costos abanse gfr

7/24/2019 COSTOS ABANSE gfr

1/30

UNIVERSIDAD ANDINA NSTOR CCERES VELSQUEZ

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA Y CIENCIAS PURAS

ESCUELA PROFECIONAL DE

INGENIERIA INDUSTRIAL

MATERIA:

COSTOS Y PRESUPUESTOS

TITULO DEL TRABAJO:

Proceso productivo de los ladrillos de arcilla artesanal y

mecanizado

NOMBRE DEL AUTOR DEL TRABAJO:

COELA VILCA LISBETH

MAMANI ROBLES MAGALIT ROCIO

MAMANI CCARI, PAUL BREMER

HUALPA DIAS GROVER IVAN

DOCENTE:

Ing. VILLALTA DUEAS PLINIO

SEMESTRE: VI

2015


2/30


3/30

Pgina 1

UNIVERSIDAD ANDINA NS!R "#"ERES VE$#S%UE&

1.0 INTRODUCCINEn San Je!ni"#$C%&'#, &e (#'a(i)an *#+%'#e& +e (a+i((#& -%e %i(i)an 'ni'a&

ae&ana(e& / "e'ani)a+a&, a"0#& *#'e& *#+%'i#& / e( % +e (#& (a+i((#& en

(a '#n&%''i!n +e iien+a&, genean i"*a'#& a( "e+i# a"0iene.

E( *e&ene e&%+i# +e ine&iga'i!n, +e&a#((a +e( An(i&i& +e Ci'(# +e Vi+a

'#"*aai# +e (#& (a+i((#& ae&ana(e& / "e'ani)a+#&, *#+%'i+#& en e( +i&i# +e

San Je!ni"#, +e*aa"en# +e C%&'#. E( An(i&i& +e( Ci'(# +e Vi+a 2ACV3,

+en#"ina+# en ing(& Li4e C/'(e Ana(/&i& 2LCA3, e& %na 5ea"iena -%e '%ani4i'ae( i"*a'# a"0iena( +e %n *#+%'#, #"an+# en '%ena (a& ea*a& +e&+e (a

#0en'i!n +e "aeia *i"a, *#+%''i!n, +i&i0%'i!n, % 5a&a &% +i&*#&i'i!n 4ina(.

E( #06ei# genea( +e (a ine&iga'i!n e& '%ani4i'a / ea(%a (#& i"*a'#&

a"0iena(e& genea+#& +%ane e( 'i'(# +e i+a +e (#& (a+i((#& ae&ana(e& /

"e'ani)a+#& '#n (a 4ina(i+a+ +e -%e (#& e&%(a+#& #0eni+#& *%e+an '#ni0%i a (a

#"a +e +e'i&i#ne& +e (a& a'ia'i#ne& *#+%'#a& / ene& g%0ena"ena(e&.

Paa e( e&%+i#, &e e"*(e! (a "e#+#(#g7a +e( ACV 0a6# (#& e&n+ae& +e (a n#"a

ISO 18989, *aa "#+e(a (#& *#'e& &e 5i)# % +e (a 0a&e +e +a#& +e

ECOINVENT. La '#n(i+a'i!n +e( inenai# / an(i&i& +e i"*a'#& &e +e&a#((!

'#n e( *#e +e( :ae +e Pe$C#n&%(an, SIMAPRO ;.9. La ei&i!n '7i'a

+e( e&%+i# e&%# a 'ag# +e e


4/30

Pgina =


2.0 METODOLOG!A ANLISIS DE CICLO DE VIDA "ACV#

E( An(i&i& +e Ci'(# +e Vi+a 2ACV3 e& %na "e#+#(#g7a -%e *e"ie egi&a /

ea(%a (#& e4e'#& a"0iena(e& +e (a& a'ii+a+e& 5%"ana& a( *#+%'i %n

*#+%'# # &ei'i# +e&+e (a e


5/30


6/30

Pgina 8


Si&e"a N=? La+i((#& *#+%'i+#& +e "anea "e'ani)a+a %i(i)a+#& en e(

&e'# +e '#n&%''i!n en C%&'#.

$.2.$ L43)(' ,'- )('3

L#& (7"ie& +e( &i&e"a +e4inen (#& *#'e& %niai#& a &e in'(%i+#& en e(

&i&e"a, e( &i&e"a +e( *#+%'# &e "#+e(a +e a( "anea -%e (a& ena+a& /

&a(i+a& &ean 4(%6#& e(e"ena(e& 2ISO 189893.

