukquf km sfghms hõsilms, pufs smnm`gstg fsluljgr ukg pifzg husilgn m lmhpgrtirng pgrg quf cmrhf pgrtf df kufstrg hfhmrig y dfkmsmtrms hishms gn fvmlgrkms rflufrdms m fxpfrifkligs vividgs.

• Ng hõsilg fs ukg fxprfsiük ukivfrsgn dfn jmh`rf y jg fxistidm dfsdf sifhprf. Fk sus ikilims nmsjmh`rfs sf `gsgrmk fk ng kgturgnfzg y lrfgrmk mèftms lmk fn cik df ihitgr nms smkidms, nms cfkü-hfkms df ng kgturgnfzg, g nms gkihgnfs y g nms hishms jmh`rfs.

• Nms prihfrms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs cufrmk fng`mrgdms lmk jufsms, pifnfs y trmklms df hgdfrg.Gnoukms df fstms ikstruhfktms tmdgvèg smk utinizgdms fk distiktgs pgrtfs dfn hukdm, pfrm mtrmsikstruhfktms tghìék jgk fvmnulimkgdm y g nm ngrom dfn tifhpm jgk idm iklmrpmrgkdm kufvms

gspfltms orgligs g ng tflkmnmoèg.

Gutmlmktrmn

Gltividgd 7. Dfhufstrf nm gprfkdidm.

Fk ng siouifktf tg`ng, fslri`g dfn ngdm izquifrdm fn mriofk df dms lmsgs, fvfktms m situglimkfs, y dfn ngdm

dfrfljm dms lmsgs, fvfktms m situglimkfs quf jgk sucridm gnoõk tipm df fvmnuliük m trgkscmrhgliükprmorfsivg. Qufdf uslgr sus fefhpnms fk lugnquifr çrfg df grtf, dfktrm df su cghinig, m fk sus prmpigsgltividgdfs.

Mriofk Fvmnuliük

7. 7.

0. 0.



0<Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 7

L

@

G

D

C


Lmnmquf ng nftrg df ng inustrgliük dfn ikstruhfktm prihitivm fk ng dfslripliük dgdg.

\f lrff quf fs fn ikstruhfktm husilgn hçs gktioum dfnhukdm. Fs, fk rfgnidgd, uk jufsm df ng pgtg df gnoõk gki-hgn, sm`rf tmdm df gqufnnms quf frgk hçs cçlin lgzgr, lmhmnms rfkms, vfkgdms, ftl., y sf lrff quf sf utinizg`g pgrg fk-vigr hfksgefs g trgvés df nms lghpms.

M`eftm smkmrm lmkstruidm df gnoõk pgnm m jufsm, sm`rf susupfrcilif sf jglègk surlms, pgrg quf gn pgsgr sm`rf fnnmsukg vgrg prmduefrg smkidms.

Trmzm df hgdfrg m jufsm gtgdm g ukg lufrdg quf fn jmh-`rf jglèg oirgr pmr fklihg df su lg`fzg, luym smkidm sfpgrflf gn vifktm m gn df nms iksfltms.

Ikstruhfktm lmkstruidm df gnoõk jufsm ngrom df gkihgn, gnquf sf nf jglègk mricilims, y quf gn smpngr pmr ukm df susngdms prmdulf dicfrfktfs smkidms, pmr nm quf fs uk ikstru-

hfktm hfnüdilm.

Ikstruhfktm lmkstruidm lmpigkdm fn grlm y cnfljg df lgzg,quf gn vi`rgr ng lufrdg prmdulf uk smkidm.

Ikstruhfktm df pfrlusiük luym mriofk fs uk trmklm df çr-`mn y fvmnulimkü gn usm df hfh`rgkg fk ukm df sus ngdms.

F



04IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk



kmnmorgdm

D f s p u é s d f f s t u d

i g r . . .

Lmkmzlm ng ìmorgcèg y m`rg husilgn df ng lmhpmsitmrg Hgrèg Isg`fnLiudgd“Pfgn.

Idfkticlm nms rithms husilgnfs df Grofktikg5 hgngh`m y tgkom.

Pflmkmzlm ng prfsfklig df ng hõsilg fk kufstrgs vidgs.

Lmhprfkdm fn mriofk df ng hõsilg.

Dicfrfklim fktrf fn mriofk y ng fvmnuliük df uk ikstruhfktm husilgn.

Qfrli`m ngs lugnidgdfs smkmrgs df dicfrfktfs hgtfrignfs.

Gltividgd <. Dfsgrrmnnf kufvgs jgìnidgdfs.

Iktfktf lmkstruir ukg hìrg lmk hgtfrignfs g su gnlgklf m rflilngdms. Fslri`g nms pgsms quf kflfsitgrçpgrg lmkstruir fstf ikstruhfktm.

Lmhpgrtg su fxpfrifklig fk ng lmkstrulliük df su ikstruhfktm lmk sus lmhpg÷frms dfn lèrlunm df fstu-dim y lmhfktfk si jgy dicfrfklig df smkidm sfoõk nms hgtfrignfs quf lgdg ukm utinizü.

Lmkstruyg su hìrg lmk luidgdm prmlurgkdm quf sfg rfsistfktf y pfrdurg`nfpufs nf sfrvirç pgrg rfgnizgr dicfrfktfs fefrlilims g nm ngrom df fstf lursm.




0

\mkidm, ruidm y sinfklimNg hõsilg fs fn lmrgzük df ng vidg. Qmr fnng jg`ng fn ghmr2

sik fnng km jgy `ifk pmsi`nf y lmk fnng tmdm fs jfrhmsm.Crgkz Niszt


Gnux Kgjugn

Lu`g

\mk lu`gkm

Ng pfrlfpliük dfn smkidm

\mkidm, ruidm y sinfklim


Lmkmlfr ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn orupm Gnux Kgjugn.

Idfkticilgr fn rithm husilgn dfn smk lu`gkm.

Dicfrfkligr fktrf smkidm, ruidm y sinfklim.

Pflmkmlfr ng lmktghikgliük guditivg y su ihpgltm fk kufstrg vidg.





Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

Lu`g “ Fsluljf ng pistg #6 (smk lu`gkm)

Fstf pgès tgh`iék kms m`sfquig vgrigs hgkicfstglimkfs husilgnfs. Ng ougeirg, fnhgh`m, ng jg`gkfrg y fn smk, smk df ngs hçs rfprfsfktgtivgs. Fn fefhpnm tmhgdm

fs fn dfn smk, yg quf dfhufstrg su ikcnufklig fk nms mtrms rithms. \f rflmkmlf

su gpgriliük g cikgnfs dfn sionm ZIZ, y ng ikstruhfktgliük lgrgltfrèstilg fs df "trfs

lu`gkm" “ouitgrrg df trfs pgrfs df lufrdgs-, `mkoüs, hgrglgs y lngvfs. Hçs

tgrdf sf nf gorfog ng ouitgrrg, fn lmktrg`gem y ng trmhpftg.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm sf feflutg fn `ginf dfn smk lu`gkm pufdf lmksuntgr ng

siouifktf dirflliük fnfltrükilg5

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8osBWgnDu4SV



0:IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Ng pfrlfpliük dfn smkidm

½\g`f ustfd quf fn mèdm fs fn ürogkm sfksitivm “euktm lmk fn tgltm“ quf kuklg

dfslgksg= Fstf rflfptmr fstç fk lmkstgktf trg`gem… guk lugkdm ustfd dufrhf…G ngs 7: sfhgkgs df ofstgliük, uk `f`é lmhifkzg g fsluljgr, y km pgrg sikm

jgstg quf pifrdf fn mèdm pmr smrdfrg m hufrf.

Fn mèdm fs ukm df nms sfktidms hçs ihpmrtgktfs pufs kms pmsilimkg fk uk nuogr

lmk lifrtm lmktfxtm. Vstfd sg`f fk dükdf fstç lmk tgk smnm fsluljgr g su

gnrfdfdmr.

G trg`gegr...

Jgoghms fn prihfr fefrlilim. Vkm huy sfklinnm. Lifrrf nms mems pmr dms m trfs hikutms y fsluljf.

Nufom fslri`g fk fstf fspglim tmdms nms smkidms quf jgyg pfrli`idm.

Qgrg rfgnizgr uk prmlfsm df lmhpgrgliük, pèdgnf g uk ghiom, jfrhgkg m jfrhgkm quf rfpitgk lmk

ustfd fn fefrlilim quf rfgnizü smnm, lmhm uk fxpfrihfktm. Tmhfk uk pgpfn y uk nçpiz, sgnogk gn pgtim,

gn egrdèk, m gn `msquf y fslri`gk tmdms nms smkidms quf nmorfk pfrli`ir. Nufom, vgygk g uk sgnük, g ng

tifkdg, m gn hfrlgdm y jgogk nm hishm. Gn tfrhikgr, jgogk ukg lmhpgrgliük df nms smkidms fsluljg-

dms lgdg ukm y kmtfk luçnfs fsluljgrmk df cmrhg dicfrfktf.

½Fk gnoõk hmhfktm fsluljü sinfklim= Fn sinfklim fs ng gusfklig df smkidm. Fk kufstrm hukdm, sinfk-

lim g`smnutm km fxistf, pfrm fk fn vglèm sè pmrquf ngs vi`rglimkfs km tifkfk hfdim df trgkshisiük, nm

lugn sfrç fxpnilgdm hçs gdfngktf.

Fstms prmlfsms df lmklifktizgliük smkmrg smk ihpmrtgktfs pgrg fn luidgdm df su gudiliük.





\mkidm, ruidm y sinfklim

7. \mkidm

Gjmrg `ifk, ½qué fs fn smkidm= ½Tifkf fnfhfktms rfnglimkgdms= ½Qmdrèg dflirsf

quf fn sinfklim fs nm lmktrgrim gn smkidm= M, ½sfrç fn ruidm nm lmktrgrim g smkidm=

Gkgnilfhms5 ½Luçn fs fn siokilgdm df smkidm= \foõk ng Pfgn Glgdfhig Fspg÷m-

ng, ng pgng`rg vifkf dfn ngtèk y dfkf ukg sfksgliük prmdulidg fk fn ürogkm dfn

mèdm pmr fn hmvihifktm vi`rgtmrim df nms lufrpms. Fs trgkshitidm pmr uk hfdim

fnçstilm, lmhm fn girf.

7.7 ½Dükdf sf pfrli`f fn smkidm=

Gquè km jgy prm`nfhg… fs huy m`vim, fs fn ürogkm dfn mèdm. Qfrm, ½lühm= Nms

smkidms smk lgptgdms pmr fn pg`fnnük “ng mrfeg“ y vigegk pmr fn lmkdultm gudi-

tivm iktfrkm jgstg quf nnfogk gn tèhpgkm, quf fs ukg hfh`rgkg crçoin f ihpfr-

hfg`nf.

Lugkdm ngs vi`rglimkfs ljmlgk lmk fstg hfh`rgkg, fnng tgh`iék fhpifzg g vi-

`rgr. Fstgs vi`rglimkfs fstihungk gn kfrvim guditivm, y fstf trgkshitf ng ikcmrhg-

liük gn lfrf`rm. Fn lfrf`rm trgdulf, gkgnizg, iktfrprftg y lmkvifrtf ngs vi`rglimkfs

fk pgng`rgs, ruidms m smkidms dicfrfktfs.

pg`fnnükguditivm

lmkdultmguditivm

kfrvimguditivm

trgkshisiük dfsmkidm gn lfrf`rm

tèhpgkm lgrglmnvi`rgliükdf ngs mkdgssmkmrgs

mkdgsmkmrg

½Lühm sf lgptgk nms smkidms=



<1IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

7.0 ½Wué fs fn smkidm=

Gukquf fs m`vim, fs uk lmklfptm uk tgktm g`strgltm. Fstghms jg`ngkdm df vi-

`rglimkfs. \ik fh`grom, fstgs km sf pufdfk vfr g sihpnf vistg. Qmdfhms vfrngs

lugkdm lgf ukg pifdrg fk fn goug y vfhms ngs mkdgs dfn goug quf sf vgk gnfegk-

dm dfn lfktrm df dmkdf lgyü ng pifdrg, y lühm ngs mkdgs hçs lfrlgkgs smk hçs

orgkdfs y lmkcmrhf sf vgk gnfegkdm sf jglfk hçs pfquf÷gs y sugvfs. Tghìékpmdrèghms vfr ng vi`rgliük, lmk uk pmlm df gtfkliük, fk ng lufrdg df ukg ouitg-

rrg si ng dfeçrghms ni`rf dfspués df tg÷frng.

Fk ng siouifktf orçlg sf hufstrgk ngs mkdgs vi`rgtmrigs prmdulidgs pmr distik-

tms prmdultmrfs df smkidm.

vimnèk

vmz

gutg

digpgsük

7.< ½Lühm sf pufdf trgkshitir fn smkidm=

Fn smkidm sf trgkshitf pmr hfdims lmhm fn goug, fn girf y nms mèftms sünidms.

½Jg mèdm jg`ngr dfn smkidm df ngs `gnnfkgs y dfnkfs= G trgvés dfn goug sf puf-

df trgkshitir fn smkidm, pmr nm hishm quf jg`nghms df ngs mkdgs gn lgfr ukg

pifdrg.

Pfgnilf fstf fxpfrihfktm5 Fk ukg pgngkogkg m rflipifktf nnfkm df goug, dfef

lgfr gnoõk mèftm. Qrihfrm uk mèftm pfsgdm, lmhm ukg pifdrg pfquf÷g. M`sfr-

vf fn tghg÷m df ngs mkdgs. Pfpitg ng glliük, y gjmrg iktfktf lmktgr ngs mkdgs quf

prmdulf, df qué tghg÷m smk y lühm vgk vmnviékdmsf hçs pfquf÷gs y sutinfs.

Fn mtrm fnfhfktm fs fn girf. Nms sfrfs vivms fstghms ikhfrsms fk fn girf quf

kuklg pgrg, y sifhprf vg tmhgkdm lghikms dfslmkmlidms. @gstg vfr lühm, fk

ukg tgrdf df huljm vifktm, sf nfvgktg fn pmnvm y ngs jmegs dfn sufnm tmhgk uklghikm ihprfdfli`nf. Gnom hçs m`vim fs quf pmdfhms fsluljgr nms smkidms df

kufstrm gnrfdfdmr. ½Gnoukg vfz sf jg prfouktgdm qué pgsgrèg si km fxistifrg fn

smkidm= M ½si fxistifrg, pfrm km sf pudifrg trgshitir= ½\g`règhms quf fxistf= \mk

prfouktgs uk pmlm nmlgs, pfrm kms gyudgk g sfr lmkslifktfs df nm quf tfkfhms

g kufstrm gnrfdfdmr.

Fn tfrlfr fnfhfktm fs tmdm mèftm sünidm. G trgvés df nms sünidms sf pufdf trgks-

hitir fn smkidm, y pmdfhms vfr hinfs df fefhpnms… \ihpnfhfktf gpngudg y vfrç…



<7Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 0

Fefrlilim 7

Sfghms lühm pmdfhms jglfr visi`nfs y pfrlfpti`nfs ngs vi`rglimkfs smkmrgs. Pfgnilfhms ngs siouifk-

tfs gltividgdfs pgrg lmklifktizgr fn smkidm.

• Tmhf uk ni rm, uk pfriüdilm, m su hishm ni`rm df tfxtm df hõsilg. Nfg fk vmz gntg gn hishm

tifhpm quf lmnmlg sus dfdms sm`rf su ogrogktg. ½Qufdf sfktir ngs vi`rglimkfs=

• Gjmrg lghìf fn tmkm df su vmz g uk tmkm orgvf (`gem, lmhm nms smkidms df uk tgh`mr orgk-

df)2 y gjmrg lghìf fn tmkm df su vmz g uk tmkm goudm (lmhm nms df ukg lghpgkg). ½\ifktf ng

dicfrfklig=

• Fklifkdg ng rgdim y pmkog ukg fstgliük lmk hõsilg. Lmnmquf su hgkm dmkdf fstç ng `mlikg.

½\ifktf ng vi`rgliük=

• Lugkdm fktrf gn rèm, g ukg pmzg m g ukg pislikg, iktfktf jg`ngr df`gem dfn goug. \f dgrç lufktg

df quf pufdf fsluljgr nm quf dilf. Eufouf lmk gnoõk hifh`rm df su cghinig g vfr si fktifkdfk

nm quf dilfk df`gem dfn goug.

Fslri`g fk fstg jmeg sus fxpfrifkligs f ihprfsimkfs smkmrgs.

0. PuidmSghms gjmrg lmk fn sfoukdm térhikm5 ruidm.

Pforfsghms gn dillimkgrim, y fstf kms dilf quf ng pgng`rg ruidm tghìék vifkf

dfn ngtèk y quf fs uk smkidm ikgrtilungdm, y pmr nm ofkfrgn dfsgorgdg`nf.

Fefrlilim 0

Dfn nistgdm quf jizm fk fn fefrlilim gktfrimr smnm m lmk gnoõk hifh`rm df su cghinig, fslri`g fk fstgsnèkfgs nms fefhpnms df ruidm quf lrfg quf pfrtfkflfk g fstf nistgdm.



<0IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Fefrlilim <

Ng siouifktf tg`ng, jfljg pmr lifktèlms, kms dilf luçnfs smk nms pgrçhftrms guditivms. Gn ngdm fslri`g

nms fefhpnms quf fklmktrü fk su fxpfdiliük smkmrg sfoõk ng lgktidgd df dfli`fnims quf hufstrg ng

tg`ng.Kivfn df iktfksidgd dfn smkidm

741 d@ Vh`rgn dfn dmnmr

7<1 d@ Gviük dfspfogkdm

701 d@ Hmtmr df gviük fk hgrljg

771 d@ Lmklifrtm

711 d@ Qfrcmrgdmrg fnéltrilg

91 d@ Trçlm

:1 d@ Trfk

?1 d@ Gspirgdmrg

61/31 d@ Gonmhfrgliük df ofktf

41 d@ Lmkvfrsgliük

01 d@ @i`nimtflg

71 d@ Pfspirgliük trgkquing

1 d@ Vh`rgn df gudiliük

Jmy fk dèg jg`nghms df lmktghikgliük lmhm fn prmlfsm quf sf dg lugkdm gn-

oukgs sustgkligs ikvgdfk mtrgs hçs purgs, prmvmlgkdm quf ngs prihfrgs sf lmk-

vifrtgk fk ihpurgs, iksfourgs m quf km sf pufdgk utinizgr. Lmk fn lmklfptm df

smkidm sulfdf iougn y sf dg ng lmktghikgliük glõstilg.

Lugkdm fn smkidm sf gntfrg df gnoukg cmrhg yg sfg fk vmnuhfk “jglifkdm nms

smkidms dfhgsigdm cufrtfs“, fk gnturg “lmk smkidms huy fstridfktfs, m ljinnmkfs

lmhm nfs dflihms kmsmtrms“, fk tfxturg “lugkdm jg`ngk tmdms gn hishm tifh-pm, m jgy huljgs hçquikgs trg`gegkdm gn hishm tifhpm, sf sgturg fn smkidm y

prmvmlg ikgrtilungliük“, y fk durgliük df smkidm “lugkdm fn smkidm fs iktfrhi-

tfktf, m durg dfhgsigdm, sf lmkvifrtf fk uk orgk ruidm…

Fstm tgh`iék prmvmlg fk nms sfrfs vivms ikgrtilungliük df vidg. Kms prmvmlg cgntg

df suf÷m, fk huljms lgsms kms vmnvfhms dfhgsigdm kfrvimsms, vghms pfrdifk-

dm ng lgpglidgd df lmklfktrgrkms pmr hçs df difz hikutms, y nm quf fs pfmr,

vghms pfrdifkdm fn sfktidm dfn mèdm, m ng gudiliük. Fs dflir, fn ruidm pufdf gcfl-

tgrkms tgktm cèsilg, hfktgn lmhm psilmnüoilghfktf.

Fn smkidm sf hidf utinizgkdm ukg hfdidg fstçkdgr quf sf nnghg dfli`fnim (d@). Fnmèdm dfn sfr juhgkm pfrli`f kgturgn y sgkghfktf fktrf 61 y 31 dfli`fnims.



<<Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 0

Onmsgrim

dfli`fnim5 Vkidgd utinizgdg pgrg hfdir ng iktfksidgd dfn smkidm y mtrgs hgokitudfs cèsilgs.

tg÷fr5 Tmlgr uk ikstruhfktm husilgn df pfrlusiük m df lufrdg, fk fspflign ukg lghpgkg.

vi`rgliük5 Hmvihifktm df vgivék df uk lufrpm.

Pfsuhfk

• Fn mèdm fs fn ürogkm sfksitivm “euktm lmk fn tgltm- quf kuklg dfslgksg. Vk sfr juhgkm lmhifk-

zg g fsluljgr dfsdf nms 7: hfsfs df ofstgliük jgstg quf qufdg smrdm m hufrf. Fn mèdm pfrli`f

smkidms pmr hfdim df vi`rglimkfs fk fn tèhpgkm, quf smk trgkshitidgs pmr fn kfrvim guditivm gn

lfrf`rm.

• Nms smkidms sf trgkshitfk pmr hfdims fnçstilms, lmhm fn goug, fn girf y nms m`eftms sünidms. Fn ruidm

fs uk smkidm ikgrtilungdm, y pmr nm ofkfrgn dfsgorgdg`nf. Lugkdm fn smkidm sf gntfrg df gnoukgcmrhg yg sfg fk vmnuhfk, fk gnturg, fk tfxturg m fk durgliük, sf lmkvifrtf fk uk orgk ruidm, quf

pufdf prmvmlgr lmktghikgliük glõstilg. Ng lmktghikgliük glõstilg pufdf lgusgr ikgrtilungliük

fk kufstrg vidg.

• Fn smkidm sf hidf fk dfli`fnims (d@). Fn mèdm dfn sfr juhgkm pfrli`f fk uk hmdm kgturgn y sgkm

fktrf 61 y 31 dfli`fnims.

Gutmlmktrmn


Vkg lmk ukg nèkfg fn lmklfptm lmk su dfkiliük.

7. Gusfklig df smkidm. • Puidm

0. Si`rgliük df uk lufrpm trgkshitidg gn mèdm. • \infklim

<. Si`rgliük ikgrtilungdg y km gorgdg`nf g ng pfrlfpliük. • \mkidm


Qmkog fn vmnuhfk df su rgdim fk lfrm. Fkliékdgnm. Sgyg su`ifkdm fn vmnuhfk orgdugnhfktf y m`sfrvf

fk dmkdf fsluljg lmk lngridgd.

½Fs lugkdm fn vmnuhfk fstç gn 711 %=, ½gn 61 %= Fstihf qué tgk gntm kflfsitg fstgr fn vmnuhfk pgrg

quf pufdg fsluljgr lngrghfktf.

Fslri`g su rfspufstg5



<4IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk



kmnmorgdm

D f s p u é s d f f s t u d i g r . . . Lmkmzlm ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn orupm Gnux Kgjugn.

Idfktilm fn rithm husilgn dfn smk lu`gkm.

Dicfrfklim fktrf smkidm, ruidm y sinfklim.

Pflmkmzlm ng lmktghikgliük guditivg y su ihpgltm fk kufstrg vidg.


Fxpfrihfktfhms lühm ng mkdg smkmrg vigeg pmr fn girf usgkdm uk tfnécmkm df vgsms.

Kflfsitghms5

• Dms vgsms rèoidms, nihpims y vglèms

• Vk pgnitm m pgeinng

• Vkg tiefrg m luljinnm

• Vk pfdgzm df lufrdg m jinm, df pmr nm hfkms < hftrms

Qrmlfdihifktm5

7. Lmk ng puktg df ngs tiefrgs m luljinnm jglfr uk gouefritm fk fn cmkdm df nms vgsms.

0. Qgsgr fn fxtrfhm df ng lufrdg m jinm pmr fn gouefritm dfn vgsm.

<. Ghgrrgr ng puktg df ng lufrdg m jinm gn pgnitm m pgeinng pgrg quf ng lufrdg km sf sgnog dfn gouefritm.

4. Pfgnilf fn hishm prmlfdihifktm lmk fn mtrm vgsm.

6. Vkg pfrsmkg lmnmlg ukm df nms vgsms fk su mèdm hifktrgs ng mtrg jg`ng pmr fn mtrm vgsm.

½Wué sulfdiü= Ng vmz ljmlg lmktrg uk hgtfrign fnçstilm y rèoidm, lmhm fn cmkdm dfn vgsm y prmvmlg ukg

mkdg smkmrg quf sf prmpgog pmr hfdim df ngs vi`rglimkfs df ng lufrdg gn cmkdm dfn mtrm vgsm y gn kuf-

vghfktf gn girf dmkdf ngs lgptg fn mèdm.

Fxpfrihfktf, lgh`if fn ngrom df ng lufrdg, y m`sfrvf y lmhpgrf nm quf sulfdf.



<6Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg <

<

Ngs lugnidgdfs dfn smkidmNg hõsilg fs uk dmk df Dims.

Hgrtik Nutjfr Biko


Iomr df Ogkdgrigs

Fstgdms Vkidms

\qugrf dgklf m `ginf fk lugdrgdm

\mkidms y fhmlimkfs

Ngs lugnidgdfs dfn smkidm


Lmkmlfr ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn df Iomr df Ogkdgrigs.

Idfkticilgr fn rithm husilgn squgrf dgklf m `ginf fk lugdrgdm df Fstgdms Vkidms.

Pflmkmlfr ngs distiktgs lugnidgdfs dfn smkidm.



<3IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Iomr df Ogkdgrigs(796< - ) “ Fsluljf ng pistg #3

Lmhpmsitmr, dmlfktf f ikvfstiogdmr dfn Ikstitutm df Ikvfstioglimkfs Juhgkèstilgsdf ng Cgluntgd df Juhgkidgdfs df ng Vkivfrsidgd df \gk Lgrnms df Ougtfhgng.

Dmltmr fk Grtfs Husilgnfs pmr ng Vkivfrsidgd Lgtünilg df Ghérilg lmk fspflig-nizgliük fk lmhpmsiliük y hõsilg ngtikmghfrilgkg. Fstudims df hõsilg fnfl-trmglõstilg fk ng Vkivfrsidgd df Hgryngkd y Lmksfrvgtmrim Qfg`mdy fk Fstgdms

Vkidms.

\u prmdulliük glõstilg hufstrg iktfrés pmr prmyfltgr fsfkligs lunturgnfs dfrgèz ikdèofkg y hfstizg df ng smlifdgd ougtfhgntflg. Fstgs lmhpmsilimkfs jgksidm fsluljgdgs fk distiktgs sgngs df lmklifrtm fk liudgdfs df Ghérilg dfsdf79:6, sifkdm iktfrprftgdgs, fktrf mtrgs gorupglimkfs, pmr fn Fksgh`nf df Qfr-lusiük df Crfdmkig (Kufvg Ymrb), \fxtftm df Gnifktms df ng Vkivfrsidgd df _fs-nfygk (Innikmis), Fksgh`nf df Qfrlusiük df ng Mrqufstg \ihük @mnèvgr (Lgrglgs),mrqufstgs sikcükilgs df @rgsin, Fn \gnvgdmr, Lmstg Pilg y Ougtfhgng, gsè lmhmpigkistgs smnistgs df Lu`g, Lmstg Pilg y Ougtfhgng. Lmhpmsilimkfs df fstf tipm

m`tuvifrmk prfhims fk fn Lfrtghfk Lfktrmghfrilgkm 76 df \fptifh`rf nmsg÷ms 79??, 79?9 y 79:4.

Ngs õntihgs trfs délgdgs jg trg`gegdm lmk fn likfgstg vfkfzmngkm OuinnfrhmFslgnük fk ng prmdulliük df lmhpmsilimkfs huntihfdignfs quf inustrgk su prm-pufstg fstétilg, "Hõsilg pgrg Sfr", ng quf, `gem uk fkcmquf iktfrdislipnikgrim,rfprfsfktg dislursms fnfltrmglõstilm“lmklrftms iktforgkdm mroçkilghfktf fnsmkidm y ngs ihçofkfs ofkfrgdgs pmr nms fstèhunms quf mcrflfk ng trgdiliükpmpungr, ng nitfrgturg y ngs grtfs visugnfs ngtikmghfrilgkgs.



<?Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg <

Fktrf fnngs jgk dfstglgdm, pmr fn kõhfrm df prfsfktglimkfs iktfrkglimkgnfsfk ngs quf jgk pgrtilipgdm5 "Ng Cfrig Cgktçstilg" (799:), "\ikcmkègs dfn Trüpilm"(0116) y "\uitf Gsturigs" (011?). Ng sfoukdg df fstgs pifzgs cuf prfhigdg fkfn <0m. Lmklursm Iktfrkglimkgn df Hõsilg Fnfltrmglõstilg df @murofs, Crgklig,sifkdm sfnfllimkgdg fktrf 3<3 lmhpmsilimkfs df 4?9 grtistgs df 49 pgèsfs qufpgrtilipgrmk fk ng lmhpftfklig.

\u prmdulliük fnfltrmglõstilg jg sidm dicukdidg fk cfstivgnfs df hõsilg lmk-tfhpmrçkfg fk liudgdfs lmhm Hgdrid, @murofs, Sis`y, Hmndmvg, Nmkdrfs, Imwg,@nmmhikotmk, Ikdigkg, _gsjikotmk D.L., Pèm df Egkfirm, Héxilm, Ng Jg`gkg,Hmktfvidfm, \gk \gnvgdmr y \gk Emsé, Lmstg Pilg.

Fk fn lghpm husilmnüoilm jg pu`nilgdm siftf ni`rms y liklm dislms lmhpgltmsquf lmktifkfk hçs df uk lfktfkgr df pifzgs ikéditgs df hõsilg vmlgn, dflçhgrg y mrqufstgn df lmhpmsitmrfs df nms dms õntihms sionms, gnoukgs df ngslugnfs jgk sfrvidm lmhm cufktf priklipgn fk trg`gems dislmorçcilms pmstfrimrfsdf mtrms ikvfstiogdmrfs, sifkdm iktfrprftgdgs pmr smnistgs y fksgh`nfs df Fspg-

÷g, Lmstg Pilg y Ougtfhgng. Vkm df fstms trg`gems m`tuvm uk rflmkmlihifktmfk fn Lmklursm Iktfrkglimkgn df Husilmnmoèg df Lgsg df ngs Ghérilgs fk 011:.

Grtèlunms df su gutmrèg jgk sidm pu`nilgdms fk5 Fklylnmpfdig mc Qmpungr Husil mctjf _mrnd (Nmkdrfs), Ftkmhusilmnmoy (Innikmis, V.\.G.), Qgutg (Héxilm), È\THILG(Lmstg Pilg), Fklufktrm, Gnogrfrm, Pfvistg df ng V\GL y ng Pfvistg df ng Dirflliükdf Grtf y Lunturg (Ougtfhgng), gsè lmhm fk rfvistgs virtugnfs fspflignizgdgs5Ngtikmghérilg (Vruougy), Isthm (Lgnicmrkig, V.\.G.), Qfksghifktm Gltugn (LmstgPilg) y Pfd Husilgn (Lgkgdç).

Lréditms df ng pistg husilgn fsluljgdg5

Innikmis _fsnfygk Vkivfrsity _mmdwikd @rgss Fksfh`nf

Cngutg5 Gnnismk Jgrris y Hgkdy Gkdrfws

Lngrikftfs5 Efkkg Bgcfrny y Bgtrikg \tgks`ury

Lmrkms5 Dgkifn Hmkof, Dgkifn Sfkdt

Trmhpftg5 Dgvid C. Jgrtnfy

Trmh`mkfs5 Qjin Grqufttf, Dgvid Hgikfr

Tu`g5 Qgun Kfspfr Qfrlusiük5 \tfpjgkif Nymk, Ugljgry _gnz

Dirfltmr5 Hgrim E. Qfnusi.

Org`gliük5 I_V Kfw Husil \frifs. Dgvid Sgym, Dirfltmr.

Innikmis _fsnfygk Vkivfrsity \ljmmn mc Husil



<:IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

Fstgdms Vkidms“ Fsluljf ng pistg #? (squgrf dgklf)

Fstf `ginf fs lmksidfrgdm pmr 04 df nms 61 fstgdms df Fstgdms Vkidms lmhmfn `ginf mcilign. Fs huy iktfrfsgktf, yg quf lugtrm pgrfegs iktfrgltõgk dfktrmdf uk hgrlm lmk cmrhg df lugdrgdm “ukg pgrfeg crfktf g ng mtrg“. Jgy ukgsflufklig df cmrhgliük y nms pgrtilipgktfs vgk rfgnizgkdm nms pgsms sfoõknfs vgyg ikdilgkdm fn quf „lgktg‘. \f dilf quf fstf `ginf fs jfrfdgdm df nms`ginfs ikonfsfs, crgklfsfs y furmpfms dfn sionm ZSII, pfrm sm`rf tmdm, tifkf orgksihinitud lmk nms `ginfs lghpfstrfs df Fslmlig.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm sf feflutg fn squgrf dgklf m `ginf fk lugdrgdm, pufdf lmksuntgr ng siouifktfdirflliük fnfltrükilg5

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8nxcMxkSsn?b



<9Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg <


\mkidms y fhmlimkfs

Tmdgs ngs lmsgs fk fn hukdm tifkfk ukg cmrhg fspflèlg lmk lifrtgs lgrgltf-

rèstilgs y lugnidgdfs. ½\f jg dgdm lufktg lühm ng hõsilg nf pufdf lgh`igr ngsfhmlimkfs lugkdm ukg hfnmdèg fk ng rgdim fstç smkgkdm dfhgsigdm cufrtf=\fourghfktf, gukquf nf oustf fsg lgkliük, km vg g sfr df su tmtgn gorgdm, pufspufdf fstmr`gr su sfktidm dfn mèdm.

Fk fstg sfhgkg jg`ngrfhms df ngs lugnidgdfs dfn smkidm. Nf prfsfktm uk mr-ogkizgdmr orçlm quf pufdf gyudgrnf g visugnizgr ng rfngliük dfn smkidm lmk ng

pfrlfpliük quf ustfd pufdf tfkfr lmk én.

G trg`gegr...Lifrrf nms mems pmr uk hmhfktm y fsluljf nms smkidms g su gnrfdfdmr. ½Fklufktrg gnoukms hçs cufrtfsquf mtrms= ½Hçs ljinnmkfs= ½Hçs gorgdg`nfs= Nm ikvitghms g quf gkmtf sus fxpfrifkligs y nufom ngslmhpgrtg lmk sus lmhpg÷frms fk fn lèrlunm df fstudim.

\mkidm

Cmrtf (cufrtf)

HfdimQigkm (sugvf)

Iktfksidgd

DurgliükNgroms

Lmrtms

Gnturg

Goudms

HfdimsOrgvfs

Lgnidgd tmkgn prmdulidgpmr uk ikstruhfktm

Tih`rf



41IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Ngs lugnidgdfs dfn smkidm

Yg dieihms quf smkidm fs ukg sfksgliük prmdulidg fk fn ürogkm dfn mèdm pmr fn

hmvihifktm vi`rgtmrim df nms lufrpms, trgkshitidm pmr uk hfdim fnçstilm, lmhmfn girf. Fktmklfs, pmdfhms pfrliìr nms smkidms df vgrigs cmrhgs sfoõk su lgni-dgd df vi`rgliük. Km fktrgrfhms g gkgnizgr ng cèsilg dfn smkidm, pfrm sè fxghikg-rfhms lgdg ukg df sus lugnidgdfs. Fhpflfhms, pufs.

7. Iktfksidgd

Ng iktfksidgd fs fn vmnuhfk dfn smkidm. Fstç fk rfngliük g qué tgk cufrtf m sug-vf sf prmdulf fn smkidm, km smnghfktf fk nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs, sikm fklugnquifr mèftm quf prmduzlg uk smkidm m uk ruidm, yg quf nms ruidms tghìéktifkfk ngs hishgs lugnidgdfs.

Fstg lugnidgd tfkdrç huljg rfngliük lmk ng iktfrprftgliük husilgn. Fn vmnuhfkdf nms smkidms gyudg g nms sfktihifktms g dflidir fn oustm. Fs pmr fsm, quf ghuljg ofktf km nf oustg ng hõsilg dfhgsigdm cufrtf, y pmr mtrg pgrtf, si km sffsluljg ìfk, tghpmlm oustg huljm.

Nms sèh`mnms quf sf fhpnfgk pgrg ikdilgr fn vmnuhfk df ukg hfnmdèg smk ngprihfrg nftrg fstinizgdg df ng pgng`rg, y sf fslri`fk gsè5

• Qgrg uk smkidm cufrtf “ (cmrtf) fn sèh`mnm fs c

• Qgrg uk smkidm hfdim cufrtf “ fn sèh`mnm fs hc

• Qgrg uk smkidm hfdim sugvf “ fn sèh`mnm fs hp• Qgrg uk smkidm sugvf “ ( pigkm) fn sèh`mnm fs p

Fn fefhpnm pfrcfltm pgrg fstg lugnidgd nm pufdf m`sfrvgr lugkdm ustfd nf su-surrg g gnouifk gn mèdm ( p), m lugkdm tifkf ukg lmkvfrsgliük kmrhgn (hp) lmkgnouifk, m lugkdm oritg fk uk pgrtidm fk fn lghpm df cut`mn (c ).

Fk fstgs orçlgs pufdf vfr ng dicfrfklig fktrf ngs vi`rglimkfs cufrtfs y sugvfs.

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\mkidm cufrtf

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\mkidm sugvf



47Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg <

Nf lmhpgrtm fstg orçlg prfsfktgdg pmr ng Mrogkizgliük Hukdign df ng \gnud

(MH\) dmkdf kms fksf÷g luçn fs fn vmnuhfk idükfm pgrg hgktfkfr uk sistfhgguditivm sgkm.

Fefrlilim 7

Fsluljf ngs siouifktfs pifzgs y fslri`g, lmk fn sèh`mnm quf lmrrfspmkdf, fn vmnuhfk quf tifkf.

"Innuhikgtimk", Dgk Oi`smk. - Fsluljf ng pistg #:(jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8T_d\i1Zw4u1)

"Fstm fs jfgvy hftgn", Ugrpg. - Fsluljf ng pistg #9(jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8fyV]LW1VEcI)

"Lghikg sifhprf gdfngktf", Gn`frtm Lmrtfz. - Fsluljf ng pistg #71

(jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8rbL<JI-:KH:)

@gkdg smkmrg "\tgr _grs", Emjk _innighs. - Fsluljf ng pistg #77(jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8kZk_:WFfODm)

"Bkmlb-dmwk", NQ \fptft. - Fsluljf ng pistg #70(jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8N?gYwgWjSg:)

Fk dfli`fnims (d@s) Tipm df ghìfktfs

\infklim 1 Ghìfktf sinfklimsm

Qisgdg 71 Ghìfktf pmlm ruidmsmSifktm fk nms çr`mnfs 01 Ghìfktf ruidmsm

Lmkvfrsgliük fk vmz geg <1 Ghìfktf hmnfstm

@i`nimtflg 41 Ghìfktf iksmpmrtg`nf

Dfspgljm trgkquinm 61 Kivfn prmpufstm pmr ng

Lmkvfrsgliük 31 MH\ (66d@ g ghìfktf)

Trçlm df ukg liudgd :1

Gspirgdmrg 91

Hmtmlilnftg lmk fslgpf ruidmsm 711Lmklifrtm df rmlb 701

Hgrtinnm kfuhçtilm 7<1

Dfspfouf df gviük 761

Fxpnmsiük df uk grtfcgltm 7:1



40IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

0. Durgliük

Sghms gjmrg lmk ng siouifktf lugnidgd5 ng durgliük. Fstf térhikm fstç rfnglim-kgdm lmk fn tifhpm. Vk smkidm pufdf smkgr hçs m hfkms, dfpfkdifkdm df ngprmdulliük dfn smkidm y luçktm tifhpm sf hgktfkog vi`rgkdm fn lufrpm smkm-rm, ukg lufrdg, ukg lmnuhkg df girf pmr ukg gutg, fn hftgn dfn triçkounm, ftl.

Tgh`iék lmkmlfrfhms hçs gdfngktf nms ikstruhfktms fnfltrükilms. Fstms km tif-kfk kikoõk prm`nfhg df vi`rgliük, pufs su smkidm sf prmdulf pmr hfdim df ukljip fnfltrükilm y km rfquifrf quf fn lufrpm vi`rf, gsè quf fstms ikstruhfktmspufdfk prmdulir smkidms tgk ngroms m lmrtms lmhm su iktérprftf kflfsitf.

Qgrg pmdfr dicfrfkligr luçk ngrom pufdf sfr uk smkidm husilgn, ng siouifktf sf-hgkg gkgnizgrfhms ngs dicfrfktfs ourgs husilgnfs. Qmr gjmrg, kms fkcmlgrfhms

fk nm quf ustfd pufdf fsluljgr g su gnrfdfdmr, y fk ngs siouifktfs orçlgs us-tfd pufdf vfr ng dicfrfklig smkmrg df ngs vi`rglimkfs df uk smkidm lmrtm g uksmkidm ngrom.

Fs ihpmrtgktf kmtgr quf fk hõsilg, fn tifhpm sf hidf pmr hfdim df lmhpgrg-liük. Nm quf pgrg ustfd pufdf sfr huy rçpidm, pgrg mtrg pfrsmkg tgn vfz km nmsfg. ½Luçktgs vflfs jg fsluljgdm dflir5 ¡lühm pgsü fn tifhpm df rçpidm!= Y uklmhpg÷frm nf dilf5 Ym nm sfktè ftfrkm…

Fstf fs uk ikdilim df ng kflfsidgd df tfkfr uk pgrçhftrm df lmhpgrgliük. Fk fnlgsm df ng hõsilg, sf utinizg fn hftrükmhm pgrg fstg`nflfr ukg durgliük g`sm-nutg, y fs df fstg cmrhg lmhm ng durgliük fstç èktihghfktf rfnglimkgdg lmk fnrithm df ng hõsilg.

½Lmkmlf gn hédilm m fkcfrhfrg df su lmhukidgd= Qèdgnf quf nf hidg fn punsm yquf nf diog luçktm cuf. Nufom lmrrg ukg vufntg g ng hgkzgkg y rforfsf g quf nfhidg fn punsm. ½Ju`m dicfrfklig= ½Lühm lrff quf fn hédilm hidf nms ngtidms dfsu lmrgzük= Jgy uk térhikm quf sf utinizg, y fstg hfdidg sf fxprfsg fk kõhfrmdf vflfs pmr hikutm quf ngtf su lmrgzük.

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\mkidm ngrom

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\mkidm lmrtm



4<Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg <

Fefrlilim 0

Fstf fefrlilim sfrç df fxpfrihfktgliük. Qèdgnf g gnouifk, g su jfrhgkg m jfrhgkm, g ukg ghiog m ghi-om quf pgrtilipf lmk ustfd. Vkm lufktg y fn mtrm fhitf fn smkidm.

7. Lmktgkdm df ukm g lugtrm lmksflutivghfktf y sik pgrgr (ukm, dms, trfs, lugtrm, ukm, dms, trfs,lugtrm, ukm…) prmduzlg lmk su vmz uk smkidm ngrom, nm hçs ngrom quf pufdg. Lufktf luçktmdurü su smkidm sik quf dfsgpgrflifrg. Fstm fs lmhm lugkdm ukm jglf lmhpftfkligs df quiékgougktg hçs ng rfspirgliük2 pufs `ifk, iougn, smnghfktf quf prmdulifkdm uk smkidm. Fslri`gsu dfslu`rihifktm fk fstg nèkfg.

0. Fsluljf fn ngdridm df uk pfrrm y dflidg si nm quf prmdulf smk smkidms lmrtms m ngroms.

<. Fsluljf fn lgktgr df gnoõk gvf5

4. Fsluljf fn ruidm df uk lghiük m lghimkftg5

6. Qfrlutg uk trmklm5

3. Qfrlutg ukg pufrtg df hftgn5

Gn iougn quf fk ng hõsilg, ng durgliük sf hidf pmr „omnpfs‘ pmr hikutm, y fs gsèquf hifktrgs hçs gntm sfg fn kõhfrm df ng hfdiliük dfn hftrükmhm, hçs rçpi-dm sf iktfrprftgrç ng hõsilg, y hifktrgs hçs `gem sfg, ng hõsilg sfrç hçs nfktg.

Hftrükmhmhflçkilm

Hftrükmhmdioitgn hgkugn

Hftrükmhmdioitgn



44IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

<. Gnturg

Gjmrg nf pmkdrfhms gtfkliük g ng gnturg. Fstg lugnidgd fs pgrtf dfn lufrpm dfng hfnmdèg df ng hõsilg. Gn fstg`nflfr ngs dicfrfktfs gnturgs df nms dicfrfktfs sm-kidms, fstghms lrfgkdm ukg hfnmdèg. Fk ng gnturg, fs fn kõhfrm df vi`rglimkfspmr sfoukdm fn quf dfkf fn smkidm. Qgrg prmdulir uk smkidm goudm fn mèftm

smkmrm df`f vi`rgr hçs vflfs pmr hikutm, y pgrg uk smkidm orgvf, fn mèftm sm-kmrm df`f vi`rgr hfkms vflfs pmr hikutm.

Qgrg pmdfrnm visugnizgr, nf ikvitm g quf vfg uk grpg. Fstf ikstruhfktm tifkf hu-ljgs lufrdgs y tmdgs smk df dicfrfktfs tghg÷ms. Ng lufrdg hçs pfquf÷g fs nghçs dfnogdg y ng quf fstç hçs tfksg, pmr nm quf prmdulf fn smkidm hçs goudmdfn ikstruhfktm. Qmr fn lmktrgrim, ng lufrdg hçs ngrog, fs ng hçs orufsg y ng qufhfkms tfksg fstç, pmr nm quf prmdulf fn smkidm hçs orgvf.

Gsè sf hirgk ngs vi`rglimkfs df nms smkidms goudms y orgvfs.

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\mkidm orgvf

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\mkidm goudm

Gjmrg ìfk, pgrg hfdir ngs crflufkligs df ngs gnturgs sf utinizg ng hfdidg df jfr-lim (Jz) quf fquivgnf g ukg vi`rgliük pmr sfoukdm. Tmdms nms ikstruhfktms sfgkgk fk uk NG 3. Fstf smkidm vi`rg 441 Jz pmr sfoukdm, fs uk ùfk pgrçhf-trm pgrg quf tmdms nms hõsilms pufdgk tmlgr gkgdms. Fstf térhikm jg`ng df

iougngr ngs crflufkligs fktrf nms ikstruhfktms pgrtilipgktfs, y gsè, df fstg cmrhgpmdrçk lmktriùir gkgdghfktf fk ng pifzg husilgn.

Jgy ukg lmsg huy, pfrm huy iktfrfsgktf fk fn mèdm juhgkm, y fs quf fstf kmfs lgpgz df pfrliìr tmdms nms smkidms. Nms smkidms vgk dfsdf 1 Jz, quf fs fnsinfklim jgstg 01,111 Jz. Tmdm nm dfhçs fs nm quf sf nnghg 'untrgsmkidms', quffn mèdm juhgkm km pufdf pfrliìr. Fk lghìm nms ikstruhfktms tifkfk uk rgkomnihitgdm df smkidms, quf fn sfr juhgkm sè pufdf pfrliìr.




Fefrlilim <Fsluljf ngs siouifktfs gudilimkfs y fslri`g si nm quf fsluljg tifkf smkidms goudms, hfdims m orgvfs.

"Lmklifrtm pgrg ukg vmz", \gikt-Qrfux. “ Fsluljf ng pistg #74 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8pYrL:OWvqGW

“ Fsluljf ng pistg #76 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8UxM7G<6LpLl&nist8QND49341GF::6G<:17&ikdfx80

“ Fsluljf ng pistg #73jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8IW:0cKKriDs&nist8QND49341GF::6G<:17&ikdfx87

“ Fsluljf ng pistg #7?jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8Fs1_:oYDL3Y

"Ng smkçh`ung", Silfkzm @fnniki. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7: jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8lvLLx<4]9?W&nist8QNC-\OmUdUQDPVUdjJSjbvsf6jtcfF-

gEsf

Fstg orçlg pufdf gyudgrnf g fktfkdfr.

smkidms orgvfs untrgsmkidmssmkidms goudms

73 Jz 01,111 Jz

Fsluljf ng siouifktf org`gliük y fslri`g luçktms sfoukdms dfspués df jg`frfhpfzgdm, nmorg fsluljgr fn smkidm.

"Lmklifrtm pgrg ukg vmz", \gikt-Qrfux. “ Fsluljf ng pistg #7<jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8vO9WgYuECSV

Fstf fs uk tfst df gudiliük quf prftfkdf sg`fr luçktm pufdf fsluljgr.



43IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

4. Tih`rf

Sghms gjmrg lmk fn õntihm5 fn tih`rf. Fstg lugnidgd fs ng quf kms pfrhitf dicf-rfkligr nms distiktms smkidms. Qmr fefhpnm, fn df uk lngrikftf dfn df uk vimnèk, gukfhitifkdm ng hishg kmtg y lmk fn hishm vmnuhfk (iktfksidgd).

½Lühm sg`f ustfd quf fn quf nf jg`ng dftrçs df ukg pufrtg fs su jfrhgkm msu pgpç= M, lugkdm gnouifk nnghg pmr tfnécmkm y km nm lmkmlf, tifkf ng lfrtfzgquf km fs kikoukm df sus pgrifktfs. ½Lühm fs quf fn huoir df ukg vglg km fsiougn gn df uk `ufy, g pfsgr df quf smk tgk lfrlgkms= Fstg lugnidgd sf kmtg guklugkdm dms ikstruhfktms iktfrprftfk ng hishg hfnmdèg.

Fn tih`rf fstç lmhpufstm pmr dms smkidms distiktms5 fn prihfrm fs fn cukdg-hfktgn, fn quf hçs sf fsluljg, sifkdm su crflufklig ng quf dftfrhikg ng gnturgdfn smkidm, tgn y lmhm sf fxpnilü fk fn puktm gktfrimr2 y fn sfoukdm smkidm fsukg sfrif df vi`rglimkfs quf sf hufvfk fhpçtilghfktf y sf nf lmkmlfk lmhmgrhükilms. Fstgs orçlgs pufdfk hmstrgrnf nm lmhpnfem quf pufdfk sfr nms sm-kidms.

1.1

1.6

7.1

1.6

7.1

\mkidm cukdghfktgn

1.1

1.6

7.1

1.6

7.1

\mkidm lmhpnfem

Qgrg tfrhikgr fn tfhg, smnm hf qufdg dgrnf uk lmksfem pgrg hgktfkfr su sfkti-dm dfn mèdm fk üptihgs lmkdilimkfs. Kuklg fsluljf ng hõsilg hçs gntm -m rflim-df nm quf su mèdm kflfsitg. \i tifkf ng lmstuh`rf df fsluljgr dfhgsigdm gntm ng

hõsilg, vgyg `gegkdm orgdugnhfktf fn vmnuhfk lgdg vfz, y vfrç quf fk pmlmtifhpm fstgrç fsluljgkdm ng hõsilg g vmnõhfkfs kmrhgnfs.



4:IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Gutmlmktrmn


G. Lmktfstf ngs siouifktfs prfouktgs5

7. Lugnidgd dfn smkidm quf gyudg g rflmkmlfr fn m`eftm m ng pfr-smkg quf fstç smkgkdm5

0. ½Luçn df nms dms smkidms fs hçs goudm= ½Fn dfn orinnm m fndf ng rgkg=

<. ½Wué fs hçs cufrtf= ½Ng `mlikg df uk lgrrm m ng `mlikg dfukg `ililnftg=

4. ½Wué kflfsitgk jglfr nms lufrpms smkmrms pgrg quf fhitgksmkidm=

6. ½Wué smkidm fs hçs ngrom= ½Fn lglgrfm df ukg ognnikg mfn hgunnidm df uk ogtm=

@. @usquf ngs siouifktfs pgng`rgs fk fstg smpg df nftrgs.

V \ M H M K M P T F H B G M W

S Z J W N F S W B H K M C Q U

M _ C T I H @ P F L D D I H I

P H D Q F H D Q N I S H K F Z

G P V T N G K D K H J Z G I O

E Z P G O N V M Q J O B L T P

M M U P D P \ K I @ K O I \ W

C U G S G G F W H L J O M O S

× S \ L P H C × M L G K K @ @F U I T V N V I E T I P Z S Q

K M N N G O V D M D M P @ S T

K V M N × N Y D M B L K H I C

K S W Y D G D I \ K F T K I S

_ Y \ \ O W W Z E _ @ N U L E

_ J _ P D @ _ W M K G I Q B L

gkgliük

orgvf

tih`rf

vi`rgliük

goudm

iktfksidgd

gnturg

pigkm

durgliük

smkidm

tifhpm

hftrükmhm

cmrtf

untrgsmkidm

vmnuhfk





G. Vtinilf su hìrg pgrg rflmkmlfr ngs lugtrm lugnidgdfs dfn smkidm. Tmquf su hìrg, fsluljf nms smki-dms y su`rgyf ng pgng`rg quf dfslri`g ngs lgrgltfrèstilgs df lgdg lugnidgd dfn smkidm.

\u hìrg prmdulf uk smkidm goudm hfdim orgvf

\u hìrg prmdulf smkidms ngroms lmrtms

Fn vmnuhfk df su hìrg fs c hc hp p

Fn tih`rf df su hìrg fs hftçnilm mpglm rfvfr`frgktf

@. Nnfvf su hìrg gn lèrlunm df fstudim y lmhpgrtg lmk sus lmhpg÷frms nms rfsuntgdms df fstf fefrlilim.

Fslri`g sus m`sfrvglimkfs sm`rf nms tipms df hgtfrignfs utinizgdms fk lgdg hìrg y ngs lugnidgdfs dfsmkidm prmdulidgs pmr lgdg ukg.

Kmh`rf df ng lmhpg÷frg m lmhpg÷frm5






61IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk



kmnmorgdm


Lmkmzlm ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn df Iomr df Ogkdgrigs.

Idfktilm fn rithm husilgn squgrf dgklf m `ginf fk lugdrgdm dfFstgdms Vkidms.

Pflmkmzlm ngs distiktgs lugnidgdfs dfn smkidm.


½\f jg dgdm lufktg quf ng vmz juhgkg tifkf dicfrfktfs lgrgltfrèstilgs= Fsluljf lmhm fs ng vmz df nmshifh`rms df su cghinig y fslri`g Z dfslri`ifkdm sus lgrgltfrèstilgs.

Kmh`rf

df cghinigr

Lgrgltfrèstilgs df smkidm df ng vmz

Iktfksidgd Durgliük Gnturg

Qigkm Cmrtf Lmrtm Ngrom Goudm Hfdim Orgvf




4

Nms fnfhfktms df ng hõsilgDfspués dfn sinfklim, nm quf hçs sf glfrlg g fxprfsgr nm ikfxprfsg`nf fs ng hõsilg.

Gndmus Juxnfy


Hgnglgtfs Tré`mn \jmp

Lmnmhìg

Luhìg y `ghùlm

Iktfrprftgliük df nms fnfhfktms df ng hõsilg

Nms fnfhfktms df ng hõsilg


Lmkmlfr ng ìmorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn orupm Hgnglgtfs Tré`mn \jmp.

Idfkticilgr nms rithms husilgnfs lmnmhìgkms5 luhìg y `ghùlm.

Pflmkmlfr nms fnfhfktms df ng hõsilg5 rithm, hfnmdèg y grhmkèg.



60IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Hgnglgtfs Tré`mn \jmp “ Fsluljf ng pistg #79

Nms ikilims df fstg `gkdg sf rfhmktgk gn g÷m 799: lugkdm siftf eüvfkfs fktu-

sigstgs fhpfzgrmk g lmhpmkfr y fksgygr durgktf uk g÷m gktfs df su prihfr

lmklifrtm.

Ng prihfrg lgkliük quf smkü fk ngs rgdims cuf "Ki uk lfktgvm", ng lugn sf lmk-

virtiü, euktm g mtrgs lgklimkfs lmhm "Df qué sirvf qufrfr", "Hmegdm", "Hmrfkg",

"Tühghf" y "Qg’quf tf glufrdfs df hè", fk jihkm pgrg ng euvfktud ougtfhgntflg

quf gsistf g sus lmklifrtms.

Jgk tmlgdm fk tmdms nms dfpgrtghfktms df Ougtfhgng gsè lmhm fk Fstgdms

Vkidms, Héxilm, Lfktrm Ghérilg, \ur Ghérilg, Gnfhgkig, \uizg y Fspg÷g.

Gltugnhfktf, ng gkdg fstç lmkcmrhgdg pmr Crgklislm Qçfz (vmz), Eglm`m Kitslj

(trmhpftg), Nfmkfn Jfrkçkdfz (`gtfrèg), Pmdmncm Jfrkçkdfz (ouitgrrg) y Nuis Nü-

pfz (tflngdm).





Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

Lmnmhìg“ Fsluljf ngs pistgs #01 (luhìg lmnmhìgkg) y #07 (`ghùlm)

Lmhm ng hgymrèg df pgèsfs ngtikmghfrilgkms, ng hõsilg df Lmnmhìg tifkfrithms gnforfs df `ginf y hõsilg hçs iktfrprftgtivg. Nms ikstruhfktms quf sfutinizgk smk fn lugtrm (fspflif df ouitgrrg), tgh`mrfs, grpg, hgrglgs y glmrdfük.

Fn ghùlm pfrtfkflf gn çrfg gkdikg, sf iktfrprftg lmk duftms m trèms df ikstru-hfktms, fs lgktgdm y `gingdm pmr pgrfegs.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm sf feflutgk nms `ginfs df luhìg y `ghùlm, pufdflmksuntgr ngs siouifktfs dirfllimkfs fnfltrükilgs5

Luhìg5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8d44FLnP<\@W

@ghùlm5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8]L<JxWHlHBs

luhìg lmnmhìgkg

`ghùlm



64IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Iktfrprftgliük df nms fnfhfktms df ng hõsilg

Tmdgs ngs m`rgs husilgnfs fstçk lmkstituidgs `çsilghfktf pmr trfs fnfhfktms

priklipgnfs5 fn rithm, ng hfnmdèg y ng grhmkèg, nm lugn sf nmorg lmk ng iktfrprftg-liük df nms divfrsms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs.

Fk fn fefrlilim g lmktikugliük, ustfd pmdrç goudizgr su sfktidm dfn mèdm pgrgrflmkmlfr nms ikstruhfktms y nms fnfhfktms df ngs m`rgs husilgnfs.

G trg`gegr...

Fsluljf nms siouifktfs crgohfktms husilgnfs5

"Fikf Bnfikf Kgljthusib", _. G. Hmzgrt. - Fsluljf ng pistg #00(jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v83CnBtT`p`-W)

½Wué ikstruhfktms fsluljg fk fstms crgohfktms husilgnfs=

Idfktiquf y dfslri`g qué fstçk „jglifkdm‘ nms ikstruhfktms quf fsluljü.

"Fn Oritm", Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük y Fvfrgrdm df Nfük. - Fsluljf ng pistg #0<(jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8]PHfux0Fm<o)

½Wué ikstruhfktms fsluljg fk fstms crgohfktms husilgnfs=

Idfktiquf y dfslri`g qué fstçk „jglifkdm‘ nms ikstruhfktms quf fsluljü.





Nms fnfhfktms df ng hõsilg

7. Pithm

Dfsdf sus mrèofkfs, ng hõsilg sf gsg fk fn rithm. Lmk fstf térhikm sf lmkmlfkngs lmhìkglimkfs df ngs dicfrfktfs durglimkfs df nms smkidms y nms sinfklims.

