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docs ncx help much 10 sohc practicalproblems as lo ng as 1h is un dcrsc.andingis Jacking . The book 1herefore does n ortrea t ccono rnicnl nntl social problems .T he existential dimension is not "'dc.termined . by 'h e socio-cconomic.al condirions, ahh uugh 1hey may f ; ~ c i 1 a r e o rimpede 1hc (sel f ) realiza tion of cenaincxistcncia l st ruc tures. T he Sucio-coonomical conditions arc like.: a picture-frame;chey off.:r a ccrcain "spnce" fo r life cocake place, but clo not determine itsexistcncinl mcnning..;;. The cxislencialmeanings have dc..:pcr roots. They arcdetermined b)' the structures of ourbcingilltbe-rvorld, wh ich h.we beenanalyzed by Hcidegger in his cJ,ISsicalwork "Being nnd Time . (Sein unci Zeit,1926}. In h is essa)' "Building Dwellin gThi nking" (1951 ), Hcidcoggcr morrocrrela ted basic ex istenti nl srrucmres m rhefu nctio ns of building and d welling , a ndin "The Thing" ( 1950) he demonstratedth e fundamcnwl impornmcc of the concept of "g:tthc ring". Modern architectshowe in gcncr:_tl excluded the existenrialdimension, some o f them sponmncuusly rccognt1.cc.l n l f iThus Lc Corbusicr wrmc: ''The purposeof ;uchitccturc is 10 move us. Architectural \!mOtiou exists when thework rin gs wi[hin us in tunl" with -a.un iverse whose law s we obt:y, recognizeand ' ~ . ( Vcrs 11uc architectu re,1923}. O nly wi1h Louis Kahn , however,the ex isteminl dimension h

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(pag< 711, A u i i ~ t t f ! r (.'Vt:,iug.

which is the essence of place. In general stractions and mcntnl constructions. Soa place is gicn as such charaCTer or fac phenomenologists have been mainl)"atmosphere". A place is therefore a concerned with onrology, psychology,q u a . H t a t i v e ; - ~ .. pllcnomcnon, wh1cb erh1cs_,1.n.d to some extent :.lesrherics, andwe cannor reduce to any of its proper have given relatively little attention to--iCs, such ns spariiilr claiionships;\Vith:--r,e phenomenology of the daily enou r losing it'S concrete nature ou r of vironmcnt. A few pioneer works howsight. C\ Cr e ~ i s t , but chc)' h:lrdl}' conrain ;Hl)Everydny experience moreover tells us direct reference ro archirecture1 Athat different nctions need different phenomeno logy CJf nrchitccrure is thereenvironments to mkc plrtce in a satisf (ore urgcntl)1 nccdc

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makes us experience the inside as acomplement tO the outside. As a finalfocus within the house we find the table,which "is for man)' laid". At the tablemen come togcdu:r. it is the centrewhich more rh:ul nr1y1 hing else con .srinues rhe inside. The cha mcrer of theinside is hard!) told, but anyhow pre-sent. h is lum inous and warm, incontrast to the cold dnrkncss outside.and itSsilence is prcgnanr wir h poremialsound . In genera l chc inside is \l comprehensible world of things, where t l ~ e lifeof"mnny" mny wkc place.In the next two s,r:m7.:Is the pcrspt.ttivcis deepened. Here che meauiug of placesand things comes forth, and man ispr:esc:nttd as a wanderer on "'darksomecourses. Rather chan being placed safe-ly wichin chc house he h.s crcaced forhimself, he comes from the OUiside,from the "poth of life", which

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phenomena of our life-world, and in blue deprh of the cther . ." 10, Like many the e:trrh ;ts the inhabited landscapepanicular the basic propcr1ies of place. f u n d ~ m e m a l insights, the distinction bee- close to man, and ar rhe same time placeFiest of all " rells us rh.tt every situation ween earth a.nd sky mighr seem triviaL rhc d o s e neighbourly d\ye lli!)g',is local :os well as generar.-Th-e- winlcr Irs importance howe\er comes out when , un'Cier-rhe- exwinse. Of t H e - s l < y ' " ~ . : ' T 'cvcnmg

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the ancicnb recognized as rhat - o p ~ pos.itc . m:tn has 10 come ro rerm.c; wilh,10 beable 10 dwell'.2. Tbe! Structun ofl'lacrOur preliminary discussion of rhe phenomcun of place led 10 the col!clusionth:u the su-uc tur\. of /'bet: ought_ to bedescribed in terms o "lands-capc11 and''settlemen t" , and annlyY.cd hy m e : ~ n s ofdu: categories "!-pncc" :utd ucharacter".\'\' here; !; ~ c ' ' c.knotes the t h r emcnsion:'l u r s ~ i z n t i o of the dementswhich make up a pbcc... h:uacter ..denotes the gener:1l '':umosphere- wh ichis the most comprehensive properry orany place. hiSicnd of making a distinctKln bet"\VL-cn sp:tcc :md character, itis of cour>c possible 10 employ onecomprchcnsi\fc conrept, such :ts " J i , ~ d spacc"'1 For our J)UrJ>OSe, howeve r, it ispr3ctiall 10 dis:tinsuish bttwe-en spaceand character. Simil1tr s-parial organizations ma)' pc,sscss very dif(erem c h 3 r a c ~ cers nccording w the concrecc treatmenro( the space-defining clcmems (rhebuumltrry). In h is1ory chc basic spatialronns hnvc been given ever new characterizing intcrpl'cnuions 111 On the otherh:md i1 h11 s 10 be poimcd ou1 th:tr thesp;nia l orgunizntion pms certain limits10 c h ~ r n c . t c r i z : . c i o :md that rhe twoc.onccpts ~ t r c intcrdcpcndcnr .''Space'' is ccrminly no new term inarch i1ectural t h ~ o r y . Bm space can meann1any rhings. In currem literature wemay d i ~ i n g u i s h between two uses: spaceas rhrcc-dimcnsional gcomcrr)'. andspace " ' pcrccpntal field'. None ofthese however :tre satisfactory. beingabstr:.clions frc)m tht: intuitive threedimcns1onnl tOhtlit)' of cvcr)rday experience, which we may ca ll "concretespace". Concrclc human actions in r:1ctdo no1 wkc plncc in homogeneou s:isotropic spucc, but in space dislinguishcd by qualirarivc differences,such !lS "up" ~ l l l d "down''. In :trchitec

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J . Stimmtlll).f. Dt.'$l'ff v illafl;.' i t J Kharumm.6. lt t$l lc. 0 /rl N t ~ f l t l ' t ' ~ i , m ~ . i I ~ I I U J r k .