ensayo aelfwine 2014 accésit - la traducción de los arcaismos en esdla - sociedad tolkien...

7/26/2019 Ensayo Aelfwine 2014 Accsit - La Traduccin de Los Arcaismos en ESDLA - Sociedad Tolkien Espaola

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Cd trhthikcltg nc dh vhrkhmkl

dklastkmh cl dh trhnummkl

klads csphgd. Dh trhnummkl nc

dgs hrmhsigs cl Cd ]cgr nc dgs

Hlkddgs nc OPP ^gdjkcl


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Cd trhthikcltg nc dh vhrkhmkl dklastkmh cl dh trhnummkl klads-csphgd Lcssh UhdkDh trhnummkl nc dgs hrmhsigs cl Cd ]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgs, nc OPP ^gdjkcl gwyl

8

Mgltclkng8. Kltrgnummkl.......................................................................................................................... 0

0. Hldksks ncd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg..................................................................................... 6

0.8. Hrmhsig........................................................................................................................... 6

0.0. Rhdh`rhs hltkmuhnhs......................................................................................................... 88

0.=. Rhdh`rhs rurhdcs............................................................................................................... 80

0.>. Rhdh`rhs pgtkmhs............................................................................................................. 8=

=. Hldksks ncd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg scal dgs pcrsglhocs.................................................. 85

>. Cstrhtcakhs nc trhnummkl..................................................................................................... 08

>.8. Hmtuhdkzhmkl................................................................................................................... 08

>.0. Ncsvkhmkl....................................................................................................................... 0=

>.=. Gikskl........................................................................................................................... 03

>.>. Egrihdknhn...................................................................................................................... 05

>.3. Cqukvhdclmkh.................................................................................................................... 05

>.5. Gtrgs................................................................................................................................ 06

3. Hldksks pgr mhptudgs.......................................................................................................... =8

5. Mglmduskl........................................................................................................................... ==

1. @k`dkgarheh?........................................................................................................................ =>


3/37


0

8. Kltrgnummkl

Fkptcsks

Cstc clshyg fhmc ul cstunkg hlhdtkmg hngpthlng ul clegquc muhltkthtkvg `hshng cl dh

kncltkekmhmkl y mdhskekmhmkl nc dgs hrmhsigs y dhs vhrkcnhncs nkhmrlkmhs nc Cd ]cgr

nc dgs Hlkddgs? Dh Mgiulknhn ncd Hlkddg, hs mgig cd hldksks ncd mgipglcltc

nkhmrlkmg y nc su trhnummkl hd csphgd. ^rhs fh`cr dcng cd dk`rg thltg cl csphgd mgig

cl klads, sc ddca h dh skaukcltc fkptcsks? cl dh vcrskl kladcsh ncd dk`rg, O.P.P ^gdjkcl

lg fhmc ul usg klnksmrkiklhng nc dgs hrmhsigs y nc dhs vhrkcnhncs nkhmrlkmhs, sklg

quc cstc usg cs tgthdicltc kltclmkglhng. Cd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg, skl ci`hrag, lg scfh mglscaukng trhlsiktkr cl dh trhnummkl y dh ihygr phrtc nc cstc ecliclg sc pkcrnc

pgr dh kipgsk`kdknhn nc ihltclcr tgngs dgs cdcicltgs hrmhkmgs nc`kng h dh nkecrclmkh

ctkigdakmh ncd klads y cd csphgd, sg`rc tgng cl dg rcdhmkglhng mgl dh sklthxks y dh

arhitkmh.

Cd hldksks sc fh pdhltchng mgl dh lcmcsknhn nc ncigstrhr quc ^gdjkcl, prgeulng

mglgmcngr nc dclauhs, lg fhmc ul usg hdchtgrkg nc dgs hrmhsigs y nc dhs vhrkcnhncs

nkhmrlkmhs, sklg quc cstc usg cst icnkthng. ]kl ci`hrag, cl dh trhnummkl hd csphgd,lg sc mglskauc pdhsihr cd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg, dg quc fhmc quc cd dcmtgr pkcrnh arhl

phrtc ncd vhdgr y nc dh prgeulnknhn nc dh g`rh.


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=

@kgarheh nc O.P.P. ^gdjkcl

Ogfl Pglhdn Pcucd ^gdjkcl, fkog nc Ih`cd ]ueekcdn y Hrtfur ^gdjkcl, lhmk cl clcrg ncd

hg 86;0 cl @dgciegltkcl, cl cd csthng dk`rc nc Grhlac, Pcp`dkmh ]unerkmhlh, Sl

nhtg murkgsg nc dh klehlmkh ncd pcqucg ^gdjkcl, rcmgakng pgr Fuipfrcy Mhrpcltcr cl

O.P.P. ^gdjkcl? Slh @kgarheh, cs quc dc pkm ulh thrltudh cl cd ohrnl nc su mhsh cl

@dgciegltckl, hdag quc pgstcrkgricltc tclnrh ulh lgth`dc kleduclmkh cl sus g`rhs?

^gdjkcl vkvk cl @dgciegltkcl fhsth quc cl 86;3 sc trhsdhn mgl su ihnrc y su

fcrihlg Fkdhry h @kriklafhi, nc`kng h igtkvgs nc shdun prgpkmkhngs pgr cd mdkih

sunherkmhlg. Slh vcz hdd sc klsthdhrgl cl mhsh nc sus h`ucdgs ihtcrlgs, y hd pgmg

tkcipg rcmk`kcrgl dh lgtkmkh nc dh iucrtc nc su phnrc cd 83 nc ec`rcrg nc 86;5, nc`kng h

ulh ekc`rc rcuitkmh. Is thrnc, cl 8;22 Ih`cd ^gdjkcl ncmknkrh mglvcrtkrsc hd

mrkstkhlksig, hdag quc ihrm dh vknh ncd pcqucg ^gdjkcl, quc cl cstc iksig hg euc

hmcpthng cl dh csmucdh Jkla Cnwhrns ]mfggd. Dh kleduclmkh ncd mrkstkhlksig cl ^gdjkcl

sc pucnc g`scrvhr cl cd erhaicltg quc stc csmrk`k ; hgs ncspus nc dh iucrtc nc su

ihnrc?

Iy gwl nchr igtfcr whs h ihrtyr klnccn, hln kt ks lgt tg cvcry`gny tfht

Agn arhlts sg chsy h why tg fks archt akets hs fc nkn tg Fkdhry hln iyscde,

akvkla us h igtfcr wfg jkddcn fcrscde wktf dh`gur hln trgu`dc tg clsurc us

jccpkla tfc ehktf.

(Mhrpcltcr, 8;;0, p. =;)

Cl 8;20 y mgl igtkvg nc dh lcmcsknhn nc ul mhi`kg nc fgahr, ^gdjkcl y Fkdhry

sc mhi`khrgl hd mgdcakg Arhiihr ]mfggd ge ]t Rfkdkp, nglnc tclhl dh pgsk`kdknhn nc

rcmk`kr cnumhmkl mhtdkmh, skl ci`hrag, pgstcrkgricltc Ih`cd sc nhrh muclth nc quc cd

lkvcd quc sc kiphrth cl ]t Rfkdkp lg crh suekmkcltc, pgr dg quc ^gdjkcl tuvg quc vgdvcr h

Jkla Cnwhrns ]mfggd. Rgr csh pgmh, sc ncspcrt cl ^gdjkcl dh murkgsknhn y higr

fhmkh dgs knkgihs, pucs ulg nc sus oucags ehvgrktgs crh cd nc klvclthr hdaulgs knkgihs

prgpkgs.


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>

Cl 8;2> dc nkhalgstkmhrgl nkh`ctcs h dh ihnrc nc ^gdjkcl, dg quc prgvgm quc

sc iunhsc h vkvkr mgl su th Ohlc y dh ehikdkh nc su ihrkng ikcltrhs csth sc clmgltrh`h

cl cd fgspkthd, ihs thrnc muhlng sc rcmupcr vgdvkcrgl h iunhrsc dgs trcs oultgs h

Pcnlhd. Cl scptkci`rc nc csc iksig hg dh ehikdkh tuvg quc rcarcshr h @kriklafhi mgl

igtkvg ncd mgikclzg ncd mursg csmgdhr, y ulgs pgmgs icscs ncspus Ih`cd ehddcmk,

hdag quc kleduy iumfg cl dh pcrsglhdknhn nc ^gdjkcl, fhmkclng nc d ul pcskiksth. Cl

su tcsthicltg Ih`cd ncoh hd phnrc Erhlmks Igrahl, shmcrngtc mhtdkmg, h mhrag nc sus

fkogs, cd phnrc thi`kl euc ulh pcrsglh iuy kipgrthltc phrh ^gdjkcl, yh quc stc dc

hlkih h cstunkhr phrh mglscaukr ulh `cmh mgl cd g`octkvg nc scaukr cstunkhlng cl Jkla

Cnwhrn's ]mfggd.

Cl 8;26 ^gdjkcl y su fcrihlg sc vucdvcl h iunhr, csth vcz h dh mhsh nc

Ehudjlcr, nglnc Pglhdn mglgmc h su euturh cspgsh Cnktf @rhtt. Hd hg skaukcltc cd phnrc

Erhlmks Igrahl ncsmu`rc su rgihlmc mgl Cnktf @rhtt y ^gdjkcl rcmk`c dh ihdh lgtkmkh

nc quc lg cs hmcpthng cl Gxegrn. Cl clcrg nc 8;82 ^gdjkcl skauc vkclng h Cnktf @rhtt,

hulquc cd phnrc Erhlmks Igrahl sc dg prgfk`kcrh, fhsth quc cl ihrzg nc csc iksig hg

Cnktf sc iunh h Mfcdtclfhi. Cl nkmkci`rc,c ^gdjkcl ahlh ulh Cxfk`ktkgl (`cmh quc

mglmcncl dhs csmucdhs y ulkvcrsknhncs phrh quc dgs cstunkhltcs quc dh rcmk`hl pucnhl

mgltkluhr mgl sus cstunkgs) cl Cxctcr Mgddcac, Gxegrn, y ul hg ncspus, sc mrch dh

^M@] (^chmdu` hln @hrrgvkhl ]gmkcty), su prkicr arupg nc hikags, egrihng pgr Pg`

Akdsgl, Acgeercy ]iktf, Mfrkstgpfcr Qkscihl y d iksig.

Cl 8;8=, mgl igtkvg nc su ihygrh nc cnhn ^gdjkcl vucdvc h rculkrsc mgl Cnktf

@rhtt y eklhdicltc sc prgictcl, mgig rcsudthng, cl clcrg ncd hg skaukcltc Cnktf sc

mglvkcrtc h dh kadcskh mhtdkmh. Cl 8;83 ^gdjkcl sc arhnuh cl Gxegrn mgl ulh iclmkl

nc fglgr cl Dktcrhturh y Dclauh Kladcshs, y pgmg ncspus nc su arhnuhmkl, ^gdjkcl sc

hdksth nc ihdh ahlh cl dh Rrkicrh Aucrrh Iulnkhd. Rgr cstc igtkvg tkclc quc scr nurhltc

ul pcriksg, cd 00 nc ihrzg nc 8;85 muhlng ^gdjkcl pucnc mgltrhcr ihtrkiglkg mgl

Cnktf @rhtt. Cl lgvkci`rc ncd iksig hg ^gdjkcl vucdvc h Kladhtcrrh mgl ekc`rc nc dhs

trklmfcrhs, ulh clecricnhn mglthakgsh trhlsiktknh pgr dgs pkgogs.

Cl 8;81 ^gdjkcl mgikclzh h csmrk`kr cd Dk`rg nc dgs Mucltgs Rcrnkngs, quc scr

pu`dkmhng y cnkthng trhs su iucrtc pgr su fkog Mfrkstgpfcr. Cl lgvkci`rc nc 8;86

ncspus ncd hrikstkmkg, d y su ehikdkh rcarcshl h Gxegrn nglnc ^gdjkcl cipkczh h


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3

egrihr phrtc ncd cqukpg ncd Lcw Cladksf Nkmtkglhry. Cl 8;02 cs scdcmmkglhng mgig

Pchncr kl Cladksf Dhlauhaccl dh ulkvcrsknhn nc Dccns. Cl 8;00 C.U. Agrngl sc ulc hd

cqukpg nc Dccns y oultg h ^gdjkcl cipkczhl h cnkthr ]kr Ahwhkl y cd Mh`hddcrg Ucrnc.

