notas de analisis

7/23/2019 Notas de Analisis

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A 0.1 .. G

A

D. Ja J P GaI Ia a UNAM

........................................................ 1

5.1 INTRODUCCIN............................................................................................................................... 35.2 CRITERIO GENERAL.......................................................................................................................... 5

5.2.1 ........................................................................................... 55.2.2 ...... ....... ........ ....... ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... 6

E ba aa aca a aa cc ......................... ............. 6M ca G....................................................................................................................................... 6Ac ...................... ............................ ............................ .............................. ......................... ............................ .7

5.2.3 E ......................................................................................................... 75.3 MTODO SIMPLIFICADO................................................................................................................... 9

5.3.1 F . .............................................................................................................. 95.3.2 C . ........................................................................................................11

5.4

COLUMNAANCHA.......................................................................................................................... 125.4.1 ............................................................................................................................. 12

5.4.2 ...................................................................................... 15a ca ....................... ............................ .......................... .............................. ......................... .......... 15a ca aa ........................ ............................ ............................ ...................... 16Ica a a ..................................................................................................................................... 16Ca Sa Va (J) .......................... ............................ ............................ ...................... 16

5.4.3 ....... ..... ........ ....... ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... 16Ac c a ...................... ............................ .............................. .......................... ...................... 16Cab c .............................................................................................................. 16M ba aa () ........................................................................................................................ 17M b ab .......................................................................................................................................... 17

5.4.4 ...................................................................................... 175.4.5 ........... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... ....... . 185.4.6 ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... . 195.4.7 ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... ...... 195.4.8 ................................................................................................. 205.4.9 ............ ...... ...... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... 20


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A 0.2 . . G

5.5 ELEMENTO FINITO......................................................................................................................... 215.5.1 ................................................................................................................... 215.5.2 ..................................................................................................... 225.5.3 ................................................................... 22

5.6 DIAFRAGMA...................................................................................................................................235.7 MUROS DIAFRAGMA.......................................................................................................................23

5.7.1 C ...................................................................................................................... 235.7.2 ...... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... .. 24

Ca aca ............................................................................................................................................... 25Daa a ...................................................................................................................................... 25

5.8 SOBRE LA OBTENCIN DE LAS FUERZAS SSMICAS............................................................................. 265.8.1 E ......................................................................................................... 265.8.2 A ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... ...... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... .... 275.8.3 ................................................................................................... 285.8.4 E C .............................................................................................. 305.8.5 ................................................................................................................. 315.8.6 C .................................................................................................... 32

5.9 ANLISIS POR TORSIN ...................................................................................................................32

5.9.1 . ..................................................................................................................... 335.9.2 D . .................................. 345.9.3 F ........................................................................................ 345.9.4 E . .............................................................................................................. 355.9.5 E ....................................................................................................... 355.9.6 D , D ........................................................ 36

5.10 EJEMPLO DE ANLISIS DE EDIFICIO DE INTERS SOCIAL.....................................................................375.10.1 ..............................................................................................375.10.2 A C ........... ...... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... .37

La ..................................................................................................................................................... 37La aa ................................................................................................................................................. 37Ecaa .......................................................................................................................................................... 38M .............................................................................................................................................................. 38Caa a ..................................................................................................................................................... 38

5.10.3 ................................................................................................. 38Cc cca ............................................................................................................................. 38C aa .............................................................................................................................................. 38C c D X ................................................................................................................................ 39C c D Y ................................................................................................................................ 39Fa Sca ............................................................................................................................................. 39R ba ................................................................................................................................................ 40M c aa a ac a ca .......................................................................... 40Eac ................................................................................................................................... 42Rc .................................................................................................................................... 42R ................................................................................................................................. 43

5.10.4 ................................................................................................................... 435.11 EJEMPLO 2DE TORSIN SSMICA..................................................................................................... 445.12 NOTA SOBRE UN CASO TPICO........................................................................................................ 445.13 REFERENCIAS................................................................................................................................ 45


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0.3

5.1

A b cca a ac a c a, aca aa caca, cc

aa a ca, aa a acc, ba, a caa, a , a a ca, a b a a acc

, ca a c. La a , ca, a c a c a, a a a c c, caa c a

a, a aa cca aa aa aa c cc.

E aa ca a a D Fa, ccaa a a, a a a a a aa a a a bca a

aca a caa . E a Na Tcca Caa Maa (NTCM) ca aa ccac b a a ca

a ca a cac .E a NTC aa (NTCS) ca a cb a a ca ac aa a cac

. E c ca a ca c b a a NTCS abc ca acab

a a ca ba a

ca, a a NTCM abc a a caca a a . Ea aba.

E c a NTCS ,a, a c aa b

a a aa ba a , cc c a a ca.E a ca ca, ac a aac

a ca aa a a aa ca c a, ca aa, a cc a a

aa. Aca abc b a ca a cca

ca a cca acca aaa a a ca,a abc c aa ac. Aba a, a ca aba a aca a ca a a ca a a a . E c a a c ca a

acac.Ea a c b a a a ca

aca ac aa a ca a .

E aa a a a ca aNTCM, c ca, a a ca c a aa a aa

c.

La NTCS, a, a a ca aa ca

ca, ca, a bc


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A 0.4 . . G

a a aa ac aca a c a a ca a ccaca a ca, ca a cca acca. E a a aa caca

a a acaa aa a ca a cca acca a

ac acab aa ca.

Ea c ca a a NTCM, ca ca aca a c. E aa ca, ac a ac acab a

a ca a a a ca a.E ba, a a c

a ac ca a: a caa, a aaa, a c.

Ic cc aa a bc a ca ca a aa

, a aa c c a a aa a. A a c aaa a a a cca. E c aca a a a a aaa a a

ca a a a ; a ac ca.

P a

a c a a

a a cab c a aa a aa caa. Laa ca a c ba, a aa ca, a ca

(Hbb, 2011). A ca a c a a ca, aca, c a aa ac a.

U ac a a ca aca. S

a a cac a NTCM ca caa a ba c(Taa, 2008). S a c ca c aba aa ab .

N a ba a cc ac a a aab

a a ; aa a bca

ac, c a c b a aa c

cc c c.

Da cac acca a . Ca ca a aa ca. Ra a aaba a c

S a a aa

a aa ca ca aaa. E aa a a ac cc ac

ca

a aa caa c ca.

Ea a aac aa

cc a a aa a caa. E aa, b, a caca.


5/49

0.5

Ta c aa a a a aa aa aa ca.

5.2

La NTC abc c a aa

a a cb a a ca aa (c 3.2.1) c :

L

, ,

.

E

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ca c c bcaa a caa aa (c3.2.3.1)

P

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( 3.2.3.2),

3.2.3.3. S

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....( 3.2.3.2)

L

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. P

,

. P

.

A aaca, c c , ca a

ccac acac. Ica cc aa aa, c cc a a ca aa b aa a aa c a c aa cc aaa. E a aa

ca a aac c, a a a aa a c a

ca aaca.5.2.1

Paa a a cc aaa ca ca c acca acca a cc a ca ac a c aa: cc ca, aa ac . La NTCM

a a aa cc 3.1.6 aba a aa a bc

a .

