paata guguSvilis paata guguSvilis paata guguSvilis paata guguSvilis

ekonomikis institutisekonomikis institutisekonomikis institutisekonomikis institutis

samecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecniero

Sromebis krebuliSromebis krebuliSromebis krebuliSromebis krebuli

IIIIIIII

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis

gamomcemlobagamomcemlobagamomcemlobagamomcemloba

2

paata guguSvilis paata guguSvilis paata guguSvilis paata guguSvilis

ekonomikis institutisekonomikis institutisekonomikis institutisekonomikis institutis

samecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecniero

Sromebis krebuliSromebis krebuliSromebis krebuliSromebis krebuli

IIIIIIII

mTavari redaqtori

ramaz abesaZe

saredaqcio kolegia

n. arevaZe, g. berulava, n. bibilaSvili (pasuxismgebeli mdivani), v. burduli, l. daTunaSvili, l. ToTlaZe, e. kakulia, m. kvaracxelia, a. kurataSvili, T. lazaraSvili, i. naTelauri, g. papava, vl. papava, r. sarCimelia, T. CxeiZe, n. xaduri, m. xuskivaZe, r. javaxiSvili

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2009Tbilisi 2009Tbilisi 2009Tbilisi 2009

3

UDC (uak) 061.62: 33(479.22)(045) p - 121

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis

samecniero Srosamecniero Srosamecniero Srosamecniero Sromebis krebulSi qveyndeba inmebis krebulSi qveyndeba inmebis krebulSi qveyndeba inmebis krebulSi qveyndeba in----

stitutis mecnier TanamSromelTa da saqarstitutis mecnier TanamSromelTa da saqarstitutis mecnier TanamSromelTa da saqarstitutis mecnier TanamSromelTa da saqar----

Tvelos mecnierTvelos mecnierTvelos mecnierTvelos mecnier----ekonomistTa naSromebi, romekonomistTa naSromebi, romekonomistTa naSromebi, romekonomistTa naSromebi, rom----

lebic eZRvneba aqtualur samecniero da qveylebic eZRvneba aqtualur samecniero da qveylebic eZRvneba aqtualur samecniero da qveylebic eZRvneba aqtualur samecniero da qveynis nis nis nis

saWirboroto ekonomikur problemebs.saWirboroto ekonomikur problemebs.saWirboroto ekonomikur problemebs.saWirboroto ekonomikur problemebs.

krebuli gankuTvnilia mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis da daxmarebas gauwevs ara mxolod specialistebs, aramed ekonomikis sakiTxebiT dainteresebul nebismier pirs.

© paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobapaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba

2009

4

ISSN 1987 – 6904 Strixkodi 9771987690003

COLLECTION OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF

PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS

IIIIIIII

Editor-in-chief Ramaz Abesadze

Editorial Board

N. Arevadze, G. Berulava, N. Bibilashvili (executive secretary), V. Burduli, T. Chkheidze, L. Datunashvili, R. Javakhishvili, E. Kakulia, N. Khaduri, M. Khuskivadze, A. Kuratashvil i, M. Kvaratskhelia, T. Lazarashvili, I. Natelauri, G. Papava, V. Papava, R. Sarchimelia, L. Totladze

Publishing House of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics

5

TBILISI 2009

UDC (uak) 061.62: 33(479.22)(045) p – 121

The collection of scientific works of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics publishes the works of Institute res-earchers and scientists-economists of Georgia dedicated to actual scientific problems and the problems vital for country economy.

The collection is intended for a wide range of readers and

will assist not only professionals but those concerned with

issues of economy.

© Publishing House of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics

2009

ISSN 1987 - 6904

6

ramaz aramaz aramaz aramaz abbbbesaZeesaZeesaZeesaZe umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTiumuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTiumuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTiumuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi

ganmartebis Sganmartebis Sganmartebis Sganmartebis Sesaxebesaxebesaxebesaxeb

umuSevroba udidesi negatiuri ekonomikuri da soci-

aluri movlenaa, romelTanac, drogamoSvebiT, msoflios

yvela qveyanas uxdeba brZola. amitom, masTan dakavSirebu-

li ganmartebebis sworad formirebas umuSevrobis zusti

suraTis daxatvisa da qmediTi praqtikuli RonisZiebebis

ganxorcielebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Cveni azriT,

Teoriasa da praqtikaSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebu-

li umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli gansazRvrebebis nawili,

maTi praqtikuli gamoyenebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT,

axlebur gaazrebasa da garkveul dazustebas moiTxovs. gan-

vixiloT zogierTi maTgani.

umuSevari.umuSevari.umuSevari.umuSevari. Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mkacri kriteriumis mixedviT, umuSevrad iTvleba 15 da meti wlis asakis piri, romelic gamosakvlevi kviris ganmavlobaSi ar eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, mzad aris daiwyos muSaoba da eZebs samuSaos [1, gv. 41].

am ganmartebaSi, romelic praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba, Ziri-

Tadi aqcenti gadaitaneba adamianis gadawyvetilebaze _

surs Tu ara mas muSaoba. ufro zustad, umuSevrad ar iTv-

leba piri, romelsac Seusrulda samuSao asaki, ar eweva

raime sasargeblo saqmianobas da ar aqvs survili imuSaos.

marTalia, kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, adamians aqvs Sromis

Tavisufleba, magram es ar niSnavs, rom fizikurad da go-

nebrivad jansaRi adamiani, romelsac survili ar aqvs imu-

Saos, ar azaralebs sazogadoebas. aseT pirTa gauTvaliswi-

nebloba xelovnurad amcirebs umuSevarTa raodenobas.

ganmartebidan gamomdinare, aseve umuSevrad iTvleba pi-

ri, romelsac aqvs survili imuSaos, magram aris sapensio

asakis (an pensioneri, romelsac surs imuSaos) an invalidi,

7

anu, moraluri TvalsazrisiT, misgan muSaoba ar moiTxove-

ba. aseTi pirebi umuSevrad ar unda iTvlebodnen, vinaidan,

xSir SemTxvevaSi, isini swored imitom ver Souloben samu-

Saos, rom araSromisunarianni arian. aseTi pirebis Seyvana

umuSevarTa rigebSi mxolod imitom, rom maT surT imuSaon,

xelovnurad zrdis umuSevarTa raodenobas. zemoT aRniSnu-

lis gauTvaliswineblobis SemTxvevaSi gamoTvlili umuSev-

robis donis maCvenebeli ver upasuxebs mis ekonomikur da-

niSnulebas, Tu ra xarisxiTaa aTvisebuli qveynis yvelaze

umniSvnelovanesi resursi _ SromiTi resursi.

zemoT moyvanili ganmartebis mixedviT, aseve umuSevrad

iTvleba piri, romelic imyofeba specializebul dawesebu-

lebaSi an swavlobs.

Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis Serbilebuli kri-teriumis mixedviT, umuSevradumuSevradumuSevradumuSevrad iTvleba 15 da meti wlis asa-kis mqone piri, romelic gamosakvlevi kviris ganmavlobaSi ar eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, ar eZebs samuSaos, radgan gadaewura misi Sovnis imedi, magram Sovnis SemTxvevaSi mzad aris Seudges muSaobas [1, gv. 41].

jer erTi, samuSaos povnis imedis gadawurva SesaZlebe-

lia mxolod maSin, rodesac adamians hyavs marCenali da me-

orec, samuSaos Tu ar eZebs, rogor iSovis mas.

Cveni azriT, umuSevrad unda iTvlebodes piri, roumuSevrad unda iTvlebodes piri, roumuSevrad unda iTvlebodes piri, roumuSevrad unda iTvlebodes piri, romemememellll----

sac Seusac Seusac Seusac Seussssrurururullllda samuSao asaki, ar eweva ekonomikur saqda samuSao asaki, ar eweva ekonomikur saqda samuSao asaki, ar eweva ekonomikur saqda samuSao asaki, ar eweva ekonomikur saqmimimimi----

anoanoanoanobasbasbasbas,,,, ar imyofeba specializebul dawesebulebebSi, ar ar imyofeba specializebul dawesebulebebSi, ar ar imyofeba specializebul dawesebulebebSi, ar ar imyofeba specializebul dawesebulebebSi, ar

swavswavswavswavlobs da ar aris invalidi an sapensio asakis. lobs da ar aris invalidi an sapensio asakis. lobs da ar aris invalidi an sapensio asakis. lobs da ar aris invalidi an sapensio asakis. es gan-

marteba efuZneba samarTlebriv, ekonomikur da moralur

normebs da ara calkeuli pirovnebis survils, imuSaos Tu

ara. rasakvirvelia, es ar niSnavs, rom pirovnebas ar SeuZ-

lia ar imuSaos, Tu mas muSaobis survili ar gaaCnia.

Tu Cvens ganmartebas mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, maSin,

imisda mixedviT aqvs Tu ara survili umuSevars imuSaos,

erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT aqtiuri aqtiuri aqtiuri aqtiuri (romelic daeZebs

8

samuSaos) da pasiuri pasiuri pasiuri pasiuri (romelic ar daeZebs samuSaos) umuSe-

vari. invalidebi da sapensio asakis pirebi, bunebrivia, arc

erT am kategorias ar unda miekuTvnebodnen.

arsebuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad, ekonomikurad aqtiuri ekonomikurad aqtiuri ekonomikurad aqtiuri ekonomikurad aqtiuri momomomosaxleobasaxleobasaxleobasaxleoba moicavs 15 da meti wlis asakis mqone pirebs, romlebic dasaqmebulni arian ekonomikuri saqmianobiT, da umuSevrebs [1, gv. 41].

Tu umuSevrebis Sesaxeb Cven mier zemoT moyvanil gan-

martebas gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin es ganmarteba Semdegna-

irad dazustdeba: ekonomikurad aqtiekonomikurad aqtiekonomikurad aqtiekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxuri mosaxuri mosaxuri mosaxleoba moileoba moileoba moileoba moicccc----

avs samuSao asakisa da masze meti asakis mqone pirebs, romavs samuSao asakisa da masze meti asakis mqone pirebs, romavs samuSao asakisa da masze meti asakis mqone pirebs, romavs samuSao asakisa da masze meti asakis mqone pirebs, rom----

lllleeeebic dasaqmebic dasaqmebic dasaqmebic dasaqmebulni arian ekonomikuri saqmianobiTbulni arian ekonomikuri saqmianobiTbulni arian ekonomikuri saqmianobiTbulni arian ekonomikuri saqmianobiT,,,, da aqda aqda aqda aq----

tiur umuSevrebstiur umuSevrebstiur umuSevrebstiur umuSevrebs....

maSasadame, mosaxleoba ekonomikuri saqmianobis mixed-

viT SeiZleba davyoT araaraaraaraekonomikur da ekonomikur mosaxekonomikur da ekonomikur mosaxekonomikur da ekonomikur mosaxekonomikur da ekonomikur mosax----

leleleleobadobadobadobad. pirvelSi Seva samuSao asakis armqone da speci-

alizebul dawesebulebebSi myofi pirebi, aseve invalidebi

da sapensio asakis pirebi (maT Soris pensionerebi, romle-

bic ar muSaoben), xolo meoreSi _ yvela sxva piri. ekonomi-

kuri mosaxleoba TavisTavad daiyofa ekoekoekoekonnnnoooomikurad aqtiurmikurad aqtiurmikurad aqtiurmikurad aqtiur

da ekonomikurad pasiurekonomikurad pasiurekonomikurad pasiurekonomikurad pasiur mosaxleobad. ekonomikurad aqtiur

mosaxleobaze ukve visaubreT. ekonomikurad pasiur mosax-

leobaSi gaerTiandebian: pasiuri umuSevrebi, savaldebulo

samxedro samsaxurSi myofi pirebi, moswavleebi (sajaro

skolisa da sxva saganmanaTleblo saswavleblebis), romle-

bic ar muSaoben da ar eZeben samuSaos.

rac Seexeba termins _ ”samuSao Zala”,”samuSao Zala”,”samuSao Zala”,”samuSao Zala”, albaT, Tanamed-

rove etapze saerTod umjobesia Tavi SevikavoT misi xmare-

bisagan, vinaidan praqtikaSi TiTqmis ar gamoiyeneba, xolo

ekonomikur literaturaSi misi gageba araerTgvarovania.

zogs miaCnia, rom igi aris gansakuTrebuli saqoneli (mag.,

marqsi da misi mimdevrebi), zogis azriT, igi aris sazo-

gadoebis is nawili, romlebic muSaoben an eZeben samuSaos

9

(mag., r. makkoneli, l. briu), e.i. ekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleoba.

umuSevrobis doneumuSevrobis doneumuSevrobis doneumuSevrobis done gagagagannnniiiimarmarmarmarteba, rogorc umuSevarTa teba, rogorc umuSevarTa teba, rogorc umuSevarTa teba, rogorc umuSevarTa

raodenobis fardoba ekonomikurad aqtiuri mraodenobis fardoba ekonomikurad aqtiuri mraodenobis fardoba ekonomikurad aqtiuri mraodenobis fardoba ekonomikurad aqtiuri moooosasasasaxleobis xleobis xleobis xleobis

odenoodenoodenoodenobbbbaaaassssTan, gamosaTan, gamosaTan, gamosaTan, gamosaxuli xuli xuli xuli prprprprocentobiT. ocentobiT. ocentobiT. ocentobiT.

