practicas microscopia

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    Jkwfo1 B#G# Ahkbf Yojynvfq Yoahw 8

    GOLFNKO LKIYF JF FWZVJKOWVCK]FYWKZHYKOW

    BHFWZYKH FC GYKBKCHLKWZKGH

    QOCH ]FYHGYVQ

    FLHIOYHJO POY1

    B#G# AHKBF YOJYKNVFQ YOAHW

    9088

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    Avwzkmkghgkc

    Lh kczfypyfzhgkc jf lh bfzojolonh xvf wf yfxvkfyf fc ghjh vch jf lhw jfzfybkchgkocfwxvf w fmfgzhc fc fl lhioyhzoyko glckgo jfpfcjf jfl nyhjo jf fthgzkzvj fc wv

    pyogfwhbkfczo, fwzhcjo h wv }fq wvafzo hl gocogkbkfczo, dhiklkjhj { jfwzyfqh fc fl bhcfao

    jf low kcwzyvbfczow { fxvkpo jf lhioyhzoyko#

    Poy lo hczfykoy wf gocwkjfyh cfgfwhyko xvf fl fwzvjkhczf jf Xvbkgh Glckgh zfcnh

    gocogkbkfczow wvmkgkfczfw woiyf fl bhcfao, gvkjhjow { hplkghgkocfw jf low kcwzyvbfczow jf

    lhioyhzoyko, poy lo xvf wf kcglv{ lh pyfwfczf ftpfykfcgkh fjvghzk}h fc fl bhph gvyykgvlhyjf lh lkgfcgkhzvyh#

    Oiafzk}ow1

    Hl zfybkchy fl gvywo fl fwzvjkhczf1

    Wflfggkochy hjfgvhjhbfczf fl kcwzyvbfczo yfxvfykjo jf hgvfyjo hl zkpo jf bvfwzyh {

    fwzvjko wolkgkzhjo#

    Fbplfhy hpyopkhjhbfczf low kcwzyvbfczow iwkgow jfl lhioyhzoyko jf hgvfyjo h lh

    bfzojolonh wflfggkochjh#

    ]hloyhy lh kbpoyzhcgkh jf lh kczfypyfzhgkc jf low jhzow oizfckjow fc ghjh vco jf low

    kcwzyvbfczow { wv kbplkghgkc goc fl wfy dvbhco#

    Jkwfo1 B#G# Ahkbf Yojynvfq Yoahw 9

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    KCJKGF

    PYHGZKGH C COBIYF JF LH PYHGZKGH

    8 JFWGYKPGKOC JFL BKGYOWGOPKO GOBPVFWZO9 BHCFAO [ GVKJHJOW JFL BKGYOWGOPKO GOBPVFWZO7 KLVBKCHGKOC JF EODLFY: BKGYOWGOPKO JF GHBPO OWGVYO6 BKGYOWGOPKO JF GOCZYHWZF JF MHWF= BKGYOWGOPKO JF MLVOYFWGFCGKH

    YFNLHW JF LHIOYHZOYKO

    Jkwfo1 B#G# Ahkbf Yojynvfq Yoahw 7

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    Lhw pygzkghw wf kckgkhyc h lh doyh kcjkghjh fc low doyhykow, goc vch zolfyhcgkh jf 6 bkc#

    Co wf pfybkzky lh fczyhjh hl lhioyhzoyko hl hlvbco xvf llfnvf 6 bkc# Jfwpvw jf lh doyh

    jf fczyhjh#

    Jvyhczf fl jfwhyyollo jf lh pygzkgh, xvfjh fwzykgzhbfczf pyodkikjh lh fwzhcgkh fc fl

    lhioyhzoyko jf pfywochw hafchw hl nyvpo#

    Fw oilknhzoyko vwhy ihzh ilhcgh fc zojhw lhw wfwkocfw#

    Zojow low oiafzow pfywochlfw jfifc jf xvkzhywf jf lh bfwh jf zyhihao#

    Fl hlvbco jfify fwzhy pyo}kwzo jfl bhzfykhl pfywochl { ikolnkgo kcjkghjo fc lh pygzkgh jflo goczyhyko co pojy pfybhcfgfy fc fl lhioyhzoyko#

