desarrollo y reformas constitucionales en colombia

7/31/2019 Desarrollo y reformas constitucionales en Colombia

1/30

TEBSDPQBJNJ N@BDPZN R N JBQZNEABN TENJDQATDON JD ABDEABNQ NJFBEBQZPNZBSNQ/ AMEZN@ODQ/ DAMEMFBAN R JD

EDLMABMQ DANADE

DQWDABNOBYNABME DE LDQZBME W@OBAN

PDAMEMABFBDEZM LDEDPNO R JD NAZMPDQ

WPMADQM KBQZMPBAM JD JDQNPPMOOM R JD PDCMPFNQ

AMEQZBZTABMENODQ DE AMOMF@BN

Don`mpnjm wmp9

LBEN FNPADON LNONPYN AONSBIM

A%A% 40%237%>7;

Lptwm9

>72>70


2/30

TEBSDPQBJNJ N@BDPZN R N JBQZNEABN TENJ

DQATDON JD ABDEABNQ NJFBEBQZPNZBSNQ/ AMEZN@ODQ/ DAMEMFBAN R JD

EDLMABMQ DANADE

DQWDABNOBYNABME DE LDQZBME W@OBAN

PDAMEMABFBDEZM LDEDPNO R JD NAZMPDQ


AMEQZBZTABMENODQ DE AMOMF@BN

Ztzmp9

OTABN FNPLNPBZN QNOLNJM LMEYNODY

@mlmz/ Amomf`bn

07>0


3/30

BEZPMJTAABME

Jdqjd do fmfdezm de ~td dfwdy n wm`onpqd on Zbdppn/ do qdp ktfnem kn dqznjm

de amezbetm anf`bm/ rn ~td qt anwnabjnj jd wdeqnfbdezm r fdimpn om kn oodsnjm n

njnwznpqd n onq fmjbcbanabmedq ~td wpdqdezn do zdppbzmpbm ~td kn`bzn/ anjn

zpneqcmpfnabe kn amezpb`tbjm ame do fdimpnfbdezm jd qt anobjnj jd sbjn r kne

qbjm omq wbonpdq ctejnfdeznodq de do apdabfbdezm jd onq enabmedq%

Dqzd apdabfbdezm qd ctejnfdezn wpbeabwnofdezd de onq qmabdjnjdq/ onq atnodq

dqze `nqnjnq de do jdqnppmoom jd onq amftebjnjdq r dqznq n qt sdy qd

ameqzbztrde jd bejbsbjtmq8 wmp ameqbltbdezd anjn kmf`pd m ftidp ~td kn wm`onjm

do wonedzn jd`b `tqanp ameqznezdfdezd qt wpmzdaabe r qt nobfdezm8 oodsejmomq njdqat`pbp ~td on tebe/ on mplnebynabe r on jbsbqbe jd nazbsbjnjdq/ knabn qt sbjn

fnq cabo/ ame do zpneqatppbp jd omq nmq/ qd jbdpme atdezn jd on lpne edadqbjnj

~td dpn zpn`ninp ameiteznfdezd wmp te `bde amfe/ `tqanejm ldedpnp dqwnabmq jd

dqwnpabfbdezm/ apdabfbdezm/ qdltpbjnj r te qbe etfdpm jd `dedcbabmq ~td jd`dpne

amezpb`tbp ame te jdqnppmoom npfebam r damefbam ~td zmjm abtjnjnem qd fdpdad%

Zdebdejm de atdezn do wppncm nezdpbmp/ qd wtdjd jdabp ~td ame do jdqnppmoom jd

dqznq nazbsbjnjdq r wpmadqmq qd dfwbdyn n ldedpnp on edadqbjnj jd apdnp empfnq

r wnpfdzpmq ~td wdpfbzne ten sbjn itqzn r de wny/ zpnrdejm ameqblm on

ameqzbztabe% Wmp ameqbltbdezd/ ame do jdqnppmoom jd dqzd zpn`nim/ qd `tqan

bjdezbcbanp do wpmadqm wmozbam ~td kn qtcpbjm Amomf`bn%


4/30


AMEQZBZTABMENODQ

De on wman wpdamomf`ben dfwbdyne kn nwnpdadp lpnejdq anf`bmq de on wm`onabe

amomf`bnen/ omq atnodq ameaotrde de on wmozban ~td sbsbfmq naztnofdezd/ jdezpm

jd dqzmq deamezpnfmq9

Onq wpbfdpnq cmpfnq jd qmabdjnj zpb`no nqdeznjnq de on amqzn r de omq pmq jbdpme

te stdoam ame do nwnpdabfbdezm jd omq "anabanylmq" r onq dqzptaztpnq idpnp~tbynjnq

jd wmjdp/ knabn do ozbfm fbodebm n%A

De om wmozbam qd jdqznane onq "Cdjdpnabmedq jd nojdnq"/ fnpanejm on jbcdpdeabnjdo wpbfdp fbodebm jd etdqzpn dpn r fnezdebejmqd knqzn on oodlnjn jd omq

dqwnmodq8 fmfdezm kbqzpbam de jmejd jmq lpnejdq atoztpnq amecmpfnjnq wmp

omq Ftbqanq/ de do nozbwonem atej&`mrnadeqd r on Znrpmen/ de on Qbdppn Edsnjn jd

Qnezn Fnpzn/ qd deamezpn`ne de wpmadqm jd cmpfnabe jd om ~td qd wmjn oonfnp

de qt fmfdezm amfm "dqznjm"%

No amfbdeym jd om ~td qd amemab amfm on ame~tbqzn/ omq ftbqanq r omq znrpmenq

em dpne omq ebamq ~td d{bqzne de dqznq zbdppn/ omq "anpb`dq"/ qbztnjmq no empzd r de

onq sdpzbdezdq jd omq pmq omq ^tbf`nrn/ omq qbedq r omq anobfnq/ ~td qd

jdqznan`ne wmp qtq nwzbztjdq wnpn do npzd/ on adpfban r mpcd`pdpn omq atnodq

fmqzpnpme qt jdqnppmoom qmabm&wmozbam jd on wman% Wdpm no fbqfm zbdfwm qt wman

smanabe jd qdpsbjtf`pd/ on fdemp etaodnabe/ onq dqanqnq kn`bobjnjdq wnpn

edlmabnp/ do dqwpbzt ltdppdpm/ do emfnjbqfm r on kmqzbobjnj neadqzpno amezpb`trdpme

n qt d{zdpfbebm%

Jtpnezd do wdpbmjm jd on ame~tbqzn do Pdr jd Dqwnn jbm n anjn ame~tbqznjmp do

jdpdakm jd ctejnp wm`onabmedq r lm`dpenp qt zdppbzmpbm `nim on fbqbe jd amesdpzbp

no apbqzbnebqfm n omq bejldenq r jnp te zpb`tzm n on ampmen% N fdjbjn ~td omq

dqwnmodq ctdpme nsneynejm ameqzptrdpme snpbmq nqdeznfbdezmq r jbqwtqbdpme ten


5/30


6/30

sbqbznjmp Itne Cpneabqam Ltzbppdy jd Wbdpdq pdmplnebyn onq pdeznq

r knabdejnq wòbanq/ om ~td mpblben odsneznfbdezmq wmwtonpdq amfm on Pdsmotabe

jd omq Amftedpmq >% Wmqzdpbmpfdezd do edmlpnenjbem Nezmebm Enpbm jbstoln

"Omq jdpdakmq jdo Kmf`pd r jdo Abtjnjnem"% Wmp ozbfm do sbppdr/ Nfnp r @mpè/

ztsm ~td decpdeznp on beamecmpfbjnj jd omq apbmoomq r omq bezdezmq jd dqzmq jd cmpfnp

ten Itezn jd Lm`bdpem%

De on kbqzmpbmlpncn amomf`bnen jdo qblom [B[/ omq dqztjbmq qm`pd on Wpbfdpn

Pdwòban Lpnenjben +>;>7 & >;>3/ amemabjn wmwtonpfdezd amfm WNZPBN @M@N/

emf`pd jnjm wmp do wpdatpqmp Jme Nezmebm Enpbm de qt wdpbjbam "Zmpmq jd

Ctakn" de do nm >;01/ qme jd lpne bfwmpzneabn/ wtdq de doomq deamezpnfmq omq

mpldedq bjdmolbamq r wmozbamq jd Amomf`bn%

De Itobm jd >%;>7 qd wpmjtim de Qnezn Cd te noynfbdezm/ atnejm omq kdpfnemq

apbmoomq Cpneabqam jd Wnton r Nezmebm Fmpnodq Lnonsq ctdpme n on anqn jdo dqwnmo

Imq Lmeyody Oompdezd n ~td odq wpdqznpn te compdpm wnpn njmpenp ten fdqn de

~td qd qdpsbpn te `ne~tdzd n jme Nezmebm Sboonsbadeabm/ amfbqnpbm jdo pdr ~td

oodln`n n Qnezn cd jd @mlmz%

Do dqwnmo beqtoz n omq apbmoomq/ do wtdòm qd dectpdab r dqzmq nppdfdzbdpme amezpn

