05-teoria de iluminacion de tuneles
TRANSCRIPT
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Teora de Iluminacin de Tnel
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Introduccin: Por qu iluminar un tnel
durante el da?Niveles de Luminancia
Iluminacin CBL y Simtrica
Cmo determinar Lth ?
Concepto L20
Concepto Lseq
Reporte CEN
Tabla de contenidos
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Introduccin: Por qu iluminar un tnel
durante el da?Niveles de Luminancia
Iluminacin CBL y Simtrica
Cmo determinar Lth ?
Concepto L20
Concepto Lseq
Reporte CEN
Tabla de contenidos
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Efecto de Oyo negro
Introduction
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Distancia de parada
S.S.D.
Definition of the Point of Attention : the driver looksahead to a point at a distance which is equal to hisstopping distance.
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Umbral y zona de Transicin
Lth : Tareas visuales (dada una velocidad
mxima) Detectar obstaculos a la SSD desde la entrada
del tnel
Permitir que el conductor reaccione en tiempo
Lth et Ltr : fenomeno de adaptacin
Adaptacin Espacial Adaptacin Visual Temporal (alto nivel bajo nivel)
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Introduccin: Por qu iluminar un tnel
durante el da?Niveles de Luminancia
Iluminacin CBL y Simtrica
Cmo determinar Lth ?
Concepto L20
Concepto LseqReporte CEN
Tabla de contenidos
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Introduccin: Por qu iluminar un tnel
durante el da?Niveles de Luminancia
Iluminacin CBL y Simtrica
Cmo determinar Lth ?
Concepto L20
Concepto LseqReporte CEN
Tabla de contenidos
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Tpica seccin longitudinal de un tnel de una va
Transitionzone
Thzone
Access zone Interiorzone
Exitzone
Portal
TunnelLength
Exit
Directionof traffic
Thzone
Accesszone
Transitionzone
Interiorzone
Exitzone
L20
Lth
Ltr
Lin
Lex
SSD
L
uminance
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Umbral y zona de Transicin
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Zona Interior
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Zona de Salida
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Introduccin: Por qu iluminar un tnel
durante el da?Niveles de Luminancia
Iluminacin CBL y Simtrica
Cmo determinar Lth ?
Concepto L20
Concepto LseqReporte CEN
Tabla de contenidos
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Contraste
Lo Ev Lb
C= 100%Lo - Lb
Lb
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Contrast of luminance
Negative contrast (C < 0)(Obstacle darkerthan the background)
Positive contrast (C > 0)(Obstacle brighterthan the background)
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Positive or negative contrast
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Symmetrical lighting
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Counter Beam Lighting (C.B.L.)
Lb
Ev0.6
Ev Lb
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Los obstculos se hacen visibles
por contraste negativo
Counter Beam Lighting (C.B.L.)
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Counter Beam Lighting (C.B.L.)
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Counter Beam Lighting (C.B.L.)
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Introduccin: Por qu iluminar un tnel
durante el da?Niveles de Luminancia
Iluminacin CBL y Simtrica
Cmo determinar Lth ?
Concepto L20
Concepto LseqReporte CEN
Tabla de contenidos
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Cmo determinar Lth ?
Lth = Valor de Luminancia en la primera mitadde la zona de umbral.
in the drivers conical field of view
En base a los niveles de luminancia fuera deltnel, a la SSD, en el campo de visin cnico delconductor
Disponibles diferentes mtodos
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Lth L20 via k
CIE 88-2004 entrega los valores k:
k = Lth / L20
Cmo determinar Lth ?
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Zona de Acceso Luminance L20
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Primer mtodo :Evaluacin de L20
Cmo saber el valor de L20
?
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Estimacin del porcentaje de cielo
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Estimacin del porcentaje de cielo
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Normal Snow Normal Snow Normal Snow Normal Snow
Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High
Brightness
situation in
field of
view
Stopping
distance
60 m
4 000 5 000 4 000 5 000 2 500 3 500 3 000 3 500 1 500 3 000 1 500 4 000
Stopping
distance
100 m to
160m
4 000 6 000 4 000 6 000 4 000 6 000 4 000 6 000 3 000 4 500 3 000 5 000 2 500 5 000 2 500 5 000
Average luminance L20 in a 20 conical field of view in cdm!