    Fl hlvbco jfify zyhfy wv bhcvhl fc ghjh wfwkc jf lhioyhzoyko xvf wf kbphyzh# Hl mkchl jf

    lh pygzkgh jfify pyfwfczhy vc yfpoyzf pyflkbkchy { h low ogdo jhw jf yfhlkqhjh lh pygzkgh

    jfify fczyfnhy wv yfpoyzf fc lkbpko { fc}khylo hl goyyfo1 jyahkbfyoahw@dozbhkl#gob, vch

    }fq yf}kwhjo jfifyc hcfthylo h wv ghypfzh#

    Xvfjh fwzykgzhbfczf pyodkikjo gobfy, ifify, mvbhy { fc nfcfyhl llf}hywf lhw gowhw h lh

    iogh jfczyo jfl lhioyhzoyko, fwzhy avnhcjo o pyo}oghy wkzvhgkocfw xvf pocnhc fc pflknyo o

    hzfczfc goczyh fel ikfcfwzhy pfywochl { jf low gobphfyow#

    Jfif f}kzhywf fwzhilfgfy goc}fywhgkocfw h }ogfw goc low }fgkcow jf ozyhw bfwhw#

    Zojo fl bhzfykhl co goczhbkchjo zhl gobo1 Hlnojc, phpflfw, gfykllow fzg# jfifc jf wfy

    jfpowkzhjow fc fl iozf jf lh ihwvyh bvckgkphl# Co wf jfif zkyhy lh ihwvyh fc fl wvflo ck fc

    fl lh}hjfyo

    Lkbpkhy lhw bfwhw hl zfybkchy lhw pygzkghw#

    Fc ghwo jf yobpfy o jfyyhbhy bhzfykhl goczhbkchjo, }fyzfy gloyo woiyf l { jaflo gvhcjo

    bfcow 90 bkc# Jfwpvw lkbpkhy#

    Jkwfo1 B#G# Ahkbf Yojynvfq Yoahw :

    mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]
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    Fl bhzfykhl goczhbkchjo $pkpfzhw, zviow jf fcwh{f, plhghw jf }kjyko, pvczhw jf pkpfzhw,

    fzg#+ jfifyc jfpowkzhywf fc vc yfgkpkfczf xvf goczfcnh hnvh goc dkpogloykzo jf wojko fc

    vch wolvgkc =&, jfahylo gvhcjo bfcow 9: dyw#

    Wk jvyhczf lh pygzkgh wf fbplfhc oykchw, co zkyhylhw jkyfgzhbfczf h lh zhyah, hczfw pocfylfw

    dkpogloykzo jf wojko fc lh ghczkjhj cfgfwhykh phyh xvf wf oizfcnh vch wolvgkc hl =

    Vwhy nvhczfw wk }h h bhcfahy lxvkjow goypoyhlfw o ftgyfzhw goczhbkchjow#

    Lh}hy lhw bhcow kcbfjkhzhbfczf fc ghwo jf vch pyoihilf goczhbkchgkc#

    Fl bhzfykhl jf lhioyhzoyko wf fczyfnhy poy fxvkpo jf jow pfywochw { hbiow kczfnyhczfw wf

    dhyc yfwpocwhilf jf l#

    Yf}kwhy low kcwzyvbfczow hl yfgkikylow, yfpoyzhy hl pfywochl zgckgo jfl lhioyhzoyko o hl

    jogfczf gvhlxvkfy jfwpfymfgzo fcgoczyhjo fc l#

    Yfpoyzhy hl pfywochl zgckgo gvhlxvkfy mhllh bfgckgh oiwfy}hjh fc low kcwzyvbfczow

    jvyhczf wv vwo#

    Co zoghy low kcwzyvbfczow flgzykgow xvf fwzc mvcgkochcjo goc lhw bhcow boahjhw

    Co zoghy bhzfykhl xvf co gobpfzh h wv pyhgzkgh, pvfw pvfjf pyo}oghy vc pyoilfbh h ozyo

    jogfczf, hw gobo ghvwhy vc lhbfczhilf hggkjfczf#

    KCZYOJVGGKC

    Jkwfo1 B#G# Ahkbf Yojynvfq Yoahw 6

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    Fc fl bhcvhl wf plhczfhc = pygzkghw yflhgkochjhw goc lhw vckjhjfw jf zfoyh, ghjh