doomq om atno ameoodsm n on mplnebynabe jd on itezn qtwpdfn jd lm`bdpem jdo etdsm

pdbem jd lpnenjn/ jbpblbjn wmp omq apbmoomq/ ~td oods n jdaonpnp An`bojm N`bdpzm/ n

jdwmedp no Sbppdr r n qtqapb`bp te Nazn jd Bejdwdejdeabn/ pdwobanjn de mzpnq

anwbznodq r de onq wpmsbeabnq%

Njbabmenofdezd qd d{wbjd do >4 jd nlmqzm jd >;>7 on Ameqzbztabe jdo Dqznjm Ob`pd

d Bejdwdejbdezd jdo Qmamppm/ abtjnj wdpzdedabdezd n Qneznejdp amemabjn wmp~td

noo kn`n qtadjbjm on beqtppdaabe jd omq amftedpmq/ jbakn anpzn wmozban qd

anpnazdpby bjdmolbanfdezd wmp qdp cdjdpnobqzn/ jdfmapzban r ob`dpno%


7/30


8/30

On becotdeabn Empzdnfdpbanen pdwdpatzb de onq bjdnq cdjdpnobqznq ~td objdp do

"Bjdomlm jd on Pdsmotabe" Jp% Anfbom Zmppdq r do lptwm Cdjdpnobqzn qdnonejm

dezpd doomq n Jme Fbltdo jd Wmf`m/ Cpneabqam Imq jd Anojnq/ Imq Imn~te

Anfnakm/ Imq Fnpn jdo Anqzboom r Pnjn r mzpmq% Do Cdjdpnobqfm dq ten zdmpn

wmozban fdjbnezd on atno qd `tqan qmotabmenp do wpmòdfn jd on tebjnj dqznzno/ ame

do pdqwdazm r do pdamemabfbdezm jd on ntzmemfn zdppbzmpbno qm`dpnen% Qd qbltb do

didfwom cdjdpnobqzn jd Dqznjmq Tebjmq/ on kdpfnen fnrmp jdo Empzd% On becotdeabn

Cpneadqn qd pdcodi de onq bjdnq adezpnobqznq ~td jdcdejb no wpdatpqmp jd on

bejdwdejdeabn Jme Nezmebm Enpbm% Wpdqbjdezd jdo Dqznjm jd Atejbenfnpan/

~tbde zpnjtim r wtòba "omq jdpdakmq jdo kmf`pd r jdo abtjnjnem"% Do adezpnobqfm

dq ten zdmpn wmozban ~td qtwmed on qm`dpnen enabmeno amfm eban d bejbsbqbòd/

didpabjn de wodebztj jd cnatoznjdq wmp do wmjdp adezpno%

@nqnjmq de on becotdeabn empzdnfdpbanen/ qtpld on wpbfdpn Ameqzbztabe ~td qd

wpmaonfm de do wnq jdqwtq jd on bejdwdejdeabn/ on ameqzbztabe jd

Atejbenfnpan do 17 jd fnpym jd >;>>8 n zpnsq jd ten Nqnfòdn Enabmeno

Ameqzbztrdezd wmp jbqampjbnq dezpd cdjdpnobqznq r adezpnobqznq% Pdtebjmq wmp fdjbm

jd Pdwpdqdeznezdq ob`pd/ wnacban/ r odlnofdezd do Wtdòm Qm`dpnem ~td on kn`bzn/

ame do cbe jd nampjnp on cmpfn jd Lm`bdpem ~td ameqbjdpnqd fnq wpmwbn wnpn knadp

on cdobabjnj wòban8 tqnejm on cnatoznj ~td ameadjb Jbmq no kmf`pd jd pdtebpqd de

qmabdjnj ame qtq qdfdinezdq `nim wnazmq r amejbabmedq ~td od ncbneade do lmad r

ameqdpsnabe jd omq qnlpnjmq bfwpdqapbwzbòdq jdpdakmq jd ob`dpznj/ qdltpbjnj/ r

wpmwbdjnj/ kn jbaznjm/ amesdebjm/ r qneabmenjm onq odrdq ctejnfdeznodq jdo

Dqznjm Ajblm Ameqzbztabmeno%

De dqzn ameqzbztabe/ qd didpad te amezpmo cpdezd n onq becpnaabmedq jd on fbqfn/

jbqwmebdejm ~td te qdenjm jd adeqtpn r wpmzdaabe ctdpn do wpbeabwno zpb`teno/ do

wpmwqbzm dpn wpdqdpsnp on qtwpdfnan jdo zd{zm r omq jdpdakmq/ amfm fdanebqfm

jd naabe wtòban/ dq jdabp atno~tbdp abtjnjnem wmjn bezdpwmedp ~tdin wmp

stoedpnabe jd omq zpdq wmjdpdq%


9/30

Zbded te noanead enabmeno r ten dqzptaztpn fq nampjd n ten anpzn wmozban/

anpnazdpbynjn wmp9 On anpzn jd omq jdpdakmq r jd`dpdq jdo abtjnjnem/ fmenp~tn

ameqzbztabmeno wpmsbeabno ~td pdwpdqdezn do wmjdp jdo Pdr jd Dqwnn/ do wmjdp

didatzbsm dqz pdwpdqdeznjm wmp do wpdqbjdezd r do sbadwpdqbjdezd/ do wmjdp itjbabno

om pdwpdqdezn te zpb`teno wpmsbeabno/ do wmjdp odlbqonzbsm qd ameqzbztrd wmp >2

fbdf`pmq/ deanplnjmq jd knadp onq odrdq/ zmjm abtjnjnem zbded on mòblnabe jd

nwmpznp wnpn omq lnqzmq jdo Dqznjm/ do atozm jbsbem r on jdcdeqn r qdltpbjnj jd on

wnzpbn/ dezpd mzpmq%

Wnpn cbenodq jdo nm >;>>/ de Ztein qd cbin on ameqzbztabe ame do cbe jd lnpnezbynp

ameqznezdfdezd omq jdpdakmq jdo kmf`pd de on qmabdjnj/ cbinp qtq jd`dpdq

deadppnjmq de on wtpdyn jd on pdoblbe r onq amqztf`pdq/ jdaonpnp qtbejdwdejdeabn jd Dqwnn r on cmpfn jd lm`dpenp qbdejm dqzd wmwtonp r

pdwpdqdeznzbsm r qd jbsbjde omq wmjdpdq de jbsdpqnq ampwmpnabmedq r qtidzmq%

Qd apdn te fmjdom jd amezpmo jd onq naztnabmedq qtìdzbsnq/ qd jbqwmen ~td de

wpbfdpn beqzneabn ctdpne amezpmonjnq wmp do lm`dpenjmp% Jdezpm jd dqzd wpmadqm qd

jd`ne qdltbp temq zpfbemq amfm ~td do Lm`dpenjmp amemabdpn wpbfdpm zmjnq onq

fnzdpbnq wmozbanq/ njfbebqzpnzbsnq r damefbanq/ nameqdiejmqd ame do Zdebdezd

Lm`dpenjmp/ fbdezpnq ~td do qdenjm dpn do deanplnjm jd omq nazmq mìdzbsmq%

Wnpn >;>0 nwnpdad on Ameqzbztabe jd Anpznlden/ dqzn `tqan ~td do kmf`pd jdid

jd qdp te wd~tdm zmjm r qd amesbdpzn de te lpne zmjm wmozbam% @tqanejm

bltnofdezd wpdqdpsnp qt ob`dpznj/ bejdwdejdeabn r qm`dpnen% Qd nqblen

amfwdzdeabn no qdenjm ameqdpsnjmp jd pdqmosdp omq amezdebjmq mìdzbsmq/ do atno

dqzn`n amecmpfnjm wmp abeam fbdf`pmq ~td dpne emf`pnjmq wmp do Amodlbm

dodazmpno/ jmq ameqzbztne do Ameqdim Pdsbqmp/ deanplnjmq jd d{nfbenp on

beameqzbztabmenobjnj jd onq naztnabmedq jd omq wmjdpdq wòbamq% De atnezm no

amezdeabmqm qtìdzbsm amppn n anplm jd te amppdlbjmp bezdejdezd/ qbdejm dqzd te

abtjnjnem odzpnjm r amemadjmp jd fnzdpbnq damefbanq/ amezdeabmqnq r

njfbebqzpnzbsnq jd wmoban/ lm`bdpem r knabdejn% On qdltejn beqzneabn od


10/30

amppdqwmejn no Qtwpdfm zpb`teno jd Itqzbabn ~td pdqbjn de Anpznlden/ jd qdp

edadqnpbn ten zdpadpn beqzneabn dpn mòblnabe jd on qnon wdpm ame jmq itdadq fq%

De dqzd fbqfm nm/ nwnpdad on ameqzbztabe jd Nezbm~tbn/ dqzn `tqan lnpnezbynp on

ob`dpznj/ bltnojnj r qdltpbjnj jd omq kn`bznezdq/ amezdfwoejmqd omq jdpdakmq jd

omq kmf`pdq/ amfm on sbjn/ on ob`dpznj/ on d{wpdqbe/ dezpd mzpmq/ em m`qznezd amfm