Cl 8;0> ^gdjkcl phsh h scr prgecsgr nc dclauh kladcsh cl Dccns, phrh pgmg tkcipg

ncspus scr scdcmmkglhng prgecsgr nc hladgshol cl Gxegrn. Cl 8;05 ^gdjkcl mglgmc h

M.] Dcwks y sc egrih 'tfc Mghd`ktcrs' quc scr ul acricl nc dh pgstcrkgr mrchmkl nc dgs

Kljdkljs.

Cl 8;=2 ^gdjkcl cipkczh h csmrk`kr cd Fg``kt,phrh dcrscdg h sus muhtrg fkogs

Ogfl, Ikmfhcd, Mfrkstgpfcr y Rrksmkdh, y quc scr pu`dkmhng cl 8;=5 pgr dh cnktgrkhd

Hddcl & Slwkl mgig ul mucltg phrh lkgs. Sl hg ncspus ^gdjkcl cipkczh h csmrk`kr

cd ]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgs, quc sc pu`dkmhr cl trcs vgdiclcs, dgs ngs prkicrgs shdkcrgl hd

icrmhng cl 8;3> gtrh vcz nc dh ihlg nc Hddcl & Slwkl, ncspus nc quc Mgddkls

rcmfhzhrh su pu`dkmhmkl cl 8;30. Cd tcrmcr vgduicl lg sc pu`dkmhr fhsth 8;33.

Cl 8;3; ^gdjkcl sc rctkrh y cl 8;56, d y Cnktf sc iunhl h dh dgmhdknhn nc

@gurlcigutf. Cl 8;18 su cspgsh Cnktf iucrc y ngs hgs ncspus, cd 0 scptkci`rc nc

8;1= ehddcmc ^gdjkcl, ncohlng cd ]kdihrkddkgl skl tcriklhr, pgr cstc igtkvg lg sc

pu`dkmhr fhsth 8;11.

Kl mglscquclmc h arcy sdh` ge Mgrlksf arhlktc rhtfcr tg tfc dcet ge tfc

argup sthlns gut mdchrdy, hs ngcs kts sdkaftdy murkgs wgrnkla? Cnktf Ihry

^gdjkcl, Dtfkcl, 866;-8;18. Ogfl Pglhdn Pcucd ^gdjkcl, @crcl, 86;0-

8;1=

(Mhrpcltcr, 8;;0, p. 036)


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5

^gdjkcl y su usg ncd hrmhsig

Cl prkicr duahr, cs kipgrthltc csth`dcmcr ulh nceklkmkl nc hrmhsig, yh quc cd prcscltc

trh`hog cst mcltrhng cl cstc ecliclg, hs mgig cl dgs mgipglcltcs nkhmrlkmgs

prcscltcs cl Cd ]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgs? Dh Mgiulknhn ncd Hlkddg. ]cal cd NPHC, ul

hrmhsig cs ul cdcicltg dklastkmg muyh egrih g skalkekmhng, g hi`gs h dh vcz,

rcsudthl hltkmuhngs cl rcdhmkl mgl ul igicltg nctcriklhng. Cl cd Gxegrn Nkmtkglhry

lgs clmgltrhigs mgl dh skaukcltc nceklkmkl? H tfkla tfht ks vcry gdn gr gdn-ehsfkglcn,

cspcmkhddy hl hrmfhkm wgrn gr stydc ge dhlauhac gr hrt. Dh g`rh cst pdhahnh nc cstc tkpg

nc phdh`rhs quc ^gdjkcl supg utkdkzhr nc ihlcrh hprgpkhnh y mgl ul ekl iuy ihrmhng,

fcmfg quc iumfgs cxpcrtgs fhl mrktkmhng nurhltc hgs, mgig cs cd mhsg nc Fhrgdn

@dggi, mrtkmg dktcrhrkg quc ddca h hekrihr quc fks prgsc ks ul`chrh`dy hrmfhkm.

]gictkics, rchnkla ^gdjkcl, K hi rciklncn ge tfc @ggj ge Igrigl y quc su cstkdg

dktcrhrkg crh kledhtcn, gvcr-wrkttcl, tclncltkgus, hln igrhdkstkm kl tfc cxtrcic. Cl

nceklktkvh, cstgs mrtkmgs hrauiclth`hl quc cd usg ncd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg crh

hzhrgsg y quc mglvcrth hCd ]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgscl ulh g`rh kdcak`dc mgl ul dclauhoc

ncihskhng krrchd.

]cal Hddhl ^urlcr (0223, p. 80;), mgig phrtc csclmkhd ncd nkscg dktcrhrkg nc

Cd ]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgs, ^gdjkcl utkdkzh su mglgmkikcltg sg`rc ekdgdgah phrh prgnumkr

ulh kltcrhmmkl mrchtkvh cltrc pcrspcmtkvhs hltkauhs y igncrlhs ncd iulng. ]u usg ncd

hrmhsig cl cd dxkmg, sklthxks y cstkdg cs acluklg, y dg quc cs is kipgrthltc,

kltclmkglhng. ]u ehikdkhrknhn mgl cd dclauhoc nc tcxtgs hltkaugs fkzg quc eucsc

mglsmkcltc nc dhs nkecrclmkhs cltrc tcxtgs igncrlgs y prc-igncrlgs.

^gdjkcl lg mgiphrth dhs iksihs gpklkglcs y austgs dktcrhrkgs quc hdaulgs ncsus mgltcipgrlcgs, mgig Ukrakh Qggde y Ohics Ogymc, y utkdkz cd hrmhsig mgig ul

hrih hltkigncrlksth. d iksig nceclnk su usg cl iumfhs gmhskglcs, thd mgig sc

pucnc g`scrvhr cl hdaulhs nc sus mhrths, mgig cs cd mhsg nc dh skaukcltc, csmrkth cl 8;33

h Fuaf @rgahl (Mhrpcltcr, 8;68)? @ut h rchd hrmfhkm Cladksf ks ehr igrc tcrsc tfhl

igncrl: hdsg ihly ge tfklas shkn mgudn lgt `c shkn kl gur sdhmj hln getcl erkvgdgus

knkgi.. Nceclnh quc cd dclauhoc mglddcvh ulgs vhdgrcs mudturhdcs quc sgl lcmcshrkgs


8/37


1

trhlsiktkr. ]cal d, dhs egrihs is hltkauhs ncd fh`dh trhlsikthl ulh ihlcrh hltkauh

nc cltclncr dh vknh quc dhs egrihs igncrlhs lg pucncl mglscaukr.

Mgl su acluklh egrih nc csmrk`kr y nc utkdkzhr dgs hrmhsigs y dhs nkvcrshs

vhrkcnhncs nkhmrlkmhs, ^gdjkcl mglskauc kltrgnumkr hd dcmtgr nc ddclg cl dh g`rh. ]c

prgnumc cltglmcs ul phmtg cltrc cd hutgr y cd dcmtgr, quc cst nkspucstg h suspclncr su

klmrcnudknhn. Cstg cs pgsk`dc pgrquc quc cd usg quc ^gdjkcl fhmc ncd mgipglcltc

nkhmrlkmg cst `kcl icnkthng y cs tgthdicltc kltclmkglhng, hdag quc cd dcmtgr mhpth hd

klsthltc cl dh dcmturh nc dh g`rh.

^rhs fh`cr rchdkzhng dh dcmturh ncd dk`rg thltg cl klads mgig cl csphgd, sc

pucnc scltkr ulh nkecrclmkh h`ksihd cl muhltg h dg quc dhs phdh`rhs mglskaucl trhlsiktkr.Cl cd dk`rg cl vcrskl grkaklhd, ^gdjkcl mglskauc trhlspgrthr hd dcmtgr hd iulng nc Dh

^kcrrh Icnkh y cstg cs, cl arhl phrtc, pgr cd usg nc hrmhsigs y vhrkcnhncs nkhmrlkmhs.

]u usg ncd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg cs mglsthltc y sc ihltkclc ekcd h d, mgig sc cxpglc

is hncdhltc. Cl ul dk`rg cl cd quc tkclcl duahr thdcs fhzhhs pkmhs, cd usg ncd klads

igncrlg lg scrh rchdksth, thd y mgig ncekclnc ^gdjkcl cl dh iksih mhrth mkthnh

hltcrkgricltc? @ut sumf 'fcrgkm' smclcs ng lgt gmmur kl h igncrl scttkla tg wfkmf h

igncrl knkgi `cdglas. Qfy ncdk`crhtcdy kalgrc, rceusc tg usc tfc wchdtf ge Cladksfwfkmf dchvcs us h mfgkmc ge stydcswktfgut hly pgssk`kdkty ge ulkltcddkak`kdkty.

H pcshr nc dg quc iumfgs nc sus nctrhmtgrcs punkcscl ncmkr, ^gdjkcl ncigstr

quc utkdkzh`h cd hrmhsig skclng tgthdicltc mglsmkcltc nc mulng y pgr qu tclh quc

utkdkzhrdg. Cl cd pgstcrkgr hldksks, cstc hspcmtg sc cxpdkmhr is cl prgeulnknhn mgl

cocipdgs mglmrctgs ncd dk`rg.


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6

0. Hldksks ncd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg

Rhrh hlhdkzhr cd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg prcscltc cl dh g`rh, sc fhl cdh`grhng sclnhs

th`dhs cl dhs quc sc clmucltrhl mdhskekmhnhs dhs vhrkh`dcs ncd cstunkg. Cl dh prkicrh nc

cddhs (HLCVG K) sc fhl rcmgakng dgs triklgs hrmhkmgs y dhs vhrkcnhncs nkhmrlkmhs

oultg mgl su rcspcmtkvh trhnummkl hd mhstcddhlg, hs mgig cd tkpg nc cstrhtcakh quc sc

skauk h dh fgrh nc trhnumkr nkmfgs triklgs. Cl dh scaulnh (HLCVG KK), sc rcmgacl dgs

triklgs hrmhkmgs y dhs vhrkcnhncs nkhmrlkmhs mgl sus rcspcmtkvgs mgltcxtgs, hs mgig

dgs ciksgrcs nc nkmfgs triklgs y cd tkpg nc vhrkcnhn. ^rhs dccr y hlhdkzhr cd dk`rg ncCd

]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgs? Dh Mgiulknhn ncd Hlkddg cl hi`gs knkgihs, sc fh ddcvhng h mh`g

ulh mdhskekmhmkl ncd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg y sc fhl nkstklaukng muhtrg mhtcagrhs phrh

mdhskekmhr dhs vhrkh`dcs? hrmhsig, phdh`rhs hltkmuhnhs, phdh`rhs rurhdcs y phdh`rhs

pgtkmhs, thd y mgig sc pucnc g`scrvhr cl cd HLCVG KK. H mgltkluhmkl, sc prgmcncr h

cxpdkmhr mhnh mhtcagrh cl is prgeulnknhn?

0.8.Hrmhsig

Sl hrmhsig cs ulh mhrhmtcrstkmh nc ul csthng is hltkaug nc ulh dclauh quc sc skaucutkdkzhlng, ihltclkclng cd hurh nc su phshng. Mgig sc fh nkmfg mgl hltcrkgrknhn, cstc

ecliclg hphrcmc mgl arhl ercmuclmkh cl Dh Mgiulknhn ncd Hlkddg, hs mgig cl dgs

ncis dk`rgs nc dh shah. Hdaulgs nc dgs cocipdgs is skalkekmhtkvgs sgl?

Cdvcl? ncd klads hltkaug decl, decl. Cstc triklg hltkaug vgdvk h ushrsc

arhmkhs h Cd ]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgs. Nc fcmfg, cl cd prgpkg Gxegrn Cladksf

Nkmtkglhry sc fhmc rcecrclmkh h ^gdjkcl? rcecrrkla tg h jkln ge kihaklhry `ckla

kl tfc wgrjs ge O. P. P. ^gdjkcl. Cl grkacl, sgdg fhmh rcecrclmkh h cdegs nc

alcrg eciclklg, pcrg pgstcrkgricltc sc hpdkm h hi`gs scxgs. ]c utkdkzh nc

egrih hpgsktkvh, mgig cl cd skaukcltc cocipdg? hln wgrns ulfchrn wcrc

spgjcl tfcl ge egdj ge Icl hln Cdvcl-jkl, `cygln tfc wgrdn wcrc vkskgls

sfgwcn egr`kn tg tfgsc tfht nwcdd tfcrckl (dk`rg K, mhptudg 0, p. 0=3), g

htrk`utkvh? Akd-ahdhn whs hlCdvcl-jkla.Ge fki tfc fhrpcrs shndy skla (dk`rg

K, mhptudg 88, p. 863), Fks spccmf hln mdchr rklakla vgkmc dcet lg ngu`t kl tfckr

fchrts? tfc rkncr whs ge tfcCdvcl-egdj (dk`rg K, mhptudg 80, p. 02;), Ht ekrst tfc


10/37


;

`chuty ge tfc icdgnkcs hln ge tfc kltcrwgvcl wgrns kl cdvcl-tglaucs (dk`rg KK,

mhptudg 8, p. 0==), cltrc gtrgs cocipdgs.

