derecho pucp 66 2011 · juan francisco martÍnez s. / david escobar / claudi o loyola sobre los...
TRANSCRIPT
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CONTENIDO: INTRODUCCIÓN.– I. HECHOS ESTILIZADOS DE COLUSIÓN.– II. EVIDENCIA EMPÍRICA.– III. PRUEBAS DE ROBUSTEZ Y ANÁLISIS DE SENSI-BILIDAD.– IV. CONCLUSIONES.
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N° 66, 2011 pp. 385-417
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Derecho PUCP, N° 66, 2011 / ISSN 0251-3420
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SOBRE LOS DETERMINANTES DE LA COLUSIÓN EN LAS COMPRAS PÚBLICAS: EL CASO DE CHILE
THE DETERMINANTS OF COLLUSION IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT: THE CASE OF CHILE
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Derecho PUCP, N° 66, 2011 / ISSN 0251-3420
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Derecho PUCP, N° 66, 2011 / ISSN 0251-3420
Tabla 1
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SOBRE LOS DETERMINANTES DE LA COLUSIÓN EN LAS COMPRAS PÚBLICAS: EL CASO DE CHILE
THE DETERMINANTS OF COLLUSION IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT: THE CASE OF CHILE
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Derecho PUCP, N° 66, 2011 / ISSN 0251-3420
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Derecho PUCP, N° 66, 2011 / ISSN 0251-3420
8$+. ,'#:' +'#0"*. +&#+#%'#+& ./(#,' +#%+/,-+. (1#'#,.*-+Y $*A 1 $9%C'*.-Z+1-"-+#$+.-% +&#+$-+. $/%*0,+#,'"#+1" =##& "#%+gGCGh+;+&#+. (1 "C'-(*#,' %+, C. (1#'*'*= %+#,+#$+.-% +&#+$-+. $/%*0,+#,'"#+/,+1" =##& "+;+/,+. (1"-& "+gGCDh<+8,+-(! %+.-% %+#:*%'#+/,-+A-,-,.*-+-, "(-$?+, C. (1#'*'*=-+#+*$9.*'-?+@/#+%#+. (1-"'#+#,'"#+$ %+B/A-& "#%?+@/#+#%+*,C=#"%-(#,'#+1" 1 ".* ,-$+-+$-+.-,'*&-&+&#+B/A-& "#%\<
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I.3. Proxies de colusión)#A2,+&#%."*!*( %+-,'#"* "(#,'#?+( &#$-"#( %+$-+. $/%*0,+. ,+)(,#%"+$"#$-.* ,-& %+-+$-+1 %*!*$*&-&+&#+. $/%*0,<+D#+-./#"& +-+$-+$*'#"-'/"-+"#C=*%-&-+gH "'#"+;+j ,-+T__X?+k#,&"*.l%+;+H "'#"+T_N_h?+-$A/,-%+&#+$-%+-, (-$9-%+ &#'#.'-!$#%+ (E%+ . (/,#%+ % ,+ -&B/&*.-.*0,+ #,+ $-+ 1"*(#"-+ 7#"'-?+A-,-& "+"#1#'*& ?+&#(-%*-&-%+ 7#"'-%+7-$%-%+;+1"#.* %+-&B/&*.-& %+#:.#%*=-(#,'#+-$' %<
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SOBRE LOS DETERMINANTES DE LA COLUSIÓN EN LAS COMPRAS PÚBLICAS: EL CASO DE CHILE
THE DETERMINANTS OF COLLUSION IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT: THE CASE OF CHILE