1) 1) 1) 1) 2) 3) 2) 3)
"#$
4) 4)
%ercentage of s&'
2#$ 10$ 0$
Luminacia Promedio L20 en cd/m
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Segundo mtodo :
Calculando el valor de L20
Cmo saber el valor de L20 ?
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L20 diagram - Stopping distance : 230 m
- orientation : S-W
Calculation of L20 value
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L20 = LC + LR + LE +Lth
Donde:
LC = luminancia de cielo = % de cielo
LR = luminancia de calzada = % de calzada
LE = luminancia entorno = % de entorno
Lth = luminance de entranda = % de entrada
Con + + + = 1
Despreciable
Calculation of L20 value
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Rock Buildings Snow Vegetation
N 8 3 3 8 15 (V, H) 2
10 (V)
15 (H)
5 (V)15 (H)
Driving
direction
LC
(sky)
kcd/m
LR
(road)
kcd/m
2
LE (environment)
kcd/m
2 6
NOTE : V refers to vertical, and H to horizontal surfaces
S
E - W
16 5 1 4
212 4
Los valores tpicos de luminancia paradiversas superficies
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Mtodo L20
Speed (km/h)
60 km/h80 km/h120 km/h
k = Lth / L20
0.050.060.10
CIE 88
2004*
*CEN TR: L20 methodology
No difference betweenSYM and CBL System!
!
!!!
M d L20
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Calculation of L20 valueStopping distance : 230m - Orientation : S-W
CIE 88-2004:LthSYM & CBL:6220 .0.1=622 cdm
% Values
Sky (14) 25 3500Road (4.5) 41.9 1900
Buiding (5) 6.7 340
Meadows (2) 24 480
Entrance 2.4
Total 100 6220
L 20
Mtodo L20
T bl d t id
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Introduccin: Por qu iluminar un tnel
durante el da?Niveles de Luminancia
Iluminacin CBL y Simtrica
Cmo determinar Lth ?
Concepto L20
Concepto LseqReporte CEN
Tabla de contenidos
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11q.C
1LL
cm
mth
=
( )atm
seqwsatm
m
++
=
ws
ws LLL
L
Calculation of thresholdluminance
Contrast
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Contrast
Reference obstacle: 0,2m x 0,2m ; = 0,2
r
rorinsicint
L)L(LC =
r,p
r,po,p
perceived
L
)L(LC
=
from the stopping distance
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El contraste percibido difiere delcontraste intrnseco debido a:
El velo de luz debido a la luz que se dispersa
1. en la atmosfera en la lnea de visin,2. en el parabrisas (incluyendo la refleccin de
luz reflejada desde el tablero de instrumentos) y
3. en el ojo (de fuentes fuera de la lnea de visindispersa en la fovea)
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dashboard
w n screen
road surface
object
atmospheric losses
atmospheric contributionlosses in windscreen
Drivers eye
atmospheric light inwindscreen
light from surroundings
Light veil
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Perceived luminance of the object:
Lo,
p=wsatmLo,intrinsic+wsLatm+Lws+Lseq
Latmand Lseqmeasured from outside of the vehicle.
Transmission factors Light scattered in the eye
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Lr, p=wsatmLr,intrinsic+wsLatm+Lws+Lseq
The effect of scattered light in the eye on
vision can be expressed by the equivalentveiling luminance Lseq.
Perceived luminance of the road:
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When no local data is available, we canassume:
atm = 1,0
ws = 0,8
Latm and Lws
Veiling levels High Medium Low
Atmospheric veiling
(cd/m2) 300 200 100Windscreen veiling
(cd/m2)200 100 50
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Utilizamos las ms altas luminanciasque podran darse durante al menos75 horas del da al ao comoreferencia para determinar Lseq
Lseq
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Lseq
can be determined:
by measurements on site: with special luminance meters equipped with
a "glare lens" measuring Lseqor
with glare evaluation meters inside the car;
by a graphical method based on the
Holladay-Stiles formula
Graphical method
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Polar diagram showing zones in which theluminance produces equal amounts of
stray light at the centre
Graphical method
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The polar diagram should be superimposedover the image using the following angularrelationships:
Angle ofopening ()
2,0 3,0 4,0 5,8 8,0 11,6 16,6 24,0 36,0 56,8
Ring Centre 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Lseq evaluation diagram
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Lseq evaluation diagram
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Examples of luminances at tunnel portals
Driving Direction(Northern
hemisphere)
Lc (sky)Kcd/m
Lr (road)kcd/m
Le (environment) kcd/m
Rocks Buildings Snow Meadows
N 8 3 3 8
15 (V)
15 (H) 2
E-W 12 4 2 610 (V)
15 (H)2
S 16 5 1 45 (V)
15 (H)2
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11q.C
1
LL
cm
mth
=
( )atmws
veqwsatmws
m
LLLL
++
=
Calculation of threshold luminance
Lseq method makes the difference between
SYM and CBL !