Crc? ncd klads hltkaug r, ncd klads icnkg cr (hnvcr`kg, mgloulmkl y

prcpgskmkl), ncd hdcil hltkaug hkrkz, mgiphrhtkvg nc hkr. ^kclc cd skalkekmhng

nc hltcs gprgltg, mgig sc pucnc g`scrvhr cl dgs skaukcltcs cocipdgs? 'Kl tfc

]gutf tfc rchdi ge Aglngr dgla clnurcn: hln egr h wfkdc kts spdclngur arcw,

rcmhddkla sgicwfht ge tfc ikaft ge Liclgr, crckt ecdd(dk`rg KK, mhptudg 0, p.

0>>), K whs ehr ergi Ksclahrn, crctfc wgdvcs hln grms kssucn ergi tfc ahtc tg

pursuc ic (dk`rg KK, mhptudg 0, p. 058).

]ul?Hltkauhicltc, sulcrh nc alcrg eciclklg, fcmfg quc ^gdjkcl rcedcoh cl dhskaukcltc erhsc? Fc wglncrcn ht kt, egr fc fhn hdigst egragttcl h`gut tfc ]ul.

^fcl egr tfc dhst tkic fc dggjcn up hln sfggj fks ekst htfcr.(dk`rg K, mhptudg 0,

p. 3>).

Fhkd? kltcrocmmkl utkdkzhnh phrh shdunhr y igstrhr rcspctg. Ncd lrnkmg hltkaug

fckdd, mgl cd skalkekmhng nc shdun, prgspcrknhn y `uclh sucrtc. ^hi`kl tkclc

su grkacl cl phrtc ncd klads hltkaug fhds, egrih h`rcvkhnh nc ws fkd quc

tclahs shdun. Hdaulgs cocipdgs sgl?Fhkd, Ergng! fc mrkcn. [gu hrc h`rghn

dhtc. Gr hrc ygu pcrfhps dgst7 (dk`rg K, mhptudg =, p. 62), Fhkd, Cde-erkcln!

(dk`rg K, mhptudg =, p. 68)

Huxkdkhrcs?ulh nc dhs mhrhmtcrstkmhs ncd klads hltkaug sgl dhs egrihs vcr`hdcs

skl huxkdkhrcs, mgig sc g`scrvh cl cd skaukcltc cocipdg? [gu jlgw lgtwfht

ygu shy (dk`rg KK, mhptudg 1, p. =36). Cd usg ncd huxkdkhr cs ulh mhrhmtcrstkmh

prgpkh ncd klads igncrlg.

^fgu? ulh nc dhs mhrhmtcrstkmhs ncd dclauhoc hrmhkmg nc ^gdjkcl cs su usg ncd

prglgi`rc pcrsglhd nc scaulnh pcrsglh sklaudhr tfgu cl mhsg lgiklhtkvg.

Rrgvkclc ncd klads hltkaug tf. Ihy`c tfgu sfhdt ekln Uhdkihr (dk`rg KK,

mhptudg 6, p. =16).


11/37


82

^fy? nctcriklhltc pgscskvg ncd prglgi`rc tfgu? ^fylulmdc whs nchn

hs h duip g' dchn, Hegrc K eguln fks sfkl`glc (dk`rg K, mhptudg 80, p.

021).

^fcc?mhsg hmushtkvg g nhtkvg ncd prglgi`rc tfgu? K'dd chttfcctgg, hln

alhw tfy sfkls (dk`rg K, mhptudg 80, p. 021).

Egrihs vcr`hdcs?

Ucr`g + ctf (suekog nc dh tcrmcrh pcrsglh ncd sklaudhr ncd prcscltc

hrmhkmg)? [ct cvcl hs K wrktc kt ks mggdcn, hln kt sccictf tg sfrklj,

tfguaf kt dgsctflcktfcr kts `chuty lgr kts sfhpc. Hdrchny tfc wrktkla upgl

kt, wfkmf ht ekrst whs hs mdchr hs rcn edhic,ehnctfhln ks lgw gldy `hrcdy

tg `c rchn. Kt ks ehsfkglcn kl hl cdvcl-smrkpt ge Crcakgl, egr tfcy fhvc lg

dcttcrs kl Igrngr egr sumf su`tdc wgrj: ùt tfc dhlauhac ks uljlgwl tg

ic. K ncci kt tg `c h tglauc ge tfc @dhmj Dhln, sklmc kt ks egud hln

ulmgutf. Qfht cvkd kt shktfK ng lgt jlgw: ùt K trhmc fcrc h mgpy ge kt,

dcst kt ehnc `cygln rcmhdd. ^fc Pkla ikssctf, ihy`c, tfc fcht ge ]hurgls

fhln, wfkmf whs `dhmj hln yct ùrlcn dkjc ekrc, hln sg Akd-ahdhn whs

ncstrgycn.(dk`rg KK, mhptudg 0, p. 03=).

Cl csth mdhskekmhmkl thi`kl sc fhl klmdukng cdcicltgs yh g`sgdctgs nc rchdknhncs

phshnhs mgig hdaulhs prclnhs nc vcstkr u gmuphmkglcs. Cs cd mhsg nc?

@hdnrkm? Sl mklturl g ehoh, aclcrhdicltc nc mucrg y rkmhicltc grlhiclthng,

utkdkzhng aclcrhdicltc phrh mgdgmhr ul hrih? Gl h `hdnrkm fc wgrc h archt

fgrl tkppcn wktf skdvcr tfht lgw whs dhkn upgl fks jlccs (dk`rg KK, mhptudg 0, p.

0>2).

Mgrsdct? Rkczh nc ulh hrihnurh quc mu`rc cd mucrpg? ^fcrc `cryd, pchrd, hln

gphd phdc, Hln icthd wrguaft dkjc eksfcs' ihkd, @umjdcr hln mgrsdct, hxc hln

swgrn, Hln sfklkla spchrs wcrc dhkn kl fghrn (dk`rg KK, mhptudg >, p. =85).

Fh`cracgl?mfhqucth g hrihnurh nc ihddh, is pcquch y dkacrh quc ulh mgth

nc ihddh?ge skdvcr whs fksfh`cracgl (dk`rg KK, mhptudg K, p. 0=>)


12/37


88

Gstdcr? pcrsglh quc rcmk`c y hdgoh fuspcncs, cspcmkhdicltc cl ulh mhsh

rcdkakgsh? ^fc gstdcrfhs h tkpsy mht tfht pdhys h ekvc-strklacn eknndc (dk`rg K,

mhptudg ;, p. 836)

Cd rcstg nc cocipdgs nc triklgs hrmhkmgs sc pucncl g`scrvhr mgl is ncthddc cl cd

hlcxg KK.

0.0.Rhdh`rhs hltkmuhnhs

Cl gmhskglcs dgs hrmhsigs cvgmhl rchdknhncs nc ul pcrkgng hltkaug y sc ushl phrh

ncskalhr h rchdknhncs nc pgmhs phshnhs. H cstgs triklgs, quc hl cstl cl usg pcrg

sgl pgmg ercmucltcs sc dcs prcekcrc nhr ulh ihrmh iclgs rcstrkmtkvh. Hdaulgs mhsgs sgl?

Fktfcr?ncd klads hltkaug fkncr, mgrrcspglnkcltc hd lrnkmg hltkaug fcrh?

^fht ks tfc purpgsc egr wfkmf ygu hrc mhddcnfktfcr.(dk`rg KK, mhptudg 0, p.

0>0), Qfg mgicsfktfcrtg nkstur` tfc rcst ge @hdkl Dgrn ge Igrkh7 (dk`rg

KK, mhptudg 3, p. =0>).

^fktfcr?ncd klads hltkaug kncr,kncry hltcsncr? Kl tfc nccp pdhmcs ge

tfc wgrdn! Hlntfktfcrwc hrc agkla hahklst iy wksf (dk`rg KK, mhptudg >, p.

=2;).

Fktfcr hln tfktfcr? mgl cd skalkekmhng nc igvcrsc cl vhrkhs

nkrcmmkglcs, nc hqu phrh hdd? hln tfc Lklc Pkncrs agkla fktfcr

hln tfktfcrkl tfc dhlns (dk`rg KK, mhptudg 0, p. 058)

Jkl? ncd klads icnkg jkl, jyl, jcl, jul, ncd klads hltkaug myl. Fhmc

rcecrclmkh h ulh ehikdkh g rhzh, mglcmthngs pgr shlarc pgr sus hltcphshngs?

^fcrc dkvc stkdd tfgsc ge wfgi Dtfkcl whs tfc egrcigtfcr, hln kt ks shkn tfht

fcr dklc sfhdd lcvcr ehkd. Cdrgln ge Pkvclncd ks ge tfhtJkl (dk`rg K, mhptudg

88, p. 8;>).

Get? ncd hdcil icnkg-hdtg getc, get.Klnkmh ercmuclmkh?[ctgetkl dkcs trutf ks

fknncl? kl tfc ]ch kt wgudn `c shec (dk`rg KK, mhptudg 0).


13/37


80

0.=.Rhdh`rhs rurhdcs

ClDh Mgiulknhn ncd Hlkddgthi`kl hphrcmcl vhrkgs cocipdgs nc triklgs hltkmuhngs,

pcrg cspcmekmgs ncd i`ktg rurhd. Dgs nkhdcmtgs rurhdcs klmduycl hqucddhs phdh`rhs quc

fhl ncohng nc ushrsc cl dh dclauh cstlnhr, pcrg quc sc skaucl utkdkzhlng cl cstgs

i`ktgs. Cstc tkpg nc mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg hphrcmc sg`rc tgng cl dh prkicrh phrtc ncd

dk`rg, muhlng dgs fg``kts hl lg fhl ddcahng h Pkvclncd. Hdaulgs cocipdgs sgl dgs

skaukcltcs?

Ct? egrih g`sgdcth nc ncmkr chtcl. [gu guaftlt tg fhvc tggj up wktf us.

[gu mgudn fhvc sthycn fcrc hln ct tfc `cst fhy tkdd tfc lcw arhss mgics(dk`rg KK, mhptudg =, p. 062).

Cttcl?prgvclkcltc ncd klads hltkaug. Hltkaug phrtkmkpkg ncd vcr`g cht.@ut

wc hrclt cttcl yct, hln tfcrc hrc sgic stgut egdj fcrc wktf us (dk`rg KK,

mhptudg >, p. 0;6).

Aheecr? triklg hpdkmhng grkaklhdicltc pgr dh acltc nc i`ktgs rurhdcs h ul

hlmkhlg g hdaukcl muyh pgskmkl fhmc quc sc dc nc`h rcspctg. Cd Cd ]cgr nc

dgs Hlkddgs, Aheecr cs cd lgi`rc ncd phnrc nc ]hi, ul fgi`rc rcspcthng cl

Fg``ktgl? H vcry lkmc wcdd-spgjcl acltdcfg``kt ks Ir. @kd`g, hs Kvc

hdwhys shkn, tfc Aheecrncmdhrcn (dk`rg K, mhptudg 8, p. 00). ]hi thi`kl

utkdkzh cstc triklg phrh rcecrkrsc h d mgig su phnrc? Dkvc hln dchrl! hs iy

aheecruscn tg shy (dk`rg K, mhptudg 1, p. =58).

Argss? triklg utkdkzhng cl cd iulng rurhd phrh fhmcr rcecrclmkh h ngmc

ngmclhs? ^fc klvkthtkgls wcrc dkiktcn tg twcdvc ngzcl (h lui`cr hdsgmhddcn `y tfc fg``kts glc Argss, tfguaf tfc wgrn whs lgt mglskncrcn prgpcr

tg usc ge pcgpdc) (dk`rg K, mhptudg 8, p. 06).

Dhn?ncd klads icnkg dhnnc, hulquc lg sc sh`c mgl tgthd mcrtczh mud cs su

grkacl. Fhmc rcecrclmkh h ul iumfhmfg ogvcl? @ut iy dhn]hi wkdd jlgw

igrc h`gut tfht (dk`rg K, mhptudg 8, p. 0>).