    vch goczkfcf vch wfggkc jf jhzow jf kjfczkmkghgkc, zkzvlo, mvcjhbfczo zfykgo

    kczyojvgzoykh $fw kbpoyzhczf bfcgkochy xvf fw wolo vch nvh phyh xvf fl hlvbco yfhlkgf vczyhihao jf kc}fwzknhgkc yflhgkochjo goc l, xvf yfgkif fl cobiyf jf nfcfyhlkjhjfw

    jfikjo xvf jfczyo jf low oiafzk}ow jf hpyfcjkqhaf fwz xvf lonyf kcgoypoyhy lh zfoyh

    ftpvfwzh fc glhwf, lo xvf oiwfy}h jfl kcwzyvbfczo fc lh pygzkgh, { lh zfoyh jogvbfczhjh

    fc lkiyow, hyzgvlow, yf}kwzhw fzg#, jf zhl bhcfyh xvf fc ihwf h fllo pvfjh yfhlkqhy vch

    gocglvwkc jfl zyhihao+, bhzfykhl fbplfhjo#

    Fl jfwhyyollo jf lh pyhgzkgh gocwzh jf zyfw wfggkocfw# Lh pykbfyh, wf fcmogh h jfzfgzhy lhwphyzfw jfl kcwzyvbfczo { wvw mvcgkocfw, poy lo xvf wf jhc fwxvfbhw jf ghjh kcwzyvbfczo

    phyh xvf fl hlvbco kjfczkmkxvf lhw phyzfw xvf lo kczfnyhc, hjfbw wf lf pkjfc xvf yfhlkgf

    fwxvfbhw jf hlnvchw phyzfw jfl kcwzyvbfczo $fwzhw fwzc yflhgkochjhw goc lhw phyzfw fc

    lhw xvf fl hlvbco jfif pocfy bw hzfcgkc v oiwfy}hy bfaoy jfikjo h xvf woc lhw bw

    kbpoyzhczfw jf low kcwzyvbfczow o xvf lo }hc h wfy jkmfyfczfw h ozyow+, { mkchlbfczf wf lf

    pyopoygkoch vc gvhjyo jf hcozhgkc jf oiwfy}hgkocfw#

    Lh wfnvcjh, wf oykfczh hl bhcfao jfl kcwzyvbfczo jcjowf lh zgckgh, gvhjyow jf

    oiwfy}hgkocfw $jocjf dhy hcozhgkocfw fcgoczyhjhw hl yfhlkqhy lh zgckgh+ { fc hlnvchw wf

    pfjkyc fwxvfbhw bv{ fwpfgmkgow woiyf jfzhllfw fcgoczyhjow o }kwzow hl bhckpvlhy fl

    kcwzyvbfczo#

    Lh lzkbh wfggkc wf yflhgkoch goc fl gvkjhjo jfl kcwzyvbfczo, fc hlnvchw wf jhc vch wfykf

    jf kcjkghgkocfw fwgykzhw { fc ozyhw wf lfw pyopoygkochc jvyhczf fl bhcfao jfl kcwzyvbfczo#

    Hjfbw, fc zojhw lhw pygzkghw wf pkjfc gocglvwkocfw goc lhw xvf wf fwpfyh f}hlvhy flgocogkbkfczo hjxvkykjo jvyhczf zojo fl pyogfwo#

    JFWGYKPGKOC JFL BKGYOWGOPKO GOBPVFWZO

    Jkwfo1 B#G# Ahkbf Yojynvfq Yoahw >

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    8#" KCZYOJVGGKCPogow kcwzyvbfczow dhc jhjo fl yfcjkbkfczo gkfczmkgo jfl bkgyowgopko5 lh gkfcgkh fc nfcfyhl lfjfif pyonyfwow hjbkyhilfw, wkfcjo hplkghilf h wkc cbfyo jf yfhw gobo woc5 mwkgh, xvbkgh,bfjkgkch, bfzhlvynkh, fczyf ozyhw# Fl bkgyowgopko gobo wv cobiyf lo kcjkgh, fw vc kcwzyvbfczo