) L

.

) L

.

) L

.

) E

.) L ,

,

0.003


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A 0.6 . . G

) A

,

.

Ea , c cc c )

ca a a aa a cc cc (NTC Cc 2.1), ac b a aa aa a cc.La a caca c aaa ac aa.

5.2.2

E aca a aa abc a NTCM 2.7.5.2, aa ca

a ca ac c

= 800 P = 600 P a ca ac a aa [ ]

E aca cc a ac a a cc 1.4.1.4 a

NTC cc = 8,000 (/c2),ca cc ca II c

ca a 200 /c2 c a c 1.9 2.2/3.

L a a

aca cc a aa c c a

5.2.1 a ac a a aa a aa cc b

0.003. Va c. S

a aa a ba. E aca, ca caa ca ac = 600

a a ac a a aa = / = 0.0016 < 0.003 . E ca cc a, a

= 200 /c2

, aca = 8,000 a = = 0.00176 < 0.003 . Paa cc a ca, ab ca, b caca aca ca = /0.003, cab b a aca aa a ca a a aca aa a c.

D a aa c

a ca , a a ca ac a aa a aa, a a a aacba c,

Fa 0.1 Ca ac aa aa a aa a ac aca aa: a) aa, b) cc.

E a ca aca cc a c , c

aa. E a a a NTC = 0.4

0.003

0.6

0.003

0.6

a) b)


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0.7

E a ca P a aa = 0.25a , a a ca

= 2(1+)E a a a NTC, a ccaba c = 0.3 , caba a aac. Sba, a a ca c a b a ca a = 0.66. E aba ba aaa aa a, ,ca, a P,a a c, 0 0.5.Eca ba c (C,

2011), ca a c a c aa 0.1 0.3 . S cc aaa aa .

E c a caca a a a a c aa cca a aa a c aa aa a cc. Ba aaa

a cac c a a a a a a a ca a a cc ca c

.

La ca ac ac ca c aca

c a ca aca ac = 2.03 10/c2.

5.2.3

E a Fa 0.2 a ca c ca. S a aa, aa cc , a ac

ca ccaa c ca, a ca

ccaa a ca.

E ba aba aa ca caa ca aca:

a) P a c a M a a aa P b a a a a ac a ba a a c. S a

, a cc a aaa (c aac a Fa 0.2). S a > a a cc a a c a aa . E a a, ca a a cc a ;

Fa 0.2 Scc aa , aaa ac cc aa.

a ca aa ac ca. Ea aa ba c aa ac a


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A 0.8 . . G

aa aa a aa cbac caa. E cc c a,a caa ac a aca, caca a a caaaa caa c

aca aa a a c aa.b) Oa a aba ba a c a a a a ac a ba aa c caca a a aa P aca M. E ca c aca c a.Ea aa c a a aac a ca a Fa 0.3.

L cc a cac:

= = = E a ca a ac a a aa a aa a a ac a a aa cc. Da a aa ca a a c.

E cc a a cac a a aa, a < 0.003c a c.

Aa a a. Ob ca a caa aa c = ( + )/2, = () (||, ) = ()

(|| , )

= (, ) > 0 = ( , ) > 0Haa cc ba aaca a a. E c bc c aba a a c a aa

= ()

()

,

Y ba aaca c = ( + /2) , = , = /2 ,Fa, = + + + + , =( + ) + +( + ) .Caca a a aa a

a , ac acac ca a a / /(), a caa aa a a. S ca ca b a a a Fa0.3

S / < 1ca . D a ca cc ca acca

( ) > 0.5. Ea a

a c ca.


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0.9

Fa 0.3 Pa (c/) a acca (/=M/P, ) a caa aa(P/P, a) a. D P a caa aaa a.

La ca a a Fa 0.3

ca a aca cc a aa aa a, a ac a a aa a a0.003, ba a a cca aca a c, a aa


10/49

A 0.10 . . G

c a a a a a . L a ca aca . E ca ca a a aa

a ac ca, a ca a ca a a

.

Va a ab a .C a cb ,

=

+

1 =

+

/a a c aa b a / a c aab a ca. E a Fa 0.5 a a caa acaa.

S ba a acac a cab baa a, ca / , a / < 0.4; ca

Fa 0.5 Pc aa b aca a c a ac ac a, =0 G=0.4E. Sa ab a ccc ca a NTC DF. La a ca ca H/L=1.33

aa a20% (a a a Fa 0.5). Paa a , a = 2.5, aaba = 6.25.E c a a a

ca cca, a aa a b a a a ca, ,

ca aa . Ea a ca c

c a a a ca ac ( a c a Fa 0.6) ac a ca. E ac c a ca c aa caca aa. A c

a ccc, c a a b a b a a ( c

a ) ca. E caa c . Ta aca a Fa 0.4 a Taba 01a a c ca a caa . S caca a c ca a c ca a ac

a ca. La c caTaba 01 Caac ca a a F 5.4 c L_1=L_4=1.5,L_2=L_5=3, L_3=5, G=0.4 E A_c=5/6 A._/_T ca a

T MDF

L / / RDF/T1 1.5 0.04 0.08 1.81

2 3 0.21 0.23 1.10

3 5 0.49 0.38 0.77

a caa caca c

cc a caa a a. L a aca , a c a cc

a c c c


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0.11

, .

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ca a ba 81%, ca c c a

ca ba ca 23%.

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.5.3.2 .

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ca:

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ba aca. A,

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) L

2.

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a ca ca a b a.

) L

1.5 13

.

La cc a a aa caa a a a a caa aa a .

E a a

ca a ca a cca , a ca a


12/49

A 0.12 . . G

= 1, 1.33 = 1.33, > 1.33 Fa 0.6 R a; a aa b a ca .

a ab. La cc

a aa , a a , a cc ca a ba aa a .Ea cc a aca a aa ba a . L acaa aac abaaa aa ca aca a a caa cc a . L

a aa a c .

Db a cab a c a ba aa caca a ca . E cc a ca a, ac ca a caca a aa ca , c a c ,

aba c ba a, a a ac ac c cc.

E cc a a aa ac ac c a NTCS.( a c 5.8.4). Paa c caca

a a ca a cc c caca c c,

, Maa D S

a C Fa Ecca(CFE)

5.4 A

5.4.1

E a ca aca, ac a acca a aa a:

c aca b a cc a ca . Aca, b aca,

a b a. Sba, a ac c ca aca a, ca ca, aaba, aaaa a . Ea a ca c a a

a. Ea ac, caaa, a caa, a ac aca b ca aa c a

a , , c , c.


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A 0.13 .. G

E c, , a c (baa) ca cc aa a cc aaa aaa

.E a ca aca caa NTC cc 3.2.3.2. E a acac ac a c:

1) L a c baa ca ac ca.

2) La cc aa

a cc aa ca cc aaa ca.L ca a aa a a aaa, b c

. V c a Fa 0.9.

3) E c caa a

c . Ea c, a, a c a cc

a ca ca b b . ( 5.7). A aa aa c ca a a

c c, ca < 0.1.4) La a a cc b a ca, a ca aa

ca ca a c .