14/37


8=

0.>.Rhdh`rhs pgtkmhs

Cl Cd ]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgs thi`kl pgncigs clmgltrhr vhrkgs triklgs ihrmhngs

nkhmrlkmhicltc utkdkzhngs cspcmkhdicltc cl i`ktgs dktcrhrkgs y pgtkmgs, mgig cs cd

mhsg nc dgs skaukcltcs?

Hdhs!? triklg hrmhkmg prgvclkcltc ncd erhlms hltkaug h, dhs!, h + dhs y ncd

dhtl dhssus. ]c ush`h phrh ihlkecsthr ngdgr, pclh, pcshr, ncmcpmkl, g dh

prcgmuphmkl. Hdhs! Igrngr nrhws hdd wkmjcn tfklas, hln tfc Nhrj Rgwcr

whs `clnkla hdd kts wkdd tg ahtfcr tfci tfcrc.(Dk`rg K, mhptudg 0, p. 36)

Hehr? klnkmh ulh arhl nksthlmkh. Mgltrhmmkl ncd triklg ncd klads icnkg ge

ecgr. Qfcl tfcy hppchrcn tfcy `rguaft lcws ergi hehr, hln tgdn strhlac

egragttcl thdcs wfkmf wcrc chacrdy dkstclcn tg (dk`rg K, mhptudg ;, p. 8>;),

Hehrtfcy shw fki strgla hln ehkr, Ag rknkla dkjc h swhl (dk`rg KK, mhptudg

5, p. =>2).

Egrctcdd? sc egrih mgl cd hltkaug prcekog egrc (mgl cd skalkekmhng nc

hltcrkgrknhn cl cd tkcipg) + cd vcr`g tcdd.K ng lgtegrctcdd, egr hddegrctcddklaks lgw vhkl? gl tfc glc fhln dkcs nhrjlcss, hln gl tfc gtfcr gldy fgpc

(dk`rg KK, mhptudg 6, p. =15).

Ihkn / Ihkncl? fhmc rcecrclmkh h ulh iumfhmfh ogvcl y vkracl.

Hmtuhdicltc sgdg tkclc ul scltkng hrmhkmg y dktcrhrkg? Hl Cdvcl-ihkn tfcrc

whs ge gdn, H sfklkla sthr `y nhy (dk`rg KK, mhptudg 6, p. ==;), sfc whs tfc

ehkrcst ihkncl tfht fhs cvcr `ccl higla hdd tfc mfkdnrcl ge tfks wgrdn

(dk`rg 8, mhptudg 88, p. 8;=).

Ge gdn? cs ul triklg hrmhkmg muhlng fhmc rcecrclmkh h ul triklg gmurrkng

cl cd phshng, g quc gmurrc ncsnc cltglmcs? @ut ergi fcr tfc dklchac ge tfc

Cde-dgrnsge gdnncsmclncn higlaIcl (dk`rg K, mhptudg 88, p. 8;>), ^fks

ks tfc dhwl ge Rhrtf Ahdcl? h ehkr pdhmc kl tfc suiicr nhys ge gdn(dk`rg KK,

mhptudg 82, p. =;3).


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8>

^rhs fh`cr cxpdkmhng cl prgeulnknhn dhs mhtcagrhs cl dhs quc sc fhl

mdhskekmhng dhs vhrkh`dcs g`tclknhs, cs kltcrcshltc igstrhr dgs skaukcltcs arekmgs, cl dgs

quc sc pucnc g`scrvhr mgl is mdhrknhn quc cd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg cst iuy

prcscltc cl dh g`rh ncCd ]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgs? Dh Mgiulknhn ncd Hlkddgy quc cd is

utkdkzhng cs cd hrmhsig.


16/37


83

H rhz nc cstgs nkharhihs y arekmgs sc pucnc ncnumkr quc ^gdjkcl lg utkdkzh`h

dgs hrmhsigs nc ihlcrh klnksmrkiklhnh, sklg quc cs ul ecliclg quc sc ihltkclc

nurhltc tgnh dh g`rh y quc sc utkdkzhl mgl ulh kltclmkl nctcriklhnh, mgig sc hlhdkzhr

is hncdhltc.


17/37


85

=. Hldksks ncd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg scal dgs pcrsglhocs

Rhrh g`scrvhr mgl mdhrknhn dhs vhrkh`dcs y pgncr hlhdkzhrdhs nc ihlcrh hprgpkhnh, sc

ddcvhrgl h mh`g ulh scrkc nc arekmgs y nkharhihs phrh ul pgstcrkgr cstunkg. Slg nc

cstgs cstunkgs sc mcltr cl cd hldksks ncd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg scal dgs pcrsglhocs.

^gdjkcl, mgig sc fh nkmfg hltcrkgricltc, lg utkdkzh`h dgs hrmhsigs skl scltkng,

sklg quc tkclcl ul phpcd iuy kipgrthltc cl dh mrchmkl dktcrhrkh nc dh g`rh, hs mgig cl

dh suspclskl nc dh klmrcnudknhn pgr phrtc ncd dcmtgr. Slg nc dgs usgs ncd mgipglcltc

nkhmrlkmg cl Cd ]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgs? Dh Mgiulknhn ncd Hlkddg cs ngthr nc ulhs

nctcriklhnhs mhrhmtcrstkmhs h ul pcrsglhoc, rhzh g mudturh nctcriklhnh. Mgig cd prgpkg^gdjkcl ihlkecstg, K jlgw wcdd clguaf wfht h igncrl wgudn shy. ZY @ut pcgpdc

wfg tfklj dkjc tfht (rcekrklngsc h ^fgncl) oust ng lgt thdj h igncrl knkgi.

(Mhrpcltcr, 8;68). Hd rchdkzhr csth mhrhmtcrkzhmkl, ^gdjkcl fhmc ulh nkecrclmkhmkl cl

cd arhng y cd tkpg nc hrmhsig cltrc dgs nkecrcltcs pcrsglhocs y mudturhs prcscltcs cl dh

g`rh.

Cl cd nkharhih nc `hrrhs (8) quc hphrcmc h mgltkluhmkl, sc pucnc g`scrvhr dh

mhltknhn nc vhrkh`dcs quc mhnh pcrsglhoc nkmc cl dh g`rh, skl cltrhr qu tkpg ncmgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg ush mhnh ulg. [h cl csth th`dh sc pucnc g`scrvhr mgl mdhrknhn

dgs pcrsglhocs quc is ncsthmhl pgr su usg nc vhrkcnhncs nkhmrlkmhs, mgig pgr

cocipdg Hrhagrl, Ahdnhde, Cdegs mgig Cdrgln, Ahdhnrkcd y Dcagdhs, @kd`g y ]hi,

hncis ncd lhrrhngr.


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81

Is kltcrcshltc hl rcsudth cd nkharhih nc `hrrhs (0), cl cd quc sc pucnc

g`scrvhr y hlhdkzhr mud cs cd tkpg nc mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg quc is utkdkzh mhnh

pcrsglhoc.

Dg is kltcrcshltc quc sc pucnc hekrihr h rhz nc hlhdkzhr cd nkharhih cs dg skaukcltc?

Fg``kts? sc prgnumc ul mgltrhstc cltrc cd dclauhoc nc dgs frgcs nc dh g`rh

y dgs fg``kts. Dgs fg``kts, pgr dg aclcrhd, utkdkzhl ul dclauhoc is lcutrg, yh

quc cl gmhskglcs eulmkglhl mgig icnkhngrcs quc lgs auhl h trhvs nc dh


19/37


86

fkstgrkh y eulmkglhl mgig vlmudg cltrc cd dclauhoc hrmhkmg utkdkzhng pgr

^gdjkcl y cd dclauhoc igncrlg. Cstc cs cd mhsg nc Ergng, Icrry y Rkppkl, quc

hulquc fhahl usg nc phdh`rhs hrmhkmhs, lg cs ul usg ddhihtkvg cl

mgiphrhmkl mgl cd rcstg nc pcrsglhocs. Mhsg nkstkltg cs cd nc ]hi, Cd ^g

(^fc Aheecr) y @kd`g. Cl cd nkharhih sc pucnc g`scrvhr mgl mdhrknhn quc su

usg ncd dclauhoc cs nkstkltg hd nc dgs ncis. Ikcltrhs quc @kd`g, ul

acltdcfg``ktmudtg, dcng y mcrmhlg h dgs Cdegs ncsthmh pgr su usg nc phdh`rhs

purhicltc hrmhkmhs y dktcrhrkhs (hulquc thi`kl hphrcmc hdal usg nc

triklgs rurhdcs, pgr su vknh cl Fg``ktgl), ]hi y Cd ^g fhmcl usg nc ul

dclauhoc is rurhd, ncsthmhlng pgr clmkih nc tgnhs dhs ncis vhrkcnhncs.

]hi y Cd ^g lg sgl fg``kts cnumhngs y mudtgs mgig dg pucncl scr Ergng,@kd`g y dgs ncis, sklg quc sgl trh`hohngrcs y fg``kts nc mhipg mgl ulh

ihygr kleduclmkh ncd dclauhoc rurhd. ]kl ci`hrag, sc pucnc hprcmkhr quc ]hi

thi`kl fhmc usg nc triklgs hrmhkmgs. Cstg sc nc`c h dh cstrcmfh rcdhmkl

quc tclh mgl @kd`g y h dh kleduclmkh nc Ergng.

Frgcs?cd dclauhoc nc dgs frgcs cs iuy nkstkltg hd quc pgncigs clmgltrhr

cl dgs fg``kts, pgr nkvcrsgs igtkvgs. Cl cd mhsg nc Hrhagrl, pgr cocipdg,

g`scrvhigs quc fhmc arhl usg thltg nc hrmhsigs mgig nc phdh`rhs

hltkmuhnhs y pgtkmhs. Hrhagrl cs cd arhl frgc nc dh fkstgrkh, cd fcrcncrg nc

Kskdnur y euturg rcy nc Aglngr. Cl su klehlmkh vkvk cl Pkvclncd oultg h dgs

cdegs. Hncis, thi`kl vkvk nurhltc ulgs hgs cl Dgtfdgrkcl. Cstg fhmc quc

su egrih nc fh`dhr sch nkstklth h dh nc dgs ncis pcrsglhocs fuihlgs, hd

tclcr dh kleduclmkh nc dh rhzh dekmh ncsnc su klehlmkh. ^hi`kl sc g`scrvh

nkecrclmkh cl cd dclauhoc nc cstc pcrsglhoc hd prklmkpkg nc dh g`rh, hltcs nc

ddcahr h Pkvclncd, muhlng sc prcsclth hltc dgs fg``kts mgl cd lgi`rc nc^rhlmgs, ul iglthrhz. Hulquc ^rhlmgs thi`kl fhmc usg nc hrmhsigs, cl dh

dcmturh nc dh g`rh sc g`scrvh ulh nkecrclmkh lgth`dc cl mgiphrhmkl hd

dclauhoc quc ush h rhz nc ddcahr h Pkvclncd, muhlng yh sc ncsmu`rc quc cs

Hrhagrl, cd fcrcncrg nc Kskdnur. Cstc rhsag fhmc quc cd usg ncd dclauhoc ncd

pcrsglhoc sch dakmg y, pgr thltg, mrc`dc.


20/37


8;

Gtrg mhsg cs cd nc @grgikr. Hd kauhd quc Hrhagrl, @grgikr thi`kl cs ul

Nlhnhl (rhzh nc fgi`rcs, hikags nc dgs Cdegs, h dgs quc hyunhrgl nurhltc

dh Rrkicrh Cnhn cl dh aucrrh mgltrh Igragtf) y pgr csc igtkvg thi`kl

mgiphrtc hdaulgs rhsags nkstkltkvgs cl cd dclauhoc. ^hi`kl fhmc usg nc

hrmhsigs y nc triklgs hltkmuhngs Hncis, tkclc ulh egrih nc fh`dhr

prgpkh nc Aglngr. ]kl ci`hrag, nhng quc lg fh mglvkvkng mgl cdegs, mgig

s euc cd mhsg nc Hrhagrl, cd usg nc dgs mgipglcltcs nkhmrlkmgs cs iclgr,

hulquc s sc lgth dh nkecrclmkh mgl rcspcmtg h gtrgs pcrsglhocs muhlng

kltcrvkclc.