E( e&%+i# a0a'a e( an(i&i& +e&+e (a #0en'i!n +e (a "aeia *i"a 5a&a &% %

4ina(, e& +e'i, +e (a '%na a (a *%ea # cradle to gate. Se #"an en '%ena (#&

4(%6#& *in'i*a(e& +e e'%&, +e&'aan+# (#& &i&e"a& "en#& e*e&enai#&.

L7"ie& *aa e( Si&e"a N1 2La+i((# ae&ana(3?

E( &i&e"a *aa e( (a+i((# ae&ana( a0a'a +e&+e (a #0en'i!n +e (a "aeia

*i"a, (a *#+%''i!n +e( (a+i((# i*# ing #ng 23, 5a&a &% % 4ina( en %n

1 " +e *ae+ '#n&%i+a. En e( &i&e"a a"0in &e in'(%/en (#& *#'e&

+e *#e a(e& '#"# eneg7a, e( an&*#e +e in&%"#&, / (a +i&i0%'i!n +e

(#& (a+i((#& *aa &% % 4ina( en (a '#n&%''i!n +e %na *ae+.

Va(e +e&a'a, -%e e( e&%+i# &e (i"ia a %n " +e *ae+ (aea( '#n&%i+a

'#n (a+i((#& , &in aa6ea / &in '#(%"na&.

En (a 4ig%a @$1 &e *e&ena +e 4#"a g4i'a e( (7"ie +e( &i&e"a *aa e(

(a+i((# ae&ana(.


7/30

- Arcilla

-

Pgina F


Entradas !'tenci(nde)P

- Arena* Agua* Ramas deeucalipto* Aserrn* Cemento* Combustible

Soporte

- Transporte- Energa

Producci(n

ransporte

Uso

Mezcla

Ladril

lo

Ladrillo

Salidas Emisiones

+construcci(n,

1 m2 (pared construida

F)/6 $71: L43)(' ,'- S)('3 7 L,6)--+ A6('-

L7"ie& *aa e( Si&e"a N= 2La+i((# Me'ani)a+#3?

E( &i&e"a a0a'a (a e


8/30

- Arcilla

-

Entradas!'tenci(n

de)P

- Arena*

Agua* Ramas deeucalipto* Aserrn

*Le!a* Cemento* Combustible

Soporte

- Transporte

Producci(n

ransporte

Uso

Mezcla

Ladrillo

Ladrillo

Salidas

Emisiones

- Energa +construcci(n,

1 m2 (pared construida

F)/6 $72: L43)(' ,'- S)('3 7 L,6)--+ M')8,+

$.2.9 L43)(' '+6;)+

E( +e&a#((# +e( ACV &e (i"ia, an# *aa e( Si&e"a N1 '#"# *aa e( N=, a

(a *#+%''i!n +e (a+i((#& en (a &iea 'ena( *e%ana, San Je!ni"# $ C%&'#,+#n+e &e (#'a(i)an (a& (a+i((ea&, *aa (a +i&i0%'i!n / % +e( *#+%'# &e

'#n&i+ea e( &e'# +e '#n&%''i!n (#'a( +en# +e C%&'# e in"e+ia'i#ne&.

$.2.5 L43)(' ('3


9/30

$.$ C-),, ,' -+ ,(+

La a(i+e) +e( e&%(a+# +e( ACV +e*en+e +e (a 'a(i+a+ / e*e&enaii+a+ +e

(#& +a#&. Paa e&e e&%+i# (a e'#(e''i!n +e +a#& +e( Si&e"a N1 2(a+i((#

ae&ana(3 / +e( Si&e"a N= 2(a+i((# "e'ani)a+#3 &e 5i)# "e+iane enei&a& a

(#& *#+%'#e& / e


10/30

=8

Paa (a ea(%a'i!n +e i"*a'#& &e 5i)# % +e (a "e#+#(#g7a IPCC =99, -%e

'aa'ei)a (a e"i&i#ne& +e ga&e& +e e4e'# inena+e# 2GEI3 / '%ani4i'a (#&

i"*a'#& en "in#& +e g +e CO=$e-%ia(ene.