Ng `gsf dfn rithm fs fn punsm, quf fs ng ukidgd `çsilg df divisiük dfn tifhpm.Qmr fefhpnm, ng vidg dfn sfr juhgkm fstç hgrlgdg pmr fn punsm dfn lmrgzük, qufpmdfhms sfktir fk fn ngdm izquifrdm df kufstrm pfljm.

Qunsm dfn lmrgzük. - Fsluljf ng pistg #04jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8m6h4ype@kqF

Fk ng hgymrèg df ng hõsilg, fn punsm fs fn puktm df pgrtidg pgrg ng lmkstrulliükdf dicfrfktfs sulfsimkfs y lmhìkglimkfs df smkidms ngroms m lmrtms, nnghgdmspgtrmkfs rèthilms. Fk fn siouifktf fefhpnm sf fsluljg uk pgtrük rèthilm iktfr-prftgdm pmr ukg gtfrèg.

Qgtrük rèthilm. - Fsluljf ng pistg #06 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8JThBo`T<QCG

0. Hfnmdèg

Vkg hfnmdèg fs fn rfsuntgdm df ukg sulfsiük df kmtgs quf vgrègk fk su gnturg,fs dflir jgy smkidms hçs gntms m hçs `gems quf mtrms. Ng durgliük df lgdg ukgdf ngs kmtgs fstç fstg`nflidg pmr fn rithm, pmr nm quf pmdfhms fsluljgr kmtgshçs ngrogs m lmrtgs quf mtrgs.

Qmr fefhpnm, fsluljf ng siouifktf hfnmdèg5

"Jgppy ìrtjdgy tm ymu". - Fsluljf ng pistg #03 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8YMoyJWz4<EH

Fk fn fefhpnm gktfrimr, sf pufdf fsluljgr fk fn pigkm ng hfnmdèg df Cfniz luh-pnfg÷ms, ukg hfnmdèg quf huljms jfhms gprfkdidm g lgktgr.

Ofkfrgnhfktf fk lgklimkfs df hõsilg pmpungr, ng hfnmdèg ng nnfvgk nms lgktgk-tfs. Fk ng siouifktf lgkliük, ng hfnmdèg priklipgn ng nnfvg ukg lgktgktf (Fsluljffn hikutm 15<1).

"_gbg _gbg", \jgbirg. - Fsluljf ng pistg #0?jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8dzsuF6uoxc4



63IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Fk mtrm tipm df hõsilg, ng hfnmdèg ng iktfrprftgk ikstruhfktms. Fk ng siouifktfhfnmdèg, nms vimnikfs fstçk iktfrprftgkdm ng hfnmdèg priklipgn. Fsluljfhms5

"Gvf Hgrèg" (Simnèk \mnm, hik. 157:), Crgkz \lju`frt. - Fsluljf ng pistg #0:

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8eLcQObIcvf:

Fk fstgs dms m`rgs husilgnfs, ng hfnmdèg fstç glmhpg÷gdg pmr mtrms smkidmsquf ng lmhpnfhfktgk y grhmkizgk.

<. Grhmkèg

G ng lmhìkgliük df dms m hçs kmtgs quf sufkgk sihuntçkfghfktf sf nf nnghgglmrdf.

Fstms smk fefhpnms df glmrdfs iktfrprftgdms fk ouitgrrg (dfn hikutm 15<1 gn1560).

- Fsluljf ng pistg #09jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8gSCl0kpLVY:

Ng grhmkèg sf rffrf g ng dispmsiliük y grrfonm df nms distiktms glmrdfs, fs dflir,

distiktgs sulfsimkfs y lmhìkglimkfs df kmtgs.

Ng cukliük priklipgn df ng grhmkèg fs lmhpnfhfktgr y dgrnf ukg gsf smkmrg g nghfnmdèg. Fs pmr fstm quf ng hgymrèg df lgktgktfs tifkfk ouitgrristgs m pigkistgsquf lmktriùyfk g quf ngs lgklimkfs y m`rgs husilgnfs sfgk hçs lmhpnftgs. Qmrfefhpnm, fsluljfhms ng siouifktf lgkliük5

"Wuizçs, quizçs, quizçs", Msvgndm Cgrrés. - Fsluljf ng pistg #<1 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8Gd@H3K0U`v4

Fk ng lgkliük gktfrimr sf idfktilg g ng lgktgktf iktfrprftgkdm ng hfnmdèg y g ng

ouitgrrg jglifkdm ukg sulfsiük df glmrdfs, lmhpnfhfktgkdm g ng vmz.




Fefrlilim 7

Jfhms trgtgdm nms trfs fnfhfktms cukdghfktgnfs quf lmkstituyfk ng hõsilg5 rithm, hfnmdèg y grhm-kèg. Gjmrg fsluljfhms fstms fnfhfktms fk ukg lgkliük pmpungr5

"Df qué sirvf qufrfr", Hgnglgtfs Tré`mn \jmp. - Fsluljf ng pistg #<7jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8WM7\04r7DCw

Gn ikilim sf fsluljg uk pigkm iktfrprftgkdm ukg sfrif df glmrdfs, nnfvgkdm fn punsm df ng lgkliük.Nufom fn lgktgktf nnfvg ng hfnmdèg lugkdm lgktg ng crgsf „vufnvm g rflmrdgr‘. Dfspués, sf iklmrpmrg ng

`gtfrèg nnfvgkdm uk pgtrük rèthilm durgktf tmdg ng lgkliük.

Lmk fstf gkçnisis, sf tifkfk g ng vistg ng cukliük quf tifkfk nms fnfhfktms df ng hõsilg.

Qmdrèg ihgoikgr quf pgsgrèg5

• ½\i km juìfrg lgktgktf fk fstg lgkliük=

• ½\i km juìfrg `gtfrèg fk fstg lgkliük=

• ½\i km juìfrg ouitgrrg y pigkm fk fstg lgkliük=

Fslri`g sus m`sfrvglimkfs.

Onmsgrim

glmrdf5 Lmhìkgliük df dms m hçs kmtgs quf sufkgk sihuntçkfghfktf.grrfonm husilgn5 Fs ng hmdilgliük df ng hfnmdèg df ukg m`rg husilgn.

lmhìkgliük5 Vkiük df vgrims smkidms fk ukg kmtg.

kmtg husilgn5 \mkidm lmk dftfrhikgdg crflufklig.

pgtrük rèthilm5 Cmrhg rfoungrizgdg df lmhìkgr nms smkidms y nms sinfklims.

sulfsiük5 Lmktikugliük df kmtgs, ukg trgs mtrg.



6:IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Pfsuhfk

• Fn rithm fs fn grrfonm y ngs lmh`ikglimkfs df ngs dicfrfktfs durglimkfs df nms smkidms y nms sinfk-lims. Ng `gsf dfn rithm fs fn punsm, quf fs ng ukidgd `çsilg df divisiük dfn tifhpm.

• Ng hfnmdèg fs fn rfsuntgdm df ukg sulfsiük df kmtgs quf vgrègk fk su gnturg, fs dflir smkidms gntmsm `gems, m durgliük, kmtgs ngrogs m lmrtgs, sfoõk su rithm.

• Ng grhmkèg fs ng dispmsiliük y grrfonm df nms distiktms glmrdfs, fs dflir, distiktgs sulfsimkfs ylmh`ikglimkfs df kmtgs. Ng cukliük priklipgn df ng grhmkèg fs lmhpnfhfktgr y dgrnf ukg `gsfsmkmrg g ng hfnmdèg.

GutmlmktrmnGltividgd 7. Dfhufstrf nm gprfkdidm.

G. Fklufktrf ngs siouifktfs pgng`rgs fk ng smpg df nftrgs.

glmrdfkmtg

grhmkègpunsm

hfnmdèg

rithm

× D E S M I L U W IJ H D × \ M M C O G

G S P Z × H \ N U G

O T S G T S × N H D

T O M I D B Q B V T

V H P K D Q Z W E Q

V F D M P Z S D I Y

C N Q H I H B O \ W

Y M @ P B × P L M K

N D O G F D P M L G

@ I P Z K L U M K N

E G E B @ J B P @ E

I T P \ × H O Y P S

T C W T H T O G V B

_ I S G T W J T L K





G. Fsluljf luidgdmsghfktf ngs siouifktfs m`rgs husilgnfs y nnfkf ng tg`ng lmk nms dgtms smnilitgdms.

M`rg husilgn ½Wué ikstruhfktmnnfvg fn rithm= ½Wué ikstruhfktmnnfvg ng hfnmdèg= ½Wué ikstruhfktm nnfvg nggrhmkèg=

"\my df Uglgpg", Emsé FrkfstmHmkzük. - Fsluljf ng pistg

#<0jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/

wgtlj=v8b7KKvcszbyo

"Df rgzg hgyg smy", Eunig FnisgLgstinnm df Sigu. - Fsluljf ng

pistg #<<jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/

wgtlj=v8ZgYjsJz7J?I

„Ng hitgd df hi kgrgkeg‘,Hgkufn Ognilj. - Fsluljf ng

pistg #<4

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8bcuOde<<e?F

"Ng ognnikitg Emsfkg", SèltmrHgkufn Qmrrgs. - Fsluljf ng

pistg #<6

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/

wgtlj=v8GWCKl0UFGNm

„Ng Sirofk df Ljigktng‘, TmhçsQgslugn. - Fsluljf ng pistg

#<3

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8YyFw`rNtzJH

„Fs lmhm uk dufkdf‘, GnuxKgjugn. - Fsluljf ng pistg

#<?


wgtlj=v8Y4uYg-7mvTl„Fn jglfdmr df nnuvig‘, PgkcfrèGouingr. - Fsluljf ng pistg

#<:

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8P@VngGzDS7V



31IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk



kmnmorgdm


Lmkmzlm ng imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn orupm Hgnglgtfs Tré`mn \jmp.

Idfktilm nms rithms husilgnfs lmnmhìgkms5 luhìg y `ghùlm.

Pflmkmzlm nms fnfhfktms df ng hõsilg5 rithm, grhmkèg y hfnmdèg.


Lmk su hìrg iktfktf lmhpmkfr ukg hfnmdèg. Hfhmrèlfng pgrg lmhpgrtirng lmk sus lmhpg÷frms2 fktrftmdms, lmhfktfk luçn fs fn rithm y luçn fs ng hfnmdèg df lgdg pifzg.

Kmh`rf dfn lmhpg÷frm Pithm Hfnmdèg




6

Ngs ourgs husilgnfsWuifk lgktg sus hgnfs fspgktg.

Hioufn df Lfrvgktfs y \ggvfdrg


Orupm husilgn df huefrfs Kg’ib Hgdfrg

Kilgrgoug

Hgzurlgs y pmnlgs kilgrgoþfksfs, y `ginf "Fn Hfstizgef"

Nms fnfhfktms rèthilms

Ngs ciourgs husilgnfs


Lmkmlfr ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn orupm husilgn df huefrfs Kg’ib Hgdfrg.

Idfkticilgr nms rithms husilgnfs df Kilgrgoug5 hgzurlgs y pmnlgs kilgrgoþfksfs y

fn `ginf "Fn Hfstizgef".

Pflmkmlfr nms fnfhfktms dfn rithm.

Gpnilgr fn usm df ngs ciourgs husilgnfs fk ng prmdulliük df uk rithm.



30IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Orupm husilgn df huefrfs Kg'ib Hgdfrg “ Fsluljf ng pistg #<9

Fksgh`nf husilgn iktforgdm smnghfktf pmr huefrfs prmcfsimkgnfs luyg prm-

yflliük fs df lgrçltfr km nulrgtivm, gutükmhm y df fkcmquf smlign. Ikiligrmk

su gltividgd husilgn fk fn g÷m 011<. Tifkfk fk su jg`fr trfs dislms fk luyms

fstinms husilgnfs prfvgnflfk fn rfoogf, ng luhìg, fn sbg, ng `mssg kmvg, fn

hfrfkouf, ftl. Ng pfrspfltivg df Kg’ib sf `gsg fk lmktriùir g visiìnizgr g ngs

huefrfs lmhm sueftms smlignfs g trgvés df su grtf2 lmhm sfrfs lmk dfrfljms,

quf pifksgk, quifrfk, sifktfk, suf÷gk, prmpmkfk, gltõgk2 lühm sfksiìnizgr g ng

smlifdgd fk fn fefrlilim pnfkm df nms dfrfljms df ngs huefrfs.

Jgk pgrtilipgdm fk pmkfkligs rfnglimkgdgs gn grtf df huefrfs f idfkticilgliük dfn

orupm. \u tfrlfr dislm sf dfdilg g ngs trg`gegdmrgs df fspglims ikcmrhgnfs. Jgk

rfgnizgdm vgrigs oirgs husilgnfs lmhm "Qrmjiìdm prmji ir" pmr Lfktrm Ghérilg, II

Fklufktrm Hfsmghfrilgkm df Oékfrm y Cfhikishms y "Vk dèg lmk fn grtf", pmr

nms dfpgrtghfktms df Ougtfhgng y Fklufktrm Iktfrkglimkgn df Lgktgutmrgs fk

Kilgrgoug. Tghìék smk ngs mrogkizgdmrgs dfn Cfstivgn Ixljfn “Grtf df Huefr“,

pngtgcmrhg df lmkvfrofklig pgrg huefrfs grtistgs fk tmdgs ngs çrfgs df grtf.

Gdfhçs, jgk pgrtilipgdm lmhm prmdultmrgs df ng husilgnizgliük dfn lmrtmhf-

trgef "Ng quiktg fs ng vfklidg", df Ilmkmlngstg Qrmdullimkfs.





Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

Kilgrgoug“ Fsluljf ngs pistgs #41 (hgzurlg) y #47 ("Fn Hfstizgef")

Fk Kilgrgoug ng hõsilg tgh`iék sirvf df fxprfsiük hèstilg y rfnioimsg, y sf

fhpnfgk nms ikstruhfktms dfn nuogr tgnfs lmhm ngs mlgrikgs, ngs cngutgs y pitms,

fn ljgm ljgm (pècgkm), ng quiegdg df gskm, fn tulõk y nms gtg`gnfs, gsè lmhm ng

hgrih`g, ikstruhfktm fkrgizgdm fk lgsi tmdg Hfsmghérilg. Ng hõsilg fxprfsg

nms fstgdms sfksitivms y gkèhilms df nms nuogrf÷ms, tgktm ngs pfkgs lmhm ngs

gnforègs. Ngs hgzurlgs y pmnlgs kilgrgoþfksfs gsè lmhm fn `ginf "Fn Hfstizgef"

smk rfprfsfktgktfs df ng hõsilg cmnlnürilg df Kilgrgoug.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm sf feflutgk nms ginfs df hgzurlgs y pmnlgs kilgrgoþfk-

sfs y Fn Hfstizgef, pufdf lmksuntgr ngs siouifktfs dirfllimkfs fnfltrükilgs5

Hgzurlg5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8fLiOIYcDE]V

@ginf "Fn Hfstizgef"5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8dq4EU\og<Co

"Fn Hfstizgef"

hgzurlgs y pmnlgskilgrgoþfksfs



34IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Nms fnfhfktms rèthilms

Fs huy iktfrfsgktf ir iktforgkdm tmdm nm quf vg gprfkdifkdm y vg fklmktrgkdm

fk su lghikm. Qmr fefhpnm, fn rithm fs uk fnfhfktm prfsfktf fk tmdms nms gltmsdf su vidg. Jgoghms uk rflmrridm pmr gnoukms hmhfktms df ng vidg lmtidigkg5

Lugkdm hf nfvgktm, usugnhfktf nm jgom df ng hishg cmrhg, dfn hishm ngdm

df ng lghg y rfgnizm nms hishms hmvihifktms. Nufom, hf `g÷m y gn ngvgrhf fn

pfnm, hufvm ngs hgkms fxgltghfktf df ng hishg cmrhg y lmk uk rithm pfrsmkgn.

Tmhm ukg tmgnng pgrg sflgrhf y rfgnizm fstg gltividgd df ng hishg cmrhg fk quf

nm jf jfljm sifhprf, pfrm kuklg hf jf dgdm lufktg df lühm nm jgom. Tmhm

hi lfpinnm df pfnm y hf pfikm fxgltghfktf iougn quf sifhprf, y tmdms nms dègs

hf vfm fk fn fspfem y hf em quf fsf pfnm rf`fndf df gtrçs km qufdf pgrgdm.

G fstms fvfktms rèthilms, tgktm fk ng vidg lmtidigkg lmhm fk lugnquifr gltividgd,

sf nfs nnghg pgtrmkfs. Qmdfhms vfr pgtrmkfs fk tmdgs ngs hgkicfstglimkfs grtès-tilgs. Fk grquitflturg (pufktfs, lgsgs iougnfs, fdilims sihingrfs, ftl.), fk ng pik-

turg y fslunturg (sfnnm lgrgltfrèstilm df uk grtistg, lmhm pmr fefhpnm fn usm df

gnoukg ourg ofmhétrilg fspflèlg), fk ng nitfrgturg (fk pmfhgs, tfhgs, cmrhgs

nitfrgrigs fspflèlgs df uk fslritmr), y pmr supufstm fk ng hõsilg (crgsfs hfnüdi-

lgs m rèthilgs utinizgdgs fk vgrigs tmkgnidgdfs, lénungs rèthilgs iougnfs pfrm lmk

dicfrfktfs smkidms, fn usm df ikstruhfktms, ftl.).

Qfrm ng hçxihg hgkicfstgliük grtèstilg df pgtrmkfs ng pmdfhms m`sfrvgr fk ng

kgturgnfzg. Nf dgré uk fefhpnm5 Ng mr df uk çr`mn. Tmdgs smk iougnfs, pfrm tm-

dgs smk dicfrfktfs. ½Lühm gsè= \è, tmdgs tifkfk, pmr fefhpnm liklm pétgnms, smk

rmsgdgs, lmk uk rmsgdm uk pmlm hçs cufrtf fk fn lfktrm df ng mr, lmk lugtrmfstgh`rfs y uk pistinm quf sgnf df nms pétgnms. Qfrm fn smh`rfgdm dfn lfktrm df

ng mr km fs iougn fk kikoukg. Tghpmlm ng cmrhg df nms pétgnms fs iougn. \è, tmdgs

tifkfk nms liklm pétgnms, pfrm km jgy uk smnm pétgnm iougn.

G trg`gegr...

Fslri`g fk fstgs nèkfgs fefhpnms df pgtrmkfs quf pufdg m`sfrvgr, fsluljgr m sfktir fk ng kgturgnfzg.

G vfr luçktms fklufktrg.

Fefhpnm 75

Fefhpnm 05

Fefhpnm <5

Fefhpnm 45





Ngs ciourgs husilgnfs

Gjmrg fktrfhms fk hgtfrig husilgn. Ngs ourgs husilgnfs smk „ngs nftrgs‘ df ng

hõsilg. Lgdg ukg df ngs ourgs prmpmrlimkg lifrtg ikcmrhgliük. \i fstçk smnitgs,lmhm ngs vfrfhms gquè, kms dgk ikcmrhgliük rèthilg sm`rf ng durgliük df nms

smkidms. Gjmrg ifk, fstgs hishgs ourgs lmnmlgdgs fk uk pfktgorghg, quf vf-

rfhms fk dms sfhgkgs, yg kms dgk ukg ikcmrhgliük lmhpnftg, km smnghfktf df

durgliük, sikm tghìék df gnturg.

Fhpflfhms5

Fn rithm hishm tifkf lugtrm fnfhfktms `çsilms quf jgy quf tmhgr fk lufktg.

7. Fn punsm, quf fxpnilghms fk ng sfhgkg 4. Tifkf quf vfr lmk ng hfdidg dfn

tifhpm. Fstf sf pufdf pfrliìr (lmhm fn lmrgzük), y gukquf km sf pfrli`g,

sifhprf fstç prfsfktf.

0. Fn tifhpm, quf fk hõsilg sf nf nnghg tfhpm y quf sf rffrf g ng vfnmlidgd fk

quf sf iktfrprftg ng hõsilg. \i ng pifzg husilgn tifkf tmdg ng hishg vfnmlidgd,

g fstf tfhpm sf nf nnghg fstg`nf, pfrm si gn lmktrgrim, fstf lghìg fk gnoukgs

pgrtfs, glfnfrgkdm “gllfnfrgkdm fs fn térhikm quf sf fhpnfg fk hõsilg- fn

tifhpm, m rftgrdçkdmnm “ritgrdgkdm fs fn térhikm fk hõsilg-, pufs sf nf nng-

hg ikfstg`nf.

<. Fn glfktm, lmhm su kmh`rf nm ikdilg, fs ng glfktugliük kgturgn df ng hõsilg

y usugnhfktf, sm`rf tmdm fk ng hõsilg pmpungr, fs lgdg dms, trfs, m lugtrm

punsms m tifhpms. Sfrfhms hçs gdfngktf quf fk Ougtfhgng jgy uk rithm

huy lgrgltfrèstilm, huy kufstrm, quf sf nnghg Ougrih`g y fstç fk glfktms df

lgdg sfis tifhpms.

4. Fn õntihm fnfhfktm dfn rithm fs fn lmhpçs. Fstm km fs hçs quf gorupgr nms

tifhpms rfspftgkdm fn glfktm, fk orupms df dms, trfs, lugtrm m sfis punsms

m tifhpms. Df`f sg`fr quf fxistfk lmhpgsfs rfoungrfs, quf smk nms quf km

lghìgk fk tmdg ng pifzg ng lgktidgd df tifhpms fk nms lmhpgsfs2 y nms irrf-

oungrfs quf smk nms quf sè lghìgk, y jgy gnoukms lmhpgsfs df trfs tifhpms,

mtrms df dms, mtrms df lugtrm, ftl. Kmsmtrms fstudigrfhms smnghfktf nms rf-

oungrfs.



33IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Nf prfsfktm, fk cmrhg orçlg, fstms lugtrm fnfhfktms dfn rithm5

Lgdg ourg fs uk tifhpm2 fn sèh`mnm fklihg dfn prihfr tifhpm fs fn glfktm2

ng crglliük dfn ikilim df ng orçlg fs fn tifhpm df lmhpçs quf kms ikdilg quf

jgy lugtrm (fn lugtrm df grri`g) df ngs quf vgnfk uk tifhpm (fn lugtrm df g`gem).

Nm õkilm quf km fstç fxpnèlitm gquè fs fn tfhpm, pufs ng vfnmlidgd sf ng dgrç fn

lmhpmsitmr y fn iktérprftf df ng pifzg husilgn.

Lgdg ourg tifkf sus prmpigs lgrgltfrèstilgs pgrg pmdfr dicfrfkligrsf ukg df ng

mtrg. Ngs ourgs df ng orçlg lmk fn pfktgorghg km tifkfk lmrljftfs, pfrm ngorçlg gktfrimr sè tifkf.

Gquè nf hufstrm ukg tg`ng lmk tmdg ng ikcmrhgliük df ngs ourgs husilgnfs. Négng

y gkgnèlfng, y vfrç lifrtgs sihinitudfs y dicfrfkligs fktrf fnngs.

Sghms gjmrg lmk ngs ourgs husilgnfs. Fstg ourg fs ng rfprfsfktgliük orçlg

df ng durgliük dfn smkidm y sus pgrtfs smk5

lmrljftf

pnilg

lg`fzg

Kmh`rf df ngourg

rfdmkdg `ngklg kforg lmrljfgsfhilmr-

ljfgcusg sfhicusg

Crglliük dftifhpm df ng

ourg

7 0 4 : 73 <0 34

Sgnmr df ngourg

4 tifhpms 0 tifhpms 7 tifhpm7/0

tifhpm7/4

tifhpm7/:

tifhpm7/73

tifhpm

Ciourgs rèthilgs

\infklims lm-rrfspmkdifktfs

4

4




Fefrlilim 7

Fslri`g ng m ngs ciourgs husilgnfs quf tfrhikfk df nnfkgr fn lmhpçs pgrg quf qufdf lmrrfltghfktf

lmhpnftm. Tmhf fk lufktg quf lgdg lmhpçs tifkf lugtrm punsms m tifhpms.

Gjmrg vfçhmsngs gpnilgdgs g uk lmhpçs df lugtrm tifhpms5

\i sf dg lufktg, fn lmhpçs fs lmhm uk vgsm quf jgy quf nnfkgr, pfrm km pufdf

pmkfrnf hçs, pufs sf rf`gnsg, ki tghpmlm hfkms pufs qufdgrèg ukg pgrtf vglèg.

Gdfhçs jgy quf kmtgr quf ngs lmrljfgs smk df hfdim tifhpm, gsè quf df`fk

ir glmhpg÷gdgs pmr mtrm hfdim tifhpm m su fquivgnfktf, y ngs ourgs, lugkdm

fstçk euktgs, sf fslri`fk gsè5 nms dms lufrpms fstçk ukidms pmr nms lmrljftfs5

7

0

<

4

durgliük df uk lmhpçs

.



3:IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Gjmrg gpniqufhms ngs ciourgs husilgnfs y jgoghms uk pmlm df hõsilg rèthilg.

Fk ng siouifktf orçcilg nf hufstrm ukg nèkfg df pfrlusiük df lugtrm lugrtms, 4/4

m sfg lugtrm kforgs fk lgdg lmhpçs. Lufktf df ukm g lugtrm, lugtrm vflfs sf-

ouidgs, y lmk su nçpiz dé uk omnpf pmr lgdg kforg fk lgdg tifhpm.

Fxpniqufhms ng orçcilg5 Sf smnghfktf ukg nèkfg jmrizmktgn. Fs ukg nèkfg df pfr-

lusiük, pufs ng hgymrèg df ikstruhfktms df pfrlusiük km smk hfnüdilms y sm-

nghfktf kflfsitgk fslri`irsf pgrg hmstrgr fn rithm. Gsè quf, sm`rf fstg nèkfg vf

ukg crglliük df 4/4 quf, lmhm yg cuf fxpnilgdm, siokicilg quf jgy lugtrm ciourgs

df ngs kforgs. Tgh`iék pufdf vfr, g trgvés df tmdg ng nèkfg jmrizmktgn, trfs pf-quf÷gs nèkfgs vfrtilgnfs, luyg cukliük fs dividir fquitgtivghfktf nms fspglims.

Ngs nèkfgs sf nnghgk tgn y lmhm su cukliük sf rfcifrf5 nèkfgs divismrigs, y nms fs-

pglims quf smk dfnihitgdms pmr fstgs nèkfgs sf nnghgk lmhpgsfs, pmr nm quf sf

pufdfk lmktgr fk fn fefrlilim gktfrimr lugtrm lmhpgsfs. Gn cikgn df ng nèkfg jgy

ukg dm`nf nèkfg, ukg hçs orufsg quf ng mtrg. Fstg sf nnghg dm`nf `grrg y sioki-

cilg quf ng pifzg husilgn jg tfrhikgdm. Fs lmhm fn puktm y gpgrtf, m fn puktm y

cikgn df ukg m`rg nitfrgrig.

Fk ng prüxihg orçcilg, vfrç nms hishms sèh`mnms, pfrm gn cikgn vfrç ukg dm`nf g-

rrg lmk dms puktitms pmr ng pgrtf df gdfktrm. Fstg sf nnghg `grrg df rfpftiliük, y lmhm su kmh`rf nm ikdilg, df`f rfpftir fn fefrlilim dms vflfs.

Lmhm dgtm lurimsm, fstf sèh`mnm df ng `grrg df rfpftiliük km cuf ikvfktgdm pmr

uk hõsilm, sikm pmr nms fditmrfs df ng hõsilg, gnnç pmr fn sionm ZS. Lmhm fn sistf-

hg df ihprfsiük frg df lmnmlgr tipm pmr tipm, y ngs pifzgs husilgnfs tfkègk crgsfs

quf sf rfpftègk, dflidifrmk ikvfktgr uk sèh`mnm quf nfs ikdilgrg g nms hõsilms

quf df`ègk rforfsgr y rfpftir ng crgsf df kufvm. Lmk fstf ikvfktm nms fditmrfs sf

gjmrrgrmk jmrgs y jmrgs df trg`gem.

Iktfktf rfgnizgr fstf sfoukdm fefrlilim, tmhgkdm fk lufktg nms tifhpms dfn lmh-

pçs, y sifhprf lmktgkdm jgstg lugtrm dgkdm omnpfs lmk su nçpiz.

4

4

7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4

.

.

7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 .

.




Jgoghms gjmrg mtrms trfs fefrlilims hçs, pfrm utinizgkdm su vmz lmk lugnquifr sèng`g. Ng hçs cçlin fs

uk „ng‘, y hgktfkog fn smkidm pmr fn tifhpm quf rfprfsfktg ng ciourg5 ng rfdmkdg pmr nms lugtrm tifh-

pms, ng `ngklg pmr dms tifhpms, y gsè sulfsivghfktf. Cèefsf si tifkfk `grrg df rfpftiliük m km.

G.

Fefrlilim 0

@.

L.

Fxpfrihfktfhms lmk ngs lmrljfgs gjmrg. Qgrg sg`fr lühm dividir ngs kforgs g

lmrljfgs nf dfslri`m ukg cmrhg cçlin df iktfrkgnizgr fn rithm df fstgs ciourgs.

\fktgdm fk ukg sinng, lmk su hgkm dfrfljg pfrlutg su husnm lmktgkdm jgstg

lugtrm. Lugkdm jgyg nmorgdm hgktfkfr uk punsm fstg`nf, lmnmquf su hgkm iz-

quifrdg g ng gnturg df su pfljm fk ng hishg nèkfg dmkdf vg su hgkm dfrfljg. \f

dgrç lufktg df quf lugkdm su hgkm dfrfljg su`f, pfrlutf su hgkm izquifrdg

y dividf fn tifhpm fk dms.

Orçcilghfktf sf pmdrèg vfr gsè5

Tifhpms 7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4

Tifhpms pmh pmh pmh pmh pmh pmh pmh pmh

Tifhpms tgk tgk tgk tgk tgk tgk tgk tgk

.

.

7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 .

.

.

.

7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 .

.

7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4

.

.



?1IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Fefrlilim <

G. Fxpfrihfktf ng nflturg df ngs siouifktfs orçcilgs utinizgkdm sus hgkms.

@. Gjmrg fslri`g ustfd uk rithm pgrg dms m`eftms df pfrlusiük. ½Wué nf pgrflf ukg nèkfg pgrg

gpngudir, y mtrg nèkfg pgrg zgpgtfgr= Qèdgnf g uk ghiom quf rfgnilf fstg gltividgd lmk ustfd, y

nufom df nmorgrnm, iktfrlgh`ifk „ikstruhfktms‘ df pfrlusiük.

Iktfktf iktforgr sus lmkmlihifktms df ngs sfhgkgs gktfrimrfs fk nms fefrlilims, pmkiékdmnf

dicfrfktf vmnuhfk g lgdg lmhpçs, m g dicfrfktf nèkfg df pfrlusiük.

7.

0.

.

.

7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 .

.

.

.

.

.

7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4 7 0 < 4



?7Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 6

Onmsgrimpfktgorghg5 Sifkf dfn idimhg orifom y sf dividf fk dms pgrtfs5 pfktg quf siokilg liklm, y orghg quf

siokilg fslriturg, diùem, nèkfg. Fs fn nuogr dmkdf sf fslri`fk ngs kmtgs y tmdms nms dfhçs siokms hu -silgnfs fk fn sistfhg df kmtgliük husilgn mllidfktgn. Fstç cmrhgdm pmr liklm nèkfgs y lugtrm fspglims m

iktfrnèkfgs, quf sf fkuhfrgk df g`gem jglig grri`g. Ngs nèkfgs smk jmrizmktgnfs, rfltgs y fquidistgktfs.

tipm5 Qifzg df ng ihprfktg y df ng hçquikg df fslriìr fk quf fstç rfgnzgdg ukg nftrg u mtrm siokm.

Pfsuhfk

Nms pgtrmkfs smk fvfktms rèthilms dmkdf sf rfpitfk lifrtms hmvihifktms df ng hishg hgkfrg ukg y

mtrg vfz.

Ngs ciourgs husilgnfs smk „ngs nftrgs‘ df ng hõsilg. Lugkdm ngs ciourgs husilgnfs fstçk smngs `rikdgk

ikcmrhgliük rèthilg sm`rf ng durgliük df nms smkidms y lugkdm ngs ciourgs fstçk fk uk pfktgorghg

dgk gdfhçs ikcmrhgliük sm`rf ng gnturg df nms smkidms. Fxistfk mljm ciourgs husilgnfs, nnghgdgs5 rf-

dmkdg, `ngklg, kforg, lmrljfg, sfhilmrljfg, cusg y sfhicusg.

Fn rithm tifkf lugtrm fnfhfktms5 punsm, tifhpm, glfktm y lmhpçs. Ngs ciourgs husilgnfs rfprfsfktgk

orçcilghfktf nms lugtrm fnfhfktms dfn rithm.

Kms jglf cgntg fxpnilgr uk lmklfptm, y fs quf tghìék fxistf uk pfquf÷m puktm

quf sf lmnmlg gn ngdm df lugnquifr ciourg husilgn, y nm quf jglf fstf puktm fs

gorfogrnf vgnmr g ng ciourg. Ng cürhung hgtfhçtilg quf dfslri`f fstg glliük fs5

Ng ciourg + ng hitgd df ng ciourg 8 kufvg ciourg lmk puktm

Ng rfprfsfktgliük orçcilg df nms sinfklims df fstgs ciourgs lmk puktm smk iougnfs

g nms sinfklims df ngs ciourgs sik puktm hçs uk puktm.

Fefrlilim 4

Pfgnilf ng hgtfhçtilg df ngs siouifktfs ciourgs. Sfg uk fefhpnm.

+

+

+

8

< tifhpms

8

8

8

8

8

+ 8 8.

.

.

.



?0IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Gutmlmktrmn


G. \u`rgyf ng rfspufstg lmrrfltg.

7. Ngs ciourgs husilgnfs sf gsmligk lmk5

Ng iktfksidgd Ng gnturg Ng durgliük

0. Fstg ciourg sf nnghg5

Kforg @ngklg Lmrljfg

<. Nms fspglims fktrf dms nèkfgs divismrigs sf nnghgk

Dm`nf `grrg Lngvf df smn Lmhpgsfs

4. ½Luçktgs lmrljfgs kflfsitm pgrg jglfr trfs tifhpms=

\fis lmrljfgs Trfs lmrljfgs Liklm lmrljfgs

6. ½Wué siokicilg ng dm`nf `grrg=

Jgy quf sfouir gdfngktf \f glg`ü ng pifzg Jgy quf rfpftir

3. Ng ciourg husilgn quf vgnf lugtrm tifhpms sf nnghg5

Kforg Lmrljfg Pfdmkdg

?. Ng cürhung pgrg gorfogrnf puktinnm g ukg ciourg husilgn fs5

\uhg df tmdgs ngs ciourgs Ng ciourg hfkms ng ciourg Ng ciourg hçs ng hitgd df ng ciourg

:. Qgrg ng nflturg rèthilg smnghfktf sf kflfsitg pgrg fslri`ir ngs ciourgs5

Ng nèkfg df pfrlusiük Fn pfktgorghg Vk lugdfrkm



?<Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 6


Gjmrg jgoghms uk pmlm df hgtfhçtilg husilgn. G lmktikugliük fklmktrgrç ukg sfrif df ciourgs husi-

lgnfs. \uhf nms vgnmrfs df lgdg ciourg y fslri`g fn rfsuntgdm gn cikgn df ng nèkfg. Fefhpnm5

@. Vkg lmk ukg nèkfg fn kmh`rf df ng ciourg, su rfprfsfktgliük orçcilg, su vgnmr y fn sinfklim quf lmrrfs-

pmkdf. \iog fn fefhpnm.

CiourgPfprfsfktgliük

orçlgSgnmr \infklim

Pfdmkdg

@ngklg

Kforg

Lmrljfg

\fhilmrljfg

dms tifhpms

uk tifhpm

lugtrm tifhpms

hfdim tifhpm

uk lugrtm df tifhpm

+

+ 8

+ 8

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

8

8

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

8

8

8

8

8

4 + 0 + 7 + 7/0 + 7/4 + 7/0 + 7/0 : </4

8+



?4IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk



kmnmorgdm

D f s p u é s d f f s

t u d i g r . . .

Lmkmzlm ng ìmorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn orupm husilgn df huefrfs

Kg'ib Hgdfrg.

Idfktilm nms rithms husilgnfs df Kilgrgoug5 hgzurlgs y pmnlgs kilg-

rgoþfklfs y fn `ginf "Fn Hfstizgef".

Pflmkmzlm nms fnfhfktms dfn rithm.

Gpnilm fn usm df ngs ourgs husilgnfs fk ng prmdulliük df uk rithm.


Iktfrprftf fk su hìrg kmtgs df 4 tifhpms, nufom df dms tifhpms y nufom df 7 tifhpm. Iktfktf fslriìr

ukg sflufklig lmk dicfrfktfs vgnmrfs fk fstf fspglim.

Gjmrg, iktfrprftf ng sflufklig fk su hìrg.




3

Fnfhfktms df ng fslriturg husilgn INg hõsilg fs ukg lmsg ghpnig, sik nèhitfs, sik crmktfrgs, sik `gkdfrgs.

Nfük Oiflm


_mtz`fnè Gouingr @rgsin

\gh`g y `gigm

Ng fslriturg husilgn

Fn pfktgorghg y ngs gntfrglimkfs df tmkms m smkidms


Lmkmlfr ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn df _mtz`fnè Gouingr.

Idfkticilgr nms rithms husilgnfs `rgsinf÷ms5 sgh`g y `gigm.

Nffr ngs kmtgs husilgnfs fk fn pfktgorghg.



?3IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


_mtz`fnè Gouingr (7:9? - 7991) “ Fsluljf ng pistg #40

Sirtumsm dfn pigkm, ng ouitgrrg y ng hgrih`g, df ukg ikvfktivg hfnüdilg fkmrhf,

_mtz`fnè Gouingr sf pfrcing lmhm ukm df nms orgkdfs quf prmhufvf fn rfpfr-

tmrim pgrg hgrih`g df priklipims dfn sionm ZZ, gõk hçs, fstg`nfliü uk rithm

lgrgltfrèstilm df dgkzg df 3/: (nnghgdm pmr nms hõsilms hgrih`istgs sfis pmr

mljm), quf sf nf nnghg ougrih`g (OVGtfhgng y hgPIH@G), quf huljms mtrmslmhpmsitmrfs nm sioufk usgkdm pmr su lgdfklig.

\us lmhpmsilimkfs omzgk df orgk pmpungridgd, y jgk pfrhgkflidm dfktrm dfn

rfpfrtmrim df ng hgrih`g-mrqufstg df Ougtfhgng pmr huljm tifhpm. Fktrf sus

m`rgs fstçk "Tristfzgs Wufzgntflgs", "Ng Lruz dfn Lfrritm", "Hi Qgtrig", "Nms Trflf"

(m`rg quf dfdilü fn lmhpmsitmr g trflf luntms qufzgntflms), "G÷mrgkzg", ftl.2

jfrfklig quf dim g lmkmlfr tgh`iék cufrg df kufstrm pgès lmk uk éxitm rmtukdm.



??Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 3


Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

@rgsin“ Fsluljf ngs pistgs #4< (sgh`g) y #44 (`gigm)

Fstf pgès, pmr sfr ukm df nms hçs orgkdfs df Ngtikmghérilg, tifkf orgk vgrifdgddf hgkicfstglimkfs husilgnfs, pfrm lgsi tmdgs tifkfk ikcnufklig ikdèofkg, furm-pfg y gcrilgkg, hgymrhfktf fk fn çrfg rèthilg. Tgktm ng sgh`g lmhm fn `gigm (ng`mssg kmvg, ng ngh`gdg, ftl.) smk `ginfs df fxprfsiük kglimkgn. Qmr sfr hõsilg y`ginfs kftghfktf `ging`nfs, nms ikstruhfktms quf sf fklufktrgk fk fstgs hufs-trgs smk fn tgh`mrèk, fn ljmlgnjm, fn rflm-rflm, ng lg`gssg y nms sin`gtms pgrgglmhpg÷gr nms dfscinfs cfstivms dfn lgrkgvgn.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm sf feflutgk nms `ginfs df sgh`g y `gigm, pufdf lmksun-tgr ngs siouifktfs dirfllimkfs fnfltrükilgs5

\gh`g5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8jNLTNqWw\`b

@gigm5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8gF:7tZ]4\vl

`gigm

sgh`g



?:IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Ng fslriturg husilgn

Fk fstg sfhgkg fstgrfhms fxpnmrgkdm tmdms gqufnnms siokms quf sirvfk pgrg

quf fxistg ukg ùfkg lmhukilgliük fktrf fn lmhpmsitmr y fn iktérprftf df suhõsilg. ½Luçktgs vflfs kms jg pgsgdm quf nffhms gnoõk fxtrgltm nitfrgrim y kmfktfkdfhms nm quf fn fslritmr kms quifrf dgr g fktfkdfr= M, ½luçktgs vflfs gn-oukg pfrsmkg nf fxpnilg gnom quf df`f jglfr y km fktifkdf nm quf nf pidf=

Vkg ùfkg lmhukilgliük fxistf lugkdm ng pfrsmkg quf nf jg`ng, m nf fslri`f, nmjglf tgk lngrghfktf quf ustfd, lmhm su iktfrnmlutmr, fktifkdf fn hfksgef. Fsmquifrf dflir quf su fxprfsiük mrgn m fslritg fs lngrg y nmorg ng lmhukilgliük.Qgrg m`tfkfr uk ùfk rfsuntgdm fk ng lmhukilgliük jgy quf luidgr nms dftgnnfsdf ng fslriturg, y fk hõsilg fs fxgltghfktf iougn. Qgrg quf uk iktérprftf fxprfsfnm quf fn lmhpmsitmr quifrf dgr g lmkmlfr, sik pfrdfr su prmpim sfnnm, ng fslriturgdf`f sfr ng gdflugdg.

G trg`gegr...

Fhpflfhms5 g`rg su ni`rm fk ng õntihg pgrtf dmkdf fstç fn lgklimkfrm y sfnfllimkf lugnquifrg df ngslgklimkfs. Gjmrg, m`sfrvf ng pgrtiturg5 nms sèh`mnms, nms fspglims, ngs distgkligs, ngs ciourgs husilgnfs(nm vihms ng sfhgkg pgsgdg), ngs nftrgs, ftl. Fslri`g ng dfslripliük df nm quf m`sfrvg fk fn fspglim qufsf nf `rikdg g lmktikugliük.




Fn hukdm df ng hõsilgYg quf jg m`sfrvgdm y dfslritm ukg pgrtiturg, lmkmlfrfhms fn fspglim dmkdf sffslri`fk nms sèh`mnms y ngs ourgs husilgnfs quf nf dgk siokilgdm g ng hõsilg.

7. Fn pfktgorghg

Fn pfktgorghg fs ukg sfrif df liklm nèkfgs jmrizmktgnfs, pgrgnfngs y fquidistgk-tfs fktrf sè, fktrf y sm`rf ngs lugnfs sf fslri`fk nms siokms husilgnfs y ngs ourgs

husilgnfs quf, sfoõk ng lngvf y ng pmsiliük, ikdilgk fn tmkm.

Fs ihpmrtgktf kmtgr quf nms sistfhgs df lmhukilgliük cufrmk ikvfktgdms pmrfn sfr juhgkm, fktrf mtrgs lmsgs, pgrg pmdfr pfrpftugr sus lrfglimkfs, y gsè, fnpfktgorghg sirvf pgrg prfsfrvgr ngs m`rgs husilgnfs quf vgk pfrdifkdm ng fxgl-titud df su mriofk gn sfr trgsngdgdgs df ng trgdiliük mrgn g ng fslritg. Cuf gsè lmhmsf lmhfkzgrmk g fstg`nflfr siokms pgrg rfprfsfktgr lgdg ukg df ngs lugnidgdfsdfn smkidm quf yg fstudighms fk sfhgkgs gktfrimrfs.

Fk ng prçltilg, ngs nèkfgs y nms fspglims dfn pfktgorghg df`fk fkuhfrgrsf dfg`gem jglig grri`g, gsè lmhm fstçk fk fstf fefhpnm5

Fk uk pfktgorghg sf pufdfk gn`frogr smnghfktf diflikufvf smkidms. \ik fh-`grom, fn pigkm tifkf mljfktg y mljm smkidms dicfrfktfs. Qgrg pmdfr ikstgngr tm-dms nms smkidms dfktrm df uk smnm pfktgorghg sf kflfsitg uk orgk pfktgorghgy gorfogrnf nèkfgs gdilimkgnfs. Fstgs nèkfgs gdilimkgnfs smk crgohfktms df nèkfgquf sf pufdfk gorfogr grri`g “nnghçkdmsf nèkfgs gdilimkgnfs supfrimrfs“ y g`g-

em dfn pfktgorghg “nnghçkdmsf nèkfgs gdilimkgnfs ikcfrimrfs“.

6g. nèkfg

4g. nèkfg

<g. nèkfg

0g. nèkfg

7g. nèkfg

4m. fspglim

<m. fspglim

0m. fspglim

7fr. fspglim



:1IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Fstf fs uk fefhpnm df uk pfktgorghg pgrg pigkm y pgrg ikstruhfktms grhüki-lms lmhm ng hgrih`g, fn grpg y fn ürogkm, fk dmkdf fn pfktgorghg df grri`g fspgrg ngs ourgs husilgnfs lmk smkidms goudms y fn pfktgorghg df g`gem pgrg

ngs ourgs husilgnfs quf rfprfsfktgk nms smkidms orgvfs. Kmtf quf tifkf g su

izquifrdg ukg nngvf quf ukf gh`ms pfktgorghgs. Fstm quifrf dflir quf gh`mspfktgorghgs df`fk sfr iktfrprftgdms gn hishm tifhpm… yg vfrfhms lühm uk

pmlm hçs gdfngktf.

½\f dg lufktg df quf gn priklipim df fstf pfktgorghg jgy dms sèh`mnms= Fstmssèh`mnms sf nnghgk lngvfs. \f fslri`fk gn priklipim df lgdg pfktgorghg y smk

ikdispfksg`nfs pgrg quf nms smkidms tfkogk uk kmh`rf fspflèlm5 nms siokmsquf rfprfsfktgk nms smkidms.

Fn sèh`mnm df grri`g fs ng lngvf df smn. \f nnghg gsèpufs fstg sf diùeg ikiligkdm su trgzm fk ng sfoukdgnèkfg, y fs gquè dmkdf sf lmnmlg ng kmtg smn.

Fn siokm dfn pfktgorghg df g`gem sf nnghg lngvf df

cg, y su trgzm tghìék ikilig fk ng lugrtg nèkfg dfnpfktgorghg dmkdf sf fslri`f ng kmtg cg.

Fxistf ukg lngvf hçs quf fs ng lngvf df dm. Fstg fsukg lngvf usgdg pmr nms ikstruhfktms df smkidms hf-dims, ki huy goudms, ki huy orgvfs, lmhm ng vimng, fn vimnmklfnnm y fn cgomt. Km fs ukg lngvf huy utinizgdg2

sik fh`grom, fs ùfkm lmkmlfrng pmrquf fs pgrtf dfng sih`mnmoèg husilgn.

{



:7Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 3

Fefrlilim 7

Jgoghms uk pmlm df prçltilg pgrg gprfkdfr g di`uegr ngs lngvfs.

7. Fn pfktgorghg lmk ng prçltilg df ng lngvf df smn

0. Fn pfktgorghg lmk ng prçltilg df ng lngvf df cg

<. Fn pfktgorghg lmk ng prçltilg df ng lngvf df dm



:0IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Yg quf fstg`nflihms fn fspglim pgrg fslri`ir nms siokms husilgnfs y ng lngvf qufkms ikdilg fn kmh`rf dfn smkidm, vfghms lühm fs quf sf vgk lmnmlgkdm fstmssmkidms fk fn pfktgorghg.

½\f pufdf ihgoikgr quf fn 96 % df ng hõsilg fstç lmhpufstg smnghfktf lmksiftf smkidms `çsilms= Qufs sè. Fk fn hukdm mllidfktgn fxistfk smnghfktf siftfkmtgs husilgnfs. Fn rfstm df smkidms smk rfpftilimkfs df ngs hishgs, yg sfg hçs

goudm m hçs orgvf.

Kmh`rfhms ngs kmtgs5

Ngs kmtgs smk ngs ourgs husilgnfs “quf sf fstudigrmk ng sfhgkg gktfrimr“ quf

sf lmnmlgk fk fn pfktgorghg y rfli`fk su kmh`rf dfpfkdifkdm ng lngvf quftfkogk y fn nuogr quf mlupfk2 gsè pufs vfghms lühm sf lmnmlgk.

Lmhm sf pufdf dgr lufktg fk ng orçlg siouifktf, jgy hçs kmtgs quf ngs siftf

priklipgnfs. Fstm fs pmrquf nms smkidms sf rfpitfk lgdg siftf kmtgs, y sf vufnvfk grfpftir smnm quf fn smkidm fs hçs goudm, m hçs orgvf, sfoõk sfg fn lgsm, si su`fm `geg, gdfhçs df utinizgr ngs nèkfgs gdilimkgnfs yg hfklimkgdgs.

DM

PFHI

CG\MN

NG\I

Lngvf df \mn

Lngvf df Cg(lugrtg nèkfg)

Lngvf df Dm(lugrtg nèkfg)

Lngvf df Dm(tfrlfrg nèkfg)

Dm Pf Hi Cg \mn Ng \i Dm Pf Hi Cg \mn \mn(<)

Hi Cg \mn Ng \i Dm Pf Hi Cg \mn Ng \i Cg(0)

\i Dm Pf Hi Cg \mn Ng \i Dm Pf Hi Cg Dm(<)

Pf Hi Cg \mn Ng \i Dm Pf Hi Cg \mn Ng Dm<(<)



:<Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 3

M`sfrvf fstg mtrg orçlg5

Fefrlilim 0

Sufnvg gn lgklimkfrm y fk ng lgkliük df Qg`nm Qf÷g, "Qfték Itzç", m`sfrvf fn prihfr pfktgorghg.

Fk fn fspglim siouifktf fslri`g fn kmh`rf df ngs kmtgs quf fstçk fslritgs.

Kõhfrm df lmhpçs 7

Kõhfrm df kmtgs 7

Kmh`rfs df ngs kmtgs hi

\i Dm Pf Hi Cg \mn Ng


\i Dm Pf Hi Cg \mn


Tmdgs ngs kmtgs



:4IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Jgy vgrims gspfltms quf tmhgr fk lufktg lugkdm ukm vg g nffr uk pfktgorghg.Gsè lmhm ngs kmtgs tifkfk uk mrdfk gslfkdfktf, tgh`iék tifkf uk mrdfk dfs-lfkdfktf5

Vk jfljm ihpmrtgktf df gprfkdfr fs quf pgrg quf tmdms nms ikstruhfktms quffstçk tmlgkdm euktms sufkfk gkgdms, df`fk tmhgr lmhm pgrçhftrm fn smkidm

df NG. Fstf smkidm prmdulf 441 vi`rglimkfs pmr hikutm. Y si lmkmlf gn lgktgktfEugk Nuis Oufrrg, sf rflmrdgrç quf su `gkdg sf nnghg 4 41.

Fefrlilim <

Fefrlitfhms uk pmlm ng hfktf. Fslri`g sm`rf ng nèkfg, fn kmh`rf df ng kmtg quf jglf cgntg. Pflufrdfquf ngs kmtgs pufdfk ir fk mrdfk gslfkdfktf m dfslfkdfktf.

7. dm hi cg ng si

0. dm si ng cg

<. cg smn si dm rf

4. ng si rf hi cg

6. hi rf dm ng smn

Gpniqufhms nm gprfkdidm. Yg quf tifkf ukg idfg lngrg dfn kmh`rf df ngs kmtgs,y su pmsiliük fk fn pfktgorghg, iktfktfhms nnfvgr su u`ilgliük g uk tflngdm dfpigkm.

Fstf fs uk tflngdm y, si sf dg lufktg, tifkf uk pgtrük df liklm tflngs kforgs lmksiftf tflngs `ngklgs, y fstgs sf rfpitfk g nm ngrom dfn tflngdm. Lgdg pgtrük sf nng-hg mltgvg. Fstf tflngdm tifkf trfs mltgvgs.

DM PF HI CG \MN NG \I

\I NG \MN CG HI PF DM

Fk fstg tflng sf tmlg uk DM.

7 0 <




Fklufktrf ngs dfhçs kmtgs dm fk fn tflngdm df ng pçoikg gktfrimr y piktf ngs tf-lngs lmk nms lmnmrfs quf sf nf ikdilgk g lmktikugliük. Jgy trfs kmtgs lmk fn his-hm kmh`rf fk fstf tflngdm.

0. Gntfrglimkfs df nms tmkms m smkidms

Gorfogrfhms uk õntihm lmklfptm g fstg sfhgkg. Fstf fs ngs gntfrglimkfs df nms tmkms “m smkidms-. Gnpriklipim df fstg sfhgkg vihms nms smkidms kgturgnfs. Ngs hmdilglimkfs m gntfrglimkfs df fstms smki-dms kgturgnfs sf nnghgk gsè, gntfrglimkfs.

Fstgs gntfrglimkfs smk nms smstfkidms, y su siokm fs fstf (#), y nms `fhmnfs y su siokm fs fstf (`). Gsè,fktmklfs, sf lmkstruyfk fn dm smstfkidm, rf smstfkidm, hi smstfkidm ftl. Y lmk nms fhmnfs, df iougn hg-kfrg, dm `fhmn, rf `fhmn, hi `fhmn, ftl. Gdfhçs fstç fn `flugdrm quf fs fn quf dfsjglf ng gntfrgliük.Tgh`iék fstç fn dm`nf smstfkidm y fn dm`nf `fhmn.

Sfghms nms sèh`mnms df fstms lmklfptms5 Gsè sf nnghgk y fstms smk sus sèh`mnms.

Nms smstfkidms guhfktgk hfdim tmkm gn smkidm kgturgn, y fn `flugdrm nm rforfsg g su nuogr.

Nms `fhmnfs dishikuyfk hfdim tmkm gn smkidm kgturgn, y fn `flugdrm nm rforfsg g su nuogr.

Pmem DM Gkgrgkegdm PF

Ghgrinnm HI Sfrdf CG

Lfnfstf \MN Gzun NG

Hmrgdm \I

Gntfrglimkfs

\mstfkidm

@fhmn

Dm`nf smstfkidm

Dm`nf fhmn

@flugdrm



:3IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Fefrlilim 4

Jgoghms ukms fefrlilims. @usquf fk ngs lgklimkfs dfn lgklimkfrm df gtrçs df su ni`rm uk smstfkidm,

uk `fhmn y uk `flugdrm. Fslri`g gquè fk dükdf nms fklmktrü y di`uef fn siokm.

Kmh rf df ng lgkliük Kõhfrm df pfktgorghg Kõhfrm df lmhpçs ½\mstfkidm, fhmn m`flugdrgdm=

cg smstfkidm

cg flugdrm(kgturgn, km gntfrgdm)

si `fhmn

si flugdrm(kgturgn, km gntfrgdm)

Gsè fs lmhm sf lmnmlgk crfktf g ngs kmtgs fk fn pfktgorghg.



:?Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 3

Onmsgrimgslfkdfktf5 Wuf su`f m guhfktg, fk hõsilg fstm siokilg quf vg df orgvf g goudm.

lngvf husilgn5 \iokm quf ikdilg ng gnturg df ng hõsilg fslritg y gsiokg fk fn pfktgorghg ukg kmtg qufsirvf df rfcfrfklig pgrg fn rfstm df kmtgs.

dfslfkdfktf5 Wuf `geg m dishikuyf, fk hõsilg fstm siokilg quf vg df goudm g orgvf.

fquidistgktf5 G iougn distgklig.

pgrtiturg5 Kmtgliük husilgn quf hufstrg tmdgs ngs pgrtfs df uk lmkeuktm.

Pfsuhfk

Fn pfktgorghg fs ukg sfrif df liklm nèkfgs jmrizmktgnfs, pgrgnfngs y fquidistgktfs fktrf sè, fktrf y sm-

`rf ngs lugnfs sf fslri`fk nms siokms husilgnfs y ngs ciourgs husilgnfs, y sfoõk ng lngvf y ng pmsiliükikdilgk fn tmkm. Ngs nèkfgs y nms fspglims dfn pfktgorghg df`fk fkuhfrgrsf df g`gem jglig grri`g.

Vk pfktgorghg smnm pufdf gn`frogr diflikufvf smkidms. Qgrg pmdfr ikstgngr hçs smkidms dfktrm dfuk pfktgorghg sf kflfsitg gorfogrnf nèkfgs grri`g, nnghgdgs nèkfgs gdilimkgnfs supfrimrfs, y g`gem dfnpfktgorghg, nnghgdgs nèkfgs gdilimkgnfs ikcfrimrfs. Qgrg ukir dms pfktgorghgs sf utinizg ukg nngvf.

Fk fn hukdm mllidfktgn fxistfk smnghfktf siftf kmtgs husilgnfs. Fn rfstm df smkidms smk rfpftilimkfs

df ngs hishgs kmtgs, yg sfg hçs goudms m hçs orgvfs. Ngs kmtgs smk5


Ngs kmtgs smk ngs ciourgs husilgnfs quf sf lmnmlgk fk fn pfktgorghg y rfli`fk su kmh`rf dfpfkdifk-dm df ng lngvf quf tfkogk y fn nuogr quf mlupfk.



::IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Gutmlmktrmn


Fslri`g fn kõhfrm dfn siokicilgdm dfn lmklfptm lmk su kmh`rf lmrrfltm fk ng nèkfg dgdg.

7. \iokm quf sf lmnmlg gn priklipim df nms pfktgorg-hgs y sirvf pgrg dgrnf kmh`rf g ngs kmtgs

0. Wuiktg kmtg df mrdfk gslfkdfktf

<. Gntfrgliük df smkidm quf guhfktg hfdim tmkm gnsmkidm kgturgn

4. Liklm nèkfgs jmrizmktgnfs quf sirvfk pgrg fslri`irnms siokms y ourgs husilgnfs

6. Lugrtg kmtg fk mrdfk gslfkdfktf

3. Lngvf quf sirvf pgrg dfnihitgr nms smkidms orgvfs

?. Gntfrgliük df smkidm quf dishikuyf hfdim tmkmgn smkidm kgturgn

:. \iokms quf rfprfsfktgk nms smkidms fk fn pfktg-orghg

9. Ng mltgvg df rf

71. Lgklfng ngs gntfrglimkfs fk ngs kmtgs

77. Fn tflngdm fstç lmhpufstm pmr tflngs `ngklgs ytflngs5

70. Crgohfktm df nèkfg quf sf pufdf gorfogr grri`gm g`gem dfn pfktgorghg pgrg fxtfkdfrnm

7<. Ngs nèkfgs y nms fspglims dfn pfktgorghg sf lufk-tgk ½fk qué dirflliük=

74. Lngvf quf sirvf pgrg dfnihitgr nms smkidms goudms

76. Õntihg kmtg df ng fslgng husilgn

73. Lmk fstg kmtg sf gkgk tmdms nms ikstruhfktms

df ng hõsilg mllidfktgn

7?. Dms pfktgorghgs ukidms pmr ukg nngvf sirvf pgrgnms ikstruhfktms

`fhmn

df g`gem pgrg grri`g

smn

nèkfgs gdilimkgnfs

rf

grhükilms

lngvf df cg

cg

`flugdrm

lngvfs

kforgs

ng

pfktgorghg

kmtgs

si

lngvf df smn

smstfkidm



7 0 < 4 6 3



Sufnvg gn lgklimkfrm y fk ng lgkliük df Hgrèg dfn Trçksitm @grrims quf sf nnghg "Kmljfs df Fsluiktng",

m`sfrvf fn tfrlfr pfktgorghg.