Cven mier SemoTavazebuli Sesworebebis Tanaxmad, umuumuumuumu----

SevSevSevSevrobis donerobis donerobis donerobis done ganisazRvrebganisazRvrebganisazRvrebganisazRvreba umuSevarTa (aqtiur da paa umuSevarTa (aqtiur da paa umuSevarTa (aqtiur da paa umuSevarTa (aqtiur da pasisisisi----

ur)ur)ur)ur) ricxoricxoricxoricxovvvvnobis fardobiT monobis fardobiT monobis fardobiT monobis fardobiT momumumumuSaveTa da umuSeSaveTa da umuSeSaveTa da umuSeSaveTa da umuSevarTavarTavarTavarTa (aq(aq(aq(aq----

titititiur da pasiur) saerTour da pasiur) saerTour da pasiur) saerTour da pasiur) saerTo raodenobasTan, gamosaraodenobasTan, gamosaraodenobasTan, gamosaraodenobasTan, gamosaxuli pxuli pxuli pxuli prrrroooo----

cencencencentobiT. tobiT. tobiT. tobiT.

umuSevrobis donis amgvari gaangariSeba gamoiwvevs

praqtikaSi dReisaTvis arsebuli wesis mixedviT gaangariSe-

buli umuSevrobis donis sididis cvlilebas, magram, mig-

vaCnia, rom igi ufro realurad asaxavs SromiTi resur-

sebis gamoyenebis xarisxs qveyanaSi.

interess moklebuli ar iqneba, Tu Cven gamoviTvliT

umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebul sxva maCveneblebsac. magali-

Tad, pasiuri umuSevrebis radenobis Tanafardobas aqtiuri

umuSevrebis an saerTod umuSevrebis raodenobasTan, ekono-

mikurad pasiuri mosaxleobis raodenobis fardobas ekono-

mikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis an saerTod ekonomikuri

mosaxleobis raodenobasTan da a. S.

umuSevrobis bunebrivi doneumuSevrobis bunebrivi doneumuSevrobis bunebrivi doneumuSevrobis bunebrivi done literaturaSi gaigi-

vebulia struqturuli da friqciuli umuSevrobis dones-

Tan [2, gv. 260; 3, gv. 558]. Cven migvaCnia, rom umuSevumuSevumuSevumuSevrorororobis bis bis bis bunebribunebribunebribunebrivi done aris umuSevrobis is done, rodesac vi done aris umuSevrobis is done, rodesac vi done aris umuSevrobis is done, rodesac vi done aris umuSevrobis is done, rodesac

ekonomika imyofeekonomika imyofeekonomika imyofeekonomika imyofeba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi da misi saba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi da misi saba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi da misi saba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi da misi sa----

xelmwifo regulirebis gaZlierxelmwifo regulirebis gaZlierxelmwifo regulirebis gaZlierxelmwifo regulirebis gaZliereeeebis Sembis Sembis Sembis SemTxvevaSic TxvevaSic TxvevaSic TxvevaSic ki umuki umuki umuki umu----

Sevrobis donis ufro naklebi mniSvnelobis miRweva SeuZSevrobis donis ufro naklebi mniSvnelobis miRweva SeuZSevrobis donis ufro naklebi mniSvnelobis miRweva SeuZSevrobis donis ufro naklebi mniSvnelobis miRweva SeuZ----

lebelia.lebelia.lebelia.lebelia. marTalia, bunebrivi umuSevrobis mizezi struq-

turuli da friqciuli umuSevrobaa, magram, xSirad, Se-

saZloa struqturuli da friqciuli umuSevrobis done ar

emTxveodes umuSevrobis bunebriv dones (anu umuSevrobis

10

maqsimalurad SesaZlo dabal dones), anu meti iyos masze.

umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis zusti gazomva TiTqmis Se-

uZlebelia. yvelaze martivi meTodia umuSevrobis saSualo

donis dadgena xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi, vinaidan

didi drois ganmavlobaSi umuSevrobis done xSirad utol-

deba bunebriv dones [3, gv. 552]. bunebrivi donidan gadaxra

SeiZleba gamoiwvios ara mxolod ciklurma umuSevrobam,

aramed struqturulma umuSevrobis zrdamac Tu ar tardeba

RonisZiebebi mis Sesamcireblad. saerTod, bunebriv doneze

araerTi faqtori moqmedebs, romelTa regulirebis gareSe

SeuZlebeli iqneba struqturuli da realuri bunebrivi

done erTmaneTs daemTxvas. magaliTad, Tu mosaxleobis

struqturaSi izrdeba im jgufis xvedriTi wili, romlis

bunebrivi umuSevrobis done ufro didia (magaliTad,

axalgazrdebis), maSin bunebrivi umuSevrobis mTliani

donec gaizrdeba. amitom aucilebeli xdeba am jgufis bune-

brivi umuSevrobis donis Semcireba. bunebrivi umuSevrobis

doneze moqmedebs aseve xelfasis minimaluri donis dad-

gena, umuSevrebze daxmarebis daweseba, saSemosavlo gada-

saxadis sidide, profkavSirebis gavlena da, rac mTavaria,

struqturuli da friqciuli umuSevrobis donis Semcirebi-

saken mimarTuli saxelmwifo politika.

umuSevrobis danakargebi. umuSevrobis danakargebi. umuSevrobis danakargebi. umuSevrobis danakargebi. literaturaSi ZiriTadad

saubaria mxolod cikluri umuSevrobis Sedegad gamowveul

danakargebze, vinaidan bunebrivi umuSevroba gaigivebulia

struqturul da friqciul umuSevrobasTan. migvaCnia, rom

erTmaneTisgan unda gairCes struqturuli da cikluri

umuSevrobiT gamowveuli danakargebi. cikluri umuSevrobis

dros sawarmoo simZlavreebi arsebobs, oRond gamouye-

nebelia, maSasadame, cikluri umuSevrobis Sesamcireblad

axali dabandebebi saWiro ar aris, maSin, rodesac struq-

turuli umuSevrobis Sesamcireblad aucilebelia qveynis

axali ZiriTadi kapitalis Seqmna. umuSevroba mosaxleobis

11

sxvadasxva fenebs sxvadasxvagvarad azaralebs. zarals

ganicdian umuSevrebi xelfasis dakargvis gamo; saxelmwifo

biujeti _ Semosavlebis klebis da umuSevrebze daxmare-

bebis gacemis Sedegad; mewarmeebi kargaven mogebas; mcir-

deba mTliani erovnuli produqti da a.S. rasakvirvelia,

aRniSnuli zaralebis Sekrebis Sedegad saerTo zaralis

gamoTvla Secdomaa da igi gamoiwvevs ormag aRricxvas, vi-

naidan mSp warmoadgens sidides, romelSic Tavs iyris

yvela danakargi.

cikluri umuSevrobis danakargebi ganisazRvreba ouke-

nis cnobili kanonis mixedviT. magram es kanoni gamoy-

vanilia empiriuli dakvirvebis safuZvelze amerikis SeerTe-

buli Statebis magaliTze da is SedarebiT marTebuli iyo

am qveynisaTvis an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, analogiuri qveyne-

bisaTvis da ara gansxvavebuli empiriuli monacemebis mqone

qveynebisTvis (maT Soris igulisxmeba saqarTveloc).

aRsaniSnavia, rom oukenis kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs

umuSevrobis zogierT dadebiT efeqts (magaliTad, Tavi-

sufali drois arseboba, racionaluri gadawyvetilebis

miRebis meti SesaZlebloba). igi aseve ar iTvaliswinebs

mSp-s danakargebs umuSevrobiT gamowveuli socialur-poli-

tikuri da kriminogenuri situaciis gauaresebis, adamiani-

seuli kapitalis Semcirebis Sedegad gamowveul mSp-s

danakargebs. arada es danakargebi, ZiriTadad investiciebis

Semcirebis gamo, sakmaod mniSvnelovania. umuumuumuumuSevroba, aZliSevroba, aZliSevroba, aZliSevroba, aZli----

erebs ra Semosavlebis uTanabrobasa da socialur daerebs ra Semosavlebis uTanabrobasa da socialur daerebs ra Semosavlebis uTanabrobasa da socialur daerebs ra Semosavlebis uTanabrobasa da socialur daZaZaZaZa----

bulobas, garda resursebis gamouyebulobas, garda resursebis gamouyebulobas, garda resursebis gamouyebulobas, garda resursebis gamouyeneblobiT gamowneblobiT gamowneblobiT gamowneblobiT gamowveuliveuliveuliveuli

danadanadanadanakargebisa, iwvevs damatebiT danakargebs, romelic dakargebisa, iwvevs damatebiT danakargebs, romelic dakargebisa, iwvevs damatebiT danakargebs, romelic dakargebisa, iwvevs damatebiT danakargebs, romelic da----

kavkavkavkavSirebulia politikuri da kriminogenuri daZabulobis Sirebulia politikuri da kriminogenuri daZabulobis Sirebulia politikuri da kriminogenuri daZabulobis Sirebulia politikuri da kriminogenuri daZabulobis

zrdasTan.zrdasTan.zrdasTan.zrdasTan.

ekonomikuri zrda da umuSevrobis done. ekonomikuri zrda da umuSevrobis done. ekonomikuri zrda da umuSevrobis done. ekonomikuri zrda da umuSevrobis done. literaturasa

da praqtikaSi xSirad SevxvdebiT daskvnas, rom umuSevrobis

donis Semcirebis erTaderTi gzaa ekonomikuri zrdis tem-

12

pebis daCqareba, magram, sinamdvileSi, garkveul pirobebSi

da zrdis tempebis garkveul intervalSi umuSevrobis done

ki ar mcirdeba, aramed SeiZleba igive darCes an gaizardos

kidevac. ratom? _ struqturuli umuSevrobis zrdis gamo,

rac Sromis nayofierebis zrdiTaa gamowveuli, vinaidan

produqciis gazrdili raodenoba moiTxovs muSaTa nakleb

raodenobas. simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom ekonomikaSi

dasaqmebulia 10 muSa, umuSevrobis done aris 8%, gamo-

muSavebuli produqciis moculobaa 100 laris. maSin Sromis

nayofiereba Seadgens 10 lars. vTqvaT, inovaciis Sedegad

Sromis nayofiereba gaizarda 10%-iT, anu Seadgina 11 lari.