C#"# 5ea"iena +e *#e *aa e( an(i&i& / '%ani4i'a'i!n +e i"*a'#& &e

5i)# % +e( S#4:ae SIMAPRO .1, +i'5a *(aa4#"a *e"ie e( % +e

+i4eene& 0a&e& +e +a#& +e *#'e& *aa e&e e&%+i# &e 5a'e % +e (a 0a&e

+e +a#& +e ECOINVENT.

9.1 S)3


11/30

9.2 G' ,' E;'(+ I*'6,'6+ "GEI# 7 IPCC 200=

La "e#+#(#g7a IPCC =99 5a &i+# +e&a#((a+a *# e( Pane( Ineg%0ena"ena(

+e Ca"0i# C(i"i'#. E&e "#+# +ea((a (#& 4a'#e& +e 'aa'ei)a'i!n +e

'a"0i# '(i"i'# +e( IPCC *aa inea(#& +e ie"*# +e =9, F9 / 199 a#&

*e"iien+# 'a('%(a (#& i"*a'#& en e( 'a"0i# '(i"i'# genea+#& *# (a&

e"i&i#ne& +e ga&e& +e e4e'# inena+e# +e (#& 'i'(#& +e i+a e&%+ia+#&.

2PR, =99K3.

La "e#+#(#g7a +e( IPCC 'aa'ei)a (a& e"i&i#ne& +e a'%e+# a &% *#en'ia( en

e( 'a(ena"ien# g(#0a( a a& +e (a a(#i)a'i!n +e (#& ga&e& +e e4e'#inena+e#, e( *#en'ia( e& ea(%a+# en "in#& +e +i!


12/30

5.0 INVENTARIO

En (a &e''i!n +e inenai# &e +ea((a e( "#+e(a"ien# +e (#& *#'e&

in#(%'a+#& en e( ACV +e( (a+i((# ae&ana( / "e'ani)a+#. Pi"e#, &e *e&ena

e( *#'e +e *#e *aa e( inenai# -%e e& (a genea'i!n e('i'a en e(

Pe>. E&e *#'e &ie *aa "#+e(a e( in*% +e eneg7a *aa ##& *#'e&.

P#&ei#"ene, &e +ea((a e( inenai# +e (a& (a+i((ea& *# "= '#n&%i+#

5.1 G''6)> E-?(6) ' P'6@ 7 M) E-?(6)+

La "e)'(a e('i'a *e%ana &ie '#"# 0a&e *aa "#+e(a (#& +i4eene&&i&e"a&. En (a 4ig%a F$1 &e *%e+e a*e'ia (a '#"*#&i'i!n +e (a& *in'i*a(e&

4%ene& +e genea'i!n e('i'a %i(i)a+a& en e( Pe> en e( a# =99.

-./.

0.

1.

/2.

3idroel4ctricas

5as

Petr(leo industrial

Diesel

"ar'(

n

6a7az

o


13/30

5.2 I*'(6)+ ,'- L,6)--+ A6('- ") +#

E( (a+i((# ae&ana( *#+%'i+# en San Je!ni"# C%&'#, e& +e( i*# ing #ng

23 e( '%a( &e %i(i)a *aa (a '#n&%''i!n +e 'a&a& en (#& a(e+e+#e& +e(

"en'i#na+# +i&i#.

En (a a0(a F$@ &e *e&enan 'aa'e7&i'a& genea(e& +e( (a+i((# ing #ng / en

(a a0(a F$8, (#& *a"e#& +e *#+%''i!n +e (a+i((#& ae&ana(e& en San

Je!ni"#.

T%- 57$: C6('64() ,'- -,6)--+ 6('-

2903 C6('64() U),, C(),,

11.503

3

Di"en&i#ne& '" =8 < 11.F < K

V#(%"en '"@

= =9K

Pe g @

T%- 579: P63'(6+ ,' ,'- -,6)--+ 6('- " ,' 3('6)


14/30

T%- 575: M('6)

P6' ,' - 3'8 -

La "aeia *i"a 2a'i((a / aena3 e& +e&"en%)a+a "an%a("ene *aa (%eg# &e

"e)'(a+a '#n ag%a 5a&a 4#"a %na "a&a 'e"i'a *(&i'a.