5) Paa a ac

a ccaa b , b a

a caa aa a a b.

E ac c a cc aa a ac

a a , cca , c. Paa aca ac, c aacca b aca a c

c cca a . Lacc c abc , ca, b a ca aca

b c c a c

a cc c . S a a Fa 0.8 ca

a (a = 0) , aa b ()

0.7 . ,

/2

/2

/2

/2

, ,

= + + = /


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A 0.14 . . G

a aa ().Na a cc a ca a cca a c, a c a a a a

cca a

ca aa.

L aa, aca a ccc a b

a aa a a c. E c acc a ba ac. S ba aac a a a ca ccac a a a aa

a a c ac ca ca Laa. E c a a a aa

a a ba

= = + Fa 0.8 Rcc cca. , a,

, ca. Da aa

a caca aa ca.

c

a, aa cac a a

a a a cacc c a aa.

6) La aaa, ca aa a cccca, c a baa c a a a baa

a; ca ac, a, a aa a aac aca a,100 1000 c a a aa

a. E aa acc cca aa cab a ca caa ba cca aa a aca.

E ca c a a a aa cca c , a cc aa

Ca: = + , E ,I a cc

cc aa a a ac

Fa 0.9 M a c ca aca, a ca, a ca acc aa,

a ca ca

a ac a /, aca cc aca a aa.

caa c a a a aaa ac,


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0.15

. La cc ca cc abaa, ca b, cbac c aa ca a, aa a c .

5.4.2

E a Fa 0.9 a aa

a c ca aca. L ca a cca a . E ca a ca cc a aa a ca. E a a, aa , aca, a a ca aba cc

aaa a a a cc, a cac a a a

ca Sa Va.

E a ca a cc, ca

aa, a ac a:

/

a aa a cc.

E ac a c b ca, a a ca a a a a cc, 1.2 (6/5) aa cc aa caa. E ac a b c = /ca a a a ac a bc aabca ca 1; a

cc a a

ca , a, a Caa aa a a a

1 =

c a a a (Hbb, 2011).A , a c ba a a , ca ca a ac ca.

E ca a ca b

a ca ca aa, a a aa.E a ca a a a ba a aa. La ca a ca cc a aca: a a ca a ac a, a a ca.

Hac cc ac a ca aa a ca b a

cac aa a (Taa, 2008),

=65 + 65 (1)2 + 2 0 < < 0.21 < < 6 = ( ) aa a ca a a ; = /a ac a. La cb

b ca : a ca = 0 b = 1 a aa a = 6/5 cc caaa.

E ac b a a . Ea b a aa a aa a, a caa ca aca baa a a ca a .S T, a a a

, a a aa a aa aa c aa c ca aa. La aac a ca a.


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A 0.16 . . G

E aa a ca a .2 b aaaa.

C ac a a ca aa (c a aa a a

), a NTC ca a aa b a a a, a ca b c a a ca ca.

()

La a aaa aa caca aa aa a

cc aba a aa, = /35.4.3

S a a cac cac ac a cac.

Ca aca a

a a, a b a ca cc a a ac cc , b a aa ab a c cc T a, acc a a 8 + a a ac a aa, aFa 0.10.a.

E a Fa 0.10.b a ca, c, , aba aa a, a a a

cab a c .

a)

b)

c)

Fa 0.10 a) M ca aca b) c aa, c) M ba


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0.17

Ea aac a c ba .

()

E a Fa 0.10.c, a a ac ba a aa. E

, b a c a ca aca ,

b a aca . E , ba a cac a NTC a a cc ba a aab c a cc a ab. Dca ab ca.

Ca aa b a

ab aaa ba c a ca.S a c ,a caa ca ca, a c a

ba a ab, b a b aa acaa a a aa a ab.Ca a ab , a a

a a c a

a a, a a c a, aa b ab a ca. A aa , a a a caa

ca, ca aa ca a

a a aa c.. A caaaa, a aba

a a a ca c, aca a aa

a ca a aaa a c. E a a c a ca aca c a c a. E

a ab caa ca, ac

a caa, aca a acaa baa .

5.4.4

E c ac a

a c aa ca aca.

S ba, a a a a aa (a 9), a a a aa acaa.

E ca a ca .

Fa 0.11 M a c a) a a baa b) baa.

La aa a c

a baa, ca ac ca, :

5 20 + 6 15 = 5 35 + 6 15

= /, = = 0, 1 ca a baa acaa,aa ca.

La caac aba c ac ca c a a

= 1 = 1535 + 6 15


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A 0.18 . . G

E a Fa 0.12 a c a ac ac, ca cc a: ac

Fa 0.13 E a a

. La a, ca, a a a ; a aaa ..a a aa

ca a ca 0.2 0.4 .Aca c a ac 20%, a ac ac

a a a a ca acaba a a Taba

02.Taba 02 Rac ac L/H a aa a aa c ac,

20% a aa.

G=0.4 E G=0.2 E

A 1.632 1.155

E 1.915 1.354

Na a ca

cc a ba ca a ca

/ a a a . Haca cac, a cac a a: ca aaa a a , a caa aa a aca

ca a ac a aca, aaa ac c ca / > 1.7 a aa = 0.4. Na b a aa cca a

= 0.2 .E a a aa a baa cb ab

c

= 12 ( 2 + /2)(7+4) , = 12 ca a ba a aca a baa:

ca a

/2,

a a . Ea ba a aca a aaa 75% a aa. Paa a aca ca aca a a

. E aca aa a a baa aca b, aa a baa aca a bacaa. E

ca a aa aca aca c.

5.4.5

Ca a a a aa a ac a,a ca a ca ca a a cc aaa a a aa .

La NTCM abc ac c c ca, b c a cc . VFa 0.14. Ca

a, ca a a cc a aca a


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0.19

aa a, ca a ca ac c. U a a a Fa 0.15. E 3D b ca c

ca a cc aa.

Fa 0.14 Ac c ca a a cc a. (F 3.5 a NTC)

Fa 0.15 M ca aca a

Fa 0.16 Vaa a. Db a aa c ca.

E ba, a, a

, ca b aba cc

a. E a cc aaaa a aa, c a a c aa, a a c a a a a cc aa; cac a a NTCM

5.4.6

E a Fa 0.16 a ca ba aa a. E a a a

ca, ca a ba ac.

5.4.7

L a a , aac a cc aa , b ca a a. E ca a caa ca .

E c cac, b aa ca

c ca. P : a Fa

0.15 a cc aa b c a a c a a


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A 0.20 . . G

ca c a; ba, ca a cc b c a cc aa a ab.

5.4.8

C b a a c aa a aaba a

a ca aca, a a ac c a a aa a a caa aa caa cca c a aa. S cac ac a Fa 0.17 c a ca aca.