muSaTa raodenobis ucvlelobis pirobebSi gamomuSavebuli

produqciis moculoba gaxdeba 110 laris, anu isic

gaizrdeba 10%-iT. maSasadame, mocemul SemTxvevaSi pro-

duqciis 10%-iani zrdaa saWiro, umuSevrobis done rom

igive darCes. Tu Cven warmoebis moculobas gavzrdiT 10%-

ze naklebi sididiT, maSin amisaTvis dagvWirdeba ara 10

muSa, aramed naklebi, rac umuSevrobis donis zrdas gamo-

iwvevs. umuSevrobis done rom Semcirdes, aucilebelia

gamomuSaveba gaizardos 10%-ze meti sididiT, anu inovacias

Tan unda mohyves warmoebis gafarToeba. amitomaa rom, ino-

vaciur procesebTan erTad, umuSevrobis donis Semcirebas

didi dro sWirdeba.

rasakvirvelia, ciklur umuSevrobasTan saqme sxvagva-

radaa. am dros samuSao adgilebi arsebobs da ekonomikuri

aRmavlobis pirobebSi raime damatebiTi dabandebebis gaweva

saWiro ar aris. umuSevrobis done mcirdeba axali investi-

ciebis mozidvis gareSe.

friqciuli umuSevrobis dros erTmaneTisagan unda

ganvasxvaoT mosaxleobis zrdismosaxleobis zrdismosaxleobis zrdismosaxleobis zrdis Sedegad gamowveuli umu-

Sevroba (rodesac axalgazrda Sromisunariani xdeba an

saswavlebels amTavrebs da umuSevaria) da samuSaos neba-

yofilobiT an iZulebiT (oRond ara warmoebis daqveiTebis

13

gamo) dakargvis Sedegad gamowveuli umuSevroba. pirvel

SemTxvevaSi zedapirulad saqme gvaqvs struqturuli umu-

Sevrobis, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi cikluri umuSevrobis

analogiur SemTxvevasTan, vinaidan pirvel SemTxvevaSi umu-

Sevrobis Sesamcireblad saWiroa axali dabandebebis gan-

xorcieleba, meoreSi ki ara.

zemoT SemoTavazebuli dazustebebis Sedegad aRmo-

ifxvreba umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli aRricxvis zogi-

erTi sirTule, vinaidan umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli

aRricxvis statistikuri maCveneblebi da mis safuZvelze

gamoTvlili sidideebi metad albaTuria Semdeg garemoeba-

Ta gamo:

statistikuri maCveneblebi SeiZleba Zalian swrafad

Seicvalos, vinaidan igi damokidebulia adamianis survil-

ze, imuSaos Tu ara. Cven mier SemoTavazebuli meTodis

SemTxvevaSi es naklovaneba aRmoifxvreba, vinaidan umuSe-

varTa raodenoba damokidebuli aRar iqneba adamianis sur-

vilze da damokidebuli iqneba mxolod imaze, daiwyebs Tu

ara umuSevari muSaobas.

SesaZlebelia, yvela invalidsa da sapensio asakis

mqone pirs hqondes samuSaos dawyebis survili, magram

wlebis ganmavlobaSi ver poulobdnen mas, imis gamo, rom

maTi adamianiseuli kapitalis xarisxi veRar akmayofilebs

arsebul moTxovnebs. axali specialobis SeZena da kvalifi-

kaciis amaRleba ki maT aRar SeuZliaT. Aamis gamo, umu-

SevarTa raodenoba wlebis ganmavlobaSi darCeba gazrdili,

romlis Semcirebac faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli iqneba. Cven

mier SemoTavazebuli meTodis SemTxvevaSi es naklovanebac

aRmoifxvreba, vinaidan umuSevarTa raodenobaSi invalidebi

da sapensio asakis pirebi saerTod ar Seitaneba, imisda miu-

xedavad, aqvT muSaobis survili Tu ara. es kategoria

mikuTvnebulia an araekonomikuri mosaxleobis jgufs (umu-

14

Sevrobis SemTxvevaSi), an aqtiuri ekonomikuri mosaxleobis

jgufs (dasaqmebis SemTxvevaSi).

xSir SemTxvevaSi, rogorc momuSaveebi, ise umuSevrebi

ver xvdebian statistikur monacemebSi. magaliTad, adami-

anTa didi jgufi muSaobs samuSao asakis Sesrulebamde an

dakavebulni arian saojaxo saqmeebiT. agreTve Crdilovan

ekonomikaSi dasaqmebuli adamianebi. umuSevrebi, romlebic

ar gaivlian registracias, umuSevarTa rigebSi ver moxvde-

bian da a.S. am naklovanebaTa aRmosafxvrelad aucilebelia

umuSevarTa da momuSaveTa aRricxvis sistemis srulyofa da

gamkacreba. saxelmwifo unda awarmoebdes umuSevarTa sa-

valdebulo aRweras. umuSevarma unda gaiaros aRricxva da

daafiqsiros Tavisi damokidebuleba umuSevrobasTan dakav-

SirebiT (eZebs Tu ara samuSaos). rasakvirvelia, es ar niS-

navs, rom pirovneba vaiZuloT imuSaos Tu ar surs. magram,

saxelmwifos unda gaaCndes monacemebi im SromiTi potenci-

alis Sesaxeb, romelsac qveyana flobs.

gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura

1.1.1.1. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli. 2008. 2.2.2.2. Гайгер Линвуд Т. Макроэкономическая теория и переходная

экономика. М., “ИНФРА-М”, 1996, с. 260. 3.3.3.3. Дженифер Д. Сакс, Фелипе Ларрен Б. Mакроэкономика. М.,

“ДЕЛО”, 1996.

Abesadze Ramaz ON SOME DEFINITIONS CONNECTED

WITH UNEMPLOYMENT

SUMMARY

15

Some parts of definitions connected with unemployment been current

for years in theory and practice, require new understanding and certain precise definition in the direction of improvement of their practical use. It is very important to form correctly the definitions as to depict accurate picture of unemployment and realize effective practical measures.

The article offers new definitions of such terms as: unemployed; economic and noneconomic population; economically passive and economi-cally active population; unemployment level and natural level of unemploy-ment; unemployment losses.

The article specifises the connection between economic growth and unemployment level and gives some considerations to overcome difficulties connected with unemployment.

16

vladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papava finansuri krizisi da ekonomikis zombirebisfinansuri krizisi da ekonomikis zombirebisfinansuri krizisi da ekonomikis zombirebisfinansuri krizisi da ekonomikis zombirebis

problemaproblemaproblemaproblema

Tanamedrove globaluri finansuri krizisiT warmoqm-

nil uamrav problemas Soris dRis wesrigSi dgeba msof-

lio masStabiT ekonomikaze zombi-firmebis Setevis Tema [1-

2], ris gamoc gaCnda publikaciebi e.w. ekonomikis “axali”

sferos – “zombi-nomikis” (“zombie-nomics”) [3] Sesaxeb.

ras gvaswavlis ekonomikis zombirras gvaswavlis ekonomikis zombirras gvaswavlis ekonomikis zombirras gvaswavlis ekonomikis zombirebisebisebisebis

iaponuri gamocdiaponuri gamocdiaponuri gamocdiaponuri gamocdiiiileba?leba?leba?leba?

zombi-ekonomikis fenomeni, uwinares yovlisa, ukavSirdeba

iaponias, sadac gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi “Caisaxa”

(magaliTad, [4]). zombi-ekonomikis safuZvels warmoadgens ara-gadaxdisunariani, faqtobrivad gakotrebuli firmebi, romle-

bic, amavdroulad, ganagrZoben funqcionirebas, ris gamoc maT

“zombebs” uwodeben.

zombi-firmebis funqcionirebis ZiriTadi finansuri

wyaroa dakreditebis sistema [5, 6]. kerZod, aseTi firmebis

dakreditebas axdenen e.w. zombi-bankebi, romlebic am firmebs

SeRavaTiani pirobebiT aZleven kreditebs (kerZod, kreditebs

aZleven saSualo sabazroze dabali saprocento ganak-

17

veTebiT) [6, 7]. aseTi winaswarve gaumarTlebeli kreditebi am

bankebis aSkara danakargebs iwvevs [8, gv. 368]. zombi-firmebis funqcionirebis mocemul sqemasTan dakav-

SirebiT bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva, Tu rogor axerxeben zombi-

bankebi arsebobis gagrZelebas. aseTi bankebis ukan, rogorc

wesi, dgas mTavroba [9, gv. 301], romelic gascems samTavrobo garantiebs, axorcielebs depozitebis dakreditebas, rac, sabo-

loo angariSiT, iwvevs imas, rom zombi-bankebi gadasaxadebis

gadamxdelTa xarjze arseboben [10, gv. 164]. amgvari finansuri struqtura erTgvarad stimuls aZlevs `jansaRi~ firmebis

zombebad gadaqcevas [4, gv. 40]. swored zombi-firmebis, zombi-bankebisa da mTavrobis

urTierTobis Sedegad warmoiqmneba zombi-ekonomika, romelic

mZime tvirTad awveba ekonomikis jansaR nawils. kerZod,

zombi-bankebis mxridan SeRavaTiani dakreditebis sistemiT

uzrunvelyofili zombi-firmebis arseboba zRudavs bazarze

jansaRi firmebis gaCenisa da arsebobis SesaZleblobas [4, gv.

33], romlebsac ufro maRali saprocento ganakveTebiT uwevT kreditebis aReba [11]. amasTan, SeRavaTiani dakreditebis gamo,

zombi-firmebs konkurenciul brZolaSi ufro advilad SeuZ-

liaT fasebis Semcireba [6, gv. 288] da iq momuSave adami-

anebisaTvis xelfasis gazrda [4, gv. 33]. xolo bazarze jansaRi firmebis, anu efeqtianad funqcionirebadi firmebis

daSvebis dabrkoleba, saboloo angariSiT, mTeli ekonomikis

efeqtianobas amcirebs [8, gv. 364]. zombi-ekonomika, rogorc aseTi, finansur krizisSi iRebs

saTaves [8, 12]. rogorc cnobilia, stagnaciis pirobebSi

ekonomikas SedarebiT xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi

warmoebisa da vaWrobis uZraoba axasiaTebs, rasac Tan sdevs

umuSevarTa ricxvis zrda, xelfasisa da mosaxleobis

cxovrebis donis Semcireba. aseT pirobebSi mTavrobisagan,

rogorc wesi, moiTxoven ekonomikis amgvari mdgomareobidan

gamoyvanas, da igi sabanko sistemis (sabanko krizisis Tavidan

18

asacileblad) da mTeli ekonomikis funqcionirebis SenarCu-

nebas sabiujeto dafinansebis gziT cdilobs.

finansuri krizisis dasrulebis Semdeg ekonomika

memkvidreobad iRebs mis arasicocxlisunarian nawils, ro-

melic cdilobs, saxelmwifos mxridan SeinarCunos im fi-

nansuri mxardaWeris sistema, romliTac igi stagnaciis

pirobebSi sargeblobda. Sedegad SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

zombi-ekonomika finansuri krizisis memkvidreobas warmo-

adgens.

unda aRiniSnos rom, saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis Ta-

naxmad, zombi-ekonomikis fenomeni damaxasiaTebelia ara

mxolod iaponiis an ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis

mqone qveynisaTvis (magaliTad, [13]), aramed ganviTarebadi eko-

nomikis mqone qveynebisTvisac (magaliTad, [10]).

ratom inarCunebs `sicocxlisunarianobas~ratom inarCunebs `sicocxlisunarianobas~ratom inarCunebs `sicocxlisunarianobas~ratom inarCunebs `sicocxlisunarianobas~ zombizombizombizombi----ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika

da rogor davaRwioT mas Tavi?da rogor davaRwioT mas Tavi?da rogor davaRwioT mas Tavi?da rogor davaRwioT mas Tavi?

zombi-ekonomikis mimarT mTavari kiTxva SemdegSi mdgo-

mareobs: ra ganapirobebs mis SedarebiT stabilur arse-

bobas?