    pzkgo xvf hbplkmkgh lh kbhnfc jf vc oiafzo pfxvfo, lhw kbnfcfw bkgyowgpkghw pvfjfc hvbfczhyjf 800 h 9000 }fgfw fl zhbho oyknkchl# Co oiwzhczf, lh mvcgkc bw kbpoyzhczf jfl kcwzyvbfczo cofw wolo }fy low oiafzow pfxvfow wkco kczfypyfzhy lo xvf wf }f, jfikjo h fwzo, fl fbplfo jflbkgyowgopko ftknf bw xvf fc ckcnc ozyo ghwo, vc nyhc gocogkbkfczo jfl kcwzyvbfczo { wvhjfgvhjo bhcfao phyh lonyhy kbnfcfw hbplkmkghjhw goc lh bfcoy ghczkjhj powkilf jf jfmfgzowpzkgow { fl lonyo jf goczyhwzf hjfgvhjo#

    Fl bkgyowgopko fw fl kcwzyvbfczo xvf bw wf vwh fc low lhioyhzoykow xvf fwzvjkhc kbnfcfwpfxvfhw# Hgzvhlbfczf ftkwzfc jow zkpow jf bkgyowgopkow1 fl pzkgo { fl flfgzyckgo# Fc flbkgyowgopko pzkgo fl hvbfczo jfl oiafzo wf gocwknvf vwhcjo vc wkwzfbh jf lfczfw xvf bhckpvlh flphwo jf low yh{ow jf lvq fczyf fl oiafzo { low oaow# Fl bkgyowgopko flfgzyckgo vzklkqh vc yh{o jfflfgzyocfw goczyolhjo poy vc ghbpo bhnczkgo#

    H ck}fl jfl lhioyhzoyko, fc jocjf fl Xvbkgo Glckgo jfwfbpfh wv pykcgkphl mvcgkc, flbkgyowgopko fw vc kcwzyvbfczo mvcjhbfczhl jf zyhihao, poy lo hczfykoy, wf gocwkjfyh cfgfwhyko xvf fclh moybhgkc jfl Xvbkgo Glckgo wf pocnh pykcgkphl kczfyw fc wv fcwfhcqh#

    9#" PYKCGKPKO [ BFZOJOLONH JF LH JFZFYBKCHGKCFl bkgyowgopko fw vc kcwzyvbfczo pzkgo jf pyfgkwkc xvf pyopoygkoch lh hbplkmkghgkc jflhw kbnfcfw jf low oiafzow, lo xvf dhgf powkilf, }fy goc jfzhllfw { glhykjhj wvw

    fwzyvgzvyhw pfxvfhw o kc}kwkilfw h lh }kwzh dvbhch, mhgklkzhcjo jf fwzh bhcfyh wv fwzvjko#Fwzh kczfnyhjo poy zyfw wkwzfbhw5 pzkgo, bfgckgo { jf klvbkchgkc, h wv }fq ghjh wkwzfbhfwzh gocwzkzvkjo poy }hykow gobpocfczfw { ghjh vco zkfcf mvcgkocfw fwpfgkmkghw, lhw xvfwoc cfgfwhykhw gocogfy phyh wv ivfc mvcgkochbkfczo#

    7#" LKWZH JF YFXVFYKBKFCZOW

    7#8 Yfhgzk}ow

    CVB# GLH]F COBIYF JFL YFHGZK]O GOCG# GHCZKJHJ8 " Ckcnvco "

    Jkwfo1 B#G# Ahkbf Yojynvfq Yoahw 4

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    7#9 Fxvkpo jf Lhioyhzoyko

    8# Bkgyowgopkow jf ghbpo glhyo jkmfyfczfw bhyghw { bojflow7#7 Bhzfykhlfw jf lhioyhzoyko

    CVB# GHCZKJHJ JFWGYKPGKOC" " Ckcnvco

    :#" ZGCKGH O PYOGFJKBKFCZO

    :#8#"Pyfphyhgkc jfl wkwzfbh jf bfjkgkc Wflfggkochy vc bkgyowgopko jf ghbpo glhyo xvf gvfczf goc zojow wvw gobpocfczfw Pyopoygkochy hl fwzvjkhczf hlnvcow gobpocfczfw jfl bkgyowgopko jf ghbpo glhyo#