E( ag%a %i(i)a+a e& e


15/30

La '#''i!n genea gan 'ani+a+ +e i"*a'# a"0iena( +e0i+# a (a& e"i&i#ne& a(

aie *#'e+ene& +e (a -%e"a +e '#"0%&i0(e& en (#& 5#n#& +e '#''i!n +e

(a+i((#&. En (a *#+%''i!n ae&ana( +e (a+i((#&, (#& '#"0%&i0(e& %i(i)a+#& n,

en &% "a/#7a, (a& a"a& +e e%'a(i*# / e( a&e7n +e "a+ea, (a 'ani+a+

ne'e&aia *# 'a+a %n# +e e((#& *aa (a 4a0i'a'i!n +e %n (a+i((# &e *e&ena en

(a a0(a F$;.

T%- 57: C+3%/()%-' ,' -+ +6+ ,' +)>

C(),,

"-,6)--+#

C+3%/()%-'

Ra"a& +e e%'a(i*# 1.8

A&e7n +e "a+ea 9.;@

E( '#"0%&i0(e *#iene +e (#'a(i+a+e& 'e'ana& a San Je!ni"#, en (a a0(a F$

&e *e&ena e( an&*#e e


16/30

5.2.$ D)(6)%/)>

L#& (a+i((#& n +i&i0%i+#& a (#'a(i+a+e& 'e'ana& a San Je!ni"#. Se

'#n&i+ea %na +i&an'ia +e ;9 " +e&+e (#& 5#n#& a (#& (%gae& *aa (a

'#n&%''i!n.

5.2.9 U+ ,' -+ -,6)--+ 6('-' ' +(6/)>

E( inenai# +e (a 4a&e +e % '#e&*#n+e a 1 " +e *ae+ '#n&%i+a '#n

(a+i((#& ae&ana(e&. L#& "aeia(e& -%e &e e-%ieen *aa +i'5a '#n&%''i!n

n? 'e"en#, aena g%e&a / ag%a. Se '#n&i+ea (a '#n4ig%a'i!n i*# ga / %n

"#e# '#n e(a'i!n #(%"i'a 'e"en#?aena +e 1?F.

En (a a0(a F$K &e "%e&an (#& "aeia(e& ne'e&ai#& *# " +e *ae+ '#n&%i+a

'#n (a+i((#& ae&ana(e&.

T%- 57: M('6)-' ,' 1 3H ,'


17/30

5.$ I*'(6)+ ,'- L,6)--+ M')8,+

En San Je!ni"# C%&'# &e *#+%'e %na aie+a+ +e (a+i((#& "e'ani)a+#&, e(

inenai# a '#nin%a'i!n &e 5i)# *aa e( (a+i((# i*# B(#-%ea, e( '%a(, &e %i(i)a

*aa (a '#n&%''i!n +e 'a&a& en (#& a(e+e+#e& +en# +e (a "i&"a (#'a(i+a+.

En (a a0(a F$ &e *e&enan 'aa'e7&i'a& genea(e& +e( (a+i((# B(#-%ea / en

(a a0(a F$19, (#& *a"e#& +e *#+%''i!n +e (a+i((#& "e'ani)a+#& en San

Je!ni"#.

T%- 57: C6('64() ,'- -,6)--+ 3')8,+ ()"e# +e -%e"a& a( a# %ni+a+ 8K

P#+%''i!n *# -%e"a (a+i((# = F9

P#+%''i!n an%a( (a+i((# 1@= 999

5.$.1 O%(')> ,' 3('6)


18/30

T%- 5711: M('6)


19/30

e

P# >(i"#, e( (a+i((# '%+# / *e$&e'a+# e& 'aga+# a( 5#n# +e '#''i!n. En e&a

ea*a, "e+iane e( 4%eg# / 'a(#, &e *#+%'en 'a"0i#& -%7"i'#& -%e

an&4#"an (a a'i((a / (#& +e"& '#"*#nene& en *#+%'#& &inei)a+#& #

ii4i'a+#& '#n 'aa'e7&i'a& e&%'%a(e& +e e&i&en'ia a (a '#"*e&i!n.

Paa (a '#''i!n a(g%na& (a+i((ea& "e'ani)a+a& %i(i)an %na "-%ina eni(a+#a

-%e a/%+a en e( *#'e +e '#"0%&i!n a( ini'i# / +%ane (a '#''i!n, e&a&

eni(a+#a& n en&a"0(a+a& +e 4#"a "an%a( / %i(i)an eneg7a e('i'a *aa

&% 4%n'i#na"ien#. En (a 4ig%a F$8 &e "%e&a (a "a-%ina eni(a+#a %&a+a

*aa (a '#''i!n en a(g%na& (a+i((ea& "e'ani)a+a&.