de zmjn qmabdjnj qd amezdfwone omq jd`dpdq t mòblnabmedq jd omq abtjnjnemq/ omq

atnodq dqze amecmpfnjmq qdle on pdoblbe r onq amqztf`pdq r qt cmpfn jd

lm`bdpem qdpn wmp fdjbm jd te dqznjm ob`pd/ bejdwdejbdezd r qm`dpnem/ qbdejm n

qt sdy wmwtonp r pdwpdqdeznzbsm% Onq zpdq pnfnq jdo wmjdp dqze qdwnpnjnq r qme

bejdwdejbdezdq%

No bezdpbmp jd dqzn ameqzbztabe/ qd jn do amezpmo jd omq nazmq qtìdzbsmq pdonzbsmq n

onq pnfnq jd wmozbanq r jd lm`bdpem/ de wpbfdpn beqzneabn pdqtdozm wmp omq itdadq r

de qdltejn beqzneabn wmp do Qtwpdfm Zpb`teno jd Itqzbabn%

Do >3 jd itobm jd >;>1 Oodlne onq bejdwdejdeabnq jd Atejbenfnpan/ Nezbm~tbn/

Edbsn r Ztein% Dqznq wpmsbeabnq jne bebabm n on bejdwdejbdezd Etdsn Lpnenjn/

oonfnjn Wpbfdpn Pdwòban m Wnzpbn @m`n/ amfm ameqdatdeabn jd onq jbcbatoznjdq

jd omq apbmoomq wnpn omlpnp do lm`bdpem jdo zdppbzmpbm/ jdqdf`manejm de ten ltdppn

absbo%

Wmp qt wnpzd Wmwnre wmp fdjbm jd qt ameqzbztabe de >;>:/ deanpln no Qdenjm

jdo amezpmo jdo amezdeabmqm/ ame do cbe jd m`qdpsnp on ameqzbztabe%

De Fnpb~tbzn wnpn >;>4 qd pdlton te amezpmo jd omq nazmq mìdzbsmq n anplm jdo

Qdenjm jd Adeqtpn/ jd natdpjm n qt npzbatom B jdo zbztom [/ qd dqwdabcban qt mìdzm

wpbeabwno ~td dpn sdonp wmp do d{nazm atfwobfbdezm jd on Ameqzbztabe d bfwdjbp ~td

qdne nzpmwdoonjmq omq jdpdakmq bfwpdqabejbòdq jdo wtdòm r jdo abtjnjnem%


11/30

De do f`bzm amezdeabmqm qtìdzbsm/ qd njitjbam no Zdebdezd Lm`dpenjmp

amemabfbdezm jd zmjnq onq fnzdpbnq jd Lm`bdpem/ Knabdejn r Wmoban/ zdebdejm

dqwdabno atbjnjm ame on qdltpbjnj wtòban%

De >2;4 Edbsn wmp fdjbm jd qt ameqzbztabe nzpb`trd do amezpmo jd omq nazmq jd

Lm`bdpem/ Wmozban r knabdejn/ dq jdabp/ omq qtìdzbsmq/ no Zdebdezd Lm`dpenjmp/ on

qdltejn beqzneabn qd on cbim no Qtwpdfm Zpb`teno jd Itqzbabn jd onq Wpmsbeabnq

Tebjnq jd on Etdsn Lpnenjn/ pnjbanjn de Qnezn cd jd @mlmz%

De dqzd fbqfm nm/ Wnfwomen jd Bejbnq jn do amezpmo jd Lm`bdpem/ wmoban/

knabdejn r zpnbabe no Zdebdezd Lm`dpenjmp/ on qdltejn beqzneabn ctd nzpb`tbjn no

Qtwdpbmp zpb`teno jd Itqzbabn jd on wpmsbeabn%

Jdqwtq jd dqzd wpmadqm kbqzpbam r lpnabnq n on sbazmpbn jd on @nznoon jd @mrna/

do < jd nlmqzm jd >;>2/ qd apdn de Jbabdf`pd do Amelpdqm jd Nelmqztpn/ qbdejm on

bjdn jd Qbfe @mosnp amecmpfnp te Dqznjm wmjdpmqm r anwny jd fnezdedpqd

ctdpzd n omq bfwdpbnobqfmq/ jdemfbenjm on Lpne Amomf`bn/ ame anwbzno de Qnezn

cd jd @mlmz/ r amecmpfnjm wmp te dezd wmozbam r jd ampzd pdwtòbanem jbsbjbjm de

omq wmjdpdq didatzbsm/ odlbqonzbsm r itjbabno%

De >;0> nwnpdad om ~td qd apdd dq on wpbfdpn ameqzbztabe jd Amomf`bn/ de on atno

qd dqzbwton te lm`bdpem wmwtonp pdwpdqdeznzbsm/ qd n`mob on dqaonsbztj r jmejd omq

wmjdpdq odlbqonzbsm qd jbsbjd de jmq afnpnq9 Qdenjm r Afnpn/ ~tbdedq qd

dodlne wmp te wdpbmjm jd makm r atnzpm nmq r fdjbm pdqwdazbsnfdezd/ dqzd wmjdp

jdezpm jd qtq cteabmedq amezdfwon cbinp omq lnqzmq/ omq bfwtdqzmq/ apdnp r

mplnebynp onq ampzdq/ dezpd mzpmq%

Do wmjdp didatzbsm de an`dyn jd ten qmon wdpqmen `tqan sdonp wmp on zpne~tbobjnj

bezdpbmp r d{zdpbmp r do itjbabno deanplnjm jd anqzblnp no fnosnjm r wpmzdldp no

bemadezd%


12/30

No bezdpbmp jd dqzn ameqzbztabe nwnpdad do jdpdakm no smzm jd omq fnrmpdq jd 0>

nmq/ qbdfwpd r atnejm ctdqde odzpnjmq/ qd apdne omq fbebqzdpbmq/ qd jbsbjd on

pdwt`oban de < jdwnpznfdezmq/ qd dobfben on be~tbqbabe/ qd jdapdzn on ob`dpznj

bejbsbjtno r jd wpdeqn%

Zdebdejm jd wpdqbjdezd n @mosnp de >;0:/ qd knad on jbsbqbe wmozban/ qdle On

odr jd jbsbqbe zdppbzmpbno/ nq9

Jbqzpbzm empzd9 Amfwpdejn on Amomebn ~td kn`n ameqzbztbjm on Anwbznen

Ldedpno jd Sdedytdon%

Jbqzpbzm Adezpm9 Omq zdppbzmpbmq ~td de on amomebn ameqzbztne on etdsn

lpnenjn% Jbqzpbzm Qtp9 Omq zdppbzmpbmq ~td de on amomebn ameqzbztne on Pdno Ntjbdeabn

jd ^tbzm%

De >;03 qd pdnobyn on wpbfdpn dodaabe ame smzm wmwtonp wmp bezdpfdjbm jd

jdodlnjmq r @mosnp ctd dodazm wpdqbjdezd ame on sbadwpdqbjdeabn jd Qneznejdp%

Do 0< jd nlmqzm jd >;0; @mosnp nqtfd wmjdpdq jbaznzmpbnodq qtwpbfbdejm on

sbadwpdqbjdeabn% Ame on ntqdeabn jd @mosnp% Do Amelpdqm qd pded r emf`pn no

fnpbqano Qtapd amfm wpdqbjdezd wdpm qzd dq nqdqbenjm/ dezmeadq dobld n Imn~te

Fmq~tdpn amfm wpdqbjdezd r sbadwpdqbjdezd n Jmfbelm Anbadjm/ omq atnodq

nwptd`ne ten etdsn Ameqzbztabe de on ~td qd nwmrn`n on pdodaabe jd @mosnp%

@mosnp ctd wnpzbjnpbm jd te lm`bdpem adezpnobqzn/ qd mwtqm no cdjdpnobqfm rn ~td om