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Derecho PUCP, N° 66, 2011 / ISSN 0251-3420
8$+%#A/,& +. ,.#1' +#%+&*"#.' 3+#%+#:'"-S +@/#+#$+(*%( +1" =##& "+%#-+-&B/&*.-& +1#"*0&*.-(#,'#<+D#7*,*'*=-(#,'#+1 &"9-+#:*%'*"+. $/%*0,+#,C'"#+#$+&#(-,&-,'#+;+#$+1" =##& "?+-/,@/#+#%' +, +,#.#%-"*-(#,'#+*(1$*C.-+Y(-$-%+*,'#,.* ,#%ZQ+%*(1$#(#,'#+1 &"9-+%*A,*7*.-"+@/#+/,+ "A-,*%( +. (1"-& "+7-= "#.*0+-+/,+1" =##& "+Y7-= "*' Z+1 "@/#+1/#&#+. ,7*-"+#,+#%'#+%*,+"#=*%-"+$-+*,7 "(-.*0,+% !"#+$-+. (1#'#,.*-<
I-+'#".#"-+(-,*7#%'-.*0,+#%+(E%+%/'*$+@/#+$-%+-,'#"* "#%?+-/,@/#+, +(#C, %+*(1 "'-,'#<+8,+/,+1" .#% +. ,+(/.5-%+ 7#"'-%+@/#+%#+-.#".-,+-$+1"#.* +-&B/&*.-& ?+$-+1 %*!*$*&-&+&#+@/#+$ %+1" =##& "#%+5-;-,+$$#A-& +-+/,+-./#"& +1-"-+*(1 ,#"+/,+1"#.* +.-" +;+"#1-"'*"%#+$-+' "'-+-/(#,'-+&"-(E'*.-(#,'#<+
8$+./-"' +%9,' (-+&#+$-+. $/%*0,+#%+(/;+&*"#.' +1#" +&*79.*$+&#+&#'#.C'-"<+U'*$*P-+#$+1"#.* +#%'*(-& +@/#+#%'-!$#.#+#$+. (1"-& "+;+$ +. (1-"-+. ,+#$+1"#.* +-&B/&*.-& <+)*+$-+&*7#"#,.*-+#%+-, "(-$(#,'#+A"-,&#?+#%+#=*&#,'#+@/#+#:*%'#+. $/%*0,+gGCG+ +GCDh<+)*,+#(!-"A ?+, +1 &#( %+#:.$/*"+$ %+1" .#% %+#,+@/#+%#+"#-$*P-" ,+#=-$/-.* ,#%+*(1"#.*%-%+-+.-/%-+&#+/,-+(-$-+A#%'*0,?+;+, +,#.#%-"*-(#,'#+. ,+(-$-%+*,'#,.* ,#%<
I.4. Determinantes de la colusiónD#+-./#"& + . ,+ $-+ $*'#"-'/"-+ % !"#+ $-+ #=*&#,.*-+ ./-$*'-'*=-+ ;+ -$A/,-%+#=*&#,.*-%+./-,'*'-'*=-%+&#+. $/%*0,+#,+$-%+. (1"-%+12!$*.-%?+1 &#( %+&#%."*!*"+/,+. ,B/,' +&#+&#'#"(*,-,'#%+&#+$-+. $/%*0,<+8%+&#.*"?+-$A/,-%+=-"*-!$#%+%#,%*!$#%+1/#&#,+-7#.'-"+$-+1 %*!*$*&-&+&#+. $/%*0,+#,+$ %+1" C.#% %+&#+$*.*'-.* ,#%+12!$*.-%<
k#( %+. ,%'"/*& +/,-+!-%#+&#+&-' %+@/#+. ,'*#,#+' &-+$-+*,7 "(-.*0,+%*A,*7*.-'*=-+1-"-+&#'#.'-"+$-+. $/%*0,+#,+$*.*'-.* ,#%+12!$*.-%<+8,+,/#%C'" +( &#$ ?+#$+&-' +-'0(*. +#%+$-+$*.*'-.*0,?+@/#+'*#,#+.*#"' %+-'"*!/' %+@/#+%#+&#%."*!#,+-+. ,'*,/-.*0,<
U'*$*P-( %+ $-+ 1 %*!*$*&-&+ &#+ +-<1,&'(*'*1%E&$ &#+ /,-+ $*.*'-.*0,+ . ( +/,-+=-"*-!$#+7*.'*.*-?+&-& +@/#+#%'#+A"-& +&#+$*!#"'-&+1/#&#+-7#.'-"+$ %+*,.#,'*= %+1-"-+$-+$*!"#+. (1#'#,.*-<+U,-+%#A/,&-+=-"*-!$#+#%+@/#+$-+C"12*$/"$)-<!%1*1%E&$g"#A*%'" %h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Derecho PUCP, N° 66, 2011 / ISSN 0251-3420
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iU+1-"-+&#'#"(*,-"+@/>+ E"#-%+&#+,#A .* %+ -7#.'-,+(E%+$-%+1 %*!*$*&-&#%+&#+. $/%*0,?+&#!*& +-+.-"-.'#"9%'*.-%+*,'"9,%#.-%+&#+$ %+(#".-& %<
Grá\co: Component loadings