20/30

F)/6 579: M/) V'()-,+6 /, ,' -,6)--+.

La '#''i!n genea %na gan 'ani+a+ +e e"i&i#ne& a( aie *#'e+ene& +e (a

-%e"a +e '#"0%&i0(e& en (#& 5#n#& +e '#''i!n +e (a+i((#&. En (a *#+%''i!n

"e'ani)a+a +e (a+i((#&, (#& '#"0%&i0(e& %i(i)a+#& n a"a& +e e%'a(i*#,

a&e7n +e "a+ea, / (ea (a 'ani+a+ ne'e&aia *# 'a+a %n# +e (#& "i&"#&

*aa (a 4a0i'a'i!n +e %n (a+i((# &e *e&ena en (a a0(a F$1=.

T%- 5712: C+3%/()%-' ,' -+ +6+ ,' +)>

C(),,

"-,6)--+#C+3%/()%-'

Ra"a& +e e%'a(i*# 1.KK

A&e7n +e Ma+ea 9.K9

Lea 9.=F

La& a"a& +e e%'a(i*# *#ienen +e (#'a(i+a+e& 'e'ana& a San Je!ni"# / e(

a&e7n +e "a+ea, +e (a Se(a. En (a a0(a F$1@ &e *e&ena e( an&*#e +e(

'#"0%&i0(e e


21/30

T%- 571$: T6

L#& (a+i((#& n +i&i0%i+#& a (#'a(i+a+e& 'e'ana& a San Je!ni"#. Se

'#n&i+ea %na +i&an'ia +e ;9 " +e&+e (#& 5#n#& a (#& (%gae& *aa (a

'#n&%''i!n.

5.$.9 U+ ,' -+ -,6)--+ 3')8,+ ' +(6/)>

E( inenai# +e (a 4a&e +e % '#e&*#n+e a 1 " +e *ae+ '#n&%i+a '#n

(a+i((#& "e'ani)a+#&. L#& "aeia(e& -%e &e e-%ieen *aa +i'5a '#n&%''i!n

n? 'e"en#, aena g%e&a / ag%a. Se '#n&i+ea (a '#n4ig%a'i!n i*# ga / %n

"#e# '#n e(a'i!n #(%"i'a 'e"en#?aena +e 1?F.

En (a a0(a F$18 &e "%e&an (#& "aeia(e& ne'e&ai#& *# " +e *ae+

'#n&%i+a '#n (a+i((#& ae&ana(e&.


22/30

T%- 5719: M('6)-' ,' 1 3H ,'


23/30

.0 EVALUACIN DE IMPACTO

L#& i"*a'#& &e 'a('%(a#n en %na *i"ea 4a&e *# (a+i((# *#+%'i+#,

*#&ei#"ene &e 5i)# e( '('%(# *# "= +e *ae+ '#n&%i+a. La a&igna'i!n +e

e"i&i#ne& *# (a+i((# *#+%'i+# &e 5i)# en 0a&e a (a *#+%''i!n an%a( +e

(a+i((#& ae&ana(e& / "e'ani)a+#&.

.1 A))> ,' )3 ,' )3


24/30

C#"# &e #0&ea en e( g4i'# anei#, e( 89 +e (a *#+%''i!n an%a( +e

(a+i((#& en San Je!ni"#, '#e&*#n+e a (a *#+%''i!n ae&ana( / e( ;9, a (a

"e'ani)a+a. De e&a "anea, en (a a0(a F$1F &e *e&enan (a& e"i&i#ne& a( aie

*# a"0#& i*#& +e *#+%''i!n.

T%- 71: E3))+' - )6'

Di!


25/30

891

89-

89/ 890:1

89-;-

890


26/30

21"#$ % $"1& % 1'"$&

)$"$ * 1)"# * 2&") *

+"# % )"+) % 1$"'2

2# * 1# * )2 *

Ladrillo artesanal

roducci.n TransporteConstrucci.n

1 m2

paredconstruida

,+"+ /g C02euialente

Ladrillo mecanizado

roducci.n TransporteConstrucci.n

1 m2

paredconstruida

,'"+ /g C02euialente

F)/6 7$: D)(6)%/)> ,' )3


27/30

En (a 4ig%a ;$8 &e *e&ena '#"*aaia"ene (#& i"*a'#& en g +e CO=

e-%ia(ene *#+%'i+#& en 'a+a 4a&e +e( 'i'(# +e i+a +e( (a+i((# ae&ana( /

"e'ani)a+#.