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia ekonomikuri

cvlilebebis evoluciuri Teoriidan gamomdinare [14]. am

Teoriis ZiriTadi “instrumentia” “rutinis” cneba, romel-

Sic igulisxmeba firmebis qcevis Camoyalibebuli wesebi da

saSualebebi, romlebic aregulirebs maT (qcevis) aRwar-

moebas.

zombi-ekonomikis rutina yalibdeba finansuri krizi-

sebis pirobebSi, roca mTavrobasa da bankebs Soris myar-

deba urTierToba aramomgebiani firmebis mxardasaWerad im

mizniT, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli ekonomikis mniSvne-

lovani daqveiTeba da umuSevrobis zrda. SedarebiT xangr-

Zlivi stagnaciis SemTxvevaSi es urTierToba gadaizrdeba

19

im firmebis qcevis Camoyalibebul wesebad da saSualebebad,

romlebic aregulirebs am qcevis aRwarmoebas, anu Sesa-

bamis rutinad. aq metad mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos stag-

naciis xangrZlivoba, rac aucilebeli pirobaa imisaTvis,

rom Sesabamisma rutinam Camoyalibeba moaswros.

finansuri krizisis dasrulebis Semdeg swored es

rutina uzrunvelyofs zombi-ekonomikis arsebobas, radgan,

sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, da krizisis miuxedavad, arc erTi

mTavroba ar moisurvebs, rogorc minimum, umuSevrobis gaz-

rdas, romelic aSkarad moimatebs zombi-firmebis daxurvis

SemTxvevaSi, radgan jansaRi firmebi ver moaxdenen momen-

talur reagirebas zombi-firmebis arsebobis Sewyvetaze da

operatiuli wesiT axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas [11, 15].

Sesabamisi qveynebis ganviTarebaze zombi-ekonomikis

uaryofiTi gavlena aSkaraa. Sesabamisad, unda gamovavlinoT

da avamoqmedoT is meqanizmi, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZ-

lebeli iqneba misgan Tavis daRweva.

Teoriulad cxadia, rom zombi-ekonomikis mospobis qme-

diTi meqanizmi uSualodaa dakavSirebuli gakotrebis Se-

saxeb kanonmdeblobasTan.

gakotrebis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba qmediTi instrumen-

tia zombi-firmebis da zombi-bankebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

samwuxarod, unda aRiniSnos, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi

aSkarad SeiniSneba gakotrebis faqtobrivi mdgomareobis

iuridiuli gaformebis garTulebis tendencia (magaliTad,

[16]).

zombizombizombizombi----ekonomikis rutinis matareblebis Sesaxebekonomikis rutinis matareblebis Sesaxebekonomikis rutinis matareblebis Sesaxebekonomikis rutinis matareblebis Sesaxeb

zombi-ekonomikis rutinis gagebis gasaRebs iZleva

jeims biukenenis sazogadoebrivi arCevanis Teoria, romlis

Tanaxmadac, politika ganmartebulia, rogorc bazris gan-

sakuTrebuli nairsaxeoba [17]. finansuri krizisebis piro-

20

bebSi yalibdeba swored iseTi ekonomikuri politika, ro-

melic, erTi mxriv, mTavrobis umaRles miznad acxadebs

ekonomikaSi Carevas misi krizisuli situaciidan gamoyvanis

mizniT, xolo meore mxriv, xels uwyobs im ekonomikuri su-

bieqtebis kerZo interesebis realizacias, romlebic krizi-

sis gamo gakotrebis zRvarze aRmoCndnen.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, zombi-ekonomikis rutina fi-

nansuri krizisis pirobebSi sabazro ekonomikis produqtia.

Sesabamisad, am rutinis matarebelia ara ubralod homo

economicus-i, aramed misi iseTi mutanti, romelic finansuri krizisis gamo deformirebuli sabazro ekonomikis fun-

qcionirebis pirobebTan Seguebis, adaptirebis procesSi Ca-

moyalibda. pirobiTad homo economicus-is aseT mutants, Cveni

azriT, yvelaze zustad axasiaTebs termini zombie economicus-i [18], romelic swored zombi-ekonomikis rutinis matarebe-

lia.

arsebobs Tu ara dRes ekonomikisarsebobs Tu ara dRes ekonomikisarsebobs Tu ara dRes ekonomikisarsebobs Tu ara dRes ekonomikis

zombirebis safrTxe?zombirebis safrTxe?zombirebis safrTxe?zombirebis safrTxe?

Tanamedrove globaluri finansuri krizisis pirobebSi

mravali qveyana mimarTavs kerZo finansuri institutebis, zog-

jer ki realuri seqtoris zogierTi firmisadmi finansuri

daxmarebis specialur samTavrobo programebs [19, gv. 22-23], rac aSkarad qmnis zombi-ekonomikis rutinis Camoyalibebis

safrTxes. es safrTxe SeiZleba savsebiT realuri gaxdes, Tu

finansuri krizisi droSi ise gaWianurdeba, rom am xnis gan-

mavlobaSi, aRniSnuli daxmarebis ganxorcielebis gamo, zombi-

ekonomikis rutina Camoyalibebas moaswrebs.

ramdenime wlis win amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi zombi-

ekonomikis fenomenis arsebobas gadaWriT uaryofdnen [20, gv.

120], Tumca, bolo xans, finansuri krizisis gamo, sul ufro

xSirad xazgasmiT aRiniSneba zombi-firmebis gaCenis saSiS-

21

roeba [21, 22], da, mainc, dResac SeiniSneba am problemis

ugulebelyofis faqtebi [23]. asea Tu ise, finansuri mxardaWe-

ris samTavrobo programas savsebiT samarTlianad eZleva

zombi-programis kvalifikacia, xolo SeerTebuli Statebis xa-

zinas zombi ekonomikis “dedis” statusi eniWeba [24]. samarTli-

anoba moiTxovs xazi gavusvaT, rom amerikis SeerTebul Sta-

tebSi sabanko seqtoris zombirebis mimarTulebiT moZraobis

pirveli niSnebi jer kidev Tanamedrove finansuri krizisis

dawyebamde didi xniT adre gamovlinda, roca mTavrobam sub-

sidirebis gziT moaxdina bankebis mier gasacemi ipoTekuri

kreditebis dazRvevis stimulireba mosaxleobis dabalSemo-

savliani fenebisaTvis, romlebic ver akmayofilebdnen sayovel-

Taod miRebul sabanko moTxovnebs [25]. amasTan, metad mniS-

vnelovania im garemoebis gaTvaliswineba, rom Tanamedrove fi-

nansur kriziss safuZvlad udevs amerikelTa fsiqologiuri

stimulebi, aiRon vali, Tundac ar iyvnen darwmunebuli, rom

SeZleben mis dafarvas [26, gv. 44]. zombi-ekonomikis Camoyalibebis saSiSroeba aseve re-

aluri gaxda kanadis [27] da evrokavSiris zogierTi qvey-

nisTvisac [28, 29].

postkomunisturi kapitalizmis qveynebSi Tanamedrove

finansuri krizisi aseve xels uwyobs iseTi samTavrobo

programebis SemuSavebas, romlebic emyareba gakotrebis pi-

ras misuli bankebisa da firmebis finansur mxardaWeras (ma-

galiTad, [30]).

grZelvadiani SeRavaTiani dakreditebisa da investire-

bis ganxorcielebis mizniT gaaqtiurda specialuri saxelm-

wifo institutebis (bankebis) Seqmnis proeqtebi (magaliTad,

[31]).

miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomikis TeoriiT karga xania

damtkicebulia da msoflio gamocdilebiTac dadasturebu-

lia ekonomikis saxelmwifo SeRavaTiani dakreditebis dam-

Rupveli xasiaTi (magaliTad, [32, gv. 22-28]), ganviTarebuli

22

qveynebic (ris Sesaxebac zemoT iTqva) da postkomunisturi

kapitalizmis qveynebic isev da isev mimarTaven finansur

krizisTan dapirispirebis am instruments. es ki, saboloo

angariSiT, xels uwyobs zombi-ekonomikis rutinis Camo-

yalibebas.

Tanamedrove finansurma krizisma gansakuTrebiT aqtu-

aluri gaxada “mogebis privatizaciisa da zaralis naciona-

lizaciis” damRupveli principi [19, gv. 10]. unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikis zombirebis pirveli

simptomebi postkomunistur sivrceSi pirvelad ruseTSi

1998 wlis agvistos krizisis droidan gamovlinda [15, gv.

210] da swored aman misca sababi postkomunisturi zombi-

ekonomikis fenomenis gaCenas [15, gv. 211]. Tanamedrove finan-sur kriziss ki, romelsac, garda imisa, rom fesvebi Tavad

ruseTSi aqvs gadgmuli da agreTve globaluri finansuri

krizisiTaa ganmtkicebuli, SeiZleba ufro gaWianurebuli

xasiaTi hqondes, rasac bevrad ufro seriozuli Sedegebi

mohyveba.

daskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvna

ekonomikis mkvdari nawilis fenomeni ucxo ar aris

ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqone zogierTi qveynisTvis: finan-

surma krizisebma xeli Seuwyo rutinis warmoqmnas, rome-

lic sabanko sistemis meSveobiT uzrunvelyofs faqtob-

rivad gakotrebuli firmebisadmi samTavrobo mxardaWeris

stabilurobas. Sedegad iqmneba zombi-bankebis da zombi-

firmebis qseli, romelic warmoqmnis swored zombi-ekono-

mikis sistemas.

zombi-ekonomikis rutinis matarebeli “cocxali” adami-

ani ki aRar aris, aramed zombia _ zombie economicus-ia. Tanamedrove finansuri krizisis pirobebSi zombi-eko-

nomikis safrTxe sul ufro Zlierad “ukakunebs karze” gan-

23

viTarebuli ekonomikis im qveynebsac, romlebic bolo drom-

de axerxebdnen ekonomikis zombirebis Tavidan acilebas.

zombi-ekonomikisgan Tavis daRwevis erTaderTi qmediTi

meqanizmia gakotrebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis amoqmedeba,

risTvisac aucilebelia mmarTveli elitis Sesabamisi po-

litikuri nebis arseboba. ar unda velodoT, rom finansuri

krizisis pirobebSi am elitas, msoflios nebismier qve-

yanaSi, eyofa politikuri gambedaoba, aamoqmedos gakotrebis

meqanizmi, magram metad mniSvnelovania, rom es meqanizmi

gadaudeblad amoqmeddes postkrizisul periodSi. da is

qveyana, romlis xelmZRvanelobasac eyofa politikuri neba,

Tavi daaRwios zombi-ekonomikas, ekonomikuri aRmavlo-

bisaTvis mZlavr stimuls SeiZens.

gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura

1. Stepek J. “How Zombie Companies Suck the Life from an Economy”, Money Week, November 18, 2008; http://www.moneyweek.com/news-and-charts/economics/how-zombie-companies-suck-the-life-from-an-economy-14089.aspx.

2. Willie CB J. “Gold, Zombie Banking System, Lightning, Earthquakes and Hurricanes”, The Market Oracle, January 20, 2009; http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article8346.html.

3. LeLaulu L. “Zombie Economics?”, The Development Executive Group, January 13, 2009; http://www.devex.com/articles/zombie-economics.

4. Hoshi T. “Economics of the Living Dead”, The Japanese Economic Review, Vol. 57, No. 1, 2006.

5. Caballero R.J., Hoshi T., Kashyap A.K. “Zombie Lending and Depressed Restructuring in Japan”, NBER Working Paper 12129, 2006.