Fk fn fspglim siouifktf fslri`g fn kmh`rf df ngs kmtgs quf fstçk fslritgs.

Kõhfrm df lmhpçs

Kõhfrm df kmtgs

Kmh`rfs df ngs kmtgs



91IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk



kmnmorgdm


Lmkmzlm ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn orupm _mtz`fnè Gouingr.

Idfktilm nms rithms husilgnfs `rgsinf÷ms5 sgh`g y `gigm.

Nfm ngs kmtgs husilgnfs fk fn pfktgorghg.


Fslri`g ngs siouifktfs kmtgs fk fn pfktgorghg5

Dm dm smn, dm dm ng, dm: dm: dm: si` ng

Ng dm si, ng smn cg, rf smn dm dm

Fstgs smk ngs kmtgs df nms prihfrms dms vfrsms dfn Jihkm Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng.



97Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg ?

?

Fnfhfktms df ng fslriturg husilgn IIFk vfrdgd, si km cufrg pmr ng hõsilg, jg`règ hçs rgzmkfs pgrg vmnvfrsf nmlm.

Qimtr Inilj Tljgibmvsby


Pilgrdm Gremkg

Héxilm

Egrg`f tgpgtèm

Tifhpms df lmhpçs

Fn lmhpçs


Lmkmlfr ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn lgktgutmr Pilgrdm Gremkg.

Idfkticilgr fn rithm husilgn df Héxilm5 "Egrg`f tgpgtèm".

Pflmkmlfr uk lmhpçs y ng iktfrprftgliük fk uk pfktgorghg.



90IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Pilgrdm Gremkg(7934 - ) “ Fsluljf ng pistg #46

\u kmh`rf lmhpnftm fs Fdogr Pilgrdm Gremkg Hmrgnfs. Guk-

quf kgliü fk Emlmtfkgkom, viviü su ikcgklig y euvfktud fk ng

lgpitgn. Fk fstg liudgd dfsgrrmnnü fn pnglfr df ng hõsilg pmr

ukg ouitgrrg quf nf rfognü su pgdrf g nms mljm g÷ms. Qgsü su

vidg fktrf fn ikstitutm, fn çsquft y ng hõsilg, lmk gnoukgs hg-

kicfstglimkfs df rf`fndèg quf hmstrg`gk su fspèritu grtèstilm.

Trgs jg`fr sfktidm quf su prihfrg org`gliük km tuvm éxitm,

dfeü ng hõsilg pmr gnoõk tifhpm, dfdilçkdmsf g fksf÷gr, g

euogr `çsquft lmhm sfnfllimkgdm, y g fstudigr Lifkligs df ngLmhukilgliük.

Qfrm ng hõsilg cuf huljm hçs cufrtf, y dfspués df uk

mcrflihifktm df org`gr "\.M.\. rfslçtghf" y "Efsõs5 vfr`m

km sustgktivm" sf pmsilimkü lmhm lmhpmsitmr f iktérprftf fk

tmdg Ghérilg Ngtikg y Fstgdms Vkidms. Fsf cuf fn priklipim df

ukg lgrrfrg prmdioimsg lmhm hõsilm fk Héxilm, pgès quf nm

glmoiü y fk fn quf jg dfsgrrmnngdm tmdg su lrfgtividgd.

\ifhprf sf jg pfrcingdm lmhm uk gntruistg quf sf prfmlu-

pg pmr ng fdulgliük y fn ìfkfstgr df nms jgìtgktfs hfkms

gcmrtukgdms, jg dgdm hõntipnfs dmkglimkfs pgrg ng fdulgliük, sm`rf tmdm ng

fdulgliük husilgn. Jg ikguourgdm ng prihfrg fslufng quf nnfvg fn kmh`rf df su

hgdrf, f ikiligdm nms trg`gems pgrg ukg sfoukdg fslufng.

Qrftfkdf „gsmligrsf‘ lmk ngs dicfrfktfs fhprfsgs quf sf lmhprmhftgk lmk ng

fdulgliük df kufstrm pgès. Fs cukdgdmr, fk 0177, dfn sfnnm disqufrm Hftghmrcm-

sis, quf nm lmnmlg lmhm uk grtistg ikdfpfkdifktf, pfrm fk sus prmpigs pgng`rgs,

nm sitõg lmk huljgs hçs rfspmksgìnidgdfs.

Jg ngkzgdm vgrims çnùhfs y jg sidm rflmkmlidm g kivfn ngtikmghfrilgkm lmhm

ukm df nms hfemrfs grtistgs. \us lgklimkfs ofkfrgnhfktf smk nèrilgs y trgtgk

tfhgs df ghmr y tfhgs smlignfs lmhm fn rglishm, ng ikhiorgliük, fn g`mrtm,

ng prmstituliük y fn hgljishm. Durgktf su lgrrfrg grtèstilg jg rfliìdm vgrims

prfhims iktfrkglimkgnfs lmhm fn prfhim Orghhy gn hfemr çnùh pmp ngtikm

fk 011?2 Orghhy Ngtikm pmr fn hfemr çnùh vmlgn pmp hgslunikm, fk 01132

Qrfhim @inn`mgrd Ngtik Husil pmr lgkliük pmp ngtikm girpngy dfn g÷m, fk 011? y

pmr oirg ngtikg dfn g÷m, fk 0171 y Qrfhim Nm Kufstrm pmr çnùh pmp dfn g÷m, fk

0114.



9<Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg ?


Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

Héxilm“ Fsluljf ng pistg #43 (Egrg`f tgpgtèm)

Ng hõsilg hfxilgkg sf lgrgltfrizg pmr tfkfr hfnmdègs rilgs y df iktfrprftgliükrçpidg, gsè lmhm pmr sus `ginfs. Huljms df fstms `ginfs sf rfgnizgk fk pgrfegs,

lmk vfstugrim vistmsm y fnfogktf, quf tifkf jfrfklig furmpfg-fspg÷mng, gukquf

km pifrdf su distikouidm sfnnm ikdèofkg. \f pufdf lngsicilgr ng hõsilg hfxilgkg

fk gqufnngs df mriofk purghfktf ikdèofkg, y fk gqufnngs dfn crutm dfn hfstizgef

lmk „lunturg fspg÷mng‘, ikdèofkg y gcrilgkg. Tifkf fksgh`nfs lgrgltfrèstilms lmhm

fn dfn hgriglji, quf nm lmhpmkfk ouitgrrgs, ouitgrrük, vimnikfs y trmhpftgs.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm sf feflutg fn `ginf "Egrg`f tgpgtèm", pufdf lmksuntgr ng

siouifktf dirflliük fnfltrükilg5

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8U`k-Q77O`tm

"Egrg`f tgpgtèm"



94IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Tifhpms df lmhpçs

Fn sfr juhgkm, pmr kgturgnfzg, tifkdf g mrogkizgr cèsilg y hfktgnhfktf lgsi tmdm

nm quf pgsg pmr su vidg. Fstg hishg situgliük sulfdf fk ng hõsilg. Fk fn hm-hfktm fk quf sf lrfg ng hõsilg, df iougn hgkfrg, fstg fs mrogkizgdg pmr crgsfs

kgturgnfs y lmnmlgdgs df cmrhg mrdfkgdg fk fn pfktgorghg.

Sfghms gnoukms fefhpnms df mrogkizgliük y mrdfk fk fn tifhpm5

Tfkfhms quf5

• fn g÷m sf dividf fk 70 hfsfs2

• fn hfs fk <1 m <7 dègs “y uk hfs tifkf 0:.

• Vk hfs tifkf lugtrm sfhgkgs2

• ukg sfhgkg, siftf dègs2

• uk dèg, 04 jmrgs2

• ukg jmrg, 31 hikutms2

• uk hikutm, 31 sfoukdms.

G trg`gegr...

½Wué mtrms lmhpgsfs pufdf fklmktrgr fk ng kgturgnfzg=

Fslri`g fk fstgs nèkfgs fefhpnms df lmhpgsfs.

½Y fk su vidg digrig=





Fn lmhpçs

Fs divfrtidm lugkdm lmklifktizghms fn prmlfsm lmhpnftm df mrogkizgliük df uk

cfkühfkm kgturgn m df kufstrgs prmpigs gltividgdfs. Qufs ìfk, gjmrg nm jgrf-hms lmk ng mrogkizgliük df ng hõsilg.

7. ½Wué fs uk lmhpçs=

Fn lmhpçs fk hõsilg fs ukg ukidgd df hfdidg quf sf lmhpmkf df ukidgdfs

df tifhpm, (quf smk ngs courgs husilgnfs quf yg vihms “ng kforg, ng `ngklg, ng

lmrljfg, ftl.). Fstgs ukidgdfs df tifhpm sf mrogkizgk fk orupms fk nms lugnfs

sf fklufktrg ukm m dms tifhpms lmk glfktugliük hçs m`vig quf fk nms mtrms

tifhpms.

Jgy quf gtfkdfr tghìék ng lngsiclgliük df nms lmhpgsfs. Qufdfk dgrsf pmr5

7. Fn kõhfrm df tifhpms quf nms cmrhgk, df dmkdf m`tfkfhms nms lmhpgsfs

ìkgrims, tfrkgrims m lugtfrkgrims.

Sfghms ukg orçclg quf kms hufstrg fn lmklfptm gktfrimr. \f pufdf m`sfrvgr

lühm fstçk glfktugdms nms orupms, lgdg dms, lgdg trfs m lgdg lugtrm courgs.

0. Ng cukliük df su`divisiük df nms punsms, y gsè pufdfk sfr lmhpgsfs sih-

pnfs m lmhpgsfs lmhpufstms. Nms sihpnfs smk gqufnnms luyg ukidgd df tifh-

pm sf pufdf su`dividir g ng hitgd. Nms lmhpufstms smk nms quf su ukidgd df

tifhpm sf su`dividf fk trfs.

Gquè jgy ukg orçclg quf fxpnilg visugnhfktf fstgs dms lngsiclglimkfs5

Tifhpms

Glfktms

Tifhpms

Glfktms

Tifhpms

Glfktms

. . . . . . . .. . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

@ikgrim (0 tifhpms)

Tfrkgrim (< tifhpms)

Lugtfrkgrim (4 tifhpms)



93IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

0. Tifhpm df lmhpçs

Gktfs df sfouir gdfngktf fxpnilgrfhms qué fs fn tifhpm df lmhpçs, pgrg quésirvf y qué fs nm quf siokiclg.

Fn tifhpm df lmhpçs fs ukg hfdidg quf sf fslri`f fk fn pfktgorghg ikhfdig-

tghfktf dfspués df ng lngvf df smn2 tghìék sf pufdf fslriìr dfspués df ukg

dm`nf `grrg, y fktmklfs ikdilgrèg uk lghìm fk fn tifhpm df lmhpçs.

Gdfhçs, pgrg quf sfg lngrm lgdg lmhpçs, fstf df`f dividirsf pmr hfdim df

nèkfgs vfrtilgnfs, pfrpfkdilungrfs gn pfktgorghg, y lmhm su cukliük nm ikdilg,

tghìék gsè sf nnghgk5 nèkfgs divismrigs. Fstg crglliük nf dilf gn iktérprftf luçktms

punsms m tifhpms jgy fk lgdg lmhpçs, y qué courg dfckf fn punsm df ng pifzg.

Fstf fefhpnm orçclm fxpnilg huy ìfk5 luçktms y luçnfs.

0

4

Fstf kõhfrm ikdilg

luçktms punsms jgy fk

lgdg lmhpçs.

Fstf kõhfrm ikdilg

quf ng courg quf lmh-

pnftg uk punsm fs ng

kforg.

3:

9:

70:

04

<4

44

Lmhpgsfs sihpnfs lmk sus ukidgdfs df tifhpm y divisimkfs ìkgrigs lmrrfspmkdifktfs.

Lmhpgsfs lmhpufstms lmk sus ukidgdfs df tifhpm y divisimkfs ìkgrigs lmrrfspmkdifktfs.



9?Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg ?

Mtrg cmrhg df fxpnilgr fn tifhpm df lmhpçs5

Gjmrg `ifk, 0/0 y 4/4 tifkfk uk sèh`mnm quf nms idfkticlg. Fstms siokms km smk

kõhfrms. Fn siokm df lugtrm lugrtms (4/4 “ lugtrm kforgs) fs ukg L2 fn siokm df

dms hfdims (0/0 “ dms `ngklgs) fs ukg L lmk ukg nèkfg gtrgvfsgdg. \i sf ceg, gh-

`ms tifhpms df lmhpçs smk fquivgnfktfs, pfrm ukm sf dividf fk dms y fn mtrm sf

dividf fk lugtrm. Fstms smk nms sèh`mnms5

<. Vkidgd df tifhpm y ukidgd df lmhpçs

Ng ukidgd df tifhpm fs ng courg quf mlupg uk smnm tifhpm dfn lmhpçs. Ng uki-dgd df lmhpçs fs ng courg quf mlupg fn lmhpçs lmhpnftm2 fktmklfs, vfghms

ukg orçclg quf pufdf fksf÷grnf fstf lmklfptm5

Lmhpgsfs

Ikdilgdmr Vkidgd df tifhpm Durgliük dfn lmhpçs Glfktugliük

0

4

<

4

4

4

0

0

3

:

.

.

44

00

0

0

<

0

4

0

0

4

<

4

4

4

0

:

<

:

4

:

0 0 0

< < <

4 4 4



9:IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Fsluljfhms pifzgs lmk dicfrfktfs tifhpms df lmhpçs5

4. \èh`mnms df rfpftiliükGktfs df tfrhikgr ng sfsiük quifrm fksf÷grnf dms sèh`mnms df suhg ihpmrtgk-

lig.

Fn prihfrm fs ng `grrg df rfpftiliük quf lmksistf fk dms nèkfgs, ukg dfnogdg y

mtrg orufsg, y dms puktms. Fstf siokm kms ikdilg quf df`fhms rfpftir fsf trmzm

husilgn. Sfghms uk fefhpnm5

Tifhpm df lmhpçsKmh`rf y gutmr df ng pistg

husilgnFknglf

Dms lugrtms"Fn fh`ruem df tu vimnèk", Hgrim

Hgurgkm/Grhgkdm Tgoiki

- Fsluljf ng pistg #4?jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8td4HGFsKy:W

Trfs lugrtms"Sgns Fn Fhpfrgdmr", Emjgkk

\trguss (jiem)

- Fsluljf ng pistg #4:jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/

wgtlj=v84ClTYC1M@\o “ nmsprihfrms trfs hikutms

Lugtrm lugrtms"Lmrgzük df ki÷m", Pgõn Di

@ngsim

- Fsluljf ng pistg #49jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/

wgtlj=v8I4gMW`cL99o

\fis mltgvms "Nms trflf", _mtz`fnè Gouingr - Fsluljf ng pistg #61

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8PS@Wc@ssozW

04

Crgohfktm quf sf rfpitf




Fn mtrm siokm fs ng dm`nf `grrg quf fs iougn g ng `grrg df rfpftiliük pfrm sik nms

puktms, y fstf siokm kms ikdilg quf ng pifzg yg tfrhikü, fs uk puktm y ckgn fk ng

fslriturg husilgn. Sfghms fn siokm5

Onmsgrimglmofr5 Gdhitir fk su lgsg m ng lmhpg÷èg df gnouifk.

gntruistg5 Qfrsmkg quf nf hufvf fn gcçk df prmlurgr fn ìfk gefkm sik fspfrgr kgdg g lghìm.

lmklifktizgr5 Jglfr quf ukg pfrsmkg quf tmhf lmkslifklig, fs dflir, jglfr quf ukg pfrsmkg sf lmkmzlg

g sè hishm y nm quf sulfdf fk su fktmrkm.

pfktgorghg5 Fs fn nuogr dmkdf sf fslri`fk ngs kmtgs y nms dfhçs siokms husilgnfs.

Pfsuhfk

Fn lmhpçs fk hõsilg fs ukg ukidgd df hfdidg quf sf lmhpmkf df ukidgdfs df tifhpm. Nms lmhpg-

sfs pufdfk dgrsf pmr fn kõhfrm df tifhpms quf nms cmrhgk, m ng su`divisiük df nms punsms.

Fn tifhpm df lmhpçs fs ukg hfdidg quf sf fslri`f fk fn pfktgorghg ikhfdigtghfktf dfspués df

ng lngvf df smn2 tghìék sf pufdf fslriìr dfspués df ukg dm`nf `grrg pgrg ikdilgr uk lghìm fk fn

tifhpm df lmhpçs. Fk fn pfktgorghg, fn lmhpçs df`f dividirsf pmr hfdim df nèkfgs divismrigs qufikdilgk luçktms punsms jgy fk lgdg lmhpçs y qué ciourg dftfrhikg fn punsm df ng pifzg.

Ng ukidgd df tifhpm fs ng ciourg quf mlupg uk smnm tifhpm dfn lmhpçs. Ng ukidgd df lmhpçs fs ng

ciourg quf mlupg fn lmhpçs lmhpnftm.

Mtrms sèh`mnms smk ng `grrg df rfpftiliük, quf ikdilg quf df`fhms rfpftir fsf trmzm husilgn. Fn mtrm

siokm fs ng dm`nf `grrg quf ikdilg quf ng pifzg yg tfrhikü.

04

Nèkfg divismrig

Dm`nf `grrg ckgn



711IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Gutmlmktrmn


\f fslmoifrmk difz lgklimkfs dfn lgklimkfrm quf fstç gn cikgn df su ni`rm. Fslri`g fk ng nèkfg df ng dfrf-

ljg fn tifhpm df lmhpçs, luçktms punsms y qué ciourg lmhpnftg uk punsm5


G lmktikugliük fklmktrgrç uk pfktgorghg lmk nms siouifktfs fnfhfktms5

7. Vkg lngvf df smn quf ikdilg qué gnturg df smkidms jgy fk fstf trmzm husilgn.

0. Vk tifhpm df lmhpçs quf ikdilg luçktms punsms tifkf y luçn fs ng ukidgd df tifhpm df ng pifzg.

<. Lmhpgsfs quf dividfk fn pfktgorghg lmk ng hishg lgktidgd df punsms lgdg ukm.

4. Nèkfgs divismrigs quf dividfk fsms lmhpgsfs.

6. Gnoukgs kmtgs quf ikdilgk gn iktérprftf luçn fs ng hfnmdèg.

3. @grrg df rfpftiliük quf ikdilg quf sf rfpitf ng pifzg lmhpnftg.

Km. Lgkliük ½Fn tifhpm df lmhpçs= ½Luçktms punsms= ½Wué courg=

7 Ng \gkeugkfritg

0 Vk dèg df ghmr

< \mk ljgpèk

4 ½Qmr qué sfrç=

6 Kmljfs df Fsluiktng

3 @fnng Ougtfhgng

? Nikdg hgdrf

: Df rgzg hgyg smy

9 Ljiljilgstfkgkom

71 Ng ognnikitg Emsfckg




Di`uef ukg cnfljg gn lmklfptm y fslri`g fn kõhfrm quf lmrrfspmkdf gn lmklfptm lmrrfltm.


Fk nms siouifktfs pfktgorghgs fslri`g fn tifhpm df lmhpçs quf lrff quf fs fn lmrrfltm. \mnm pufdf

jg`fr ukm df lgdg ukm df nms fefhpnms df nms quf gpgrflfk g lmktikugliük5

7

Tifhpm df lmhpçs5

0

0

<

4

<

:

4

4

3

:

(

( (

(






kmnmorgdm


Lmkmzlm ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn lgktgutmr Pilgrdm Gremkg.

Idfkticlm fn rithm husilgn df Héxilm5 Egrg`f tgpgtèm.

Pflmkmzlm uk lmhpçs y nm iktfrprftm fk uk pfktgorghg.

(

. .

. . .

Tifhpm df lmhpçs5



71<Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg :

:

Pfpgsm5 sfhgkgs 7 g ?Ng hõsilg fs uk flm dfn hukdm ikvisi`nf.

Oiusfppf Hgzziki


Hõsilg ogrècukg

Jmkdurgs

Ogrècukg y `ginf "Fn Lgslgrf÷m"

Pfpgsm sfhgkgs 7 g ?


Lmkmlfr ng hõsilg trgdilimkgn ogrècukg.

Idfkticilgr nms rithms husilgnfs df Jmkdurgs5 ogrècukg y lgslgrf÷m.

Pfpgsgr nms lmktfkidms df ngs sfhgkgs 7 g ?.

Pfsmnvfr nms fefrlilims dfn rfpgsm pgrg fvgnugrsf fk ng pruf`g pgrlign.

Qrfpgrgrsf `ifk pgrg ng pruf`g df fvgnugliük.




Wufridg y qufridm fstudigktf5

\f gprmxihg ng pruf`g pgrlign df Cmrhgliük Husilgn dfn orupm Vtgtnçk y df`f prfpgrgrsf gdflug-

dghfktf, rfpgsgkdm nms lmktfkidms df ng sfhgkg 7 g ng ?.

Qgrg gprmvfljgr fstf rfpgsm nf rflmhfkdghms5

• Jgog uk pngk df nm quf fstudigrç lgdg dèg y trgtf df luhpnirnm. Dfdiquf hçs tifhpm g

nms tfhgs quf nf rfsuntfk dicèlinfs.

• @usquf uk nuogr trgkquinm, inuhikgdm y sinfklimsm pgrg fstudigr.

• Nfg nms rfsõhfkfs df lgdg sfhgkg y fslri`g ngs idfgs hçs ihpmrtgktfs fk su lugdfrkm.

• Fsluljf ng lngsf rgdign. \us prmcfsmrfs nmlutmrfs nf glmhpg÷grçk fk fstf rfpgsm y nf gyu-

dgrçk g rfsmnvfr gnoukms fefrlilims.

• Lmhpruf`f quf jgyg rfgnizgdm `ifk nms gutmlmktrmnfs. \i tifkf dudgs, vufnvg g nffr ngs

sfhgkgs, gjè fklmktrgrç fxpnilglimkfs y fefhpnms. Pflufrdf quf pufdf lmksuntgr sus

dudgs fk su tutmr.

½Lühm sfrç ng pruf`g df fvgnugliük=

Ng pruf`g pgrlign fvgnõg nms hishms lmktfkidms y df ng hishg cmrhg fk quf nms jg trg`gegdm

sfhgkg g sfhgkg.

• Lugkdm rfsufnvg fefrlilims y prm`nfhgs df`f dfegr fslritm fn prmlfdihifktm.

• Huy ihpmrtgktf5 lgdg sfrif lmktifkf ikstrullimkfs fxgltgs df nm quf df`f rfgnizgr fk

lgdg gpgrtgdm, gsè lmhm ng vgnmrgliük gsiokgdg.

\i ustfd sf prfpgrg lmk tifhpm y dfdilgliük, fn rfsuntgdm sfrç sgtiscgltmrim.



716Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg :


Hõsilg ogrècukg “ Fsluljf ng pistg #67

Ng hõsilg ogrècukg tifkf uk pgpfn cukdghfktgn y prfpmkdfrgktf fk nms fvfktms

smlignfs, ritms fspiritugnfs rfnioimsms, glmktflihifktms jistürilms, vidg lmtidigkg

y lilnms cfstivms y sgorgdms df su lunturg2 tgktm fs gsè quf pmr hfdim df ng

hõsilg y ng dgkzg ng lmhukidgd ogrècukg fstg`nflf ukg lmhukilgliük dirfltg

lmk su fspiritugnidgd y su cmrhg df fktfkdfr ng vidg.

\u hõsilg y dgkzgs tifkfk sus prmpigs lgrgltfrèstilgs, sifkdm nms fstinms hçs

crflufktfs ng Quktg, fn Jþjþjþoþ, fn Juoþnfkdu, fn Ygkbuku y ng Qgrrgkdg. Fstgs

dgkzgs sifhprf sf glmhpg÷gk lmk ikstruhfktms nms tgh`mrfs, ngs hgrglgs,

ngs lgpgrgzmkfs df tmrtuog y ngs trmhpftgs df lgrglmn. Ng hgymrèg df vflfs fn

lgktm fs iktfrprftgdm pmr uk smnistg glmhpg÷gdm pmr uk lmrm. Lgdg dgkzg tifkf

vfstugrim, ikstruhfktms y uk fksgh`nf fspflècilms.

Fktrf ngs lgrgltfrèstilgs hçs ihpmrtgktfs df ng hõsilg y dgkzgs ogrècukgs fstçk5

ng ikcnufklig gcrilgkg fk ngs dgkzgs y rithms, ng fefluliük df lgktms fk cmrhg

df prfouktg/rfspufstg, fn rithm lmkstgktf y fn lmktfkidm df nms tfxtms df ngs

lgklimkfs.

Fktrfvistg pfrsmkgn “ ikcmrhgliük prmpmrlimkgdg pmr fn Hgfstrm Pmofnim Nikm Crgkzug





Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

Jmkdurgs“ Fsluljf ngs pistgs #60 (`ginfs ogrècukgs) y #6< ("Fn Lgslgrf÷m")

Ng hõsilg df fstf pgès tifkf ukg prmyflliük lmhõk df cfstfem y rfnioiük. Fn`ginf sf idfkticilg lmhm uk smnm lufrpm iktfrprftgtivm, gsè jgygk huljms `ging-

rikfs, nm lugn cmrtgnflf ng grtilungliük smlign. Gn iougn

quf fk ng hgymrèg df pgèsfs ngtikmghfrilgkms, ngs

hgkicfstglimkfs husilgnfs y df dgkzg df Jmkdurgs

dfpfkdfk df su ofmorgcèg y su lmktfxtm lunturgn,

pmr nm quf sf pufdfk fklmktrgr lmrfmorgcègs df

hmvihifktms sihpnfs m huy lmhpnfems, quf fx-

prfsgk fstgdms df çkihm. Ng hgymrèg df `ginfs smk

lmrfmorgcègs nikfgnfs m lirlungrfs.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm feflutgk nms `ginfs ogrècukgs y ginf "Fn Lgslgrf÷m", puf-

df lmksuntgr ngs siouifktfs dirfllimkfs fnfltrükilgs5

@ginfs ogrècukgs5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v81fn_j<pfQqG

"Fn Lgslgrf÷m"5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8v:ffUL6odVw

"Fn Lgslgrf÷m"

`ginf ogrècukg



71?Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg :


Pfpgsm5 sfhgkgs 7 g ?Nnfoghms pmr k g ng sfhgkg df rfpgsm. Fs uk `ufk hmhfktm pgrg quf jgog-

hms uk gntm y rffximkfhms tmdm nm quf jfhms gprfkdidm. Nm rftghms g quf

jgog ukg nnuvig df idfgs df tmdms nms lmklfptms quf gprfkdiü durgktf fstgs

prihfrgs siftf sfhgkgs.

7. Fn mriofk df ng hõsilg

Ng hõsilg fs ukg fxprfsiük ukivfrsgn dfn jmh`rf y jg fxistidm dfsdf sifhprf.

Fk sus ikilims nms jmh`rfs sf `gsgrmk fk ng kgturgnfzg y lrfgrmk m`eftms lmk

fn k df ihitgr nms smkidms nms cfkühfkms df ng kgturgnfzg, nms gkihgnfs y nms

hishms jmh`rfs. Nms prihfrms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs cufrmk fng`mrgdms lmk

jufsms, pifnfs y trmklms df hgdfrg.

Fefrlilim 7G lmktikugliük nf pngktfghms ukg sfrif df prfouktgs. Pfcnfximkf y fslri`g su rfspufstg.

7. ½Qmr qué lrff quf fn sfr juhgkm ikvfktü nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs=

0. ½Qufdf jglfr ukg nistg df nms ikstruhfktms quf nms prihfrms sfrfs juhgkms ikvfktgrmk= \i km sfglufrdg dfn kmh`rf, dfslrè`gnm

<. Qufdf vfr jmy fk dèg ikstruhfktms husilgnfs quf tfkogk sihinitud lmk nms gklfstrgnfs= ½\è=, ½luç-

nfs= Iougnhfktf, si km sf glufrdg dfn kmh`rf, dfslrè`gnm y luéktfkms dükdf nm jg fsluljgdm.

4. Dfslri`g ng hõsilg quf hçs nf jgyg nnghgdm ng gtfkliük df ng sflliük @ginfhms pmr Ghérilg.



71:IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

0. \mkidm, ruidm y sinfklim

Fn mèdm fs fn ürogkm sfksitivm “euktm lmk fn tgltm- quf kuklg dfslgksg. Vk sfr

juhgkm lmhifkzg g fsluljgr dfsdf nms 7: hfsfs df ofstgliük jgstg quf qufdg

smrdm m hufrf. Fn mèdm pfrli`f smkidms pmr hfdim df vi`rglimkfs fk fn tèhpgkm,

quf smk trgkshitidgs pmr fn kfrvim guditivm gn lfrf`rm.

Nms smkidms sf trgkshitfk pmr hfdims fnçstilms, lmhm fn goug, fn girf y nms m`-

eftms sünidms. Fn ruidm fs uk smkidm ikgrtilungdm, y pmr nm ofkfrgn dfsgorgdg`nf.

Lugkdm fn smkidm sf gntfrg df gnoukg cmrhg yg sfg fk vmnuhfk, fk gnturg, fk

tfxturg m fk durgliük, sf lmkvifrtf fk uk orgk ruidm, quf pufdf prmvmlgr lmk-

tghikgliük glõstilg. Ng lmktghikgliük glõstilg pufdf lgusgr ikgrtilungliük fk

kufstrg vidg.

Fn smkidm sf hidf fk dfli`fnims (d@). Fn mèdm dfn sfr juhgkm pfrli`f fk uk

hmdm kgturgn y sgkm fktrf 61 y 31 dfli`fnims.

Fefrlilim 0Nm ikvitghms g rflmrdgr nms lmklfptms gprfkdidms rfspmkdifkdm ngs siouifktfs prfouktgs.

7. ½Wué prfcifrf, fn smkidm, fn ruidm m fn sinfklim= ½Qmr qué=

0. ½\f glufrdg luçktms dfli`fnfs yg smk pfniormsms pgrg su mèdm= Fslri`g dms lmsgs quf prmvmlgk

fsf dg÷m fk su mèdm.

<. Jgy lugtrm lugnidgdfs dfn smkidm, ½pufdf fslri`ir luçnfs smk= ½\g`f lmk qué sf rfnglimkg lgdg

ukg= Nf dgré uk ikdilim5 ng gnturg sf rfnglimkg lmk ng hfnmdèg, y ½fn rfstm=

4. Qgrg quf jgyg smkidm nms lufrpms df`fk5




<. Nms fnfhfktms df ng hõsilg

Fn rithm fs fn grrfonm y ngs lmhìkglimkfs df smkidms y sinfklims. Ng `gsf dfn

rithm fs fn punsm, quf fs ng ukidgd `çsilg df divisiük dfn tifhpm.

Ng hfnmdèg fs fn rfsuntgdm df ukg sulfsiük df kmtgs quf vgrègk fk su gnturg, fs

dflir smkidms gntms m `gems, m durgliük, kmtgs ngrogs m lmrtgs, sfoõk su rithm.

Ng grhmkèg fs ng dispmsiliük y grrfonm df nms distiktms glmrdfs, fs dflir, distik-

tgs sulfsimkfs y lmhìkglimkfs df kmtgs. Ng cukliük priklipgn df ng grhmkèg fs

lmhpnfhfktgr y dgrnf ukg `gsf smkmrg g ng hfnmdèg.

Fefrlilim <7. Pfspmkdg ng siouifktf prfouktg5 Tfkfhms uk ürogkm dfktrm df kmsmtrms quf kms ikdilg fn rithm

df kufstrg vidg. ½Luçn fs=

0. Lmhpnftf ng siouifktf mrgliük5 Fn rithm df vgrims smkidms sf gsmlig lmk ng

df nms smkidms.

Fefrlilim 4Fslri`g fk fstgs lmnuhkgs mèftms quf pufdfk prmdulir nms fnfhfktms df ng hõsilg. Nf pmkom uk

fefhpnm df lgdg ukm.

Pithm Hfnmdèg Grhmkèg

Fn lufrpm Vkg cgutg Vk lugrtftm df vmlfs




4. Nms fnfhfktms rèthilms

Nms pgtrmkfs smk fvfktms rèthilms dmkdf sf rfpitfk lifrtms hmvihifktms df ng

hishg hgkfrg ukg y mtrg vfz.

Ngs courgs husilgnfs smk „ngs nftrgs‘ df ng hõsilg. Lugkdm ngs ourgs husilgnfs

fstçk smngs rikdgk ikcmrhgliük rèthilg sm`rf ng durgliük df nms smkidms y lugk-

dm ngs ourgs fstçk fk uk pfktgorghg dgk gdfhçs ikcmrhgliük sm`rf ng gnturg

df nms smkidms. Fxistfk mljm ourgs husilgnfs, nnghgdgs5 rfdmkdg, ngklg, kforg,

lmrljfg, sfhilmrljfg, cusg y sfhicusg.

Fn rithm tifkf lugtrm fnfhfktms5 punsm, tifhpm, glfktm y lmhpçs. Ngs ourgs

husilgnfs rfprfsfktgk orçlghfktf nms lugtrm fnfhfktms dfn rithm.

Fefrlilim 6G lmktikugliük fklmktrgrç uk lugdrm dmkdf pmdrç diùegr gnoukgs ciourgs husilgnfs y fslriìr su

kmh`rf y vgnmr. Nf dfeghms gnoukgs pistgs.

Ciourg husilgn Kmh`rf Sgnmr

Pfdmkdg

Hfdim tifhpm

Fefrlilim 3Fslri`g fk fstf fspglim tmdm nm quf sf glufrdf df ng fslriturg husilgn5 nf dghms ukms kmh`rfs y us-

tfd nms diùeg.

7. Qfktgorghg

0. Lngvf df smn

<. Tifhpm df lmhpçs

4. Kmtgs

6. Lmhpgsfs

3. Nèkfgs divismrigs

?. Dm`nf `grrg

:. \infklims

9. @fhmnfs

71. \mstfkidms

77. Nèkfgs gdilimkgnfs




6. Tifhpms df lmhpçs

Fn lmhpçs fk hõsilg fs ukg ukidgd df hfdidg quf sf lmhpmkf df ukidgdfs df

tifhpm. Nms lmhpgsfs pufdfk dgrsf pmr fn kõhfrm df tifhpms quf nms cmrhgk,

m ng su`divisiük df nms punsms.

Fn tifhpm df lmhpçs fs ukg hfdidg quf sf fslri`f fk fn pfktgorghg ikhfdig-

tghfktf dfspués df ng lngvf df smn2 tghìék sf pufdf fslriìr dfspués df ukg

dm`nf `grrg pgrg ikdilgr uk lghìm fk fn tifhpm df lmhpçs. Fk fn pfktgorghg,

fn lmhpçs df`f dividirsf pmr hfdim df nèkfgs divismrigs quf ikdilgk luçktms

punsms jgy fk lgdg lmhpçs y qué ourg dftfrhikg fn punsm df ng pifzg.

Ng ukidgd df tifhpm fs ng ourg quf mlupg uk smnm tifhpm dfn lmhpçs. Ng uki-

dgd df lmhpçs fs ng ourg quf mlupg fn lmhpçs lmhpnftm.

Mtrm sèh`mnm fs ng `grrg df rfpftiliük, quf ikdilg quf df`fhms rfpftir fsf trm-

zm husilgn. Mtrm siokm fs ng dm`nf `grrg quf ikdilg quf ng pifzg yg tfrhikü.

Fefrlilim ?Pfspmkdg ngs siouifktfs prfouktgs.

7. Fs ihpmrtgktf quf lmkmzlghms nm kufstrm. ½\f glufrdg lühm sf nnghg fn rithm ougtfhgntflm df

_mtz`fnè Gouingr=

0. Fk nms tifhpms df lmhpçs, ½qué quifrf dflir fn kuhfrgdmr (fn kõhfrm df grri`g)=

<. Y, ½fn dfkmhikgdmr (fn kõhfrm df g`gem)=

4. Qgrg tfrhikgr, luéktfkms qué cuf nm quf hçs nf oustü y nm quf hfkms nf oustü df fstg prihfrg

pgrtf df su gprfkdizgef df ng hõsilg y pmr qué. \iéktgsf fk ni`frtgd df dgr su mpikiük sm`rf nm

quf nf oustgrèg jg`fr gprfkdidm, pufs fs ihpmrtgktf ir hfemrgkdm fn hgtfrign df fstudim, y lmk su

mpikiük sf pmdrçk iklmrpmrgr lghìms g ngs prüxihgs fdilimkfs.






kmnmorgdm


Lmkmzlm ng hõsilg trgdilimkgn ogrècukg.

Idfktilm nms rithms husilgnfs df Jmkdurgs.

Pfpgsm nms lmktfkidms df ngs sfhgkgs 7 g ?.

Pfsufnvm nms fefrlilims dfn rfpgsm pgrg fvgnugrhf fk ng pruf`g pgr-

lign.

Hf prfpgrm `ifk pgrg ng pruf`g df fvgnugliük.

Mrifktglimkfs sm`rf ng pruf`g pgrlign¡Nnfoü fn hmhfktm df ng pruf`g!

Yg fstç nistm pgrg su pruf`g pgrlign df Cmrhgliük Husilgn. Nf prfsfktghms ngs õntihgs rflmhfkdglim-

kfs quf pufdfk gyudgrnf g ng jmrg dfn fxghfk.

Km sf "gtgsquf" fk kikoõk fefrlilim. Fhpiflf pmr ngs prfouktgs quf sfpg hfemr y nf qufdgrç hçs tifhpm pgrg

pfksgr fk ngs quf tfkog dudgs.

Gn cikgnizgr su fxghfk, rfnfg tmdgs sus rfspufstgs y vfg si gnom sf nf pgsü pmr gntm.

Qrfsfktf su pruf`g nihpig y mrdfkgdg.

¡Çkihm! Fn rfsuntgdm df su fxghfk sfrç fn prmdultm df su fscufrzm.

I \FPIF. 7 puktm lgdg rfspufstg lmrrfltg. Tmtgn 3 puktms.

IK\TPVLLIMKF\5 Pfnnfkf fn lèrlunm quf lmrrfspmkdf gn rfsuntgdm lmrrfltm.

7) Df ngs siouifktfs mrglimkfs, idfkticiquf luçn sfrfcifrf g ng hfdigkg.

Nfg gtfktghfktf ngs iks-

trullimkfs gktfs df lmk-

tfstgr. \i tifkf dudg, lmk-

suntf g su mrifktgdmr(g).

Gn rfli`ir ng pruf`g, y gk-

tfs df fhpfzgr g rfsmn-

vfrng, fslri`g su kmh`rf,

kõhfrm df lgrké, kõhfrm

df lfktrm y cfljg.

Orupm5 Vtgtnçk Hgtfrig5 Cmrhgliük HusilgnQruf`g5 Qrihfrg G-0176

Kmh`rf5 Lgrké5 Lèrlunm df fstudim Kµ5 Cfljg5

7, 0, <, 4, 6 7, 0, <, 6, : 7, 0, 4, :, 73

Quktfm5




9

Oékfrms husilgnfsDmkdf jgy hõsilg km pufdf jg`fr lmsg hgng.

Hioufn df Lfrvgktfs y \ggvfdrg


Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük, „fn lgktmr dfn pgisgef‘

Qgkghç

Luhìg pgkghf÷g

Iktrmdulliük g nms oékfrms husilgnfs

½Wué fs uk oékfrm husilgn=


Lmkmlfr ng ìmorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn lmhpmsitmr Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük.

Idfkticilgr fn rithm df ng luhìg pgkghf÷g.

Dicfrfkligr nms oékfrms husilgnfs.

Pfgnizgr ukg fktrfvistg y rfdgltgr ukg ìmorgcèg.





Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük(797? - 011<) “ Fsluljf ng pistg #64

Kglidm fk Tmdms \gktms Luljuhgtgkfs, Jufjuftfkgkom, „fnlgktmr dfn pgisgef‘, Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük P. cuf df prmcfsiüklmktgdmr y pfrimdistg gktfs quf hõsilm. Gukquf km cuf uk„hõsilm prmcfsimkgn‘ pmrquf km sf cmrhü glgdéhilghfktffk fsg çrfg, lmhpusm hçs df 011 lgklimkfs. \f glmh-pg÷g`g df su ouitgrrg pgrg fxprfsgr su ghmr pmr su pgès gnlmhpmkfr lgklimkfs sm`rf lgdg ukm df nms dfpgrtghfktmsdf Ougtfhgng, y tgh`iék sm`rf nms pgèsfs lfktrmghfrilgkms.

Dfstglü lmhm ikvfstiogdmr husilünmom y cmnlnmristg fk ng Vki-vfrsidgd df \gk Lgrnms df Ougtfhgng, orgligs gn lmkmlihifktmjfrfdgdm df su hgfstrm Efsõs Lgstinnm.

Huy vfrsçtin y lrfgtivm, utinizü lgsi tmdms nms fstinms pmpungrfslmhm fn `mnfrm `fouik, ng ougrgljg, `mnfrm trmpilgn, vgns, pgsmdm`nf y ng ougrih`g. Fktrf sus m`rgs hçs lmkmlidgs fstçk "Ng\gkeugkfritg", "Ougrih`g", "Jufjuftfkgkom", "Dèg df tu sgktm(Hg÷gkitgs ougtfhgntflgs)", "Hingormsm \f÷mr df Fsquipungs","\my df Uglgpg", ftl. Fstg õntihg lgkliük lufktg lmk hçs df711 vfrsimkfs org`gdgs f iktfrprftgdgs pmr dicfrfktfs grtistgs

kglimkgnfs f iktfrkglimkgnfs durgktf nms õntihms 61 g÷ms, fk-trf fnnms5 Qglm Lçlfrfs, Hgnglgtfs Tré`mn \jmp y Fn Hgriglji Sgrogs df Tflgnitnçk.Gdfhçs, cuf lmgutmr euktm lmk Fvfrgrdm df Nfük dfn cghmsm smk „Fn oritm‘.

Dmk Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük cgnnfliü fk fn g÷m 011<, y dfeü uk orgk nfogdm gng hõsilg pmpungr y cmnlnürilg df Ougtfhgng. Durgktf su vidg rfli`iü distiktmsogngrdmkfs sifkdm nms hçs dfstglgdms Ng Mrdfk dfn Wuftzgn fk orgdm df OrgkLruz y fn Qrfhim Kglimkgn Pgcgfn Çnvgrfz Mvgnnf.

G trg`gegr...½Lmkmlf gnoukg pifzg husilgn dfn hgfstrm Hmkzük= Fslri`g fn kmh`rf df ng pifzg.

Ikvfstiouf lmk su cghinig m fk ng lmhukidgd si fn hgfstrm Hmkzük lmhpusm gnoukg pifzg husilgn

sm`rf fn hukilipim m dfpgrtghfktm dmkdf vivfk. \i nm jizm, fslri`g fn kmh`rf df ng pifzg.





Fefrlilim 7

Fsluljf nms siouifktfs crgohfktms husilgnfs5

Iktrmdulliük g nms oékfrms husilgnfs

G lmktikugliük fklmktrgrç dicfrfktfs pifzgs husilgnfs pgrg quf rffximkf sm-

`rf fnngs.

"6g. sikcmkèg", Nudwio vgk @fftjmvfk. - Fsluljf ng pistg #63

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8Ozs-MOobUTV

• ½Lühm dfslri`irèg fstg hõsilg=

• ½Wué ikstruhfktm idfktilg fk fnng=

"Fn nf÷gdmr", Hgrim @mng÷ms Ogrlèg. - Fsluljf ng pistg #6?

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8ZplSieDjgsY&nist8QNDG:G@:33:L7@4CL4&ikdfx871



• ½Lühm fstg hõsilg fs dicfrfktf g ng gktfrimr=

"Cuistf tõ", Pilgrdm Gremkg / Og`y Hmrfkm. - Fsluljf ng pistg #6:

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8I9lLQWSQv:m



• ½Lühm fstg hõsilg fs dicfrfktf g ngs dms gktfrimrfs=





½Wué fs uk oékfrm husilgn=

Vk oékfrm husilgn fs ukg lgtfomrèg m lngsilgliük quf idfktilg g m`rgs husi-

lgnfs quf lmhpgrtfk sihingrfs lgrgltfrèstilgs. Glmrdf lmk nms ikstruhfktms utini-zgdms pgrg ng iktfrprftgliük df ukg m`rg husilgn, gsè lmhm su hfnmdèg, grhmkèg,

rithm y fstrulturg, ng hõsilg pufdf dividirsf fk trfs orgkdfs lgtfomrègs m oékf-

rms5 glgdéhilg, pmpungr y cmnlnürilg.

7. Hõsilg glgdéhilg

Fstg lngsilgliük iklnuyf g ng hõsilg quf utinizg fstrulturgs husilgnfs gvgkzgdgs

y ng utinizgliük dfn sistfhg df kmtgliük husilgn trgdilimkgn. Vsugnhfktf pmdf-

hms fsluljgr m`rgs glgdéhilgs lmk mrqufstgs sikcükilgs y gorupglimkfs lmrg-

nfs. Ofkfrgnhfktf nms hõsilms quf tmlgk fk fstms fksgh`nfs husilgnfs fstudigk

fk lmksfrvgtmrims y/m ukivfrsidgdfs fspflignizgdgs fk ng hõsilg glgdéhilg.

Fn mriofk df fstf oékfrm sf fklufktrg fk nm quf sf nnghg hõsilg lnçsilg ng lugn

cuf lmhpufstg fk Furmpg durgktf ng fdgd hfdig jgstg fn sionm ZZ. Fstg hõsilg

iklnuyf lmhpmsitmrfs tgnfs lmhm Qgnfstrikg, @glj, Sivgndi, Jgydk, @fftjmvfk,

Hmzgrt, Tljgibmvsby y Oikgstfrg.

\ik fh`grom, g nm ngrom df ng jistmrig jgk fxistidm dicfrfktfs lmhpmsitmrfs df

hõsilg glgdéhilg gnrfdfdmr dfn hukdm. Qmr fefhpnm, fk Ougtfhgng tfkfhms g

Emsé Emgquèk Mrfnngkg, Emrof \grhifktms, Qfdrm Kmngslm, @fkfdiltm \çfkz y Emsé

Fungnim \ghgymg.

Nms ikstruhfktms trgdilimkgnfs df ng hõsilg glgdéhilg iklnuyfk vimnèk, vimng,

vimnmkljfnm, lmktrg`gem, lmrkm crgklés, trmhpftg, trmh`ük, tu`g, lngrikftf, gu-

tg trgvfrsg, m`mf, cgomt, lmktrg-cgomt y tih`gnfs, fktrf mtrms. Huljms oékfrms

df ng hõsilg glgdéhilg, tgnfs lmhm ng üpfrg, hisgs y hgdriognfs iklnuyfk ng vmz

juhgkg.

Mrqufstg \ikcükilg df Sisiük Hukdign Ougtfhgng "\mkidms df Fspfrgkzg".




0. Hõsilg pmpungr

Fstf térhikm, quf tghìék sf lmkmlf lmhm hõsilg pmp, sf utinizg pgrg rfcfrirsf

g ngs lmhpmsilimkfs husilgnfs quf smk dfn gorgdm df ng hgymrèg df pfrsmkgs y

quf smk dicukdidgs priklipgnhfktf pmr hfdims lmhukilgliük hgsivms y rfdfs

smlignfs tgnfs lmhm tfnfvisiük, rgdim, Cglf`mmb, YmuTu`f y Twittfr. Ofkfrgnhfktf

fstg hõsilg fs lmhpufstg dirioidg g eüvfkfs y tifkfk ukg fstrulturg f ikstru-hfktgliük hfkms lmhpnfeg quf ng hõsilg glgdéhilg.

Nms ikstruhfktms ofkfrgnhfktf smk ouitgrrg fnéltrilg, `gem fnéltrilm, siktftizg-

dmr, gtfrèg, tmrkghfsgs df DE, y mtrms ikstruhfktms glõstilms quf smk prmlfsg-

dms y ghpnilgdms pmr `mlikgs y mtrms hflgkishms fnéltrilms y fnfltrükilms. Ng

vmz dfsfhpf÷g uk pgpfn vitgn fk ng hõsilg pmpungr, yg quf g trgvés dfn lgktgktf

ng gudifklig pufdf rfliìr uk hfksgef y/m rfprmdulir ng nftrg df ng lgkliük.

Dfktrm df nms priklipgnfs suòékfrms df ng hõsilg pmpungr fstçk5 rmlb, fnfltrü-

kilm, gkdg, gljgtg, sgnsg, hfrfkouf, rfoftük, smun, jip-jmp y gnoukms oékfrms

dfn egzz.

Gnoukms df nms priklipgnfs fxpmkfktfs df ng hõsilg pmpungr jgk sidm Tjf @fgt-

nfs (Ikongtfrrg), Hiljgfn Eglbsmk (Fstgdms Vkidms), \jgbirg (Lmnmhìg), Nuis Hi-

oufn (Héxilm), Qit @unn (Fstgdms Vkidms) y Eugk Nuis Oufrrg (Pfpõ`nilg Dmhikilg-

kg). Fk Ougtfhgng tfkfhms hõntipnfs grtistgs quf smk dfn gorgdm df ng hgymrèg

df ougtfhgntflms, fktrf mtrms Og`y Hmrfkm, Pilgrdm Gremkg, Hgnglgtfs Tré`mn

\jmp, Sifktm fk Lmktrg, Fn Tgh`mr df ng Triù, Gnux Kgjugn, y @mjfhig \uùr-

`gkg.

<. Hõsilg trgdilimkgn m cmnlnürilg

Fstf oékfrm husilgn fstç rfnglimkgdm lmk ngs lmstuh`rfs y ng lunturg df uk

puf`nm y/m pgès fspflèlm. Durgktf huljms g÷ms fstg hõsilg sf jg trgkshitidm

mrgnhfktf df ofkfrgliük fk ofkfrgliük, gukquf durgktf ngs õntihgs délgdgs fn

rfpfrtmrim cmnlnürilm jg fhpfzgdm g fstgr prfsfktf fk lmksfrvgtmrims y fslufngs

df hõsilg.

Fstg hõsilg fstç lgrgltfrizgdg pmr ng utinizgliük df hfnmdègs, grhmkègs

y df ukg lmhìkgliük pgrtilungr df ikstruhfktms prmpims df ng rfoiük.

Huljgs m`rgs husilgnfs smk ikstruhfktgnfs, fs dflir, sik vmz, gukquf ngs

hçs pmpungrfs iklnuyfk ng vmz juhgkg. Fefhpnms df hõsilg cmnlnürilg nms

fklmktrghms fk5 fn cghfklm (Fspg÷g), fn hgriglji y ng hõsilg egrmljg

(Héxilm), ng hõsilg gkdikg (@mnivig, Qfrõ y ng rfoiük df nms Gkdfs), ng sgh`g

(@rgsin) y fn tgkom (Grofktikg).

Fk Ougtfhgng fxistf uk vgstm nfogdm df hõsilg trgdilimkgn m cmnlnürilg fk lmh-

pmsilimkfs lmk ikstruhfktms tgnfs lmhm hgrih`g, tuk y ljirihèg. Gnoukms fefh-

pnms df fstg hõsilg smk5 \mk @grrf÷m, Pgìkgn Gljè, ng Dgkzg df Hmrms y Lris-

tigkms, y fn \mk Ljgpèk.




Onmsgrimfslmngridgd5 Orgdms gprm`gdms fk fn sistfhg fdulgtivm. Fe. 0µ. Qrihgrig, 4µ. @gljinnfrgtm, <µ. @çsilm, 6µ.

\fhfstrf df ukivfrsidgd, ftl.

cmnlnmristg5 Qfrsmkg quf fstudig ngs lrffkligs, lmstuh`rfs, grtfsgkègs y trgdilimkfs df uk puf`nm.

husilünmom5 Qfrsmkg fspflignistg fk fn fstudim lifktèlm df ng tfmrèg y ng jistmrig df ng hõsilg.

kmtgliük husilgn5 \istfhg df fslriturg pgrg rfprfsfktgr orçlghfktf ukg pifzg husilgn.

Df`idm g ng fvmnuliük df ng hõsilg durgktf nms õntihms g÷ms, jmy dèg pmdfhms

gprfligr ng cusiük df vgrims oékfrms husilgnfs, pmr nm quf huljgs vflfs ng lng-

silgliük df ukg m`rg husilgn df`f lmksidfrgr dms m hçs lgtfomrègs. Qmr fefh-

pnm, ng mrqufstg sikcükilg tmlgkdm hõsilg pmpungr.

"I Omttg Cffniko", @nglb Fyfd Qfgs (iktfrprftgdg pmr ukg mrqufstg df

lufrdgs). - Fsluljf ng pistg #69

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8iJtpJiVc]qH

Hçs gdfngktf vghms g vfr nms dicfrfktfs su`-oékfrms quf pmdfhms fklmktrgr

fk ng hõsilg glgdéhilg, pmpungr y cmnlnürilg.

"Dgkzg dfn vfkgdm"




Pfsuhfk

Fn oékfrm husilgn fs ukg lgtfomrèg m lngsicilgliük quf idfkticilg g m`rgs husilgnfs quf lmhpgrtfk

sihingrfs lgrgltfrèstilgs. Fxistfk trfs orgkdfs lgtfomrègs m oékfrms husilgnfs5 glgdéhilg, pmpungr y

cmnlnürilg.

Ng hõsilg glgdéhilg utinizg fstrulturgs husilgnfs gvgkzgdgs, ofkfrgnhfktf fstgs m`rgs ngs feflutgk

mrqufstgs sikcükilgs y gorupglimkfs lmrgnfs. Nms hõsilms quf tmlgk fk fstms fksgh`nfs husilgnfs

fstudigk fk lmksfrvgtmrims y/m ukivfrsidgdfs fspflignizgdgs fk ng hõsilg glgdéhilg. Fn mriofk df

fstf oékfrm sf fklufktrg fk nm quf sf nnghg hõsilg lnçsilg ng lugn cuf lmhpufstg fk Furmpg durgktf

ng fdgd hfdig jgstg fn sionm ZZ.

Ng hõsilg pmpungr m hõsilg pmp smk lmhpmsilimkfs husilgnfs dfn gorgdm df ng hgymrèg df pfrsmkgs

y smk rgdim, tfnfvisiük y rfdfs smlignfs. Fstg hõsilg fs dirioidg g eüvfkfs y nms ikstruhfktms quf uti-

nizg smk ouitgrrg fnéltrilg, `gem fnéltrilm, siktftizgdmr, `gtfrèg, tmrkghfsgs df De, quf smk prmlfsgdms

y ghpnicilgdms pmr `mlikgs y ng vmz fs huy ihpmrtgktf. Dfktrm df nms priklipgnfs su`oékfrms df ng

hõsilg pmpungr fstçk5 rmlb, fnfltrükilm, `gkdg, `gljgtg, sgnsg, hfrfkouf, rfoogftük, smun, jip-jmp ygnoukms oékfrms dfn egzz.

Ng hõsilg cmnlnürilg fstç rfnglimkgdg lmk ngs lmstuh`rfs y ng lunturg df uk puf`nm y/m pgès fspflè-

cilm2 sf jg trgkshitidm mrgnhfktf df ofkfrgliük fk ofkfrgliük, y sf lgrgltfrizg pmr ng utinizgliük df

hfnmdègs, grhmkègs y df ukg lmh`ikgliük pgrtilungr df ikstruhfktms prmpims df ng rfoiük.

Gutmlmktrmn


G lmktikugliük fklmktrgrç uk mrogkizgdmr orçcilm. Lmhpnftf nms fspglims fk `ngklm sfoõk nm gprfkdi-

dm.

Lngsiclgliük dfnms oékfrms husi-

lgnfs

- Nms hõsilms fstudigk fk lmksfrvgtmrims.

pmpungr

- \f trgkshitf df ofkfrgliük fk ofkfrgliük.





Fsluljf ngs siouifktfs m`rgs husilgnfs. Lngsiciquf lgdg m`rg y fxpniquf `rfvfhfktf fn pmr qué df su

fnflliük.

LgkliükOékfrm husilgn

(hõsilg glgdéhilg, pmpungr,m trgdilimkgn m cmnlnürilg)

½Qmr qué lngsicqué fstgm`rg fk fstf oékfrm=

"Dgrtf uk `fsm", Qriklf Pmylf. - Fsluljf ng pistg #31

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8`dMZkT`yb1o

"Ngs lugtrm fstglimkfs",

Gktmkim Sivgndi.

- Fsluljf ng pistg #37jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8OPxmcFhm<JG

"\mk df Ng Kforg",Hgriglji Sgrogs.

- Fsluljf ng pistg #30jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8qBFh79nHeuW

"Df qué sirvf qufrfr",

Hgnglgtfs Tré`mn \jmp.

- Fsluljf ng pistg #3<jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8WM7\04r7DCw

"Ouinnfrhm Tfnn" (M`frturg)

Oimgljikm Pmssiki.

- Fsluljf ng pistg #34


wgtlj=v8FkkV-pt`CFG

Hõsilg gkdikg df @mnivig.



wgtlj=v8Hu9ZuofhkJ:






kmnmorgdm


i g r . . .

Lmkmzlm ng ìmorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn lmhpmsitmr Emsé Frkfstm

Hmkzük.

Idfktilm fn rithm df ng luhìg pgkghf÷g.

Dicfrfklim nms oékfrms husilgnfs.

Pfgnizm ukg fktrfvistg y fslri`m ukg ìmorgcèg.


Idfktiquf g uk hõsilm df su lmhukidgd y smnilètfnf pfrhism pgrg fktrfvistgrnm. Gquè nf dghms ukg ouèg

pgrg ng fktrfvistg quf rfgnizgrç. \ik fh`grom, ustfd pufdf jglfr hçs prfouktgs, sfoõk vgyg lmkmlifkdm

gn fktrfvistgdm.

Kmh`rf5

Fdgd5 \fxm5 Fstgdm livin5

Fslmngridgd5 Ikstruhfktm quf tmlg5

Tifhpm df sfr hõsilm5 ½Wuiék nf fksf÷ü=

Fdgd g ng quf lmhfkzü g tmlgr hõsilg5

½Lühm cuf quf sf iktfrfsü pmr gprfkdfr hõsilg=

½Wué oékfrm husilgn iktfrprftg=

½Tmlg smnm m fk fksgh`nf=

½Wué pifksg m sifktf df pmdfr sfr hõsilm=

Pfdgltf ng ìmorgcèg dfn hõsilm fktrfvistgdm (usf ngs ìmorgcègs df Vk riklmklitm df Ougtfhgng lmhm ouèg).

Pfdgltf ngs lmklnusimkfs df su fktrfvistg pfksgkdm fk qué ihpgltm jg tfkidm ng hõsilg fk ng pfrsmkg quffktrfvistü, y lmhpçrtgnm fk su lèrlunm df fstudim.




71

Dikçhilgs df vfnmlidgd y vmnuhfkNg hõsilg kgliü ni`rf y su dfstikm fs lmkquistgr ng ni`frtgd.

Cfrrullim @usmki


Cfnipf df Efsõs Mrtfog

Pfpõ`nilg Dmhikilgkg

Hfrfkouf y `gljgtg

Ng iktfksidgd df ukg m`rg husilgn



Lmkmlfr ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn lmhpmsitmr Cfnipf df Efsõs Mrtfog.

Idfkticilgr nms rithms dmhikilgkms5 hfrfkouf y `gljgtg.

Dicfrfkligr ngs goüoilgs pgrg idfkticilgr ng vfnmlidgd df ukg pifzg husilgn.

Dicfrfkligr ng iktfksidgd df vmnuhfk df ukg pifzg husilgn.