;-=88

;2=>1

;8=88

2-=88

28=88

-=88

:=>0

1=2?

-=:-

28=1?

21=8; $adrillo

artesanal

$adrillomecanizado

8=88Producci(n ransporte "onstrucci(n

F)/6 79: I3


28/30

=.0 CONCLUSIONES

C#n&i+ean+# (a& ea*a& +e( e&%+i#, +e&+e (a #0en'i!n +e (#&

"aeia(e& 5a&a (a '#n&%''i!n +e %n "e# '%a+a+# +e *ae+, &e iene

-%e 1 "= +e *ae+ '#n&%i+# '#n (a+i((#& ae&ana(e& i"*a'a a(

a"0iene en %n =; "& -%e 1 "= +e *ae+ '#n&%i+# '#n (a+i((#&

"e'ani)a+#&, +e0i+# a -%e, (a 'ani+a+ +e (a+i((#& ae&ana(e& -%e &e

e-%iee *aa '#n&%i 1 "= e& @.@ e'e& "& -%e (a 'ani+a+ +e (a+i((#&

&e e-%iee *aa '#n&%i 1 "= +e (a+i((#& "e'ani)a+#&.

La *#+%''i!n +e %n (a+i((# "e'ani)a+# i"*a'a a( a"0iena en %n @;

"& -%e (a *#+%''i!n +e %n (a+i((# ae&ana(, +e0i+# a( '#n&%"# +e

eneg7a / a&*#e +e (#& "aeia(e& / (#& in&%"#& en *#+%''i!n +e

(a+i((#& "e'ani)a+#&.

S#(# en (a ea*a +e '#n&%''i!n, +e 1 "= +e *ae+ '#n&%i+# '#n

(a+i((#& "e'ani)a+#& i"*a'a a( a"0iene en %n F9 "& -%e 1"= +e

*ae+ '#n&%i+# '#n (a+i((#& ae&ana(e& +e0i+# a (a 'ani+a+ +e

'e"en# -%e &e '#n&%"e en e&a ea*a.

.0 RECOMENDACIONES

En e( *#'e +e #0en'i!n +e (#& (a+i((#& "e'ani)a+#& &e *#+7a

i"*(e"ena e'n#(#g7a& -%e '#n&%"a "en#& eneg7a # %i(i)a #a&

4%ene& +e eneg7a& -%e &ean "& en#a0(e&.

Paa (a #*ea'i!n +e( 5#nea+#, i+eni4i'a ##& i*#& +e '#"0%&i0(e& en

(a "i&"a (#'a(i+a+ +e San Je!ni"# *aa "iiga e( i"*a'# a"0iena(

*# e( a&(a+# +e (#& '#"0%&i0(e&.

Rei&a #a& a(enaia& +e 5#n#& '#n "a/# e4i'ien'ia enegi'a.

En e(a'i!n +e e"i&i#ne& +e (a& (a+i((ea&, &e *#+7a ea(i)a "#ni#e#&

*# i*#& +e (a+i((ea& *aa '#na %na "e6# a&igna'i!n +e (a&

e"i&i#ne&.


29/30

BIBLIOGRAF!A

Inenai#na( San+a+ Ogani&ai#n. 2=99;3. ISO 14040 - EnvironmentalManagement - Life Cycle Assessment - Princiles and !rame"or#$

Ini%# Na'i#na( +e N#"a(i)a'i!n. 213. %estion Am&iental-Eval'aci(n delciclo de vida-Princiios y Marco$ C5i(e.

Ineg#en"ena( Pane( #n C(i"ae C5ange. 2=99;3. %'idelines for )ationalreen*o'se %as Inventories$ In&i%e 4# G(#0a( Eni#n"ena( Saegie&.

Mini&ei# +e Eneg7a / Mina& MINEM. 2=993. +alance )acional de Energ,a00.$

S:i&&'#na' P#ga"a Regi#na( Aie Li"*i#. 2=993. Caso de Est'dio/ etrsde los ladrillos/ 'na gesti(n integral ara el sector informal$


30/30

costos abanse gfr

Documents