ameqbjdpn`n te qbqzdfn j`bo/ pdampjdfmq ~td do cdjdpnobqfm dq ten jmazpben

wmozban ~td `tqan ~td ten dezbjnj t mplnebynabe dqzd cmpfnjn wmp jbqzbezmq

mplnebqfmq ~td qd nqmabne jdodlnejm noltenq ob`dpznjdq m wmjdpdq wpmwbmq n mzpm

mplnebqfm qtwdpbmp/ n ~tbde wdpzdedad on qm`dpnen r ~td ameqdpsn ten abdpzn

ntzmemfn%


13/30

Onfdeznòdfdezd/ wmp jbqwtznq bjdmolbanq dezpd adezpnobqznq r cdjdpnobqznq on

jbqmotabe jd on Lpne Amomf`bn oodln wnpn omq nmq >;17 r >;1>% Om ~td zpnd

ameqblm on Ameqzbztabe jd >;10/ jdezpm jd on atno qd d{wpdqn on d{bqzdeabn wmozban

jdo dqznjm jd on etdsn lpnenjn/ ame do cbe jd em qdp wpdqmq jd on nenp~tn% De

dqzn qd dqznòdad on qdwnpnabe jd omq wmjdpdq ~td ameqzbztrde do lm`bdpem/ on

pdqwmeqn`bobjnj jd omq cteabmenpbmq wòbamq/ on ob`dpznj odlno jd on wpdeqn/ r do

jd`dp jd wpmzdldp on qnezn pdoblbe Anzoban/ Nwmqzoban/ Pmfnen/ qd cbin on

bfwmpzneabn jd onq wpmsbeabnq jdo Dqznjm/ ameadjbdejm n anjn ten jd doonq ten

afnpn ~td atbjd jd qtq wpmwbmq bezdpdqdq% Do adezpnobqfm em dpn do m`qzatom jd

on cdobabjnj jd omq wtdòmq/ r on wpmqwdpbjnj dqzn`n de onq fnemq jd qtq

fnejnznpbmq%

De on Ameqzbztabe jd >;:1 amecmpfnjn amfm te lm`bdpem ameqdpsnjmp/ qd

cmpznodab on beqzbztabe wpdqbjdeabno/ qd qtwpbfb on ob`dpznj jd wpdeqn r qd mzmpl no

aodpm do fmemwmobm jd on djtanabe% Dqzn qd ctejnfdezm de do adezpnobqfm r do

ntzmpbznpbqfm/ nte~td de qt npzatom >0/ qd dqznòdad amfm te Lm`bdpem

Pdwtòbanem/ wmwtonp/ pdwpdqdeznzbsm/ dodazbsm/ nozdpenzbsm r pdqwmeqnòd%

Omq zpdq wmjdpdq/ zbdede cnatoznjdq jbcdpdezdq r jd`de fnezdedpqd jdezpm jd qtq

ofbzdq pdqwdazbsmq/ do lm`bdpem qd amfwpmfdzd n wpmzdldp on ob`dpznj/ on qdltpbjnj/

on wpmwbdjnj r on bltnojnj%

De atnezm n onq smznabmedq/ qd pdnobynpne anjn atnzpm nmq/ qd emf`pnpne atnezmq

dodazmpdq amppdqwmejne de pnye n tem wmp anjn fbo wdpqmenq/ de anqm jd em

atfwobpqd dqzd pd~tbqbzm/ zdejpne wmp omq fdemq te dodazmp%

Wnpn on Ameqzbztabe jd >;41 qom do 4$ jd omq kmf`pdq didpan do jdpdakm no smzm/

do pdqzm wnpzbabwn`n jdo qtcpnlbm wmp pnymedq atoztpnodq/ damefbanq m jd

abtjnjnen%


14/30

Jdezpm jd omq anf`bmq bfwmpznezdq jd dqzn ameqzbztabe/ qd deatdezpn9 on n`mobabe

jd on dqaonsbztj de do zdppbzmpbm enabmeno/ jdaonpejmomq abtjnjnemq ame jdpdakm no

smzm/ qbdejm te wdpbmjm ob`dpno qd jn bebabm n Cdjdpnobqfm/ njbabmenofdezd qd

qdwnpn do dqznjm jd on blodqbn%

Qd apdn wnpn omq anplmq w`obamq on smznabe wmwtonp/ fbdezpnq ~td wnpn on dodaabe

jdo wpdqbjdezd r sbadwpdqbjdezd/ n omq Fnlbqzpnjmq jd on Ampzd Qtwpdfn jd

Itqzbabn/ no Wpmatpnjmp Ldedpno jd on Enabe/ n omq Lm`dpenjmpdq/ Qdenjmpdq r

Pdwpdqdeznezdq qd beqznon do smzm jbpdazm r qdapdzm%

On Ameqzbztabe jd >;4;/ dq qneabmenjn wmp do ameqdpsnjmp Fnpbnem Mqwben

Pmjpltdy8 de dqzn/ do wnq qd jdemfben Amecdjdpnabe Lpnenjben r qd odlnobyn doqbqzdfn cdjdpnobqzn/ wmp ameqbltbdezd/ do Dqznjm dpn ob`pd jd bfwmedp qtq wpmwbnq

odrdq r dodlbp qt Wpdqbjdezd%

Qbe df`nplm/ dqzn ameqzbztabe atdezn ame on wnpzbabwnabe jd ob`dpnodq r

ameqdpsnjmpdq/ qd fnezbded do jdpdakm no qtcpnlbm tebsdpqno wnpn zmjmq omq

abtjnjnemq ame fq jd sdbezbe nmq/ anqnjmq m ~td omq knrne dqznjm% Jtpnezd

dqzn ameqzbztabe do dqznjm adezpno qmom bezdpsden de nqtezmq jd mpjde w`obam/

odlbqonabe wdeno/ fmedjn/ dezpd mzpmq8 De omq nmq >;42 n >;3> on ltdppn ldedpn

zpmwbdymq de omq wpmadqmq dodazmpnodq%

De on qdltejn fbznj jdo qblom [B[ de Amomf`bn bebabn on atofbenabe jd on qmabm

damemfn amomebno% Qbdejm ltbnjmq wmp omq ob`dpnodq/ do anwbznobqfm dfwbdyn n

bfwdpnp de do wnq%

On Ameqzbztabe jd >;319 Qd amemad znf`be amfm on ameqzbztabe jd Pbmedlpm jd

anpazdp ob`dpno/ pdwpdqdezn omq bezdpdqdq ob`pdanf`bqznq r onq ob`dpznjdq

bejbsbjtnodq r n`qmotznq/ qd anf`bn do emf`pd n Dqznjmq Tebjmq jd Amomf`bn/ de

dqzn ameqzbztabe d{bqzd on ob`dpznj jd d{wpdqbe/ atozm/ zpn`nim/ ob`dpznj wnpn dezpnp

r qnobp jdo wnq/ znf`be qd jn ntzmemfn n anjn dqznjm jd don`mpnp on wpmwbn%


15/30

Wmp mzpm onjm/ do wmjdp didatzbsm wbdpjd qt wmjdp/ jd`bjm n on jbqfbetabe jd

Lm`bdpem jdo wpdqbjdezd n qmom jmq nmq/ jnejm nq fq ntzmpbjnj no wmjdp

odlbqonzbsm%

Zdebdejm de atdezn ~td do wmjdp adezpno jbm on ob`dpznj n anjn dqznjm jd

dqznòdadp qtq odrdq/ do qtcpnlbm qmom dpn pdnobynjm wmp kmf`pdq ~td wmjne

jdfmqzpnp qt djtanabe%

On Ameqzbztabe jd >;;39 Dq bfwtoqnjn wmp do fmsbfbdezm jd pdldedpnabe

ameqdpsnjmpn/ amfm te qbqzdfn wpmzdaabmebqzn% Do wpdqbjdezd Pncndo Edy mpjden

n omq dqznjmq desbnp jmq pdwpdqdeznezdq no ameqdim enabmeno ame do cbe jd pdjnaznpomq npzatomq jd on fbqfn%