    :#8#9#" Wkwzfbh jf bfjkgkc

    8# Kjfczkmkxvf lhw phyzfw jfl wkwzfbh bfgckgo jfl bkgyowgopko#

    9# Kjfczkmkxvf lhw phyzfw jfl wkwzfbh pzkgo jfl bkgyowgopko#

    7# Kjfczkmkxvf lhw phyzfw jfl wkwzfbh jf klvbkchgkc jfl bkgyowgopko#

    :# Jfwgykih lhw pykcgkphlfw ghyhgzfywzkghw jf ghjh vco jf low gobpocfczfw xvf

    kczfnyhc fl wkwzfbh bfgckgo, pzkgo { jf klvbkchgkc jfl bkgyowgopko#

    6# Jfwgykih lh mvcgkc xvf zkfcfc ghjh vch jf lhw phyzfw xvf kczfnyhc low wkwzfbhw

    hczfw bfcgkochjow#

    :#7 Vwo jfl wkwzfbh jf bfjkgkc

    :#7#8 Pyogvyhy xvf gvhcjo bfcow wf pyopoygkocf vc bkgyowgopko poy jow hlvbcow

    :#7#9 Pyopoygkochy hl hlvbco lhw doahw jf yfnkwzyo jf jhzow hczfw jf kckgkhy lh pyhgzkgh

    6#"PYOGFWHBKFCZO [ YFPOYZF JF YFWVLZHJOW

    6#8 Jf hgvfyjo hl fwzvjko yfhlkqhjo h low jkmfyfczfw bkgyowgopkow pyopoygkochjow fc fllhioyhzoyko Kjfczkmkghy wvw phyzfw fc fl fwxvfbh wknvkfczf { pocfy low cobiyfw

    goyyfwpocjkfczfw h ghjh vch

    Bkgyowgopko gobpvfwzo

    Jkwfo1 B#G# Ahkbf Yojynvfq Yoahw ;

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    6#9 Jkivahy lhw wknvkfczfw phyzfw jfl bkgyowgopko kjfczkmkghcjo ghjh vco jf wvwgocwzkzv{fczfw

    Jkwfo1 B#G# Ahkbf Yojynvfq Yoahw 80

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    Oiafzk}o Ogvlhyfw

    Gocjfcwhjoy Mvfczf lvbkcowh

    Zvio pzkgo Plhzkch

    6#7 Yfjhgzhy fc fl wknvkfczf gvhjyo lh jfwgykpgkc { mvcgkocfw jf ghjh vch jf lhw phyzfwxvf kczfnyhc fl bkgyowgopko gobpvfwzo

    WKWZFBH PHYZF JFWGYKPGKOC MVCGKOCIhwf

    Jkwfo1 B#G# Ahkbf Yojynvfq Yoahw 88

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    Fwzhzk}o

    Zoyckllo

    bhgyobzykgo

    Zoyckllo

    Bbkgyobzykgo

    PlhzkchF

    Zoyckllo jf

    havwzf jfG Lh plhzkchzoyckllo jflzopf

    H

    Pkcqhw jfC lh plhzkch

    ZoycklloK jf gfczyhjo

    jflgocjfcwhjoy

    GZoyckllo jflgocjfcwhjoy

    OGhyyo

    Zoyckllowjfl ghyyo

    Yf}ol}fy

    Goczyol jfKczfcwkjhjlvbkcowh

    Jkwfo1 B#G# Ahkbf Yojynvfq Yoahw 89

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    WKWZFBH PHYZF

    JFWGYKPGKC MVCGKOC

    Gocjfcwhjoy

    K

    LLfczf hvtklkhy

    V Lfczf myoczhl

    BK Jkhmyhnbh kykw

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    Jkwfo1 B#G# Ahkbf Yojynvfq Yoahw 87

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    =#" GOCMKHIKLKJHJ HCHLZKGH=#8 Pyogvyhy xvf fl bkgyowgopko h fbplfhy wfh wolo phyh ghbpo glhyo=#9 Jkwpocfy jf bkgyowgopkow jf ghbpo glhyo jf jkmfyfczfw bhyghw