Cl cd nkharhih ncsthmh hltc tgng Ahlnhde y su usg nc trcs mgipglcltcs

nkhmrlkmgs, hrmhsigs, phdh`rhs hltkmuhnhs y pgtkmhs. Ahlnhde cs ul ihkh

quc euc clvkhng h dh ^kcrrh Icnkh phrh hyunhr cl dh mhush mgltrh ]hurgl, quc

csth`h tgihlng cd pgncr. Ahlnhde lhmk cl dh Rrkicrh Cnhn ncd ]gd y cs

kligrthd, pgr dg quc lg cs nc cxtrhhr quc su usg ncd dclauhoc cst pdhahng

nc hrmhsigs, yh quc fh vkvkng ncsnc pgmhs hltkauhs. Slg nc dgs rhsags is

kipgrthltcs nc Ahlnhde cs quc sc hnhpth h tgngs dgs cltgrlgs y pcrsglhocs.

Rgr cstg, su egrih nc fh`dhr y cxprcshrsc vhrh ncpclnkclng nc sk cst

rgnchng nc Cdegs, nc fgi`rcs g nc fg``kts.

^gi @gi`hnkd? sc ncsmglgmc cd grkacl nc cstc pcrsglhoc, y dg quc cs cl

rchdknhn. ]kl ci`hrag, cl dgs pgmgs mhptudgs quc hphrcmc cl dh g`rh, qucnh

prcscltc ul usg ncd dclauhoc iuy ihrmhng pgr dgs hrmhsigs. Cstg sc nc`c

sg`rc tgng h quc cs cd is vkcog nc tgngs dgs vkcogs, mgig Cdrgln sc rcekcrc

h d. ^hi`kl crh mglgmkng mgig cd is hltkaug y cd quc lg tkclc phnrc.

Rgr thltg, cs dakmg quc utkdkmc hrmhsigs mgl thlth ercmuclmkh cl sus

kltcrvclmkglcs yh quc cs ul scr quc vkvc cl dh ^kcrrh Icnkh ncsnc tkcipgs

klicigrkhdcs.

Cl cd mhsg nc dgs Cdegs, cd usg ncd mgipglcltc hrmhkmg sc pucnc g`scrvhr

emkdicltc cl cd nkharhih. ^gngs dgs Cdegs quc hphrcmcl cl dh g`rh ncsthmhl

pgr cd usg nc hrmhsigs, triklgs hltkmuhngs y pgtkmgs. Cstg sc nc`c h quc

sgl scrcs kligrthdcs y vkvcl ncsnc tkcipgs hltkaugs. ]k sc g`scrvh cd mhsg nc

Cdrgln, Ahdhnrkcd y Dcagdhs (dgs trcs Cdegs quc is hphrcmcl cl dh g`rh) sc


21/37


02

pucnc vcr quc cl sus kltcrvclmkglcs cd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg cs ul rhsag

iuy prcscltc. Cdrgln cs ul Icnkg-Cdeg quc tkclc icigrkh nc cvcltgs

phshngs gmurrkngs fhmc is nc scksmkcltgs hgs. Ahdhnrkcd lhmk cl dhs

^kcrrhs Kipcrcmcncrhs cl dh Cnhn nc dgs r`gdcs y pgstcrkgricltc vkho h dh

^kcrrh Icnkh nglnc sc csth`dcmk, pgr dg quc cs ul scr kligrthd quc vkvc

ncsnc fhmc ikdcs nc hgs. Cstg sc pucnc g`scrvhr lg sgdg cl su usg ncd

dclauhoc, sklg cl dh sh`knurh nc sus phdh`rhs. Rgr gtrh phrtc, Dcagdhs, hulquc

lg cs thl dglacvg mgig Cdrgln g Ahdhnrkcd, thi`kl cs ul Cdeg quc fh vkvkng

nurhltc iumfgs hgs y pgr csg sus kltcrvclmkglcs cstl pdhahnhs nc

hrmhsigs. Dh cnhn nc dgs ikci`rgs nc dh rhzh dekmh fhmc quc utkdkmcl ul

dclauhoc iumfg is hrmhkmg quc cd rcstg nc dgs pcrsglhocs nc dh g`rh.

Cs kipgrthltc iclmkglhr cd mhsg nc Kskdnur, Nlcnhl hltcphshng nc Hrhagrl

lhmkng cl dh ]caulnhn Cnhn ncd ]gd. Hulquc lg hphrcmc mgig thd cl dh g`rh,

s hphrcmc ul ngmuicltg csmrktg pgr d trcsmkcltgs hgs hltcs nc dh hmmkl

lhrrhtkvh. Cl cstc tcxtg hphrcmcl hdaulhs nc dhs egrihs is hrmhkmhs nc dh

g`rh, mgig dgs vcr`gs hmh`hngs cl ctf. Cs cd mdhrg cocipdg nc quc ^gdjkcl

tuvg cl mglskncrhmkl dh pgmh cl dh quc sc csmrk`k cd ngmuicltg phrh nhrdc

hs ul tglg iumfg is hrmhkmg fhmkclng, lucvhicltc, quc cd usg ncd

mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg rcsudtc mrc`dc.

Rgr dg cxpdkmhng hltcrkgricltc y pgr dg quc iucstrhl dgs nkharhihs, sc pucnc g`scrvhr

quc ^gdjkcl tuvg cl muclth dh pgmh, rhzh y dh mudturh nc mhnh pcrsglhoc phrh nhrdc ul

rhsag nkstkltkvg cl su egrih nc fh`dhr. Cstg fhmc quc sus pcrsglhocs tclahl ulh

pcrsglhdknhn nceklknh y quc cd dcmtgr pcrmk`h mgig hdag mrc`dc y dakmg cd usg nc dgs

hrmhsigs y dgs nkecrcltcs mgipglcltcs nkhmrlkmgs h dg dhrag nc dh g`rh.


22/37


08

>. Cstrhtcakhs nc trhnummkl

Mgig sc fh iclmkglhng hltcrkgricltc dh trhnummkl ncd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg nc dgs

dk`rgs nc ^gdjkcl fh skng ulh nc dhs nkekmudthncs is skalkekmhtkvhs, yh quc cs ul rhsag

quc mhrhmtcrkzh su g`rh y quc pgr thltg, mgig klnkmh Hddhl ûrlcr, cs hdag quc lg sc

pucnc pcrncr cl dh trhnummkl.

ZY hrmfhksi ihy lgt lcmcsshrkdy `c hl csth`dksfcn rcakstcr kl tfc

thract dhlauhacs, hln tfht kts usc ihy mgledkmt wktf tfc prcvhkdkla

dktcrhry lgris. Fgwcvcr, kl vkcw ge kts kipgrthlmc kl tfc dktcrhry ncskal

gl ^fc Dgrn ge tfc Pklas tg pgklt tfc mgltrhst `ctwccl igncrl hln prc-

igncrl vkcws ge tfc wgrdn, kt wgudn `c surprkskla ke trhlsdhtgrs nkn lgt

whlt tg ihjc ht dchst sgic dklaukstkm nkstklmtkgl.

(Hddhl ûrlcr, 0223, p.832)

^rhs dh rcmgpkdhmkl nc dgs nkecrcltcs triklgs y sus trhnummkglcs cl dh th`dh

ncd HLCVG KK, sc phs h gtgrahr ul lgi`rc h mhnh ulh nc dhs cstrhtcakhs quc sc fh`hl

ddcvhng h mh`g phrh trhnumkr cd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg nc dgs dk`rgs quc sgl gòctg nc

cstunkg nc cstc trh`hog. Ncspus nc hlhdkzhr dgs nkecrcltcs cocipdgs nc cstrhtcakhsscauknhs cl dh trhnummkl hd hdcil y hd erhlms, quc cxpglc Hddhl ûrlcr cl su dk`rg

^rhlsdhtkla ^gdjkcl, sc ddca h dh mglmduskl nc quc dhs nkecrcltcs ctkqucths eucrhl dhs

skaukcltcs? hmtuhdkzhmkl, ncsvkhmkl, gikskl, egrihdknhn, cqukvhdclmkh y gtrgs. H

mgltkluhmkl sc prgmcncr h cxpdkmhr mhnh cstrhtcakh cl is prgeulnknhn?

>.8.Hmtuhdkzhmkl

Dh hmtuhdkzhmkl cs ulh cstrhtcakh quc mglskstc cl trhnumkr cd triklg skl

ihltclcr cd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg, cs ncmkr, trhnumkrdg pgr ulh phdh`rh nc usg

hmtuhd quc tclah cd iksig skalkekmhng. ]kaukclng csth cstrhtcakh sc pkcrnc cd

sh`gr hrmhkmg, hltkmuhng, rurhd y pgtkmg nc dgs triklgs. Hdaulgs mhsgs

ncsthmhngs cl dgs quc sc pucnc g`scrvhr quc cd trhnumtgr fh gpthng pgr ddcvhr h

mh`g csth cstrhtcakh sgl dgs skaukcltcs?


23/37


00

]ul? ncd klads hltkaug sullc, mgrrcspglnkcltc hd prgtg-acrilkmg

sullgl. ^fcl egr tfc dhst tkic fc dggjcn up hln sfggj fks ekst ht

fcr (dk`rg KK, mhptudg ;, p. 852). Cl klads hltkaug cd sgd crh

eciclklg, skl ci`hrag cl dh trhnummkl hd csphgd phsh h scr

ihsmudklg, yh quc cs ul rhsag kipgsk`dc nc trhnumkr hd csphgd. Rgr

dtkih vcz ikr fhmkh hrrk`h y dg hiclhz mgl cd pug (dk`rg K,

mhptudg ;, p. 081).

Adcnc?ncd klads hltkaug adknh, mgrrcspglnkcltc hd lrnkmg hltkaug

adctfh, su skalkekmhng cs cd nc dhs hsmuhs ncd mhr`l. Kt whs fgt wfcl

K ekrst tggj kt, fgt hs hadcnc(dk`rg KK, mhptudg 0, p. 030).Cd triklgsc fh trhnumkng hd csphgd mgig `rhsh. Csth`h mhdkcltc muhlng dg

tgic, mhdkcltc mgig ulh`rhsh(dk`rg KK, mhptudg 0, p. =>8).

^fktfcr? ncd klads hltkaug kncr. Cd mhsg nc csth trhnummkl cs

murkgsg, yh quc suerc ulh hmtuhdkzhmkl tgnhs dhs vcmcs quc hphrcmc h

dg dhrag ncd dk`rg cxmcptg cl ulh, cl dh quc cd trhnumtgr gpth pgr

giktkrdg. ^fktfcr, chstwhrn, ulwkddkla fks cyc whs nrhwl (dk`rg KK,mhptudg 82, p. >28),Lg qucrh ikrhr pcrg sc vgdvk fhmkh cd cstc y

vkg (dk`rg KK, mhptudg 82, p. =3;)

Ucr`g + ctf (suekog nc dh tcrmcrh pcrsglh ncd sklaudhr ncd prcscltc

hrmhkmg)? [ct cvcl hs K wrktc kt ks mggdcn, hln kt sccictf tg sfrklj,

tfguaf kt dgsctflcktfcr kts `chuty lgr kts sfhpc. Hdrchny tfc wrktkla

upgl kt, wfkmf ht ekrst whs hs mdchr hs rcn edhic, ehnctfhln ks lgw

gldy `hrcdy tg `c rchn. Kt ks ehsfkglcn kl hl cdvcl-smrkpt ge Crcakgl,

egr tfcy fhvc lg dcttcrs kl Igrngr egr sumf su`tdc wgrj: ùt tfc

dhlauhac ks uljlgwl tg ic. K ncci kt tg `c h tglauc ge tfc @dhmj

Dhln, sklmc kt ks egud hln ulmgutf. Qfht cvkd kt shktfK ng lgt jlgw:

ùt K trhmc fcrc h mgpy ge kt, dcst kt ehnc `cygln rcmhdd. ^fc Pkla

ikssctf, ihy`c, tfc fcht ge ]hurgls fhln, wfkmf whs `dhmj hln yct

ùrlcn dkjc ekrc, hln sg Akd-ahdhn whs ncstrgycn.(dk`rg KK, mhptudg


24/37


0=

0, p. 03=). ^gnhs csths egrihs vcr`hdcs sc hmtuhdkzhl y pgr thltg

pkcrncl cd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg nc dh egrih nc fh`dhr nc Kskdnur y

ncd fcmfg nc quc euc ul tcxtg csmrktg cl cd phshng. ]kl ci`hrag sc

fh clerkhng ikcltrhs csmrk`g y phrcmcquc sc clmgakcrh, hulquc skl

pcrncr`cddczh lk egrih. [h dh klsmrkpmkl quc ddcvh cd Hlkddg, quc hd

prklmkpkg crh mdhrh mgig ulh ddhih, sc fh `grrhngy hfgrh hpclhs

pucnc dccrsc. Dgs mhrhmtcrcs sgl dekmgs, nc Crcakgl, pucs lg fhy

dctrhs cl Igrngr phrh ul trh`hog thl ncdkmhng, pcrg cd dclauhoc ic

cs ncsmglgmkng. Rkclsg quc sc trhth nc ulh dclauh ncd Rhs

^clc`rgsg, pucs cs argscrh y `r`, qukzs, cd mhdgr nc dh ihlg nc

]hurgl, quc crh lcarh y skl ci`hrag hrnh mgig cd eucag, y hs Akd-

ahdhn euc ncstrukn(dk`rg KK, mhptudg 0, p. =>8)

>.0.Ncsvkhmkl

Dh ncsvkhmkl sc nh muhlng cd triklg trhnumkng suerc ul mhi`kg nc skalkekmhng

mgl rcspcmtg hd grkaklhd, yh sch mhi`klngdg pgr mgipdctg g hhnkclng ihtkmcs.Cstg prgvgmh pgr thltg ul mhi`kg skalkekmhtkvg cl cd scltkng nc dh erhsc y

ignkekmh cl gmhskglcs dh kltclmkl ncd csmrktgr. Hdaulgs cocipdgs nc ncsvkhmkl

sgl dgs skaukcltcs?