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Minimum required perceived contrast : Cm
- 28% is recommended
- mostly negative for:
qc > 0,06
= 0,2
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Contrast revealing coefficient: qc
SYM : qc = 0,2
CBL : qc = 0,6
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Example of tunnel design with
the perceived contrast method
Lseq evaluation diagram
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Lijmatrix for Lseqevaluation (kcd/m)
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SECTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SUM
1 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 6.20 4.10 8.00 NC 58.30 kcd/ M2
2 5.36 8.00 8.00 8.00 6.20 3.50 2.00 5.00 7.70 53.76 kcd/ M2
3 0.00 6.40 8.00 8.00 3.20 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.20 34.80 kcd/ M2
4 0.00 5.50 5.00 5.00 2.60 2.70 2.70 2.65 2.55 28.70 kcd/ M2
5 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 27.00 kcd/ M2
6 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 NC 24.00 kcd/ M2
7 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 NC 24.00 kcd/ M2
8 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 27.00 kcd/ M2
9 0.00 1.20 3.25 4.37 2.95 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 22.37 kcd/ M2
10 0.80 0.80 4.80 8.00 4.40 2.00 2.00 0.80 2.00 25.60 kcd/ M2
11 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.40 3.80 2.00 2.90 5.60 53.70 kcd/ M2
12 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 6.20 3.80 7.10 NC 57.10 kcd/ M2
Lij= 436.33 kcd/ M2
Average luminance over each ring section
Ring number
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SECTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SUM
1 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 5.06 3.38 6.5 NC 47.44 kcd/ m
2 4.39 6.50 6.50 6.50 5.06 2.90 1.70 4.10 6.26 43.91 kcd/ m
3 0.1 5.22 6.5 6.5 2.66 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.66 28.74 kcd/ m
4 0.1 4.5 4.1 4.1 2.18 2.26 2.26 2.22 2.14 23.86 kcd/ m5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 22.50 kcd/ m
6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 NC 20.00 kcd/ m
7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 NC 20.00 kcd/ m
8 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 22.50 kcd/ m
9 0.1 1.06 2.7 3.596 2.46 2.1 2.18 2.26 2.34 18.80 kcd/ m
10 0.74 0.74 3.94 6.5 3.62 1.7 1.7 0.74 1.7 21.38 kcd/ m
11 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.02 3.14 1.7 2.42 4.58 43.86 kcd/ m12 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 5.06 3.14 5.78 NC 46.48 kcd/ m
359.46 kcd/ m
wswsijije LLL +=
ws= 0,8
Lws= 100cd/m
Lseq= 5,1 10-4 x 359,46 kcd/m = 183 cd/m
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Diagram of luminancel l l th i
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TRANSITION ZONES80 km/h
0.5 SD Lth
2 x Linterior (!)
(s)THRESHOLD ZONE
stopping dist.
level along the various zones
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Traffic flow classificationCIE 88 - 2004
Traffic flow * One WayTraffic
Two waytraffic
High > 1500 > 400
Low < 500 < 100
* peak hour traffic, vehicles per hour per lane
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StoppingDistance(m)
LONG TUNNELS
Traffic flow
Low Heavy
160m60m
63
106
Luminance values in cd/m in theinterior zone (long tunnels)
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StoppingDistance(m)
VERY LONG TUNNELS
Traffic flow
Low Heavy
160m60m
2,51
4,52
Luminance values in cd/m in thesecond part of the interior zone
very long tunnels
Luminancia sobre las Paredes
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Up to at least a height of 2m above road level
L Walls 0,6LRoad
Luminancia en la zona de salida
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SD 20m
Lint
5 x Lint
Exit
Luminancia en la zona de salida
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La luminancia de da en la zona de salida seincrementa linealmente en una longitud iguala la SD (antes del portal de salida), desde el
nivel de la zona interior a un nivel cincoveces mayor que la de la zona interior a unadistancia de 20 m del portal de salida .