6. Smith D.C. “Loans to Japanese Borrowers”, Japanese International Economies, Vol. 17. No. 3, 2003.

7. Hoshi T., Kashyap A. “Solutions to Japan’s Banking Problems: What Might Work and What Definitely will Fail”, in Ito T., Patrick H.,

24

Weinstein D.E. (eds.), Reviving Japan’s Economy: Problems and Prescriptions. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2005.

8. Ahearne A.G., Shinada N. “Zombie Firms and Economic Stagnation in Japan”, International Economics and Economic Policy, Vol. 2, Nо. 4., 2005.

9. Kane E.J. “The Dialectical Role of Information and Disinformation in Regulation-Induced Banking Crises”, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Vol. 8. Issue 3-4, 2000.

10. Kane E.J. “Capital Movements, Banking Insolvency, and Silent Runs in the Asian Financial Crisis”, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Vol. 8. Issue 2, 2000.

11. Caballero R., Kashyap A.K. “Japan's Indian Summer”, The Wall Street Journal, July 18, 2002; http://faculty.chicagogsb.edu/anil.kashyap/research/awsj.pdf.

12. Hoshi T., Kashyap A.K. “Japan’s Economic and Financial Crisis: An Overview”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Winter, 2004; http://faculty.chicagogsb.edu/anil.kashyap/research/japancrisis.pdf.

13. Holle P., “The Evolution of a Zombie Economy”, The Frontier Centre For Public Policy, March 15, 2005; http://www.fcpp.org/main/publication_detail.php?PubID=979.

14. Нельсон Р.Р., Уинтер С. Дж. Эволюционная теория экономических изменений. Москва: ЗАО «Финстатинформ», 2000.

15. Lindsey B. Against the Dead Hand: The Uncertain Struggle for Global Capitalism. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.

16. Cussen M.P. “Changing The Face Of Bankruptcy”, Investopedia, 2009; http://www.investopedia.com/articles/pf/08/bankruptcy-act.asp?partner=NTU.

17. Бюкенен Дж. «Конституция экономической политики», в кн.: Бюкенен Дж. Сочинения. Москва: Таурус Альфа, 1997.

18. Papava V. “Is Zombie Economicus Coming?”, The Market Oracle, February 7, 2009; http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article8736.html.

19. Мау В. “Драма 2008 года: от экономического чуда к экономическому кризису”, Вопросы экономики, № 2, 2009.

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20. Bonner W., Wiggin A. Financial Reckoning Day: Surviving the Soft Depression of the 21st Century, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003.

21. Coy P. “A New Menace to the Economy: 'Zombie' Debtors”, BusinessWeek, January 15, 2009; http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/09_04/b4117024316675.htm.

22. Krugman P. “Wall Street Voodoo”, The New York Times, January 18, 2009.http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/opinion/19krugman.html?_r=2&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss.

23. Krugman P. “The Big Dither”, The New York Times, March 5, 2009; http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/06/opinion/06krugman.html.

24. Kunstler J.H. “The Inevitable Fate Of Our ‘Zombie’ Economy”, Contrarian Stock Market Investing News, November 28, 2008; http://www.contrarianprofits.com/articles/the-inevitable-fate-of-our-zombie-economy/9233.

25. Holmes S.A. “Fannie Mae Eases Credit To Aid Mortgage Lending”, The New York Times, September 30, 1999; http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9c0de7db153ef933a0575ac0a96f958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all.

26. Ольсевич Ю., «Психологические аспекты современного экономического кризиса», Вопросы экономики, № 2б 2009.

27. Poschmann F. “Beware of Zombies”, Financial Post, January 26, 2009; http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/fpcomment/archive/2009/01/26/beware-of-zombies.aspx.

28. Kelly M. “Our Zombie Nation and Zombie Banks”, Machine Nation, October 28, 2008; http://machinenation.forumakers.com/economy-business-and-finance-f8/morgan-kelly-our-zombie-nation-and-zombie-banks-t1496.htm#43586.

29. Schnittger F. “Ireland's Zombie Economy”, European Tribune, January 14, 2009; http://www.eurotrib.com/?op=displaystory;sid=2009/1/14/113437/798.

26

30. Илларионов А. «Природа российского кризиса», Институт экономического анализа, 2 октября, 2008; http://www.iea.ru/macroeconom.php?id=8.

31. Данилишин Б. «Экономика Украины: жизнь после кризиса?», Зеркало недели, № 1 (729), 17 – 23 января, 2009; http://www.zn.ua/2000/2020/65131/.

32. Хэзлитт Г. Типичные ошибки государственного регулирования экономики. Москва: Серебряные нити, 2000.

Papava Vladimer FINANCIAL CRISIS AND THE PROBLEM OF ZOMBIEING

OF THE ECONOMY

SUMMARY

As international experience shows, dead firms do exist and “suc-cessfully” function in the most developed economies as well with Japan being the most obvious example. These insolvent and, in fact, bankrupt firms which continue to operate despite their “mortality” are commonly referred to as “zombie-firms.” It must be emphasized that a zombie-economy is a phenomenon peculiar not only to Japan and other developed market economies but also to those countries with developing economies as international experience has shown. A zombie-economy’s routine is carried by the “gone and departed” man, the so-called zombie economicus. The only effective mechanism to get rid of a zombie-economy is to adopt a sound bankruptcy law which, in turn, requires the strong political will of the ruling elite.

27

vaxtang burduli vaxtang burduli vaxtang burduli vaxtang burduli saqarTveloSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis gzebisaqarTveloSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis gzebisaqarTveloSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis gzebisaqarTveloSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis gzebi

umuSumuSumuSumuSeeeevrobis donis SemcirebasTan konteqstSivrobis donis SemcirebasTan konteqstSivrobis donis SemcirebasTan konteqstSivrobis donis SemcirebasTan konteqstSi

umuSevrobis Semcireba bevradaa damokidebuli mewar-

meobis ganviTarebaze. samewarmeo seqtoris ganviTarebis

sxvadasxvanairma pirobebma SeiZleba Seamciros an gazardos

umuSevroba. bolo wlebSi (2001 _ 2007) umuSevrobis done

saqarTveloSi nel-nela izrdeboda. 2001 wels umuSevarTa

wili ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis raodenobaSi

Seadgenda 11,1%-s, 2006 wels _ 13,6%-s, Semdeg odnav Sem-

cirda da 2007 wels Seadgina ekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleobis 13,3%. amasTan, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosax-

leobis ricxovnoba TandaTanobiT mcirdeboda: 2001 wels is

28

moicavda 2113,3 aTas adamians, 2007 wels ki _ 1905,3 aTas

adamians. Semcirebis miuxedavad ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-

saxleobis ricxovnobis absolutur gamosaxulebaSi umu-

Sevrebis raodenoba odnav gaizarda: 235,6 aTasi 2001 wels,

maqsimumi _ 279,3 aTasi adamiani 2005 wels da 261 aTasi

adamiani 2007 wels. dasaqmebulebis raodenoba (maT Soris

SinameurneobebSi) Semcirda 1877,7 aTasi adamianidan 2001

wels 1704,3 aTas adamianamde 2007 wels. amasTan, daqira-

vebulebis odenoba, romelSic Sedis samewarmeo seqtorSi

dasaqmebulebis ZiriTadi nawili, amave wlebSi meryeobda

29,4%-dan 2004 wels 31,8%-mde 2007 wels (ekonomikurad aq-

tiuri mosaxleobis mTel ricxovnobaSi) [2, gv. 43]. sakmaod

farToa cneba “TviTdasaqmebulebi”. igi moicavs mesakuT-

reebs, romelTa saqmianobis mizans warmoadgens mogebis an

ojaxuri Semosavlis (fuliT an naturiT) miReba [2, gv. 41];

ojaxur sawarmoSi usasyidlod momuSave pirebs. TviT-

dasaqmebulebis wili ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis

ricxovnobaSi meryeobda 53,8%-dan 2001 wels 58,3%-mde 2003

wels (maqsimumi), 54,3% _ 2007 wels [2, gv. 43].

mewarmeobis ganviTarebis gavlena umuSevrebis raode-

nobaze bevrad damokidebulia mewarmeobis ganviTarebis

koordinaciis xarisxze. amasTan, qveyanaSi “sustad” xdeba

zogierTi iseTi samewarmeo saqmianobis saxeebis stimuli-

reba, romlebsac SeuZlia arsebiTad Seamciros umuSevrobis

done. amis Sedegad saxezea arasakmarisad dabalansebuli

ekonomika. ekonomikis disbalansi vlindeba SemdegSi:

rTuli samomxmareblo da fondebis Semqmneli teqnolo-

giebis (avtomobilebi, kompiuterebi, macivrebi, teleradio-

aparatura da a.S.) importi ganapirobebs maTi momsaxurebis

(servisis) da reabilitaciis (remontis) dargebis mniSvne-

lovani xvedri wilis arsebobas, rac saerTod ki Seesaba-

meba saqmianobis saxeebis WrilSi meurneobis struqturis

srulyofis Tanamedrove tendenciebs, magram, amasTan erTad,

29

saqarTveloSi sustia Zalisxmeva mewarmeobis ganviTarebis

mimarT aRniSnuli da zogierTi sxva saboloo produqtis

warmoebis sferoSi, ramac umniSvnelo gaxada mewarmeobis

ganviTarebis done saqmianobis rig aqtualur dargSi. aRniS-

nuli ganapirobebs qveyanaSi struqturuli umuSevrobis ma-

Rali donis arsebobas.

patara qveyanaSi saWiroa ramdenime sakvanZo (leading edge)

da maRalteqnologiuri (high level) [1, gv. 40] dargis arCeva ma-sobrivi warmoebisaTvis (Tumca Tanamedrove pirobebSi

aqtualuria diversifikaciis problemac); saerTaSoriso sa-

qonelgacvla ki unda warmoebdes sxva qveynebTan mWidro

kooperaciis safuZvelze, gansakuTrebiT urTierTSevsebis

principis gamoyenebiT, riTac uzrunvelyofili iqneba aseTi

dargebis eqsporti (amasTan, unda iTqvas, rom bolo peri-

odSi qveyanaSi gaixsna ramdenime calkeuli “aqtualuri”

warmoeba: magaliTad, metaloplastikatebis qarxana, mTeli

rigi teqnikurad rTuli nakeTobebis amwyobi qarxana q.

quTaisSi, romelic momavalSi daiwyebs kooperirebas qvey-

nis SigniT ganlagebul iseT sawarmoebTan, romlebic daam-

zadeben am qarxnisaTvis sakomleqto nawilebs).

Semdeg, qveyanaSi sul ufro naklebi yuradReba eTmoba

mecnierul-kvleviTi da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro SemuSa-

vebebis sferos, am mimarTulebiT praqtikulad ar arsebobs

saerTaSoriso kooperacia. am sferos gareSe ki, jer erTi,

SeuZlebelia qveynis normaluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

uzrunvelyofa da “Tanamedrove teqnologiur wyobaze” [3]

gadasvla, meore, SeuZlebelia ekonomikis dabalansebuli

ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa umuSevarTa procentis mkveTri

Semcirebis gaTvaliswinebiT. e. i. mecnierul-kvleviTi da

sacdel-sakonstruqtoro SemuSavebebis seqtoris Semcireba

aseve ganapirobebs qveyanaSi umuSevrobis maRali donis

arsebobas.