Rs hln Xs? cxkstcl vhrkhs tcgrhs cl muhltg hd grkacl nc csth cxprcskl,

ncsnc quc sc nc`c h quc dgs lkgs tclhl quc tclcr muknhng nc lg

mgleulnkr dh p y dh q,fhsth quc crh ulh tmlkmh nc dgs mhihrcrgs phrhquc lg dcs clahhscl mgl dh muclth (pklts hln quhrts). Ikln ygur Rs

hln Xs (dk`rg K, mhptudg ;, p. 83>). Cl dh trhnummkl ncd dk`rg sc

trhnumc pgr munclsc (dk`rg K, mhptudg ;, p. 082), ul triklg quc

hncis nc pcrncr cd skalkekmhng grkaklhd nc dh cxprcskl pucnc sglhr h

csphgd dhtklghicrkmhlg.


25/37


0>

Lctfcr? ncd klads hltkaug lkcrh.Ergi alhsfkla ge tfc Lhrrgw Kmc

wfcrc sfhngw dkcs sgl ergzcl fkdds, ergilctfcrfchts hln `urlkla whstc

fc turlcn kl fhstc (dk`rg KK, mhptudg 8, p. 0=>). Cd triklg skalkekmh

klecrkgr g nc h`hog y sc trhnumc pgr klecrlhdcs, hdag lg iuy hprgpkhng

nc`kng h dh mhrah rcdkakgsh nc csth phdh`rh y hd fcmfg nc quc cl cd

ulkvcrsg nc ^gdjkcl lg cxkstc dh rcdkakl. Nc dgs mfkrrkngs ncd Fkcdg

Hprcthng, nglnc dhs sgi`rhs yhmcl cl mgdklhs fcdhnhs, nc dgs mhdgrcs

klecrlhdcsy ncd hrngr nc dgs ncskcrtgs fuy nc prksh(dk`rg KK, mhptudg

8, p. =85).

^knklas? ncd klads hltkaug tknula.^fc tknklas fhn aglc ehr hln wknc

tfht Ahlnhde whs iksskla hln tfc fgrscicl fhn `ccl sccl (dk`rg K,

mhptudg 82, p. 810). Hncis nc prgnumkrsc ulh ncsvkhmkl cl dh

trhnummkl lgs clmgltrhigs hltc ulh klmgfcrclmkh, yh quc cd rcstg nc dhs

vcmcs sc fh gpthng pgr hmtuhdkzhrdh icnkhltc dh phdh`rh lgtkmkhs, y skl

ci`hrag cl cstc mhsg sc trhnumc pgr sc ncmh. ]c ncmhpgr tgnhs phrtcs

quc Ahlnhde fh`h ncshphrcmkng y quc sc fh`hl vkstg ulgs Oklctcs

(dk`rg K, mhptudg 82, p. 0=>).

Slthic? ncd klads hltkaug ultcic.Egr ygu hrc stkdd herhkn, pcrfhps, ge

ikst hln trcc-sfhngws hln nccp whtcr, hln ulthic tfklas (dk`rg K,

mhptudg 1, p. 80=).Cstc triklg fhmc rcecrclmkh h dg shdvhoc c klngih`dc

y cl dh trhnummkl sc ncsvh pgr mrkhturhs ncd `gsquc. Xukz tgnhvh

tclks ikcng nc dh lkc`dh, dh sgi`rh nc dgs r`gdcs, cd hauh prgeulnh,

dhsmrkhturhs ncd `gsquc (dk`rg K, mhptudg 1, p. 856).

Pkaft hakl? pcrtclcmkcltc hd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg rurhd, skalkekmh csthr

hd dhng nc g mcrmh nc. Ke tfcy dkvc gl tfc wrgla sknc ge tfc @rhlnywklc

Pkvcr, hln rkaft hakl tfc Gdn Egrcst (dk`rg K, mhptudg 8, p. 00). Csth

ncsvkhmkl mglstktuyc ul kipgrthltc mhi`kg nc scltkng cl dh trhnummkl,

yh quc sc trhnumc pgr ncrcmfh nc`kng h dh gikskl nc hakl. Rucs vkvcl


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03

cl dh grkddh ihdh ncd @rhlnkvklg y h dhncrcmfhncd @gsquc Ukcog (dk`rg

K, mhptudg 8, p. =3).

>.=.

Gikskl

Cs dh cstrhtcakh nc trhnummkl scal dh muhd sc prgnumc ulh cdkskl ncd triklg

cl cd tcxtg icth. Csth cstrhtcakh prgvgmh ulh prnknh nc klegrihmkl quc cl

gmhskglcs pucnc ddcahr h scr csclmkhd phrh dh tgthd mgiprclskl nc dh g`rh.

Rgncigs hprcmkhr csth cstrhtcakh cl dgs skaukcltcs cocipdgs?

twhs? mgltrhmmkl nc kt whs. twhs tfc cycs hs ihnc ic skt up, sg tg

spchj(dk`rg KK, mhptudg ;, p. =60). Dh rhzl pgr dh muhd sc giktc cstc

triklg cl dh trhnummkl pucnc scr cd fcmfg nc quc cl klads cs

lcmcshrkh ulh mglstrummkl mgl suoctg phrh egrihr dh erhsc, pgr cd

mgltrhrkg cl csphgd lg cs lcmcshrkg. ]k ic sclt euc h mhush nc dgs

gogs, pgr hs ncmkrdg (dk`rg KK, mhptudg ;, p. 30=).

Fktfcr? ncd klads hltkaug fkncr. K fhvc lgt `rguaft ygu fktfcr tg `c

klstrumtcn `y ygu, `ut tg akvc h mfgkmc (dk`rg KK, mhptudg 0, p. 03;).

Cstc triklg sc giktc ngs vcmcs h dg dhrag nc dgs ngs dk`rgs dg quc dg

mglvkcrtc h su vcz cl ulh klmgfcrclmkh, pucs cd rcstg nc dhs vcmcs quc

lgs dg clmgltrhigs sc trhnumc pgr hqu. Lg tc fc fcmfg vclkr phrh quc

ic klstruyhs, sklg phrh nhrtc ulh pgsk`kdknhn.(dk`rg KK, mhptudg 0, p.

=32).

Rrhy? ncd erhlms hltkaugprckcr. Hln wfht wkdd tfht `c,prhy7 (dk`rg KK,

mhptudg >, p. =8=). Cd skalkekmhng nc cstc triklg cs cd nc pgr ehvgr y

cstc pucnc scr cd igtkvg nc quc sc fhyh giktkng cl dh trhnummkl, yh quc

cl csphgd cd usg nc pgr ehvgr csth iclgs cxtclnkng quc cl cd Pcklg

Slkng y pucnc ddcahr h sglhr hrtkekmkhd. Xu rcmgipclsh7 (dk`rg KK,

mhptudg >, p. 000).


27/37


05

>.>.Egrihdknhn

Dh egrihdknhn mgig cstrhtcakh nc trhnummkl mglskstc cl ushr cl duahr ncd

cqukvhdcltc hrmhkmg ul triklg nc ul rcakstrg is cdcvhng mgl cd g`octkvg nc

fhmcr quc suclc hltkmuhng. Hdaulgs cocipdgs nc trhnummkglcs quc fhl scaukng

csth cstrhtcakh sgl dgs skaukcltcs?

Ukttdcs? ncd dhtl vkmtuhdkh. @ut wfy wgrry7 Fc fhslt thjcl tfc vkttdcs

wktf fki (dk`rg K, mhptudg 8, p. =8). Cstc cs ul mdhrg cocipdg nc

egrihdknhn cl cd quc klmdusg sc hdtcrh cd rcakstrg ncd tcxtg grkaklhd,

quc cs iclgs cdcvhng quc cd nc dh trhnummkl vktuhddhs. Rcrg pgr

qu prcgmuphrsc sk lg sc fh ddcvhng dhs vktuhddhs7 (dk`rg K, mhptudg 8,

p. >1).

Ihkncl? ncd klads hltkaug iancl. Hln gvcr Iknndc-chrtf fc phsscn

hln fchrn ht dhst tfc wccpkla sgrc ge wgicl hln ge cdvcl-ihkns kl

Cdncr Nhys, kl ychrs ge ygrc (dk`rg KK, mhptudg 8, p. 0=5). Dh

trhnummkl nc cstc triklg tkclc vhrkgs prg`dcihs nc`kngs h su

pgdkscikh, yh quc pucnc skalkekmhr vkracl y nglmcddh. Cd prg`dcih cs

quc nglmcddh h su vcz thi`kl cs ul triklg pgdksikmg quc pucnc

fhmcr rcecrclmkh h vkracl g h mrkhnh. Mgig cl klads sgdg sc utkdkzh ul

triklg h dh fgrh nc trhnumkr pucnc rcsudthr mgleusg. Nc fcmfg lgs

clmgltrhigs hltc ulh klmgfcrclmkh yh quc sc fh trhnumkng skciprc

mgig nglmcddh cxmcptg cl ulh gmhskl cl dh quc sc fh ushng cd triklg

vkracl. [ hs phs sg`rc dh ^kcrrh Icnkh y hd ekl gy dgs ddhltgs nc

ngdgr nc dhs iuocrcs y dhs vraclcsdekmhs nc dgs ^kcipgs Hltkaugs, nc

dgs nhs nc hlthg (dk`rg KK, mhptudg 8, p. =86).

>.3.

Cqukvhdclmkh


28/37


01

Dh cqukvhdclmkh cs dh cstrhtcakh icnkhltc dh muhd sc mglskauc clmgltrhr cd

triklg nc dh dclauh icth quc mgklmknc cxhmthicltc mgl cd triklg quc

qucrcigs trhnumkr nc dh dclauh grkacl. Ddcvhlng h mh`g csth cstrhtcakh lg sc

hdtcrh cd skalkekmhng lk sc pkcrnc klegrihmkl. Hdaulhs cqukvhdclmkhs nc dh

trhnummkl nc dgs ngs prkicrgs dk`rgs ncd ]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgs sgl dhs skaukcltcs?

Mustgicr? ncd dhtl mustuihrkus. Fc whs h eullymustgicrhln hsjkla

eully qucstkgls (dk`rg K, mhptudg >, p. ;=). ]c trhnumc pgrphrrgqukhlg

quc scrh su cqukvhdcltc cl csphgd, skl ci`hrag g`scrvhigs quc

hphrcmc cl gtrh gmhskl y sc tgih dh cstrhtcakh nc hmtuhdkzhrdg pgr

pcrsglhoc. Crh ul phrrgqukhlg rhrg, quc fhmh prcaulths rhrhs(dk`rg K, mhptudg >, p. 801).

Argss? ncd dhtl argssus. ^fc klvkthtkgls wcrc dkiktcn tg twcdvc ngzcl (h

lui`cr hdsg mhddcn `y tfc fg``kts glc Argss, tfguaf tfc Qgrn whs lgt

mglskncrcn prgpcr tg usc ge pcgpdc (dk`rg K, mhptudg 8, p. 06). Cstc

triklg sc trhnumc tgnhs dhs vcmcs quc hphrcmc pgr su cqukvhdcltc cl

csphgd, arucsh. ]c dkikthrgl dhs klvkthmkglcs h ngmc ngmclhs (licrgquc dgs fg``kts ddhih`hl ulh arucsh, hulquc cd triklg lg sc

mglskncrhrh hprgpkhng phrh mglthr acltc) (dk`rg K, mhptudg 8, p. >0).