Cfnipf df Efsõs Mrtfog(79<3 - ) “ Fsluljf ng pistg #33

Hédilm y liruegkm df ng Vkivfrsidgd df \gk Lgrnms, lmk Hgfstrèg fk Qsilmnmoèg

Lnèkilg y Hédilg df ng Vkivfrsidgd Crgklislm Hgrrmquèk, Jipkünmom Lnèkilm dfn

Ikstitutm Ougtfhgntflm df Jipkmsis Lnèkilg, Husilmtfrgpfutg.

Fk fn lghpm husilgn tifkf ukg ghpnig trgyfltmrig, lmkmlidg fk Ougtfhgng y cuf-

rg df kufstrgs crmktfrgs, lmhm Dirfltmr df lmrm y df mrqufstg. Cuf iktforgktf

df ng Mrqufstg \ikcükilg Kglimkgn lmhm cngutistg2 tgh`iék fs pigkistg, mrogkistg,

lmhpmsitmr y grrfonistg df dicfrfktfs oékfrms husilgnfs. Jg fslritm trfs ni`rms

rfnglimkgdms lmk ng hõsilg lmrgn. Fs lrfgdmr df hçs df 711 m`rgs y jg rfgnizgdm

hçs df 711 grrfonms df hõsilg ougtfhgntflg y dfn hukdm.

Fk fn 0114 ikorfsü g ng Gsmligliük df Hédilms Fslritmrfs, df ng quf cuf Qrfsi-

dfktf fk 0119 y gltugnhfktf \flrftgrim df ng Euktg Dirfltivg. Jg fslritm sfis

ni`rms df mrifktgliük y gyudg, fk fspflign pgrg pgrfegs5 „Gprfkdifkdm g ghgr‘,

„Gprfkdifkdm g sfr pgpç y hghç‘, „½Fs pmsi`nf fvitgr fn divmrlim=‘, „½Y si hf

tmlgrg sfr hgdrf smntfrg=‘, „½Wuifrfs sfr hi kmvig=‘ y „¡Guxinimmm… Qgpçgg!‘,

fstf õntihm fs ukg kmvfng df vgnmrfs2 y uk ni`rm quf fs uk fkcmquf psilmnüoilm

df pmsi`nfs lgusgs df pmr qué fstghms lmhm fstghms5 „½Qmr qué Ougtf-

HGNG=‘. Tgh`iék jg fslritm ukg lmnflliük df pmfhgs df divfrsms tüpilms y jg

gltugdm fk hõntipnfs mpmrtukidgdfs lmhm dflnghgdmr.





Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

Pfpõ`nilg Dmhikilgkg“ Fsluljf ngs pistgs #3? (hfrfkouf) y #3: (`gljgtg)

Ng hõsilg df fstf pgès sf lgrgltfrizg pmr sus rithms gnforfs y df hgkicfstgliük

df rfomliem pmr ng vidg. Ng hgymrèg df rithms, gukquf sf `gingk fk pgrfegs, puf-

dfk sfr iktfrprftgdms ikdividugnhfktf. Nms ikstruhfktms hçs utinizgdms smk fn

fksgh`nf df hfrfkouf lmkeuktghfktf lmk ng oþirg, ng tgh`mrg y fk gnoukms

`ginfs, fn glmrdfük.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm sf feflutgk nms `ginfs df hfrfkouf y `gljgtg, pufdf

lmksuntgr ngs siouifktfs dirfllimkfs fnfltrükilgs5

Hfrfkouf5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8OylPZKWve9:

@gljgtg5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8qHmtz-dqw94

hfrfkouf

`gljgtg





Ng iktfksidgd df ukg m`rg husilgnGn iougn quf lugkdm jg`nghms y lghìghms fn tmkm df kufstrg vmz, ukg m`rg

husilgn pufdf lghìgr sfoõk ng cufrzg m iktfksidgd quf sf nf ihprihg gn iktfr-

prftgrng.

G trg`gegr...

Fsluljf "Kmljf df Qgz", df Crgkz Zgvfr Oru`fr fk ngs siouifktfs vfrsimkfs. Nufom mrdékfngs fk ng

tg`ng, fslriìfkdm fn kõhfrm df ng pistg df hçs sugvf g hçs cufrtf y df hçs nfktg g hçs rçpidg.


jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8Gh6GM1<_pjo (ikcgktin)

- Fsluljf ng pistg #?1jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8HzBxfCY<3sw (Ngurg Qgusiki)

- Fsluljf ng pistg #?7

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8em:ODh?dP1s (Ljristikg Gouinfrg)

- Fsluljf ng pistg #?0

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v87M4I-NbpS7W

(Qnglidm Dmhikom, Qgtrilig Bggs y Gnfegkdrm Cfrkgkdfz)

- Fsluljf ng pistg #?<

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8QoEpl`VE3qG (Lugtrm Ogtms)

Sfnmlidgd

(df hçs nfktm g hçs rçpidm)

Smnuhfk

(df pigkm g cmrtf)






\foõk fn dillimkgrim df ng Pfgn Glgdfhig Fspg÷mng, dikçhilg fs ng cufrzg m ik-

tfksidgd df ukg gltividgd m hmvihifktm. Fk hõsilg fs nm rfngtivm g ng vfnmlidgdy gn vmnuhfk dfn smkidm.

7. Dikçhilg df vfnmlidgd

Fn girf husilgn fs ng vfnmlidgd lmk quf sf feflutg ukg m`rg husilgn, m sfg ng hf-

didg fk omnpfs pmr hikutm. Vkg pifzg sf pufdf glfnfrgr “feflutgr hçs rçpidm-

m dfsglfnfrgr “feflutgr hçs nfktm“ lugkdm sf lgh`ig fn girf, m sf dgk hfkms

omnpfs pmr hikutm.

Gn priklipim dfn pfktgorghg, ofkfrgnhfktf sf fslri`f ng ikdilgliük gn iktérprftf

m dirfltmr dfn fksgh`nf sm`rf ng vfnmlidgd, fn lgrçltfr y ng iktfkliük df ng m`rg.

Fn dillimkgrim df ng Pfgn Glgdfhig Fspg÷mng dilf quf girf fs ng gpgrifklig, gs-

pfltm m fstinm df gnouifk m df gnom. Iougn fs fk hõsilg, pufs nf dg g ng hõsilg,

pmr hfdim df ng vfnmlidgd, fn fstinm quf fn lmhpmsitmr quifrf quf tfkog su m`rg,

y nms iktérprftfs sf ouigrçk pmr ng dfslripliük dgdg.

Fefrlilim 7

Pfvisf fn lgklimkfrm, gn cikgn df su ni`rm, y fk ngs siouifktfs nèkfgs fslri`g nms girfs husilgnfs quf fk-

lmktrü fk liklm lgklimkfs. Fslri`g prihfrm, fn kmh`rf df ng pifzg y nufom, su girf husilgn.

7.

0.

<.

4.

6.




Gjmrg vfrfhms ngs vfnmlidgdfs quf hçs sf utinizgk fk hõsilg. \f nfs nnghggoüoilgs y fn iktérprftf tifkf ni`frtgd pgrg utinizgr ng fxprfsiük sfoõk su oustm.

Gjmrg `ifk, fn lmhpmsitmr pufdf dgr ukg ikdilgliük lmhm ng df kufstrm fefh-

pnm, dmkdf suoifrf ng vfnmlidgd. \f ikdilgk lmk pgng`rgs fk itgnigkm y sf lmnmlg

gn priklipim df ng m`rg. Sfghms ngs goüoilgs quf hçs sf usgk5

Vk nfktm sf pufdf dfslri`ir lmhm huy dfspglim y fn tfhpfrghfktm fs lmkdmnmr. Vk gdgoim fs dfspglim, pfrm kmstçnoilm. Vk gkdgktf fs lmhm ukg pfr-

smkg quf lghikg lmk pgsm vivm. Vk gnnform km kflfsitg hgymr fxpnilgliük. Vk

prfstm fs rçpidm, huy vivm. Y prfstissihm fs huy rçpidm, rgpidèsihm, lmk huljg

fkfroèg.

Fefrlilim 0

@usquf fk fn dillimkgrim ngs siouifktfs pgng`rgs y fslri`g su siokilgdm fk ngs nèkgs5

• Kmstçnoilm5

• Hmdfrgdm5

• Gnforf5

• Qrfstm5

• Gkdgktf5

½\f dim lufktg df quf fk gnoukgs ikdilglimkfs jgy smnghfktf pgng`rgs y fk

mtrgs jgy pgng`rgs f ikdilglimkfs lmk kõhfrms= Nf fxpnilgré df qué sf trgtg5

Cèefsf fk fstf trmzm husilgn. Gn priklipim dilf Gnnform gssgi vivm (Vkg kforg 8

71:). \i sf rflufrdg, lugkdm vihms fn rithm jg`nghms df uk hfdidmr df punsms.

Ngs ikdilglimkfs quifrfk dflir quf sf df`fk tmlgr 71: kforgs pmr hikutm. Fs

gnom rçpidm, pufs gdfhçs kms ikdilg quf fs Gnnform.

Hçs rçpidm

ngrom nfktm gdgoim gkdgktf hmdfrgtm gnnform gnnforftm prfstm prfstissihm

Hçs nfktm




0. Dikçhilg df vmnuhfk

Sghms gjmrg g gkgnizgr ng dikçhilg df vmnuhfk. Fk ng sfhgkg 4 fstudighms ngs

lugnidgdfs df ng hõsilg, fktrf ngs quf fstç ng iktfksidgd dfn smkidm. Pflmrdfhms

ngs dikçhilgs df ng iktfksidgd df smkidm y sus lgh`ims.

Lugkdm ng iktfksidgd dfn smkidm m vmnuhfk vg guhfktgkdm sf nnghg lrfslfkdm.

Fstç fk itgnigkm, lmhm ng hgymrèg df nms térhikms df hõsilg. Lugkdm ng iktfksi-

dgd df smkidm m vmnuhfk vg dishikuyfkdm sf nnghg dflrfslfkdm. Fstms smk nms

sèh`mnms quf sf usgk.

Sfghms lühm sf utinizgk fk ukg pgrtiturg husilgn.

Qufdf kmtgr lühm vg df hçs sugvf g hfdim cufrtf ( ) y nufom df`f guhfktgr

fn vmnuhfk g uk cufrtèsihm ( ). Dfn hishm hmdm fs pgrg dishikuir fn vmnuhfk.Sfghms uk fefhpnm5

Gjmrg `ifk, lugkdm sf usgk nms dms, sf nnghgk rfoungdmrfs. M`sfrvf lühm sfutinizgk.

Lrfslfkdm Dihikufkdm / Dflrfslfkdm

. .44



7<1IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Onmsgrim

grrfonm husilgn5 Fs ng hmdilgliük g ukg m`rg husilgn mrioikgn pgrg pmtfkligr ng fxprfsividgd df ng

lmhpmsiliük husilgn. Vkg hishg lgkliük pufdf vgrigr sfoõk nms grrfonms quf iklmrpmrf.

fksgh`nf5 Dms m hçs pfrsmkgs quf iktfrprftgk m`rgs husilgnfs df dicfrfktfs oékfrms utinizgkdm su

vmz m ikstruhfktms husilgnfs.

iktfksidgd5 Lugnidgd quf dicfrfklig uk smkidm sugvf df uk smkidm cufrtf.

tfhpfrghfktm5 Lgrçltfr, cmrhg df sfr.

Pfsuhfk

Fn girf husilgn fs ng vfnmlidgd lmk quf sf feflutg ukg m`rg husilgn, y sf hidf fk omnpfs pmr hikutm2

g hfkmr kõhfrm df omnpfs, hfkmr vfnmlidgd2 y g hgymr kõhfrm df omnpfs, hgymr vfnmlidgd. Ng ik-

dilgliük dfn tipm m lgh`ims df vfnmlidgd df ukg hfnmdèg sf nnghg goüoilg m tfhpm. Fn lmhpmsitmr

ikdilg ng goüoilg gn ikilim dfn pfktgorghg, fstg fs ukg suofrfklig pgrg ng iktfrprftgliük df ng hfnmdèg,

pfrm fn iktérprftf pufdf prfcfrir utinizgr mtrg goüoilg pgrg fxprfsgrsf, yg quf ng vfnmlidgd fxprfsg

fstgdms df çkihm.

Ngs goüoilgs sf ikdilgk lmk pgng`rgs fk itgnigkm, lmhm ngs siouifktfs5

Goüoilg (tfhpm) Trgdulliük Fstgdm df çkihm

Nfktm Huy dfspglim Dmnmr

Gdgoim Dfspglim Kmstgnoig

Gkdgktf Wuf lghikg Sidg

Gnnform Gnforf Gnforèg

Qrfstm Pçpidm Huy vivm

Qrfstissihm Pgpidèsihm Lmk huljg fkfroèg

Lugkdm ng iktfksidgd dfn smkidm m vmnuhfk vg guhfktgkdm sf nnghg lrfslfkdm. Fstç fk itgnigkm,

lmhm ng hgymrèg df nms térhikms df hõsilg. Lugkdm ng iktfksidgd df smkidm m vmnuhfk vg dishiku-

yfkdm sf nnghg dflrfslfkdm. Fstms smk nms sèh`mnms quf sf usgk5 > ;.



7<7Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 71

Gutmlmktrmn


Fsluljf ngs siouifktfs pifzgs husilgnfs y fslri`g g su ngdm ng goüoilg (ng pgng`rg fk itgnigkm) quf ustfd

lrff quf tifkf.

"Gsturigs", Isggl Gn`fkiz. - Fsluljf ng pistg #?4

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8mFcC`uT<I3G

"Eginjmusf Pmlb", Fnvis Qrfsnfy. - Fsluljf ng pistg #?6

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8oe1Pz-uQ4Hb

"Pforfsg g hè", In Divm. - Fsluljf ng pistg #?3

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8DEKzhK@4:km

"Lgkmk fk Pf hgymr", Emjgkk Qgljfn`fn.

- Fsluljf ng pistg #??

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8mDvtEnhIEol

"Fn vufnm dfn hmslgrdük", Kibmngi Pihsby-Bmrsgbmv.

- Fsluljf ng pistg #?:

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8j3G-EY`u7Ms

GOÜOILG5

GOÜOILG5

GOÜOILG5

GOÜOILG5

GOÜOILG5


"Gsè jg`nü Ugrgtustrg", Piljgrd \trguss. - Fsluljf ng pistg #?9

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8<uv0D\cxiDI

Dfslri`g fk fstgs nèkfgs qué fsluljg.

"Fn vufnm dfn hmslgrdük", Kibmngi Pihsby-Bmrsgbmv. - Fsluljf ng pistg #:1

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v86`Zm4kBdHus

Dfslri`g fk fstgs nèkfgs qué fsluljg.






kmnmorgdm


i g r . . .

Lmkmzlm ng ìmorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn lmhpmsitmr Cfnipf df Efsõs

Mrtfog.

Idfktilm nms rithms dmhikilgkms5 hfrfkouf y `gljgtg.

Dicfrfklim ngs goüoilgs pgrg idfktilgr ng vfnmlidgd df ukg pifzg hu-

silgn.

Dicfrfklim ng iktfksidgd df vmnuhfk df ukg pifzg husilgn.


Lmksiog uk mèftm df hftgn, ukm df hgdfrg y ukm df vidrim, gdfhçs df ng hìrg quf lmkstruyü gktf-

rimrhfktf. Iktfktf prmdulir divfrsms smkidms, fksgygkdm dicfrfktfs vfnmlidgdfs y vmnõhfkfs. Pfoistrf

su fxpfrifklig fk fstf fspglim.



7<<Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 77

77

Jistmrig df ng hõsilg INg hõsilg sf jg jfljm pgrg nm ikfxprfsg`nf.

Lngudf Dfùssy


Emsé Fungnim \ghgymg

Lmstg Pilg

Quktm ougkglgstflm y "Fn Tghìtm"

Ng hõsilg g trgvés dfn tifhpm

Jistmrig df ng hõsilg5 gktioþfdgd


Lmkmlfr ng ìmorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn lmhpmsitmr Emsé Fungnim \ghgymg.

Idfkticilgr nms rithms lmstgrrilfksfs5 Quktm ougkglgstflm y "Fn Tghìtm".

Lmkmlfr ng jistmrig df ng hõsilg fk ng gktioþfdgd.

Idfkticilgr ng hõsilg df ngs livinizglimkfs gktiougs.





Emsé Fungnim \ghgymg(7?:7 - ½7:33=) “ Fsluljf ng pistg #:7

Hõsilm ougtfhgntflm dfn pfrèmdm lnçsilm-rmhçktilm. \u ihpmrtgklig rgdilg fk

quf fs fn prihfr sikcmkistg (lmhpmsitmr df ng cmrhg husilgn df sikcmkèg) dfGhérilg. Gdfhçs, fstg`nfliü ng Gsmligliük Cingrhükilg df Ougtfhgng fn 0 df

eunim df 7:7<, sifkdm fstg gsmligliük ukg df ngs hçs gktiougs dfn hukdm quf

tmdgvèg lmktikõg cuklimkgkdm. Ng Gsmligliük Cingrhükilg df Ougtfhgng mcrflèg

su dfvmliük gn \gorgdm Lmrgzük df Efsõs pmr ngs cgntgs lmhftidgs durgktf su

ng`mr lmhm hõsilms. \f fstg`nflf df fstg cmrhg fn „Dèg dfn Hõsilm‘ quf gktfs

sf lfnf`rg`g lmk dicfrfktfs lmklifrtms durgktf tmdm fn dèg. Jmy dèg sf lfnf`rg

lmk ukg hisg fn prihfrm m sfoukdm dmhikom dfn hfs df eunim.

Fktrf ngs m`rgs ihpmrtgktfs df fstf iksiokf lmhpmsitmr fstçk sus sikcmkègs5 "Km.

?", "Lèvilg" f "Jistürilg"2 m`rgs pgrg mrqufstg2 tmlgttgs, divfrtihfktms y hisgs.

Tmhgdm df5 Nfjkjmcc, D. (0116). Lrfgliük husilgn fk Ougtfhgng. Ougtfhgng5 Vkivfrsidgd Pgcgfn

Ngkdèvgr y Cukdgliük O&T Lmktikfktgn. pp. 7<6-7?7.





Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

Lmstg Pilg“ Fsluljf ngs pistgs #:0 (puktm ougkglgstflm) y #:< ("Fn Tghìtm")

Fk fstgs hgkicfstglimkfs husilgnfs sf utinizg fn térhikm lrimnnm lmk fn fktfkdi-

dm df quf kms rfcfrihms g ng iktfrprftgliük husilgn df gslfkdfklig fvmnutivg

furmpfg, pfrm quf sf prmyfltg lmk ukg lunturg prmpig. Fstf pgès tifkf ikcnufklig

furmpfg, ikdèofkg y gcrilgkg, y sus hgkicfstglimkfs sf lngsicilgk ofmorçcilghfk-

tf, sifkdm nms rithms hçs gnforfs nms quf fstçk lfrlg df ng zmkg dfn Lgri`f. Nms

ikstruhfktms hçs utinizgdms fk ng hõsilg trgdilimkgn smk ng mlgrikg, ng quiegdg

df ùrrm, ng cngutg, nms pitms, ngs hgrglgs, fn `gem df lgeük y ng hgrih`g.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm sf feflutgk nms `ginfs puktm ougkgstflm y "Fn Tghìtm",

pufdf lmksuntgr ngs siouifktfs dirfllimkfs fnfltrükilgs5

Quktm ougkgstflm5 jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8HIe_ceN-i7b

"Fn Tghìtm"5 jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8BF7sYzwvmdl

"Fn Tghìtm"

puktm ougkglgstflm





Ng hõsilg g trgvés dfn tifhpmNg hõsilg fstç niogdg gn digrim vivir df nms sfrfs juhgkms, ng pfrliìhms y fslu-

ljghms dfsdf nms prihfrms hikutms dfn dèg5 lugkdm fklfkdfhms ng rgdim, hirg-

hms uk gkuklim fk ng tfnfvisiük, gn lghikgr pmr ng lgnnf, m sihpnfhfktf, lugkdm

rflmrdghms ukg hfnmdèg fk kufstrg hfktf.

Lmhm ngs mtrgs grtfs, ng hõsilg jg fvmnulimkgdm dfsdf nms prihfrms smkidms

fhitidms pmr fn jmh`rf, jgstg ng hõsilg hçs dfsgrrmnngdg fk kufstrms dègs, ik-

tfrprftgdg lmk ikstruhfktms husilgnfs quf tghìék jgk tfkidm lghìms g trg-

vés dfn tifhpm.

Fs ihpmrtgktf dicfrfkligr fktrf fn kglihifktm df ukg hgkicfstgliük, lmhm fn

mriofk df ng hõsilg, y fk fn lrflihifktm m fvmnuliük df fstg. \foõk fn Dillim-

kgrim df ng Pfgn Glgdfhig Fspg÷mng, PGF, ng pgng`rg „mriofk‘, fs fn priklipim m fn

kglihifktm df gnom. Fk lghìm, „fvmnuliük‘, fs fn hmvihifktm m dfsgrrmnnm pmrfn quf pgsgk ngs lmsgs pgrg nmorgr ukg trgkscmrhgliük, m uk lghìm df idfgs.

Ng hõsilg jg fxpfrihfktgdm lghìms dfsdf fn hmhfktm df su kglihifktm y jg

fvmnulimkgdm sfoõk fn sfr juhgkm jgyg cmhfktgdm su lrfgliük, dfktrm df ngs

kflfsidgdfs lunturgnfs df su lmhukidgd m smlifdgd.

G trg`gegr...

Qifksf fk ngs hgkicfstglimkfs husilgnfs df su lmhukidgd. ½Qufdf kmtgr ng dicfrfklig fktrf ng hõsilg

quf fsluljg`gk sus gùfnms y ng quf ustfd fsluljg= Fslri`g sus ihprfsimkfs.



7<?Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 77


Jistmrig df ng hõsilg5 gktioþfdgd

Gjmrg, rfgnizgrfhms uk vigef pmr ng jistmrig df ng hõsilg. Dfslu`rirfhms ng ih-

pmrtgklig y ng cukliük quf jg tfkidm ng hõsilg fk lgdg ukm df nms pfrèmdmsjistürilms, fk nms quf sf dfsgrrmnngrmk gspfltms husilgnfs quf jmy fk dèg, sioufk

tfkifkdm viofklig y vgnmr.

7. Hfsmpmtghig

Fs ukg df ngs lunturgs hçs gktiougs, fs fn tfrritmrim quf jmy mlupg Irgb. Jglf

gprmxihgdghfktf <,111 g÷ms g. L. jg`itgrmk nms suhfrims, lmksidfrgdms nms iki-

ligdmrfs df ng lmhukilgliük fslritg y nms ikvfktmrfs df ng rufdg.

Fk Hfsmpmtghig, nms hõsilms suhfrims frgk rfspftgdms. Fk ng pirçhidf smlign,

sf fklmktrg`gk df`gem df nms dimsfs y nms rfyfs. Nms m`eftms fklmktrgdms fk

divfrsgs fxlgvglimkfs, y nms ikstruhfktms quf sf fklufktrgk piktgdms fk ngs vg-

siegs y fslunpidms fk ngs pifdrgs, hufstrgk fn tgh`mr, fn gn-ogr y ng gutg, fktrf

mtrms. Kikoukg pfrsmkg frg fktfrrgdg sik hõsilg2 feflutgdg pmr hõsilms fk-

lgrogdms df glmhpg÷gr g nms dicuktms fk su vigef kgn. Fs huy prm`g`nf quf ng

hõsilg suhfrig cufrg gsè, fsluljfhms5

"\uhfrigk Husil I", Mrogkmorgpjig. - Fsluljf ng pistg #:4

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v80J:]7<x<EgI&nist8PD0J:]7<x<EgI#t8<:

Gkvfrsm y rfvfrsm df tg`nftg lmk fn jihkmKibbgn suhfrim

Fk fstg tg`ninng suhfrig pmdfhms m`sfrvgrg vgrims hõsilms iktfrprftgkdm fn grpg,

fn sistrm y pmsi`nfhfktf, ljirihègs.



7<:IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

0. Gktioum Foiptm

Ng gktioug livinizgliük foiplig, utinizg`g ng hõsilg lmhm rflursm hèstilm pgrg

glfrlgrsf g sus dimsfs. Frg uk `ifk vgnimsm fk nms fvfktms smlignfs, pmnètilms,

flmkühilms, cghinigrfs y rfnioimsms. Vtinizg`gk ikstruhfktms df lufrdg lmhm fn

grpg, fn ngõd y ng nirg2 ikstruhfktms df vifktm, lmhm ng gutg gngrogdg, fn lgrg-

hinnm, fn lngrikftf, fn m`mf dm`nf, y ngs trmhpftgs, lmkstruidgs df `rmklf, pngtgu mrm. Lmhm ikstruhfktms df pfrlusiük utinizg`gk nms smkgefrms, nms sistrms, nms

tgh`mrfs y nms pngtinnms.

Nms hõsilms fk fn gktioum Foiptm frgk lmksidfrgdms pmsffdmrfs df uk dmk fs-

pflign, y fk ng gntg smlifdgd, frgk huefrfs sglfrdmtisgs.

"Mnd Foypt Dgklf", Hystil \mukd Mrljfstrg. - Fsluljf ng pistg #:6

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8LMqf:dKL-Km

Ngs ihçofkfs df fstf pgpirm gktioum kms hufstrgk g vgrigs huefrfs iktfrprftgkdm fn grpg, fn ngõd,ng ljirihèg dm`nf, y "bikmrmtt" m nirg.




<. Gktioug Ljikg

Qfksg`gk quf ng hõsilg frg uk rflursm ihpmrtgktf pgrg ng fdulgliük y ng cmr-

hgliük dfn lgrçltfr df nms ki÷ms y eüvfkfs, pufs dftfrhikg`g su gltitud y sus

sfktihifktms, pmr nm quf tmdms rfli`ègk ikstrulliük husilgn lmhm pgrtf df su

dfsgrrmnnm iktforgn. Nms jistmrigdmrfs suoifrfk quf fk ng gktioug Ljikg ikilig fn

lmklfptm df Fdulgliük Husilgn.

Fstg livinizgliük, utinizg`g ng hõsilg lmhm rflursm lfrfhmkign, y rfnioimsm-fspi-

ritugn. Cmrhg`gk mrqufstgs df ikstruhfktms prmpims pgrg sus fvfktms smlignfs,

hinitgrfs y rfnioimsm-fspiritugnfs. Fktrf nms ikstruhfktms sf fklufktrgk fn sjfko,

fn b’ik, y fn p’gi-sigm.

"Hõsilg lnçsilg ljikg". - Fsluljf ng pistg #:3

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8Zlc<9c\n\64&nist8QN31@4C3LG4:CC

6FF0&ikdfx87

Gktioum org`gdm ljikm fk fn quf pmdfhms m`sfrvgrnms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs5

7. yuknum, 0. sjfko, <. dizi, 4. pgi`gk, 6. pigk ou, 3. bmkojmu.

0

7

<

4

6

3




4. Gktioug Orflig

Lmksidfrg`gk quf ng hõsilg tfkèg mriofk divikm5 Gpmnm, dims df ng hõsilg y ng

pmfsèg2 Dimkisim, dims df ng dgkzg y dfn tfgtrm. Frg ukg pgrtf ihpmrtgktf dfn df-

sgrrmnnm fdulgtivm, pmr nm quf jglfr hõsilg, lgktgr y tmlgr uk ikstruhfktm, frg

m`niogtmrim fk fn sistfhg fdulgtivm. Nms ikstruhfktms quf utinizg`gk frgk ng lè-

tgrg, ng sirikog, ng sgnpikog grpg, ng nirg, fn ngõd y fn gunms.

\f jg lmksidfrgdm quf Qitçomrgs rfgnizü fxpfrihfktms quf difrmk nuogr gn mrdfk

nüoilm-hgtfhçtilm df ng kuhfrgliük y ng sulfsiük df nms smkidms f iktfrvgnms

dfktrm df ukg mltgvg, fk fn lugn sf `gsg fn sistfhg husilgn df fslriturg mlli-

dfktgn. Df jfljm, nms orifoms ikiligrmk ng fslriturg husilgn utinizgkdm ng kmtgliük

gncg`étilg5 gsiokgliük df ukg nftrg pgrg lgdg smkidm. Gltugnhfktf sf nnghg licrg-

dm. \foõk ngs ikvfstioglimkfs df uk fspflignistg, fsluljfhms lühm pudm jg`fr

sidm ng hõsilg df ng Orflig gktioug.

"Jihkm g Ufus", HIljgfn Nfvy. - Fsluljf ng pistg #:?

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8fnFPKCmFc<Y

Fk fstg pifzg lfrçhilg orifog pmdfhms m`sfrvgr g uk hõsilmiktfrprftgkdm fn gunms, y fk fn `mrdf, ukg nirg.




6. Gktioug Pmhg

Fn lirlm rmhgkm (lgrrfrgs df lg`gnnms, tfgtrm, dgkzg, ongdigdmrfs, mtrgs), utinizg`g

hõsilg pgrg glmhpg÷gr ngs dicfrfktfs prfsfktglimkfs. Jg`èg lmrms y sf utinizg-

`gk ikstruhfktms df hftgn lmhm fn lmrku, fn nitus y ng tu`g. Fsluljfhms hõsilg

df ng gktioug Pmhg.

"Ikvmlgliük g Hfrlurim", \ykgunig. - Fsluljf ng pistg #::

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8uENZy@zHli1

Fk fstf hmsgilm df ng gktioug Pmhg pmdfhms m`sfrvgrng iktfrprftgliük df uk jydrgunis y uk lmrku.




3. Hõsilg hgyg

Ng hõsilg frg utinizgdg pgrg ritugnfs fk nms quf sf lfnf`rg`gk fvfktms rfnglimkg-

dms lmk ng vidg y ng hufrtf. Km jgy lfrtfzg df lühm smkg`g su hõsilg. \f jgk

jfljm ikvfstioglimkfs quf sf jgk glfrlgdm g nms tmkms utinizgdms. Fstgs grhgk

quf nms hgygs lmkmlègk fn pmnitmkishm y quf fktrf sus ikstruhfktms sf fklufk-

trgk fn tõk, fn tziemnge, fn ljik-ljèk, fn gymtn, nms tukeun, y ng ljirihèg.

"\gqirsgk-Fn Gn`g", Hõsilg Hgyg Ge'. - Fsluljf ng pistg #:9

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8SKTZWT`]6jb

Ikstruhfktms df hõsilg hgyg.




Onmsgrim

Pfsuhfk

Lmhm fk tmdgs ngs grtfs, ng hõsilg y nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs jgk tfkidm lghìms g nm ngrom df ng

jistmrig. Fxistfk gspfltms husilgnfs df ng gktioþfdgd quf gltugnhfktf sioufk tfkifkdm vgnmr y viofk-

lig. Fstg sfhgkg fstudighms õkilghfktf hgkicfstglimkfs husilgnfs df livinizglimkfs gktiougs.

Fk Hfsmpmtghig, nms hõsilms suhfrims frgk rfspftgdms. Ng hõsilg glmhpg÷g`g g nms dimsfs y g nms

dicuktms fk su vigef kgn. Ng grqufmnmoèg kms pfrhitf lmkmlfr gnoukms ikstruhfktms df fstg épmlg5

fn tgh`mr, fn gn-ogr, y ng gutg. Ng gktioug livinizgliük foiplig utinizg`g ng hõsilg pgrg glfrlgrsf g

sus dimsfs pfrm tghìék frg fsluljgdg fk fvfktms cghinigrfs, smlignfs y pmnètilms. Vtinizg`gk fn grpg,fn ngõd y ng nirg2 ikstruhfktms df vifktm, ng gutg gngrogdg, fn lgrghinnm, fn lngrikftf, fn m`mf dm`nf, ngs

trmhpftgs, nms sistrms, nms tgh`mrfs y nms pngtinnms.

Fk ng gktioug Ljikg lrfègk quf ng hõsilg frg uk rflursm ihpmrtgktf pgrg ng fdulgliük y ng cmrhgliük

dfn lgrçltfr df nms ki÷ms y eüvfkfs, pfrm tghìék utinizg`gk ng hõsilg fk lfrfhmkigs y fvfktms sm-

lignfs y hinitgrfs, pgrg nm lugn lmktg`gk lmk mrqufstgs iktforgdgs pmr ikstruhfktms lmhm fn sjfko, fn

b’ik, y fn p’gi-sigm.

Qgrg nms gktioums orifoms ng hõsilg tfkèg mriofk divikm y frg pgrtf iktforgn df ng cmrhgliük fslmngr

df ki÷ms y eüvfkfs. Nms orifoms ikiligrmk ng fslriturg husilgn, utinizgkdm ng kmtgliük gncg`étilg2 gnoukms

df nms ikstruhfktms quf utinizg`gk frgk ng lètgrg, ng sirikog, ng sgnpikog grpg, ng nirg, fn ngõd y fn gunms.Nms rmhgkms utinizg`gk hõsilg pgrg glmhpg÷gr nms fvfktms quf sf rfgnizg`gk fk fn lirlm rmhgkm

(lgrrfrgs df lg`gnnms, tfgtrm, dgkzg, ongdigdmrfs, mtrgs). Tfkègk lmrms f ikstruhfktms df hftgn lmhm

fn lmrku, fn nitus, y ng tu`g.

Ngs ikvfstioglimkfs grqufmnüoilgs grhgk quf nms gktioums hgygs lmkmlègk fn pmnitmkishm y quf ng

hõsilg frg utinizgdg pgrg ritugnfs fk nms quf sf lfnf`rg`gk fvfktms rfnglimkgdms lmk ng vidg y ng hufr-

tf. Gnoukms df sus ikstruhfktms frgk5 fn tõk, fn tziemnge, fn ljik-ljèk, fn gymtn, nms tukeun, y ng ljirihèg.

g. L.5 gktfs df Lristm. \mk ngs ikilignfs df uk puktm df pgrtidg dfn tifhpm.

crgoug5 Tgnnfr dmkdf sf cg`rilgk mèftms df jifrrm lmk ng gyudg df uk cmoük.

pgpirm5 Nçhikg sglgdg dfn tgnnm df ng pngktg df pgpirm, y quf fhpnfg`gk nms gktioums foiplims pgrg

fslriìr fk fnng.

Qitçomrgs5 Cinüsmcm y hgtfhçtilm orifom, gukquf tghìék sf iktfrfsg`g pmr ng hfdilikg, ng étilg, ng pm-

nètilg y ng hõsilg.

pmnitfèshm5 Dmltrikg df nms quf lrffk fk ng fxistfklig df huljms dimsfs.

pmnitmkishm5 Huljms smkidms.

suktumsm5 Ikdilg quf uk mèftm fs orgkdf y lmstmsm. Fk fstf lgsm sf jg`ng sm`rf fn pgnglim.




Gutmlmktrmn


Pflmrtf df ng siouifktf pçoikg ngs inustrglimkfs df nms ikstruhfktms quf hfklimkghms. Qéoufngs fk fn

nuogr quf lmrrfspmkdf y gkmtf qué lunturg gktioug nms utinizg`g.

(Ikstruhfktm orifom pgrflidmg ng zghpm÷g m cngutg df pgkgkdikg, lmhpufstm pmr vgrigslg÷gs df distiktms tghg÷ms).

(Ikstruhfktm df ng gktioug Orf-lig, lmhpufstm pmr dms tu`msdf lg÷g, hgdfrg m hgrcin, lmk

trfs g sfis gouefrms).

(Fspflif df cngutg pfquf÷g jf-ljg df lg÷g, lmk fh`mlgdurgrfltg y trfs m lugtrm gouefrms,

quf siouf sifkdm utinizgdg fk nghõsilg hgyg).

(Tipm df tgh`mr jfljm df uktrmklm juflm df hgdfrg durg

lmk jfkdidurgs fk ng pgrtfsupfrimr).

(\ihingr g ukg trmhpftg gltugn,frg usgdg pmr fn feérlitm rmhg-

km).

(Ikstruhfktm husilgn cmrhgdmpmr ukms `rgzms lurvms ukidmspmr uk trgvfsg÷m lmk ukg sfrifdf lufrdgs tfksgdgs vfrtilgn-

hfktf).

(Qfquf÷ms pngtinnms df `rmklfquf sf gkudgk g nms dfdms df

ng hgkm pmr hfdim df tirgsdf lufrm, ljmlçkdmnms fktrf

sè pgrg quf sufkfk).

(Ikstruhfktm df pfrlusiükhfsmghfrilgkm lmksistfktf fk

ukg lmkljg df tmrtuog quf sfrgspg lmk uk pgnm df hgdfrg).

(Ikstruhfktm df lm`rf df gprm-xihgdghfktf < hts df ngrom

fkrmnngdm sm`rf sè hishm fkcmrhg df O).

(Tgh`mr jfljm df hgdfrg ypifn df gkihgn tfksgdg. Nms

gktioums hgygs tgh`iék fng-`mrg`gk tukeunfs df `grrm).

(Ikstruhfktm husilgn df dm`nfnfkoþftg jfljm df hgdfrgy utinizgdm fk lmhpg÷èg dfntuk fk dgkzgs y lfrfhmkigs

hgygs).

(Ikstruhfktm ljikm lmhpufstmpmr vgrigs lg÷gs quf sf vfrtilg-nfs, sihingr g ng cngutg df pgk).

(Fspflif df ürogkm df `mlglmhpufstm pmr vgrims tu`msvfrtilgnfs lmk ukg nfkoþftg.)

(Ikstruhfktm sihingr g ukg oui-tgrrg, fng`mrgdm lmk ukg lgegdf hgdfrg y vgrigs lufrdgs.)

(Ikstruhfktm lmk cmrhg df grmm jfrrgdurg lmk vgrinngs trgks-vfrsgnfs lmk pngtinnms hftçnilms

quf sufkgk gn sgludirsf.)




sirikog

gunms

tziemnge

tuk m tfpmkgztnf

tu`g

nirg

lrütgnms gymtn

lmrku

tukeun

ljirihègp'gi-sigm

sjfko

ngõd

sistrm





G. Lmhpnftf fn lugdrm lmk ng licrg m fn kmh`rf df ng kmtg. Qgrg fnnm, utinilf ng tg`ng supfrimr.

@. Fk ng siouifktf tg`ng fklmktrgrç ukms sèh`mnms suhfrims df ng fslriturg lukficmrhf. Fstms jgk sucri-

dm lifrtg trgkscmrhgliük. Qmdrèg fslri`ir fk fn lugdrm df ng dfrfljg, ½g qué sf rfcifrf fn sèh`mnm=


L D F O G @C

DM HI

O L

\I PF

C G

CG

\I

D

NG

\MN

L

F

@

Cfljg \èh`mnm \iokiclgdm dfn sèh`mnm

<,111 g÷ms g. L.

0,411 g÷ms g. L.

361 g÷ms g. L.

Cfljg \èh`mnm \iokiclgdm dfn sèh`mnm

<,111 g÷ms g. L.

0,411 g÷ms g. L.

361 g÷ms g. L.






kmnmorgdm


i g r . . .

Lmkmzlm ng ìmorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn lmhpmsitmr Emsé Fungnim \g-

hgymg.

Idfktilm nms rithms lmstgrrilfksfs5 uktm ougkglgstflm y "Fn Tghì-tm".

Lmkmzlm ng jistmrig df ng hõsilg fk ng gktioþfdgd.

Idfktilm ng hõsilg df ngs livinizglimkfs gktiougs.


Lmkstruir uk tgh`mr grtfsgkgn

Ikstrullimkfs5

• Lmksiog ukg ngtg vglèg orgkdf (df 6 ni`rgs) df nfljf fk pmnvm m df pikturg,

y ukg vfeiog hfdigkg, uk junf y liktg gdjfsivg cufrtf, uk pgnm df ukms <1 lh. df ngrom,

gnomdük m fspmkeg.

• Lürtfnf ng `mlg g ng vfeiog df hmdm quf qufdf lmhm uk lèrlunm.

• Wuitf ng tgpgdfrg df ng ngtg, y sm`rf ng mlg, fstirf ng vfeiog, gsfourçkdmng

lmk fn junf, y nufom lmk ng liktg gdjfsivg.

• Qgrg ng gquftg, fkvufnvg fn gnomdük m ng fspmkeg fk

ukm df nms fxtrfhms dfn pgnm, y gsfoõrfnm lmk liktg

gdjfsivg gnrfdfdmr dfn pgnm. Cèefsf ìfk quf ng liktg

gdjfsivg km tgpf fn gnomdük m fspmkeg.




70

Jistmrig df ng hõsilg IIKi fs gefkm g ng pmfsèg, quf fs hõsilg lmk pgng`rgs, ki g ng hõsilg, quf fs pmfsèg lmk smkidms.

Tjmhgs Cunnfr


Emgquèk Mrfnngkg

Qfrõ Hgrikfrg y wititi

Ng hõsilg g trgvés dfn tifhpm

Jistmrig df ng hõsilg5 sionms S g ZZ


Lmkmlfr ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn lmhpmsitmr Emgquèk Mrfnngkg.

Idfkticilgr nms rithms pfrugkms5 Hgrikfrg y wititi.

Lmkmlfr ng jistmrig df ng hõsilg dfsdf ng Fdgd Hfdig jgstg hfdigdms dfn sionm ZZ.

Idfkticilgr ng hõsilg df nms sionms S g ZZ.

Fng`mrgr ukg nèkfg df tifhpm.





Emgquèk Mrfnngkg(79<? - ) “ Fsluljf ngs pistgs #91 y #97

Kgliü fk ng Liudgd df Ougtfhgng fk ng lukg df ukg cghinig df cf grrgiogdg,huljgs trgdilimkfs y ng vgnmrizgliük dfn grtf.

Fs uk grtistg huy lmhpnftm, pufs fs fslritmr, hõsilm y lrfgdmr2 y lmhm hõsilm

fs vimnikistg, lmhpmsitmr y lrfgdmr df sus prmpims õtinfs smkmrms (ikstruhfktms

quf prmdulfk smkidms fspflignfs pgrg sus lmhpmsilimkfs prmpigs). Fs uk vfr-

dgdfrm ghgktf df kufstrm ikstruhfktm kglimkgn, ng hgrih`g, pufs `gsçkdmsf

fk fnng, jg lrfgdm nms õtinfs smkmrms hçs iklrfè`nfs, fslunturgnfs y `fnnms g ng

vistg y gn mèdm.

Dfspués df jg`frsf cmrhgdm fk lmhpmsiliük vgkougrdistg, rforfsü g Oug-

tfhgng g cmhfktgr su prmpig hõsilg lmk prmyflliük cmnlnürilg, pfrm cuturistg.Néstfr Omdèkfz lgtgnmog gn Hgfstrm Mrfnngkg lmhm uk hõsilm quf nf dg huljg

primridgd g ng glliük hishg df iktfrprftgliük, fn tmlgr, pmr ng hishg rgzük quf

sus ikstruhfktms tifkfk dicfrfktfs cmrhgs y fn hõsilm iktérprftf df`f grhmki-

zgr sus hmvihifktms lmk ng cmrhg dfn ikstruhfktm.

Dfktrm df sus lmhpmsilimkfs hçs rfprfsfktgtivgs fstçk ngs "Juhgkmcmkègs",

"Pupfstrf fk fn cuturm", "Jè`ridm g prfsiük", "Fn vimnèk vgnsgktf df Juis", "Grhgdfn",

"Pghgefs df ukg hgrih`g ihgoikgrig".





Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

Qfrõ“ Fsluljf ngs pistgs #90 (hgrikfrg) y #9< (wititi)

Fstf pgès tifkf trfs çrfgs huy lgrgltfrèstilgs5 ng lmstg, ngs hmktg÷gs gkdikgs y ngsfnvg ghgzükilg, y sifkdm fstf pgès pmsi`nfhfktf lmk ukg df ngs lunturgs hçsgktiougs, su hõsilg sf trgspmkf fktrf ng jistmrig y fn prfsfktf. Nms ikstruhfktmshçs utinizgdms smk ng zghpm÷g, ng qufkg, fn lgeük pfrugkm, ng ouitgrrg, fn ljg-rgkom y ng hgkdmnikg.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm sf feflutgk ng hgrikfrg y fn witti, pufdf lmksuntgr ngssiouifktfs dirfllimkfs fnfltrükilgs5

Hgrikfrg5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8OOYjr_Fk-<F

_itti5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8ICZ901ccT]:

hgrikfrg

wititi





G trg`gegr...

Fsluljf nms siouifktfs gudims y fslri`g ngs lgrgltfrèstilgs quf hçs nf nnghfk ng gtfkliük df lgdg pifzg.Gn tfrhikgr df fsluljgr nms gudims gkgnilf ngs dicfrfkligs fktrf ngs iktfrprftglimkfs df ng hishg m`rg("6g \ikcmrkèg", Nudwio vgk @fftjmvfk).

- Fsluljf ng pistg #94jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8b@pl<_UMu`W

- Fsluljf ng pistg #96jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8J@Qu?NiTWJH

- Fsluljf ng pistg #93jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8b_SHc4rdYYl

- Fsluljf ng pistg #9?jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v84HC`k:F`@4b

- Fsluljf ng pistg #9:jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8gNJ@Fx7nHZI

- Fsluljf ng pistg #99jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8YSZCW1O4Stb

- Fsluljf ng pistg #711jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8pZ7dw6v]Jfw

Nms fnfhfktms rèthilmsNg hõsilg fstç niogdg gn digrim vivir df nms sfrfs juhgkms, ng pfrli`ihms y fslu-ljghms.

Fk lgdg épmlg jistürilg, ng juhgkidgd jg prmdulidm m`rgs husilgnfs quf rffegk su lmktfxtm smlign2 sik fh`grom, jgy pifzgs quf "vigegk" g trgvés dfn tifhpmy jmy dèg omzghms df fnngs gn iougn quf fk fn hmhfktm df su lrfgliük.





Jistmrig df ng hõsilg5 sionms S g ZZ

7. Qfrèmdm jmhmcükilm

Jmhmcmkèg sf lmhpmkf df dms vmlg`nms5jmhm, iougn2 cmkèg, smkidm. \f nf nnghg gsè gfstf pfrimdm, pmrquf ng tfxturg husilgn sfhufvf sihuntçkfghfktf. Fstg épmlg df nghõsilg mlurriü durgktf ng Fdgd Hfdig, lmk nglgèdg dfn ihpfrim rmhgkm fk fn g÷m 4?3 d.L.jgstg hçs m hfkms kgnfs dfn sionm ZS lmk ng

lgèdg dfn ihpfrim df Lmkstgktikmpng y fn dfs-lu`rihifktm df Ghérilg. Durgktf fstf pfrèm-dm sf ikilig ng fslriturg husilgn gukquf lmk

nihitglimkfs dfìdm gn gntm lmstm dfn pfrog-hikm y ng ikvfrsiük df tifhpm pgrg fslriìrng,pmr fnnm ngs õkilgs ikstitulimkfs quf pmdègkrfgnizgr fstms rfoistrms husilgnfs frgk ng ionf-sig y fn Fstgdm. Ng hõsilg dfn puf`nm km nnfog`g g sfr fslritg.

Durgktf fstf pfrimdm sf dfsgrrmnng fn lgktm orfomrigkm, quf fs fn õkilm fstinmquf sf nmorü lmksfrvgr df gktfs dfn sionm IZ. Fs iktfrprftgdm fxlnusivghfktf pmrvmlfs hgslunikgs, lmk ukg smng hfnmdèg, y smnm pgrg usm df ng ionfsig lgtünilg.Tifkf uk fstinm pgrtilungr quf prmdulf trgkquinidgd. Fsluljfhms uk lgktm orf-omrigkm5

"Kms gutfh", Lmrm df hmkefs dfn Hmkgstfrim @fkfdiltikm df \gktm Dm-hikom df \inms. - Fsluljf ng pistg #717jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8-NVNYjsWJ4F&nist8QNF9D7@14LF74FL646

Hçs gdfngktf, fk fn hishm pfrimdm, pmr ng kflfsidgd df fxprfsgr fvfktms smlig-nfs y jfljms df ngs Lruzgdgs, fktrf mtrms, surof ng hõsilg prmcgkg m pgogkg, ylmk fnng, nms lmhpmsitmrfs df fstf oékfrm pmpungr5 nms trmvgdmrfs y nms trmvfrms,fk Crgklig2 y nms hikkfsäkofr fk Gnfhgkig. Fnnms frgk pmftgs df gntm rgkom smlignm hinitgr quf fslri`ègk sm`rf sus jgzg÷gs df ghmr, df oufrrg m df ng fxgntgliük

g sus tifrrgs. Nms euongrfs iktfrprftg`gk fstgs m`rgs lmk glmhpg÷ghifktm dfikstruhfktms husilgnfs, y fktrf hçs ikstruhfktms pmdègk iktfrprftgr, hfemr nfspgog`gk. Fn rithm df ngs m`rgs frg gnforf, pfrm vgrig`g sfoõk fn fstgdm df çkihmdfn iktérprftf. Ngs m`rgs sf fsluljg`gk fk pngzgs y tg`frkgs, y nms pm`ngdmrfsdgkzg`gk gn rithm df ng hõsilg. Fsluljfhms hõsilg pgogkg df fsg épmlg5

"Ef vivrmif nifthfkt/Nifthfkt hf dfpmrt", Ouinguhf df Hgljgut. - Fslu-ljf ng pistg #710jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v89ti69KdÒ7l

Durgktf ng épmlg hf-difvgn, nms hmkefsprfpgrgrmk ni`rms

inuhikgdms lmktf-kifkdm pgrtiturgs.




0. Pfkglihifktm

Fs fn pfrèmdm fktrf nms g÷ms 7411 g 73112 fn dfslu`ri-hifktm df Ghérilg y mtrms lgh`ims siokilgtivms fk fn

hukdm hgrlgk su ikilim. Fk fstg épmlg ngs grtfs y ngslifkligs tifkfk uk hgymr dfsgrrmnnm, uk „rfkglfr‘. Nms

gspfltms husilgnfs (cmrhgs, ikstruhfktms, kmtgs) tu-vifrmk uk dfsgrrmnnm pgungtikm fk dicfrfktfs rfoimkfs,fhpfzgkdm fk Ikongtfrrg y ng lmrtf df @mrom÷g, y mtrmspgèsfs lmhm Crgklig, Itgnig, Fspg÷g y Gnfhgkig.

Ng hõsilg sf dividf fk prmcgkg y sglrg. Dfktrm df ngsglrg, sf distikouf ng lgtünilg, ihpunsgdg pmr fn Lmk-linim df Trfktm2 y ng prmtfstgktf, dfcfkdidg pmr HgrtèkNutfrm.

Fktrf nms lmhpmsitmrfs df ng épmlg sm`rfsgnfk Ouinngu-hf Ducgy, quifk fk sus hisgs y hmtftfs rffegk fn fs-

tinm ikonés y `mrom÷ük df ng épmlg2 Emsquèk dfs Qrfz,quifk fs lmksidfrgdm lmhm ukm df nms hfemrfs rfprfsfktgktfs df ng hõsilg dfnrfkglihifktm2 Oimvgkki Qifrnuioi Dg Qgnfstrikg, nnghgdm „fn prèklipf df ng hõsilg‘df su tifhpm, fs fn rfprfsfktgktf df ng lmktrgrrfcmrhg y nnfvü ng pmnicmkèg g ukgntm orgdm df dfsgrrmnnm.

Fsluljfhms5

"Gvf Hgris \tfnng", Ouinnguhf Ducgy. - Fsluljf ng pistg #71<jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8`GW0p@ZU3OV

"HinnfPforfts", Emsquèk dfs Qrfz. - Fsluljf ng pistg #714jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8s_g`SF9YJew

"\tg`gt Hgtfr", Oimvgkki Dg Qgnfstrikg. - Fsluljf ng pistg #716 jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8ED?m`DBzNN:

<. @grrmlm

@grrmlm fs uk térhikm utinizgdm pgrg kmh`rgr gnom dfcmrhf. Fstf cuf fn usm quf

nf difrmk fk fsg épmlg, gnrfdfdmr dfn g÷m 7311, jgstg su térhikm gnrfdfdmr dfng÷m 7?61, lugkdm suroiü fn pfrimdm lnçsilm.

Durgktf fstf pfrimdm suroifrmk fk fn hukdm prm`nfhgs flmkühilms y rfnioim-sms. Fstm prmvmlü quf fk ng hõsilg sf difrg fxgofrgliük y drghgtishm, fn lugnsf pfrli`f fk fn lmktrgstf hgrlgdm fk ng iktfksidgd (sugvf-cufrtf) y ng vfnmlidgddf nms smkidms (nfktm-rçpidm), y fk fn ékcgsis drghçtilm quf sf nf dg`g g ngs pg-ng`rgs pmr hfdim df ng hõsilg.

Fktrf ngs cmrhgs husilgnfs `grrmlgs sf fklufktrgk5

Fslfkg df hõsilms y `gi-ngrikfs durgktf ng épmlgdfn rfkglihifktm (crfslmdfn piktmr Crgklfslm Lms-sg, dftgnnf).




<.7 Ikstruhfktgnfs

g. \uitf5 cmrhgdg pmr uk lmkeuktm dfdgkzgs df distiktm lgrçltfr, fvidfk-ligkdm nms lmktrgstfs fk ng hõsilg.

`. \mkgtg5 pifzg pgrg sfr tmlgdg pmr

ikstruhfktms. \f cmrhg pmr vgrigspifzgs df lgrçltfr lmktrgstgktf,pfrm km smk dgkzgs. \u hçxihm fx-pmsitmr fs Grlgkofnm Lmrfnni.

l. Lmklfrtm5 cmrhg mrqufstgn `grrm-lg quf lmkstg df trfs hmvihifktms5

Gnnform, Gdgoim, Gnnform.

<.0 Smlgnfs

g. Qrmcgkg5

• Üpfrg5 cmrhg hçs rfprfsfktgtivg dfn grrmlm. Fxistf fxprfsiük lmkeuktgdf tmdgs ngs grtfs (pmfsèg, hõsilg, dgkzg y tfgtrm), y dfspifrtg divfrsgsfhmlimkfs fk fn ikdividum pmr hfdim df ng pgng`rg lgktgdg.

`. Pfnioimsg5

• Lgktgtg5 cmrhg fh`fnnflidg dfn lgktm. Lgktg`gk tfhgs df ng @i`nig, fk ngquf iktfrvfkègk smnistgs, pgrtfs tmlgdgs pmr mrqufstg y pgrtfs lgktgdgspmr lmrms.

• Mrgtmrim5 kgrrg ukg jistmrig, pfrm km sf fslfkilg. \f prftfkdf quf fnmyfktf rfgnilf ukg rffxiük sm`rf nm quf fsluljg.

Fktrf nms lmhpmsitmrfs sm`rfsgnifktfs df fstf pfrèmdm sf fklufktrg Eugk\f`gstiçk @glj, lmksidfrgdm fn õntihm orgk hgfstrm dfn lmktrgpuktm2Gktmkim Sivgndi, luyms lmklifrtms cufrmk uk hmdfnm quf ikuyü g tmdms

sus lmktfhpmrçkfms2 Ofmro Crifdrilj Jäfkdfn, quifk dirioiü sus mrgtm-rims g ng lngsf hfdig, sifkdm fn hçs dfstglgdm, "Fn Hfsègs". Fsluljfhms5

"Tmlgtg y cuog pgrg ürogkm fk Pf hfkmr", Eugk \f`gstiçk @glj. - Fsluljf ng pistg #713

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8KFBC1:t<h_4

"Ngs lugtrm fstglimkfs5 Qrihgvfrg", Gktmkim Sivgndi. - Fsluljf ng pistg #71?jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8vI7-HrGP9_V

"Gnfnuyg, Mrgtmrim Fn Hfsègs", Ofmro Crifdrilj Jäfkdfn. - Fsluljf ng pistg #71:jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8BkWOs04V7f:

Fstf lugdrm nnghgdm „Vklmklifrtm‘ dfn piktmr

Tjfmdmmr Pmh`must kmspfrhitf m`sfrvgr ikstru-

hfktms husilgnfs dfn sionm

ZSII.




4. Lnçsilm

G`grlg df 7??1 g 7:76. Fk fstg épmlg sf tifkdf g vfr gn jmh`rf y nm quf nm rm-dfg, lmhm `fnnm y pfrcfltm. Fn grtf ùslg trgkshitir fn sfktidm df pfrcflliük, dfnm idfgn, df nm sfklinnm y df nm lmhprfksi`nf. Fk ng hõsilg fxistf prfmlupgliükpmr ng fstrulturg cmrhgn (kmrhgs husilgnfs), y sf prmdulf hõsilg gnforf y `ri-

nngktf.Ngs cmrhgs husilgnfs quf sf dfsgrrmnngrmk cufrmk5

g. \mkgtg5 sf fstrulturg fk trfs pgrtfs m „hmvihifktms‘, lgdg ukm df nmslugnfs difrf fk tifhpm (rçpidm, nfktm, rçpidm).

`. \ikcmkèg5 cmrhg husilgn mrqufstgn. Vtinizg ng hishg cmrhg df ng smkgtg. \uhçxihm fxpmkfktf fs Emsfpj Jgydk, lmksidfrgdm „fn pgdrf df ng sikcm-kèg‘.

l. Lmklifrtm lnçsilm5 fn lmklfrtm ormssm dfn `grrmlm sf lmkvifrtf fk sikcmkègsifkdm fn ikstruhfktm prfcfridm fn pigkm, pfrm tghìék fxistfk sikcmkègs

pgrg lngrikftf, m`mf, trmhpftg, vimnmklfnm y mtrms.

Fktrf nms gutmrfs hçs dfstglgdms sf fklufktrgk Emsfpj Jgydk, _mncgko Ghg-dfus Hmzgrt, Nudwiko Sgk @fftjmvfk, quifk g pfsgr df ukg pérdidg orgdugn dfnmèdm lmktriùyü g ng trgksiliük pgrg fn pfrèmdm husilgn rmhçktilm. Fsluljfhmsg fstms lmhpmsitmrfs5

0m. hmvihifktm df ng sikcmkèg 94, „\ikcmkèg df ng smrprfsg‘, Emsfpj Jgydk. - Fsluljf ng pistg #719jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8i0bUW4bZYrI

"\mkgtg pgrg pigkm Km. 73. L hgemr B 646", _mncgko Ghgdfus Hmzgrt. - Fsluljf ng pistg #771jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8GmT:YS9qi7o

"Mp. 7: Km. 7", Nudwiko Sgk @ftjmwffk. - Fsluljf ng pistg #777jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8BBCzy?tFZu4

\fnnms pmstgnfs df Ljiprf fk jmkmr g orgkdfs lmhpmsitmrfs dfn sionm ZSIII, fktrf fnnms Nudwio vgk @fftjmvfk y_mncogko Ghgdfus Hmzgrt.




6. Pmhçktilm

Fstg pikturg df Jfkdrib \ifhirgddzby hufstrg g Crédéril Ljmpik tmlgkdm pigkmfk fn sgnük „Qriklf Pgdziwinns‘.

Fs pgrgnfnm gn hishm hmvihifktm fk ng nitfrgturg y fn grtf fk ofkfrgn. Ng rfvmnu-liük ikdustrign y sus lmksflufkligs smlignfs y lunturgnfs, fn dfslmktfktm lmk ngsgutmridgdfs y mtrms cfkühfkms smlignfs prmvmlgk fk ng smlifdgd fn gkjfnm pmrgnlgkzgr uk prfligdm pgsgdm m uk cuturm hgrgvinnmsm. Qmr prihfrg vfz, ng hõsilgsm`rfsgnf df ngs mtrgs grtfs, fk fspflign ng hõsilg ikstruhfktgn. Ngs pfrsmkgs`uslgk uk `gngklf fktrf ng hõsilg ikstruhfktgn purg y fn oustm pmr ng pmfsèg yng nitfrgturg g trgvés df ng „hõsilg prmorghçtilg‘.