Fa 0.17 M ba

FR1 FR2

FR3 FR4

Fa 0.18 D c ca aca

L a aFa 0.18. L a caac b c a c aaaaa a ca a cca; a Taba

03Taba 03 E a a ca c ca aca

EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4

(%) (%) (%) (%)

S1 3.9 8.3 10 13.4

S2 5.2 11 13.3 17.8

S3N1 10.7 5.7 26 25.5

S3N2 17.6 15.4 22.6 1.1

S3N3 5.3 6.1 12.4 5.4

S4N1 27.8 35 4.9 6.8

S4N2 31.9 35.5 21.6 42.1

S4N3 12.3 9.8 16.3 28.4

L ca c aacab aa a cc S1 S2, ba a cc ca a c a aa, , a a cab a .

5.4.9

C c a ca?. Ea a a a a a ba a . D c aa c a ca,


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0.21

ca a caa c a a ca b a a caca a a a a aa cab a. S ba

ca ca b aa , a c aa

aa cab. La ca ca

b a a c ca.P a a aa aca a a ca a a , a, a ca aa c ca

a a ac c. T ca. N

ac b c c aaabc, a ca.

S a a Fa 0.29, a

c ca aca c c aa, ca aa a aFa 0.28

5.5

E a c (EF) a, a, b a, ca a ca c a aa a c EF. E aca a a c a c ca a cc aa

ca aca. N ca cacaa ca a cc

ca a c c ac a a ac . E a ac ac a a a a a

ca a a 2,

ca a cca a 90, 135 45. D c b ca . ( Fa 0.19).Ma 3D, ba, aa a cab. La

cac a, a c aa caa , ab a

.

5.5.1

L c aaa, a a a a, caca

a a aa a a c

ca ac. Ab a aa a .

E ca a baa ca aa aa c a, c c a acc cab, a a a acaa ba .

Paa a a a , a aa

a aa a a baa, aca aac a aa a

c .

Paa a a ac ac ca

a ccaa a a ca c aa a a. E a a

, a, ac


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A 0.22 . . G

cc a a a ca cEF.

Fa 0.19 E a) ac ac. 2.0 , b) < < 135, c)L c b cc.

Paa a aa

ca a

a ca c baa c EF. U c a a Fa 0.20.E c a a cac a acaa, a , aa ca a, c a Fa0.19. U a c aa a ca aa.

La baa ca

b aa , a a . Ea

a c a ac a. P , a ba b, a, baa ,a c a c, aa c a, aaa

10%.5.5.2

Ua a ca a aa EF aa a aa aaba c

a , a a caca ca a , a aa a, a a c aa b a aaa aa ac . Ea a

c a a aac.S ba, aa ca cca a cc a a, aa aa a aa a ac. Sb ca ac c a aa a .

5.5.3

C ca ca aca a a c aa caca ac a a . L a a Fa 0.17

Fa 0.20D c ac a Fa 0.17.


23/49

0.23

Taba 04 E a a ca c

EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4

(%) (%) (%) (%)

S1 4.5 0.2 2.9 3.2

S2 6 0.2 3.8 4.2

S3N1 7.3 3.4 7.8 8.6

S3N2 2.3 1.4 5 5.6

S3N3 2.4 3.3 2.1 2.7

S4N1 4.1 4.2 1.9 2.1

S4N2 0.6 4.8 5.9 6.2

S4N3 11.5 5.7 5.7 6.8

L a ca aaa ca a a Taba04. L a aa a ca b c .

5.6

Na, a a a cc aaa a. C ca , aaa aa a cc cca a c

ca a a.

5.7

E c c a ba ac

cc ac, c aa aa aa a abac, ac aa c

a ac a a caca . Ca a a ac a c

a ac (c

a ab) cac c , aa a cc a ca aa a

a a a ca a a a cac ca.

A cc c aaa, ca c a

ca ac

a c b. S , ac b cc ac, a cca aa caa (aacaa) b ca c a aaa

aa.La ca a aac c c ,a aa a,a ca a a a a ca aa a a ca ca ac aab a c aa. S ba,a aaa aa c ca

aa a a acaa ca, a aaa ca a ca cca a ca

aab c a ac b

aa. M a, ca c a ca, acbc ca ca aa a

a c aa ac.

Paa a a

ca c b aa a ca, a

aa c a a. E ca ca b

c a aa a, aa a ca

5.7.1

A baa aa aa, ac abaa c a a a, c a ca aca (cc I) a

a ca (a) ca


24/49

A 0.24 . . G

ca a a a a , a (aa) a a a ca.

Fa 0.21 Dac ac aaa c aa a

S ba, baa aa aa aa aa a ac aa b a a ab

a ab a, c ca ac aa ca aa a Fa 0.21.

E aac c

acab a a cac c ac; a c b aaa ca a a cc a aa aca a a aa,c aa. La bc ca ab,b a a ccaa a c a aca; ba, a ccac

a ca cac(Ba M, 1998).

D a caacca

aa, a a , ac a cc aa a c

a a aa ca ( aaac a a):

1) P aa. S a caa ca, a a aa

a a a c a a a a acac caa.

2) P aaa a aa.

Ga a a a a c a, c a

b a a ca .

3) P a a a a aa. Ga a a (a a c a aa).

4) Ua cbac a a, ca, , c aa aa a, a

ca a aaa a a aa a a a a a a a.

5.7.2

Ba ba a aa aaa c a aa a c c , a a ac ca ca c a a

, a ca a ca c

a, a caa aa, aa, abaa a ca, b ac a ca cc

/ c a a a ca ca a. D a a ca cc, aca

a a cc aa aca ca.

E c cc: 1)ca a a 2) ca


25/49

0.25

aa ac c a aa. E ca a caca a ca. Paa c c c a a a aca a aa

ac a ca 1) ca ca a a 0.7 a

aa a caa ca 2). Ea a cc

a aa ca.

Paa a aaa, Baab ca ca, a) c ca aca b) c a aa a. Ab aa

aa.

La aa cacaa c ca aca ac c a 0.1 c , aca aa a a ca ( Fa 0.22 b a cc)

/2

a ca = ( + 2 )c = . Ua aa a, b, a, a aa aa a ccaa, cca cc c aa a ca b ca

= / c aac a cac

aba. E ac a ca a aa a, ca

= 0.37 0.12+ 0.023

= 0.2 0.05+ 0.019 La aa a cc a a ca,c ca aaa aa,

a aa ba. La NTCM c 4.2

cca c a a aa a ca aa a a ca

ab. E , a a ca ab aa a a ca a ca aca. Ca

a ab c.

cc a c

a ab a a

aa b ca a b b

C a aa a ac a a .

E a aa a baa ca ba

aaa aaa ca aa a a a aa a a a aa a a.

Ea aa ca acaa aa ca ca

aa.

E a Fa 0.22 a a caac

ca ca a aa a aaa c aa a. L aca aa a c ba a a aa a


26/49

A 0.26 . . G

ca aa a aa.Ca c a a a acc a aa c a ca a a.

E aca aa a aa a c a aa, aa a baa ac c aa a a, a a a

Fa 0.22 Ga caa aa aa a

aa ca c c a aa.

E a a aa caca a c , , aaca a .Ca a aa

ca a a, ac a aa a ca

0.50.22) = 0.19 0.03 L

h+ (0.0035

+ 0.005 Lh) E c a ac ac ca aa ca a aa, ca a

c a a aacaba c a aa.