Aheecr? hphrcltcicltc ulh mgltrhmmkl nc agnehtfcr. Lg glc fhn h

igrc httcltkvc hunkclmc thl gdn Fhi Ahiacc, mgiigldy jlgwl hs tfc

Aheecr(dk`rg K, mhptudg 8, p. 00).]c trhnumc skciprc pgr cd ^g, quc

scrh su cqukvhdcltc, lg g`sthltc cl ulh gmhskl sc prgnumc ulhklmgfcrclmkh hd trhnumkrdg pgrphnrc, cd igtkvg nc csth trhnummkl cs dh

mgleuskl h dh quc pucnc ddcvhr cd fcmfg nc quc ]hi ddhic cd ^gh

su phnrc. Lhnkc tuvg hunktgrkg is htcltg quc cd vkcog Fhi Ahiyk

mglgmkng mgilicltc mgig cd ^g(dk`rg K, mhptudg 8, p. =>).

Gstdcr? ncd erhlms hltkaug fgstcdkcr, mgrrcspglnkcltc hd dhtl

fgstkdhrkus.^fcl tfcgstdcrshkn tg fks tkpsy mht(dk`rg K, mhptudg ;, p.


29/37


06

836). Sl triklg hrmhkmg cl klads, nc`kng h quc cs ulh prgecskl quc

yh lg cxkstc, quc sc dgarh trhsdhnhr h dh rchdknhn csphgdh. Ducag cd

phdherclcrgdc nkag hd ahtg c`rkg(dk`rg K, mhptudg ;, p. 085).

>.5.Gtrgs

- ^rhnummkl pgr fkpcrlkig? scal cd NPHC ul fkpcrlkig cs ulh

phdh`rh muyg skalkekmhng klmduyc hd nc gtrh u gtrhs. Rgncigs vcr mgig sc

fh hpdkmhng csth cstrhtcakh cl cd skaukcltc cocipdg?

g Egrctcdd? Fc ks lgt fhde tfrguaf yct, hln tg wfht fc wkdd mgic kl

tfc cln lgt cvcl Cdrgln mhl egrctcdd(00=). Cl csth gmhskl cd

triklg sc fh trhnumkng pgr ncmkr, phdh`rh is aclcrhd quc

klmduyc cd skalkekmhng nc prgectkzhr. Lg cst lk skqukcrh murhng

h icnkhs y dg quc dc phshr hd ekl lk skqukcrh Cdrgln pgnr

ncmkrdg(=28).

- Hlhmrglksig? scal cd NPHC ul hlhmrglksig cs ul crrgr quc mglskstc

cl supglcr hmhcmkng ul fcmfg hltcs g ncspus ncd tkcipg cl quc sumcnk,

y, pgr cxt., klmglaruclmkh quc rcsudth nc prcsclthr hdag mgig prgpkg nc ulh

pgmh h dh quc lg mgrrcspglnc. Sl cocipdg nc csth cstrhtcakh cs cd

skaukcltc?

g Dgr? Dgr `dcss ygu, Ir. Ahlnhde, skr! shkn ]hi. (dk`rg K,

mhptudg 0, p. 5=).Mgig yh sc nkog hltcrkgricltc, cd hlhmrglksig

nc cstc triklg sc nc`c hd fcmfg nc quc cl dh ^kcrrh Icnkh lg

cxkstc dh rcdkakl. Cd mkcdg `clnkah hd scgr Ahlnhde

rcspglnk ]hi(dk`rg K, mhptudg 0, p. 6;).


30/37


0;

- Ignkekmhmkl arhihtkmhd? mglskstc cl mhi`khr dh cstrumturh arhihtkmhd ncd

tcxtg grkaklhd phrh quc hd trhnumkrdg hd tcxtg icth suclc is lhturhd.

Rgncigs vcr ul cocipdg nc csth cstrhtcakh h mgltkluhmkl?

g Nurstlt? mgltrhmmkl nc nurst lgt. K nurstltag gutsknc tfks ncdd

egr hly Iglcy: K ecdt tfht sgictfkla whs mrccpkla up tfc sdgpc

(dk`rg K, mhptudg 88, p. 8;>). Hd phshrdg h dh dclauh icth cd

trhnumtgr ush cd mglnkmkglhd phrh giktkr cd triklg. Lg shdnrh

nc cstc hauocrg pgr tgng cd grg ncd iulng. ]clt quc hdag

trcph`h hrrhstrlngsc pgr dh pclnkcltc(dk`rg K, mhptudg 88, p.

05>).

Eka.=

Mgig sc pucnc g`scrvhr cl dh Eka8 dh hmtuhdkzhmkl cs mdhrhicltc dh cstrhtcakh nc

trhnummkl prcngiklhltc, pgr dg quc sc pucnc ncmkr quc cd trhnumtgr fh skng mgfcrcltc

hd rchdkzhr su thrch. Nhng cstc fcmfg, cl dh trhnummkl sc fh pcrnkng ul rhsag kipgrthltc

nc dh g`rh nc ^gdjkcl, dhs nkecrclmkhs cl cd fh`dh nc mhnh ulg nc dgs pcrsglhocs nc dgs


31/37


=2

dk`rgs y sus mudturhs, hdag quc ngth h dh g`rh nc trhseglng. Cstg cs hdag quc yh

hncdhlth`h Hddhl ^urlcr?

Kt iust `c hnikttcn tfht tfcsc mgipclshtkgl tcmflkqucs ng lgt ag ehr

tgwhrns mhpturkla tfc rhlac ge ^gdjkcls stydc, lgr ge nkeecrcltkhtkla

`ctwccl nkeecrclt spchjcrs hln mudturcs. Klnccn, tfc ushac mgudn `c

mfhrhmtcrkzcn hs h mglscrvhtkvc, cdcvhtcn dktcrhry stydc rhtfcr tfhl kl hly

why hrmfhkm.

(Hddhl ^urlcr, 0223, p.830)


32/37


=8

3.

Hldksks pgr mhptudgs

^rhs fh`cr rcmgpkdhng tgngs dgs triklgs mgl ul mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg nc dgs ngs

prkicrgs dk`rgs ncd ]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgsy fh`crdgs mdhskekmhng scal cd mhptudg cl cd

quc hphrcmhl, mgig sc pucnc vcr cl cd HLCVG KK, lgs nhigs muclth nc dh nkecrclmkh

quc cxkstc cltrc cddgs. H mgltkluhmkl sc vhl h hlhdkzhr dgs mhptudgs cl dgs quc sc fhl

g`scrvhng arhl mhltknhn nc hrmhsigs?

Cl dgs trcs prkicrgs mhptudgs ncd dk`rg Kpgncigs clmgltrhr ulh skalkekmhtkvh

mhltknhn nc triklgs rurhdcs, cstg sc nc`c hd fcmfg nc quc dgs prkicrgs mhptudgs

sc clihrmhl cl Dh Mgihrmh nglnc lgs clmgltrhigs mgl ul hi`kcltc rurhd y

mhipcmfhlg cl cd quc hphrcmcl pcrsglhocs mgig ]hi g Cd ^g, quc mgig yh sc

fh nkmfg hltcrkgricltc sgl pcrsglhocs quc trh`hohl cl cd mhipg y quc pgr thltg

ushl ul rcakstrg ncd dclauhoc iclgs cdcvhng.

Cl dgs ngs dtkigs mhptudgs ncd dk`rg Kcd usg nc triklgs mgl ul mgipglcltc

nkhmrlkmg sc nc`c prklmkphdicltc h dh hphrkmkl cl dh g`rh nc ^gi @gi`hnkd,

pcrsglhoc quc, mgig yh sc fh nkmfg, cs cd is vkcog nc tgngs dgs vkcogs, y pgr

thltg su usg ncd hrmhsig cs iuy ihrmhng.

Mhptudgs 8 y 0 ncd dk`rg KK? dg quc cstgs ngs mhptudgs tkclcl cl mgil cs quc

dgs ngs sc ncshrrgddhl cl Pkvclncd, ul cltgrlg nglnc fh`kthl dgs cdegs,

pcrsglhocs quc nc`kng h su cnhn ushl ul dclauhoc is hrmhkmg quc cd rcstg . Cd

scaulng mhptudg ncd dk`rg KK cs Cd Mglmkdkg nc Cdrgln, cd mhptudg cl cd quc

clmgltrhigs is hrmhsigs. Cd igtkvg nc cstc huicltg ncd usg nc dgs hrmhsigs

cl cstc mhptudg cs dh sktuhmkl mgiulkmhtkvh cl dh quc sc clmucltrhl dgs

pcrsglhocs, ulh rculkl grahlkzhnh pgr Cdrgln cl mgl hdtgs rcprcsclthltcs nc

tgnhs dhs rhzhs nc dh ^kcrrh Icnkh. Cs ul hmtg iuy egrihd cl cd quc kltcrvkclc

acltc mgig dgs cdegs y dgs fgi`rcs nc Aglngr, y pgr dg thltg cd rcakstrg cs

`hsthltc is hdtg quc cl cd rcstg ncd dk`rg, yh quc utkdkzhl vhrkcnhncs nc dh

dclauh quc h dgs gngs nc dgs fg``ktssuclhl hrmhkmhs.


33/37


=0

Pcstg nc mhptudgs ncd dk`rg KK? cd fcmfg nc quc cl cd scaulng dk`rg

clmgltrcigs is hrmhsigs quc cl cd prkicrg sc nc`c, hncis nc hd fcmfg nc

quc dhs sktuhmkglcs mgiulkmhtkvhs y cd cltgrlg sc vucdvcl is egrihdcs, h quc

dgs pcrsglhocs suercl ulh cvgdumkl iuy kipgrthltc h dg dhrag nc dh g`rh y csg

cs hdag quc ^gdjkcl pdhsih cl su usg nc dclauhoc, mgig sc pucnc g`scrvhr cl cd

skaukcltc nkharhih.

Nkharhih (=)

Rhrh eklhdkzhr mh`c ncsthmhr cd fcmfg nc quc, mgig sc pucnc hprcmkhr cl cd arekmg,

^gdjkcl lg fkzg ul usg klnksmrkiklhng nc dgs hrmhsigs y dgs triklgs mgl ul

mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg h dg dhrag nc dgs ngs prkicrgs dk`rgs, sklg quc tgngs eucrgl

ushngs pgr hdal igtkvg. Cl cd mhsg nc fhmcr cd hldksks pgr mhptudgs dgs igtkvgs sgl

mdhrgs, yh quc mgig sc fh nkmfg hltcrkgricltc cd usg nc dgs hrmhsigs y dgs triklgsmgl ul mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg huiclth scal hvhlzh dh fkstgrkh y dgs mgltcxtgs phshl

nc scr rurhdcs y ehikdkhrcs h scr iuy egrihdcs. Cstg sc nc`c h dh hphrkmkl nc pcrsglhocs

quc ushl ul rcakstrg is cdcvhng y h dh cvgdumkl nc dgs pcrsglhocs h dg dhrag nc dh

g`rh. Csth rcdhmkl cstrcmfh cltrc mhptudgs y pcrsglhocs sc iucstrh cl cd Nkharhih (>).


34/37

Nkharhih (>)

2

82

02

=2

>2

32

52

12

62

;2

K - 8 K - 0 K - = K- > K - 3 K - 5 K - 1 K - 6 K - ; K - 82 K - 88 K - 80 KK - 8 KK - 0 KK - = KK - > KK - 3 KK - 5 KK - 1 KK - 6 KK - ; KK - 82

Akidk

Awhkfkr

]hruihl

Nkl

Phnhahst

Nclctfgr

Dcagdhs

@grgikr

Kskdnur

Adkl

^rgdd

Hrhagrl

Lg`

Ihaagt

Oklctcs lcargs

Cdegs

Akdngr

Pgry@rhlnkahigCd ^g

Lhrrhngr

Cdrgln

Mcdc`grl

Ahdhnrkcd

Rkppkl

Icrry

Adgrekklncd

Fhdnkr

^gi @gi`hnkd

]hi

Ergng

Ahlnhde

@kd`g


35/37


==

5. Mglmduskl

Cd g`octkvg prklmkphd crh ncigstrhr dh fkptcsks quc sc egriud trhs fh`cr dcng cd

dk`rg nc Cd ]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgs? Dh Mgiulknhn ncd Hlkddg thltg cl csphgd mgig cl

klads? ^gdjkcl lg ush`h cd hrmhsig nc ihlcrh klnksmrkiklhnh y crh mgfcrcltc cl su

usg. Hncis, cd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg lg sc mglskauk trhlsiktkr cl dh trhnummkl nc dh

g`rh. Icnkhltc dh rcmgdcmmkl nc dhs vhrkh`dcs, dh cdh`grhmkl nc sclnhs th`dhs y cd

pgstcrkgr hldksks sc fh pgnkng ncigstrhr mgl rgtulnknhn y mgl cocipdgs cxtrhngs ncd

prgpkg dk`rg quc dh fkptcsks quc sc egriud hd prklmkpkg crh mgrrcmth.