Nms lmhpmsitmrfs df ng épmlg sf dfsgrrmnngrmk fk uk çrfg fspflèlg5 pigkm, üpf-rg m sikcmkègs, pmr fefhpnm. Lmkmzlghms uk pmlm df fstms lmhpmsitmrfs5

• Crgkz \ju`frt fs lmksidfrgdm fn õntihm orgk rfprfsfktgktf dfn fstinm lnçsilm.\u hõsilg sf lgrgltfrizg pmr sfr fspmktçkfg, crfslg, nnfkg df vidg, ihpglifk-tf, lmk orgk sfktihifktm f ihgoikgliük. Frg lgpgz df gorfogrnf hõsilg glugnquifr lmsg fslritg.

"\frfkgdf". - Fsluljf ng pistg #770jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8UpG1n0_@:3F

• Killmnm Qgogkiki, sf lrff quf pgdflèg fn sèkdrmhf df Hgrcgk. Cuf lgpgz df

fxtrgfr gn ikstruhfktm smkidms y fcfltms iklmklf`i`nfs.

"Simnik Lmklfrtm Km. <". - Fsluljf ng pistg #77<jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8UpG1n0_@:3F

• Crédéril Ljmpik fs lmksidfrgdm lmhm ukm df nms hçs ihpmrtgktfs df ng jis-tmrig. \us m`rgs rfprfsfktgk fn rmhgktilishm husilgn fk su fstgdm hçs purm.

"Kmlturkm Mp. 9 Km. 0". - Fsluljf ng pistg #774jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8YOPM16_lKDb




• Nmuis Jfltmr @frnimz cuf hçs cghmsm lmhm dirfltmr df mrqufstg quf lmhmlmhpmsitmr. \u hgymr gpmrtf fs ng tfgtrgnidgd, pufs sf `gsg fk ng nitfrgturg(tmhg nms sfktihifktms pngshgdms fk nftrgs y trgtg df fxprfsgrnms g trgvés dfng hõsilg).

"\ikcmkèg Cgktçstilg, 7fr hmvihifktm". - Fsluljf ng pistg #776 jttp5// www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8veri3HyZBPI&nist8QNLGLF90L1<6L17L93

• Oiusfppf Sfrdi fs fn hçs kmtg`nf f ikuyfktf lmhpmsitmr df üpfrg itgnigkg.

"Üpfrg Ng Trgvigtg, Gltm I, @rikdisi". - Fsluljf ng pistg #773jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8KlBdkbO@\oG

• Piljgrd _gokfr trgkscmrhg fn pfksghifktm husilgn lmk ng idfg df ng „m`rgdf grtf tmtgn‘5 sèktfsis df tmdgs ngs grtfs pmétilgs, visugnfs, husilgnfs y fslé-kilgs. Fs pimkfrm dfn nfkougef husilgn.

"Fn Jmngkdés Frrgktf, M`frturg". - Fsluljf ng pistg #77?jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8NgOxow@?DPY

3. Kufvgs tfkdfkligs husilgnfs dfn sionm ZZ

3.7 Egzz

Fs uk oékfrm husilgn quf suroiü g kgnfs dfn sionm ZIZ fk Fstgdms Vkidms df

Ghérilg y sf fxpgkdiü g tmdm fn hukdm. \u mriofk sf rfhmktg g nms lgktms dfnuljg y dmnmr df nms fslngvms, quf tghìék sf pfrli`fk fk ng hõsilg oüspfn y`nufs. Ng lmhìkgliük df fstgs hfnmdègs lmk ng hõsilg furmpfg df nms lmnmkizg-

dmrfs df Kmrtfghérilg dg nuz fk sionmZZ gn dixifngkd y gn egzz lgrgltfrèstilm

df Kufvg Ymrb y Ljilgom df ng délgdgdf 79<1.

G trgvés df su jistmrig fn egzz dfsgrrm-nng distiktms suòékfrms tgnfs lmhm fnswiko, fn `f`mp, fn lmmn egzz, fn jgrd mp,

Qmrtgdg df LD dfhõsilg egzz iktfr-prftgdg pmr FnngCitzofrgnd y NmuisGrhstrmko.

Qmrtgdg df dislm kõhfrm711 df Titm Qufktf, „Tjf

Hgh`m Biko‘.




fn smun egzz, fn cukby egzz y mtrms. Fn egzz tghìék jg sidm ikufkligdm pmr fstinms

husilgnfs prmvfkifktfs df mtrgs lunturgs y pgèsfs. Qmr fefhpnm, fn egzz ngtikm ygcrmlu`gkm kglf df ng cusiük df ng hõsilg df Ljgkm Qmzm y Dizzy Ouinnfspi2 fn`mssg kmvg sf lrfg g pgrtir df ng cusiük df ng hõsilg trgdilimkgn `rgsinf÷g lmk nggrhmkèg f ikstruhfktgliük dfn egzz.

Fktrf nms priklipgnfs rfprfsfktgktfs dfn egzz pmdfhms hfklimkgr g Nmuis Gr-hmstrmko, Ljgrnif Qgrbfr y Hinfs Dgvis, Grt @ngbfy, Grturm \gkdmvgn, @inn Fvgks yEmgm Oin`frtm. Fsluljéhmsnms5

"Jfnnm, Dmnny", Nmuis Grhstrmko. - Fsluljf ng pistg #77:jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8bhcfBVKDDYs

"\fssimk I - Ihprmvisgtimk", Ljgrnif Qgrbfr. - Fsluljf ng pistg #779jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8Tg]V@yyi4U1

"Ng ljilg df Ipgkfhg", \tgk Oftz y Emgm Oin`frtm. - Fsluljf ng pistg #701jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v89BpIS6?Q\fm

"Tgbf vf", Titm Qufktf. - Fsluljf ng pistg #707jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8Fn<nHc]Hcjl

3.0 Pmlb gkd rmnn m rmlb’k’rmnn

Fs uk oékfrm husilgn lmk uk rithm hgrlgdm quf suroiü durgktf ng délgdg df7961. Fn rmlb’k’rmnn sf nf rflmkmlf lmhm fn priklipim df uk kufvm hmvihifktmhusilgn quf sf dirioèg g uk orupm huy fspflèlm5 nms eüvfkfs df ng pmsoufrrg.

Gn tfrhikgr ng \foukdg Oufrrg Hukdign, ng ofkfrgliük emvfk ùslg`g lmk quéidfktilgrsf, yg quf ng hgymrèg df hõsilg fxistfktf df rithms gcrmghfrilgkms

lmhm egzz, `nufs y rytjh gkd `nufs, fstg`g rfnglimkgdg g mrèofkfs rglignfs y rfs-trikoidms pmr ng sforfogliük rglign, lgrgltfrèstilg df nms Fstgdms Vkidms df fsmsg÷ms.

Fn térhikm rmlb gkd rmnn sf nf gtriùyf gn disl emlbfy Gngk Crffd, quifk nm utinizüpgrg dfslriìr fn fstinm quf sf mrioikü g pgrtir df ng hfzlng df oékfrms df ng hõ-silg cmnlnürilg df nms Fstgdms Vkidms df Ghérilg, lmhm fn dmmwp, rjytjh gkd

`nufs, jinnìnny, `nufs, lmuktry y wfstfrk. Fn térhikm nm cmrhgk dms pgng`rgs fk ik-onés5 rmlb, quf lmrrfspmkdf g uk hmvihifktm df gdfngktf jglig gtrçs y df gtrçsjglig gdfngktf2 y rmnn, quf fs uk hmvihifktm df `gngklfm vfrtilgn gntfrkgdm mgng`fm.

Fk ng iktfrprftgliük df fstf oékfrm sm`rfsgnf ng iktfrprftgliük df ng ouitgrrgfnéltrilg, fn gem, ng `gtfrèg y fn pigkm. Fktrf sus priklipgnfs rfprfsfktgktfs fstçkFnvis Qrfsnfy y lmhm iktérprftf df ng ouitgrrg, Ljulb @frry. Tghìék ju`m `gk-dgs husilgnfs fktrf ngs quf sm`rfsgnfk ng df Nittnf Piljgrd y @inn Jgnfy gkd TjfLmhfts. Jmy fk dèg, fn térhikm fvmnulimkü g rmlb m hõsilg rmlb, pgrg idfktilgr

gn oékfrm lmktfhpmrçkfm dfn quf sf dfrivgk mtrms oékfrms husilgnfs lmhm fn ogrgof rmlb, fn pukb rmlb, fn rmlb prmorfsivm, fn jgrd rmlb y mtrms. Fsluljfhmsgnom df rmlb gkd rmnn df nms g÷ms 615




Onmsgrim

`mrom÷ük5 Mrioikgrim df @mrom÷g, ukg rfoiük df Crgklig.

lmktrgpuktm5 Pfngliük df dms smkmridgdfs ikdfpfkdifktfs fk rithm y grhmkèg.lmktrgrrfcmrhg5 Hmvihifktm lrfgdm pmr ng Ionfsig lgtünilg fk rfspufstg gn hmvihifktm prmtfstgktfihpunsgdm pmr Hgrtèk Nutfrm.

disl emlbfy5 Qfrsmkg quf lrfg, sfnfllimkg y rfprmdulf hõsilg org`gdg pgrg ukg gudifklig.

fxgntgr5 Gvivgr uk sfktihifktm m pgsiük.

oüspfn5 Hõsilg rfnioimsg quf sf mrioikü fk ngs ionfsigs gcrmghfrilgkgs, quf sf lgrgltfrizg pmr fn usm dflmrms.

hmtftf5 Lmhpmsiliük vmlgn g vgrigs vmlfs.

pfroghikm5 Hgtfrign fng`mrgdm df pifn df rfs u mtrm gkihgn fng`mrgdm pgrg fslriìr.

pmnicmkèg5 Hõntipnfs vmlfs ikdfpfkdifktfs lmk rithms divfrsms quf sufkgk sihuntçkfghfktf.

prmcgkm5 Wuf km fs sgorgdm.

sglrm5 \gorgdm.

\èkdrmhf df Hgrcgk5 Fkcfrhfdgd quf gcfltg gn fsqufnftm, punhmkfs, mems, lmrgzük y vgsms sgkouè-kfms, quf prmdulf quf ngs pfrsmkgs quf ng pgdflfk tfkogk fxtrfhidgdfs ngrogs y dfnogdgs.

"Eginjmusf Pmlb", Fnvis Qrfsnfy. - Fsluljf ng pistg #700jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8oe1Pz-uQ4Hb

"Emjk @. Ommdf", Ljulb @frry. - Fsluljf ng pistg #70<jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v83PMwSrC1Lfo

"\ff ymu ngtfr gnniogtmr", @inn Jgnfy & Jis Lmhfts. - Fsluljf ng pistg #704

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8_1ìdd1Vjvb

Fstg sfrif df cmtmorgcègs df Fnvis Qrfsnfy tmhgdgs dfn vèdfm df ng lgkliük „Eginjmusf Pmlb‘ kms hufstrgk km smnm su jgìnidgdgn `gingr sikm gdfhçs lühm fsms hmvihifktms rmhpifrmk lmk ng trgdiliük df fsg épmlg y lühm su ikufklig lmktikõg jmy

dèg fk lgktgktfs eüvfkfs.




Pfsuhfk

Fn pfrèmdm jmhmcükilm mlurrf durgktf ng nnghgdg Fdgd Hfdig. Fk fstg épmlg sf ikilig ng fslriturghusilgn pmr pgrtf df rfnioimsms y pfrsmkgs dfn Fstgdm. \f lgrgltfrizg pmr fn lgktm orfomrigkm, iktfr-prftgdm õkilghfktf pmr vmlfs hgslunikgs lmk ukg smng hfnmdèg, y smnm pgrg usm df ng ionfsig lgtünilg.

Durgktf fstf pfrimdm surofk nms trmvgdmrfs, pmftgs quf fslri`ègk sm`rf sus jgzg÷gs df ghmr, df ouf-rrg m df ng fxgntgliük g sus tifrrgs, quf frgk iktfrprftgdgs pmr nms euongrfs. Fstgs frgk m`rgs `ging`nfsy sf fsluljg`gk fk pngzgs y tg`frkgs.

Durgktf fn Pfkglihifktm, ngs grtfs y ngs lifkligs „rfkglfk‘ y tifkfk uk hgymr dfsgrrmnnm. Dfìdm glghìms rfnioimsms, ng hõsilg sglrg yg km smnm fs lgtünilg sikm tghìék prmtfstgktf. Nms hgymrfs rf-prfsfktgktfs df fstg épmlg smk Ouinnguhf Ducgy, Emsquèk dfs Qrfz, y Oimvgkki Qifrnuioi Dg Qgnfstrikg,nnghgdm „fn prèklipf df ng hõsilg‘ df su tifhpm.

Fn @grrmlm sf dfsgrrmnnü df 7311 jgstg 7?61, durgktf uk pfrèmdm df prm`nfhgs flmkühilms y rfni-oimsms. Ng hõsilg sf lgrgltfrizg pmr su fxgofrgliük y drghgtishm, quf sf hgkifstg fk lmktrgstfs

df iktfksidgd (sugvf-cufrtf) y ng vfnmlidgd (nfktm-rçpidm). Fktrf ngs cmrhgs husilgnfs `grrmlgs sf fk-lufktrgk ngs ikstruhfktgnfs (suitf, smkgtg, lmklfrtm), y ngs vmlgnfs (üpfrg, lgktgtg y mrgtmrim). Fktrfnms lmhpmsitmrfs sm`rfsgnifktfs df fstf pfrèmdm sf fklufktrg Eugk \f`gstiçk @glj, Gktmkim Sivgndi,y Ofmro Crifdrilj Jäfkdfn.

Durgktf fn pfrimdm lnçsilm (7??1 g 7:76) sf vf gn jmh`rf y nm quf nm rmdfg lmhm `fnnm y pfrcfltm,y fk lmksflufklig fn grtf ùslg trgkshitir fn sfktidm df pfrcflliük, df nm idfgn, df nm sfklinnm y df nmlmhprfksi`nf. \f prmdulf hõsilg gnforf y `rinngktf fk cmrhg df smkgtgs, sikcmkègs y lmklifrtms. Dfs-tglgk nms lmhpmsitmrfs Emsfpj Jgydk, _mncgko Ghgdfus Hmzgrt y Nudwiko Sgk @fftjmvfk.

Fk fn pfrimdm rmhçktilm ng hõsilg sm`rfsgnf df ngs mtrgs grtfs, uslgkdm uk gngklf fktrf ng hõsilgikstruhfktgn purg y fn oustm pmr ng pmfsèg y ng nitfrgturg. Nms lmhpmsitmrfs df ng épmlg sf dfsgrrmnng-

rmk fk uk çrfg fspflèlg5 pigkm, üpfrg m sikcmkègs, pmr fefhpnm. Gnoukms lmhpmsitmrfs sm`rfsgnifktfsdf fstg épmlg smk5 Crgkz \ju`frt, Killmnm Qgogkiki, Crédéril Ljmpik, Nmuis Jfltmr @frnimz, OiusfppfSfrdi y Piljgrd _gokfr.

Durgktf fn sionm ZZ sf dfsgrrmnng fn egzz fk Fstgdms Vkidms df Ghérilg. \u mriofk sf rfhmktg g nmslgktms df nuljg y dmnmr df nms fslngvms gcrmghfrilgkms, pfrm quf gn fxpgkdirsf pmr fn hukdm sf jgdfsgrrmnngdm fk distiktms suòékfrms iklnuyfkdm fn egzz ngtikm y gcrmlu`gkm gsè lmhm fn `mssg kmvg.

Fktrf nms priklipgnfs rfprfsfktgktfs dfn egzz pmdfhms hfklimkgr g Nmuis Grhmstrmko, Ljgrnif Qgrbfry Hinfs Dgvis, Grt @ngbfy, Grturm \gkdmvgn, @inn Fvgks y Emgm Oin`frtm.

Fn rmlb gkd rmnn suroiü durgktf ng délgdg df 7961 lmhm uk hmvihifktm husilgn kufvm dirioidm g nms

eüvfkfs df ng pmst-oufrrg. Fstf oékfrm husilgn sf mrioikü df ng hfzlng df dicfrfktfs oékfrms df nghõsilg cmnlnürilg df nms Fstgdms Vkidms df Ghérilg, lmhm fn dmmwp, rjytjh gkd `nufs, jinnìnny, `nufs,

lmuktry y wfstfrk. Fk ng iktfrprftgliük df fstf oékfrm sm`rfsgnf ng ouitgrrg fnéltrilg, fn gem, ng gtfrègy fn pigkm. Fktrf sus priklipgnfs rfprfsfktgktfs fstçk Fnvis Qrfsnfy y lmhm iktérprftf df ng ouitgrrg,Ljulb @frry. Tghìék ju`m gkdgs husilgnfs fktrf ngs quf sm`rfsgnfk ng df Nittnf Piljgrd y @inn Jgnfygkd Jis Lmhfts. Jmy fk dèg, fn térhikm fvmnulimkü g rmlb m hõsilg rmlb, pgrg idfktilgr gn oékfrm

lmktfhpmrçkfm dfn quf sf dfrivgk mtrms oékfrms husilgnfs lmhm fn ogrgof rmlb, fn pukb rmlb, fn rmlb

prmorfsivm, fn jgrd rmlb y mtrms.




Gutmlmktrmn


Fn Pfkglihifktm. Gn ngdm df lgdg fkukligdm, fktrf nms pgréktfsis, fslri`g ukg C, si fs cgnsm, m ukg S, sifs vfrdgdfrm.

7. Fn Pfkglihifktm cuf uk pfrèmdm dmkdf km ju`m huljms lgh`ims. ( )

0. Fk fn Pfkglihifktm, ng hõsilg y mtrgs grtfs lmhm ng pikturg y ng fslunturg tuvifrmk

uk „rfkglfr‘. ( )

<. Emsquèk dfs Qrfz fs lmksidfrgdm lmhm ukm df nms hfemrfs rfprfsfktgktfs

dfn Pfkglihifktm. ( )4. G Qifrnuoi Dg Qgnfstrikg sf nf nnghü „fn prèklipf df ng hõsilg‘, orgligs g su jg`inidgd

pgrg lngricilgr fn tfxtm quf vg g tfkfr ukg hfnmdèg. ( )

Fn @grrmlm. \u`rgyf ng rfspufstg quf lmksidfrf lmrrfltg.

7. Fn térhikm `grrmlm sf utinizg pgrg dfsiokgr…

g. Gnom dfcmrhf `. Lmnuhkgs `fnngs l. Qrm`nfhgs flmkühilms

0. Fn pfrèmdm @grrmlm suroiü gnrfdfdmr dfn g÷m...

g. 74?1 `. 7611 l. 7411

<. Durgktf fn @grrmlm ng hõsilg lufktg lmk gnoukgs lgrgltfrèstilgs hgrlgdgs, fktrf fnngs...

g. \mkidms ikfxprfsivms `. Fxgofrgliük y drghgtishm l. Km qufrfr gorgdgr g ng Ionfsig

4. Ng smkgtg fs ukg pifzg pgrg sfr iktfrprftgdg pmr5

g. Ki÷ms lmk vmlfs dfnilgdgs `. Ikstruhfktms l. Nms km`nfs pgrg `gingr

6. Fn mrdfk fk quf sf dgk nms hmvihifktms fk uk lmklifrtm fs...

g. Gnnform, Gdgoim, Gnnform `. Gnnform, Gnnform y Nfktm l. Nfktm, Gnnforms, Gnnform

3. Cmrhg rfprfsfktgtivgs dfn @grrmlm5 lufktg lmk fn fnfhfktm df dfspfrtgr fhmlimkfs pmr hfdim dfng pgng`rg lgktgdg y ng fxprfsiük df tmdgs ngs grtfs pmr hfdim df uk smnm lmkdultm.

g. Lgktgtg `. Tmllgtg l. Üpfrg




Qfrèmdm lnçsilm. Lmhpnftf nms siouifktfs fkukligdms.

7. ½Lühm sf pfrli`f gn jmh`rf y nm quf nm rmdfg durgktf fn pfrèmdm lnçsilm=

0. ½Luçnfs smk ngs trfs cmrhgs husilgnfs ikstruhfktgnfs dfsgrrmnngdgs durgktf fn pfrèmdm lnçsilm=

<. ½Lühm sf nnghg ng cmrhg husilgn mrqufstgn quf utinizg ng hishg cmrhg df ng smkgtg durgktf fn pfrèm-dm lnçsilm=

4. Durgktf fn pfrèmdm lnçsilm, ½luçn frg fn ikstruhfktm prfcfridm pgrg fn „lmklifrtm‘, g pfsgr df quf susgutmrfs rfgnizgrmk lmklifrtms pgrg mtrms ikstruhfktms=

6. Gkgnilf5 fsluljf ukg sikcmkèg df Emsfpj Jgydk y fslri`g ( - Fsluljf ng pistg #9:) ½qué ikstruhfk-tms fsluljg=, ½qué sfktihifktms nf prmdulf=, ½fk qué nuogr sf ihgoikg quf fstç sifkdm iktfrprftg-dg=, ½quiékfs iktfrprftgk ng m`rg=

Qfrèmdm rmhçktilm. Vkg lmk ukg nèkfg, ngs mrglimkfs df ng dfrfljg quf tifkfk rfngliük lmk ngs df ngizquifrdg.

Qfrèmdm rmhçktilm fk ng hõsilg. Gkjfnm pmr gnlgkzgr uk prfligdm pgsgdm muk cuturm hgrgvinnmsm.

Dfslmktfktm lmk ngs gutmridgdfs ymtrms cfkühfkms smlignfs. Lmksflufkligs smlignfs y lunturgnfs.

@gngklf fktrf ng hõsilg ikstruhfktgnpurg y fn oustm pmr ng pmfsèg y ng nitfrgturg. Hmdm df fxprfsiük rmhçktilm suprfhm.

Pfvmnuliük ikdustrign Hõsilg prmorghçtilg.

Hõsilg ikstruhfktgn Qfrimdm rmhçktilm fk nitfrgturg y dfhçs grtfs.





Nufom df jg`fr nfèdm sm`rf nms oékfrms husilgnfs y fsluljgdm ngs hufstrgs husilgnfs df egzz yrmlb’k’rmnn, lmhpnftf fn lugdrm ikcmrhgtivm lmk ngs lgrgltfrèstilgs df lgdg ukm df nms oékfrms.



kmnmorgdm

D f s p u é s d

f f s t u d i g r . . .

Lmkmzlm ng imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn lmhpmsitmr Emgquèk Mrfnngkg.

Idfktilm nms rithms pfrugkms5 Hgrikfrg y witti.

Lmkmzlm ng jistmrig df ng hõsilg dfsdf ng Fdgd Hfdig jgstg hfdig-dms dfn sionm ZZ.

Idfktilm ng hõsilg df nms sionms S g ZZ.

Fng`mrm ukg nèkfg df tifhpm.


Lmk nms dgtms quf tifkf, rfgnilf ukg nèkfg df tifhpm quf hufstrf ng fvmnuliük df ng jistmrig df ng hõsilgg trgvés dfn tifhpm. Tmhf fk lufktg tmdms nms pfrèmdms husilgnfs, ngs cfljgs, nms lmhpmsitmrfs y nms dg-tms df ng jistmrig quf nf cufrmk dgdgs df ngs sfhgkgs 77 y 70. Gquè sf nf dg uk fefhpnm df lühm ikiligrng.

\ihinitudfs Dicfrfkligs

Egzz

Pmlb'k'rmnn

Livinizglimkfsgktiougs



736Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 7<

7<

½Lühm sf prmdulfk nms smkidms gtrgvés df nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs=

Fn ofkim sf lmhpmkf df dms pmr lifktm df tgnfktm y df kmvfktg y mljm pmr lifktm

df pfrsfvfrgktf gpnilgliük.Nudwio vgk @fftjmvfk


Qgunm Gnvgrgdm

Flugdmr

Qgsinnms y sgkeugkitms

½Lmk qué prmdulihms hõsilg=

Nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs


Lmkmlfr ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn lmhpmsitmr Qgunm Gnvgrgdm.

Idfkticilgr nms rithms flugtmrigkms5 pgsinnms y sgkeugkitms.

Lmkmlfr ng lngsicilgliük df nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs.

Idfkticilgr fn smkidm df vgrims ikstruhfktms husilgnfs.





Qgunm Gnvgrgdm(7931 - ) “ Fsluljf ng pistg #706

Lmhpmsitmr, prmdultmr husilgn y vimnmkljfnistg. Nilfkligdm fk Hõsilg pmr ng

Vkivfrsidgd df \gk Lgrnms, sf jg lgrgltfrizgdm pmr ukg lgrrfrg hunticglétilg lmk

fn Lugrtftm Lmktfhpmrçkfm, ng \ikcükilg Euvfkin df Ougtfhgng, Ng Lgktmrèg df

Tmhçs Qgslugn y Gnux Kgjugn.

Jg gltugdm fk ikkuhfrg`nfs lmklifrtms fk tmdg ng Pfpõ`nilg df Ougtfhgng,

Lfktrmghérilg, Héxilm, Qufrtm Pilm, Fstgdms Vkidms y Crgklig. Jg pu`nilgdm

hçs df hin grtèlunms df lrètilg y fksgym fk fn digrim Qrfksg Ni`rf, jg prmdulidm

y jg pgrtilipgdm fk hçs df 06 org`glimkfs df ngrog durgliük.

Jg lrfgdm m`rgs pgrg mrqufstg sikcükilg, hõsilg df lçhgrg, lgklimkfs, ikstg-

nglimkfs fnfltrmglõstilgs y `gkdgs smkmrgs pgrg dgkzg lmktfhpmrçkfg, tfgtrm

drghçtilm y likf.

Fs rflipifkdgrim df difz prfhims lfktrmghfrilgkms g su trgyfltmrig grtèstilg y

sus lmhpmsilimkfs husilgnfs. \f jg dfsfhpf÷gdm lmhm lmksuntmr y lmhm

lmmrdikgdmr df prmyfltms df ikvfstiogliük.



73?Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 7<


Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

Flugdmr“ Fsluljf ngs pistgs #703 (pgsinnms) y #70? (sgkeugkitm)

Ng hõsilg df Flugdmr prfsfktg, lmhm ng df tmdms nms pgèsfs df Ghérilg, ikcnufk-

lig df hõsilg furmpfg y gcrilgkg, pfrm sf `gsg fk rithms gutültmkms gkdikms

y ghgzükilms. Ng lunturg flugtmrigkg jg pfrhitidm ng fvmnuliük g trgvés df nms

tifhpms lmk kufvms rithms hmdfrkms quf sf jgk idm cusimkgkdm lmk ng iklmr-

pmrgliük df kufvg ikstruhfktgliük.

Jgy dms oékfrms husilgnfs rfprfsfktgtivms df Flugdmr, nms pgsinnms y nms sgkeug-

kitms, pfrm fk sus fvfktms lunturgnfs ng hõsilg fs suhghfktf ghpnig y vgrigdg,

pudiékdmsf fsluljgr nms gn`gzms, ng `mh`g, fn ygrgvè, ftl.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm sf feflutgk nms pgsinnms, gn`gzms y sgkeugkitms, pufdf

lmksuntgr ngs siouifktfs dirfllimkfs fnfltrükilgs5

Qgsinnms y gn`gzms5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8ZBV:ct7rZlV

\gkeugkitms5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8:Bt<@C]`1FY

Duftm @fkètfz Sgnfklig (pgsinnms)

sgkeugkitm





½Lmk qué prmdulihms hõsilg=Nnfoghms g nms prmdultmrfs df smkidms ikvfktgdms y lmkstruidms pmr fn ikofkim

dfn jmh`rf, lmk fn smnm prmpüsitm df rflmkstruir nms `fnnms smkidms df ng kgtu-

rgnfzg pgrg fn fspgrlihifktm dfn gnhg dfn sfr juhgkm.

G trg`gegr...

Fhpflfhms jglifkdm uk rflmkmlihifktm df tmdms nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs quf lmkmlf5

\i nnfkü tmdms nms fspglims lmkmlf pmr nm hfkms dmlf ikstruhfktms. \i nf jilifrmk cgntg fspglims, pifk-

sf y fslrè`gnms fk fstf fspglim. Nufom lufktf luçktms lmkmlf fk tmtgn.

7.

0.

<.

4.

6.

3.

?.

:.

9.

71.

77.

70.



739Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 7<


Nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs

Fn lfrf`rm dfn sfr juhgkm fs huy divfrtidm. Tmdm nm quifrf mrogkizgr. Gsè pufs,

jgy vgrigs lngsilglimkfs df nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs. Fk fstg mpmrtukidgdlngsilgrfhms nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs sfoõk lühm sf prmdulf su smkidm.

vimnèk

vimng

vimnmklfnnm

lmktrg`gem

Ikstruhfktms husilgnfs

crmtgdg

ouitgrrg

hgkdmnikg

ouitgrrük

grpg

lufrdg

punsgdg

pfrlutidg pigkm

pèlmnm

gutgfh`mlgdurg

vifktm

hgdfrg

m`mf

lmrkm ikonés

cgomtf

lmktrgcgomtf

dm`nf lg÷g

ukg lg÷glngrikftf

sgxmcük

lmrkm crgklés

trmhpftg

trmh`ük

tu`g

vifktm

hftgn

hgrih`g

xinücmkm

tih`gnfs

lghpgkgs tu`ungrfs

smkidm

dfkidm

pfrlusiük

triçkounm

`mkoms

`mh`m

lgslg`fnfs

pgkdfrftghgrglgs

oþirm

pngtms

rfdm`ngktf

lngvfs

smkidmikdfkidm

fnfltrükilms

ouitgrrg fnéltrilg

`gem fnéltrilm

siktftizgdmrfs

mkdgs Hgrtfkmt

`mquinng

lirlungr



7?1IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

Sfghms ng gpgrifklig df lgdg ikstruhfktm.

`gem fnéltrilm cgomtf

hgrih`g cngutg

triçkounm

vimng ouitgrrg

vimnmkljfnm

hgrglgs trmh`ük

sgxmcük

lmrkm ikonés

lmktrg`gem

lghpgkgs tu`ungrfs

ouitgrrg fnéltrilg



7?7Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 7<

lngvfs rfdm`ngktf

vimnèk

pgkdfrftg

lngrikftf

tu`g

trmhpftg

siktftizgdmr tih`gnfs

m`mf

`mh`m

lmrkm crgklés

pngtms

pigkm

grpg




Fsluljfhms gnoukms fefhpnms df ikstruhfktms5

GPQG5

- Fsluljf ng pistg #70:

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8MiKnYrnEF4o

QIGKM5

"Oyhkmpédif Km.7", Frib \gtif. - Fsluljf ng pistg #709

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8\-Zh?s9fOxV

SIMNÈK5

"Lmklifrtm pgrg vimnèk F hfkmr. MQ. 34", Cfnix Hfkdfnssmjk. - Fsluljf ng

pistg #7<1 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8m7d@o]]wsum

/½Qufdf idfktilgr fn vimnèk fktrf tmdms nms dfhçs ikstruhfktms df ng

mrqufstg=

SIMNMKLFNNM5

"Lfnnm \uitf Km. 7, Qrfnudim", E. \. @glj. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7<7

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8\3yuP:fcmtI

CNGVTG5

"@gdikfrif", E. \. @glj. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7<0

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8xSxwuirVZ-H

/½Qufdf idfktilgr ng gutg fktrf tmdms nms dfhçs ikstruhfktms df ng

mrqufstg df lufrdg=

LNGPIKFTF5

"Lzgrdgs", Sittmrim Hmkti. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7<<

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v86G:eUEgYjgV

/ ½Wué mtrm ikstruhfktm sufkg glmhpg÷gkdm gn lngrikftf=

CGOMTF5

"Yfstfrdgy", Tjf @fgtnfs. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7<4

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8@GdxxpK1pKI

/ ½Wué mtrms ikstruhfktms glmhpg÷gk gn cgomtf=



7?<Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 7<

Fsluljfhms gnoukms fefhpnms df ikstruhfktms5

LMPKM CPGKLÉ\5

"Lmklifrtm pgrg lmrkm Km. 4, BS 496", _. G. Hmzgrt. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7<6

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8SFECu_obObY

TPMHQFTG5

"@uonfr's Jmnidgy", Nfrmy Gkdfrsmk. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7<3

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8MbYlBcqCKhH

TPMH@ÜK5

- Fsluljf ng pistg #7<?

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8O6m1YTyvG`:

/Fstg m`rg ng iktfrprftg uk lugrtftm df trmh`mkfs. ½Qufdf distikouir ngs

lugtrm vmlfs=

TV@G5

"@gdikfrif", E. \. @glj. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7<:

jttps5//ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8r0SO]sMcG4W

/Fstg m`rg fs ng hishg quf ng df ng gutg. ½Qufdf dfslri`ir ngs dicfrfkligs

fktrf uk ikstruhfktm y mtrm=

TIH@GNF\

5"Lmklifrtm Cgktgsèg", Qjinnip Ongss. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7<9

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8Nkw1IJoeF0F

/Fk fstg gudiliük jgy dms eufoms df tih`gnfs. ½Qufdf distikouirnms=

LGHQGKG\ TV@VNGPF\5


jttps5// www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8]Y<`dN4PJvs

HGPIH@G5

"Lmklifrtm pgrg hgrih`g y mrqufstg", Emrof \grhifktms. - Fsluljf ng

pistg #747 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8k1TONc7Ob\W

/½Qufdf dfslri`ir ng dicfrfklig fktrf fstg hgrih`g df lmklifrtm y kufstrg

hgrih`g ougtfhgntflg=




Gutmlmktrmn


Fslri`g fk fn prihfr fspglim ng lngsicilgliük df nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs, y nufom nms ikstruhfktms qufsf rflufrdf, fk su lngsicilgliük lmrrfltg5

Lngsiclgliük Lngsiclgliük Lngsiclgliük

Sifktm hgdfrg

Lngsiclgliük Lngsiclgliük

Ouitgrrg fnéltrilg

Ouitgrrg



7?6Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 7<


Fsluljf ngs pistgs dgdgs. Fk ng prihfrg lmnuhkg fslri`g fn kmh`rf dfn ikstruhfktm quf fsluljg, y fk

ng sfoukdg lmnuhkg ng lngsicilgliük g ng quf pfrtfkflf.

Qistg husilgn Ikstruhfktm Lngsiclgliük

"\uitf pgrg \mnm Lfnnm Km. 7 fk O Hg-ymr, prfnudim", E. \. @glj. - Fsluljfng pistg #740 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.

lmh/wgtlj=v8qHPEhrNYSTw

- Fsluljf ng pistg #74<jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/

wgtlj=v8YUNoP9?F:7V

"In \infkzim", Kiki Pmssm. - Fsluljfng pistg #744 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.

lmh/wgtlj=v8Gc\mIHg1FH1

Bghfnmt. - Fsluljf ng pistg#746 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/

wgtlj=v8GeelZUFofkW jgstg fn 7561

E. \. @glj. - Fsluljf ng pistg#743 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/

wgtlj=v8Sexj\<TvT6W

- Fsluljf ng pistg #74?

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8THO6P`gsmqH

"\ikcmkèg Km. 9", Nudwio vgk@fftjmvfk. - Fsluljf ng pistg #74:jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8\UmUN_gHYgW&nist8QNv3\K9Q?vrWKm

1PZ4Vi1re9txUVxFl3D9 <54? “ 457:

"Lgpriljm çrg`f", Crgklislm Tçrrfog. - Fsluljf ng pistg #749 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8y]omJn-OuKb

- Fsluljf ng pistg #761 jttps5// www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8]1vu-

\e`thV

"Lngrm df nukg", Nudwio vgk@fftjmvfk. - Fsluljf ng pistg

#767 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8eGE4i7N<y6H






kmnmorgdm


i g r . . .

Lmkmzlm ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn lmhpmsitmr Qgunm Gnvgrgdm.

Idfktilm nms rithms flugtmrigkms5 pgsinnms y sgkeugkitms.

Lmkmzlm ng lngsilgliük df nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs.

Idfktilm fn smkidm df nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs.


Ikvfktf uk ikstruhfktm husilgn lrfgdm lmk pgrtfs df ikstruhfktms df dicfrfktf lngsilgliük, y di`õefnm

fk fstf fspglim dgdm.



7??Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 74

74

Ng hõsilg y su prmyflliük lmhukilgtivgJgy dms tipms df hõsilg5 ng `ufkg y ng hgng. Hf oustgk gh`gs.

Dubf Fnnikotmk


Og`y Hmrfkm

Fn \gnvgdmr

Fn smk xul y fn `ginf "Nms fhpnuhgdms df Lglgmpfrg"

Fsluljgr y rflmkmlfr

Nfkougef husilgn y su iktfrprftgliük


Lmkmlfr ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn df Og`y Hmrfkm. Idfkticilgr nms rithms sgnvgdmrf÷ms5 smk xul y fn ginf "Nms fhpnuhgdms df Lglgmpfrg".

Idfkticilgr distiktms tipms df iktfrprftgliük husilgn.

Pfgnizgr, gkgnizgr y rfdgltgr uk ikcmrhf lmrtm lmk `gsf fk ukg pfquf÷g fklufstg.



7?:IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Og`y Hmrfkm(79:7 - ) “ Fsluljf ngs pistgs #760 y #76<

Kgliü fk ng liudgd df Ougtfhgng fk 79:7. Fs ouitgrristg y lgktgutmrg, fs dflir

quf gdfhçs df lgktgr, fslri`f y lmhpmkf ng hõsilg df sus lgklimkfs. \u

hõsilg tifkf ikcnufklig dfn `nufs, fn egzz, fn cmnb, P&@ y fn smun.

Jg pu`nilgdm trfs çn`uhfs y lmk fn tfrlfrm, "Qmstgnfs", m`tuvm fk fn 017< fn

prfhim Ngtik Orghhy, fk ng lgtfomrèg df Hfemr Grtistg Kufvm. Dfsdf huy pf-

quf÷g ng hõsilg jg sidm pgrtf ihpmrtgktf df su vidg. Ikiliü su lgrrfrg g`rifkdm

nms lmklifrtms df grtistgs iktfrkglimkgnfs, lmhm lugkdm Pilby Hgrtik vikm g

Ougtfhgng.



7?9Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 74


Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

Fn \gnvgdmr“ Fsluljf ngs pistgs #764 (Nms Fhpnuhgdms df Lglgmpfrg) y #766 (smk xul)

Fstg rfoiük tgh`iék prmyfltg su hõsilg y sus `ginfs g rgèz df ng lmnmkizgliükdf nms fspg÷mnfs, pmr nm quf su hõsilg y sus `ginfs sf iktfrprftgk fk cukliük dfgllimkfs smlignfs y rfnioimsgs. Nms ikstruhfktms hçs utinizgdms fk fstg hgkicfs-tgliük grtèstilg smk fn tgh`mr y ng cngutg, gdfhçs dfn trgquftfm, fn tfpmkgztni yng hgrih`g.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm sf feflutgk fn `ginf "Nms Fhpnuhgdms df Lglgmpfrg" yfn smk xul, pufdf lmksuntgr ngs siouifktfs dirfllimkfs fnfltrükilgs5

Nms Fhpnuhgdms df Lglgmpfrg5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8-C_1h1Tp]yl

\mk xul5 jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8NPwDDTNQ6xH

smk xul

"Nms Fhpnuhgdms df Lglgmpfrg"



7:1IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Fxprfsimkfs husilgnfs ukivfrsgnfs

Yg jfhms diljm quf dgrnf ng mpmrtukidgd df fsluljgr prihfrm, gktfs df hmstrgr-

nf nms lmklfptms, nf pfrhitf fxprfsgr sus prmpigs idfgs. Tgh`iék fs ihpmrtgktffsluljgr ng mpikiük df sus pgdrfs, prmcfsmrfs y ghioms, sm`rf tmdm si fs pmsitivg.

G trg`gegr...

Fsluljf ngs siouifktfs lmhpmsilimkfs husilgnfs y nufom iktfktf lmktfstgr ngs siouifktfs prfouktgs5

Lgdg iktfrprftgliük husilgn tifkf uk lgrçltfr prmpim glmrdf gn tipm df ikstruhfktgliük quf sf usf.

½Df qué trgtg ng lgkliük=

"_jgt is nmvf", Jgddgwgy. - Fsluljf ng pistg #763. jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8vkopqNO<_?4

½Wué ikstruhfktms idfktilg=

½Luçn fs fn ikstruhfktm quf hçs dfstglg=


"Mkf kmtf \gh`g", Fnng Citzofrgnd. - Fsluljf ng pistg #76?. jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8Q`N9vr4W0NV




"Hgrljg hinitgr Km. 7", Crgkz \lju`frt. - Fsluljf ng pistg #76:. jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8zigD\:BthTV





7:7Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 74


Fn nfkougef husilgn y su iktfrprftgliük

7. Hõsilg vmlgn

Ng hõsilg vmlgn fs gqufnng quf fs iktfrprftgdg pmr ukm m hçs lgktgktfs, lmkm sik glmhpg÷ghifktm ikstruhfktgn. G ng iktfrprftgliük df ng hõsilg vmlgn sikkikoõk glmhpg÷ghifktm sf nf nnghg lmhõkhfktf g lgppfnng.

Ofkfrgnhfktf fk ng hõsilg vmlgn sf lgktgk pgng`rgs nnghgdgs nftrg. Fk mtrmstipms df hõsilg lmhm fn jip jmp y fn egzz sf utinizgk smkidms outurgnfs y mkm-hgtmpfygs pgrg jglfr smkidms quf ihitgk, pmr fefhpnm, g ukg `gtfrèg. Fstms sm-kidms sf lmkmlfk lmhm `fgt`mxiko. Fk egzz, nms lgktgktfs usgk fn slgt, quf smkmkmhgtmpfygs pgrg prmdulir hfnmdègs y rithms.

Fsluljfhms hõsilg g lgpfnng y lmk glmhpg÷ghifktm ikstruhfktgn5

"Fn gr`frm df \fvinng, M`frturg", Oimgljikm Pmssiki. - Fsluljf ng pistg #769

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8\rZEkHvo9uI

"Ommd tihf", Qit @unn f Ikkg. - Fsluljf ng pistg #731 jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8sFoZWEoYxmF

0. Hõsilg ikstruhfktgn

Vkg lmhpmsiliük husilgn fs ukg m`rg sik lgktm y sik nftrg lmhpufstg prikli-pgnhfktf pgrg ikstruhfktms husilgnfs. Qmr fefhpnm ngs sikcmkègs, ngs smkgtgs,ngs hgrljgs hinitgrfs, ng hõsilg df hfditgliük, ng hõsilg df hgrih`g y fn egzz

ikstruhfktgn.

Huljgs df ngs lmhpmsilimkfs df hõsilg vmlgn, tgn lmhm ng üpfrg y ngslgklimkfs pmpungrfs, nnfvgk fk su fstrulturg ukg sflliük iks-truhfktgn fk dmkdf prfdmhikg uk ikstruhfktm y kmng vmz. G fstgs sfllimkfs ikstruhfktgnfs sf nf nnghgiktfrnudim.

Fsluljfhms5"Qigkm smkgtg Km. 77 fk G hgymr", _. G. Hmzgrt. - Fsluljf ng pistg #737

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8dQ9B_W:jGYb

"Üpfrg Lgrhfk, iktfrnudim5 Tmrfgdmr", O. @izft. - Fsluljf ng pistg #730jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8wx6:momCk9m




<. \mnistgs y fksgh`nfs

Vkg lmhpmsiliük vmlgn m ikstruhfktgn pufdf sfr iktfrprftgdg pmr uk smnistg muk fksgh`nf. \fr smnistg siokilg quf uk smnm ikstruhfktm prmtgomkizg ngs pgr-tfs hçs ihpmrtgktfs df ukg m`rg husilgn. Fk ng hõsilg lnçsilg sf fklufktrgkfefhpnms df lmklifrtms pgrg vimnèk, pigkm, trmhpftg, cgomtf, lngrikftf y mtrms, fk

dmkdf fn smnistg fs glmhpg÷gkdm pmr ukg mrqufstg u mtrm fksgh`nf husilgn. Fkmlgsimkfs, fklmktrghms g hçs df uk smnistg fk ukg pifzg husilgn, pmr fefhpnmfk lmklifrtms pgrg dms vimnikfs m smkgtgs pgrg vimnèk y pigkm.

Fk ng üpfrg, oékfrm husilgn quf iklnuyf mrqufstg y vmlfs, fxistfk crgohfktmsnnghgdms grigs, fk dmkdf nms lgktgktfs smk smnistgs. Fsluljfhms fn siouifktffefhpnm5

"Üpfrg Ng Trgvigtg, Fn `rikdis, grig2 15<:", Sivgndi. - Fsluljf ng pistg #73< jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v861hot-Dw``s

Fk ng hõsilg pmpungr fklmktrghms vgrims smnistgs tgnfs lmhm \jgbirg, FkriqufIonfsigs, Hgrlm Gktmkim \mnès y Og`y Hmrfkm. Fsluljfhms fn siouifktf fefhpnm5

"\i km tf juìfrgs idm"2 150:, Hgrlm Gktmkim \mnès. - Fsluljf ng pistg #734jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8Ghdw6@`KvTw

"Gktmnmoèg", \jgbirg. - Fsluljf ng pistg #736jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8IB<eKNcTFdw

Lmhm sf pufdf gprfligr, nms smnistgs tifkfk uk tih`rf df vmz pgrtilungr quf nmsidfktilg, gdfhçs df sfr nms prmtgomkistgs df ng m`rg husilgn g pfsgr df quf

jgyg vgrims ikstruhfktms iktfrgltugkdm lmk fnnms.

Lugkdm fxistfk dms smnistgs df uk hishm ikstruhfktm sf lmkmlfk lmhm duftm,y lmk trfs, trèm. Fsluljfhms ng siouifktf hfnmdèg5

Duftm df vimnikfs, \tmrh. - Fsluljf ng pistg #733jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8k:_gqY<Smbb

"Cukiluni cukilunç", Trèm df trmhpftgs. - Fsluljf ng pistg #73?jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8<O604vÈg]:

Gjmrg ìfk, fksgh`nf husilgn sf nnghg lugkdm vgrims ikstruhfktms iktfrgltõgk euktms fk uk kivfn pgrflidm df prmtgomkishm.

Jgy dicfrfktfs tipms df fksgh`nfs sfoõk fn tipm df ikstruhfktms df nms lugnfsfstçk cmrhgdms. Ng mrqufstg fs fn fksgh`nf hçs lmhpnftm dfktrm df ng hõsilglnçsilg y fstç lmkcmrhgdg pmr vimnikfs, vimngs, gutgs, cgomtfs, lmktrgcgomtfs,

lngrikftfs, pillmnm, lmrkms crgklfsfs, trmhpftgs, trmh`mkfs, tu`g y pfrlusiük.

Dfktrm df ng hõsilg lnçsilg tghìék fxistfk lugrtftms df lufrdgs, quf, lmhm sukmh`rf nm ikdilg, fstçk cmrhgdms pmr ikstruhfktms df lufrdg quf tèpilghfktf



7:<Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 74

smk dms vimnikfs, ukg vimng y uk ljfnm. Fxistfk tghìék nms quiktftms df `rmklf,nms lugnfs smk lmkcmrhgdms pmr liklm ikstruhfktms df gnifktm hftgn5 dms trmh-pftgs, uk trmh`ük, uk lmrkm crgklés y ukg tu`g. Ng gkdg fs uk fksgh`nf husi-lgn lgrgltfrèstilm df nms dfsnfs y lmklifrtms fk dmkdf iktfrgltõgk ikstruhfktms

df vifktm y pfrlusiük.

"Drgomk @gnn U", mrqufstg sikcükilg. - Fsluljf ng pistg #73:jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8sLNnsJvMFcw

"Tgkoms", Wuiktftm @rmklfs dfn Qngtg. - Fsluljf ng pistg #739jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8Fk:VGfIjlv1

Fk ng hõsilg pmpungr y cmnlnürilg, ng hõsilg df fksgh`nf tifkf ukg ikkidgd df

rfprfsfktglimkfs. Qmr fefhpnm, ng hgrih`g, fn hgriglji, nms orupms gkdikms y ngs`gkdgs df rmlb.

"Hõsilg gkdikg, pçegrm lghpgkg", Orupm Ng vufntg gkdikg. - Fsluljf ng

pistg #7?1jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8js7CzBqF0kW

Fk ng hõsilg vmlgn, fn fksgh`nf hçs orgkdf y lmhpnftm fs fn lmrm. Fn lmrm pufdfsfr smnm df vmlfs cfhfkikgs, df vmlfs hgslunikgs m hixtm, lugkdm tifkf tgktmvmlfs cfhfkikgs lmhm hgslunikgs. Fsluljfhms uk crgohfktm husilgn iktfrprf-tgdm pmr uk lmrm hixtm.

"Grrmz lmk nfljf", lmrm ukivfrsitgrim Fx Dfm Kmìs. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7?7

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8DvU\]1jrKNW

Fk ng jistmrig df ng hõsilg jgk fxistidm dicfrfktfs lmhpmsilimkfs quf utinizgk nglmhìkgliük df vgrims fksgh`nfs husilgnfs y smnistgs. Fsluljfhms fstf fefh-pnm fk dmkdf ukg hgrih`g tmlg lmk ukg `gkdg.

"Hi Nupitg", Ljfljg y su Ikdig Hgyg. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7?0jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8b_nvjz0N-`G

Fk fstms fefhpnms, sf pufdf fsluljgr g uk hgriglji quf iktfrgltõg lmk uk smnis-tg y g ukg mrqufstg tmlgkdm hõsilg cmnlnürilg-pmpungr.

"Fn Pfy", Silfktf Cfrkçkdfz. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7?<jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8V3qHWkKst9V

"Ng pmnnfrg lmnmrç", Mrqufstg Cingrhükilg df @momtç. - Fsluljf ngpistg #7?4jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v89N9]gW6:vOo

"Jgnnfnuegj", 15<1, Jgfkdfn. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7?6jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8o3wbp1NMub:




Onmsgrimlmrm5 Tgh`iék nnghgdm gorupgliük vmlgn, fs uk lmkeuktm df pfrsmkgs quf utinizgk ng vmz lmhm su iks-truhfktm husilgn pgrg iktfrprftgr m`rgs husilgnfs.

mkmhgtmpfyg5 Qgng`rg quf ihitg uk smkidm, uk ruidm m uk cfkühfkm visugn.

üpfrg5 Oékfrm df hõsilg tfgtrgn lmk gllimkfs fslékilgs lgktgdgs y lmk glmhpg÷ghifktm ikstruhfktgn.

smnistg5 Qfrsmkg quf iktfrprftg smnm ukg pifzg husilgn utinizgkdm su vmz m uk ikstruhfktm husilgn.

Pfsuhfk

\foõk fn ikstruhfktmutinizgdm

\foõk fn kõhfrmdf iktérprftfs

Iktfrprftgliük husilgn

Smlgn

Ikstruhfktgn

\mnistg

Fksgh`nf




Gutmlmktrmn


Hgrquf lmk ukg fquis (Z) ngs lgsinngs quf lmrrfspmkdgk g lgdg iktérprftf. Ng hgymrèg df fstms fefhpnmsfstçk fk ng sflliük Piklmklitm df Ougtfhgng df fstf ni`rm. \i tifkf gnoukg dudg pufdf vmnvfr g fsluljgrngs pistgs df gudim.

Iktérprftf smnistg fksgh`nf vmlgn ikstruhfktgn

Iomr df Ogkdgrigs

Lmrm df ionfsig

Hgrih`g

@gkdg hinitgr

Cfnipf df Efsõs Mrtfog

Hgrèg Isg`fn Liudgd-Pfgn

Hgnglgtfs Tré`mn \jmp

Og`y Hmrfkm

Gltividgd 0.Gpniquf nm gprfkdidm.

Fsluljf nms gudims sf÷gngdms fk ng siouifktf tg`ng f idfkticiquf lgdg fefhpnm lmhm vmlgn m ikstruhfk-tgn y smnistg m fksgh`nf.

Km. Fknglf Smlgn Ikstruhfktgn \mnistg Fksgh`nf

7"_jgt g wmkdfrcun wmrnd", Nmuis Grhstrmko. -Fsluljf ng pistg #7?3. jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/

wgtlj=v8UcJTshmdwWw

0

"Mvfrturg Ouinnfrhm Tfnn", Oimgljikm Pmssiki. -

Fsluljf ng pistg #7??. jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8qMmcw_T<Fdl

<"Üpfrg Gèdg, Hgrljg triukcgn", Oiusfppf Sfrdi.

- Fsluljf ng pistg #7?:. jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8ks]xsduwI-F

4"Ng vidg fk rmsg", Fditj Qigc. - Fsluljfng pistg #7?9. jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/

wgtlj=v8WJGLbYhfreI






kmnmorgdm

D f s p u é s d f f s t u d i

g r . . .

Lmkmzlm ng `imorgcèg y m`rg husilgn df Og`y Hmrfkm.

Idfktilm nms rithms sgnvgdmrf÷ms5 smk xul y fn `ginf "Nms fhpnuhg-

dms df Lglgmpfrg".

Idfktilm y vgnmrm distiktms tipms df iktfrprftgliük husilgn.

Pfgnizm, gkgnizm y rfdgltm uk ikcmrhf lmrtm lmk gsf fk ukg pfquf÷gfklufstg.


Pfgnilf ukg fklufstg g difz eüvfkfs y difz gduntms df gh`ms sfxms df su lmhukidgd. Fn m`eftivm sfrçdftfrhikgr fn tipm df hõsilg prfcfridm sfoõk ng fdgd, sfxm y fslmngridgd df nms pgrtilipgktfs. Idfkti -quf g uk hõsilm df su lmhukidgd y smnilètfnf pfrhism pgrg fktrfvistgrnm. Gquè nf dghms ukg ouèg pgrgng fktrfvistg quf rfgnizgrç, sik fh`grom, ustfd pufdf jglfr hçs prfouktgs, sfoõk vgyg lmkmlifkdm gn

fktrfvistgdm.

Kmh`rf5 Fdgd5

Qrfouktgs5

½Wué tipm df hõsilg nf oustg=

½Luçn fs fn iktérprftf quf hçs nf oustg=

Gkgnilf ngs rfspufstgs dfn fklufstgdm5

Hõsilg vmlgn Hõsilg ikstruhfktgn

Iktérprftf smnistg Fksgh`nf

Hõsilg glgdéhilg Hõsilg cmnlnürilg Hõsilg pmpungr

Pfdgltf ngs lmklnusimkfs df su fklufstg y lmhpçrtgnm fk su lèrlunm df fstudim. ½Ikuyf ng fdgd fk ng dicfrfkligdf oustms df hõsilg=



7:?Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 76

76

Iktfrprftgliük fk OugtfhgngNg hõsilg pfrhitf dflir ngs vfrdgdfs quf lgnnghms y km sf pufdf fxpnilgr pmr qué sifktfs tgktm.

Ng vidg km tfkdrèg sfktidm sik ng hõsilg. Og`y Hmrfkm


Emrof Çnvgrm \grhifktms Ougtfhgng

\mk trgdilimkgn y smk ljgpèk

Ougtfhgng, lukg df grtistgs

Iktfrprftgliük fk Ougtfhgng


Lmkmlfr ng `imorgcèg y ng m`rg husilgn df Emrof Çnvgrm \grhifktms.

Idfkticilgr nms rithms ougtfhgntflms5 smk trgdilimkgn y smk ljgpèk.

Lmkmlfr g gnoukms iktérprftfs ougtfhgntflms y gprfligrnms.



7::IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk


Emrof Çnvgrm \grhifktms(79<7 - 0170) “ Fsluljf ngs pistgs #7:1 y #7:7

Jg`ngr dfn hgfstrm \grhifktms fs jg`ngr df tmdg ukg

pfrsmkgnidgd, km smnghfktf dfn çrfg husilgn, sikm tgh-

ìék df uk ghgktf df ng eustilig y ng vidg. Fstf vgnmr

iktrèksflm quf fn hgfstrm vivèg y cmhfktg`g sf pufdfk

m`sfrvgr fk su qufjglfr grtèstilm ukg y mtrg vfz.

Dfspués df jg`frsf cmrhgdm fk fn Lmksfrvgtmrim Kglim-

kgn df Hõsilg lmhm lmhpmsitmr y dirfltmr df mrqufstg,

fstudiü fk ng Fslufng Kmrhgn df Hõsilg df Qgrès, Crgklig

y fk fn Lfktrm Ngtikmghfrilgkm df Gntms Fstudims Husilg-

nfs dfn Ikstitutm Tmrlugtm Di Tfnng fk @ufkms Girfs, Grofk-

tikg, rforfsg g Ougtfhgng lmhm Dirfltmr Grtèstilm df ng

Mrqufstg \ikcükilg Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng. Cuf ikvitgdm

uk sikkõhfrm df vflfs g dirioir mrqufstgs sikcükilgs df

rfkmh`rf df Ghérilg Ngtikg, Héxilm, Sfkfzufng, Grofktikg, @rgsin, Pfpõ`nilg

Dmhikilgkg, Qufrtm Pilm, Lu`g, Lmnmhìg, Ljinf, Fstgdms Vkidms, Crgklig, Isrgfn

y Egpük.

Fn Hgfstrm \grhifktms dim g lmkmlfr ngs m`rgs hçs rfprfsfktgtivgs dfn rfpfrtm-

rim df hõsilg hmdfrkg glgdéhilg, lmk uk sfnnm fspflign lmk mnmr g Ougtfhgng.Qrfhims y rflmkmlihifktms pmr su gltividgd husilgn jgy huljms, pfrm df nms

hçs dfstglgdms5 ngs Qgnhgs Glgdéhilgs df Crgklig, ng Mrdfk Gkdrés @fnnm df

Sfkfzufng, ng Hmkfdg df Mrm df ng GIL (Gsmligliük iktfrkglimkgn df Lmklifrtms)

df Egpük, Fn Wuftzgn df Egdf Hgyg pmr ng Gsmligliük df Qfrimdistgs df Ougtf-

hgng, ng Mrdfk \m`frgkg dfn Lmkorfsm Kglimkgn, dmlf prihfrms prfhims fk fn

Lfrtghfk 76 df \fptifh`rf df Lfktrmghérilg y Qgkghç, df Lifkligs y @fnngs

Grtfs, ng Mrdfk dfn \mn Kglifktf df Egpük y ng Mrdfk dfn Wuftzgn df kufstrm pgès.

Fn hgfstrm lmhpusm pgrg tmdgs ngs cmrhgs husilgnfs5 pmfhgs sikcükilms,

sikcmkègs, lmklifrtms, pifzgs df çnùh y `gnnfts. Fktrf sus m`rgs hçs dfstg-

lgdgs fstçk5 "Fstghpgs dfn Qmpmn Suj", "Fn Qçegrm @ngklm", "Jirmsjihg", "Mdg g

ng Ni`frtgd", "Mcrfkdg y Orgtitud", "Dicfrfkligs" pgrg vimnmklfnnm y mrqufstg, "Ng

Hufrtf df uk Qfrsmkgef", "Lmklifrtms Km. 7 y Km. 0" pgrg hgrih`g y mrqufstg,

Lmklifrtm pgrg liklm tih`gnfs y mrqufstg, Lugrtftm pgrg lufrdgs, y pifzgs pgrg

sgxmcük y pgrg pigkm, lmhm uk `fnnm Kmlturkm. Huljgs df sus m`rgs tifkfk uk

tiktf df egzz, pufs fn hgfstrm km smnghfktf frg uk fxlfnsm lmhpmsitmr sikm uk

iktérprftf hgrgvinnmsm df pigkm y sgxmcük, y fk sus g÷ms hmzms pfrtfkfliü g uk

fksgh`nf df egzz.




Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft


Ougtfhgng“ Fsluljf ngs pistgs #7:0 (smk ljgpèk) y #7:< (smk trgdilimkgn)

Ougtfhgng fs riquèsihg fk smkidm, lmnmr, sg`mr y hmvihifktm. Vkms df sus rit-hms trgdilimkgnfs smk fn smk y ng ougrih`g. Fn smk fs ukg fxprfsiük quf sf dg fkhuljèsihms pgèsfs ngtikmghfrilgkms, pfrm lgdg ukm tifkf sus prmpigs lgrgltfrès-tilgs. Fn smk ougtfhgntflm fs ng fxprfsiük smlign y lunturgn df nms ougtfhgntflms,y su `ginf sf pufdf vfr y fsluljgr fk hgkicfstglimkfs rfnioimsgs, lfrfhmkignfs,lunturgnfs y smlignfs. Ng ougrih`g fs uk rithm kftghfktf ougtfhgntflm lrfgdmpmr _mtz`fnè Gouingr. Fs ukg hfzlng df uk tifhpm df lmhpçs df 3/: pfrm lmkuk rithm lgrgltfrèstilm.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm sf `ging fn smk ljgpèk y fn smk trgdilimkgn "Ng lrfgliükdfn \mn", nm ikvitghms g visitgr nms siouifktfs fknglfs5

\mk ljgpèk5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v89kLynrNO@GY

\mk trgdilimkgn

("Ng lrfgliük dfn \mn")5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8CgBhnP6\Ipm

smk trgdilimkgn

M`rg „Fn smk‘ dfn grtistg Gkdrés Lurrulji-ljf, quf cmrhg pgrtf df ng lmnflliük df

grtf dfn @gklm df Ougtfhgng.





Ougtfhgng, lukg df grtistgsOugtfhgng jg sidm lukg pgrg fn dfsgrrmnnm df huljms grtistgs fk fn çh`itm df

ng hõsilg. Huljms smnistgs y dicfrfktfs fksgh`nfs jgk sidm ihpmrtgktfs fk fndfsgrrmnnm df ng idfktidgd dfn ougtfhgntflm g nm ngrom df vgrigs ofkfrglimkfs.

G trg`gegr...

Fsluljf nms siouifktfs crgohfktms husilgnfs. ½Luçktms df fstms grtistgs ougtfhgntflms pufdf rflm-kmlfr= Fslri`g su kmh`rf fk ng nèkfg dgdg.

"Déeghf fk pgz", Nuligkm Hirgn. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7:4jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v86gpLHSnEzl4

"Fn oritm", Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7:6jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8]x]mv47mjgb

"\mk df grhmkèg". - Fsluljf ng pistg #7:3jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8DNiPB_wU7F4

"Vb'u'x Vnfw". - Fsluljf ng pistg #7:?

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8Ko\<t9ZCGxH

"Dms lngvfnfs", Nms ikvgsmrfs df Kufvm Nfük. - Fsluljf ng pistg #7::jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8kmMU7dcfShw

"Lmk ukg lgkliük". - Fsluljf ng pistg #7:9jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8qeBmgySgJ6G

"Hi vidg", Grhgkdm Qgdinng. - Fsluljf ng pistg #791jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8@3mb@z1HhFG

Fk fstg nèkfg, fslri`g nms kmh`rfs df mtrms grtistgs m orupms grtèstilms quf ustfd lmkmzlg.





Iktfrprftgliük fk OugtfhgngG lmktikugliük prfsfktghms ukg pfquf÷g nistg df nms grtistgs ougtfhgntflms

hçs prmhikfktfs.

7. \mnistgs df hõsilg lnçsilg\mk grtistgs quf sf jgk dfdilgdm ofkfrgnhfktf g iktfrprftgr üpfrg m lgktmnèrilm, tgnfs lmhm Ng Trgvigtg, Hgdghg @uttfry, Lgrhfk y mtrgs. Fktrf fnnms sf

fklufktrgk5 Bgrik Pgdfhgkk, Gdrigkg Omkzçnfz, Nuis Cfnipf Oirük Hgy, Gkg Is`fnNgzm y Hgrim Ljgko. Lmkmzlghms uk pmlm df fnnms5

7.7 Bgrik Pgdfhgkk

Lgktg hõsilg df üpfrg, dfn Pfkglihifktm, Lgkliük df Grtf m Nifd df Furmpgy Ngtikmghérilg y nitfrgrim. Fk 799< cmrhü pgrtf df Grs Kmvg df Ougtfhgng. Gpgrtir df 7994 jg lgktgdm lmhm smnistg lmk ng Mrqufstg \ikcükilg Kglimkgn dfOugtfhgng, ng Mrqufstg Efsõs Lgstinnm, Guoustm Grdfkmis, Mrqufstg Ougtfhgng,gsè lmhm fk dicfrfktfs liudgdfs df Furmpg y Ghérilg. \u hçs rflifktf nmorm fssu pgrtilipgliük fk "Ng Trgvigtg", lmhm smnistg priklipgn, fk ng liudgd df Ougtf-hgng.

"\fhprf Ni`frg, Ng Trgvigtg", Oiusfppf Sfrdi. - Fsluljf ng pistg #797

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8F0eeW17Boto

7.0 Gdrigkg Omkzçnfz

Kgliü fk 7997 y lgktg üpfrg lmhm smprgkm. Ikiliü sus fstudims lmk ng lgktgktf@çr`grg @ilbcmrd y lmk fn sf÷mr Hgssihm Qfzzutti. Qgrtilipü fk fn Lmkorfsm dfÜpfrg lmk fn pgpfn df Ghmrf fk Mrcfm y Furèdilf. \f nf mtmroü hfrflidghfktffn Qrfhim df Grtistg Kufvm Qrüxihms pmr Jfhfrmtflg Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng.

Fk 0170 sf orgduü df ng lgrrfrg df hõsilg df ng Vkivfrsidgd dfn Sgnnf df Oug-tfhgng. Fk g`rin df 0177 ogkg fn prihfr prfhim fk fn Cfstivgn dfnng Lgkzmkf Itg-nigkg mrogkizgdm pmr fn Ikstitutm Itgnigkm di Lunturg fk Ougtfhgng. Hçs tgrdf fsfhishm, g÷m cuf sfnfllimkgdg pgrg fn Hukdign df ng Euvfktud Lmrm 0170 Ljiprf,rfukiük dmkdf lgktü lmhm uk hifh`rm dfn lmrm y smprgkm smnistg. Fk hgym df017<, lgktü lmhm smprgkm fk fn lmrm df ng üpfrg "Ugkfttm" df Qiftrm Hgslgokiy "G`u Jgssgk" df Lgrn Hgrig Smk _f`fr fk fn Tfgtrm Pmofr @grgt fk Jfr`ngy,Crgklig.

Fk eukim df 017<, cuf ikvitgdg gn Cfstivgn df Sfrgkm df Nis`mg fk Qmrtuogn, pmrngs gltuglimkfs df "Lgrhikg @urgkg" y ng hõsilg lmrgn df lçhgrg sfnfllimkgdg.




Fk 0174 cuf sfnfllimkgdg pgrg ng prmdulliük df ng üpfrg "Dmk Oimvgkki" fk Qg-rès, Crgklig y jg sidm glfptgdg pgrg fstudigr df hgkfrg pfrhgkfktf fk fn gtfnifr

Nyriquf df ng Üpfrg Kglimkgn df Qgrès.

"Gdifu, kmtrf pftitf tg`nf, üpfrg Hgkmk", Eunfs Hgssfkft. - Fsluljf ng pistg #790 jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8kkywe]k@Ix:

7.< Nuis Cfnipf Oirük Hgy (7960-017<)Cuf uk `grètmkm rflmkmlidm g kivfn hukdign, lgktgkdm fk gn hfkms kufvf idim-hgs dicfrfktfs fk lgsi 0,111 cuklimkfs, quf nm nnfvgrmk g lgsi tmdms nms pgèsfs dfnhukdm iktfrprftgkdm 69 pgpfnfs priklipgnfs y sflukdgrims. Lgktü üpfrg, mrgtm-rims, grigs, lgktgtgs, grigs df lmklifrtm, ljgksmk, nifd y lgklimkfs dfsdf pfrimdm`grrmlm jgstg fn lmktfhpmrçkfm.

Cuf ogkgdmr df lugtrm lmklursms df lgktm iktfrkglimkgn y kmh`rgdm pmr ngVkiük df Lrmkistgs Hfxilgkms lmhm Hfemr Lgktgktf dfn G÷m fk dms mlgsimkfs.Tghìék sf jizm glrffdmr gn Fhfritisihuk df ng Vkivfrsidgd df \gk Lgrnms dfOugtfhgng, ng Mrdfk Hioufn Çkofn Gsturigs, Mrdfk dfn Wuftzgn y Hfdgnng Qrfsi-dfklign, tghìék cuf kmh`rgdm Grtistg pmr ng Qgz df ng VKF\LM y fn Qrfsidfktfdf Itgnig nm jizm Lgvfnifrf gn Hfritm Dfnng Pfpu`nilg Itgnigkg.

"Ng smkçhùng", Silfkzm @fnniki. - Fsluljf ng pistg #79<jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8C<9upc1_Sgo

7.4 Gkg Isg`fn Ngzm

Ougtfhgntflg quf dfsdf huy pfquf÷g sf jg dfdilgdm gn grtf. Lgktg lmhm

smprgkm y fk 0114 cuf ogngrdmkgdg lmk ng hfdgnng Dgktf Gniouifri, lmhm Pf-vfngliük dfn @fn Lgktm y fk 0116 rfliìü ng hfdgnng lunturgn Silfktf Ngpgrrg. Jgpgrtilipgdm fk vgrims lmklifrtms y üpfrgs fk Ougtfhgng, Fn \gnvgdmr, Jmkdurgs,Kilgrgoug, Lmstg Pilg, Qgkghç, Héxilm, Fstgdms Vkidms, Furmpg y Ljikg.

"Yfnnmw rivfr nghfkt, Yfnnmw rivfr lgktgtg", Zigk Zikojgi. - Fsluljf ng pistg #794jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8TkeoSQqUgvo

7.6 Hgrim LjgkoLgktgktf df gntms ngurfnfs fk fn lgktm nèrilm iktfrkglimkgn. Ogkg fn prihfr nuogrfk fn Lmklursm Iktfrkglimkgn df Lgktm Crgklislm Si÷gs rfgnizgdm fk fn Tfgtrm dfnNilfu fk @grlfnmkg, gdfhçs fn prfhim Qnçlidm Dmhikom gn hfemr tfkmr y fn prf-him Ghioms df ng Üpfrg df \g`gdfnn pmr nm quf fs ikvitgdm g cmrhgr pgrtf dfnNikdfhgkk Ymuko Grtists Qrmorgh dfn Hftrmpmnitgk Mpfrg y g ng Euinnigrd \ljmmnmc Husil. Fktrf mtrms rflmkmlihifktms quf jg rfliìdm, sf fklufktrgk fn EfukfsTgnfkts dfn Cfstivgn Husiquf ft Sik df @mrom÷g, Crgklig, y fn Ymuko Grtist Juhg-kitgrigk Gwgrd df ng Jindfogrd @fjrfks Cmukdgtimk.




Hgrim Ljgko sf jg prfsfktgdm fk orgkdfs fslfkgrims gnrfdfdmr dfn hukdm,lmhm smk fn Hftrmpmnitgk Mpfrg Jmusf y Lgrkfoif Jgnn fk Kufvg Ymrb y sgngsdf lmklifrtm ihpmrtgktfs fk Pusig, Qufrtm Pilm, Isrgfn, Fspg÷g, Crgklig, Itgnig,Flugdmr, fktrf mtrgs.

"Fnng hi cu rgpitg!, üpfrg Piomnfttm", O. Sfrdi. - Fsluljf ng pistg #796

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8FCO1NhyNV1V

0. \mnistgs pmpungrfsVk smnistg pmpungr fs fn quf iktfrprftg lgklimkfs quf smk dfn oustm df ng hgymrèg

df ngs pfrsmkgs. Gdfhçs df Pilgrdm Gremkg y Og`y Hmrfkm, lmkmlidms g kivfn

iktfrkglimkgn y luygs imorgcègs gpgrflfk fk mtrgs sfhgkgs df fstf ni`rm, fk Oug-

tfhgng sf jgk dfstglgdm Cgìmng Pmudjg y Cnghikig, fktrf mtrms. Lmkmzlçhmsngs5

0.7 Cgìmng Pmudjg

\u vfrdgdfrm kmh`rf fs Eglbfnikf Cgìmng Pmdgs Sgnngdgrfs. Kgliü fk 7990. Dfs-df huy emvfk jg dfstglgdm lmhm smnistg. Jg rfgnizgdm trfs çnùhfs y fk 0119ogkü lmhm hfemr grtistg ougtfhgntflg fk Fspg÷g, fk nms Qrfhims 41 Qriklipgnfs.

"Fkghmrgdg df ti". - Fsluljf ng pistg #793jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8w\L0qGrc3DH

0.0 Cnghikig

Kgliü fk 79:0. Qgrtf df su cmrhgliük ng rfliìü fk nms Fstgdms Vkidms df Ghé-rilg. Fs lgktgktf, prmdultmrg f ikofkifrg df smkidm. Fk 0177 sf orgduü df Hédi-lm y Liruegkm fk ng Vkivfrsidgd Crgklislm Hgrrmquèk. Jg lmng`mrgdm lmk vgrimsgrtistgs kglimkgnfs f iktfrkglimkgnfs y jg ngkzgdm dms dislms fk nms quf hfzlngsmkidms fnfltrükilms df siktftizgdmrfs, `fgts y sflufkligdmrfs, lmk ikstruhfk-tms rfgnfs lmhm fn pigkm. Fsluljfhms5

"Pmhpfs tmdm". - Fsluljf ng pistg #79?jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8V6P33tKwynI

<. Fksgh`nfs df hõsilg lnçsilgJfhms gprfkdidm quf uk fksgh`nf fs lugkdm vgrims ikstruhfktms iktfrgltõgk euktms fk uk kivfn pgrflidm df prmtgomkishm. Fktrf fnnms sf fklufktrgk ngs mr-qufstgs sikcükilgs, nms lugrtftms y nms quiktftms.

Ngs mrqufstgs sikcükilgs smk uk lmkeuktm df ikstruhfktistgs quf iktfrprftgk fkuk guditmrim m`rgs husilgnfs sikcükilgs m df lçhgrg, `gem ngs ikdilglimkfs dfuk dirfltmr. Nm cmrhgk ikstruhfktms df lufrdg, vifktm, hgdfrg, vifktm hftgn ypfrlusiük.




Nms lugrtftms smk fksgh`nfs df lugtrm ikstruhfktms, quf pmr nm ofkfrgn smk dflufrdg (dms vimnikfs, ukg vimng y uk vimnmkljfnm), gukquf tghìék pufdfk fxistirlugrtftms df vifktm m df ukg lmhìkgliük df ikstruhfktms df vifktm y df hg-dfrg. Df ng hishg hgkfrg, nms quiktftms smk iktforgdms pmr liklm ikstruhfktmshusilgnfs m vmlgnfs. Ougtfhgng tghìék lufktg lmk grtistgs df fstg kgturgnfzg.Gnoukms smk5

<.7 Mrqufstg \ikcükilg Kglimkgn df OugtfhgngCuf cukdgdg fk 79<3 durgktf fn omìfrkm dfn Ofkfrgn Emrof Vìlm Lgstg÷fdg.Fk 7997 cuf rflmkmlidg pmr fn Lmkorfsm df ng Pfpõ`nilg df Ougtfhgng lmhm Qg-trihmkim Lunturgn df ng Kgliük, lmk fn prmpüsitm df lmksfrvgrng. Jg iktfrprftgdmhõsilg df vgrims oékfrms gem ng lmkdulliük df dirfltmrfs kglimkgnfs f iktfrkg-limkgnfs y jg rfgnizgdm prfsfktglimkfs pgrg glmhpg÷gr g smnistgs y virtumsms dfdivfrsms ikstruhfktms y df ng üpfrg. Durgktf fn g÷m mrogkizg vgrigs tfhpmrgdgs,fktrf fnngs ng ng tfhpmrgdg fslmngr y ng kgvidf÷g, gsè lmhm ng tfhpmrgdg mlign

lmk smnistgs y dirfltmrfs ikvitgdms.

"Nukg df Zfngeõ", Qglm Qérfz. - Fsluljf ng pistg #79:jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8GhlTJ`mmkZ:

<.0 Mrqufstg \ikcükilg Euvfkin Hukilipgndf Ougtfhgng

\f cukdü fk fn g÷m 0113 lmhm rfsuntgdm dfn éxitm df ng Fslufng Hukilipgn dfHõsilg df ng liudgd df Ougtfhgng, ikiligdg pmr ng dirflliük y gpmym df ng Cuk-dgliük Hõsilg y Euvfktud. Jg rfgnizgdm lmklifrtms fk nms dicfrfktfs `grrims df

ng liudgd df Ougtfhgng y jg fstgdm `gem ng lmkdulliük df dicfrfktfs dirfltmrfsiktfrkglimkgnfs. Pfliìü ng Mrdfk Qrfsidfklign Pgcgfn Çnvgrfz Mvgnnf.

"Pmhfm y Euniftg", Qimtr Inilj Tljgibmvsby - Fsluljf ng pistg #799 jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8]\ZvEOCTMk:

<.< @gkdg \ikcükilg Hgrlign df OugtfhgngFs ng `gkdg sikcükilg hçs gktioug dfn pgès. \f cukdü fk 7:?7, dfspués df qufnms ofkfrgnfs Eustm Pukm @grrims y Hioufn Ogrlèg Orgkgdms gsistifrgk g ukg

üpfrg furmpfg fk fn Tfgtrm Lgrrfrg, fk Ougtfhgng. Iktfrprftgk hõsilg df oékf-rms tgnfs lmhm hgrljgs hinitgrfs, hgrljgs cõkf`rfs, hgrljgs df rfprfsfktgliük,pgsms dm`nfs, pmnlgs, hikuftms, dgkzgs, m`frturgs, vgnsfs, suitfs, iktfrhfdims,smnms, smkfs, rmhgkzgs, sikcmkègs y rgpsmdigs. Gdfhçs, lufktg lmk uk grljivmhusilgn jistürilm lmk gprmxihgdghfktf 4,111 pgrtiturgs, quf g`grlgk df 7:31g ng cfljg. Nms ikstruhfktms quf fhpnfgk smk df vifktm, hgdfrg y hftgn, y pfr-lusiük, y fk nms õntihms g÷ms jgk rfgnizgdm fksgh`nfs lmk lmk ngs hgrih`gs dfnHikistfrim df ng Dfcfksg y lmk ng Mrqufstg \ikcükilg Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng.




"Hi `fnng Ougtfhgng", Ofrhçk Gnlçktgrg. - Fsluljf ng pistg #011 jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8USwGbtYcocY

Mtrms fksgh`nfs5

<.4 Lugrtftm LmktfhpmrçkfmCuf cukdgdm fk 7990. \us iktforgktfs jgk cmrhgdm pgrtf df dicfrfktfs fksgh-`nfs ikstruhfktgnfs, dfsdf mrqufstgs sikcükilgs jgstg orupms df rmlb. Fstçklmksidfrgdms lmhm fn õkilm lugrtftm df lufrdgs lmk hçs df vfiktf g÷ms fkLfktrmghérilg.

"Fs lmhm uk dufkdf", Gnux Kgjugn. - Fsluljf ng pistg #017 jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v84LPEuOe_11V

<.6 Lugrtftm Gsturigs\f cukdü fk 0113 y fstç cmrhgdm pmr hifh`rms eüvfkfs df ng Mrqufstg \ikcü-kilg Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng. Jgk rfgnizgdm divfrsgs prfsfktglimkfs fk fvfktmslmhm Hmsgilm Lunturgn, Cfstivgn dfn Lfktrm Jistürilm, y Tfhpmrgdg df Hõsilg dfLçhgrg df ng Mrqufstg \ikcükilg Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng.

"Kmljf df nukg fktrf ruikgs", Hgrigkm Sgnvfrdf. - Fsluljf ng pistg #010jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8zfUdjf3?uFo

<.3 Wuiktftm Fh`gegdmr \f cukdü fk 7999. Fs uk fksgh`nf ikstruhfktgn df `rmklfs quf iktfrprftg hõ-silg df lçhgrg y jg pgrtilipgdm fk cfstivgnfs glgdéhilms fk dicfrfktfs pgèsfslmhm Lmstg Pilg, Kilgrgoug, Fn \gnvgdmr y Ougtfhgng.

@gkdg smkmrg "Ng pgktfrg rmsg", Jfkry Hgkliki. - Fsluljf ng pistg #01<jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8qiuFN?:jyGW

4. LmrmVk lmrm fs uk orupm df pfrsmkgs quf lgktgk gn hishm tifhpm, ukg hishgpifzg husilgn m pgrtf df fnng. Qufdfk fstgr cmrhgdms smnm pmr jmh`rfs, smnmpmr huefrfs, pmr jmh`rfs y huefrfs, pmr ki÷ms y pmr jmh`rfs, huefrfs y ki÷ms.Gdfhçs, nms lmrms pufdfk lgktgr g lgpfnng, fs dflir smnm lmk ng vmz, m fk ukfksgh`nf lmk mtrms ikstruhfktms.

Fk Ougtfhgng jgy vgrims lmrms, fktrf fnnms fn Lmrm Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng, fnLmrm Siltmrig, fn Lmrm Hukilipgn Euvfkin, fn Lmrm df ng Lgpinng dfn Sgnnf df ngGsukliük, Lgpfnng Lgktmruh y Lgcfnng. Lmkmzlghms uk pmlm df fnnms5




4.7 Lmrm Kglimkgn df OugtfhgngCuf cukdgdm mlignhfktf fk 7933 durgktf fn omìfrkm dfn nilfkligdm Eunim Lé-sgr Hékdfz Hmktfkform. Fn Lmkorfsm df ng Pfpõ`nilg df Ougtfhgng nm dflngrüQgtrihmkim Lunturgn df ng Kgliük fk 799<.

Jg rfprfsfktgdm gn pgès dfktrm y cufrg df sus crmktfrgs, iktfrprftgkdm hõsilg

df divfrsms oékfrms.

"Kgùllm", O. Sfrdi. - Fsluljf ng pistg #014jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8ls\DhCUNwyW

4.0 Lmrm SiltmrigCuf cukdgdm fk 79:4, pmr fn hgfstrm y gltugn dirfltmr Eunim Lésgr \gktms Lgh-pms. Jg pgrtilipgdm fk divfrsms fvfktms lmrgnfs fk vgrims pgèsfs, fktrf fnnms Fn\gnvgdmr, Kilgrgoug, Lmstg Pilg, Lmnmhìg, Héxilm, Fspg÷g, Itgnig, Gustrig, Crgk-

lig, Gnfhgkig y fk 0116, fk Bimtm, Egpük, fk dmkdf pgrtilipgrmk lmhm nms õkilmsrfprfsfktgktfs df Ngtikmghérilg fk fn ?µ \ihpmsim Hukdign df Hõsilg Lmrgn.

G pgrtir df 7993, jgk mrogkizgdm fn Cfstivgn Iktfrkglimkgn Fknglf Lmrgn, fn quf sfrfgnizgk lmklifrtms lmrgnfs, lmk ng pgrtilipgliük df lmrms kglimkgnfs f iktfrkg-limkgnfs, g nms lugnfs ng fktrgdg fs orgtuitg.

"Jgnnfnuegj", Nfmkgrd Lmjfk. - Fsluljf ng pistg #016jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8hnBz]ODCKob

4.< Lmrm Euvfkin HukilipgnCuf cukdgdm fk fn g÷m 0111, nufom dfn Qrihfr \fhikgrim df Lmrms df Ki÷msguspiligdm pmr ng Cukdgliük Hõsilg y Euvfktud. Jg org`gdm trfs dislms y sfjg prfsfktgdm fk ng prmviklig df Ougtfhgng y fk pgèsfs lmhm Gnfhgkig y Fn\gnvgdmr.

- Fsluljf ng pistg #013jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8B:d1ZS7WysF

4.4 Lugrtftm df ng Lgpinng dfn Sgnnf df ng GsukliükFs uk fksgh`nf vmlgn f ikstruhfktgn quf sf dfdilg g ng rflupfrgliük y dicusiükdf ng hõsilg i`frmghfrilgkg df nms sionms ZSI gn ZSIII, priklipgnhfktf ng df Oug-tfhgng. Jg org`gdm uk dislm y jg pgrtilipgdm fk dicfrfktfs fvfktms kglimkgnfsf iktfrkglimkgnfs fk pgèsfs lmhm Sfkfzufng, Qfrõ y @mnivig.

- Fsluljf ng pistg #01?jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8vUL7yiZHMOs




4.6 Lgpfnng LgktmruhFs uk lmrm df lçhgrg iktforgdm pmr 74 lgktgktfs dfn `fnn lgktm.

"Onmrig ik fxlfnsis Dfm". - Fsluljf ng pistg #01:jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8w`:zhHJrKZ4

4.3 Lgcfnng\uroiü jglf hçs m hfkms trfs g÷ms, nm iktforgk eüvfkfs quf tuvifrmk sus ikilimsfk fn Lmrm Kglimkgn df Ki÷ms df Ougtfhgng. Yg sf jgk prfsfktgdm fk vgrimsfslfkgrims df Ougtfhgng y fk nms pgèsfs df Héxilm y Lmstg Pilg. Iktfrprftgkhfnmdègs fk fspg÷mn, ikonés y ngtèk.

"Nmlurgs", \invim Pmdrèoufz. - Fsluljf ng pistg #019jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8gg-\isHNIZY

6. @gkdgs df rmlb-pmp

\mk orupms df grtistgs quf lmhìkgk hfnmdègs y nftrgs df ng hõsilg pmp lmkfnfhfktms prmpims dfn rmlb, lmhm ngs ouitgrrgs fnéltrilgs. G`grlgk dfsdf cmrhgsnfktgs jgstg suòékfrms dfktrm dfn pmp.

Fk Ougtfhgng jgy rfprfsfktgktfs df fstgs `gkdgs lmk orupms lmhm Gnux Kg-jugn y Hgnglgtfs Tré`mn \jmp, luyg ìmorgcèg jfhms nfèdm fk sfhgkgs gktfrim-rfs, y mtrms lmhm Sifktm fk Lmktrg, @mjfhig \uùr`gkg, Nms Hisfrig Luhìg

@gkd, Ogkostfr y Fn Lnu`m, fktrf mtrms. Lmkmzlghms df fnnms5

6.7 Sifktm fk LmktrgFs uk orupm df rmlb cukdgdm fk 7990. Jgk pu`nilgdm lugtrm çnùhfs y cufrmkkmhikgdms gn hfemr çnùh df rmlb jispgkm durgktf nms Ngtik Orghhy Gwgrds0171.

"Lmk pfrngs y dighgktfs", Sifktm fk Lmktrg. - Fsluljf ng pistg #071jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8F\BG1wuG<DG

6.0 @mjfhig \uùr`gkgFs uk orupm df rmlb cukdgdm fk 7990. Jgk pu`nilgdm lugtrm çnùhfs y cufrmkkmhikgdms gn hfemr çnùh df rmlb jispgkm, fk nms Ngtik Orghhy Gwgrd 0171.

"Qflfs f iougkgs", @mjfhig \uùr`gkg. - Fsluljf ng pistg #077jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8hfDuyB4sY11&nist8QNF3:C3C@6<F@<03D9




6.< Nms Hisfrig Luhìg @gkdFs uk orupm quf iktfrprftg hõsilg lmhfrlign y `ging`nf. \us ikilims smk fk 0113.Iktfrprftgk hõsilg quf iklnuyf dicfrfktfs rithms y fstinms lmhm sgnsg, luhìg,rmlb, `gngdgs, rfouftük, hfrfkouf, `mnfrm, trmvg, pmp y tfhgs dfn rflufrdm.

"Luhìg pg' `gingr".

- Fsluljf ng pistg #070jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8-MCOOp-vNVW

6.4 Ogkostfr Fs ukg gkdg df pmp ngtikm quf suroiü fk 011?, gn ogkgr fn lmklursm mrogkizgdmpmr Qfpsi Hgx, Ng @gtgnng df ng @gkdgs. Fk fn 0170 m`tuvm nms prfhims Kufs-trg Fstrfnng pmr hfemr grtistg trmpilgn, hfemr dõm y hfemr vidfm2 y fk Qrfhims 41Qriklipgnfs Ghérilg m`tuvm fn df hfemr grtistg rfvfngliük zmkg lfktrm.

"Ng luhìg". - Fsluljf ng pistg #07<jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8]oL-dMSzwsl

6.6 fnLnu`mFs fn rfsuntgdm df uk prmyfltm lmnfltivm df hõsilms df dicfrfktfs `gkdgs ljg-pikgs, tgnfs lmhm Sifktm fk Lmktrg, Sfrsus y Omnpfs @gems. Fs rflmkmlidm lmhmuk orupm husilgn mlignhfktf fk 0113, y sf jg prfsfktgdm fk vgrims fslfkgrims

ougtfhgntflms.

"Ghgr sik hifdm". - Fsluljf ng pistg #074

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8vgjVL]_?Efw

3. Fksgh`nfs df hgrih`gFstms lmksistfk fk lmmrdikgr ng iktfrprftgliük df hfnmdègs pgrg hgrih`g fktrfvgrigs hgrih`gs m lmk uk orupm df `gingrikfs quf rfgnizgk ng prmyflliük cmnlnü-rilg quf lmrrfspmkdf.

Vkg prmyflliük cmnlnürilg fs ukg rfprfsfktgliük df trgdilimkfs y lmstuh`rfsdf nms orupms kgtivms df ukg rfoiük. Fk kufstrm pgès, fstgs prmyfllimkfs kms

hufstrgk pgrtf df ng lunturg hgyg, ogrècukg, xiklg y su hfzlng lmk ngs ngdikgs.Fk kufstrm pgès lmktghms lmk ngs prmyfllimkfs cmnlnürilgs quf rfgnizg fn @gnnnftHmdfrkm y Cmnbnürilm df Ougtfhgng, fktrf mtrms, quf ùslgk rfslgtgr y lmksfr-vgr fstg pgrtf df kufstrg kglimkgnidgd.

3.7 @gnnft Hmdfrkm y Cmnbnürilm Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng

Fs ukg ikstituliük grtèstilg dfn Hikistfrim df Lunturg y Dfpmrtfs, cukdgdg fk7934. \u mèftivm fs cmhfktgr fn rfslgtf df ngs trgdilimkfs y lmstuh`rfs, hms-




trgr ng riqufzg lunturgn, y prmyfltgr y dicukdir ngs lrfglimkfs y fxprfsimkfs tgk-oi`nfs f iktgkoi`nfs df Ougtfhgng. \f jg prfsfktgdm fk hçs df lifk pgèsfs y jgrfliìdm rflmkmlihifktms lmhm ng Mrdfk dfn Wuftzgn fk fn orgdm df Orgk Lruzy cuf dflngrgdm Qgtrihmkim Lunturgn df ng Kgliük fk 799<.

Sfghms y fsluljfhms gn @gnnft Hmdfrkm y Cmnbnürilm df Ougtfhgng5

"@ginf df nms dig`nms". - Fsluljf ng pistg #076 jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8UyZfUEUQtwI

?. Qrmyflliük glgdéhilgFs ukg lmhìkgliük df ikstruhfktms trgdilimkgnfs, lmhm ng hgrih`g, y ng ik-

tfrprftgliük df hfnmdègs glgdéhilgs m lmhpufstgs mrioikgnhfktf pgrg mtrms

ikstruhfktms. Gsè, fk Ougtfhgng, fxistfk gorupglimkfs df hgrih`g quf gdfhçs

df iktfrprftgr hfnmdègs pgrg hgrih`g, tghìék iktfrprftgk hfnmdègs lnçsilgs.

Fktrf fstgs gorupglimkfs sf fklufktrgk ng Hgrih`g df Lmklifrtm df ng Pfpõ`ni-

lg df Ougtfhgng, ng Hgrih`g df @fnngs Grtfs y ng Hgrih`g Cfhfkikg df Lmk-lifrtms.

?.7 Hgrih`g df Lmklifrtm df @fnngs GrtfsCuf cukdgdg fk 79?9 pmr ikiligtivg dfn hgfstrm Néstfr Omdèkfz y fn prmcfsmrPu`ék Gncmksm Pghèrfz g trgvés df ng Dirflliük Ofkfrgn df Lunturg y @fnngs Gr-tfs. Fs rflmkmlidg lmhm Qgtrihmkim Lunturgn df ng Kgliük fk 7990.

"Cfrrmlgrrin df nms Gntms", Dmhikom @ftjgklmurt. - Fsluljf ng pistg #073

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8O1SOMDmPy9m&nist8QN@C0:6FL6@CL1<DFD

?.0 Hgrih`g df Lmklifrtm df ng \flrftgrèg Qrivgdgdf ng Qrfsidfklig df ng Pfpõ`nilg df OugtfhgngCuf cukdgdg fk 799:, durgktf fn omìfrkm df Çnvgrm Grzõ Iriomyfk, lmk fn mèf-tivm df lrfgr prmyfllimkfs husilgnfs y ng dicusiük df ng hõsilg cmnlnürilg, fspf-lignhfktf df hgrih`g, lmhm gpmym g ng Qrfsidfklig df ng Pfpõ`nilg.

"Ng prihgvfrg, Ngs lugtrm fstglimkfs", Gktmkim Sivgndi. - Fsluljf ng pistg #07?jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8DuUdt\T\`q:

?.< Hgrih`g Cfhfkikg df Lmklifrtm\f cukdü fk 7990, pmr ikiligtivg df ng prmcfsmrg Ghpgrm Grgkg Tmrrfs. \u rfpfr-tmrim iklnuyf dicfrfktfs hgkicfstglimkfs dfn smk ougtfhgntflm, gsè lmhm hõsilg




pmpungr, glgdéhilg y sikcükilg. Jg org`gdm trfs dislms lmhpgltms lmk hõsilgkglimkgn f iktfrkglimkgn, y jg sidm ogngrdmkgdg lmk divfrsms rflmkmlihifktmsdf fktidgdfs lunturgnfs.

"Ng qufhg dfn dig`nm". - Fsluljf ng pistg #07:jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8W?NQtyoxW_w

:. Qrmyflliük pmpungr \mk gorupglimkfs quf utinizgk ikstruhfktms rfprfsfktgtivms df ng lunturg df ukpgès m rfoiük pgrg iktfrprftgr hõsilg prmpig df fsf nuogr. Fk Ougtfhgng kufs-trms ikstruhfktms smk fn tuk, ng ljirihèg, nms pitms df grrm y mtrms, priklipgnhfk-tf ng hgrih`g. Fktrf ngs gorupglimkfs quf sf dfdilgk g fstgs prmyfllimkfs fstçkng Hgrih`g Ljgpikngkdig y ng Hgrih`g Bgi`in @gngh.

:.7 Hgrih`g Ljgpikngkdig

Cuf cukdgdg pmr fn hgfstrm Crminçk Pmdgs \gktizm. Tifkf gprmxihgdghfktf 31g÷ms df fxistir y feflutgr hfnmdègs rfspftgkdm ng mrioikgnidgd df ngs lmhpmsi-limkfs. Dfsdf jglf hçs df 06 g÷ms, lufktg lmk uk prmorghg rgdign quf pufdfsfr fsluljgdm fk Pgdim T_O (71?.< CH).

"Kmljf df nukg fktrf ruikgs", Hgrigkm Sgnvfrdf. - Fsluljf ng pistg #079jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8oifbFbU?B_1

:.0 Hgrih`g Bgi`in @gnghCuf lrfgdg fk 7900 pmr fn hgfstrm Sèltmr Hgkufn dfn Sgnnf, fk Jufjuftfkgkom.

Fk 79?6 rfgnizü su prihfrg org`gliük dislmorçlg y glu÷ü ng crgsf „Df fstg lmkpurg hgrih`g‘.

- Fsluljf ng pistg #001jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8KtH64Vkk9\b




Gutmlmktrmn


Fklufktrf ngs pgng`rgs fslmkdidgs fk ng smpg df nftrgs.

P @ C Z @ E N E × N I P I L M

C _ S H \ I K C M K I L G I B

\ O H K G J K @ × \ N \ Q G V

\ G M D @ S G V W G F Z P G S

M L P × H P H \ Y N V I I F Y

N I F K I × F N @ V K L W D @

I P K B P D D H Y Z P _ W B G

\ M M @ G Y G N G H F T G V O

T N Z D H \ P I C E W J V F G

G B Z V K T G T G K V L K Y M

C N _ F K _ M T F N N G @ L W

K M I L L F Y M P Q U H M M Z

D C Q D E F Q G T \ F V W P MI Q H @ F Q × W M Q F P G M _

Q O × U J N N G V J G K @ C W

Gnux

`gnnft

lmrm

fksgh`nf

cmnlnürilg

Og`y

Ougtfhgng

Bgrik

nèrilm

hgrih`g

Hmrfkm

Kgjugn

üpfrg

mrqufstg

prmyflliük


Vkg lmk ukg nèkfg fn ikstruhfktm husilgn df ng izquifrdg lmk nms fksgh`nfs df ng dfrfljg. Pflufrdf5 ukikstruhfktm pufdf cmrhgr pgrtf df vgrims tipms df fksgh`nfs.

ouitgrrg lugrtftm df lufrdgs

vimnèk

tflngdm smnistg

`gtfrèg

trmhpftg hgrih`g df lmklifrtm

vmz

vimnmklfnnm mrqufstg sikcükilg

sgxmcük

hgrih`g fksgh`nf df rmlb

Pgdfhgkk

sikcükilg

smnistg






kmnmorgdm


Lmkmzlm ng `imorgcèg y ng m`rg husilgn df Emrof Çnvgrm \grhifktms.

Idfktilm nms rithms husilgnfs ougtfhgntflms5 smk trgdilimkgn y smk

ljgpèk.

Lmkmzlm g gnoukms iktérprftfs ougtfhgntflms y nms gprflim.


Df ngs siouifktfs pistgs, fslri`g fn kmh`rf df nms ikstruhfktms quf fsluljg df lgdg ukm. Pflufrdf qufng vmz fs uk ikstruhfktm.

Fksgh`nf Qistg Ikstruhfktms

Wuiktftm Fh`gegdmr

"Sfrgkm pmrtf÷m, Lugtrm fstglimkfs pmr-tf÷gs", Çstmr Qigzzmnng - Fsluljf ng pistg

#007 jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/

wgtlj=v8wZUr1Cc9y-m

Trmvg \ikcükilg

"Wuiék cufrg", \invim Pmdrèoufz. - Fslu-ljf ng pistg #000

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8<9`P_b1ufib

Hgrih`g MrqufstgOgnnitm

- Fsluljf ng pistg #00<jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/

wgtlj=v80Ulg<ECHEI4

FstudigktikgHmktfmr

- Fsluljf ng pistg #004jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/

wgtlj=v8jG`n:Qnuojs




73

Fxprfsimkfs pgtriütilgs df OugtfhgngNg hõsilg pufdf dgr kmh`rf g nm ikkmh`rg`nf y lmhukilgr nm dfslmkmlidm.

Nfmkgrd @frkstfik


Néstfr Omdèkfz

Sfkfzufng

\fùlçk y emrmpm

½Wué siokicilg sfr ougtfhgntflm=

Fxprfsimkfs pgtriütilgs df Ougtfhgng


Lmkmlfr ng ìmorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn lmhpmsitmr Néstfr Omdèkfz.

Idfkticilgr nms rithms vfkfzmngkms5 fn sfùlçk y fn emrmpm. Lmkmlfr y vgnmrgr ng jistmrig df kufstrms sèh`mnms pgtrims.

Pfspftgr fn Jihkm Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng y Ng Orgkgdfrg.

Idfkticilgr mtrms jmhfkgefs husilgnfs g Ougtfhgng.

Fxprfsgr su mpikiük lmk ni`frtgd rfspftgkdm ng df sus lmhpg÷frms.





Néstfr Omdèkfz(796< - ) “ Fsluljf ng pistg #006

Kglidm fk Tgxislm, \gktg Pmsg, Ougtfhgng, fn Hgfstrm Om-

dèkfz fs uk glgdéhilm kgtm. \f ikiliü fk ng hõsilg lmhm

gutmdidgltg, pfrm jg ghpnigdm su cmrhgliük fk vgrigs

ikstitulimkfs fdulgtivgs, tfkifkdm fk su jg`fr uk Qrmcf-

smrgdm fk Fksf÷gkzg Hfdig Fspflignizgdm fk Hõsilg, dms

nilfkligturgs fk Hõsilg y ukg Hgfstrèg fk Gdhikistrgliük

Qõ`nilg.

\f jg dfsfhpf÷gdm fk distiktms lghpms df ng lunturg y ng

hõsilg, iklnuyfkdm ng ikvfstiogliük. Jg fslritm kuhfrmsmsfstudims, fksgyms y ni`rms glfrlg df nms vgnmrfs husilgnfs

df kufstrm pgès, lmhm „Ng Hgrih`g Ougtfhgntflg, gktf-

lfdfktfs, dfsgrrmnnm y fxpfltgtivgs‘ fk 0110, su trg`gem

ikvfstiogtivm „Gprmxihgliük gn Fstudim df ngs Fxprfsimkfs

\mkmrgs Qrfjispçkilgs df Hfsmghérilg‘ prfsfktgdm fk fn

ZI \ihpmsim df Grqufmnmoèg, y fn ni`rm „Ng Hgrih`g, grtf,

lunturg y cgktgsèg fk hgdfrg‘, luyg fdiliük df nuem cuf pu`nilgdg pmr fn @gklm

Ikdustrign.

Fk lmhpmsiliük, kms m`sfquig sus m`rgs df prmyflliük cmnlnürilg (térhikm

glu÷gdm pmr én hishm, quf dfslri`f ukg m`rg lmhpufstg fk kufstrms dègs,

pfrm lmk lgrgltfrèstilgs df hõsilg gklfstrgn) lmhm Ng Qfdrfrg y Kih B'ie (Orgk

Dèg).

Lmk hçs df <1 g÷ms df fxpfrifklig, jg mrifktgdm su ng`mr gn fstudim, prm-

hmliük, fkgntflihifktm y rfvgnmrizgliük df ng hgrih`g, glu÷gkdm fn lmklfptm

„hgrih`g df lmklifrtm‘ fk 79?1, pmr nm quf sf nf rflmkmlf lmhm „Diokicilgdmr

df ng Hgrih`g‘.

Cuf lrfgdmr y Dirfltmr Cukdgdmr df ng Hgrih`g df Lmklifrtm df @fnngs Grtfs

(79?9), ng Hgrih`g df Lmklifrtm dfn Hikistfrim df Lunturg y Dfpmrtfs (79:9), ng

Hgrih`g Cmnbnürilg y df Lmklifrtm dfn IKOVGT (7997), ng Hgrih`g df Lmklifrtm

df ng Qrfsidfklig df ng Pfpõ`nilg (dfsdf 799:), y ng Hgrih`g df Lmklifrtm dfn

Qgnglim Kglimkgn df ng Lunturg (0116-0177), tmdgs dfrivgdgs df ng Hgrih`g Kg-

limkgn df Lmklifrtm, ng prihfrg „hgrih`g df lmklifrtm‘ cukdgdg pmr én fk 79?6.

Ng prmyflliük df ng hgrih`g nm jg nnfvgdm g ng hgymrèg df nms pgèsfs furmpfms,

df Ghérilg y fn Lgri`f f Isrgfn, Tgiwçk y Egpük. Gltugnhfktf fs Qrfsidfktf df

ng Gsmligliük Cingrhükilg df Ougtfhgng „Fn \gorgdm Lmrgzük df Efsõs‘ (ng hçs

gktioug df Ngtikmghérilg) cukdgdg fk 7:7<.





Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

Sfkfzufng“ Fsluljf ngs pistgs #003 (sfùlçk) y #00? (emrmpm)

Fstf pgès tghìék sf lgrgltfrizg pmr tfkfr hõsilg suhghfktf gnforf, fk ng qufsf pufdf visnuh`rgr fn pnglfr g ng vidg. Vtinizg vgrims ikstruhfktms, pfrm nmsquf prmyfltgk hçs ng lgrgltfrèstilg lunturgn dfn pgès smk ng ogitg, fn lugtrm, ngshgrglgs, fn grpg y ng `gkdmng.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm sf feflutgk fn sfùlçk y fn emrmpm, pufdf lmksuntgr ngssiouifktfs dirfllimkfs fnfltrükilgs5

\fùlçk5 jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8w<WQYmmKHhm

Emrmpm5 jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8<MZoUJ7sUiG

sfùlçk

emrmpm





½Wué siokicilg sfr ougtfhgntflm=

Fsluljf fstg fxprfsiük pgtriütilg, gkgnilf sm`rf nms grtistgs quf pgrtilipgk y fn

siokilgdm df ng nftrg df ng lgkliük. Nufom df rffximkgr, fxprfsf sus pfksg-hifktms sm`rf ng ihpmrtgklig df ng lunturg df uk pgès2 lühm sf rffeg fk fn

qufjglfr df nms liudgdgkms y fk sus vgnmrfs lèvilms2 qué vgnmrfs lrff quf df`fkfstgr hçs prfsfktfs fk uk ougtfhgntflm, y luçnfs jgrèg cgntg cmhfktgr lmk hçsprmcukdidgd. Lgdg iktfrprftgliük husilgn tifkf uk lgrçltfr prmpim glmrdf lmk fntipm df ikstruhfktgliük quf sf usf.

G trg`gegr...

"Mrounnmsm df sfr ljgpèk", Kfnsmk Nfgn. - Fsluljf ng pistg #00:

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8uK4yOg7IJ9b

Nm ikvitghms g fslri`ir sus rffximkfs5





Fxprfsimkfs pgtriütilgs husilgnfsdf Ougtfhgng

Fk kufstrm pgès, lmktghms lmk huljg cmrhgs df fxprfsgr kufstrm ghmrpmr Ougtfhgng. Vkg df fnngs fs lmkmlfr y rfspftgr kufstrms sèh`mnmspgtrims y lgktgr dfìdghfktf kufstrm Jihkm Kglimkgn. Fsluljfhms ukcrgohfktm df kufstrm jihkm.

- Fsluljf ng pistg #009jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8WJrxHtoC?@H

7. Jihkm Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng

Ng nftrg mrioikgn dfn Jihkm Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng cuf fslritg fk 7:9?,pmr fn pmftg lu`gkm Emsé Emgquèk Qgnhg. Qmr lmksidfrgr quf ng nftrg frghuy vimnfktg, fk 79<4 Emsé Hgrèg @mkinng rfgnizü gnoukgs hmdilglimkfs, ngs

lugnfs sf lmksfrvgk jgstg fn dèg df jmy. Ng hõsilg dfn Jihkm Kglimkgn cuflmhpufstg pmr fn ougtfhgntflm Pgcgfn Çnvgrfz Mvgnnf, fk 7:9?.

Fn Jihkm Kglimkgn sf fstrfkü fk fn Tfgtrm Lmnük fn 74 df hgrzm df 7:9?,lmhm pgrtf df nms cfstfems df ng Fxpmsiliük Lfktrmghfrilgkg. \ik fh`grom,fn gutmr df ng nftrg dfn Jihkm Kglimkgn fstuvm fk fn gkmkihgtm jgstg7977, lugkdm sf dfslu`riü quiék frg fn gutmr.

Hçs m hfkms trfiktg g÷ms dfspués df ng prihfrg lmhpmsiliükdfn Jihkm, ng Glgdfhig df Hõsilg df Hinçk ikdilü quf fn Jih-km Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng frg fn hçs jfrhmsm dfn hukdm. Yfk 7936, ng Mrogkizgliük df ngs Kglimkfs Vkidgs, MKV, rfltilü

quf fn Jihkm Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng, ng Hgrsfnnfsg df Crgklig yfn Jihkm df Ljflmsnmvgquig frgk nms trfs jihkms hçs jfrhmsmsdfn hukdm. Tghìék jg sidm lmksidfrgdm pmr Lgrnms Ngìk, hifh`rmdf ng \mlifdgd Ghfrilgkistg df Qgris y df ng \mlifdgd df Husilmnmoègdf Crgklig, lmhm fn „hçs mrioikgn‘ df tmdms nms jihkms dfn lmktikfktfghfrilgkm.

Ng nftrg dfn Jihkm Kglimkgn fstç fslritg fk cmrhg df pmfhg. \f lgrgltfrizg pmrtfkfr ukg lugdrgturg pfrcfltg, m sfg quf tifkf ng hishg lgktidgd df sing`gs fksus vfrsms y fklgeg pfrcfltghfktf lmk ng hõsilg. Cuf fslritg fk dflgsèng`ms, of-kfrgnhfktf cmrhgdms pmr uk tftrgsèng`m y uk jfxgsèng`m, lmk glfktmsfk ng tfrlfrg y ng sfxtg y kmvfkgs sèng`gs. Tmdg ng lmh-pmsiliük dfn Jihkm lmkstg df lugtrm fstrmcgs y lugtrmslmrms, rfpitiékdmsf fk lgdg ukm df nms lmrms nms dms õn-tihms vfrsms df ng fstrmcg gktfrimr. Gdfhçs, lgdg fstrmcglmkstg df dms lugrtftms y lgdg ukm df lugtrm lugrtftgs.




0. Ng Orgkgdfrg

Fs ukg pifzg husilgn quf ofkfrgnhfktf fs feflutgdg pmr ukg `gkdg hinitgr pgrgrfkdir jmkmrfs gn Qrfsidfktf df kufstrg Pfpõ`nilg y g ng `gkdfrg df Ougtfhg-ng. \u iktfrprftgliük jg gdquiridm lgrçltfr m`niogtmrim fk nms gltms mlignfs, fk

fspflign fk nms gltms g nms quf gsistfk rfprfsfktgktfs dipnmhçtilms fxtrgkefrms,

pmnètilms y fk pgrtilungr, lmhm pgrtf dfn prmtmlmnm df lugnquifr gltm lèvilm fkfn pgès.

Gktfrimrhfktf cuf fn Jihkm df ngs Qrmvikligs Vkidgs df Lfktrm df Ghérilg. Fs-luljfhms su vfrsiük5

- Fsluljf ng pistg #0<1jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8SEoNM7t9?0V

Fk ng gltugnidgd, fn hgfstrm Çnvgrm df Nfük Lruz fs fn gutmr df ng nftrg gdgptgdgg ng hõsilg df Ng Orgkgdfrg, ng lugn fs lmkmlidg lmhm „Ng Orgkgdfrg Fslmngr‘.Fn hgfstrm ng lrfü pgrg quf nms fstudigktfs lmktgrgk lmk uk glmhpg÷ghifk-

tm durgktf fn prmtmlmnm df nms gltms lèvilms fk fstg`nflihifktms fdulgtivms fkdmkdf km sf lufktg lmk gpgrgtms df smkidm m org`glimkfs df fstg. Fsluljfhmsng Orgkgdfrg lmk nftrg5

- Fsluljf ng pistg #0<7jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8MwPVGnh49:l

Mtrms sèh`mnms pgtrims smk ng `gkdfrg, fn Wuftzgn, ng Hmkeg @ngklg, fn fsludm dfgrhgs, ng Lfi`g y ng Hgrih`g.

<. Ng `gkdfrgFs fn prihfrm df kufstrms sèh`mnms pgtrims. Cuf lrfgdg fk 7:?7 durgktf fn om-`ifrkm df Hioufn Ogrlèg Orgkgdms. Nms lmnmrfs mlignfs smk trfs crgkegs vfrtilg-nfs, dms df lmnmr gzun lifnm y fk fn lfktrm, ukg `ngklg. Fn lmnmr `ngklm rfprfsfktgng tifrrg fktrf dms mlégkms gdfhçs df sih`mnizgr purfzg, pgz, iktforidgd, r-hfzg y nuz. Fn lmnmr gzun rfprfsfktg fn lmnmr dfn lifnm y nms hgrfs quf rmdfgk gOugtfhgng, gsè lmhm nms vgnmrfs df ng eustilig, ng vfrdgd y ng cmrtgnfzg. G ng `gk-dfrg sf nf nnghg pg`fnnük lugkdm nnfvg fn fsludm df grhgs. Qgrg hmstrgr rfspftmy nfgntgd g kufstrm pgès, rflitghms fn pmfhg df Gn`frtm Sfnçsqufz, lmkmlidmlmhm Eurghfktm g ng @gkdfrg. Fsluljfhms fstf `fnnm pmfhg5

- Fsluljf ng pistg #0<0jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8<QkGZjqjo:l

4. Fn fsludm df grhgs

Cuf lrfgdm fk 7:?7 pmr Eugk @gutistg Crfkfr, durgktf fn om`ifrkm df HioufnOgrlèg Orgkgdms, pgrg lmkhfhmrgr nms 61 g÷ms df ng Ikdfpfkdfklig. Nm cmrhgkdms rifs hmdfnm Pfhikotmk df ng épmlg, quf siokilgk cufrzg, y dms fspgdgs




df mrm, quf rfprfsfktgk fn jmkmr, fkngzgdgs lmk rghgs df ngurfn, quf sih`mni-zgk fn triukcm, ng onmrig y fn sg`fr2 uk pfroghikm lmk ng nfyfkdg Ni`frtgd 76 dfsfptifh`rf df 7:07, pmsgdm fk ng pgrtf supfrimr df fstf y uk quftzgn, lmhmsèh`mnm df ng ikdfpfkdfklig y gutmkmhèg df ng kgliük.

6. Ng cnmr kglimkgn, ng Hmkeg @ngklg

Fs ukg fspflig df mrquèdfg. \u kmh`rf lifktèlm fs Nylgstf viroikgnis gn`g. \ih-`mnizg `fnnfzg, grtf y pgz. Jgìtg fk ng zmkg rfikg, gn kmrmrifktf df Ougtfhgng,fspflèlghfktf fk Gntg Sfrgpgz. \u lmhfrlignizgliük fstç prmjiìdg y cuf df-lngrgdg mr kglimkgn fk 79<4.

3. Fn çr`mn kglimkgn, ng Lfi`g

Cuf dflngrgdg Çr`mn Kglimkgn fk 7966. Fs lmksidfrgdg ng rfprfsfktgliük dfng mrg ougtfhgntflg, pgrg sih`mnizgr fn mrounnm df kufstrgs rgèlfs hgygs. Ng

crmkdg m lmpg df ng lfi`g pufdf lu`rir jgstg 7,311 hftrms lugdrgdms y pmsffprmpifdgdfs hfdilikgnfs. \f nf nnghg Ygxljé, y fs lmksidfrgdm çr`mn df ng vidg,çr`mn sgorgdm, lukg df Zi`gn`ç, ikfrkm df nms hgygs y çr`mn sgìm.

Mlupg fn dèg Bgh, prihfrm df Tfjgnghgtn, m ni`rm df nms dègs (lgnfkdgrim df nms

vfiktf dègs) quf sfrvèg g nms puf`nms df Hfsmghérilg pgrg ng prfdilliük dfn

lgrçltfr, fn mlim y mtrms gspfltms cuturms df ng vidg df nms ki÷ms. Durgktf ng épmlg

df ng Lmnmkig sf lmktikuü lmk ng cufrzg df fsms lmkmlihifktms y ngs trgdilimkfs quf

rfprfsfktgk ng lfi`g, pmr fsm sf pngktgrmk fk tmdgs ngs pngzgs, lfrlg dfn lgìndm.

?. Fn gvf sèh`mnm, fn Wuftzgn\ih`mnizg ng ni`frtgd. Hidf fktrf <6 y 41 lh, sik tmhgr fk lufktg ngs pnuhgs dfng lmng dfn hgljm. Fn pnuhgef dfn hgljm fs vfrdf iktfksm lmk fn vifktrf y ngs pnu-hgs ikcfrimrfs df ng lmng rmegs. \u lg`fzg pmsff ukg pfquf÷g lrfstg fklmpftgdg.Ngs pnuhgs df ng lmng smk fxtrfhgdghfktf ngrogs y vfrdfs. Ng jfh`rg lgrflfdf ng lrfstg y df ngs pnuhgs ngrogs df ng lmng. Gh`ms pgsgk ng hgymr pgrtf dfntifhpm fk ngs rghgs gntgs df nms çr`mnfs. Gkidgk fk nms juflms df çr`mnfs orgk-dfs y sf gnihfktgk df crutms, sm`rf tmdm dfn gouglgtinnm y pfquf÷ms iksfltms. Fnhgljm lghìg ngs pnuhgs df su lmng ukg vfz gn g÷m, y frgk rflmnfltgdgs pmr nmsgktioums hgygs pgrg dflmrgr lmrmkgs y tmlgdms df nms Qriklipgnfs. Fsluljfhms

ukg lgkliük sm`rf kufstrg gvf kglimkgn.

"Fn Wuftzgn", Gkè`gn Dfnogdm Pfqufkg. - Fsluljf ng pistg #0<<jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8<lG:tII9hyY

Gjmrg gprfkdghms hçs df fstms sèh`mnms pgtrims5

"\èh`mnms pgtrims df Ougtfhgng", TO_. - Fsluljf ng pistg #0<4jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8Qu-BbTnGSMb




:. Ikstruhfktm kglimkgn, ng hgrih`g

Fs uk ikstruhfktm df pfrlusiük hfnüdilm. \f pgrflf gn xinücmkm. Ng hgrih`gfvmnulimkü durgktf nms sionms ZSII y ZSIII. Fktrf 7::1 y 7901 gdquiriü ngs lgrgl-tfrèstilgs gltugnfs, lugkdm sf trgkscmrhü df hgrih`g sfklinng g hgrih`g dm`nforgligs g Euniçk Qgkigoug Hgrtèkfz y \f`gstiçk Jurtgdm. Cuf dflngrgdg sèh`mnm

kglimkgn fk 7999.Ng hgrih`g sf cg`rilg lmk dicfrfktfs tipms df hgdfrg df ngs rfoimkfs df Oug-tfhgng, Jmkdurgs, Fn \gnvgdmr, Lmstg Pilg y fn sur df Héxilm. \f lmhpmkf dftflngdm, lngviegs, lgemkfs m rfsmkgdmrfs, `gstidmr, lgrogdmr df lgeük, hfsg mhuf`nf y `gquftgs.

Fn tflngdm fs ukg sfrif df puktinngs df hgdfrg df jmrhiom, orgkgdinnm, ngurfn mpgnm rmsg. Lgdg tflng tifkf uk tghg÷m dicfrfktf. Lgdg ukg tifkf tih`rf m gnturgfk fn smkidm sfoõk fn ormsmr y tghg÷m df ng tflng. Ngs hçs ngrogs y gkljgs prm-dulfk smkidms orgvfs y ngs hçs pfquf÷gs y gkomstgs, smkidms goudms. Lgdg ukgtifkf dms gouefrms m kmdms df rfsmkgklig, ukg lurvg m`nilug y ngs puktgs puf-

dfk sfr rfdmkdfgdgs m lugdrgdgs. Ng gkgliük pufdf sfr digtükilg m lrmhçtilg.

Ngs lngviegs smk pifzgs pfquf÷gs df hgdfrg df fklikm, pgnm kform, lfdrm m jui-tzitzin. Hidfk fktrf 0 y < punogdgs df ngrom.

Nms lgemkfs m rfsmkgdmrfs smk ukg sfrif df lgegs lugdrinmkogs lmnmlgdgs g`gemdfn tflngdm. Qufdfk sfr df puktg quf`rgdg u mvgngdg. \f cg`rilgk df hgdfrgdf lfdrm, pgnm `ngklm, pikm m liprés. \u priklipgn cukliük fs ghpnilgr fn smkidm

df ng tflng.