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I I . E V I D E N C I A E M P Í R I C AI-+(#' & $ A9-+&#+#%'-+*,=#%'*A-.*0,+. ,%*%'#+#,+"#A"#%* ,#%+&#+. "'#+'"-,%=#"%-$+F4G+;+/,+-,E$*%*%+&#+"#A"#%*0,+!*,-"*-+1" !-!*$9%'*.-<+8%'-+(#' & $ A9-+1#"(*'*"E+#:1$*.-"+$ %+#7#.' %+.-/%-$#%+"#$-.* ,-& %+. ,+$-+. $/%*0,<+b/%.-"#( %+$ %+&#'#"(*,-,'#%+&#+$-+),+%<!"+. $/%*0,+;+&#%."*C!*"#( %+$-%+#:1$*.-.* ,#%+&#+$ %+1-'" ,#%+&#+. (1 "'-(*#,' <+8%'#+#,C7 @/#+#%+(/;+%*(1$#Q+%*,+#(!-"A ?+ 7"#.#+1#"%1#.'*=-%+#:'"#(-&-(#,'#+1 &#" %-%<
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SOBRE LOS DETERMINANTES DE LA COLUSIÓN EN LAS COMPRAS PÚBLICAS: EL CASO DE CHILE
THE DETERMINANTS OF COLLUSION IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT: THE CASE OF CHILE
M_M
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Derecho PUCP, N° 66, 2011 / ISSN 0251-3420
4$-"-(#,'#+#$+. ,.#1' +&#+$-+. $/%*0,+#,'"#+1" =##& "#%+ +#,'"#+$-+&#C(-,&-+;+$-+ 7#"'-+#%+*,&*%'*,A/*!$#+#,+$-+(-; "9-+&#+$ %+.-% %+1 "@/#?+-+1-"'*"+&#+$ %+&-' %?+#%+(/;+&*79.*$+#:'"-#"+$-%+( '*=-.* ,#%+1-"-+% %'#,#"+#%'#+. (1 "'-(*#,' +*$9.*' <
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II.1. Discusión de indistinguibilidad en términos de análisis de datos
II.1.1. Principal análisis de componentes e interpretación8
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)*,+ #(!-"A ?+ &-& %+ $ %+ -,E$*%*%+ A"E7*. %+ "#1"#%#,'-& %+ #,+ $-+ 7*A/"-+ T?+#$+ 1"*(#"+ . (1 ,#,'#+ 1 &"9-+ %#"+ *,'#"1"#'-& + . ( + . $/%*0,+ #,'"#+1" =##& "+;+. (1"-& "+gGCDh<+H "+ '" +$-& ?+#$+%#A/,& +. (1 ,#,'#+#%+(E%+.#".-, +-+$-%+=-"*-!$#%+-% .*-&-%+-+$-+. $/%*0,+#,'"#+1" =##& "#%<+8%'-+ "#1"#%#,'-.*0,+ , %+ &-+ /,-+ *&#-+ &#+ .0( + -A"/1-"+ $-%+ =-"*-!$#%+&#+ $-+ (-,*7#%'-.*0,+ &#+ . $/%*0,+ #,+ & %+ A"-,&#%+ A"/1 %+ g1"*,.*1-$#%+. (1 ,#,'#%h+ 1-"-+ !'#,#"+ -%9+ (-; "#%+ "#%/$'-& %<+ H "+ $ + '-,' ?+-A"#A-( %+ & %+ . $/(,-%+ 7*,-$#%+ @/#+ . ,'*#,#,+ #%-%+ "#A"#%* ,#%+ &#+=-"*-!$#%+#,&*#,'#%<
II.2. Descripción de datos8,+ #%'-+ %#..*0,+ &#%."*!*"#( %+ $-%+ .*7"-%+ -A"#A-&-%+ -,-$*P-&-%+ #,+ #%'#+& ./(#,' <+bE%*.-(#,'#?+*$/%'"-( %+. ,+-$A/,-%+'-!$-%+$-+*,7 "(-.*0,+% !"#+#$+(#".-& +&#+. (1"-%+12!$*.-%+@/#+%#+"#$-.* ,-+. ,+$-+. $/%*0,<+I %+A"/1 %+-A"#A-& %+% ,+%#.' "+1" &/.'*= ?+"#A*0,?+'-(-S +&#+#(1"#%-+;+1 %*!*$*&-&+&#+$-+%/!. ,'"-'-.*0,<
[! ;"(!0*! /'-60'! )"6/"(0(&0! /'-()-/#*9! 0\/*-)#6"%!0*! H@]!+0! *#! .#'-#)-1(?!^*! -()*$-'! *"%! /'-60'"%! <!%08$(+"%!)"6/"(0(&0%9!0\/*-)#6"%!0*!GY]!+0!0%&#!.#'-#)-1(?
