2239837 modelos economicos en venezuela 19302008 un modelo rentista petrolero

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MODELO ECONOMICO RENTISTA PETROLERO EN VENEZUELA 1930-2008 Introducción Se estudia el Petróleo en Venezuela como un conjunto de acontecimientos Politico-Economicos a partir de 1908. A pesar de que el Petróleo era ya conocido por los Indígenas, su explotación se inicia en el año 1878 con la formación de compañía Petrolea del Tachira, la cual construyó una pequeña refinería con cupo para quince barriles al dia. En 1914 comienza el auge del petróleo, es decir, comienza su explotación en gran escala con el Gobierno Dictatorial del General Juan Vicente Gómez y es a partir de este Gobierno y hasta la actualidad que se profundizará nuestro estudio para determinar la evolución del petróleo y la incidencia que tuvo cada gobernante de nuestro país en el mismo. Es en la segunda década del siglo XX que el petróleo forma parte fundamental de la economía a venezolana, los ingresos provenientes del petrolero desplazan del primer lugar a los ingresos provenientes del Café , el Cacao, la Agricultura y la Ganadería y en la actualidad se puede definir Venezuela como un país monoproductor a raíz de las políticas impuesta por nuestros gobernantes. Reseña Histórica

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