30

ekonomikuri disbalansis kidev erTi mizezia uyurad-

Reboba ekonomikis tradiciuli dargebis umetesobis (Rvinis

warmoebisa da samSeneblo masalebis mrewvelobis warmo-

ebebis garda) da, agreTve, zogierTi sxva importCanacv-

lebiTi sawarmos mimarT. magaliTad, 80-ian wlebSi zug-

didSi daiwyo faifuris qarxnis funqcionireba. marTalia

es qarxana ZiriTadad SedarebiT dabali xarisxis pro-

duqcias (faifuris warmoebis zogierTi xerxi amJamadac

gasaidumloebulia) uSvebda, magram transformaciul peri-

odSi saWiro iyo am qarxnis potenciuri SesaZleblobebis

gaTvaliswineba da mis bazaze konkurentunariani sawarmos

Seqmna.

ekonomikis struqturaSi iseTi disbalansebis Tavidan

asacileblad, romlebic qveyanaSi umuSevrobis maRali do-

nis arsebobis erT-erT ZiriTad mizezs warmoadgens, saWi-

roa sistemuri maregulirebeli strategiis ganxorcieleba

mewarmeobis ganviTarebis stimulirebis sferoSi.

saWiroa mewarmeobis dabalansebuli ganviTarebis uz-

runvelyofa saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT rogorc qveya-

naSi saerTod, aseve mis regionebSi. amasTan, mewarmeobis

sistemebis dabalanseba mniSvnelovania ara marto saqmiano-

bis saxeebis WrilSi, aramed aseve, samewarmeo saqmianobis

obieqtTa zomebis mixedviT da maTi instituciuri saxeebis

WrilSi.

jerjerobiT garkveulwilad SeimCneva msxvili sawar-

moebis, gansakuTrebiT maTi saTavo ofisebis, koncentrireba

TbilisSi. regionebis interesebis ignorireba ki iwvevs maTi

socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis CamorCenas da,

kerZod, umuSevrobis donis zrdas.

msxvili sawarmoebi xSirad, amasTan, TiTqmis yovel

dargsa da dargTaSoris aspeqtSi axdenen kooperirebas sa-

Sualo da mcire sawarmoebTan, rac, msxvili sawarmos gaxs-

nis Semdeg, uzrunvelyofs masTan kooperirebadi mravali

31

saSualo da mcire sawarmos gaCenas da, maSasadame, umu-

Sevrobis Semcirebas axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis

xarjze. didi mniSvneloba aqvs saerTaSoriso kooperacias,

rodesac qveynis saSualo da mcire sawarmoebi (rom ara-

feri vTqvaT msxvilebze) asruleben msxvili transerov-

nuli korporaciebis SekveTebs. aseve, didi mniSvneloba aqvs

saerTaSoriso kooperacias franCaizingis saxiT, rodesac

adgilobrivi franCaizi (agenti) TviTon gadis momxmare-

belze, amasTan, iyenebs franCaizoris (principalis) markas

(brends) da teqnologias (razec uxdis mas mogebis wils).

magram TviT regionebSi msxvili sawarmos (adgilob-

rivi mesakuTreebis an transerovnuli korporaciis sa-

warmos) arseboba uzrunvelyofs regionebis ganviTarebis

dinamikis mdgradobas da warmoadgens umuSevrobis Semci-

rebis garants, maT Soris msxvili qarxnebis irgvliv mra-

vali saSualo da, gansakuTrebiT, mcire sawarmoebis gaCenis

xarjze.

bolo periodSi saerTaSoriso kooperaciis SesaZleb-

lobebi, warmoebaSi mcire da saSualo biznesis CarTviT,

gaizarda ganviTarebul qveynebSi autsortingis (rogorc

qveynebis SigniT, aseve qveynebis gareT) gavrcelebis xarj-

ze. amitom franCaizingis da, gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi,

autsortingis procesebi unda gaxdes mewarmeobis saxelm-

wifo da sabazro koordinaciis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvne-

lovani mimarTuleba.

instituciur aspeqtSi, liberaluri ekonomikuri poli-

tikis batonobis ukanasknel periodSi, bevr ganviTarebul

qveyanaSi izrdeboda privatizaciis moculoba da, agreTve,

Zlierdeboda zogierTi sawarmos (kerZod, msxvili kom-

paniebis) saTavo ofisebis gadatanis procesi ofSorul

zonebSi, Tumca zogierT qveyanaSi (magaliTad, samxreT ko-

reaSi) meore process adgili ar hqonia. msoflio ekono-

mikurma krizisma SeaCera es tendenciebi, TviT mTavrobebma

32

ki kerZo seqtoris gacilebiT ufro seriozuli regu-

lireba da mxardaWera daiwyes. sxva RonisZiebebTan erTad

xdeboda kerZo sawarmoebis aqtivebis nawilis Sesyidva,

amitom Sereuli sawarmoebis wili bevr qveyanaSi garkveuli

zomiT gaizarda. es niSnavs, rom xelaxla moxda saxelm-

wifos da kerZo seqtors Soris partniorobis mniSvne-

lovani aqtualizacia. yvelaze SorsmWvreteli ekonomistebi

winaswarmetyvelebdnen am Temis aqtualizaciis SesaZleb-

lobas, rasac mowmobs Sesabamisi publickaciebi. saxelm-

wifos da kerZo seqtors Soris partnioroba erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani instituciuri meqanizmia, romelic iseTi

warmoebebis mxardaWeris SesaZleblobas iZleva, romlebic

aqtualuria rogorc eqsportis da Sida moxmarebis zrdis,

aseve umuSevrobis Semcirebis poziciebidan.

amJamad ganviTarebulia saxelmwifos da kerZo seqtors

Soris partniorobis Semdegi saxeebi: kontraqtebi (sa-

xelmwifo saWiroebebze saqonlis da momsaxurebis miwo-

debis, teqnikuri daxmarebis gawevisa da marTvis Sesaxeb);

SeTanxmebebi (lizinguri, ijaruli, produqciis gayofis

Sesaxeb); gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri zonebi; koncesiebi;

erToblivi sawarmoebi [5, gv. 64; 6, gv. 79] (instituciuri Te-oriis TvalsazrisiT partniorobis yvela es saxe warmo-

adgens sakontraqto urTierTobebs [7, gv. 109]). saxelmwifos da kerZo seqtors Soris partniorobis proeqtebi aadvi-

lebs kapitalis gadinebas msoflio bazrebze, astimuli-

rebs ucxouri investiciebis modinebas ekonomikis realur

seqtorSi. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifos

da kerZo seqtors Soris partniorobas regionebis ekono-

mikisaTvis, romelSic mis safuZvelze viTardeba kapitalis,

saqonlis da momsaxurebis [5, gv. 65], aseve Sromis adgi-

lobrivi bazrebi.

rogorc Cans, saxelmwifos da kerZo seqtors Soris

partniorobis xerxebis ganviTareba aseve eqvemdebareba sti-

33

mulirebas saxelmwifos mxridan. amasTan, stimulirebis

zogierT saxes aqvs SerCeviTi xasiaTi: saxelmwifo Sesyid-

vebi, Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis ganviTarebis ko-

ordinacia (Tu aseTebi arsebobs saxelmwifoSi).

mizanSewonilia aRvniSnoT, rom sabazro ekonomikaSi

yvela sawarmo, miuxedavad qonebrivi statusisa, rogorc

kerZo, aseve saxelmwifo da Sereuli (aseve adgilobrivi da

ucxouri), muSaobs regulirebadi sabazro ekonomikis re-

JimSi (Tuki keTdeba gamonaklisi, magaliTad, Tavisufal

ekonomikur zonaSi monawileobis uflebis mopoveba _

konkursSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs yovel msurvel sa-

warmos; sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miniWebis SemTxvevaSi,

SeRavaTi vrceldeba yovel sawarmoze, romelic iRebs Sesa-

bamis valdebulebas da a.S.), e.i. warmoadgens samewarmeo

saqmianobis subieqts da maT mimarT gamoiyeneba saqmianobis

koordinaciis erTnairi meTodi, miuxedavad imisa, sakuT-

rebis ra statusi aqvs TiToeuls.

Tu ganvixilavT instituciur aspeqts organizaciul-

samarTlebrivi formis mixedviT, maSin, umuSevrobis Semci-

rebis aspeqtis TvalsazrisiT, msxvili sawarmoebis gan-

viTareba mizanSewonilia saaqcio sazogadoebis an koope-

rativis (soflad) saxiT, rac mosaxleobis farTo fenebs

sakuTrebaSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas miscems da dama-

tebiT aqtivebs moizidavs realuri investiciebis gan-

saxorcieleblad. saSualo da, gansakuTrebiT, mcire sawar-

moebisaTvis aqtualuria sxva instituciuri (organizaciul-

samarTlebrivi) formebi. magram, yvela SemTxvevaSi, umuSev-

robis Semcirebis sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, saWiroa pat-

ronatis, profkavSirebis da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis

(maT Soris teritoriulis) organoebis urTierTqmedebis

organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebis arseboba.

maSasadame, mewarmeobis ganviTareba mWidrodaa dakav-

Sirebuli saxelmwifos struqturis Semqmnel politikasTan.

34

amasTan, saqmianobis saxeebis WrilSi struqturis cvli-

lebas SeuZlia gamoiwvios rogorc umuSevrobis donis

gazrda, aseve misi Semcireba. sabazro sistemebis umrav-

lesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxelmwifos makoordine-

beli funqciis ukmarisobis pirobebSi, xSirad, gansakuT-

rebiT transformaciul pirobebSi an axal teqnologiur

wyobaze gadasvlis saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi (saqarTveloSi

amJamad orive garemoeba arsebobs), ekonomikis struqturaSi

arasasurveli gadaxrebi Cndeba. ekonomikis koordinaciis

meqanizmebis (rogorc saxelmwofo, aseve sabazro) amocanaa

negatiuri tendenciebis Tavisdrouli SemCneva-gamovlineba

(gansakuTrebiT, axal teqnologiur wyobaze gadasvlis

dros) da mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis iseTi xelsayreli

instituciur-ekonomikuri garemos Seqmna, romelic xels

Seuwyobs im gadaxrebis aRmofxvras, romelic Seqmnilia

arasakmarisad kontrolirebadi sabazro ZalebiT. amasTan,

saWiroa rogorc saxelmwifo koordinaciis meqanizmis, aseve

sabazro koordinaciis meqanizmis gamoyeneba (ukanasknelSi

vgulisxmobT koordinacias mewarmeTa gaerTianebebis mxri-

dan, arsebuli kanonmdeblobis CarCoebSi da SeTanxmebuls

saxelmwifos makoordinebel organoebTan).

Tanamedrove pirobebi moiTxovs ekonomikuri da soci-

aluri ganviTarebis saxelmwifo da sabazro koordinaciis

CarCoebSi maTi regionuli Semadgenlis arsebobas. glo-

balizaciis pirobebSi regioni xdeba sakvanZo erTeulad,

radgan zustad lokalizebul teritoriaze warmoebs yvela

qveynis damatebuli Rirebulebis Seqmna da amitom regi-

onuli pirobebi bevrad gansazRvravs warmoebuli produq-

ciis konkurentunarianobas [8]. ganviTarebul qveynebSi es

mraval programasa da kvlevaSi aisaxeba, romelic cal-

keuli teritoriebis konkurentunarianobis analizs eZRvne-

ba [4, gv. 86].

35

kerZod, Tanamedrove pirobebSi gadaisinjeba speci-

aluri interesebis jgufebis regionuli roli; maTi Se-

sabamis saxelisuflebo organoebsa da profkavSirebTan

dialogis safuZvelze irkveva regionuli ekonomikuri

politikis Sesaxeb maT mier SemoTavazebuli winadadebis

efeqtianobis xarisxi da realizaciis SesaZleblobani.