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Derecho PUCP, N° 66, 2011 / ISSN 0251-3420
Tabla 4
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+ TW\?Me XT?We \?Me T^?[e
F8DmUF M_?Xe T\?[e T?\e T?We
+ T^[?_e X[?_e TX?Te TM?Te
Fm4dG M\?^e O?Oe T[?Oe T?Xe
+ TT_?Me T\?We M[?Ne T[?Ne
)FLII ^[?^e TX?[e X?^e T?Ne
+ TMT?[e X[e T\e TMe
6 '-$ M_?^e T[?We ^?Me T?Oe
+ T?^e T_?[e X[?Me TX?Oe
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L"*.-+;+H-"*,-. '- XW?We T[?Oe ^?[e X?^e
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Tabla 5
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SOBRE LOS DETERMINANTES DE LA COLUSIÓN EN LAS COMPRAS PÚBLICAS: EL CASO DE CHILE
THE DETERMINANTS OF COLLUSION IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT: THE CASE OF CHILE
M_\
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Derecho PUCP, N° 66, 2011 / ISSN 0251-3420
Tabla 6
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+ TW^e T_e T_e TMe
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Tabla 7
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Derecho PUCP, N° 66, 2011 / ISSN 0251-3420
H-1#"+(-'+o+1" &/.'% \Oe XXe Te ^e
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SOBRE LOS DETERMINANTES DE LA COLUSIÓN EN LAS COMPRAS PÚBLICAS: EL CASO DE CHILE
THE DETERMINANTS OF COLLUSION IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT: THE CASE OF CHILE
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Derecho PUCP, N° 66, 2011 / ISSN 0251-3420
II.3. Regresiones de colusión
II.3.1. El modelo 8B#./'-( %+ %*#'#+ . ,B/,' %+ &#+ "#A"#%* ,#%+ &#+ =-"*-!$#%+ #,&*#,'#%+,/.$#-"#%+gl+r+T?+X?+s?+Wh3
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Derecho PUCP, N° 66, 2011 / ISSN 0251-3420
J+ uXW+6-(-S +&#+$-+$*.*'-.*0,+gT+%*+#%'E+&#,'" +&#$+"-,A +T[[CT[[[+U6FT[h
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SOBRE LOS DETERMINANTES DE LA COLUSIÓN EN LAS COMPRAS PÚBLICAS: EL CASO DE CHILE
THE DETERMINANTS OF COLLUSION IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT: THE CASE OF CHILE
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SOBRE LOS DETERMINANTES DE LA COLUSIÓN EN LAS COMPRAS PÚBLICAS: EL CASO DE CHILE
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SOBRE LOS DETERMINANTES DE LA COLUSIÓN EN LAS COMPRAS PÚBLICAS: EL CASO DE CHILE
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