U ac c aca Ba a

cc a a .E ca a ca aca

caa ca a b a / = / /. E a a ac ab ca a aa a.

5.8

N b a cc a

ca a a bca a ca ca c c aca

c ca a NTCS, aac a ac a ac a a aaac .

5.8.1

Paa a a a ca a

ca aca a aa ccaa caa a ca

cb a aa cc a a a . E a a aaa a, a ca aa caa aaa b aa a ac , cc c a. La a ,

a , aa a c a. E a aa c a ba

aa. E a aacc aca a aca


27/49

0.27

c a ba a ca, cacc a. La cac ca cb

(0.2)D

a a aa (aa)

a ca, a a aa, a a c, , aa a ca acac aa a a ba c

a. a acac a ba c 1 a ba c a a cc a. Ua c a (Ca, 2007), 372.

5.8.2 A

La c a a cac aa a a a c aca a cac ca (0.2), a a a a a c a cbaca a a a

(0.3)

a a a

, a ca a a a ca a bac b, aa ca ba, ccac a caa a a ba a ca. La a a b ac ba acac (0.2) aa, a ba a caac

c (0.4)

a cca aa bac . S (0.3) (0.2) ca b (0.5)c

(0.6)a , a aa a a a,

0

0 0 La aa a a a

c a a a aa a a aa b, a c a cbaca a a aa c.

D a cac (0.5) b

2 + = (0.7)

a acc aa cc , = , = , = 2

La cac a a a ba c a acac a

ba c ac . La caca

+ 2 + = (0.8)D = . La a a a ac aca a a a


28/49

A 0.28 . . G

a a: . Ua ac aa a ac. (0.3), cb c:

(0.9)

cca c a acacacaa a .La cac 0.8

ca b a c. (0.3) aa b a a a. Ua b aa

caca cc , ca a a c ca baa

. O b b a a c aaa a aa b a

a a ca . E a a ac aa. E a ca caca a a c aa. E ca b caca a

a ac ac a a c a.

Ua caacca a c a ca a, a a cb caa a a a (0.3), ca cca, a ca a

ca aa cca. La cc a cacab a a a aaabc a acac a a. P a a

caac a ac cca (Gb & VaLa, 1996), (KaJ Ba, 1976), , c, a caa a cc a cac aaca a a a a

ca a a (L, W, &C, 1986). Ea caacca c a ab c aa

b a c c a baaac.

E c c aa caa c aa, c , b a,a a a ca aa c , cc

c aa bac a cc a cac.

5.8.3

La c aaa aa aa, aa a acaa cc. Paa c , ca a a, ba a a cac aca a a cac bab

aa a ca.La a a bab aa aca a ba (0.8) c 2/ , aa aa cc, ccc c . La caa

a c aa cb a a a a ca a acaac aaa c a a acac a aa. E

a aa aca a cc c.

La NTCS c aa D.F., a a c c


29/49

0.29

/ a

cca a Taba 3.1 a NTCSaa a a a D.F.. E aFa 0.23 a c aa aa III. C c c bb a a a a,(, ) .La a a ca a caca c a cbaca a a a c

Fa 0.23 Ec acac a a acac a aa; = / =

a c. (0.3) a a a aa c a.Ua a a a baba

a b a a aa a a a a a a. E

a a cca ba a Rb (1951)

=

(0.10)

C aba aaa aba, cc caca, , cc c aa

a ca caca c(0.10), a aa a c a a ba.E ca caca cc c

(0.10).P a a ca

= = (, ) a a c 0.4 = (, ) (0.11)

a ca c

. Paa b ca baa ca a a a a cc a,

a a

= = = = (0.12)E ca a ca c

= ()

S, c , aa caa a a ba, a a aa c a aa , c a a

= E a a aa a b aa a

a / a a a acac a a a. E aNTCS ca ac a ca, cca b c a ca aa a


30/49

A 0.30 . . G

a a a a aa a a a 90% a a ca. (c 9.1)

5.8.4

Ma a c a,

c a, a caacaa a c aa aa. E aa . La cac caaa c,

S aa ca ( a ba aa aa) a, a a c aa

a ; aa aa ccaa aa

E ca

C 0 . La cca aa bac

(0.13)E ca , , ca a c. (0.13)

Ea ca c a a

a aa S a a aa ca a a cc

ca

/,

a acac a aa = 2/, a ca cbc

= 2 Q a a aa a NTCSaa aa a ca,, a, a b a.

A a a, a a ac caca a a a c

aa a aaca , ba aba caa a

c = () = () ()


31/49

0.31

a ca aaa ca, cc aca aa. E , a a caca a aaca a a aa cc ac a.

E c a aa a, acc c a aa /(aa ccc a ba a) a aa a ba a aa aa.C c a c. (0.13) a ab a ca,a a c .

E aa aa caca c a (0.9) c a c a

= = C caca aa = ca

=

(

) c

= 0

a a a

= c

= 0 . E c ca a aa cacaa a a a ba c = .

Aaa caca aa ca a a c (0.11),, ca , cb c c

= (, )=

D a cac 0.12 = / = / a aa a, ca

c a aa a a ca.S a c a

cac a a c a acaa aa cc , a aNTCS aa caca a a

=

ca baa , ac aa c. (0.12) = = (,) = / . E a

= = =

a aa caacca aca.5.8.5

La a ca baa, caca

a cc a, a a ca aaa a. Ea a

acaa a aca b a a, c aab cca a baa a. S ba a

a a a a a a a acc aca c a. La NTCSa ca ca c c aaa ca ac = = 1 + ( 1) < /; caacc c. E ac cac , cc a c c ac c

a, a a a caaca a


32/49

A 0.32 . . G

ca aa a a, c ca c a a.

Fa 0.24 Rac a aac c. ca baa ba a ca aa ca; cc /.E a Fa 0.24 a a ac a aa a

ca c c.

La NTCS abc a ab ac ca c a a a cac aa a

, aca b c aa

ca ca a aa a ca.

E a Fa 0.26 a c a a II a NTCS c = 2.Paa ca aa a NTCS cc 5.3 5.4 abc a a a: a aca, a = 2 = 1.5 ca a ca. E ac ca c ac aca a a a

ca, ca c c b aca

aa caca a a a a ca. N ab a c

a a a a ca.

5.8.6

Paa a ca a aa a ca, c ab a

NTCS c ac cc a a ca. La ccc

c a aa a aa .

D ac a cc 6.4 a NTCS, aa a ca a ca 0.9, 0.8 0.7 ac a cc aa. L 11 aa ca a a caa cb a c. 6.1 a

NTCS. S c c b ca a 0.9, 0.8 c a 0.7 aa a ca a caca c a ac a a c. 6.3 NTCS.

La cc aa abc, a, cc a ac ac aa ac, aac a

cc, a a ca a ca, c aa

, c., aa ac acb a.

5.9 A

A a a

, RCDF a a cab a c a ca

c, ca c

b a a ca c aa c c. A a ca ccc cca ca (e). S ca a a ca aca

= /


33/49

0.33

c aa caa c c c, caa aa, b acaa a c ac. S c ca aa ccc c c

b . S ba, a cac b a

a a a a c a. Paa a

ca ac a ac acac a cca ca, a c c .