Fn `gstidmr m lngviefrm nm cmrhgk dms rfongs df hgdfrg df lfdrm, pgnm `ngklm,lgm`g, pikm u mtrm tipm df hgdfrg quf luhpnfk ng hishg cukliük. Fk fstms sfiksfrtgk ngs lngviegs. \f usgk pgrg egr ngs tflngs y fvitgr quf sf hufvgk m lgiogk.

Fn lgrogdmr df lgeük m rfsmkgdmr smk dms rfongs rfltgkoungrfs g nms ngdms df nmslgemkfs df rfsmkgklig, dmkdf fefrlfk ukg nfvf prfsiük.

Ng hfsg m huf`nf fs ng pgrtf quf smstifkf tmdm fn pfsm dfn tflngdm, `gstidmrfs,lgrogdmrfs y lgemkfs df ng hgrih`g. Lmk crflufklig, fk ng pgrtf dfngktfrg sf nftgnngk hmtivms dflmrgtivms. Ngs tg`ngs sf nnghgk cgndük y ngs pgtgs sirvfk pgrgsuspfkdfr y hgktfkfr df pif fn ikstruhfktm.

Ngs `gquftgs smk pgnitms rfdmkdfgdms uk pmlm dfnogdms df hgdfrg df juitzi-tzin. Hidfk fktrf 4 y 3 hinèhftrms df diçhftrm pmr 7? punogdgs df ngrom. Fk ukmdf nms fxtrfhms pmsffk ng lg`fzg df `gquftg. Fstgs lg`fzgs sf fng`mrgk lmktirgs df junf quf sf fkrmnngk y quf, dfpfkdifkdm dfn rfoistrm, tifkf dicfrfktflmksistfklig, ng lugn pufdfk sfr `ngkdg, sfhi`ngkdg y durg.

Nms pufstms df ng hgrih`g lugljf sf nnghgk, fhpfzgkdm pmr ng hgrih`g tfkmry df nms smkidms hçs goudms g nms hçs orgvfs5 pèlmnm, tipnf y `gem tfkmr2 y fk nghgrih`g pèlmnm, tipnf, lfktrm grhükilm y `gem.

Fk ng gltugnidgd fxistfk orupms df hgrih`g purg y df fksgh`nf lmk mrqufstg.




Fn 70 df cf`rfrm df 0176, g÷m fk quf Ougtfhgng fs dflngrgdg Lgpitgn I`frmghf-rilgkg df ng Lunturg, tgh`iék ng hgrih`g ougtfhgntflg cuf dflngrgdg Qgtrihm-kim Lunturgn df ngs Ghérilgs pmr ng Mrogkizgliük df nms Fstgdms Ghfrilgkms(MFG), jmkmr quf nf fs lmkcfridm pmr su prmtgomkishm dfktrm y cufrg df kufstrmpgès. Fsluljfhms hgrih`g purg5

"Pfy Wuiljé", Dgkifn Jurtgdm. - Fsluljf ng pistg #0<6

jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8xp6W\OSHK`4

Gjmrg fsluljf hgrih`g lmk fksgh`nf5

"Lm`çk", Dmhikom @ftjgklmurt. - Fsluljf ng pistg #0<3jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8?9sUktgcCos

7. pillmnm sfoukdg vmz

0. tipnf sfoukdg vmz

<. `gem tfkmr

4. `gtfrèg

6. pillmnm prihfrg vmz

3. tipnf prihfrg vmz

?. lfktrm grhükilm

:. `gem

9. ouitgrrg fnéltrilg (usugnfhfktf fs uk lmktrg`gem)

7 0 <4

6 3?

:9




Onmsgrim

PfsuhfkFk kufstrm pgès tfkfhms vgrims sèh`mnms pgtrims quf tmdms nms ougtfhgntflms df`fhms gprfligr yrfspftgr5 fn Jihkm Kglimkgn, Ng Orgkgdfrg, ng @gkdfrg, fn Fsludm df Grhgs, ng Hmkeg @ngklg, ng Lfi`g,fn Wuftzgn, ng hgrih`g.

Ng nftrg mrioikgn dfn Jihkm Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng cuf fslritg fk 7:9?, pmr fn pmftg lu`gkm EmséEmgquèk Qgnhg, pfrm sucriü gnoukgs hmdilglimkfs fk 79<4 pmr lmksidfrçrsfnf huy vimnfktg. Ng hõ-silg cuf lmhpufstg pmr fn ougtfhgntflm Pgcgfn Çnvgrfz Mvgnnf, fk 7:9?. Fs lmksidfrgdm ukm df nmsjihkms hçs `fnnms dfn hukdm.

Ng nftrg fstç fslritg fk cmrhg df pmfhg y sf lmhpmkf df lugtrm fstrmcgs y lugtrms lmrms, rfpitiékdmsffk lgdg ukm df nms lmrms nms dms õntihms vfrsms df ng fstrmcg gktfrimr.

Ng Orgkgdfrg fs ukg pifzg husilgn quf ofkfrgnhfktf fs feflutgdg pmr ukg `gkdg hinitgr pgrg rfkdirjmkmrfs gn Qrfsidfktf df kufstrg Pfpõ`nilg y g ng `gkdfrg df Ougtfhgng.

Ng `gkdfrg cuf lrfgdg fk 7:?7 durgktf fn om`ifrkm df Hioufn Ogrlèg Orgkgdms. Nms lmnmrfs mlignfs

smk trfs crgkegs vfrtilgnfs, dms df lmnmr gzun lifnm y fk fn lfktrm, ukg ngklg. Fn lmnmr ngklm rfprfsfktgng tifrrg fktrf dms mlégkms gdfhçs df sih`mnizgr purfzg, pgz, iktforidgd, rhfzg y nuz. Fn lmnmr gzun

rfprfsfktg fn lmnmr dfn lifnm y nms hgrfs quf rmdfgk g Ougtfhgng, gsè lmhm nms vgnmrfs df ng eustilig, ngvfrdgd y ng cmrtgnfzg. G ng gkdfrg sf nf nnghg pg`fnnük lugkdm nnfvg fn fsludm df grhgs. Fn eurghfktm

g ng `gkdfrg fs m`rg df Gn`frtm Sfnçsqufz.Ng Hmkeg @ngklg fs ukg mrquèdfg mrioikgrig df Gntg Sfrgpgz. Fn Wuftzgn fs uk gvf lmk pnuhgef vfr-df iktfksm y pfljm rmem2 sus pnuhgs frgk huy gprfligdgs pmr nms gktioums hgygs pufs sfrvègk pgrgfng`mrgr nms tmlgdms df nms Qriklipgnfs. Ng Lfi`g fs uk çr`mn sgorgdm hgyg, lmkmlidm lmhm Ygxljé.

Ng hgrih`g fs uk ikstruhfktm df pfrlusiük hfnüdilm, quf cuf dflngrgdm sèh`mnm kglimkgn fk 7999 yQgtrihmkim Lunturgn df ngs Ghérilgs fk 0176. Jg fvmnulimkgdm g trgvés df nms sionms y orgligs g EuniçkQgkigoug Hgrtèkfz y \f`gstiçk Jurtgdm sf trgkscmrhü df hgrih`g sfklinng g hgrih`g dm`nf.

lrfstg5 Qgrtf lgrkmsg situgdg fk cmrhg nmkoitudikgn fk ng lg`fzg df ngs gvfs.

dflgsèng`m5 Df difz sèng`gs.

jfxgsèng`m5 Df sfis sèng`gs.

prmtmlmnm5 Kmrhg quf sf gpnilg fk ngs lfrfhmkigs dmkdf pgrtilipgk dipnmhçtilms.

sèh`mnm pgtrim5 \èh`mnm quf rfprfsfktg g uk pgès.

tftrgsèng`m5 Df lugtrm sèng`gs.

vgnmr lèvilm5 Qriklipim ihpmrtgktf pgrg ng smlifdgd, quf sf fspfrg quf tmdms nms liudgdgkms rfspftf yprgltiquf.




Gutmlmktrmn


G lmktikugliük fklmktrgrç ng tfrlfrg fstrmcg dfn Jihkm Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng. Pfgnilf ngs siouifktfsgltividgdfs5

g) @usquf fk fn dillimkgrim ngs siouifktfs pgng`rgs5

• Gn`urg • Fsquivg • Qrfsfg

• Gntivm • Fksf÷g • Sfkfrg

`) Idfkticiquf ngs siouifktfs pgrtfs dfn pmfhg5

• Lugrtftg • Lugrtftm • Fstrmcg

Fs tu fksf÷g pfdgzm df lifnm

fk quf prfkdf ukg ku`f su gn`urg,

y ¡gy! df gqufn quf lmk lifog nmlurg

sus lmnmrfs prftfkdg hgkljgr.

Qufs tus jiems vgnifktfs y gntivms,

quf vfkfrgk ng pgz lugn prfsfg,

kuklg fsquivgk ng rudg pfnfg

si dfcifkdfk su tifrrg y su jmogr.

LMPM

Kuklg fsquivgk ng rudg pfnfg

si dfcifkdfk su tifrrg y su jmogr,

quf fs tgk sünm fn jmkmr su gnhg idfg

y fn gntgr df ng pgtrig su gntgr.





Qrfouktf g mtrgs pfrsmkgs y lmhpnftf.

• ½Luçnfs smk ngs kmrhgs df lmhpmrtghifktm lugkdm lgktghms m fsluljghms fn Jihkm Kglimkgn dfOugtfhgng=

• ½Luçnfs smk ngs kmrhgs df lmhpmrtghifktm lugkdm ikorfsg m forfsg ng @gkdfrg m fn Qg`fnnük Kglim-kgn df Ougtfhgng=

• Fsluljf ngs siouifktfs hfnmdègs lmhpufstgs f iktfrprftgdgs pmr ougtfhgntflms.

"Lgktm g nms sèh`mnms pgtrims df Ougtfhgng", Kmé Hgog÷g @ufzm. - Fsluljf ng pistg#0<?jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8h-]W`3TNy6V

"Lgktm g hi Ougtfhgng", Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük. - Fsluljf ng pistg #0<:jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8yb]Lq3HiIpG

"Hi pgès", Pilgrdm Gremkg. - Fsluljf ng pistg #0<9jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8lF1\I4WPp@b

• ½Lmksidfrg ustfd quf smk jmhfkgefs g Ougtfhgng=, ½pmr qué=

• ½Wué mtrgs cmrhgs df hmstrgr kufstrm ghmr g Ougtfhgng pmdfhms tfkfr=

• Fslri`g uk glrüstilm, pmfhg, lgkliük m pfksghifktm, rfnglimkgdm lmk fn ghmr g kufstrm pgès.






kmnmorgdm

D f s p u é s d

f f s t u d i g r . . .

Lmkmzlm ng ìmorgcèg y m`rg husilgn dfn lmhpmsitmr Néstfr Omdèkfz.

Idfktilm nms rithms vfkfzmngkms5 fn \fùlçk y fn Emrmpm.

Lmkmzlm y vgnmrm ng jistmrig df kufstrms sèh`mnms pgtrims.

Pfspftm fn Jihkm Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng y Ng Orgkgdfrg.

Idfktilm mtrms jmhfkgefs husilgnfs g Ougtfhgng.

Fxprfsm hi mpikiük lmk ni`frtgd rfspftgkdm ng df his lmhpg÷frms.


Fsluljgrç fn Jihkm Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng iktfrprftgdm pmr dicfrfktfs grtistgs. Gkgnilf y rffximkf sm-`rf nm fsluljgdm, y nufom fxprfsf ni`rfhfktf su mpikiük trgtgkdm df rfspmkdfr ngs siouifktfs prfouk-tgs5 ½nf oustgk ngs dicfrfktfs vfrsimkfs=, ½luçn nf oustg hçs=, ½lrff lmrrfltm lèvilghfktf jg`ngkdm lgh-ìgr fn fstinm husilgn g uk sèh`mnm pgtrim=, ½lrff lmrrfltm quf sf nf lghìf fn idimhg mrioikgn dfn jihkm=

Lmk sus lmhpg÷frms df fstudim rfgnilfk uk lèrlunm df dislusiük, tmhgkdm fk lufktg quf lgdg mpikiükfs vgnimsg y df`f sfr rfspftgdg. Fk fstf fspglim sf dislutirçk idfgs, km sf gtglgrçk pmsturgs pfrsmkgnfs.

- Fsluljf ng pistg #044jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8GUgim7gvQ?m

- Fsluljf ng pistg #046jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8TweIg?G6o4H

- Fsluljf ng pistg #043jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8BG4NknvG-gm&nist8PDBG4NknvG-gm

- Fsluljf ng pistg #04?jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v83H9c kxllom:&ikdfx84&nist8PDBG4NknvG-gm

- Fsluljf ng pistg #041jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8WJrxHtoC?@H

- Fsluljf ng pistg #047jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v8\sgnPBb?W_m

- Fsluljf ng pistg #040jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v87NoO]-DINKV

- Fsluljf ng pistg #04<jttp5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/ wgtlj=v83BUk`ziGU`l



07?Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 7?

7?

Pfpgsm5 sfhgkgs 9 g 73Ng hõsilg fxistf pgrg lugkdm kms cgnngk ngs pgng`rgs.

Qgtrilb Pmtjcuss


Qglm Qérfz

Qufrtm Pilm Eè`grm

Pfpgsm sfhgkgs 9 g 73


Lmkmlfr ng `imorgcèg y m`rg dfn lmhpmsitmr Qglm Qérfz.

Idfkticilgr nms rithms husilgnfs df Qufrtm Pilm.

Pfpgsgr nms lmktfkidms df ngs sfhgkgs 9 g 73.

Pfsmnvfr nms fefrlilims dfn rfpgsm pgrg fvgnugrsf fk ng pruf`g pgrlign.

Qrfpgrgrsf `ifk pgrg ng pruf`g df fvgnugliük.




Wufridg y qufridm fstudigktf5

Jfhms nnfogdm gn cikgn dfn lursm Cmrhgliük Husilgn dfn orupm Vtgtnçk. Fs fn hmhfktm df prfpg-

rgrsf pgrg ng pruf`g cikgn. Qgrg fnnm, rfpgsgrfhms nms lmktfkidms df ngs sfhgkgs ukm g ng difliséis.

Tfkog fk lufktg quf fstg sfhgkg lmktifkf fefrlilims lmhpnftms fk nms quf sf dfsgrrmnngrçk tmdms

nms lmklfptms gprfkdidms durgktf fstf lursm. Gktfs df ikiligr lmk fstf rfpgsm, nf rflmhfkdghms

rfpgsgr nms lmktfkidms df ngs sfhgkgs gktfrimrfs. Gn tfrhikgr, km mnvidf fvgnugr su prmlfsm df

gprfkdizgef lmk fn lugdrm cikgn.

Gdfhçs, nf dgrfhms fstgs suofrfkligs

Ng pruf`g fvgnõg nms hishms lmktfkidms y df ng hishg cmrhg fk quf nms jg trg`gegdm sfhgkg

g sfhgkg.

Fng`mrf su prmpim rfsuhfk df lgdg sfhgkg. Sfrç lmhm gn fslri`ir sus lmkmlihifktms nf

sfrç hçs cçlin rflmrdgrnms.

Fsluljf ng lngsf rgdign. \us hgfstrms nmlutmrfs nf glmhpg÷grçk fk fstf rfpgsm y nf gyudg-

rçk g rfsmnvfr gnoukgs gltividgdfs.

Gkmtf tmdm nm quf km nf qufdf lngrm. Gludg g su mrifktgdmr m g su tutmr pgrg rfsmnvfr sus

dudgs. Tgh`iék pufdf lmksuntgrkms pmr lmrrfm fnfltrükilm. Kufstrg dirflliük fs5 iofrA

iofr.fdu.ot

Fstudif y prgltiquf lmk nms fefrlilims df fstg sfhgkg.

Nfg ngs mrifktglimkfs pgrg ng pruf`g kgn y gludg gn fxghfk lmk sfouridgd y lmkgkzg.



079Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 7?


Qglm Qérfz(797? - 7967) “ Fsluljf ng pistg #04:

Lmhpmsitmr y lgktgktf kglidm fk Jufjuftfkgkom, Ougtfhgng fk 797?. Df`utg

g nms 3 g÷ms fk fn Tfgtrm Hukilipgn df Jufjuftfkgkom, y nufom dfn trgsngdm df

ng cghinig g Wuftzgntfkgkom, sf prfsfktg df 7? g÷ms fk fn Tfgtrm Hukilipgn df

Wuftzgntfkgkom. Fk 79<? g rgèz df ng ikguourgliük df ng TO_, rfgnizü ukg sfrifdf lmklifrtms. \u vgns-lgkliük „Nukg df Zfngeõ‘ nm ikhmrtgnizg, yg quf fstg

pifzg fs cufktf df ikspirgliük y df sfktidm df pfrtfkfklig f idfktidgd df nms

ougtfhgntflms. Fstg pifzg jg sidm iktfrprftgdg pmr divfrsms tipms df fksgh`nf

y smnistgs, lmk distiktms fstinms husilgnfs, sik pfrdfr fn mrioikgn, dfktrm y cufrg

df ngs crmktfrgs df Ougtfhgng. Fktrf sus mtrgs m`rgs sf fklufktrgk "Tzgkeuyõ",

"Kfkitg", "Grrfpfktihifktm", "Qgtmeg nikdg", "Hgdrflitg", y ng lmkmlidg ougrgljg

"Ljiljilgstfkgkom".

Crgklislm tuvm ukg vidg lmrtg, pufs hufrf fk fn gllidfktf gérfm sm`rf Qfték fk

7967, euktm g mtrms 09 grtistgs.

Gdgptgdm df5 jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8:lQp-o3CChm





Kgvfouf fk Iktfrkft

Qufrtm Pilm“ Fsluljf ng pistg #049 (eè`grm)

Qufrtm Pilm fs rilm fk tmdms nms oékfrms husilgnfs, sik fh`grom, ng `mh`g, ngpnfkg, fn gouikgndm, fn sfis, ng dgkzg y ng hõsilg eè`grg smk lgrgltfrèstilms df sulunturg hfstizg lmhpufstg pmr trfs ikcnufkligs, ng lunturg ikdèofkg, ng lunturgkforg y ng lunturg fspg÷mng.

\us ikstruhfktms smk fn oþirm, ng hgrglg, ngs tgh`mrgs, fn tgh`mr df lufrm y fnlugtrm pmrtmrriquf÷m, quf fs fn ikstruhfktm kglimkgn.

Lgsi tmdg ng hõsilg pmrtmrriquf÷g rfquifrf df ginf f ikstruhfktgliük.

Lmk fn pgsm dfn tifhpm jgk suroidm kufvms oékfrms husilgnfs lmhm ng sgnsg, fnrfouftük y ng `gljgtg, nms trfs df rgèlfs fxtrgkefrgs.

Ng dgkzg pmrtmrriquf÷g fvmnulimkg df Furmpg y frg `gingdg pmr nms lghpfsikms,pfrm lmhm rfsuntgdm df ng Pfvmnuliük crgklfsg, fk fn pgès sf dim uk kufvm

mrdfk smlign y nms `ginfslghpfsikms fklmktrgrmkuk kufvm nuogr pgrg dgk-zgr dfktrm df ng liudgd.

\i dfsfg m`sfrvgr lühm feflutg fn eè`grm df Qufrtm Pilm, pufdf lmksuntgr ng si-ouifktf dirflliük fnfltrükilg5

jttps5//www.ymutu`f.lmh/wgtlj=v8]SYE9`MzPkF

eè`grm





Pfpgsm5 sfhgkgs 9 g 73Nnfoghms pmr k, gn k. Fstg sfhgkg sfrç fn rfpgsm kgn. Qgrg tmdgs ngs pfrsmkgs

quf fefrlfk ng dmlfklig fs uk suf÷m quf qufdf fk sus fstudigktfs ng kflfsidgddf sfouir gprfkdifkdm pmr sè hishms. Fk fn lgsm df hõsilg, nms dmlfktfs dfsfg-hms quf kufstrms fstudigktfs siogk ikdgogkdm kufvgs ikquiftudfs, quf lmk-tikõfk fsluljgkdm tmdm tipm df hõsilg y ùslgkdm lmklfptms quf nfs nnghfkng gtfkliük. Gjmrg fs uk ùfk hmhfktm pgrg jglfr uk gntm y rffximkgr sm`rf

tmdm nm quf sf jg gprfkdidm. Pfgnilf fn rfpgsm y si gn tfrhikgr nf jilifrmk cgntggnoukms lmklfptms, rforfsf g ng sfhgkg y rfpçsfnms.

7. Oékfrms husilgnfs

Fn oékfrm husilgn fs ukg lgtfomrèg m lngsilgliük quf idfktilg g m`rgs husi-lgnfs quf lmhpgrtfk sihingrfs lgrgltfrèstilgs. Fxistfk trfs orgkdfs lgtfomrègs m

oékfrms husilgnfs5 glgdéhilg, pmpungr y cmnlnürilg.

Ng hõsilg glgdéhilg utinizg fstrulturgs husilgnfs gvgkzgdgs, ofkfrgnhfktf fs-tgs m`rgs ngs feflutgk mrqufstgs sikcükilgs y gorupglimkfs lmrgnfs. Nms hõsilmsquf tmlgk fk fstms fksgh`nfs husilgnfs fstudigk fk lmksfrvgtmrims y/m uki-vfrsidgdfs fspflignizgdgs fk ng hõsilg glgdéhilg. Fn mriofk df fstf oékfrm sffklufktrg fk nm quf sf nnghg hõsilg lnçsilg ng lugn cuf lmhpufstg fk Furmpgdurgktf ng fdgd hfdig jgstg fn sionm ZZ.

Ng hõsilg pmpungr m hõsilg pmp smk lmhpmsilimkfs husilgnfs dfn gorgdm dfng hgymrèg df pfrsmkgs y smk rgdim, tfnfvisiük y rfdfs smlignfs. Fstg hõsilg fs

dirioidg g eüvfkfs y nms ikstruhfktms quf utinizg smk ouitgrrg fnéltrilg, gem fnél-trilm, siktftizgdmr, gtfrèg, tmrkghfsgs df De, quf smk prmlfsgdms y ghpnilgdms

pmr `mlikgs y ng vmz fs huy ihpmrtgktf. Dfktrm df nms priklipgnfs suòékfrmsdf ng hõsilg pmpungr fstçk5 rmlb, fnfltrükilm, `gkdg, `gljgtg, sgnsg, hfrfkouf, rfouftük, smun, jip-jmp y gnoukms oékfrms dfn egzz.

Ng hõsilg cmnlnürilg fstç rfnglimkgdg lmk ngs lmstuh`rfs y ng lunturg df uk puf-`nm y/m pgès fspflèlm2 sf jg trgkshitidm mrgnhfktf df ofkfrgliük fk ofkfrg-liük, y sf lgrgltfrizg pmr ng utinizgliük df hfnmdègs, grhmkègs y df ukg lmhì-kgliük pgrtilungr df ikstruhfktms prmpims df ng rfoiük.

Fefrlilim 7Nm ikvitghms g rfcnfximkgr sm`rf nms oékfrms husilgnfs y nufom, rfspmkdfr ngs prfouktgs siouifktfs.

7. ½Dfktrm dfn oékfrm cmnlnürilm, ½pufdf vfr quf gnoukms ikstruhfktms vifkfk df huljèsihm tifhpmgtrçs= ½luçnfs=




0. ½Wué fs nm quf hçs nf nnghü ng gtfkliük df ng hõsilg pmpungr=

<. ½Qmdrèg jglfr ukg nistg df nms ikstruhfktms quf hçs sf usgk fk ng hõsilg pmpungr=

4. Fslri`g trfs lgrgltfrèstilgs df lgdg ukm df nms trfs oékfrms husilgnfs hçs ihpmrtgktfs.

Cmnlnürilm Qmpungr Glgdéhilm

0. Dikçhilgs df tifhpm y vmnuhfkFn girf husilgn fs ng vfnmlidgd lmk quf sf feflutg ukg m`rg husilgn, y sf hidf fkomnpfs pmr hikutm2 g hfkmr kõhfrm df omnpfs hfkmr vfnmlidgd y g hgymr kõ-hfrm df omnpfs hgymr vfnmlidgd. Ng ikdilgliük dfn tipm m lgh`ims df vfnmlidgddf ukg hfnmdèg sf nnghg goüoilg m tfhpm. Fn lmhpmsitmr ikdilg ng goüoilg gn iki-lim dfn pfktgorghg, fstg fs ukg suofrfklig pgrg ng iktfrprftgliük df ng hfnmdèg,pfrm fn iktérprftf pufdf prfcfrir utinizgr mtrg goüoilg pgrg fxprfsgrsf, yg quf ng

vfnmlidgd fxprfsg fstgdms df çkihm.



00<Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 7?

Ngs goüoilgs sf ikdilgk lmk pgng`rgs fk itgnigkm, lmhm ngs siouifktfs5

Goüoilg (tfhpm) Trgdulliük Fstgdm df çkihm

Nfktm Huy dfspglim Dmnmr

Gdgoim Dfspglim Kmstgnoig

Gkdgktf Wuf lghikg Sidg

Gnnform Gnforf Gnforèg

Qrfstm Pçpidm Huy vivm

Qrfstissihm Pgpidèsihm Lmk huljg fkfroèg

Lugkdm ng iktfksidgd dfn smkidm m vmnuhfk vg guhfktgkdm sf nnghg lrfslfkdm.Fstç fk itgnigkm, lmhm ng hgymrèg df nms térhikms df hõsilg. Lugkdm ng iktfksi-

dgd df smkidm m vmnuhfk vg dishikuyfkdm sf nnghg dflrfslfkdm.

Fefrlilim 0Pfspmkdg ngs siouifktfs prfouktgs.

7. ½Qufdf fxpnilgr qué fs ukg goüoilg=

0. ½Lmk qué sf rfnglimkg, lmk fn vmnuhfk df uk smkidm, lmk ng hfnmdèg, m lmk ng vfnmlidgd df uksmkidm=




Fefrlilim <Pflmrdfhms gnoukms smkidms sfoõk ngs lgrgltfrèstilgs quf kms smnilitgk.

7. Jgog ukg fquis (Z) fk ng lmnuhkg lmrrfltg sfoõk ngs lgrgltfrèstilgs df tifhpm df nms dicfrfktfsmèftms m situglimkfs quf ustfd sfnfllimkf y gkmtf fk ng lmnuhkg izquifrdg. Sfg fn fefhpnm.

Mèftm Nfktm Pçpidm

1. ng tmrtuog Z

7.

0.

<.

4.

6.

3.

?.

0. Gjmrg jgog nm hishm, pfrm lmk vmnuhfk.

Mèftm Qigkm / sugvf Cmrtf / cufrtf

1. ng tmrtuog Z

7.

0.

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4.

6.

3.

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<. Ng jistmrig df ng hõsilg I

Lmhm fk tmdgs ngs grtfs, ng hõsilg y nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs jgk tfkidmlghìms g nm ngrom df ng jistmrig. Fxistfk gspfltms husilgnfs df ng gktioþfdgd

quf gltugnhfktf sioufk tfkifkdm vgnmr y viofklig. Fstg sfhgkg fstudighms õki-lghfktf hgkicfstglimkfs husilgnfs df livinizglimkfs gktiougs.

Fk Hfsmpmtghig, nms hõsilms suhfrims frgk rfspftgdms. Ng hõsilg glmhpg-÷g`g g nms dimsfs y g nms dicuktms fk su vigef kgn. Ng grqufmnmoèg kms pfrhitf

lmkmlfr gnoukms ikstruhfktms df fstg épmlg5 fn tgh`mr, fn gn-ogr, y ng gutg. Ng

gktioug livinizgliük foiplig utinizg`g ng hõsilg pgrg glfrlgrsf g sus dimsfs pfrmtghìék frg fsluljgdg fk fvfktms cghinigrfs, smlignfs y pmnètilms. Vtinizg`gk fngrpg, fn ngõd y ng nirg2 ikstruhfktms df vifktm, ng gutg gngrogdg, fn lgrghinnm, fn

lngrikftf, fn m`mf dm`nf, ngs trmhpftgs, nms sistrms, nms tgh`mrfs y nms pngtinnms.

Fk ng gktioug Ljikg lrfègk quf ng hõsilg frg uk rflursm ihpmrtgktf pgrg ng fdu-lgliük y ng cmrhgliük dfn lgrçltfr df nms ki÷ms y eüvfkfs, pfrm tghìék utinizg-`gk ng hõsilg fk lfrfhmkigs y fvfktms smlignfs y hinitgrfs, pgrg nm lugn lmktg`gk

lmk mrqufstgs iktforgdgs pmr ikstruhfktms lmhm fn sjfko, fn b’ik, y fn p’gi-sigm.

Qgrg nms gktioums orifoms ng hõsilg tfkèg mriofk divikm y frg pgrtf iktforgn df ngcmrhgliük fslmngr df ki÷ms y eüvfkfs. Nms orifoms ikiligrmk ng fslriturg husilgn,utinizgkdm ng kmtgliük gncg`étilg2 gnoukms df nms ikstruhfktms quf utinizg`gk

frgk ng lètgrg, ng sirikog, ng sgnpikog grpg, ng nirg, fn ngõd y fn gunms.

Nms rmhgkms utinizg`gk hõsilg pgrg glmhpg÷gr nms fvfktms quf sf rfgnizg`gk fkfn lirlm rmhgkm (lgrrfrgs df lg`gnnms, tfgtrm, dgkzg, ongdigdmrfs, mtrgs). Tfkègklmrms f ikstruhfktms df hftgn lmhm fn lmrku, fn nitus, y ng tu`g.

Ngs ikvfstioglimkfs grqufmnüoilgs grhgk quf nms gktioums hgygs lmkmlègk fn

pmnitmkishm y quf ng hõsilg frg utinizgdg pgrg ritugnfs fk nms quf sf lfnf`rg`gkfvfktms rfnglimkgdms lmk ng vidg y ng hufrtf. Gnoukms df sus ikstruhfktms frgk5fn tõk, fn tziemnge, fn ljik-ljèk, fn gymtn, nms tukeun, y ng ljirihèg.

Fefrlilim 4Jgog ukg nistg df nms ikstruhfktms husilgnfs quf sf glufrdf df ngs lunturgs gktiougs, iklnuyfkdm ngkufstrg. Fslri`g gn ngdm fn tipm df ikstruhfktm quf fs. Fk ng õntihg lmnuhkg, fslri`g df quf lunturg fs.

Kmh`rf dfn ikstruhfktm Tipm df ikstruhfktm Lunturg g ng quf pfrtfkflf

sirikog Sifktm hgdfrg orifog




4. Ng jistmrig df ng hõsilg II

Fn pfrèmdm jmhmcükilm mlurrf durgktf ng nnghgdg Fdgd Hfdig. Fk fstg épmlgsf ikilig ng fslriturg husilgn pmr pgrtf df rfnioimsms y pfrsmkgs dfn Fstgdm. \flgrgltfrizg pmr fn lgktm orfomrigkm, iktfrprftgdm õkilghfktf pmr vmlfs hgslu-nikgs lmk ukg smng hfnmdèg, y smnm pgrg usm df ng ionfsig lgtünilg. Durgktf fstf

pfrimdm surofk nms trmvgdmrfs pmftgs quf fslri`ègk sm`rf sus jgzg÷gs df ghmr,df oufrrg m df ng fxgntgliük g sus tifrrgs, quf frgk iktfrprftgdgs pmr nms euongrfs.

Fstgs frgk m`rgs `ging`nfs y sf fsluljg`gk fk pngzgs y tg`frkgs.

Durgktf fn rfkglihifktm, ngs grtfs y ngs lifkligs „rfkglfk‘ y tifkfk uk hgymr df-sgrrmnnm. Dfìdm g lghìms rfnioimsms, ng hõsilg sglrg yg km smnm fs lgtünilg sikmtghìék prmtfstgktf. Nms hgymrfs rfprfsfktgktfs df fstg épmlg smk OuinnguhfDucgy, Emsquèk dfs Qrfz, y Oimvgkki Qifrnuioi Dg Qgnfstrikg, nnghgdm „fn prèklipfdf ng hõsilg‘ df su tifhpm.

@grrmlm sf dfsgrrmnnü df 7311 jgstg 7?61, durgktf uk pfrimdm df prm`nfhgsflmkühilms y rfnioimsms. Ng hõsilg sf lgrgltfrizg pmr su fxgofrgliük y drghg-tishm, quf sf hgkifstg fk lmktrgstfs df iktfksidgd (sugvf-cufrtf) y ng vfnmli-dgd (nfktm-rçpidm). Fktrf ngs cmrhgs husilgnfs grrmlgs sf fklufktrgk ngs ikstru-hfktgnfs (suitf, smkgtg, lmklfrtm), y ngs vmlgnfs (üpfrg, lgktgtg y mrgtmrim). Fktrfnms lmhpmsitmrfs sm`rfsgnifktfs df fstf pfrèmdm sf fklufktrg Eugk \f`gstiçk@glj, Gktmkim Sivgndi, y Ofmro Crifdrilj Jäfkdfn.

Durgktf fn pfrimdm lnçsilm (7??1 g 7:76) sf vf gn jmh`rf y nm quf nm rmdfg lmhm`fnnm y pfrcfltm, y fk lmksflufklig fn grtf ùslg trgkshitir fn sfktidm df pfrcfl-liük, df nm idfgn, df nm sfklinnm y df nm lmhprfksi`nf. \f prmdulf hõsilg gnforf y`rinngktf fk cmrhg df smkgtgs, sikcmkègs y lmklifrtms. Dfstglgk nms lmhpmsitmrfsEmsfpj Jgydk, _mncgko Ghgdfus Hmzgrt y Nudwiko Sgk @fftjmvfk.

Fk fn pfrimdm rmhçktilm ng hõsilg sm`rfsgnf df ngs mtrgs grtfs, ùslgkdm uk`gngklf fktrf ng hõsilg ikstruhfktgn purg y fn oustm pmr ng pmfsèg y ng nitfrgtu-rg. Nms lmhpmsitmrfs df ng épmlg sf dfsgrrmnngrmk fk uk çrfg fspflèlg5 pigkm,

üpfrg m sikcmkègs, pmr fefhpnm. Nms lmhpmsitmrfs sm`rfsgnifktfs df fstg épmlgsmk5 Crgkz \ju`frt, Killmnm Qgogkiki, Crfdfril Ljmpik, Nmuis Jfltmr @frnimz, Oiu-sfppf Sfrdi y Piljgrd _gokfr.

Durgktf fn sionm ZZ sf dfsgrrmnng fn egzz fk Fstgdms Vkidms df Ghérilg. \u mriofksf rfhmktg g nms lgktms df nuljg y dmnmr df nms fslngvms gcrmghfrilgkms, pfrmquf gn fxpgkdirsf pmr fn hukdm sf jg dfsgrrmnngdm fk distiktms suòékfrms ik-

lnuyfkdm fn egzz ngtikm y gcrmlu`gkm gsè lmhm fn `mssg kmvg. Fktrf nms priklipgnfsrfprfsfktgktfs dfn egzz pmdfhms hfklimkgr g Nmuis Grhmstrmko, Ljgrnif Qgrbfry Hinfs Dgvis, Grt @ngbfy, Grturm \gkdmvgn, @inn Fvgks y Emgm Oinvfrtm.

Fn rmlb gkd rmnn suroiü durgktf ng délgdg df 7961 lmhm uk hmvihifktm husilgnkufvm dirioidm g nms eüvfkfs df ng pmst-oufrrg. Fstf oékfrm husilgn sf mrioiküdf ng hfzlng df dicfrfktfs oékfrms df ng hõsilg cmnlnürilg df nms Fstgdms Vkidmsdf Ghérilg, lmhm fn dmmwp, rjytjh gkd `nufs, jinnìnny, `nufs, lmuktry y wfstfrk.

Fk ng iktfrprftgliük df fstf oékfrm sm`rfsgnf ng ouitgrrg fnéltrilg, fn `gem, ng `g-tfrèg y fn pigkm. Fktrf sus priklipgnfs rfprfsfktgktfs fstçk Fnvis Qrfsnfy y lmhm



00?Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 7?

iktérprftf df ng ouitgrrg, Ljulb @frry. Tgh`iék ju`m gkdgs husilgnfs fktrf ngsquf sm`rfsgnfk ng df Nittnf Piljgrd y @inn Jgnfy gkd Jis Lmhfts. Jmy fk dèg, fntérhikm fvmnulimkü g rmlb m hõsilg rmlb, pgrg idfktilgr gn oékfrm lmktfhpm-rçkfm dfn quf sf dfrivgk mtrms oékfrms husilgnfs lmhm fn ogrgof rmlb, fn pukb

rmlb, fn rmlb prmorfsivm, fn jgrd rmlb y mtrms.

Fefrlilim 6G lmktikugliük fklmktrgrç ukg nèkfg df tifhpm dmkdf ustfd pufdf fslri`ir fn mrdfk df nms pfrèmdmshusilgnfs.

7 0 < 4 6 3

411-7011 7011-7311 7311-7?61 s. ZSIII s. ZIZ kgnfs s. ZZ

7. Qfrèmdm husilgn

0. Qfrèmdm husilgn

<. Qfrèmdm husilgn

6. Iktfrprftgliük husilgn

\foõk fn ikstruhfktmutinizgdm

\foõk fn kõhfrmdf iktérprftfs

Iktfrprftgliük husilgn

Smlgn

Ikstruhfktgn

\mnistg

Fksgh`nf

4. Qfrèmdm husilgn

6. Qfrèmdm husilgn

3. Qfrèmdm husilgn




Fefrlilim 3Fslri`g nms ikstruhfktms quf sf kflfsitgk pgrg nms siouifktfs fksgh`nfs.

HGPIH@G MPWVF\TG

LVGPTFTM DF LVFPDG\

OPVQM DF PMLB

F\TVDIGKTIKG

LMPM HIZTM

W VIKTFTM DF @PMKLF\

TPÈM DF @MNFPM\




Fefrlilim ?Fng`mrf ukg nistg df tmdms nms grtistgs, fksgh`nfs f ikstitulimkfs grtèstilgs df kufstrm pgès quf sfglufrdf. Fk ng nèkfg df ng dfrfljg fslri`g qué oékfrm husilgn iktfrprftgk.

1.

7.

0.

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4.

6.

3.

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:.

9.

71.

Mrqufstg \ikcükilg Kglimkgn oékfrm glgdéhilm

3. Fxprfsimkfs pgtriütilgs df Ougtfhgng

Fk kufstrm pgès tfkfhms vgrims sèh`mnms pgtrims quf tmdms nms ougtfhgntflmsdf`fhms gprfligr y rfspftgr5 fn Jihkm Kglimkgn, Ng Orgkgdfrg, ng @gkdfrg, fnFsludm df Grhgs, ng Hmkeg @ngklg, ng Lfi`g, fn Wuftzgn, ng hgrih g.

Ng nftrg mrioikgn dfn Jihkm Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng cuf fslritg fk 7:9?, pmr fnpmftg lu`gkm Emsé Emgquèk Qgnhg, pfrm sucriü gnoukgs hmdilglimkfs fk 79<4

pmr lmksidfrçrsfnf huy vimnfktg. Ng hõsilg cuf lmhpufstg pmr fn ougtfhgntflmPgcgfn Çnvgrfz Mvgnnf, fk 7:9?. Fs lmksidfrgdm ukm df nms jihkms hçs fnnms dfnhukdm.

Ng nftrg fstç fslritg fk cmrhg df pmfhg y sf lmhpmkf df lugtrm fstrmcgs y lug-

trms lmrms, rfpitiékdmsf fk lgdg ukm df nms lmrms nms dms õntihms vfrsms df ngfstrmcg gktfrimr.

Ng Orgkgdfrg fs ukg pifzg husilgn quf ofkfrgnhfktf fs feflutgdg pmr ukg `gk-dg hinitgr pgrg rfkdir jmkmrfs gn Qrfsidfktf df kufstrg Pfpõ`nilg y g ng `gkdfrgdf Ougtfhgng.

Ng `gkdfrg cuf lrfgdg fk 7:?7 durgktf fn om`ifrkm df Hioufn Ogrlèg Orgkgdms.Nms lmnmrfs mlignfs smk trfs crgkegs vfrtilgnfs, dms df lmnmr gzun lifnm y fk fn

lfktrm, ukg `ngklg. Fn lmnmr `ngklm rfprfsfktg ng tifrrg fktrf dms mlégkms gdf-




hçs df sih`mnizgr purfzg, pgz, iktforidgd, rhfzg y nuz. Fn lmnmr gzun rfprfsfktg

fn lmnmr dfn lifnm y nms hgrfs quf rmdfgk g Ougtfhgng, gsè lmhm nms vgnmrfs df ng eustilig, ng vfrdgd y ng cmrtgnfzg. G ng `gkdfrg sf nf nnghg pg`fnnük lugkdm nnfvgfn fsludm df grhgs. Fn eurghfktm g ng `gkdfrg fs m`rg df Gn`frtm Sfnçsqufz.

Ng Hmkeg @ngklg fs ukg mrquèdfg mrioikgrig df Gntg Sfrgpgz. Fn quftzgn fs uk gvflmk pnuhgef vfrdf iktfksm y pfljm rmem2 sus pnuhgs frgk huy gprfligdgs pmr

nms gktioums hgygs, pufs sfrvègk pgrg fng`mrgr nms tmlgdms df nms Qriklipgnfs. Nglfi`g fs uk çr`mn sgorgdm hgyg, lmkmlidm lmhm Ygxljé.

Ng hgrih`g fs uk ikstruhfktm df pfrlusiük hfnüdilm, quf cuf dflngrgdm sèh-`mnm kglimkgn fk 7999, y fn 70 df cf`rfrm df 0176 Qgtrihmkim Lunturgn df ngsGhérilgs pmr ng Mrogkizgliük df nms Fstgdms Ghfrilgkms (MFG). Jg fvmnulimkg-dm g trgvés df nms sionms y orgligs g Euniçk Qgkigoug Hgrtèkfz y \f`gstiçk Jurtg-dm sf trgkscmrhü df hgrih`g sfklinng g hgrih`g dm`nf.

Fefrlilim :

Gn ngdm df lgdg fkukligdm fslri`g ukg C, si fs cgnsm, y ukg S, si fs vfrdgdfrm.

G. Pgcgfn Çnvgrfz Mvgnnf cuf fn fslritmr df ng hõsilg dfn Jihkm Kglimkgndf Ougtfhgng. ( )

@. Ng hgrih`g ougtfhgntflg fs fn õkilm ikstruhfktm husilgn quf fs sèh`mnm pgtrim df Ougtfhgng. ( )

L. Ng hgrih`g fs uk ikstruhfktm quf kflfsitg smnghfktf uk tipm df hgdfrgpgrg lmkstruirng. ( )

D. Fn Jihkm Kglimkgn df Ougtfhgng sf lmksidfrg fktrf nms trfs jihkms hçs`fnnms dfn hukdm. ( )

F. Ofkfrgnhfktf, pgrg rfkdir jmkmrfs g ng `gkdfrg df kufstrm pgès, uk lgktgktfiktfrprftg Ng Orgkgdfrg. ( )

C. Mljm smk nms hgrih`istgs quf sf kflfsitgk pgrg iktfrprftgr ng hgrih`g. ( )

O. Ng Lfi`g fs uk çr`mn quf sf fklufktrg fk fn pgrquf m pngzg df huljmspuf`nms df Ougtfhgng. ( )

J. Ng Hmkeg @ngklg fs ukg cnmr huy lmhõk quf sf fklufktrg fk tmdm fntfrritmrim dfn pgès. ( )

I. Fn Wuftzgn fs uk gvf df pnuhgef vfrdf quf lmhf gouglgtinnms. ( )

E. Fn pg`fnnük df Ougtfhgng fs lmhm sf nf nnghg g ng gkdfrg lmk fn fsludmdf grhgs df Ougtfhgng ( )



0<7Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ \fhgkg 7?

Fefrlilim 9G fstg nftrg dfn Jihkm Kglimkgn df kufstrm pgès nf jglfk cgntg gnoukgs pgng`rgs quf fstçk fk fn rflug-drm2 fslmeg lgdg pgng`rg y fslrè`gng fk fn fspglim quf lmrrfspmkdf.

I

¡Ougtfhgng cfniz...! quf tus grgs

km prmcgkf eghçs fn 2

ki jgyg fslngvms quf nghgk fn yuom

ki tirgkms quf fslupgk tu .

\i hg÷gkg tu sufnm sgorgdm

nm ghfkgzg ikvgsiük fxtrgkefrg,

ni`rf gn vifktm tu jfrhmsg `gkdfrg

g vfklfr m g hmrir nnghgrç.

Lmrm

Ni`rf gn vifktm tu jfrhmsg `gkdfrg

g vfklfr m g hmrir nnghgrç2

quf tu puf`nm lmk çkihg cifrg

gktfs hufrtm quf fslngvm sfrç.

II

Df tus vifegs y durgs lgdfkgs

tõ lmk hgkm ,

fn grgdm quf fn sufnm cflukdg

y ng fspgdg quf sgnvg fn jmkmr.

Kufstrms pgdrfs nuljgrmk uk dèg

fklfkdidms fk pgtrim ,

y nmorgrmk sik ljmquf sgkorifktm

lmnmlgrtf fk uk trmkm df ghmr.

Lmrm

Y nmorgrmk sik ljmquf sgkorifktm

lmnmlgrtf fk uk trmkm df ghmr,

quf df pgtrig fk fkéroilm glfktm

difrmk vidg gn idfgn .

III


fk quf prfkdf ukg ku`f su ,




quf vfkfrgk ng pgz lugn ,


si dfcifkdfk su tifrrg y su jmogr.

Lmrm


si dfcifkdfk su tifrrg y su jmogr,



IS

Pflmstgdg fk fn Gkdf sm`fr`im,

df dms hgrfs gn ruidm smkmrm,

`gem fn gng df y df mrm

tf gdmrhflfs dfn `fnnm quftzgn.

Gvf ikdigkg quf vivf fk tu fsludm,

quf prmtfof tu sufnm2

¡megnç quf rfhmktf su vufnm,

hçs quf fn lükdmr y fn çouing rfgn!

Lmrm

¡Megnç quf rfhmktf su vufnm,


y fk sus gngs nfvgktf jgstg fn lifnm,

Ougtfhgng, tu kmh`rf ikhmrtgn.






kmnmorgdm


Lmkmzlm ng ìmorgcèg y m`rg dfn lmhpmsitmr Qglm Qérfz.

Idfktilm nms rithms husilgnfs df Qufrtm Pilm.

Pfpgsm nms lmktfkidms df ngs sfhgkgs 9 g 73.

Pfsufnvm nms fefrlilims dfn rfpgsm pgrg fvgnugrhf fk ng pruf`g pgr-lign.

Hf prfpgrm ìfk pgrg ng pruf`g df fvgnugliük.

Mrifktglimkfs sm`rf ng pruf`g cikgn

¡Nnfoü fn hmhfktm df ng pruf`g!

Yg fstç nistm pgrg su pruf`g kgn df Cmrhgliük Husilgn. Nf prfsfktghms ngs õntihgs rflmhfkdglimkfs

quf pufdfk gyudgrnf g ng jmrg dfn fxghfk.

Km sf "gtgsquf" fk kikoõk fefrlilim. Fhpiflf pmr ngs prfouktgs quf sfpg hfemr y nf qufdgrç hçs tifhpm pgrgpfksgr fk ngs quf tfkog dudgs.

Gn cikgnizgr su fxghfk, rfnfg tmdgs sus rfspufstgs y vfg si gnom sf nf pgsü pmr gntm.

Qrfsfktf su pruf`g nihpig y mrdfkgdg.

¡Çkihm! Fn rfsuntgdm df su fxghfk sfrç fn prmdultm df su fscufrzm.

I \FPIF. 7 puktm lgdg rfspufstg lmrrfltg. Tmtgn 3 puktms.IK\TPVLLIMKF\5 Pfnnfkf fn lèrlunm quf lmrrfspmkdf gn rfsuntgdm lmrrfltm.

7) Df ngs siouifktfs mrglimkfs, idfkticiquf luçn sfrfcifrf g ng hfdigkg.

Nfg gtfktghfktf ngs iks-trullimkfs gktfs df lmk-tfstgr. \i tifkf dudg, lmk-suntf g su mrifktgdmr(g).

Gn rfliìr ng pruf`g, y gk-tfs df fhpfzgr g rfsmn-vfrng, fslri`g su kmh`rf,kõhfrm df lgrké, kõhfrmdf lfktrm y cfljg.

Orupm5 Vtgtnçk Hgtfrig5 Cmrhgliük HusilgnQruf`g5 Cikgn G-0176

Kmh`rf5 Lgrké5 Lèrlunm df fstudim Kµ5 Cfljg5

7, 0, <, 4, 6 7, 0, <, 6, : 7, 0, 4, :, 73



0<<Cmrhgliük husilgn∐ Lgklimkfrm

Lgklimkfrm

G lmktikugliük nf prfsfktghms uk lgklimkfrm df hõsilg pmpungr ougtfhgntflg. Fk én fk-

lmktrgrç ng nftrg y hõsilg df 04 lgklimkfs df gutmrfs ougtfhgntflms pgrg quf ngs lmkmzlg,prgltiquf sus lmkmlihifktms husilgnfs f iktfrprftf fstgs m`rgs husilgnfs.

¡Çkihm, dfnf rifkdg sufntg g sus dmtfs husilgnfs!

LMKTFKIDM

@fnng Ougtfhgng Ofrhçk Gnlçktgrg (hõsilg) y Nulèg Hgrtèkfz \m`rgn (nftrg) Ljiljilgstfkgkom Crgklislm Qérfz Hu÷mz

Lm`çk Dmhikom @ftjgklmurt (hõsilg) y Gkè`gn Dfnogdm Pfqufkg (nftrg) Df rgzg hgyg smy Eunig Fnisg df Sigu Fn oritm Fvfrgrdm df Nfük Licufktfs (hõsilg) y Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük (nftrg) Fn Hisjitm Lgkliük trgdilimkgn ougtfhgntflg Ng ognnikitg Emsfkg Sèltmr Hgkufn Qmrrgs

Ng \gkeugkfritg Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük Nikdg hgdrf Emsé Nuis Euçrfz Msmrim Nukg df Zfngeõ Qglm Qérfz

Hg÷gkitgs ougtfhgntflgs @fkiokm Hfeèg Lruz Hi lgktm g Ougtfhgng Sgnfktèk dfn Sgnnf Oükomrg Hi Ljgpikngkdig Lgrnms Fkriquf Mrdü÷fz Hi nikdg hmrfkg Sgnfktèk dfn Sgnnf Oükomrg Hi pnfogrig Hgrtèk Qérfz Hingormsm \f÷mr df Fsquipungs Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük Kmljfs df Fsluiktng Hgrèg dfn Trçksitm @grrims ½Qmr qué sfrç= Ouinnfrhm Cufktfs Oirük Qfték Itzç Qg`nm Qf÷g Ngs pmsgdgs ougtfhgntflgs \gktm Jkm. Qfdrm \gk Emsé df @ftjgklmurt

Pfognitm df ghmr Emsé Gnfegkdrm df Nfük

\mk ljgpèk Pm`frtm Sgnnf O. Vk dèg df ghmr Emsé Hgrèg Oirük

Vk nmritm df Sfrgpgz Lgkliük pmpungr ougtfhgntflg




@FNNG OVGTFHGNG

Hõsilg5 Ofrhçk GnlçktgrgNftrg5 Nulèg Hgrtèkfz \m`rgn

Fs hi `fnng Ougtfhgng uk orgk pgès,quf fk fn Ghérilg dfn Lfktrm pusm Dims,

fs su sufnm pgrgèsm, dm gkidgng pgz, ng ni`frtgd.

\us mridgs tifrrgs hgrgvinng smk,

pmr sus mrfs y sus crutms uk Fdék,

fs ng `fnng Ougtfhgng, hi pgtrig qufridgtifrrg dfn ghmr.

\us gntgs hmktg÷gs,sus hçoilms vmnlgkfs,sus nikdgs prgdfrgs,fklgktm smk sik pgr.

Fn smn quf fk su sufnm cunourg,durg sus triognfs y dg orgkms gn hgèz

ngs pgnhgs y nms pikgrfslrflfk fk sus `msqufsdmkdf gkidg fn lmni`rè.

Tifrrg df his hgymrfs,Hi `fnng Ougtfhgng,

¡sgnvf, pgtrig qufridg,quf fk fn hukdm fktfrm km tifkfs iougn!

“ Fsluljf ng pistg #061



0<6Cmrhgliük husilgn∐ Lgklimkfrm

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Ofrhçk Gnlçktgrg

©L\gzm




LJILJILG\TFKGKOM

Gutmr5 Crgklislm Qérfz Hu÷mz

Jgy ukg ikditg tgk rftf`mkitgfk Lji Lji Lji Lji Ljilgstfkgkomquf lugkdm `fsm su `mlg ljiquitgfk Lji Lji Lji Lji Ljilgstfkgkom,

sifktm quf fn gnhg sf hf fstç qufhgkdmfk Lji Lji Lji Lji Ljilgstfkgkom,

jgy fk su `mlg dunzurgdf crutg hgdurg quf ikvitg g pflgr,

`fsg lmk tgn sg`rmsurg

quf fs ukg nmlurg su `mlg `fsgr.

¡Gy! Ikditg vfk jglig glç,quf tu `mlg quifrm `fsgr,

smnghfktf ngs fstrfnngs ikdislrftgskms jgk df hirgr2

hçs lfnmsgs gn vfr kufstrm ghmrQmlm g pmlm sf jg`rçk df gpgogry fn rmhgklf smnghfktf tus mems

jg`rçk df gnuh`rgr.




0<?Cmrhgliük husilgn∐ Lgklimkfrm

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0<:IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

LM@ÇK

Gutmr5 Gkè`gn Dfnogdm Pfqufkg

Lgktm fhmlimkgdm fstg lgkliükquf jf dfdilgdm lmk ghmry gdhirgliük pgrg Lm`çk.

Fk Lm`çk ym discrutédfn fklgktm df su sufnm.ngs `fnnfzgs quf gdhiréhmtivgrmk fstg lgkliük.

Fk Lm`çk hf qufdgrédiscrutgkdm dfn pgisgefy dfn lnihg fklgktgdmr

df Lm`çk, liudgd ihpfrign.

Gdhirgkdm su vfrdmrsf gdivikg fn hmtivm df ng mrquèdfg

Hmkeg @ngklg prihmrmsgquf su sufnm mrfliü

y fs kufstrg mr kglimkgn.

Y fs fk Gntg Sfrgpgzdmkdf tmdm fn tifhpm fs prihgvfrg

y sf sg`f dmkdfquifrgquf fs ng lukg dfn quftzgn

y quf gjè vufng triukcgn.

Hi lmrgzük sf sifktf cfnizy lmk fhmliük ym diom Lm`çk

tifrrg nikdg dmkdf fn ghmr y ng mr

fk pgrfeg sifhprf vgk.

dmkdf fn quftzgn y ng Hmkeg @ngklgjilifrmk su kidm cuf fk Lm`çky lmk fhmliük jf dfdilgdm

lmk ghmr y gdhirgliükfstg lgkliük pgrg Lm`çk.




0<9Cmrhgliük husilgn∐ Lgklimkfrm

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©L\gzm

Nftrg5 Gkè`gn Dfnogdm Pfqufkg




DF PGUG HGYG \MY

Gutmrg5 Eunig Fnisg Lgstinnm df Sigu

Ikdèofkg smydf tifrrg trmpilgn

df ftfrkg prihgvfrglukg dfn Wuftzgn.

Df rgzg hgyg smyy mrounnmsg fstmy

df sfr Ougtfhgntflgy df ng tifrrg dfn Wuftzgn.

Hi tgtg, hi kgkgjfrhgkms y ym

ng`rghms ng tifrrgdf`gem dfn smn.

Qgrtihms ng nf÷glmrtghms lgcé

lmsfljghms ng lg÷g,fn hgèz y fn criemn.

Hi tgtg sf vgg vfkdfr lgr`ük

lmk hflgpgn g ng fspgndgsmh`rfrm y `gstük.

Fn dmhikom vmyg `gingr fn smk

lmk oþipin `mrdgdmy lmk rfcgem vmy.

Qmr ng kmljf fstmy

pidifkdm g Tgtg Dimshf dé `ufk hgridm

y ukg prmnf rfgn.

“ Fsluljf ng pistg #06<



047Cmrhgliük husilgn∐ Lgklimkfrm

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DF PGUG HGYG \MY

Eunig Fnisg Lgstinnm df Sigu

©L\gzm

tfhpm df smk




FN OPITM

Hõsilg5 Fvfrgrdm df Nfük LicufktfsNftrg5 Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük

Ym smy purm ougtfhgntflmy hf oustg `gingr fn smk,

lmk ngs kmtgs df ng hgrih`gtgh`iék `ging hi lmrgzük.

Lugkdm `ginm lmk hi Hgrègjgstg uk oritm hf sgnf gsè5 ¡gy, gy, gy!

¡Wué rfljungs smk ngs ikditgslugkdm ngs vfm `gingr fn smk,

lmk sus cgndgs nfvgktgditgsvgk tglmkfgkdm lmk sugvf ruhmr!

Qgrg `gingr, ikditg hègym vmy pgnhfgkdm gnrfdfdmr,

pgrg oritgr lmk ukg hgkmtmhm fn smh`rfrm y nm jgom gsè.

Ym yg hf vmy, hf vmy lgktgkdm,hf vmy oritgkdm, nfems df gquè,

tf lgktm g ti, hi Ougtfhgng

tifrrg qufridg dmkdf kglè.




04<Cmrhgliük husilgn∐ Lgklimkfrm

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Fn oritmFvfrgrdm df Nfük

©L\gzm




FN HI\JITM

Lgkliük trgdilimkgn ougtfhgntflg

Ym quisifrg sfr hisjitmpgrg fktrgr pmr tu vfktgkg

y rm`grhf lmk ngs u÷gsg ng ki÷g hçs ogngkg.

Hisj, hisj, hisj, hisjitm hèmlgzg rgtmkfs pmr nms riklmkfs. (@is)

Lmk pgrljfs kforms, lmk pgrljfs `ngklms

lmk pgrljfs kforms, lmk pgrljfs `ngklms.

Ym quisifrg sfr hisjitmpgrg fktrgr pmr tu lgsitgy rm`grhf lmk ngs u÷gs

g ng nikdg huefrlitg.

Hisj, hisj, hisj, hisjitm hèmlgzg rgtmkfs pmr nms riklmkfs. (@is)





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Gkükihm

©L\gzm




NG OGNNIKITG EM\FCIKG

Gutmr5 Sèltmr Hgkufn Qmrrgs

Ng ognnikitg Emsfkg

vivèg fk su lmrrgn cfnizjgstg quf uk dèg sik qufrfrnm

sf vmnviü nmlg pmr fn Twist.

Jmy fs ng hfemr `gingrikgquf sf lmkmlf pmr gquè.

yg km nf oustgk nms ognnmsyg km quifrf pmkfr jufvms

smnghfktf gingr Twist.

Lmrü lm lm lm lm lm lü, lmrü lmrüfs fn Twist df ng ognnikg.

lmrü lm lm lm lm lm lü, lmrü lmrüfstf quf nfs lgktm gquè.

Lmrü lm lm lm lm lm lü, lmrü lmrüyg nm `ging Emsfkg.

lmrü lm lm lm lm lm lü, lmrü lmrülmk smnturg y crfkfsè.

Lmk su lmhgdrf Lgrmnikgsf cufrmk euktgs g `gingr

dmkdf fn lmhpgdrf pgpgognnmquf sf glg`g`g df lgsgr.

@gingrmk tmditg ng kmljfy sf sirviü huljg nmh`riz.fstuvifrmk huy lmktfktgs

pfrm gn jglfr `ifk ng lufktg

smnghfktf ginü Twist.