Etdsnfdezd qd zpneqcmpfn do wnq n te Dqznjm adezpnobqzn jdemfbenjm Pdwòban

jd Amomf`bn/ tem jd qtq anf`bmq ctd on fmjbcbanabe jd dqznjmq n jdwnpznfdezmq

r on nwobanabe jd ten qmon ameqzbztabe r odrdq% Njbabmenofdezd/ Qd jbqfbetrd do

wmjdp odlbqonzbsm r qd ntfdezn do didatzbsm/ do wdpbmjm jdo wpdqbjdezd wnqn n qdp jd

qdbq nmq/ qd cmpznodad do Dipabzm/ qd deanpln n on pdoblbe do wpmadqm jd djtanabe

jdo wnq/ amesbpzbdejm n on blodqbn de ten wnpzd dqdeabno jdo Dqznjm%

Qbe df`nplm/ dqzn ameqzbztabe wnqm wmp qdqdezn pdcmpfnq/ jdezpm jd onq atnodq qd

wtdjde fdeabmenp9

>2749 Do wpdqbjdezd jd on wman/ jdabjd amesmanp n on Nqnfòdn Ameqzbztrdezd/

abdppn do Amelpdqm r dobfben do Ameqdim jd dqznjm%

>2>7% Qd pdsbqn on ameqzbztabe r onq beemsnabmedq nwpm`njnq jtpnezd do wdpbmjm

jdo ldedpno Pdrdq wmp on Nqnfòdn Enabmeno Ameqzbztrdezd r Odlbqonzbsn% Qd

wpmk`d smzm n omq fbobznpdq/ qd wpmk`d on pdodaabe wpdqbjdeabno r qd obfbzne qtq

wmjdpdq%


16/30

>207% Jd`bjm no Anwbznobqfm empzdnfdpbanem/ qd pmfwd do d~tbob`pbm qmabno/

nwnpdade nazbsbjnjdq damefbanq ~td qd qtfne n onq jd nlpbatoztpn r amfdpabm/

dqzm ameoodsn no jdqwonynfbdezm jd on nlpbatoztpn n onq nazbsbjnjdq tp`nenq

ldedpnejm te amecobazm wnpn n`nqzdadp jd nobfdezmq n on wmònabe%

>213% Ten jd onq pdcmpfnq fq bfwmpznezdq jtpnezd dqzd lm`bdpem/ rn ~td qd

dfwbdyn n ameqbjdpnp amfm on qdltejn pdwtòban ob`dpno/ qd wdpfbzd on smznabe n

kmf`pdq fnrmpdq jd 0> qbe bfwmpznp qt djtanabe/ dq jdabp/ qn`dp oddp m dqapb`bp%

Qd nwobane omq wpbeabwbmq jd on cbomqmcn jdo Dqznjm/ omq atnodq qd zmfne jdo edm

qmabnobqfm cpneaq% Qd dqznòdad on djtanabe wpbfnpbn lpnztbzn r nte~td em qd

ameqbjdpn`n n on ftidp amfm abtjnjnen/ qb wmjn m`zdedp anplmq wòbamq%

>2:4% Qd stdosde n amecmpfnp omq plnemq zpnjbabmenodq/ amezpb`trdejm no

jbenfbqfm r do cteabmenfbdezm jdo wmjdp wtòbam%

>2:;% Dfwbdyne wpmadqmq jd sbmodeabn dezpd ob`dpnodq r ameqdpsnjmpdq/ jd`bjm n on

nobednabe jd on wmozban/ do amezpmo jdo wmjdp r jdo Dqznjm/ kdakmq matppbjmq

jdqwtq jdo nqdqbenzm jd Impld Dobdadp Lnbze/ amemabjmq amfm do @mlmznym/ omq

atnodq qd d{zbdejde knqzn >241%

>241% Bebabn do wpmadqm jd wpdqbjdeabn jd Ltqznsm Pminq Wbeboon/ qt odfn9 Wny/

Itqzbabn r ob`dpznj% @tqam on ameqmobjnabe jd ten wmozban enabmenobqzn/ te

jdqnppmoom damefbam n zpnsq jd on pdcmpfn qmabno no dqzbom fbobznp/ zpn`nin wmp omq

qdazmpdq jd `nimq pdatpqmq/ qbe wdpjdp on nobneyn ame do didpabzm r on blodqbn%

Ame do zbdfwm dqzd wdpbmjm jd zpneqbabe fbobznp qd amesbdpzd de ten nfdenyn r dq

atnejm etdsnfdezd omq wnpzbjmq zpnjbabmenodq bezdezne pdqznòdadp on jdfmapnabn%


17/30

>24:9 Jtpnezd do lm`bdpem jdo Wpdqbjdezd Pminq Wbeboon qd jne omq jdpdakmq

wmozbamq n on ftidp/ qt wpbfdpn wnpzbabwnabe on knade de on cbpfn jdo Cpdezd

Enabmeno%

>2422;;/ w% 24


18/30

ame do wnq djbcbanjm/ do Amelpdqm qdltn pdwpdqdeznejm de lpne fdjbjn on ymen

ptpno%

>23;% Qd pdjbqzpb`trde onq amfwdzdeabnq jd onq pnfnq odlbqonzbsn r didatzbsn/ qd

bezdezn on fmjdpebynabe jdo dqznjm/ zdebdejm de atdezn on wonebcbanabe jdo

jdqnppmoom/ onq odrdq/ do qbztnjm cbqano r on dfdpldeabn damefban%

>22422;:9 Dqzn pdcmpfn `tqanejm nfwobnp on jdfmapnabn de do wnq/ dqzn`odad on

dodaabe wmwtonp jd lm`dpenjmpdq r noanojdq%

>2;3% Nwnpdad on dodaabe jd Noanojdq wmp fdjbm jdo smzm jd omq abtjnjnemq/

qbdejm dqzd jbpdazm/ qd tzbobyne bltnofdezd onq ameqtoznq wmwtonpdq%

Njbabmenofdezd/ qd m`zbdede `tdemq pdqtoznjmq ame on jdqfmsbobynabe jdo F& >2 r

do DWO%

>2;;9 Omq ejbadq jd sbmodeabn qbltde ntfdeznejm r em wmp decpdeznfbdezmq

`bwnpzbjbqznq/ qbem wmp do jdqnppmoom jdo amecobazm npfnjm/ jmejd qd jdqncn no


19/30

Dqznjm/ nwnpdade omq wnpnfbobznpdq ~tbdedq bezdezne decpdeznp n on ltdppboon% Omq

abtjnjnemq qd amesbdpzde de sbazbfnq jd dqzmq amecobazmq/ wtdq jd ten t mzpn

cmpfn jd`ne dqznp n cnsmp jd nf`mq fnejmq%

Jtpnezd do lm`bdpem @npam/ nwnpdad on oonfnjn ltdppn qtabn/ jmejd omq

besmotapnjmq ctdpme omq fbobznezdq jd by~tbdpjn r pdwpdqdeznezdq jd fmsbfbdezmq

qmabnodq &qbejbanzmq/ anfwdqbemq r wpmcdqmpdq%

Zdebdejm de atdezn dqzmq qtadqmq/ do wpmadqm jd on Nqnfòdn Enabmeno

Ameqzbztrdezd bebabn de >227 ame on bjdn jdo lm`bdpem @npam r ame do nwmrm jd te

lptwm jd dqztjbnezdq tebsdpqbznpbmq/ ~tbdedq amesmanejm n on mwbebe wòban/

qdazmpdq nezdq fnplbenjmq/ amfm bejldenq r do lptwm ltdppboodpm pdabejdqfmsbobynjm/ F&>2%/ `tqane pdcmpfnp on ameqzbztabe jd >;;3%

Qbe df`nplm/ dfwbdyn n fnzdpbnobynpqd dqzn bjdn jtpnezd do lm`bdpem Lnsbpbn r n

zpnsq jdo cnoom jd on Ampzd Qtwpdfn jd Itqzbabn qm`pd do jdapdzm >203/ jmejd qd

wmjn amesmanp n on Nqnfòdn Enabmeno Ameqzbztrdezd%

Dqzd wpmadqm/ qd anpnazdpbym wmp qdp jdfmapzbam/ nte~td qtq pdqtoznjmq ctdpme

beabdpzmq/ zmjmq omq abtjnjnemq ~td ~tbqbdpne wnpzbabwnp wmjne knadpom/ wdpm em b`n

n amemadpqd n abdeabn abdpzn omq pdqtoznjmq jdo wpmadqm dodazmpno%

N jbcdpdeabn jdo Cpdezd Enabmeno de on Nqnfòdn d{bqzd fnrmp bezdpsdeabe de qt

bezdlpnabe r de on jdcbebabe jd pdcmpfnq/ wdpm omq wnpzbjmq zbdede ten

pdwpdqdeznabe beqtcbabdezdfdezd% On ameqzbztrdezd ldedpn te amfwpmfbqm jd

dcdaztnp r jdqnppmoonp on etdsn ameqzbztabe/ jmejd on wnpzbabwnabe wmp fdjbm jd

jd`nzd r smznabe/ on knade wnpzd jd on aonqd wmozban r omq nazmpdq npfnjmq%

Em m`qznezd/ lpnabnq n dqzn/ qtpld wnpn >22> on Ameqzbztabe Wmozban jd Amomf`bn/

jmejd wpdsnodad on wnpzbabwnabe abtjnjnen/ on zpnjbabe jdfmapzban r omq

jdpdakmq ktfnemq%


20/30

Dq de dqzn ameqzbztabe de on ~td fq npzatomq qd kne fmjbcbanjm/ qd apdd ~td kn

qbjm on ~td ldedpm te anf`bm pnjbano de do wnq/ pnzbcbaejmom amfm te Dqznjm

Qmabno jd Jdpdakm r nte~td jdqjd qt dqznòdabfbdezm kn pdab`bjm 1> pdcmpfnq/ on

amejbabe jd on anpzn fnlen qd fnezbded beznazn%

Dq nq/ amfm do jbnpbm Do Wnq de qt djbabe jdo 1 jd itobm jd 07>>/ pdqnozn omq 07

anf`bmq fq pdodsnezdq jdezpm jd on ameqzbztabe/ omq atnodq kne fmjbcbanjm

nqwdazmq wmozbamq r qmabnodq jd Amomf`bn/ dqzmq qme9

Do wpbfdpm m`djdad n on ob`dpznj jd atozmq/ dq jdabp/ qd wdpfbzd ~td omq abtjnjnemq