P a, c a b

a c b a ac ca ca (Rb,1951). P a a ab a a ca c

aca a a ca aaa a a ca a a

a ca. P a a, a a ca a a a a cacaa a a. P ,b a a cb

a a ca, a a ca a ca acaa (Pa &G, 1988), (D a La & Ca,1994), (Ecba & Aaa, 1998). E a acaa, a cca b

a c c a aa acca. La aa a caa c ca c

aca, b a a ca aca aa c a. A aa a a ca a cca

acca a c ca a a a aa aca ca a a cc .

Sa, a cca a ba

(0.14)a a c aca; ac acac ca, a cca ca cc

a ca, ac ccaacca ca a a aa a ca, ca a a cc a. D

ac c a NTCS .5, .0 0..E a cc a Pc Sca D,PSD (Ecba , 2002, 2004a, 2004b,

2008), aca a ca aa.

5.9.1

La a

caca, aaa a a ca caa , aF a

a a ac aa. S aa a a a c a a ac

0

a aa b


34/49

A 0.34 . . G

Fa 0.25 R a . S a a aaa a

cs cs sin sin cs sin Ua a a ca a a , cs sin , cc

a a , a ca aa aa, a a a aa ca a a .

Hac a cac c a a aa b a aa aca cc c

a cc ,

5.9.2

.

E ca a c a a abaca ca

c , ca ,

(0.15)E ca c cacaca a a aa caa.

(0.16) a cac ca E ca aca caa , a,caca a ca a a a aa c c a a a , aa ca

aa a = = ,

= = (0.17) a caca c c ca a cca

. E c a ,

cacaa c cca ca (C V & T, 1986), (T,1990), c c aa.

5.9.3

Ua aa c a

c

=

ac acac

ca c,

= / (0.18)Ua a c c c


35/49

0.35

(0.19) a aca ca a acc a a aa a a cc a. S a a c aaa

/,

a aa ca a a cc a, a aa c

=

c a c. 0.19 cb c

/, a cca aaa ac a a c.0.14 a ac acac a NTCS a

= . + 0. 0. a aab aa caa , = /. Ma aa a c cc a

c aa ac a .

5.9.4 .

E a aca c aa,, c , c aa caa a a cc X

Y a ca, (Ecba ,2004a):

= = (0.20)La caa , caca c

= ; (0.21)

a caa ca

ba a caa ca, , caa c a ca.

Paa caca a caa , , a cac. E b a acaa a ca aa , cacaa c a c, c, ca

a aac a . A, a caa caca c a cac :

(0.22)

D ca c ; , caa c a ca a cc

, ca.P aa caa a a cc

a ca :

; (0.23)E b a a ca b. A, a , aa caa a a cc a :

(0.24)

.5.9.5

E a aca c ca,, c c, , caa


36/49

A 0.36 . . G

a a cc . E :

; (0.25)La caa caca c:

= (0.26) a a caaa acaa ; ca a cc

, ca.

La caa , caca a ca c

c :

= = (0.27) a a c c:

= = (0.28)C a c,

b ca c c a a ca a

cca . A, a aa caaa a cc a :

= (0.29)5.9.6

,

E Pc Sca D ca ca, D, a

ac acac a a c aa a a cab ca. Ca a (Ecba , 2004a):

1. A a a c c,caca a a ca ca a a

a ba c c.

2. Caca a a

ca ( a,a aa, ca, c.) ca ca c aca ca a a cacaa aa, a caa a aca a ca.

3. Caca a caa caa c ca c, a a cac

(0.26) (0.27), ca.

4. C a caa caa , c a cac0.25 caca a cca ca,. C a, caca a c b ca a c c a, c ca ca.5. Caca Fac Acac T, FAT, b , ca,c a cac , aa ca RCDF :

= + 0. + . = + 0. < 0.

=

0.

6. E a cac = /; = /; a aca ca a ; b a a a ca ca


37/49

0.37

a a cc acac . Ea aa a c ca c aa b a ca aa a 2. A, a aa,

, aa caa a, X Y, a ca b c:

+

(0.30)

= +

a

a aa , ca a a cc a cac ca; , , ca c aa a c, b a

ca aa a 2.

7. Caca a a ca. Paa , a

a ca( a, a aa,ca, c.) ca ca c caca a 2, ca c FATcaca a 5. E :

= = 5.10

S aa a ca aa a15.94 a 6.84 ac c

c =2.5 aa. Paa c a c, aaa

a Za II D Fa. S cac a ba aac a aa ba 15c aa c I ac a a NTCM. La aa a ca a a Fa 0.28.

La a a aa a a a

5.10.1

M K/2

P

R ( ) 60R () 5

M I ( ) 150M , = 00 36000C 2 ( ) 200M

= 000 1131375.10.2 A

Paa a caa ca a a aca cc ccb c c. E c

ca a aa a. E ca caca aaaa c a a ca.Paa caca a a

a caa a, a a a ca, ca, a a a aaca a .

C C

K/

L . 240

A 2 . . 30

R P L B 30

C M A 40

340

C CK/

L = 10 . 240


38/49

A 0.38 . . G

A 2 . . 30I. 15E . 50R 8 . D . 120L . 30

C 40

T 525

C CK/2

R . 288A 2 . . 30R P L B 30E () 216C M A RCDF2004 40

604

C CK/

M, , 587C 77D 39

703

P 1803 K/3

U

M(CV)K/2

A(CV)K/2

E 170 90

A < 5% 100 70

E 350 150

5.10.3

R aa aca

ca. La ac ac a aa c:

L ()= 15.94 A () = 6.84 2.33 > 2 NP+

+NP ca N Paa

La ac a aa a

a a ba cA = 12.5 < 13 / 1.5 NP

La cca caca ca c a a (3.2.3.3.a) aNTCM. S a, a

, c ca c aa aa caca a aca a

c c c ac c. E a a a a ab cc c c c ca a a ca c c aa, caa ccc a cca. Taca, a ca a ca, cc c c a aa abc a aca

a a c a ca. S caca c aa

c a cca cacac a ca a caa

ab.

E c aa caa aa bcaca a ca ,ca aba

ba a aa, aa caca , , ca a caa aacca ca a

caa c a caa a acca,

MURO W X W*X W*

N. T C T T

1 4.62 0.00 3.35 0.0 15.52 1.59 2.85 5.595 4.5 8.93 1.59 2.85 0.425 4.5 0.74 3.17 4.20 5.66 13.3 17.95 3.17 6.60 5.66 20.9 17.9

6 2.36 7.90 1.675 18.6 4.07 3.17 9.20 5.66 29.2 17.98 3.17 11.60 5.66 36.8 17.99 1.59 12.95 5.595 20.6 8.9

10 1.59 12.95 0.425 20.6 0.711 4.62 15.80 3.35 73.1 15.512 1.74 2.17 6.7 3.8 11.6


39/49

0.39

13 2.02 1.43 3.35 2.9 6.814 2.29 2.58 0 5.9 0.015 1.11 5.97 3.35 6.6 3.716 1.85 7.90 0 14.6 0.017 1.11 9.83 3.35 10.9 3.718 1.74 13.63 6.7 23.7 11.619 2.02 14.38 3.35 29.1 6.820 2.29 13.23 0 30.3 0.0

P 43.32 7.90 3.445 342.3 149.2E 1 2.71 7.90 4.445 21.4 12.1E 2 5.70 7.90 6.22 45.0 35.5E 3 1.14 7.90 7.4 9.0 8.4

99.69 787.5 375.3(,)= 7.90 3.76

S ca

ca a aa a caa.Paa caca c c a a a ca, ca c ca a c aac a

a c c.