Cl dh cdh`grhmkl nc cstc clshyg lg sdg fcigs fhddhng quc cd usg quc ^gdjkcl fhmc ncd

mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg cs icnkthng, thi`kl sc fh pgnkng hekrihr quc cl cstc usg

cltrhl cl oucag nkvcrsgs ehmtgrcs, mgig dgs pcrsglhocs, dh rhzh y cd duahr y igicltg cl

cd quc sc ncshrrgddh dh hmmkl lhrrhtkvh. ]c pucnc hekrihr, trhs fh`cr rchdkzhng cd cstunkg,

quc ^gdjkcl crh ul csmrktgr quc ngiklh`h dhs nkecrcltcs vhrkcnhncs nc dh dclauh kladcsh

y quc su phskl pgr cddhs fkmkcrgl nc Cd ]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgs ul iulng ehltstkmg c

kihaklhrkg, pcrg tgthdicltc mrc`dc, pucs tgnhs dhs ncmkskglcs quc tgi cl su usg ncd

dclauhoc csth`hl dklastkmhicltc eulnhiclthnhs.

Hd hlhdkzhr dhs trhnummkglcs ncd mgipglcltc nkhmrlkmg sc g`scrv quc dh trhnummkl ncmkcrtgs cdcicltgs crh iuy mgipdkmhnh nc`kng h dhs nkecrclmkhs cltrc cd klads y cd

csphgd. Rgr csc igtkvg sc gpt mhsk skciprc pgr dh cstrhtcakh nc hmtuhdkzhmkl. ]kl

ci`hrag, cl mkcrtgs cocipdgs, sc pgnrhl fh`cr ihltclkng dgs rhsags hrmhkmgs ncd

dclauhoc, yh quc cs ul ehmtgr eulnhiclthd cl dh g`rh grkaklhd.

Cstc trh`hog lgs pglc nc ihlkekcstg dh kipgrthlmkh nc ulh `uclh trhnummkl. ]k `kcl cs

mkcrtg quc dg is kipgrthltc quc nc`c tclcr cl icltc ul trhnumtgr cs trhlsiktkr dh

kltclmkl y cd scltkng ncd tcxtg grkaklhd, lg skciprc cstg cs suekmkcltc. Cl cd mhsg nc Cd

]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgs trhlsiktkr dgs rhsags hrmhkmgs ncd dclauhoc thi`kl sgl ul ehmtgr

eulnhiclthd, pucs ^gdjkcl dgs utkdkz mgl ulh kltclmkl iuy ihrmhnh quc sc pkcrnc cl

dh trhnummkl y, pgr dg thltg, lg pucncl nkseruthr iumfgs dcmtgrcs quc lg ngiklhl cd

klads.Cd ]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgscs ulh g`rh thl rkmh cl mgltclkng y cl dclauhoc quc gercmc

ul h`hlkmg nc tcihs nc klvcstkahmkl `hsthltc hipdkg cl dgs quc, skl nunh hdaulh,

skciprc rcsudthr kltcrcshltc prgeulnkzhr.


36/37


=>

1. @k`dkgarheh?

Hdglsg nc dh Eucltc, Ogs Hlnrs. ^gdjkcl mgig ekddgag y dklaksth.C]^CD. 56, 0-82.

(0282).

Hlkgd, ]mgtt. ^gdjkcl gl tfc usc ge hrmfhkm dhlauhac. Zcl dlchY. 028>. Zdtkih mglsudth?

06 oulkg 028>Y. Nkspglk`dc cl?fttp?//rcdkakgusheecmtkgls.gra/hrtkmdcs/hrtkmdcs-gl-

mudturc/tgdjkcl-gl-tfc-usc-ge-hrmfhkm-dhlauhac/

Mhi`rknac Nkmtkglhrkcs Gldklc.Zcl dlchY. 028>.Zdtkih mglsudth? 06 oulkg 028>Y.

Nkspglk`dc cl?fttp?//nkmtkglhry.mhi`rknac.gra/cs/nkmmkglhrkg/`rkthlkmg/

Mhrpcltcr, Fuipfrcy. Mhrths nc O.P.P. ^gdjkcl. @hrmcdglh? Iklgthurg. (8;;=)

Mhrpcltcr, Fuipfrcy.O.P.P. ^gdjkcl H @kgarhpfy. Dglnrcs? Fhrpcr Mgddkls Ru`dksfcrs.

(8;;3)

Mhrpcltcr, Fuipfrcy. ^fc Dcttcrs ge O.P.P. ^gdjkcl. Dglnrcs? ACGPAC HDDCL &

SLQKL. (8;68)

Mhrtcr, Lkmfgdhs. ^gdjkcl? Icnkcvhd hln IgncrlZ`dgaY. 0288. Zdtkih mglsudth? 0;oulkg 028>Y. Nkspglk`dc cl?

fttp?//tgdjkclicnkcvhdhlnigncrl.`dgaspgt.mgi.cs/0288/2>/kts-kltcltkglhd.ftid

Nc Pgshrkg Ihrtlcz, Fcdkgs.Dh trhnummkl nc dh g`rh nc gdjkcl hd csphgd y hd

mhthdl.C]^CD. 32, 8=-81. (0223).

Cfrclfhus, Hlnrs.Ihtkdnc Fgrlc, trhnumturh nc Cd ]cgr nc dgs Hklddgs.Zcl dlchY.

0226. Zdtkih mglsudth? 06 oulkg 028>Y. Nkspglk`dc cl?fttp?//cdphks.mgi/nkhrkg/0226/25/02/lcmrgdgakmhs/808=;80620W632083.ftid

Ehrdcx. ^fc Ercc Nkmtkglhry. Zcl dlchY. 028>. Zdtkih mglsudth? 06 oulkg 028>Y.

Nkspglk`dc cl?fttp?//www.tfcerccnkmtkglhry.mgi/

Aicz, Ogsu y Uhdnkvkcdsg, Pkmhrn. ^gdjkcl y dhs dclauhs.C]^CD. 31, =2-=>. (0226).
http://religiousaffections.org/articles/articles-on-culture/tolkien-on-the-use-of-archaic-language/http://religiousaffections.org/articles/articles-on-culture/tolkien-on-the-use-of-archaic-language/http://religiousaffections.org/articles/articles-on-culture/tolkien-on-the-use-of-archaic-language/http://religiousaffections.org/articles/articles-on-culture/tolkien-on-the-use-of-archaic-language/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/britanico/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/britanico/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/britanico/http://tolkienmedievalandmodern.blogspot.com.es/2011/04/its-intentional.htmlhttp://tolkienmedievalandmodern.blogspot.com.es/2011/04/its-intentional.htmlhttp://elpais.com/diario/2008/06/20/necrologicas/1213912802_850215.htmlhttp://elpais.com/diario/2008/06/20/necrologicas/1213912802_850215.htmlhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/http://elpais.com/diario/2008/06/20/necrologicas/1213912802_850215.htmlhttp://tolkienmedievalandmodern.blogspot.com.es/2011/04/its-intentional.htmlhttp://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/britanico/http://religiousaffections.org/articles/articles-on-culture/tolkien-on-the-use-of-archaic-language/http://religiousaffections.org/articles/articles-on-culture/tolkien-on-the-use-of-archaic-language/


37/37


Dylmf, Hlnrcw. Hrmfhksi, Lgsthdakh hln ^cllysglkhl Qhr kl ^fc Dgrn ge tfc

Pklas. Cl? Mfhlmc, Ohlc y ]kcwcrs, Hdercn. ^gdjkcl's Igncrl Iknndc Hacs. Rhdarhvc

Ihmikddhl. (022;)

Ihrtlcz, Ikmfhcd. ^fc gdjkcl ]gmkcty Z`dgaY. 028>. Zdtkih mglsudth? 0; oulkg 028>Y.

Nkspglk`dc cl?fttp?//www.tgdjkclsgmkcty.gra/`dga/028>/23/h-`dga-ge-dgst-thdg/

Igglcy, Mfrks. Jkmjkla tfc Fg``kt. ^fc Hicrkmhl Rrgspcmt Zcl dlchY. 0228. Zdtkih

mglsudth? 0; oulkg 028>Y. Nkspglk`dc cl?fttp?//prgspcmt.gra/hrtkmdc/jkmjkla-fg``kt

Gdkvcrh ^gvhr-Csphnh, Ihanhdclh.Dh trhnummkl nc Cd ]cgr nc dgs Hlkddgs (8).

Kltrgnummkl.Zcl dlchY. 0280. Zdtkih mglsudth? 06 oulkg 028>Y. Nkspglk`dc cl?

fttp?//mvm.mcrvhltcs.cs/truohihl/hltcrkgrcs/clcrgW80/85280280.fti

Gxegrn Nkmtkglhrkcs. Gxegrn Nkmtkglhry ge Cladksf.. (0282)

Gxegrn Cladksf Nkmtkglhry. ^fc nceklktkvc rcmgrn ge tfc Cladksf dhlauhac. Zcl dlchY.

028>. Zdtkih mglsudth? 06 oulkg 028>Y. Nkspglk`dc cl?fttp?//www.gcn.mgi/

Rhrmcrkshs, Erhlmcsm.Nkekmudthncs cl dh trhnummkl? Cd F``kt y Cd ]clygr ncds

Hlcdds.C]^CD. 36, =8->=. (0226).

Ruogd ^u`hg, Ikqucd.Cstunkg ncsmrkptkvg nc dh trhnummkl nc Cd scgr nc dgs hlkddgs?

oucags nc phdh`rhs y rcecrcltcs mudturhdcs.Zcl dlchY. 0223. Zdtkih mglsudth? 06 oulkg

028>Y. Nkspglk`dc cl?fttp?//www.hkctk.cu/pu`s/hmths/KK/HKC^KW0WIR^WCstunkg.pne

]fkppcy ,^gi.O.P.P. ^gdjkcl Hutfgr ge tfc Mcltury. Dglnrcs? Fhrpcr Mgddkls

Ru`dksfcrs. (0228)

^gdjkcl, O.P.P.Dh Mgiulknhn ncd Hlkddg. @hrmcdglh? Iklgthurg. (022=)

^gdjkcl, O.P.P. ^fc Ecddgwsfkp ge tfc Pkla. Dglnrcs? Fhrpcr Mgddkls Ru`dksfcrs. (028=)

^urlcr, Hddhl. ^rhlsdhtkla ^gdjkcl. Rfkdgdgakmhd cdciclts kl ^fc Dgrn ge tfc Pklas.

Rctcr Dhla. (0223)

Qhdjcr, ]tcvc. ^fc Rgwcr ge ^gdjkcl's Rrgsc.Iknndc Chrtf's Ihakmhd ]tydc. Rhdarhvc

Ihmikddhl. (022;)
http://www.tolkiensociety.org/blog/2014/05/a-blog-of-lost-talo/http://www.tolkiensociety.org/blog/2014/05/a-blog-of-lost-talo/http://www.tolkiensociety.org/blog/2014/05/a-blog-of-lost-talo/http://prospect.org/article/kicking-hobbithttp://prospect.org/article/kicking-hobbithttp://prospect.org/article/kicking-hobbithttp://cvc.cervantes.es/trujaman/anteriores/enero_12/16012012.htmhttp://cvc.cervantes.es/trujaman/anteriores/enero_12/16012012.htmhttp://www.oed.com/http://www.oed.com/http://www.oed.com/http://www.aieti.eu/pubs/actas/II/AIETI_2_MPT_Estudio.pdfhttp://www.aieti.eu/pubs/actas/II/AIETI_2_MPT_Estudio.pdfhttp://www.aieti.eu/pubs/actas/II/AIETI_2_MPT_Estudio.pdfhttp://www.aieti.eu/pubs/actas/II/AIETI_2_MPT_Estudio.pdfhttp://www.oed.com/http://cvc.cervantes.es/trujaman/anteriores/enero_12/16012012.htmhttp://prospect.org/article/kicking-hobbithttp://www.tolkiensociety.org/blog/2014/05/a-blog-of-lost-talo/

ensayo aelfwine 2014 accésit - la traducción de los arcaismos en esdla - sociedad tolkien...

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