“evrokavSiris struqturuli politikis mniSvnelovani ele-

mentia regionis ganviTarebis tendenciebis dawvrilebiTi

analizi, specialuri interesebis adgilobriv jgufebTan

konsultaciebi da amis safuZvelze ganviTarebis im ele-

mentebis xelSewyobis daxvewili meqanizmebis awyoba,

romlebic ukve arsebobs mocemul teritoriaze. rogorc

wesi, safinanso mxardaWera _ aseTi proeqtebis mxolod

mcire nawilia da saxsrebi miimarTeba ganaTlebaze, gadam-

zadebasa da infrastruqturis ganviTarebaze” [4, gv. 89].

kidev ufro meti yuradReba unda mieqces regionuli

ganviTarebis koordinaciis sakiTxebs im qveyanaSi, romelic

imyofeba transformaciul periodSi (gansakuTrebiT,

amasTan erTad, msoflio safinanso-ekonomikuri krizisis

zegavlenis qveS). amasTan, saWiroa regionuli ganviTarebis

bunebrivi da instituciuri faqtorebis racionaluri

urTierTqmedebis SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswineba. bunebriv

faqtorebs miekuTvneba: bunebrivi resursebis arseboba; ge-

ografiuli mdebareoba; arsebuli infrastruqtura da

mrewveloba; adamianuri da socialuri kapitalis struqtu-

ra. instituciur faqtorebs miekuTvneba: regionis te-

ritoriaze sakuTrebis struqtura da koncentracia; centr-

Tan arsebuli urTierTobebi; urTierTobebi regionul da

adgilobriv administraciasa da bizness Soris da a.S. [4,

gv. 89].

zemomoyvanilidan cxadia, rom ekonomikuri da soci-

aluri ganviTarebis regionuli saxelisuflebo da sabazro

koordinacia saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi koordinaciis mni-

36

Svnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia. misma saxelisuflebo da

sabazro Semadgenlebma xeli unda Seuwyon qveynis dabalan-

sebul ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebas umuSevrobis

donis minimizaciis pirobebSi.

gamoyenebuli literatura gamoyenebuli literatura gamoyenebuli literatura gamoyenebuli literatura

1. abesaZe r., burdabesaZe r., burdabesaZe r., burdabesaZe r., burduli v.uli v.uli v.uli v. inovaciuri ganviTarebis gzebi globalizaciis pirobebSi. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis samecniero Sromebis krebuli. t. I, Tbilisi,

2008.

2. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli.saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli.saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli.saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli. Tbilisi, 2008. 3. Глазьев С. Мировой экономический кризис как процесс смены

технологических укладов. Вопросы экономики, №3, 2009. 4. Григорьев Л., Зубаревич Н., Урожаева Ю. Сцилла и Харибда

региональной экономики. Вопросы экономики, №2, 2008. 5. Дерябина М. Государственно-частное партнерство: теория и

практика. – Вопросы экономики, №8, 2008. 6. Клинова М. Глобализация и инфраструктура: новые тенденции во

взаимоотношениях государства и бизнеса. Вопросы экономики, №8, 2008.

7. Смотрицкая И., Черных С. Институт контрактных отношений на рынке государственных заказов. Вопросы экономики, №8, 2008.

8. Porter M. E. Regions, Globalization, Development – Ragional Stadies, Vol. 57, №6-7, 2003.

Burduli Vakhtang

THE WAYS OF DEVELOPMENT BUSINESS UNDERTAKINGS IN GEORGIA IN THE CONTEXT OF REDUCTION

OF UNEMPLOYMENT LEVEL

37

SUMMARY In the article is shown necessity of active stimulation of some kinds of

business activities, which may significantly decrease level of unemployment. First of all are considered productions based on high level and leading edge technologies, also some other traditional for Georgia productions, which were closed down after postsoviet economic collapse owing to noncompetitiveness of produced output. In the article is also shown scale and institutional (organizational-legal) aspect of development business undertakings promoting reduction of unemployment level. It is shown that with the transition on contemporary technological structure importance of regional regulation of the economy is increasing and in connection with it are designated directions of perfection of business undertakings’ regional coordination.

giorgi berulavagiorgi berulavagiorgi berulavagiorgi berulava saqarTvelos SromiTi resursebis saqarTvelos SromiTi resursebis saqarTvelos SromiTi resursebis saqarTvelos SromiTi resursebis

konkurentunariankonkurentunariankonkurentunariankonkurentunarianoooobis Sesaxebbis Sesaxebbis Sesaxebbis Sesaxeb

38

konkurentuli upiratesobis zrda erT-erTi ZiriTadi

amocanaa saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gzaze.

konkurentunarianoba aris saxelmwifos unari, miaRwios

mwarmoeblurobis ufro maRal doneebs da moipovos ro-

gorc saeqsporto, aseve Sida bazrebis didi wili. msoflio

gamocdileba gvTavazobs, rom saxelmwifoebis _ gansakuT-

rebiT ganviTarebadi ekonomikis mqone patara saxelmwi-

foebis _ keTildReoba da ganviTareba imdenad ar aris

damokidebuli maT bunebriv simdidreebze, rogorc maT

unarze _ moipovon konkurentuli upiratesoba uwyveti

ganaxlebiT da adgilobrivi mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dar-

gebis gaumjobesebiT. es unari damokidebulia imaze, Tu

ramdenad SeZlebs saxelmwifo, uzrunvelyos “ZiriTadi

baza” im saqmianobebisaTvis, romelic “...iqneba yvelaze

produqtiuli samuSaoebis, ZiriTadi teqnologiebis da yve-

laze Tanamedrove kvalifikaciebis adgili” [1, gv.19]. Sro-

miTi resursebi warmodgenilia im ZiriTad faqtorebs So-

ris, romelic moicavs amgvar “ZiriTad bazas” da aqedan

gamomdinare gansazRvravs qveynis konkurentunarianobas.

qveynis SromiTi resursebis konkurentunarianoba gani-

sazRvreba ara mxolod personalis raodenobiT, aramed im

rTuli unar-CvevebiT, romelsac iZenen umaRlesi ganaTle-

bis, samsaxurebrivi gamocdilebis miRebis gziT, aseve mene-

jerebis kreatulobiT da unariT, gardaqmnas adamianuri

kapitali umaRlesi xarisxis farTo samomxmareblo saqon-

lad da miaRwios momxmareblis moTxovnebis dakmayofi-

lebas. faqtorebis mravalferovneba gansazRvravs qveynis

SromiTi resursebis konkurentunarianobas. esenia: saerTo

socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi, rogoricaa: makroekono-

mikuri mdgomareoba, ekonomikis ganviTarebis politika,

siRaribe da Tanasworoba, jandacvisa da saganmanaTleblo

sistemis saimedooba da individualuri kompaniebis mier

daqiravebuli SromiTi resursebis strategiebis efeqti-

39

anoba. sxvadasxva Semsruleblebi da dainteresebuli mxa-

reebi pasuxismgebelni arian aRniSnuli faqtorebis uzrun-

velyofaze. aqedan gamomdinare, konkurentunarianoba Sro-

miTi resursebis sferoSi moiTxovs mWidro TanamSrom-

lobas mTavar dainteresebul mxareebs, e.i. mTavrobas, kerZo

seqtorsa da samuSao Zalas Soris.

saqarTvelom ganaxorciela ZiriTadi reformebi, rom-

lis mizania biznespirobebis gaumjobeseba da miaRwia

zrdis maRal tempebs. Tumca, ekonomikuri zrdis xarisxi

kvlav dabali rCeba ekonomikur da socialur mdgradobas-

Tan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, aRniSnuli zrda ar ukavSirdeba

arc inovaciebs da investiciebs maRali teqnologiebis

samrewvelo dargebSi da arc mcire da saSualo mewarmeebis

saqmianobis gafarToebas, arc samuSao adgilebis raode-

nobis zrdas da Tanabrobas Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi,

arc siRaribis Semcirebas, arc produqtiulobis mniSvnelo-

van zrdas [1].

ganaTleba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs SromiTi resur-

sebis unar-CvevebiTa da codniT da im faqtorebiT uzrun-

velyofaSi, romlebic mniSvnelovania konkurentunarianobis

xelSewyobisa da qveynis myari ekonomikuri zrdis miR-

wevaSi. saqarTveloSi ganaTleba da codna misi istoriis

manZilze yovelTvis imsaxurebda maRal Sefasebas. Tumca,

socialur-ekonomikuri gardaqmnis procesma, romelic 1990-

iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo, Rrma krizisSi Caagdo sa-

qarTvelos ganaTlebis sistema. ekonomikurma sirTuleebma

gamoiwvia ganaTlebis dafinansebis arsebiTi Semcireba, ro-

melmac metad uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina ganaTlebis

mTel sistemaze, rogoricaa ganaTlebis infrastruqturis

gauareseba, maswavleblebis da sxva personalis dabali

motivacia, korufcia, saswavlo masalis da mowyobilobis

arasakmarisoba da moZvelebuli saswavlo programa. ganaT-

lebis sistemis socialuri araefeqtianobis realizebis

40

gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos mTavrobam, msoflio bankis

xelSewyobiT, daiwyo ambiciuri reformis programa mimdi-

nare dekadis dasawyisSi. am reformis mizani iyo ga-

naTlebis doneebis dadgena saqarTveloSi marTvis, dafinan-

sebis da xarisxis kontrolis axali meTodebis gamoyenebiT

[5]. ganaTlebis sistemam, miuxedavad ambiciuri reformis

mcdelobisa, kvlav ver uzrunvelyo ganaTlebuli da kva-

lificiuri SromiTi resursebis aRzrda, romelTac swrafi

adaptirebis unari eqnebaT garemoebebis Secvlis SemTxve-

vaSi.

mimdinare situaciis analizi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs

ganvsazRvroT faqtorebis ori didi jgufi, romelic kon-

kurentul SromiT resurebs aferxebs saqarTveloSi, esenia:

“moTxovnis” da “miwodebis” faqtorebi. mTavari naklovaneba

moTxovnis mxareze dakavSirebulia mTavrobis uunaro-

basTan, uzrunvelyos myari ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ga-

remo, sadac yuradReba eqceva biznesis ayvavebas, inova-

ciebze dafuZnebul inevsticiebs da mowinave teqnologiebis

gadacemas, sadac Seqmnilia samuSao adgilebi da arsebobs

kvalificiuri da konkurentunariani SromiTi resursebis

moTxovna. am medlis meore mxare is aris, rom ekonomikam

ver uzrunvelyo kvalificiuri SromiTi resursebis miwo-

deba im SemTxvevebSic ki, rodesac amgvari moTxovna ar-

sebobs.

msoflio gamocdilebis SeTavazebis Sesabamisad, sa-

xelmwifos konkurentuli SromiTi resursebis warmatebiT

ganaTlebis mizniT saWiroa TanamSromloba mTavar dainte-

resebul mxareebs, e.i. kerZo seqtors, mTavrobas da samuSao

Zalas Soris. biznesis pirobebis analizi saqarTveloSi

gvTavazobs, rom urTierTkavSiri mTavar dainteresebul

mxareebs Soris regulirdeba undoblobiT da ara erTob-

livi faseulobebiT. TiToeuli monawile cdilobs, maqsi-

malurad gazardos sakuTari sargebeli (mag., mTavroba

41

cdilobs gazardos Semosavlebi gadasaxadebisgan, momu-

Saveebi cdiloben gaezardoT xelfasebi, kerZo biznesi –

moklevadian mogebas) mTeli sistemis Rirebulebis maqsi-

malurad gazrdis xarjze [2]. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanam-

Sromlobis xelSewyoba mTavar dainteresebul mxareebs So-

ris erToblivi Rirebulebebis, RonisZiebebis da politikis

SeqmnaSi, romelic orientirebulia grZelvadiani konku-

rentunarianobis miRwevaze, aris kidev erTi SesaZlebloba

SromiTi resursebis ganviTarebisTvis. mTvarobam unda Seas-

rulos mniSvnelovani roli saerTo sistemis xelSewyobaSi,

romlis mizania konkurentuli SromiTi resursebis waxa-

liseba, romelic gavlenas axdens rogorc “moTxovnis”,

aseve “miwodebis” mxareze. kerZo bizness da samuSao Zalas

SeuZlia aseve mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos SromiTi

resursebis konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebaSi Tanamedro-

ve unar-CvevebSi investirebis gziT. zemoaRniSnuli analizis safuZvelze Cven davamuSaveT

rekomendaciebis ori didi paketi, SromiTi resursebis

konkurentunarianobis problemis ori aspeqtis Sesabamisad.

rekomendaciebis pirveli paketi orientirebulia “moTxov-

nis mxaris” faqtorebze da misi mizania ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis procesis Semdgomi zrda saqarTveloSi dabrko-

lebebis gadalaxvis gziT, romelic Seiqmna rogorc “sabaz-

ro naklovanebebis”, aseve “saxelmwifo naklovanebebis” Se-

degad [1, 4]. kerZod:

• saqarTvelos mTavrobam Tavi unda aaridos “Caurev-lobis” princips da awarmoos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

aqtiuri politika, romelic orientirebulia sawarmoo

struqturebis dinamiur gardaqmnaze.