MURO L H/L FAE AXE AE

N. 2 2

12 2.57 6.70 0.97 1.00 3855 2582913 2.99 3.35 0.84 1.00 4485 1502514 3.39 0.00 0.74 1.00 5085 015 1.64 3.35 1.52 0.76 1873 627316 2.74 0.00 0.91 1.00 4110 017 1.64 3.35 1.52 0.76 1873 627318 2.57 6.70 0.97 1.00 3855 2582919 2.99 3.35 0.84 1.00 4485 15025

20 3.39 0.00 0.74 1.00 5085 0

23.92 = = 34705 94253

= 2.72

MURO L X H/L FAE AE X AXEN. 2 2

1 6.84 0.00 0.37 1.00 10260 02 2.35 2.85 1.06 1.00 3525 100463 2.35 2.85 1.06 1.00 3525 100464 4.69 4.20 0.53 1.00 7035 29547

5 4.69 6.60 0.53 1.00 7035 464316 3.49 7.90 0.72 1.00 5235 413577 4.69 9.20 0.53 1.00 7035 647228 4.69 11.60 0.53 1.00 7035 816069 2.35 12.95 1.06 1.00 3525 45649

10 2.35 12.95 1.06 1.00 3525 4564911 6.84 15.80 0.37 1.00 10260 162108

45.33 = 67995 537161= 7.90

La cca a aa

= XCRXCM= 0.00 =0.10BX= 1.59 O

= CRCM 1.05 =0.10B= 0.80 NP

La cc ca b a aa a aca. L b c

, ba, acab c a bc aa ca ,a c.

Paa a a a ca

ca abc cc c a, a aa a ccc c ca

ac a a a a a NTCS.S c a caca a ca, cc c ba a Taba7.1 a NTCS. Ea aba a a ca ca c, c a aa

bac c a aa c. E : Za II, 7 13 aa c a aca b 0.9. S a a ca c ac

a ac a a c. 2.1 a NTCM.Dca cc abc a a

a a b , a , 75% a ba b, a , 20 . E

a aca, ca b a aa ba a aa cc a ca c. Ya c cc c


40/49

A 0.40 . . G

c, a a b a a c c (NTCS c 8 cc c 5.8.4).

E ca a NTCS ca

baa c a ba a ca aa aaa a aba a

a ( ca ). La ba a a Taba 05, ca cc c c ab aaba MS.

Taba 05 R ba ac a ca a NTCS (c=0.19)

D

E 5.0 /2 X = 35880 2 = = 67995 2P ,I PB = 533 TE

= 14.8 /2F = 0.70E

= 0. + 0. . = 4.87 /2

C = 174.6 C = 330.9 F = 1.10C II, , 7 13 = 0.19C = 504C = = 105.38 TR

VR V VR / VT T

174.6 > 105.4 1.6 O

330.9 > 105.4 3.1 O

La ca aac ca aba cc. La ba b ac . A c a a aa ac, a aac a caaaa b c , , a

a c a a cab , aca a a.

A a a c baa MS a NTCS, c c ac a a. E a a a ba aca, a a ca, ca, ac a .

C ba ca aa a ac a a ca, a a c.

E c (ME) a NTCS, ca aa. Ca

a

Taba 06 Caac c ca a NTCS

M. Sca M Ec

75%

< 0.

La ca a ba .

S c6),E . c 11) , ,


41/49

0.41

L 2.0

L 2.5.

L 1.5 13 ...

L 2.5. Ec 2.2... 30 , 20 . P I, 40 30 , .

L 7 10

MS ( NTCS 6.1)

E c a a

a aa a acac a ME ca aa. P a ME c ca a a aa a cac aaa c c.

E , ac a a NTCS

6, aa a ca a, cacac ME. E ccc b a Taba 3.1 a

NTCS, ca

II 0.32 .08 0.2 1.35

La a ca caa b c a ( c 5.8.4)

E a a ccc, caa , bc a caa a acc

a ac cc aa ca caca c ac ca c , aa a ca aa (c 5.8.5). S c c a c

aa , a .Ua b b c aa a ca. E ca ca aa aac, aa a ca a, a ac 0.8 aa c a (NTCS 6.4). L c

: c 1) (c 6.1 NTCS) a aca b cac a a; c 6) ca a aba a

b a a 20% a aa a a c

c a aba. E ac c a cb caa a a aba c a a a 20% ( 31%) a

aaa a Y a ca.

E ac cc a a ca a c = 0. = . , cc aca (NTCS 4.1). E cc

c c /=0.32/1.6=0.2, caa a a 0.19

c ca. S ba c a a a

a ca

, a a

aac c a aa.


42/49

A 0.42 . . G

E c a cc c, a aa ca c acac b aba aa aa II, c a

aa a ca ( c 5.8.3.).Paa a c, a a NTCS a aac a aa a ca. La a NTCS aa a ac

aa

a a a ba a ca; aacac a aa, a a ca cacaa c

a. S a NTCS 8.2, a b caca aa ca c aa, ca ca a.

Paa caca aa bcaca a c , a c c ca caca c

= G ca a

aa, a a ca a cc a

a aa

. Aa

a a a ca a aa

a a c 0.1. L aaa caca c

= =

Y aca aa a b aa c a a ba.

P a a, cacaac a aa ca = , cc a a Taba 07Taba 07 Dac a ca ca (c=0.2)

CM+CV W* F VT T T T

5 88.6 12.5 1107.7 30.1 30.1

4 103.9 10.0 1039.0 28.3 58.4

3 103.9 7.5 779.3 21.2 79.6

2 103.9 5.0 519.5 14.1 93.8

1 103.9 2.5 259.8 7.1 100.8

504.2 3705.3

C a aba ca, c cc 0, a aa ca c aa caca aa. E a c a a, c = 00/c2 = ., a c aba cc

=

=00 70

0 = 9990 /c

= = 00 7990 = 9 /c E aba cc a

= 0. = 0. La aa ca a ca ca aa c

= 0.7 = 0.9La cc 15% cc X

(0.2/0.17=0.85) 5% Y(0.2/0.19=0.95) ( Fa 0.26)


43/49

0.43

Fa 0.26 Ec c ca a a aa ca c a aa aba cc.

