taller las funciones ambientales de los bosques y su rol en la reducción de la pobreza. christo...
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Natural Resource Restoration and Pro-poor Rural Development.
Christo Marais, Dudu Soginga, Michael Kawa & Thabisa Motolwana
Department of Water Affairs: Natural Resource Management Programmes
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Presentation Structure
1. Some History & Social Context
2. Natural Resource Management (NRM) Objectives
3. Basic Outputs.
4. Extent of Ecosystem Services
5. High level Natural Resource Restoration & Management Needs.
6. Some Measurement of Ecosystem Services
7. Challenges & Opportunities
8. Recommendations on a Way Forward
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Libertas Centre - November 1993
The question on everybody’s lips was - How was conservation of natural resources going to compete against the social
demands in post apartheid South Africa?
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In 1993 - Two Resolutions were Adopted by a Group of Scientists to be Presented to
Decision Makers
• to present to local decision makers the threat that invasive alien plants pose to the country’s scarce water resources and
• to approach “the rich north” for support in the battle against invasive alien plants and its impacts on biodiversity
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Who was the target audience? - Reconstruction & Development Programme of President Mandela.
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A New Beginning – April 1994
In September 1995 the then Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry, Prof. Kader Asmal took the
visionary step to include invasive alien plant management as a programme in the department’s
contribution to the Reconstruction and Development Programme of the new government.
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Government Decided to Invest R25million in the
Clearing of Invasive Alien Plants through the
Reconstruction and Development Programme
The Face of Poverty still
haunts South Africa (1997)
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Prof. Asmal Launching
Working for Water?
And today?
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The Target Audience Today: Government Priorities
• Crime
• Education
• Health
• Job Creation
• Rural Development
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“Over simplified” Spectrum of Degradation
Bush Encroachments & InvasivesDesertification
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Photograph: Courtesy Prof. Rudi van Aarde
From this!!
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To This!!
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And From this!!
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To This!!
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And From this!!
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To This!!
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Natural Resource Business Stream
Improved management of natural resources
• Improved water security
• Improved biodiversity and ecosystem function/natural processes
• Improved productive potential of land
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Socio-Economic Business StreamImproved livelihoods
of programme beneficiaries
• Employment opportunities in rural areas
• Employment opportunities in the natural resource market created
• Human and social capital developed
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How the NRM Programmes contribute to addressing the objectives? Land Management Impacts
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In total more 1.9 million hectares of invasive alien plants treated and followed up since 1995
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Nearly 700, 000ha followed up during 2009/10
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Land Restoration
1, 387 Hectares
Heavily Degraded Albany Sub
Tropical Thicket Restored
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Working on Fire
• 2008/09 WoFire Attended to 891 fires over an estimated 567, 000 ha.
• 2009/10 WoFire Attended to 747 fires over an estimated 336, 000 ha.
• During 2009 around 29, 800 fires burnt covering 2.4 million ha.
• WoFire therefore attended to only 2.5% of the number of fires but 16% of the area burnt.
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How do the NRM Programmes contribute to addressing the objectives?
Socio Economic development & employment Impacts
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1. 2.32 million Person Days created during 2009/10 (WfW,WFL,WoF & WfWet) and
2. Around 18 million since 1995 (WfW,WFL,WoF & WfWet).
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1. More than 26, 000 beneficiaries in Working for Water and Working for Land.
2. 1,850 in Working on Fire and
3. 1, 500 in Working for Wetlands
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The Cost to Deliver Services at these Levels
Working for Water grew from a programme of R25 million a year to –
• Working for Water = ±R695 million• Working for Land = ±R32 million• Working on Fire = ±R223 million• Working for Wetlands = ±R75 million
• More than R1 billion per year! (and it is still not enough)
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Current Marketable Ecosystem Services
Watershed Services• Flows
– Flood/high flows– Low Flows– Yield from water
infrastructure– Ecological Reserve
• Sediments– Siltation of dams
• Water quality– Purification costs– Waterweed management costs
Climate Change– Carbon Sequestration
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Geographical extent of ecosystem benefits
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High Yield Catchments
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Carbon sequestration
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Soil retention
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Water flow regulation
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Natural Resource Management Needs
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Hectares Invaded = 20 millionCondensed Hectares = 3.7 million
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What’s the Socio-Economic Landscape?
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Can we measure the marketable services?
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Impacts of Vegetation Structure – Invasive Alien Plants
(Prinsloo & Scott 1999)
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Vegetation Densification and the Impacts on Soil after Fire
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Maloti-Drakensberg
Upper Thukela• Good land management
practices can increase low flows by 12.8 mil. m3/yr and
• Reduce sediments by 1.2mil. m3/yr.
Umzimvudu• Lows flows will increase by
3.8 mil. m3/yr and• Sediments will reduce by
4.9 mil. m3/yr
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Opportunities in the Carbon Market: Working for Land in the Eastern Cape
Thicket Restoration Programme
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Above ground
40 ± 3
7 ± 1
Litter
11 ± 1
1 ± 0.4
Roots
25 ± 1.3
11 ± 0.7
Soil
133 ± 27
95 ± 15
and falling?
Total
209 ± 28
114 ± 14
t C ha-1
Mills et. al. (2005) Austral Ecology
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Challenges & Opportunities• Government simply does not
have enough money to do it on it’s own.
• Dire poverty in rural areas, if the livelihood profile is not better after the intervention than before it simply won’t work.
• Legislation on its own is simply not enough.
• Restoration is expensive.• South Africa is not very
competitive on the carbon market, the climate simply does not allow it to be.
• There are opportunities to get local and international resource users involved in restoring ecosystem benefits.
• The people are out there where the services are required.
• Job creation and rural development are government priorities.
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Challenges & Opportunities cont.
• Institutional arrangements is still difficult for rural communities to work with government.
• We need more primary science when it comes to quantifying ecosystem services.
• There are extensive opportunities for the sciences to be developed.
• The programme could effectively become an outdoor class room for students working in the field.
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Recommendations on the way forward
• If governments can give incentives to the commercial sector why not for the restoration of ecosystem services.
• NGO’s, CBO’s and private land users should be incentivised to promote and change land management practices.
• The focus of government NRM investment needs to be revised in order to unlock private and international investment.
• Appropriate institutional arrangements need to be established. (CBNRM models?)
• Uncertainty with regards to the quantification of ecosystem services must be reduced (We must get the science right, models need to be informed by sound natural/ecological science).
• If you can’t beat the socio-economic lobby, join them.
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Thank You!
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Acknowledgements• Dr. Terry Everson – Okhombe PES Projects• Mike Powell – Thicket Pictures• Ecosystem Services - James Blignaut, Guy Preston, Kate
Philip, Mathieu Rouget, Myles Mander, Jane Turpie, Lozelle du Plessis, Thami Klassen, and Norma Tregurtha
• Andrew Wannenburgh• Prof. Rudi van Aarde – Sekhukhune Pictures