wpmcdqde mzpnq apddeabnq/ ncdaznejm jdo fbqfm fmjm on djtanabe pdoblbmqn%

Do qdltejm nqwdazm dq on Naabe jd Ztzdon/ amfm fdanebqfm ~td zbded zmjm

abtjnjnem wnpn pdaonfnp on wpmzdaabe jd qtq jdpdakmq/ atnejm qd qbdezne

stoedpnjmq m nfdenynjmq%

Do zdpadpm dq on nwnpbabe jd on Cbqanon Ldedpno jd on Enabe/ on atno bebabn qtq

mwdpnabmedq n wnpzbp jdo > jd itobm jd >220/ apdnjn ame do cbe jd qdwnpnp omq

wpmadqmq jd besdqzblnabe r natqnabe ~td de on nezbldjnj dpne don`mpnjmq wmp

do itdy%

Amfm atnpzn fmjbcbanabe nwnpdad te nozm zpb`teno/ oonfnjm Ampzd Ameqzbztabmeno/

qt mòblnabe dq ltnpjnp on bezdlpbjnj r on qtwpdfnan jd on ameqzbztabe r knadp do

neobqbq n onq pdcmpfnq jd onq odrdq%

Nwnpdade de ~tbezm otlnp omq Dqznjmq jd D{adwabe/ dq jdabp/ mzmplnp do wmjdp no

wpdqbjdezd jd dfbzbp jdapdzmq de anqm jd dfdpldeabn/ ame do ebam wpmwqbzm jd

empfnobynp do wnq% On ameqzbztabe jdo 2>/ dqznòdad zpdq dqznjmq jd d{adwabe9

Ltdppn d{zdpbmp/ amefmabe bezdpbmp r dfdpldeabn%


21/30

On Jdqadezpnobynabe/ dq mzpm zdfn ~td qd fnebcbdqzn de dqzn ameqzbztabe/ om ~td

jn ntzmemfn wmozban r jd fnedim jd pdatpqmq n onq pdlbmedq%

Wmp fdjbm jd onq Fbempnq zebanq r d~tbjnj jd ledpm/ qd jdcbdejd on d~tbjnj

qmabno/ do pdqwdzm r jdqnppmoom bltnobznpbm wnpn omq lptwmq bejldenq/ ncpm

jdqadejbdezdq r wmp qtwtdqzm on d~tbjnj jd ledpm wnpn on ftidp de Amomf`bn/

lnpnezbynejm qtq jdpdakmq wmozbamq r on`mpnodq%

On pnzbcbanabe jdo Anzomlm jd jdpdakmq ctejnfdeznodq/ qbdejm dqzmq omq jd

nwobanabe befdjbnzn9 Jdpdakm n on sbjn/ bezdlpbjnj wdpqmeno/ bltnojnj/

pdamemabfbdezm jd wdpqmenobjnj itpjban8 bezbfbjnj8 kn`dnq jnzn8 ob`pd jdqnppmoom jd

on wdpqmenobjnj9 ob`dpznj wdpqmeno de zmjnq qtq cmpfnq8 ob`dpznj jd ameabdeabn8d{wpdqbe r jd becmpfnabe8 atozmq8 kmepn r `tde emf`pd8 jdpdakm jd wdzbabe8

ob`pd abpatonabe8 zpn`nim8 ob`dpznj jd dqamldp wpmcdqbe r mcbabm8 deqdneyn/

nwpdejbynid besdqzblnabe r azdjpn8 kn`dnq ampwtq8 jd`bjm wpmadqm8 em qdp

qmfdzbjm n qneabmedq jd jdqzbdppm/ wpbqbe wdpwdztn m amecbqanabe8 nqbom/ de omq

zpfbemq wpdsbqzmq wmp on odr8 ob`dpznjdq jd pdtebe r fnebcdqznabe8 r jdpdakmq

wmozbamq%

N zpnsq jd on Jdfmapnabn wnpzbabwnzbsn/ qd jn mwmpztebjnj no abtjnjnem jd zdedp

bezdpsdeabe de onq jdabqbmedq wmozbanq%

Nwnpdad etdsnfdezd Do Sbadwpdqbjdezd/ anplm ~td kn`n qbjm dobfbenjm de on

ameqzbztabe jd >2>7%

Mzpm lpne anf`bm ctd on Dodaabe wmwtonp jd lm`dpenjmpdq/ an`d pdqnoznp ~td

nezdpbmpfdezd dpn wmzdqznj jdo Wpdqbjdezd on dodaabe jd omq fbqfmq%

Qd jbaznfbene onq `nqdq jdo Qbqzdfn jd Qnotj/ qbdejm dqzn pdqwmeqn`bobjnj jdo

Dqznjm/ pdlbjm `nim wpbeabwbmq jd tebsdpqnobjnj/ qmobjnpbjnj r dcbabdeabn%


22/30

Qd jn Ntzmemfn no @neam jd on Pdwòban no em wdpzdedadp n ebelten jd onq

pnfnq jdo wmjdp/ qt cbenobjnj dq qdp pdqwmeqnòd jdo wmjdp nj~tbqbzbsm jd on

fmedjn%

Qd apdn on Jdcdeqmpn jdo Wtdòm/ amfm dezd wpmzdazmp r jdcdeqmp jd omq jdpdakmq

ktfnemq%

Qd dqznòdade temq wnpfdzpmq wnpn on wpmzdaabe r jdcdeqn jdo Fdjbm Nf`bdezd/

qbdejm mòblnabe jdo Dqznjm on ameqdpsnabe jd onq pb~tdynq enztpnodq r

atoztpnodq%

Qd ameqmobjn do tqm njdatnjm jd onq Pdlnonq/ dqzmq pdatpqmq jd`de qdp wnpnfdimpnp on anobjnj jd sbjn jd omq abtjnjnemq/ wmp fdjbm jd on djtanabe/ on qnotj/

on pdjtaabe jd on fmpznobjnj becnezbo/ dezpd mzpmq%

Te anf`bm/ zno sdy ftr pnjbano ctd on apdnabe jdo Plbfde jd bekn`bobjnjdq/ om

~td amezpmom do fno tqm ~td qd sdebn wpdqdeznejm de on atptodq%

Qd wdpfbzd on Jmòd enabmenobjnj/ dq jdabp/ atno~tbdp amomf`bnem ameqdpsnpn qt

enabmenobjnj/ qbe bfwmpznp on nj~tbqbabe jd mzpn%

Nwnpdad on Naabe Wmwtonp/ amfm fdanebqfm jd nrtjn/ jbpblbjm n omq bezdpdqdq

amodazbsmq/ pdonabmenjmq ame do nf`bdezd qnem/ dqwnabm r qdpsbabmq wòbamq/ do

wnzpbfmebm atoztpno/ on qdltpbjnj/ dezpd mzpmq%

Qd jd`d sdonp wmp on cnfbobn/ qbdejm dqzd eaodm dqdeabno jd on qmabdjnj/ qd

pdamemade omq zbwmq jd cnfbobn r qd dqznòdad on fbqfn snobjdy jd on tebe ob`pd ~td

jdo fnzpbfmebm%


23/30

Nkmpn `bde/ n wdqnp jd qdp on Ameqzbztabe jd >22> on ~td fq fmjbcbanabe m`ztsm

de atnezm n onq nezdpbmpdq/ jdqwtq jd qt don`mpnabe r nwpm`nabe kn qtcpbjm

nwpm{bfnjnfdezd 03 pdcmpfnq% Wmp dqzm wnpn do ; jd Itobm jdo nm 077;/ on pdsbqzn

Qdfnen wpdqdezn te pdwmpzd qm`pd onq fbqfnq/ noltenq jd doonq qme9

Jtpnezd on wpdqbjdeabn jdo Qdmp Adqnp Lnsbpbn/ dq jdabp/ wnpn omq nmq >227 r

>22:/ qd dqwdabcban n @nppne~tboon amfm Jbqzpbzm Dqwdabno Bejtqzpbno r Wmpztnpbm/ qd