    >#" PYHGZKGHIKLKJHJ>#8 Fc ghwo jf co goczhy goc fl bkgyowgopko fl fxvkpo pojy wfy wvwzkzvkjo poy

    jkhpowkzk}hw, mozonyhmhw, hgfzhzow#

    BHCFAO [ GVKJHJOW JFL BKGYOWGOPKO GOBPVFWZO

    8#" KCZYOJVGGKCFl bkgyowgopko, fw vco jf low kcwzyvbfczow jf vwo bw myfgvfczf fc low lhioyhzoykow

    glckgow, bvgdow jf low fyyoyfw jkhncwzkgow co zkfcfc wv ihwf fc fl pyfphyhjo, wkco fc lhfyycfh bhckpvlhgkc jfl kcwzyvbfczo# Fl vwo hjfgvhjo jf low yfgvywow pzkgow jflbkgyowgopko pfybkzky yfgocogfy jfzhllfw { }hykhgkocfw zkczoykhlfw, xvf h{vjhyc hl goyyfgzojkhncwzkgo, fw poy fwo kbpoyzhczf, xvf phyh wv bhcfao, wf gvfczf goc zgckghwhjfgvhjhw xvf pfybkzhc oizfcfy kbnfcfw glhyhw fc fl bfcoy zkfbpo powkilf { xvfhjfbw, bhczfcnhc hl kcwzyvbfczo fc ivfchw gocjkgkocfw#

    9#" PYKCGKPKO [ BFZOJOLONH JF LH JFZFYBKCHGKC

    Fl bkgyowgopko fw vc kcwzyvbfczo pzkgo jf pyfgkwkc, bfjkhczf vc wkwzfbh jf lfczfw {mvfczfw jf klvbkchgkc pvfjf dhgfy }kwkilf vc oiafzo bkgyowgpkgo { pyopoygkoch lhhbplkmkghgkc jf lhw kbnfcfw jf low oiafzow, lo xvf dhgf powkilf, }fy goc jfzhllfw {glhykjhj wvw fwzyvgzvyhw pfxvfhw o kc}kwkilfw h lh }kwzh dvbhch, mhgklkzhcjo jf fwzhbhcfyh wv fwzvjko# Lhw lfczfw jf vc bkgyowgopko pzkgo wf fcgvfczyhc fc fl gocjfcwhjoy,fl oiafzk}o { fl ogvlhy# Fl gocjfcwhjoy wf vzklkqh phyh fcmoghy lh lvq woiyf lh pyfphyhgkc#Flf}hcjo o ihahcjo fl gocjfcwhjoy pvfjf hlzfyhywf fl plhco jfl mogo jf lvq { flfnkywf vchpowkgkc xvf gocwknh fl mogo pyfgkwo# Fl oiafzk}o fw lh lfczf wkzvhjh gfygh jfl oiafzo xvf wfoiwfy}h# Fl hvbfczo pykbhyko jfl oiafzo fw pyojvgkjo poy lh lfczf oiafzk}o { lh kbhnfc wfzyhcwbkzf hl ogvlhy, jocjf wf yfhlkqh fl hvbfczo mkchl# Fc low bkgyowgopkow bojfycow flzvio pzkgo zkfcf vch bfjkjh fwzcjhy { pyojvgf hvbfczow jf 8t, co oiwzhczf fwzfhvbfczo }hykh jf hgvfyjo h wv bfjkjh# Poy lo zhczo, fl hvbfczo zozhl jf vc bkgyowgopkogobpvfwzo wf jfif ghlgvlhy zobhcjo fc gvfczh fl pyojvgzo jfl hvbfczo jf wv oiafzk}o,zvio pzkgo { jf wv ogvlhy#

    Jkwfo1 B#G# Ahkbf Yojynvfq Yoahw 8:

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    7#" LKWZH JF YFXVFYKBKFCZOW

    7#8 Yfhgzk}ow

    CVB# GLH]F COBIYF JFL YFHGZK]O GOCG# GHCZKJHJTklolBfqglh jf hlgodol"gfzoch "fzfy 40&/80&/80&+ 800 bl

    7#9 Fxvkpo jf Lhioyhzoyko

    9# Bkgyowgopkow jf ghbpo glhyo jkmfyfczfw bhyghw { bojflow

    7#7 Bhzfykhlfw jf lhioyhzoyko

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    WKC FCMOGHY

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