E cc aa a a a baa aa cc a a aa. E ca cacaa a aa ca cacaa a caa a

ca a a ca c ca a NTCM.C ca ca, a ca . Paa ca a a aba

Dcc X

50 0.7 5.7 M ATRI P A A V V V/V

N. 2 2 2 T T

12 2.1 9.7 3855 3855 10.5 8.8 0.84

13 4.8 22.4 4485 4485 12.2 12.5 1.03

14 4.4 20.9 5085 5085 13.8 13.3 0.96

15 5.0 23.5 2460 1873 5.1 8.6 1.69

16 5.4 25.3 4110 4110 11.2 12.5 1.12

17 5.0 23.5 2460 1873 5.1 8.6 1.69

18 2.1 9.7 3855 3855 10.5 8.8 0.84

19 4.8 22.4 4485 4485 12.2 12.5 1.0320 4.4 20.9 5085 5085 13.8 13.3 0.96

45.0 198.4 35880 34705 110.9 103.8

A a ca,c acab a ba.

Dcc Y

50 0.9 95.

M A P A AE V V V/VN. 2 T 2 2 K K

1 5.20 37.8 10260 10260 15.9 23.1 1.52 3.91 28.4 3525 3525 5.5 10.0 1.83 4.90 35.6 3525 3525 5.5 11.0 2.04 7.83 56.9 7035 7035 10.9 20.0 1.85 9.42 68.5 7035 7035 10.9 21.6 2.06 6.82 49.6 5235 5235 8.1 15.9 2.07 9.42 68.5 7035 7035 10.9 21.6 2.08 7.83 56.9 7035 7035 10.9 20.0 1.89 3.91 28.4 3525 3525 5.5 10.0 1.8

10 4.90 35.6 3525 3525 5.5 11.0 2.011 5.20 37.8 10260 10260 15.9 23.1 1.5

504.0 67995 67995 100.8 216.8

E a cc Y a ac c

aa, a abaca a ca cc.

5.10.4

E c, cca ba ca a cca ca ca a cca acca.E a a cc 5.9a cca a caca a c b a aa ca ac acac a a c FAT, aa a a . E c c c a aa a , a ccaca c cc caa cc a aaa a , b ca a cca acc

a a cacac a a ca .E a Taba 08 a ccaa a c


44/49

A 0.44 . . G

. La a

Aa , aa aa

. = .9

= .

= 0.0 = 0.07 Ecca ca c ccca ca aaa

= 7.9 = .7 = 7.9 = .7 = 0.0 = .0 = 0.0 = 0. Ra aa a c0.30, (a aa a aa a Taba !

.).

= . / = 0.9 / = 7.7 / = .7 = .9 = 0.

5.11 2

C b aa a ca a cca ca

a ca aa ca a Fa 0.4. Paa , a

c 3 a aca aca c a aac ac C , ccca, acca a 0

0.2. C , cb a b RCDF aa 0.1 aa ca 0.2 cac aa c.E a Fa 0.27 a a aac a FA b a a a cca aaa aa

.

Fa 0.27 Vaac FAT aa a cca aaa.

Paa b ( a

ab a c a a aa C),

ba a FA 1.85 aa = 0.1 a aa 2.14 aa =0.17.

E a a FA 1.34 aa = 0 , a aaaa0.1, FA aa 1 a c abc a 5 D, FAca b a a. E ca c ca

, ; ca ca c, E ca baa a

aa a a ca a caa ca a a

aa a a ca aaca c 0.. S ba, ca a, a FAa a a aa a cca, a c cc a c

a a aba ccc aa ca c

.

5.12

C b a ac c aa baa aa aca


45/49

0.45

c, a ca a ac a ba ca cc aa a ca aaa aa ab cc c a b ca a,

a ba a a cac, ba ac . Sa ca a c

ba cab ab c, ba c.,

a a ca aca ca ca a aaaa, aa c c c a ca ca, aca ca c

aa c aa a ca baa ca ca aa a

cc, ca a a ac cac aba a. E ca b a a c a a ca. S a a c, b ca a aa

ac c aa. P ca ca

b ac a a.

5.13

C V, W., & T, E. K. (1986).Eccc a b. C CE, 13(1), 4652.

Ca, A. K. (2007). D

, A E E.Pc Ha.

C, O. (2011). E 7 ,

.Pa Ia, UNAM.

D a La, J. C., & Ca, A. K. (1994).Acca b

ca. E D, 23, 117136.

Ecba, J. A., & Aaa, G. (1998). Y

c c ac c. EE D, 27,525541.

Gb, G. H., & Va La, C. F. (1996). C. Ba aL: T J H UP.

Hbb, R. C. (2011). A(8 E).Pc Ha.

KaJ Ba, E. L. (1976). F E A.

E C, N J: PcHa .

L, P., W, E. L., & C, R. W.(1986).

D E A,

. BC/EEC 8604.U Caa,, Eaa E

Rac C, B, Ca.

Pa, O. A., & G, R. (1988).Acca T c

c. 9 C E E, , . V85V90.

T, Ja.

Rb, E. (1951). A B A

D.P.D. , U I,Ubaa I11.

Taa, M. A. (2008).


46/49

A 0.46 . . G

.Pa Ia a UNAM.

T, W. K. (1990). Sac ccc a a. ACE

E, 16, 11991212.

Fa 0.28 E 1, Paa ca c a ca. S ca a , ac cc a baa. Ea a b a a acaa aa aca, a ca aa a caa a a ca ab.


47/49

A 0.47 .. G

Taba 08 Cc c , a aa baa a ca a Fa 0.28. La a c

caa , a c c

C D

CR

C C F

MURO

D

X/ V X V2/

V2/

V/

V/

=CR/

=CR/

N. / /

1 15.9 0.00 7.9 / 365.2 5.9 0.496

2 5.5 2.85 5.1 / 51.3 2.0 0.317

3 5.5 2.85 5.1 / 51.3 2.0 0.317

4 10.9 4.20 3.7 / 54.9 4.0 0.232

5 10.9 6.60 1.3 / 6.8 4.0 0.082

6 8.1 7.90 0.0 / 0.0 3.0 0.000

7 10.9 9.20 1.3 / 6.8 4.0 0.082 8 10.9 11.60 3.7 / 54.9 4.0 0.232

9 5.5 12.95 5.1 / 51.3 2.0 0.317

10 5.5 12.95 5.05 / 51.3 2.0 0.317

11 15.9 15.8 7.9 / 365.2 5.9 0.496

12 X 10.5 6.7 4.0 F 31.2 2.0 0.58

13 X 12.2 3.35 0.6 F 0.9 2.3 0.09

14 X 13.8 0 2.7 R 19.1 2.6 0.39

15 X 5.1 3.35 0.6 F 0.4 1.0 0.09

16 X 11.2 0 2.7 R 15.5 2.1 0.39

17 X 5.1 3.35 0.6 F 0.4 1.0 0.09

18 X 10.5 6.7 4.0 F 31.2 2.0 0.58

19 X 12.2 3.35 0.6 F 0.9 2.3 0.09

20 X 13.8 0 2.7 R 19.1 2.6 0.39

118.8 1059 17.71 38.78


48/49

A 0.48 . . G

Fa 0.29 E 1, Mac c ca aca


49/49

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