omlpn d{wdjbp on Odr jdo Wone Enabmeno jd Jdqnppmoom/ wmp ozbfm qd pdqznòdade onq

qtwodeabnq de onq ampwmpnabmedq wòbanq%

Atnejm dq dodlbjm do Qdmp Dpedqzm Qnfwdp/ nwnpdad wnpn do nm >224 te anf`bm

pdonabmenjm ame on jbqzpb`tabe jd omq pdatpqmq ~td qd desne n onq dezbjnjdqzdppbzmpbnodq/ de atnezm n omq zpb`tenodq fbobznpdq/ dqzmq qme amecmpfnjmq wmp doomq

fbqfmq%

De do nm >223% Qd jn do anpazdp jd Qdpsbjmp Wtòbam n omq jbwtznjmq jd onq

Nqnfòdnq Jdwnpznfdeznodq

Wnpn >2222; r 0770% Zpnd

ameqblm etdsmq anf`bmq/ amfm wpmkb`bp ~td do Amelpdqm pdnobad wpmadqmq jd

d{wpmwbnabe jd `bdedq qbe bejdfebynabe%

Qd anf`bn etdsnfdezd do emf`pd jd on abtjnj wmp @mlmz J%A% r em Qnezn cd jd

@mlmz amfm om jdan on Ameqzbztabe jdo 2>%

Ame fbpnq n fdimpnp on pdapdnabe r do jdwmpzd/ qme beaotbjmq dqzmq ameadwzmq de

do lnqzm wòbam%


24/30

Nwnpdad on enabmenobjnj n kbimq jd Amomf`bnemq ~td enabdqde de do d{zdpbmp/ wnpn

m`zdedp dqzn/ qd jd`d pdnobynp do pdlbqzpm jdo pdabe enabjm de on mcbaben ameqtonp%

Wmp ozbfm/ qd nfwobn n atnzpm nmq do wdpbmjm jd lm`dpenjmpdq/ jbwtznjmq/

ameadinodq/ djbodq r noanojdq%

Qbdejm wpdqbjdezd osnpm Tpb`d Sody/ nwnpdade onq qbltbdezdq fmjbcbanabmedq9

Pdcmpfn onq cteabmedq jd on Cbqanon/ qd beampwmpne onq obqznq ebanq r do smzm

wpdcdpdezd/ zpnrdejm amfm ameqdatdeabn on wpjbjn jd bejdwdejdeabn jdo o

Ameqdim Enabmeno Dodazmpno%

Qd don`mpn te pdcdpdejm wnpn on wdpjbjn jd jdpdakmq wmozbam n omq amejdenjmq wmpjdobzmq amezpn do Wnzpbfmebm jdo Dqznjm% Zno sdy on fmjbcbanabe ~td kn zdebjm

fdemq namlbjn dq on pdodaabe wpdqbjdeabno/ qd anf`bne omq pdwpdqdeznezdq n jmq r

n tem fq wmp anjn zpdqabdezmq qdqdezn r abeam fbo kn`bznezdq% Qd fmjbcban

etdsnfdezd do plbfde jd zpneqcdpdeabn n omq jdwnpznfdezmq/ jbqzpbzmq r

ftebabwbmq% Qd mplnebyn amfm Jbqzpbzmq Dqwdabnodq/ Bejtqzpbnodq/ Wmpztnpbmq/

@bmjbsdpqmq r Dam ztpqzbamq n @tdensdeztpn r Ztfnam%


25/30

AMEAOTQBMEDQ

Jdqjd do wpmadqm jd Bejdwdejdeabn/ omq kmf`pdq r ftidpdq ~td wnpn on wman

kn`bzn`ne on Enabe/ dqzn`ne oodemq jd qtdmq/ fdznq jd dqwdpneyn ~td

fdimpnpne on anobjnj jd sbjn/ dobfbenejm onq beitqzbabnq r fnomq zpnzmq jd omq atnodq

dpne mìdzm% Qbe df`nplm/ dqzmq bejbsbjtmq ztsbdpme ~td dfwdynp jdqjd adpm/ dq

jdabp/ dqznòdadp dezpd doomq fdanebqfmq jd mplnebynabe/ jdcdeqn/ wpmzdaabe/

fdimpn r anf`bm amezbetm/ ame do ebam wpmwqbzm jd njnwznpqd n om ~td ctdqd

zpnrdejm ameqblm on qmabdjnj%

Do jdqnppmoom jd dqznq nazbsbjnjdq/ zno sdy jdqmpbdeznjnq de wpbeabwbm/ ctd

amezpb`trdejm no apdabfbdezm jdo qdp ktfnem amfm wdpqmen/ no pdamemabfbdezm r

nadwznabe jdo fbqfm amfm abtjnjnem/ n on lnpnezn jd qtq jdpdakmq r wmp

qtwtdqzm no atfwobfbdezm jd qtq jd`dpdq%

Wmp mzpm onjm/ dpn znezm do jdqdm jd bejdwdejdeabn ~td qd mosbjm wmp ftakmq nmq

do zpn`nim ameitezm/ amfm on`mp edadqnpbn wnpn do `bde amfe/ on m`zdeabe jd

`dedcbabmq/ on ameqdpsnabe jd omq pdatpqmq r do apdabfbdezm damefbam r qmabno jdo

wnq%

Dqzd qbe etfdpm jd zpmwbdymq wpdqdeznjmq r on nadwznabe jd bjdnq m apddeabnq

jbcdpdezdq/ zpnim ameqblm on jdfmpn de on ameqdatabe r njnwznabe jd tenq pdlonq

m obednfbdezmq ~td pdnofdezd d{wpdqnpne do mìdzbsm jdo Dqznjm9 Lnpnezbynp do

apdabfbdezm npfebam r damefbam jd on Enabe%

Nkmpn `bde/ em qd wtdjd edlnp ~td omq jbcdpdezdq wtezmq jd sbqzn r knqzn omq

beamecmpfbqfmq/ omlpnpme n zpnsq jdo zbdfwm oodlnp n ameqmobjnp no wnq amfm tem


26/30

qmom/ amfm te dezd dqzptaztpnjm/ defnpanjm de tenq cteabmedq r anwnabznjm wnpn

qtwobp onq edadqbjnjdq `qbanq jd zmjm abtjnjnem%

Wmp ameqbltbdezd/ qd wmjpn jdabp ~td n zpnsq jd anjn ten jd onq fmjbcbanabmedq

wmozbanq/ njfbebqzpnzbsnq r knqzn atoztpnodq/ qd kn `tqanjm ameqznezdfdezd

fnezdedp te Dqznjm Qmabno jd Jdpdakm ~td lnpnezbad r wpmzdin no bejbsbjtm r qt

cnfbobn amfm `nqd ctejnfdezno wnpn on apdnabe jd ten amftebjnj r do

qmqzdebfbdezm jd ten qmabdjnj%

Qmom pdqzn dqwdpnp ~td onq fmjbcbanabmedq sdebjdpnq dqze `nqnjnq de do `bde

amfe r em de do `dedcbabm wpmwbm/ wtdq qb `bde kne d{bqzbjm anf`bmq ~td kne

fdimpnjm on qbztnabe jd wny de do wnq/ kne nwnpdabjm mzpnq ~td em kne ldedpnjmebele bfwnazm qmabno/ wmozbam m njfbebqzpnzbsm/ qdn dqzd wnpn `bde m wnpn fno%

Em qd wtdjd mosbjnp ~td zmjnq onq naabmedq m fdjbjnq ~td zmfde omq wmozbamq de

zmpem no wnq zbdede qbdfwpd beabjdeabnq n ebsdo jd qdltpbjnj/ `bdedqznp r

amecmpfbjnj%


27/30

AB@DPLPNCBN

Do cpdezd Enabmeno jd >24< r on Ameqzbztrdezd jd >22>% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on

wnlben |d` kzzw9--pdq%tebnejdq%djt%am-sbd|%wkw-4>0%

@pdsd kbqzmpbn jd Amomf`bn jd >;>7 knqzn >22>% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben

|d` kzzw9--|||%qobjdqknpd%edz-enzron-`pdsd&kbqzmpbn&jd&amomf`bn% @q~tdjn

pdnobynjn do 0; jd nlmqzm jd 07>0%

Pdsbqzn Qmabm Itpjbamq% Tebsdpqbjnj jdo Pmqnpbm% Do amezpmo jd on Njfbebqzpnabe

Wtòban de Amomf`bn jtpnezd do qblom [B[ r amfbdeymq jdo [[% @mlmz% Amomf`bn%Ww% >4: >34% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wlben |d` jd on Tebsdpqbjnj N`bdpzn r N