• mTavrobam unda Seqmnas biznesgaremo, romelic xels Seuwyobs efeqtiani bazris meqanizmebis gamovlenas

konkurenciis procesis da axali sawarmoebis Seqmnis pro-

cesebis stimulirebis meSveobiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs

42

Tavisufal SeRwevas bazarze; gamoricxavs nebismier SesaZ-

leblobas mTavrobisTvis, monawileoba miiRos sakuTrebis

gadanawilebis procesSi.

• dResdReobiT saqarTvelosTvis mniSvnelovania sa-marTlis normis gaumjobeseba samarTlebrivi da sasamarT-

lo sistemis funqcionirebis gaumjobesebiT, Tu unda miaR-

wios grZelvadiani ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miznebs.

rekomendaciebis meore paketi orientirebulia qar-

Tuli ekonomikis SesaZleblobaze, uzrunvelyos SromiTi

resursebi, romelic aRWurvilia Tanamedrove da saWiro

kvalifikaciebiT da codniT. kerZod:

• mTavrobam mniSvnelovnad unda gazardos investi-ciebi ganaTlebaSi, upirvelesad, yvelasaTvis unda uzrun-

velyos sabazo ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba.

• mTavrobam unda ganaxorcielos specialuri masti-mulirebeli RonisZiebebi kerZo seqtorisTvis, raTa gaafar-

Toos misi monawileoba ganaTlebasa da SromiTi resur-

sebis ganviTarebaSi.

• saswavlo dawesebulebebSi unda dainergos same-warmeo kultura, rac saWiroebs am dawesebulebebis xelm-

ZRvanelobis meTodebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs.

• saswavlo dawesebulebebSi swavlebis meTodebi da saswavlo gegma mniSvnelovnad unda Seicvalos Semdegna-

irad: saswavlo programaSi gadacemadi unar-Cvevebis Setana

swavlebis yvela doneze; gamocdis da xarisxis kontrolis

gaumjobesebuli meTodebi; swavlebis da kvlevis meti

interdisciplinuroba; saswavlo programebis socialuri

da ekonomikuri relevantoba da programebis xarisxis gaum-

jobeseba, gansakuTrebiT samagistro da sadoqtoro ganaT-

lebis doneze.

• xeli unda Seewyos mWidro TanamSromlobis damya-rebas kerZo biznessa da saswavlo dawesebulebebs Soris,

SeTavazebul kvalifikaciebsa da kompetencias da moTxov-

43

nil kvalifikaciebsa da kompetencias Soris Seusabamobis

gamoricxvis mizniT.

• ganaTlebis sistemam unda uzrunvelyos uwyveti ganaTlebis SesaZleblobebi samarTlebriv da mareguli-

rebel struqturaSi arsebuli dabrkolebebis gamoricxviT,

magaliTad, saSualo ganaTlebas, profesiul ganaTlebas da

umaRles ganaTalebas Soris gaumjobesebuli gadasvlis

uzrunvelyofiT.

• kerZo sawarmoebma unda gamoiyenon Tanamedrove SromiTi resursebis marTvis meTodebi, romelic orien-

tirebulia marTvis unar-Cvevebis gaumjobesebasa da samuSao

adgilze momzadebis da ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebis

gaumjobesebaze.

gamoyebebuli literaturagamoyebebuli literaturagamoyebebuli literaturagamoyebebuli literatura

1. berulava g., meliqaZe n.berulava g., meliqaZe n.berulava g., meliqaZe n.berulava g., meliqaZe n. saqarTvelos mTavrobis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikis usafrTxoebis

aspeqtis gaZliereba. monografia, “grifoni”, Tbilisi,

2007.

2. Duffey Joseph. “Competitiveness and Human Resources.” California Management Review, Spring, 30, 3, 1988.

3. Porter M. E. The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press, New York, NY, 1990.

4. Rodrik D. Growth Strategies. In: Aghion Ph., Durlauf St. (eds.). Handbook of Economic Growth. North Holland, 2004.

5. UNDP Georgia Human Development Report 2008: The Reforms and Beyond, UNDP, Tbilisi, Georgia, 2008.

44

Berulava George

ON THE COMPETITVENESS OF GEORGIA’S HUMAM RESOUIRCES

SUMMARY

The goal of this paper is to provide insight into how Georgia can

increase its productivity and give its human resources and companies specialized advantages. In this study the current situation and reforms in relevant areas such as economic development and the secondary, vocational and higher education systems are described. The existing problems and opportunities in these spheres as well as the role of each stakeholder and their potential to contribute to the enhancement of Georgia's human resource competitiveness are identified. On the basis of above analysis some policy recommendations for both government and private sector are elaborated.

45

revaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvili Uucxouri investiciebi _ saqarTvelos ekonomikisUucxouri investiciebi _ saqarTvelos ekonomikisUucxouri investiciebi _ saqarTvelos ekonomikisUucxouri investiciebi _ saqarTvelos ekonomikis

ganviTarganviTarganviTarganviTareeeebis mniSvnelovani faqtoribis mniSvnelovani faqtoribis mniSvnelovani faqtoribis mniSvnelovani faqtori

თანამედროვე ეტაპზე მეცნიერულ-ტექნიკური პროგრესის დაჩ-

ქარება და ინოვაციური საქმიანობის გაფართოება დღის წესრიგში

აყენებს უცხოური ინვესტიციების როლისა და მნიშვნელობის კიდევ

უფრო გაძლიერებას. ამაზე ნათლად მეტყველებს შემდეგი გარემოება.

თუ პირველი მსოფლიო ომის დროს უცხოური ინვესტიციები მთელი

კაპიტალდაბანდებების მხოლოდ 10%-ს შეადგენდა, გასული საუ-

კუნის დამლევს მათი წილი 3-ჯერ გადიდდა [9].

გლობალიზაციის თანამედროვე ეტაპზე როგორც განვითა-

რებული, ისე განვითარებადი და გარდამავალი ეკონომიკის მქონე

ქვეყნები სისხლხორცეულად არიან დაინტერესებული უცხოური

ინვესტიციების გაფართოებით. აღსანიშნავია, რომ საფინანსო რესურ-

სების დიდი ნაწილი ძირითადად განვითარებულ ქვეყნებშია

თავმოყრილი. ამ ქვეყნების კომპანიები და ორგანიზაციები ფლობენ

მსოფლიო საფინანსო რესურსების უმეტეს ნაწილს, რომელთა

მოძრაობა ინვესტირების გზით ხორციელდება. ამასთან, მსოფლიოში

პირდაპირი უცხოური ინვესტიციები ძალზე სწრაფი ტემპით

იზრდება. გასული საუკუნის ბოლო 30 წლის განმავლობაში იგი 100

მლრდ დოლარიდან 6,8 ტრილიონ დოლარამდე გაიზარდა, რაც

მსოფლიო ეკონომიკის გლობალიზაციის გაღრმავებაზე მიუთითებს

[6, გვ. 300].

საქართველოში უცხოური ინვესტიციების მოზიდვის გაფარ-

თოების აუცილებლობა ნაკარნახევია ქვეყანაში შექმნილი არასახარ-

ბიელო ეკონომიკური მდგომარეობით: ეკონომიკური ზრდის დაბა-

ლი ტემპებით, უმუშევრობის მაღალი და ხალხის ცხოვრების დაბალი

46

დონით, ეკონომიკის ცალკეული დარგების ასამოქმედებლად, საწარ-

მოო და სოციალური ინფრასტრუქტურის შესაქმნელად საჭირო

სახსრების უქონლობით.

ეკონომიკის რეფორმირების განვლილ პერიოდში საქართვე-

ლოში მნიშვნელოვანი ღონისძიებები გატარდა უცხოური ინვეს-

ტიციების მოზიდვის, მათი წახალისებისა და დაცვისათვის საჭირო

საკანონმდებლო-ნორმატიული ბაზის შესაქმნელად. ქვეყანაში გან-

ხორციელებული საკანონმდებლო-ნორმატიული ბაზისა და საინვეს-

ტიციო გარემოს სრულყოფის კვალდაკვალ, უცხოური ინვესტი-

ციების შემოდინება მატების ტენდენციით ხასიათდება, რაც ნათლად

ჩანს ქვემოთ მოყვანილი გრაფიკიდან (იხ. ნახ. 1).

ნახ. 1. პირდაპირი უცხოური ინვესტიციები საქართველოში

2000–2008 წწ. (ათას. აშშ $) [4].

საქართველოში უცხოური ინვესტიციების შემოსვლა პირდაპირ

კავშირშია ქვეყნის ეკონომიკის რეფორმირებასთან. სახელმწიფო

ქონების პრივატიზების საწყის ეტაპზე (1995–1996) საქართველოში

უცხოური ინვესტიციები ფაქტობრივად არ შემოსულა (გარდა 3753

ათასი დოლარი უკრაინული ინვესტიციისა). 1997–1998 წწ. ქვეყანაში

2 000.000

1 800.000

1 600.000

1 400.000

1 200.000

1 000.000

800.000

600.000

400.000

200.000

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

47

უცხოური ინვესტიციების შემოდინება თანდათან მატულობდა, მაგ-

რამ მომდევნო პერიოდში (2002 წლამდე) აღნიშნული მაჩვენებელი

კლების ტენდენციით ხასიათდება, რაც ინვესტიციების მოზიდვის

საკანონმდებლო ბაზის არასრულყოფილებით, კორუფციის მაღალი

დონით, ქვეყნის არასტაბილური მდგომარეობითა და ინვესტირების

სხვა არახელსაყრელი გარემოებებით იყო განპირობებული.

2003 წლიდან საქართველოში უცხოური ინვესტიციების შემოსვ-

ლა საგრძნობი მატების ტენდენციით ხასიათდება და მან 2007 წელს 2

მლრდ დოლარს გადააჭარბა. რაც შეეხება მომდევნო 2008 წელს,

საქართველოში უცხოური ინვესტიციების შემოსვლა, წინა წელთან

შედარებით, თითქმის ნახევარი მლრდ დოლარით, ანუ 23%-ით

შემცირდა, რაც განპირობებული იყო 2008 წლის აგვისტოს საყოველ-

თაოდ ცნობილი მოვლენებით – საქართველოში რუსეთის მიერ

განხორციელებული აგრესიით, რამაც საგრძნობლად გააუარესა ქვეყ-

ნის საინვესტიციო იმიჯი და, შესაბამისად, შეამცირა ინვესტიციების

შემოსვლის მოცულობა. კერძოდ, 2008 წლის მე-3 კვარტალში, წინა

კვარტალთან შედარებით, უცხოური ინვესტიციების მოზიდვა 605,4

მლნ დოლარიდან 134,7 მლნ დოლარამდე, ანუ 77,8%-ით შემცირდა.