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Parting zone lighting
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IF - tunnel is part of an unlit road and V > 50 km/h
- Lnight > 1 cd/m in the tunnel
- Different weather conditions at the entrance
and at the exit of the tunnel.
iluminacin nocturna de la zona de separacin serecomienda:
Length: 2 x S D
Luminance level : min.1/3 Lint
Stopping distance
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s)(fg2uSD u
t
2
o+=
u = traffic speed in m/secto = reaction time (1 sec)
g = gravity accelerationf = friction coefficient tire-pavements = slope of the road in %
Diagram of friction coefficient
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0(2
0("
0()
0(#
0(6
0(*
"0 )0 #0 60 *0 +0 ,0 100 110 120 1"0 1)0
- speed . &mh /
0riction
c
oeffici
entf
r' pavement
et pavement
Daytime lighting of short tunnels
1 Length of tunnel
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1. Length of tunnel
2. Is exit fully visiblewhen viewed fromstopping distance infront of tunnel ?
3. Is daylight penetrationgood or poor ?
4. Is wall reflectance high(>0.4) or low (< 0.2) ?
5. Is traffic heavy (*)or light?
(*) or includes cyclistsor pedestrians.
yes no yes no
good poorgood poor
light
highlow low
lightheavy heavy
no daytimelighting
normalthreshold zonelighting level
50% of normalthreshold zonelighting level
high
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CEN - L20 methodology
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Speed (km/h) k = Lth/ L20
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Traffic flow One Way Traffic Two Way Traffic
High > 1500 > 400
Medium 500 - 1500 100 - 400
Low < 500
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Low Medium Heavy
160 m 5 cd/m 10 cd/m 15 cd/m
100 m 2cd/m 4 cd/m 6 cd/m
60 m 1 cd/m 2 cd/m 3 cd/m
Stopping
Distance
S.D.
Traffic flow
Interior zone luminance levels
CEN - Traffic weighted L20 method
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Traffic Intens
Traffic type M A M A M A
Tunnel class 4 3 3 2 2 1 (guidance
High Medium Low
Classification of tunnels
A = motorized traffic onlyM = mixed traffic including bicycles
CEN - Traffic weighted L20 method
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Stopping Distance SD ( 60 100 160
tunnel class
4 0.05 0.06 0.10
3 0.04 0.05 0.07
2 0.03 0.04 0.05
1no requirements (only orientation lighting)
Recommended values of k
CEN - Traffic weighted L20 method
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Stopping Distance SD (m) 60 100 160
tunnel class
4 3 6 103 2 4 6
2 1.5 2 4
1 NR 0,5 1,5
Luminance in interior zone
CEN - Traffic weighted L20 method
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tunnel class U0 Ul
4 0,4 0,7
3 0,4 0,6
2 0,3 0,5
1 - -
Luminance uniformities
CEN - Traffic weighted L20 method
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Tunnel class
4 LW LR2 and 3 LW 60 % of LR
1 LW 25 % of LR
Wall Luminance (up to 2m)
CEN - Lighting of short tunnels
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H 3
4
5
A B
For LTP < 20%, artificial lighting always neededFor LTP > 50%, artificial lighting never neededFor the 20% < LTP < 50% situations, additional requirements
Look Through Percentage
LTP = 100*(EFGH)/(ABCD)
CEN - Lighting of short tunnels
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8ehicle
19) : 196m
"0$ visi;le
Motorized traffic only, visibility of a car
Lighting needed when critical object cannot beseen for more than 30% (red > 30% yellow)
CEN - Lighting of short tunnels
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%edestrianc'clist
09# : 19+m
#0$ visi;le
Lighting needed when critical object cannot beseen for more than 50% (red > 50% yellow)
Mixed traffic, visibility of pedestrian / cyclist
Table method for straight tunnels
CEN - Lighting of short tunnels
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Speed Stopping
1istance
Artificial
1a'time
Lighting
Approaching
road
slope 0
Approaching
road
slope 2
Approaching
road
slope )
yes L > 120 m L > 100 m L > 80 mmaybe 50m 80 m
maybe 90m 80 m
maybe 120m 70 m
maybe 150m
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Speed Stopping
1istance
Artificial
1a'time
Lighting
5urve
raduis
5urve
raduis
yes L > 20 m L > 50 m
maybe 20m 50 m L > 70 m
maybe 30m 90 m
maybe 40m 100 mmaybe 50m
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Gracias por su atencin!