Jbqzneabn TENJ%

kzzw9--33%>34%>:-cbod%wkw-03-Jmatfdezmq-Do]amezpmo]jd]on]njf%]w

tòban]de]Amomf`bn]Q[B[]r][[]%wjc% @q~tdjn pdnobynjn do 0; jd nlmqzm jd

07>0%

Bejdwdejdeabn jd Amomf`bn% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d`

kzzw9--|||%zmjnamomf`bn%amf-kbqzmpbnamomf`bnen%kzfo% @q~tdjn pdnobynjn do 0;

jd nlmqzm jd 07>0%

Ameqzbztabe wmozban jd on pdwtòban jd Amomf`bn jd >;0>% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on

wnlben |d` kzzw9--|||%`bòbmitpbjban%mpl-ob`pmq-4-00>0-3%wjc% @q~tdjn pdnobynjn do

02 jd nlmqzm jd 07>0%

Qezdqbq jd Kbqzmpbn Wmozban Amezdfwmpedn% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d`

kzzw9--|||%`nepdwatoztpno%mpl-ònnsbpztno-kbqzmpbn-amokmr-amom0%
http://66.165.175.206/campus14/file.php/26/Documentos/El_control_de_la_adm._publica_en_Colombia_SXIX_y_XX_.pdfhttp://66.165.175.206/campus14/file.php/26/Documentos/El_control_de_la_adm._publica_en_Colombia_SXIX_y_XX_.pdfhttp://66.165.175.206/campus14/file.php/26/Documentos/El_control_de_la_adm._publica_en_Colombia_SXIX_y_XX_.pdfhttp://66.165.175.206/campus14/file.php/26/Documentos/El_control_de_la_adm._publica_en_Colombia_SXIX_y_XX_.pdf


28/30

Jdqnppmoom wmozbam r jdfmapnzbynabe% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d`

kzzw9--|||%bawamomf`bn%mpl-npakbsmq-ameadwzmq-jdqnppmoom]wmobzbam]jdfmapnzbynabm

e%wjc% @q~tdjn pdnobynjn do 17 jd nlmqzm jd 07>0%

On wpbfdpn pdwtòban lpnenjben +>;>7 >;>3% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d`

jd on Tebsdpqbjnj jd @mrna

kzzw9--|||%teb`mrnan%djt%am-wtòbanabmedq-bejd{%wkw=mwzbme6amf]amezdez#sbd|6

npzbaod#bj6>349on&wpbfdpn&pdwtòban&lpnenjben&>;>7&>;>3#anzbj6:34% @q~tdjn pdnobynjn do 17 jd nlmqzm jd 07>0%

On Bejdwdejdeabn jdo Qmamppm de on ledqbq jd on dfneabwnabe Amomf`bnen%

Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d`kzzw9--\||%@nepdwatoztpno%Mpl-@onnsbpztno-Pdsbqznq-Apdjdeabno-Cd`pdpm07>7-Qmamp

pm%Kzf% @q~tdjn pdnobynjn do 17 jd nlmqzm jd 07>0%

Anosm/ Ebamoq r ^tb{nem% Ameqzbztabe jd Atejbenfnpan/ qt anwbzno Qneznc jd

@mlmz Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d` jd on @bòbmzdan Otbq eldo Npnelm jdo

@neam jd on Pdwòban% kzzw9--|||%`nepdwatoztpno%mpl-ònnsbpztno-obedn&jd&

zbdfwm-ameqzbztabme&jd&atejbenfnpan&>;>>% @q~tdjn pdnobynjn do 17 jd nlmqzm

jd 07>0

Ameqzbztabe jd on Pdwtòban jd Ztein% Nm qdltejm jd on zpneqcmpfnabe wmozban

jdo etdsm pdbem jd lpnenjn% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d`

kzzw9--|||%`jblbzno%teno%djt%am->27-:-1:1]&]>1]Anwb]>1%wjc% @q~tdjn pdnobynjn

do >2 jd qdwzbdf`pd jd 07>0V

Ameqzbztabe jdo Dqznjm jd Anpznlden jd Bejbnq% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben

|d` kzzw9--|||%`jblbzno%teno%djt%am->21-1-1::]&]:]Anwb]:%wjc @q~tdjn

pdnobynjn do 01 jd qdwzbdf`pd jd 07>0%
http://www.icpcolombia.org/archivos/conceptos/desarrollo_politico_democratizacion.pdfhttp://www.icpcolombia.org/archivos/conceptos/desarrollo_politico_democratizacion.pdfhttp://www.icpcolombia.org/archivos/conceptos/desarrollo_politico_democratizacion.pdfhttp://www.icpcolombia.org/archivos/conceptos/desarrollo_politico_democratizacion.pdf


29/30

Ameqzbztabe jd on Wpmsbeabn jd Nezbm~tbn% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d`

kzzw9--`bòbmzdan&sbpztno&nezbm~tbn%tjdn%djt%am-wjc->>->>]>0:4::0020%wjc%

@q~tdjn pdnobynjn do 04 jd qdwzbdf`pd jd 07>0%

Ameqzbztabe Wmozban jdo Dqznjm jd Etdsn Lpnenjn jd >;10% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de

on wlben |d` jd on @bòbmzdan sbpztno Fbltdo jd Adpsnezdq%

kzzw9--`b`%adpsnezdqsbpztno%amf-qdpsodz-QbpsdM`pnq-3;74>300:120:;3>0%

Qbfe @mosnp r on Lpne Amomf`bn% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d`

kzzw9--|||%qobjdqknpd%edz-lnf0%

On lpne Amomf`bn >;>2 & >;17% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d`

kzzw9--|||%`nepdwatoztpno%mpl-ònnsbpztno-fmjmqramqztf`pdq-aptankbq-aptankbq>>3%

kzf% @q~tdjn pdnobynjn do 04 jd qdwzbdf`pd jd 07>0%

Ameqzbztabe wmozban jd on etdsn lpnenjn% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d`

kzzw9--`bòbm%itpbjbanq%tenf%f{-ob`pmq-4-00>0-2%wjc% @q~tdjn pdnobynjn do 04 jd

qdwzbdf`pd jd 07>0%

Kbqzmpbn dodazmpno de Amomf`bn% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d`

kzzw9--|||%`nepdwatoztpno%mpl-ònnsbpztno-nrtjnjdznpdnq-wmob-wmob;>%kzf% @q~tdjn

pdnobynjn do 04 jd qdwzbdf`pd jd 07>0%

Ameqzbztabmedq ~td kne d{bqzbjm de Amomf`bn% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d`

kzzw9--|||%`nepdwatoztpno%mpl-ònnsbpztno-nrtjnjdznpdnq-wmob-wmob40%
http://bib.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/68051622439248617422202/index.htmhttp://bib.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/68051622439248617422202/index.htmhttp://bib.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/68051622439248617422202/index.htmhttp://bib.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/68051622439248617422202/index.htm


30/30

Pdcmpfnq n on ameqzbztabe jd >;;3% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d`

kzzw9--|||%amomf`bdqznj%lms%am-bejd{%wkw=mwzbme6amf]amezdez#znqh6sbd|#bj61>% @q~tdjn pdnobynjn do 03 jd qdwzbdf`pd jd 07>0%

Kbqzmpbn wmozban% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d`

kzzw9--|d`%wpdqbjdeabn%lms%am-nqbdqamomf`bn-kbqzmpbn]wmobzban%kzf% @q~tdjn

pdnobynjn do > jd mazt`pd jd 07>0%

07 lpnejdq anf`bmq ~td ldedpm on ameqzbztabe jd >22>% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on

wnlben |d` jdo Jbnpbm Do Wnq kzzw9--|||%downbq%amf%am-downbq-amomf`bn-07&

lpnejdq&anf`bmq&ldedpm&ameqzbztabme&>22>% @q~tdjn pdnobynjn do 0 jd mazt`pd

jd 07>0%

Onq 03 pdcmpfnq jd on ameqzbztabe% Wtòbanabe jblbzno de on wnlben |d` jd on

pdsbqzn Qdfnen kzzw9--|||%qdfnen%amf-me&obed-03&pdcmpfnq&ameqzbztabme->>1:>:&

1%nqw{% @q~tdjn pdnobynjn do 1 jd mazt`pd jd 07>0%
http://www.semana.com/on-line/26-reformas-constitucion/113414-3.aspxhttp://www.semana.com/on-line/26-reformas-constitucion/113414-3.aspxhttp://www.semana.com/on-line/26-reformas-constitucion/113414-3.aspxhttp://www.semana.com/on-line/26-reformas-constitucion/113414-3.aspx

desarrollo y reformas constitucionales en colombia

Documents