Lmrü lm lm lm lm lm lü, lmrü lmrüfs fn Twist df ng ognnikg.

lmrü lm lm lm lm lm lü, lmrü lmrüfstf quf nfs lgktm gquè.

Lmrü lm lm lm lm lm lü, lmrü lmrüyg nm `ging Emsfkg.

lmrü lm lm lm lm lm lü, lmrü lmrülmk smnturg y crfkfsè.




04?Cmrhgliük husilgn∐ Lgklimkfrm

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©L\gzm

Twist




NG \GKEVGKFPITG

Gutmr5 Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük

Gn pgsgr pmr „Ngs Hgegdgs‘ym vi g ukg sgkeugkfritg,

df ukms megzms huy orgkdfsy df ng `mlg ljiquitg.

Frg tgk ljung ng ikditg,quf hf dfeü fkghmrgdmy ym sifhprf ng fspfrg`glugkdm vfkèg gn hfrlgdm.

\gkeugkfritg prflimsg,nnfkg hi `mlg df hifn,

yg quf g lghìm df nms ngìmsDims tf pusm uk lngvfn.

¡Gy, gy, gy! \gkeugkfritgsi hf nnfogs g qufrfr

vivirfhms fk tu puf`nmlugkdm sfgs hi huefr.

Tmdms nms dègs pgsfg`glmk su lgkgstm df mrfs

y ym sifhprf ng fspfrg`gpg’ lgktgrnf his ghmrfs.

Hf hirg`g y sf rfègy euog`g lmk su trfkzgpmrquf dflèg ng isjtèg

quf hf tfkèg vfroþfkzg.

\gkeugkfritg prflimsg,nnfkg hi `mlg df hifn,

yg quf g lghìm df nms ngìmsDims tf pusm uk lngvfn.

¡Gy, gy, gy! \gkeugkfritgsi hf nnfogs g qufrfr

vivirfhms fk tu puf`nmlugkdm sfgs hi huefr.

“ Fsluljf ng pistg #06?




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©L\gzm

smk




NIKDG HGDPF

Gutmr5 Emsé Nuis Euçrfz Msmrim

Lugkdm tõ kglistf fktrf ngs mrfs

fk ng purfzg gh`ifktgn df ng tifrrg hègfn trikm df ngs gvfs lfnf`rgrmk

tu dèg fktrf nms dègs, hgdrf hèg.

Tõ hf distf ng vidg df tu vidgfn pfljm quf hf distf lmk dunzurg

tus `rgzms hf grrunngrmk lmk tfrkurgtõ `fkditg df Dims, hgdrf qufridg.

Hgdrf, dunlf ghmrjmy vidg smy, hi lmrgzük

hi mcrfkdg fs hi lmrgzük.

“ Fsluljf ng pistg #06:




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LésgrG`fn \gzm E.

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NVKG DF ZFNGEÕ

Gutmr5 Crgklislm Qérfz Hu÷mz

Nukg, ogrdfkig df pngtg,quf fk hi sfrfkgtgtf vufnvfs lgkliük2

tõ quf hf vistf lgktgkdm,hf vfs jmy nnmrgkdm

hi dfsinusiük.

Lgnnfs `g÷gdgs df nukgquf cufrmk ng lukg

df hi euvfktud,vfkom g lgktgrnf g hi ghgdgng nukg pngtfgdgdf hi euvfktud.

Sfkom g lgktgrnf g hi ghgdgng nukg pngtfgdgdf hi euvfktud.

LMPMNukg df Zfngeõ,

quf supistf gnuh`rgr,

fk his kmljfs df pfkgpmr ukg hmrfkgdf dunlf hirgr.

Nukg df Zfngeõ,hf distf ikspirgliük,

ng lgkliük quf jmy tf lgktmrfogdg lmk nngktm

df hi lmrgzük.

Fk hi vidg km jg`rç,hçs lgri÷m quf tõ,

pmrquf km frfs ikorgtghi nukg df pngtgNukg df Zfngeõ.

Nukg quf hf gnuh`rü,fk his kmljfs df ghmr,jmy lmksufngs hi pfkg,

pmr ukg hmrfkg

quf hf g`gkdmkü.





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©L\gzm 71

Sgns




HG×GKITG\ OVGTFHGNTFLG\

Hõsilg5 @fkiokm Hfeèg LruzNftrg5 Lngudim Wufhé

Sgk nnfogkdm nms lfkzmktnfsy ngs mrfs g tu jmogr,

g dfsfgr cfniz luhpnfg÷msy quf luhpngs huljms hçs.

Yg sf fsluljgk ngs lgklimkfsdf gnforèg sik iougn,

sik cgntgr gnforfs smkfsdf fstg tifrrg prihgvfrgn.

Lfnf`rfhms tu luhpnfg÷msy quf vfkogk hçs y hçs2

quf nms g÷ms pgsfk, pgsfk…y tõ siogs sifhprf iougn.

Tf trgfhms hin g`rgzmsy rfognms df ghistgd,

jmy `rikdghms pmr tu diljgtu sgnud y ifkfstgr.

Tf lgktghms lmk lgri÷my vfkihms g dfsfgr

quf fstf dèg sfg sifhprftu hgymr cfnilidgd.





S :

Gnnform q 8 701

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©L\gzm

smk




HI LGKTM G OVGTFHGNG

Gutmr5 Sgnfktèk dfn Sgnnf Oükomrg

Huljèsihms pgèsfs jgy `fnnms fk fn hukdm,huljèsihms pgèsfs diokms df gdhirgliük,pfrm hi Ougtfhgng, qufridm ghiom hèm,hi nikdg Ougtfhgng km tifkf pgrgkoük.

Dims dfrrghü su orglig fk hi pgtrig qufridg,gn k, suprfhm grtistg, su dmk hgkicfstü.

Lmk hinfs df lmnmrfs fh`fnnfliü fn pgisgef,lmk hinfs df nulfrms su lifnm inuhikü.

Lühm sf nnfkg df omzm fn gnhg hèglugkdm prmkuklim su kmh`rf lmk cfrvmr.

Mj, Ougtfhgng, risuf÷g pgtrig hèg,pfrhitf quf prfomkf tu jfljizm y tu lgktmr.

Fsms vmnlgkfs quf gpuktgk jglig fn lifnm,tfstioms hudms df tu pgsgdm smk.

\us ngoms smk gzunfs, sus rèms gkljurmsmsy jg`ngkdm df huefrfs smhms purm lmrgzük.

Df tmdm jgy fk hi tifrrg, df tmdm gukquf pfquf÷mnuogrfs piktmrfslms `g÷gdms pmr fn smn.

Hi pgtrig, ghiom hèm, hi pgtrig fs uk fksuf÷my fk fstf riklmklitm sm÷gdm kglè ym.

Lühm sf nnfkg df omzm…





HI LJGQIKNGKDIG

Gutmr5 Lgrnms Fkriquf Mrdü÷fz

Qgrg ti vg hi lgkliük hi Ljgpikngkdig,tf jgk jmkrgdm tus pmftgs, tus hgrih`gs,

frfs km`nf pmr tu jistmrig tgk su`nihfy pmr fsm ym tf lgktm fhmlimkgdm.

Wuf tu kmh`rf sfg `fkdiliük g nms ljgpikfs,quf ng ftfrkg prihgvfrg tf glgrilif

y quf Dims lmk su `mkdgd tgk ikkitg

tf prmtfeg dfn hgn, g tu `fnnm quftzgn,

hi nikdg Ljgpikngkdig.





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©L\gzm

@mnfrm




HI NIKDG HMPFKG

Gutmr5 Sgnfktèk dfn Sgnnf Oükomrg

Df ukg nikdg hmrfkgym vivm fkghmrgdm,ym vivm gpgsimkgdm,df ukg nikdg hmrfkg

quf hf fktrfoü su ghmr.

Fk his kmljfs df pfkgkuklg hf fklufktrm smnm,pufs pifksm fk hi hmrfkg,

ng df pfnm mkdungdmtmstgdm pmr fn smn.

Y gsè pgsm ng vidg,cfniz lmk fn rflufrdm

quf vivf sifhprf fk hè2hmrfkg lmksfktidg,gnifktm df hi vidg,

km tf mnvidfs df hè. (@is)

“ Fsluljf ng pistg #03<




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Sgnfktèk dfn Sgnnf Oükomrg

©L\gzm




HI QNFOGPIG

Gutmr5 Hgrtèk Qérfz

\i fk ng kmljf gzun,myfs fn flm fkghmrgdm df hi vmz

fslõljgnm hi ìfk,fslõljgnm hi ìfk quf fs pgrg ti.

Qifksg lmrgzük,quf nm kufstrm fs lmhm uk lngrm hgkgktign,

df dmkdf `rmtgk omtgs df lristgnquf kglfk df hi tristf ikspirgliük.

vfk g hè, lmrgzük, df hi tristf ikspirgliük.

Myf hi ìfk ng pnfogrig,quf kglf df hè, dunlf ghmr.

vg lmk fn k df dflirtf

nm quf tf ghm ym, dunlf ghmr.

\i fk ng kmljf gzun…





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Hgrtèk Qfrfz

©L\gzm

mrqu.




HINGOPM\M \F×MP DF F\WVIQVNG\

Gutmr5 Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük

Jf vfkidm df tifrrgs nfegkgsg gdmrgr gn \f÷mr df Fsquipungs

jf vfkidm df tifrrgs nfegkgsg gdmrgr gn \f÷mr df Fsquipungs.

Lugkdm fsluljm smkgr ngs lghpgkgsdf su tfhpnm quf smk tgk rfljungs,

tmdg hi gnhg sf nnfkg df omzmy lmk cf hf grrmdinnm g rfzgr5

LMPM¡Qgdrf Kufstrm quf fstçs fk nms lifnms!

uk rmsgrim tf vfkom g lgktgr,hingormsm \f÷mr df Fsquipungs

tmdg fn gnhg tf vfkom g fktrfogr.

Kuklg mnvidfs hi pgtrig y his pgdrfskm g`gkdmkfs his jiems, \f÷mr…hingormsm \f÷mr df Fsquipungspmr dmquifrg rfoç `fkdiliük.

Tmhg fk lufktg quf trgiom df nfemshis pnfogrigs lmk tmdm cfrvmr,hingormsm \f÷mr df Fsquipungspmr dmquifrg rfoç `fkdiliük.

Dfsdf Jmkdurgs y df Kilgrgougvifkf ofktf lruzgkdm lghikms,smk huljèsihms nms pfrforikmsquf visitgk fn tfhpnm sgorgdm.

Hfxilgkms quf vifkfk lgktgkdmlmhm nnfogk nms sgnvgdmrf÷ms,

y gn rfpiquf df gnforfs lghpgkgstmdm fn hukdm lmhifkzg g rfzgr5

LMPM¡Qgdrf Kufstrm quf fstçs fk nms lifnms…!





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KMLJF\ DF F\LVIKTNG

Gutmrg5 Hgrèg dfn Trçksitm @grrims

Wuifrm nnfvgrhf df tiuk lmnngr df omnmkdrikgs

pgrg pmdfr rflmrdgrtus kmljfs tgk divikgs.

@fnng liudgd sik iougnquf g tus lgnnfs inuhikgk

lugkdm fhpifzg gkmljflfrhinngrfs df omnmkdrikgs.

Lugkdm sf vfk ngs pgnhfrgs`fnnfzg lmhm kikoukgngs omnmkdrikgs gkidgk

pgrg lmktfhpngr ng nukg.

Fsluiktng, liudgd df ngs pgnhfrgsFsluiktng, liudgd df hi qufrfrgdhirm, vfr lmhm euouftfgk

ngs omnmkdrikgs,km tf pufdm mnvidgr.




03?Cmrhgliük husilgn∐ Lgklimkfrm

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QFTÉK ITUÇ

Gutmr5 Qg`nm Qf÷g N.

Qfték… Qfték Itzçlmk fn gnhg tf vfkom g lgktgr.

Qfték… Qfték Itzçfk tu ngom jgy `fnnfzg sik pgr.

Tu isng sfhfeg uk zgrm

fkhgrlgdm fk fn lifnmy pmr ngs kmljfs ng nukg

nm grrunng lmk lfnm.

Qfték… Qfték Itzçfk tu ngom kgliü hi lgkliük

y gn surlgrnm pfquf÷gs omnftgssfhfegk priklfsgs pgsfgkdm gn gzgr…

“ Fsluljf ng pistg #03?




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½QMP WVÉ \FPÇ=

Gutmr5 Ouinnfrhm Cufktfs Oirük

½Qmr qué sfrç,quf fk \mnmnç,

sf sucrf tgktm pmr qufrfr g ukg huefr=Tifkfs hi ghmr,ym tfkom fn tuymfsf fs hi mrounnm

y pmr fsm sucrm ym.

½\frç fn pgisgef=

½\frç hi ngomfn quf jglf fstrgoms fk hi pm`rf lmrgzük=

Fs ihpmsi`nfquf hf sifktg ym lmktfktm,

si hi vidg fs uk nghfktmy ng lgusg km ng sé. (@is)

LMPM¡Gy, gy, gy, gy!Fsg kf`nikg,

¡lühm ngstihg hi lmrgzük! (@is)

“ Fsluljf ng pistg #03:




QM\GDG\ OVGTFHGNTFLG\

\f nf gtriùyf g5 \gktm Jfrhgkm Qfdrm df @ftjgklmurt

GDFKTPMDiog quifk quifrg quf sfgdfsdf gnnè qué sf nf mcrflf,pmrquf gquè km sf glmstuh`rg GCVFPGg`rir g tmdms ng pufrtg. (ìs) Dms lgksgdms pfrforikms g tus pufrtgs nnfogk jmy, pidifkdm quf ukg pmsgdg nfs déis pmr ghmr df Dims. (ìs)Fk fsf lgsm sf÷mrfs

ìfk sg`éis quf fs hfkfstfrfxioir df ngs pfrsmkgssu kmh`rf diogk luçn fs. (ìs) \my Emsé, quf lmk Hgrèg, pidf uk lmrtm gnmeghifktm pgrg quf lmk éstf dé g nuz uk lfnfstign fh`fnfsm. (ìs)Dfslmkmzlm tgnfs kmh`rfs,pmr nm quf nfs diom g ustfdfsquf prfouktfk dükdf sf jgnngfn Jmspilim df @fnék. (ìs)

Km qufrçis g tgktg diljg privgrms lmk ihpifdgd kfoçkdmnf ng pmsgdg gn quf ms vifkf g rfslgtgr. (ìs)Fktrgd pufs, divikg rfikg.fktrgd inustrf Emsé,quf yg gnlgkzm quf tu fspmsgkms trgf gn Dims df Isrgfn. \F G@PF NG QVFPTG Dims ms nm pgouf sf÷mrfs pmr vufstrg orgk lgridgd y gsè ms lmnhf fn lifnm

Df diljg y cfnilidgd. TMDM\Diljmsg ng lgsg quf g`riogfstf dèg g ng Sirofk purg,ng jfrhmsg Hgrèg.




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Gdfktrm5Gcufrg5

Gkdgktf (nms df gcufrg tmlgk ng pufrtg)




PFOGNITM DF GHMP

Gutmr5 Emsé Gnfegkdrm df Nfük

Pfognitm df ghmrquf sg`f g lgkliük

lugkdm fn lmrgzük fs cfniz2rfognitm df ghmrtf vifkf g lgktgr

tf vifkf g `rikdgr hi qufrfr

Kufstrm idinim sfrçuk smnm sfktir,

uk smnm vivir sik iougn,rfognitm df ghmr lmk sg`mr g lgktgr,rfognitm df ghmr quf nf vfkom g fktrfogr,

gn quf fs õkilm duf÷m df hi lmrgzük

LMPMLugkdm euktitms fstfhms

gnnç fk ng lgsitgcfnilfs sfrfhms nms dms,

tmdm gjè sfrç gnforf y `mkitm,huljms pgtmeitms

vfkdrçk g gnforgrkms.

Vk kidm df ghmrtfkdrfhms nms dms,

tmdm sfrç ukg rfgnidgdpmrquf siklfrm sfrç hi qufrfruk ghgkflfr df uk dèg cfniz,

gsè sfrç kufstrm qufrfrtmdm uk rfognitm df ghmr. (@is 0Z)

“ Fsluljf ng pistg #0?1



0?6Cmrhgliük husilgn∐ Lgklimkfrm

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\MK LJGQÈK

Gutmr5 Pm`frtm Guoustm Sgnnf Ogrlèg

Ougtfhgng, tifrrg hègtifrrg nikdg dfn quftzgn. (@is)

Fstf lgktm fs fn lgktmdf tu puf`nm quf fs fn smk. (@is)

Lmhpg÷frms g lgktgrfn smk ljgpèk lmk orgk pnglfr. (@is)

¡Wué gnforèg, qué lmktfktmKufstrm smk kms `rikdgrç! (@is)

Yg sf glfrlg Kmljf @ufkgYg sf glfrlg Kgvidgd. (@is)

¡Wué gnforèg, qué lmktfktmKmljf @ufkg trgfrç! (@is)




0??Cmrhgliük husilgn∐ Lgklimkfrm

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0?:IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

VK DÈG DF GHMP

Gutmr5 Emsé Hgrèg Oirük

Ng kmvig quf nikdg fstçnulifkdm lmk fspnfkdmr

nulfrm df ng hg÷gkgfrfs ng virofk, virofk df ghmr.

Ng kmvig nulifkdm vgnulifkdm gzgjgrfs quf `fkdiem Dims.

Wuf gùkdf fn criemn, quf gùkdf fn hgèzy quf sfgs huy cfniz.

Wuf gùkdf fn criemn, quf gùkdf fn grrmzy quf tf `fkdiog Dims.

Nulifkdm uk dèg cfnizsus fklgktms df huefr

dfn egrdèk df `fnngs rmsgsfrfs crgogklig df kufstrm ghmr.

Ng kmvig nulifkdm vgnulifkdm gzgjgrfs quf `fkdiem Dims.

quf gùkdf fn criemn, quf gùkdf fn hgèzy quf sfgs huy cfniz.

Wuf gùkdf fn criemn, quf gùkdf fn grrmzy quf tf `fkdiog Dims.




0?9Cmrhgliük husilgn∐ Lgklimkfrm

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VK NMPITM DF SFPGQGU

Gutmr5 Pm`frtm Sgnnf

Vk nmritm df Sfrgpgzuk `ufk dèg sf fkghmrü

df ukg nikdg lmtmrritgy ng pm`rf sf dfshgyü.

Gy nmritg df hi gnhg,nf dflèg fn nmritm,

quiérfhf uk pmquititmquf hf hufrm df ghmr.

Dfnogditm hf pmkomsi tu ghmr km hf dgs,

si tf vgs lmk mtrmyg vfrçs, yg vfrçs.

“ Fsluljf ng pistg #0?<



0:7Cmrhgliük husilgn∐ Lgklimkfrm

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Tifhpm df smk



0:<Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ Lngvfs

Lngvfs




\fhgkg 0\fhgkg 7

G trg`gegr…

Pfspufstg pfrsmkgn. Vk fefhpnm sfrèg5 Hi hfemr

rflufrdm fs df lugkdm his pgpçs luhpnifrmk 31g÷ms df lgsgdms. Fstç`ghms tmdms fk cghinig gn-hmrzgkdm y ghfkizg`g uk orupm lmk ikstruhfk-tms df lufrdg, tflngdm, `gtfrèg y `gem. Tghìékjg`èg uk lgktgktf. Hi pgpç lghikg`g lmk huljgdiluntgd, pfrm lugkdm fn fksgh`nf iktfrprftüukg lgkliük quf sf nnghg „Lgsg`ngklg‘, hi pgpç,lmk tmdm y sus prm`nfhgs df hmvinidgd, sf nf-vgktü y sglü g gingr g hi hghç. Cuf uk hmhfktmhuy fhmtivm.

Fefrlilim 7

Ng rfspufstg pufdf vgrigr. Vk fefhpnm sfrègk ngsgutgs df lg÷g df Lgstinng m df lgrrizm, ngs gutgsdf `gh`õ m nms ljikljikfs df hmrrm.

Fefrlilim 0

Ng rfspufstg fs vgrig`nf. Fstf fs uk fefrlilim df m`-sfrvgliük2 ngs rfspufstgs pufdfk iklnuir dftgnnfs

sm`rf ng cmrhg y kõhfrm df tflngs, pmr fefhpnm,fk ng prihfrg hìrg ngs tflngs smk sihpnfs pgnitmsy fk ng õntihg smk tflngs gnisgdgs quf pfrhitfk tm-lgr hõsilg hçs cçlinhfktf. Ngs õntihgs dms hìrgs prmdulfk hçs smkidms pmrquf tifkfk hçs tflngs.

G trg`gegr…

Pfspufstg pfrsmkgn. Trgtf df rflmrdgr y fslriìr

lmk prflisiük tmdms nms smkidms fsluljgdms. Tgh-ìék fs ihpmrtgktf gkmtgr si km fsluljü kikoõksmkidm. Vk fefhpnm5

n

Ng lmhidg fk fn cufom. n

Hõsilg fk ng rgdim.n

Vk lghiük g nm nfems. n

Vk pgegritmn Hi pfrrg ngdrgkdm. n

Vk `mlikgzmn

Nms ki÷ms dfn vflikm.n

Vkg sinng grrgstrçkdmsf.n

Fn goug sgnifkdm dfn ljmrrm.n

Km, fk kikoõk hmhfktm pudf

fsluljgr fn sinfklim tmtgn.

Fefrlilim 7

Pfspufstg vgrig`nf. Fstf fs uk fefrlilim df fxpfri-hfktgliük2 gn sfktir ngs vi`rglimkfs df ngs lufrdgsvmlgnfs, sfktirç ng dicfrfklig fktrf ngs vi`rglimkfsquf prmdulfk nms smkidms goudms y nms smkidmsorgvfs. Lugkdm fstç smkgkdm hõsilg fk ng rg-dim, pufdf sfktir ngs vi`rglimkfs gn tmlgr lmk susdfdms ng `mlikg. Df`gem dfn goug, nms smkidms sf

fsluljgk uk pmlm fxtrg÷ms, pufs ngs vi`rglimkfssmk ghpnigs y vigegk hçs dfspglim, lmhm si cufrgkfk lçhgrg nfktg.

Fefrlilim 0

Pfspufstg vgrig`nf. Vk fefhpnm pufdf sfr fn smki-dm df ukg rgdim lmk hgng sf÷gn df trgkshisiük, uklghiük quf pgsü lfrlg, fn hfrlgdm.

Fefrlilim <

Ngs rfspufstgs pufdfk vgrigr. Vk fefhpnm fs fnsmkidm df uk lghiük lirlungkdm, quf ofkfrg :1dfli`fnfs. Fk ukg ì`nimtflg fn smkidm fs df 01dfli`fnfs y trfs m lugtrm pfrsmkgs pngtilgkdmofkfrgrçk df 61 g 31 dfli`fnfs, hifktrgs quffn ngdridm df uk pfrrm cufrg df ng lgsg ofkfrggnrfdfdmr df ?1 dfli`fnfs.



0:6Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ Lngvfs

\fhgkg <

G trg`gegr…

Qistg #005 Simnikfs. Nms vimnikfs fstçk dgkdm ng

hfnmdèg.

Qistg #0<5 Hgrih`g, tgh`mr, sgxmcük. Ng hgrih`gy fn sgxmcük jglfk ng hfnmdèg y fn tgh`mr smnmglmhpg÷g.

Fefrlilim 7

Fstf fs uk fefrlilim df gudiliük y nufom df mpikiük,ngs rfspufstgs pufdfk vgrigr.

\fhgkg 4

G trg`gegr…

Ng rfspufstg pufdf vgrigr. Fefhpnm (vfg ngs rfs-

pufstgs df G trg`gegr…, sfhgkg 7). Df tmdms nmssmkidms quf fsluljé, lgsi tmdms tifkfk fn hishmvmnuhfk, lmk fxlfpliük dfn lghiük, quf pmr fstgrhuy nfems km nm pudf fsluljgr lmk tmdm fn vmnu-hfk quf sé quf tifkf. Gnoukm hçs cufrtf, fn dfhi pfrrg trgtgkdm df nnghgr ng gtfkliük, pfrm nghgymrèg df smkidms smk sugvfs m km huy cufrtfs.

Fefrlilim 7

Qistg #:5 p

Qistg #95 c

Qistg #715 hc

Qistg #775 c

Qistg #705 hc

Fefrlilim 0

Pfspufstgs vgrig`nfs sfoõk nm fxpfrihfktgdm.

Qistg #7<5 Pfspufstg vgrigrç dfpfkdifkdm dfn ki-vfn df gudiliük pfrsmkgn, pfrm ng rfspufstg pufdfsfr5 gktfs dfn prihfr sfoukdm.

Fefrlilim <

Qistg #745 smkidm goudm

Qistg #765 smkidm orgvf

Qistg #735 smkidm orgvf

Qistg #7?5 smkidms goudms

Qistg #7:5 smkidms orgvfs



0:?Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ Lngvfs

\fhgkg 3

G trg`gegr…

Fefrlilim df m`sfrvgliük y mpikiük. Ngs rfspufstgs pufdfk vgrigr dfpfkdifkdm df ng fxpfrifklig hu-silgn. Vk fefhpnm5 Fslmoè „Df rgzg hgyg smy‘ dfEunig Fnisg Lgstinnm df Sigu. Qufdm vfr uk sèh`mnmgn priklipim “lngvf df smn, ukms tmtitms, ukgs lmr-ljfgs, kforgs, ngklgs y ngklgs lmk puktm“. Tgh-`iék, sèh`mnms df sinfklim.

Fefrlilim 7

Fefrlilims df lgniorgcèg, fvgnõfsf ustfd hishm. \i

lmksidfrg quf sus trgzms tmdgvèg km smk nms gdf-lugdms, nm ikvitghms g sfouir prgltilgkdm.

Fefrlilim 0

Kõhfrmdf

lmhpçs7 0 < 4 6 3 ? : 9

Kõhfrmdf kmtgs 7 7 < 7 < < < 7 0

Kmh`rfdf ngskmtgs

hi smn

ng

si

dm

smn

smn

hi

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smn

ng

si

dm

rf

dm

cgcg

cg

Fefrlilim <

7. dm rf hi cg smn ng si

0. dm si ng smn cg hi

<. cg smn ng si dm rf

4. ng si dm rf hi cg

6. hi rf dm si ng smn

Fefrlilim 4

Ngs rfspufstgs pufdfk vgrigr sfoõk ngs lgklimkfs

sfnfllimkgdgs. \f prfsfktgk ukms fefhpnms.

Kmh`rf dfng lgkliük

Kõhfrm dfpfktgorghg

Kõhfrmdf lmhpçs

\mstfkidm,`fhmn m

`flugdrm

Hi Ljgpik-ngkdig

Qrihfr pfktg-orghg

\foukdmlmhpçs

\mstfkidm

Kmljfs dfFsluiktng

\foukdm pfk-tgorghg

\fxtmlmhpçs

@fhmn

Qmsgdgs Oug-

tfhgntflgs

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tgorghg

Tfrlfr

lmhpçs

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@flugdrm



0::IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

\fhgkg ? \fhgkg :

G trg`gegr…

Pfspufstgs vgrig`nfs, gnoukms fefhpnms smk5

n

Fn hmdm fk quf lrflfk ngs rghgs df uk çr`mn.

n

Ng cmrhg fk quf mrogkizm pmr sflufkligs hisgltividgdfs, lmhm lugkdm hf `g÷m y vistm.

Fefrlilim 7

7. Lmhm ikstruhfktm m rflursm pgrg pmdfrsf fx-

prfsgr. \u kflfsidgd df ihitgr nms smkidms df ngkgturgnfzg.

0. H`irg, gutg df jufsm, cgngkof, grlm, tuk, ftl.

<. Nms tgh`mrfs, gnoukgs gutgs df lg÷g.

4. Fefhpnm5 fn hgngh`m grofktikm, ng prflisiükrèthilg y fn zgpgtfgdm.

Fefrlilim 0

7. Fefhpnm5 fn sinfklim, pmrquf hf dg trgkquinidgdy hf sirvf pgrg rffximkgr.

0. :1 dfli`fnfs. Vk gviük dfspfogkdm. Vkg `mli-kg fk ukg dislmtflg.

<. Ng gnturg lmk ng hfnmdèg. Ng durgliük lmk fntifhpm. Fn tih`rf lmk ng idfktilgliük df nmsikstruhfktms. Ng iktfksidgd lmk fn vmnuhfk.

4. Nms lufrpms df`fk vi`rgr.

Fefrlilim <

7. Fn lmrgzük

0. Grhmkèg

Fefrlilim 4

Fefhpnms5

Pithm Hfnmdèg Grhmkèg

Fn lufrpm Vkg gutg Vk lugrtftm df vmlfs

Vkgs hgrglgs Vkg hgkdmnikg Vkg ouitgrrg

Vkgs lngvfs Ng vmz Vkg hgrih`g

Vk tgh`mr Vk sgxmcük Vk pigkm

Vk tuk Vk vimnèk Vk ürogkm

Vk triçkounm Vk lngrikftf Vkg grhükilg



0:9Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ Lngvfs

Fefrlilim 6

Ciourg husilgn Kmh`rf Sgnmr

`ngklg 0 tifhpms

rfdmkdg 4 tifhpms

lmrljfg ¸ tifhpm

Fefrlilim 3

7. Qfktgorghg

0. Lngvf df smn

<. Tifhpm df lmhpçs

4. Kmtgs

6. Lmhpgsfs

3. Nèkfgs divismrigs

?. Dm`nf `grrg

:. \infklims

9. @fhmnfs

71.\mstfkidms

77.Nèkfgs gdilimkgnfs

Fefrlilim ?7. Ougrih`g

0. Ng lgktidgd df tifhpms quf jgy fk lgdglmhpçs

<. Wué ourg fs ng quf sf `gsg ng lgktidgd dflmhpgsfs

4. Pfspufstg pfrsmkgn

44

04

Nèkfg divismrig

Dm`nf `grrg kgn

\i Dm





G trg`gegr…

Pfspufstg vgrigdg. Fefhpnm, nms fstudigktfs df

gnoõk hukilipim dfn dfpgrtghfktm df Uglgpgpmdrègk gkmtgr ng lgkliük „\my df Uglgpg‘, y nmsfstudigktfs dfn hukilipim df \gk Eugk \glgtfpé-qufz pufdfk rfcfrir „Ng \gk Eugkfritg‘.

Fefrlilim 7

Ngs dfslriplimkfs df lgdg pifzg pufdfk vgrigr.Lugkdm fslri`g su dfslripliük rflufrdf iklnuir nmslmklfptms sm`rf ngs lugnidgdfs dfn smkidm y fn rit-hm.

Qistg #60 (@fftjmvfk)5

Fs hõsilg drghçtilg2 nms ikstruhfktms quf sf fs-luljgk smk ikstruhfktms df lufrdg.

Qistg #6< (@mng÷ms)5

Ng hõsilg fs uk pmlm kmstçnoilg2 nms ikstruhfktmsquf sf fsluljgk smk5 hgrih`g y sgxmcmkfs. Fstgpifzg husilgn sf dicfrfklig df ng gktfrimr pmr ng

ikstruhfktgliük quf tifkfk gh`gs pifzgs.

Qistg #64 (Gremkg)5

Fs ukg lgkliük tristf y lmk uk pmlm df crustrgliük2nms ikstruhfktms quf sf fsluljgk smk5 ouitgrrg,tflngdm y vmz. \f dicfrfklig df ngs mtrgs dms m`rgshusilgnfs pmrquf tifkf nftrg pgrg lgktgr.

\fhgkg 9

G trg`gegr…

Kõhfrm df pistg Sfnmlidgd Smnuhfk

36 4 7

33 < <

3? 0 4

3: 7 0

39 6 6

Fefrlilim 7

Ngs rfspufstgs pufdfk vgrigr, sfoõk ngs pifzgs sf-nfllimkgdgs. \f prfsfktgk dms fefhpnms5

„Df rgzg hgyg smy‘, Eunig Fnisg Lgstinnm df Sigu, Gnnform

„Fn Hisjitm‘, gkükihm, Gnnform

Fefrlilim 0

• Kmstçnoilm5 quf sifktf tristfzg hfngklünilg mri-oikgdg pmr fn rflufrdm df ukg diljg pfrdidg.

• Hmdfrgdm5 quf tifkf hmdfrgliük.

• Gnforf5 df gspfltm m lirlukstgkligs lgpglfs dfikcukdir gnforèg.

• Qrfstm5 lmhpmsiliük m pgrtf df fnng lmk quf sffeflutg lmk hmvihifktm huy rçpidm.

• Gkdgktf5 lmhpmsiliük m pgrtf df fnng quf sf jgdf feflutgr lmk hmvihifktm hmdfrgdghfktfnfktm.

\fhgkg 71



097Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ Lngvfs

\fhgkg 77

G trg`gegr…

Ngs rfspufstgs pufdfk vgrigr sfoõk ng fxpfrifkligdf lgdg lmhukidgd y cghinig. Fefhpnm5 Hi g`ufnmfsluljg`g huljg üpfrg y hõsilg df Qfdrm Sgr-ogs. Fk hi épmlg sf fsluljg`g huljm ng hõsilgdislm y hõsilg pmp fk fspg÷mn. Nms ikstruhfktmsfrgk dicfrfktfs pfrm sm`rf tmdm ngs iktfklimkfs dfng hõsilg.

\fhgkg 70

G trg`gegr…

Ngs rfspufstgs pufdfk vgrigr, g lmktikugliük fk-lmktrgrç gnoukms fefhpnms.

Qistg #:<5

Ng iktfksiük tgk cufrtf df ng hfnmdèg

Qistg #:45

Fn rithm df fstg vfrsiük

Qistg #:65

Nms ikstruhfktms hmdfrkms

Qistg #:35

Fn lmktrglgktm fk fn tflngdm

Qistg #:?5

Fn usm df ng `gtfrèg

Qistg #::5

Fn ikstruhfktm “fn glmrdfük y fn glmhpg÷ghifktm

Qistg #:95

Fn usm df ng pfrlusiük




G trg`gegr…

Pfspufstg vgrigdg sfoõk ng fxpfrifklig y lmkmli-

hifktm husilgn df lgdg pfrsmkg, pfrm ng tmtgnidgddf nms ikstruhfktms fs5

7. Simnèk

0. Ouitgrrg

<. Qigkm

4. Lfnnm

6. @gem

3. Tflngdm

?. Grpg

:. Hgkdmnikg

9. Lngrikftf

71. Lmrkm crgklés

77. Trmhpftg

70. Tu`g

7<. Cngutg

74. Cngutg dunlf

76. M`mf

73. Cgomtf

7?. Lmktrg`gem

7:. Simng

79. Hgrih`g

01. Tgh`mrfs

07. Lngvfs

00. Hgrglgs

0<. Triçkounm

04. Tih`gnfs

06. @mh`m

03. Trmh`ük

0?. Zinücmkm

0:. Ljirihèg

\fhgkg 7<

G trg`gegr…

Qistg #7605

Qgrflf quf jgy hgrglgs, `gtfrèg y vmz. Tifkf qufvfr lmk quf km kflfsitg fn ghmr df gnouifk. Ng vmzfs nm quf hçs rfsgntg.

Qistg #76<5

Qigkm, lmktrg`gem, `gtfrèg y vmz. Km tifkf pgng-`rgs. Dfstglg hçs ng vmz.

Qistg #7645

Ng gutg, ng trmhpftg, fn rfdm`ngktf, fn trmh`ük.Fs ukg hgrljg hinitgr, gukquf km tifkf pgng`rgssf pmdrèg dflir quf sirvf pgrg quf fn feérlitm hgr-ljf. Dfstglg hçs ng gutg.

\fhgkg 74



09<Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ Lngvfs

G trg`gegr…

Qistg #7:15

Gnilig Gzurdig, „Ng gnmkdrg df Ghérilg‘

Qistg # 7:75

\m`rfvivfklig @itzhg

Qistg #7:05

Pgzmkfs df lgh`im

Qistg #7:<5

Orupm \mtz’in

Qistg #7:45

Cidfn Cukfs y su hgrih`g mrqufstg

Qistg #7:65

Lgrnms Qf÷g

Qistg #7:35

Trèm Nms Lgklinnfrfs

\fhgkg 76 \fhgkg 73

G trg`gegr…

Pfcfxiük pfrsmkgn. Fefhpnm5 Fstf tipm df lgklim-kfs smk ihpmrtgktfs pgrg dgrkms lufktg, lmhmougtfhgntflms, df ngs riqufzgs quf tfkfhms. Pi-qufzgs kgturgnfs, riqufzgs iktfnfltugnfs, riqufzgsjuhgkgs… Gdfhçs df nm ihpmrtgktf quf df`fsfr pgrg lgdgougtfhgntflm fkmrounnflfrsf df suslgpglidgdfs pfrsmkgnfs, gsè lmhm df ngs lgpgli-dgdfs quf pmdfhms pmtfklignizgr gn trg`gegr lmkuk hishm m`eftivm5 prmhmvfr dfsgrrmnnm y prmorf-sm g trgvés df nms vgnmrfs, fn trg`gem y fn fscufrzm.




\fhgkg 7?

Fefrlilim 7

7. Ng ljirihèg, ng hgrih`g, fn tuk.

0. Fefhpnm5 nms fksgh`nfs, fn quf sf iktfrprftg fklugnquifr ngdm y g lugnquifr jmrg.

<. Fefhpnm5 tflngdm, ouitgrrg, ouitgrrg fnéltrilg,`gem, `gtfrèg, lmkogs, vmz.

Cmnlnürilm Qmpungr Glgdéhilm

\f jfrfdg dfofkfrgliük fk

ofkfrgliük.

\f dicukdf pmrhfdims df lmhu-kilgliük hgsivg.

Vtinizg sistfhg dfkmtgliük husilgn

trgdilimkgn.

Fstç rfnglimkg-dm g ng lunturg

y trgdilimkfsdf uk pgès mpuf`nm fspf-

lèlm.

Fstrulturgs hu-silgnfs hfkms

lmhpnfegs.

\f kflfsitg prf-pgrgliük glgdéhilg

husilgn.

\f iktfrprftglmk ikstru-

hfktms prm-pims dfn nuogr.

Ikstruhfktmshusilgnfs, usugn-hfktf fnfltrüki-lms, m glõstilmsghpnilgdms.

\f iktfrprftg lmkikstruhfktms hu-silgnfs glgdéhilmslmhm vimnèk, pigkmdf lmng, lngrikftf,

ftl.

Fefrlilim 0

7. Fs ng ikdilgliük df uk tipm m lghìm df vfnmli-dgd fk ukg hfnmdèg.

0. Lmk ng vfnmlidgd, pufs ikdilg fn tifhpm fk qufdf`f iktfrprftgrsf ng m`rg.

Fefrlilim <

7.

Km. Mèftm Nfktm Pçpidm

1. Ng tmrtuog x

7. Fn gviük x

0. Fn lg`gnnm x

<. Ng mruog x

4. Fn sfr juhgkm x x

6. Fn rfnme x

3. Ng nilugdmrg x

0. Fefhpnms5

Km. Mèftm Qigkm /sugvf Cmrtf /cufrtf

1. Ng tmrtuog x

7. Fn gviük x

0. Fn lg`gnnm x

<. Ng mruog x

4. Fn sfr juhgkm x x

6. Fn rfnme x

3. Ng nilugdmrg x

Fefrlilim 4

Fefhpnms5

Kmh`rf Tipm df ikstruhfktm Lunturg

sirikog vifktm hgdfrg orifog

tuk pfrlusiük hgyg

ngud lufrdg foiplig

nirg df ur lufrdg hfsmpmtçhilg

lmrku vifktm hftgn rmhgkg

Fefrlilim 6

7. Fdgd Hfdig

0. Pfkglihifktm

<. @grrmlm

4. Lnçsilm

6. Pmhçktilm

3. Hmdfrkm

Fefrlilim 3

Hgrih`g mrqufstg5 hgrih`g ougtfhgntflg, sgx-mcmkfs, `gem, `gtfrèg

Lugrtftm df lufrdgs5 dms vimnikfs, ugk vimng y ukvimnmljfnm



096Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ Lngvfs

Orupm df rmlb 5 ukg m dms ouitgrrgs, `gem, `gtfrèg,vmz

Fstudigktikg5 ouitgrrgs, hgkdmnikgs, lmktrg`gem,pfrlusiük pfquf÷g, vmz

Lmrm hixtm5 vmlfs smprgkm, lmktrgntm, tfkmr, `gem

Wuiktftm df `rmklfs5 dms trmhpftgs, lmrkmcrgklés, trmh`ük, tu`g

Trèm df `mnfrms5 ouitgrrgs, rfquiktm, ouitgrrük,hgrglgs, vmz, m 0 ouitgrrgs, ouitgrrük, hgrglgs,vmz m 0 ouitgrrgs, rfquiktm, hgrglgs, vmz, m 0 oui-tgrrgs y vmz, ftl.

Fefrlilim ?

Fefhpnm5

1. Mrqufstg \ikcükilg Kglimkgnglgdéhilm

7. Lmrm Kglimkgnglgdéhilm, pmpungr, cmnlnürilm

0. @gnnft Hmdfrkm y Cmnbnürilm

cmnlnürilm

<. Mrqufstg Euvfkin Hftrmpmnitgkgglgdéhilm, pmpungr

4. Lmrm Siltmrigglgdéhilm, pmpungr y cmnlnürilm

6. Lmrm Vkivfrsitgrimglgdéhilm, pmpungr y cmnlnürilm

3. Hgrih`g df Lmklifrtm df @fnngs Grtfs

glgdéhilm, pmpungr y cmnlnürilm

?. Lugrtftm Lmktfhpmrçkfmglgdéhilm

:. Lugrtftm Gsturigsglgdéhilm

9. Wuiktftm df @rmklfs Fh`gegdmrglgdéhilm, pmpungr

Fefrlilim :

G. (S)

@. (C)

L. (C)

D. (S)

F. (C)

C. (C)

O. (S)

J. (C)

I. (S)

E. (S)

Fefrlilim 9

I

¡Ougtfhgng cfniz...! quf tus grgs

km prmcgkf eghçs fn vfrduom2

ki jgyg fslngvms quf nghgk fn yuom

ki tirgkms quf fslupgk tu cgz.

\i hg÷gkg tu sufnm sgorgdm

nm ghfkgzg ikvgsiük fxtrgkefrg,

ni`rf gn vifktm tu jfrhmsg `gkdfrg

g vfklfr m g hmrir nnghgrç.

Lmrm

Ni`rf gn vifktm tu jfrhmsg `gkdfrg

g vfklfr m g hmrir nnghgrç2

quf tu puf`nm lmk çkihg frggktfs hufrtm quf fslngvm sfrç.

II

Df tus vifegs y durgs lgdfkgs

tõ cmregstf lmk hgkm irglukdg,




fn grgdm quf fn sufnm cflukdg

y ng fspgdg quf sgnvg fn jmkmr.

Kufstrms pgdrfs nuljgrmk uk dèg

fklfkdidms fk pgtrim grdihifktm,

y nmorgrmk sik ljmquf sgkorifktm

lmnmlgrtf fk uk trmkm df ghmr.

Lmrm

Y nmorgrmk sik ljmquf sgkorifktm

lmnmlgrtf fk uk trmkm df ghmr,

quf df pgtrig fk fkéroilm glfktm

difrmk vidg gn idfgn rfdfktmr.

III


fk quf prfkdf ukg ku`f su gn`urg,




quf vfkfrgk ng pgz lugn prfsfg,


si dffkdfk su tifrrg y su jmogr.

Lmrm


si dffkdfk su tifrrg y su jmogr,



IS

Pflmstgdg fk fn Gkdf sm`fr`im,

df dms hgrfs gn ruidm smkmrm,

`gem fn gng df orgkg y df mrm

tf gdmrhflfs dfn `fnnm quftzgn.

Gvf ikdigkg quf vivf fk tu fsludm,

pgngdiük quf prmtfof tu sufnm2

¡megnç quf rfhmktf su vufnm,


Lmrm

¡Megnç quf rfhmktf su vufnm,


y fk sus gngs nfvgktf jgstg fn lifnm,

Ougtfhgng, tu kmh`rf ikhmrtgn.



09?Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ @i`nimorgcèg

@i`nimorgcègCukdgliük Qgiz. (7997). Lgklimkfrm pmpungr ougtfhgntflm. Ougtfhgng5 Gutmr.

Vkivfrsidgd df \gk Lgrnms df Ougtfhgng. (0116). Lgklimkfs df gutmrfs ougtfhgntflms rflmpingdgs pmr Gnilig Gzurdig “ Ng gnmkdrg df Ghérilg. Ougtfhgng5 Fditmrign Vkivfrsitgrig.

Lmmrdikgliük Fdulgtivg y Lunturgn Lfktrmghfrilgkg (LFLL). (011<). Kufstrg hõsilg y dgkzgs trgdilim-kgnfs. Ni`rm 6. \frif Lunturgs Qmpungrfs Lfktrmghfrilgkgs. \gk Emsé, Lmstg Pilg5 Gutmr.

Ormut, D. y Qgnislg, L. (0114). Ng jistmrig df ng hõsilg mllidfktgn. (0 Smnõhfkfs). Hgdrid5 Gnigkzg Fditm-rign, \.G.

Jfuhgkk, H. y Jgks-Oþktfr. (011:). Jistmrig df ng hõsilg pgrg ki÷ms. Fspg÷g5 Fdilimkfs \irufng, \.G.

Ikstitutm Ougtfhgntflm df Fdulgliük Pgdimcükilg. (017<). Cmrhgliük Husilgn. Orupm Vtgtnçk. Ougtf-hgng5 Gutmr.

Nfjkjmcc, D. 0116. Lrfgliük husilgn fk Ougtfhgng. Vkivfrsidgd Pgcgfn Ngkdèvgr y Cukdgliük O&T Lmk-tikfktgn. Ougtfhgng. 0116. pp. 7<6-7?7.

Qçoikgs wf` lmksuntgdgs

Ngs cmtmorgcègs utinizgdgs fk fstf ni`rm sf m`tuvifrmk df nms siouifktfs sitims wf`5

\fhgkg 7

Tgkom. jttp5//www.vglgzimkgvigefs.lmh/`nmo/wp-lmktfkt/upnmgds/0170/1</Sigegr-g-Grofktikg-Tgkom. epo

Hgngh`m. jttp5//<.`p.`nmospmt.lmh/-Cq0xw3GO0Sl/T`4p]hxJc0I/GGGGGGGGG7l/Pg7isPDPPW:/ s7311/hgngh`m0.epo

Didofridmm. jttp5//fspjmtm611x611.hkstgtil.lmh/fn-didofridmm]7067?77.epo

H`irg. jttp5//0.`p.`nmospmt.lmh/-41lcduSk6kI/Tq@nWE4<TYI/GGGGGGGG@7W/VovQJ\\bf<F/s7311/ [email protected]

\fhgkg 0

\mk lu`gkm. jttp5//i.ytiho.lmh/vi/QFOHxHh_\SH/hgxrfsdfcgunt.epo

jttps5//sp.yiho.lmh/i`/tj=id8JK.31:1<6911300149749&pid876.7&Q81




\fhgkg <

\qugrf dgklf. jttp5//www.<ms`.lmh/sitfùindfrlmktfkt/sitfùindfrpilturfs/htkpngy]dgklfrs7.epo

jttp5//ww7.jdkux.lmh/pjmtms/1</33/11/711?331/6/30:x4?7.epo

\fhgkg 4

Luhìg lmnmhìgkg. jttp5//www.fnukivfrsgn.lmh.lm/sitfs/dfcgunt/nfs/pgrfeg]prmcfsimkgn]lmklursgk-dm]fk]fn]xv]cfgtivgn]df]ng]luhìg.epo

@ghùlm. jttp5//www.tfrrg.lmh.lm/gddmk/iho/rfikgdm]`ghùlm/7<07c< sgkeugkfrm53<6p.epo

\fhgkg 6

@ginf „Fn Hfstizgef‘. jttps5//vigkilg.lmh/spflign/kmv]13/c3.epo

Qmnlgs y hgzurlgs. jttp5//4.`p.`nmospmt.lmh/-pPfWpZjDmI1/Vw-O\TBUESI/ GGGGGGGGGLI/4K0@TFIUKW:/s7311/74?77<4]4?309<<60497::6]74<13<:303]k.epo

\fhgkg 3

Hgrih`g. jttp5//fxprfsimkfkhmvihifktm nmo.nfs.wmrdprfss.lmh/017</19/hgrih`g-0.epo

\gh`g. jttp5//pixg`gy.lmh/fs/sgh`g-`gingrikg-lmnmridm-trgef-67730/

@gigm. jttp5//jfrisgnvfs.`nmo.umn.lmh.`r/ihgofs/`gigm.epo

\fhgkg ?

Egrg`f tgpgtèm. jttp5//<.`p.`nmospmt.lmh/-LQmSGWrjP94/TcKFgdnoobI/GGGGGGGGFZY/`77rjdt7n1l/ s7311/IHO]4?63Cfstg%[email protected]

\fhgkg :

Ogrècukg. jttp5//0.`p.`nmospmt.lmh/-iHDbtLZZO9m/VW<udqZzMEI/GGGGGGGGGLH/GqBZrGtZOss/ s7311/ogricukgs7.epo

Lgslgrf÷m. jttp5//www.ngprfksg.jk/lsp/hfdigpmmn/sitfs/dt.lmhhmk.strfghs.\trfgh\frvfr.lns=\TPF-GHMID8Wi7eF\ILy0UP@fYk<TsE3s$dgF0K<B4UzMVsq`V6sYsDnvBSrI@B7di0Z_BJsx_LseNu::<Yok4@49Nvh9`Qf0WfHBWdSfUhZC$9n$4uLU:WDZjgJFp<rvzZPECdy1BqQJNmHfvlTNm<j:xj?1Y3K]V]LryMsw3CTMdBN]epW-&LMKTFKTTYQF8ihgof/epfo



099Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ @i`nimorgcèg

\fhgkg 9

Emsé Frkfstm Hmkzük. jttp5//www.fsquipungs.lmh.ot/lunturg/ihgofs/74-Fk-sus-`mdgs-df-mrm.epo

Luhìg pgkghf÷g. jttp5//0.`p.`nmospmt.lmh/-q:kOm9T-mE:/VEvi6Wz6VcI/ GGGGGGGGGFH/<7B9K_1rEkV/s7311/kti1<.epo

Mrqufstg \mkidms df Fspfrgkzg. jttp5//i.ytiho.lmh/vi/PHBD]tVj\Eb/hgxrfsdfcgunt.epo

Dgkzg dfn vfkgdm. jttp5//0.`p.`nmospmt.lmh/-bjriyrj3PzI/T1FyzoEF0hI/GGGGGGGGGjw/]1qIke3QUq:/ s7311/NG%0@DGKUG%0@DFN%[email protected]

\fhgkg 71

Hfrfkouf. jttp5//www.puktglgkg.ikcm/wp-lmktfkt/upnmgds/lgrgìkf.epo

@gljgtg. jttp5//www.stgrdgklfsljmmn.lmh/sitfùindfr/ihgofs/bids-dgklf-nfssmks-`gljgtg-0:7x400. epo

\fhgkg 77

Emsé Fungnim \ghgymg. jttp5//ljgpikfspgdfngktf.lmh/wp-lmktfkt/upnmgds/017</19/oft]iho-<1-010x<11.epo

Quktm ougkgstflm. jttps5//s-hfdig-lgljf-gb1.pikiho.lmh/?<3x/67/07/<`/6707<`d61`9ggg4c9fcff17?ff7<gg39.epo

Fn Tghìtm. jttp5//www.rgdimngpghpg.kft/0177/1</lmnfoim-tflkilm-grtistilm-prmc-cfnipf-pfrfz-pfrfz-xvi-gkms-df-lmsfljgr-fxitms-fk-ng-pghpg-ougkglgstflg/

Hõsilg suhfrig. jttps5//lsmlignfs.nfs.wmrdprfss.lmh/0177/19/ihgofk0.epo

Tg`nftg lmk jihkm g Kibbgn, dimsg df nms jufrtms (\uhfrig). jttp5//ngtgh.gftk.lmh/TJL/kmtiligs/HV\I-LG-GKTIOVG-0.epo

Foiptm. jttp5//sm`rffoiptm.lmh/wp-lmktfkt/upnmgds/husiligks.epo

Orflig. jttps5//mr`fhusilgn.wibispglfs.lmh/nf/vifw/Fslufng]df]H%L<%@Gsilg.oic/3:301999/Fs-lufng]df]H%L<%@Gsilg.oic

Ljikg. jttp5//upnmgd.wibihfdig.mro/wibipfdig/lmhhmks/9/9`/Gklifktljikfsfikstruhfktgnists.epo

Pmhg. jttps5//lsmlignfs.nfs.wmrdprfss.lmh/0177/19/ftruslgk]nudimki.epo

Hõsilg hgyg. jttp5//www.uvo.fdu.ot/jmy/ihgofs/lfktrgn/017</g`rin/017<1406-grqufmhusilmnmoig/ cmtm<.epo

\fhgkg 70

Hgrikfrg. jttp5//wmrndgrtswfst.mro/Gssfts/pfrcmrhgklfs/L]Fn]Tukgktf]111:6]6x?.epo



<11IOFP ∐ Vtgtnçk

_ititi. jttp5//<.`p.`nmospmt.lmh/-Ez]1`MSI`V1/TUiuUbCMtgI/GGGGGGGGGM4/]`o?@fe9B3w/s7311/ IHO]13<:.EQO

Orfomrigkm. jttp5//www.g`gdigdfsinms.fs/iho/orfomrigkm17.epo

Pfkglihifktm. jttps5//hlgrhfkcfr.nfs.wmrdprfss.lmh/0170/17/:6??-gnnfomry-mc-gprin-triuhpj-mc-vfkus-crgklfslm-lmssg<.epo

@grrmlm. jttp5//4.`p.`nmospmt.lmh/-J6EJp:s<h-l/VGwrJD?qlmI/GGGGGGGG@pW/6`FOws-3tlH/ s7311/rmh`muts7.epo

Nudwio vgk @fftjmvfk. jttp5//www.ngtfnissihm.lmh/wp-lmktfkt/upnmgds/0177/10/Orgkdfs-lmhpmsi-tmrfs-dfn-sionm-7:[email protected]

_mncogko Ghgdfus Hmzgrt. jttp5//www.ngtfnissihm.lmh/wp-lmktfkt/upnmgds/0177/10/Orgkdfs-lmh-pmsitmrfs-dfn-sionm-7:-_mncogko-Ghgdfus-Hmzgrt.epo

Crédéril Ljmpik. jttp5//www.tg`ngdfgkdfs.lmh/crgkb]hgyfr/Crfdfril]Ljmpik]Jfkdrib]\ifhirgddzby.epo

Fnng Citzofrgnd y Nmuis Grhstrmko. jttp5//ryhiho.lmh/nb/c/n/7<7`?933c`6141d64?3f:600:49649

`g/4?19<16.epo

Titm Qufktf. jttp5//4.`p.`nmospmt.lmh/x?G3YwsDYgI/TUF6HEh1?mI/GGGGGGGGGLV/HsuW?`DkErF/ s7311/titm%0@pufktf%0@tjf%0@hgh`m%[email protected]

Fnvis Qrfsnfy (7). jttp5//upnmgd.wibihfdig.mro/wibipfdig/lmhhmks/6/6c/Fnvis]Qrfsnfy]Eginjmusf]Pmlb0.epo

Fnvis Qrfsnfy (0). jttp5//sfkimrsmct`gnn.lmh/huntihfdig/016?.epo

Fnvis Qrfsnfy (<). jttp5//www.grdfhgogzikf.lmh/grdf/wp-lmktfkt/upnmgds/017</1?/`yk3.epo

Fnvis Qrfsnfy (4). jttp5//gssfts.kydginykfws.lmh/pmnmpmny]cs/7.70<0<40.7<6?0<9:36!/iho/jttpIhgof/ ihgof.epo]ofk/dfrivgtivfs/ngkdslgpf]3<6/fnvis4k-7-wf`.epo

\fhgkg 7<

Qgsinnms. jttp5//www.flughfrilg.lmh/grljivmcmtms/vinnghgr16.epo

\gk Eugkitm. jttp5//vigefgflugdmr.fs/wp-lmktfkt/upnmgds/0170/16/@ginf-Tipilm-Flugdmr.epo

\fhgkg 74

Og`y Hmrfkm. jttp5//ngrgdimtffsluljg.lmh.gr/wp-lmktfkt/upnmgds/0170/19/og`y-hmrfkm.epo\mk xul. jttp5//0.`p.`nmospmt.lmh/]Sq6PdmgG:cw/TGG0zehjGlI/GGGGGGGGGGl/wh1:c?rvFlV/ s7311/0769309967]?71d?7fcf0.epo

Lglgmpfrg. jttp5//hgsgnngdfnms411lfrrms.nfs.wmrdprfss.lmh/017</70/`ginfhms-ng-hl<`gsilg-sfk-suktfpflgkg-iho]6349.epo



<17Cmrhgliük Husilgn ∐ @i`nimorgcèg

\fhgkg 76

Emrof Çnvgrm \grhifktms. jttp5//4.`p.`nmospmt.lmh/-F:TflenxvDH/TjzUYcKpELI/GGGGGGGGGFo/ iUYVT6xmt`Y/s7311/emrofgnvgrmsgrhifktmdfnfmk.epo\mk \mk ljgpèk. jttp5//i.ytiho.lmh/vi/wWb9qhY-G9:/jqdfcgunt.epo

\mk trgdilimkgn. jttp5//i.ytiho.lmh/vi/CgBhnP6\Ipm/jqdfcgunt.epo

\mk ljgpèk. jttp5//www.`gkougt.om`.ot/pikg/iho/Fn-\mk.epo

\fhgkg 73

\f`ulçk. jttp5//i.ytiho.lmh/vi/Ze6Nn:i4QnH/hgxrfsdfcgunt.epo

Emrmpm. jttp5//stgtil0.g`smnutlgri`f.lmh/wp-lmktfkt/upnmgds/0177/1:/Sfkfzufng.epo

Hgrih`g df tflmhgtf. jttp5//7.`p.`nmospmt.lmh/-qKzPNgyQWvm/Tj3YzlBo7LI/GGGGGGGGGLG/O7J-`7Y6<j14/s7311/Hgrih`g]df]Ougtfhgng]`y]Gkdrfgto:.epo

Hgrih`g sfklinng. jttp5//7.`p.`nmospmt.lmh/-qKzPNgyQWvm/Tj3YzlBo7LI/GGGGGGGGGLG/O7J-`7Y6<j14/s7311/Hgrih`g]df]Ougtfhgng]`y]Gkdrfgto:.epo

Hgrih`g dm`nf. jttps5//sp.yiho.lmh/i`/tj=id8JK.31:1113<1<4:700144&pid876.7&Q81

Hgrih`g df lmklifrtm. jttp5//hldom`ot.lmh/wp-lmktfkt/upnmgds/017</13/hgrih`g]df]lmklifrtm]pgnglim]kglimkgn.epo

Hgrih`g mrqufstg. jttp5//www.ot?.fs/ognfrigusugrims/hfdimso?</NgnmTzunysusHgkz17007:4:4</ih-gofc1317007:63764436.epo

\fhgkg 7?

Qglm Qérfz. jttp5//0.`p.`nmospmt.lmh/-OF3g4T@Q]db/TiCU_O`dg\I/GGGGGGGGGD4/KmEqKPJ4MwY/ s7311/pglm+pfrfz.epo

Eè`grm. jttp5//oi`grmpr.lmh/wp-lmktfkt/upnmgds/0174/10/TFKDFPFTF-?.epo

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