Contenido5MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOSMETALRGICOS.Profesor: Miguel Frez B.Ingeniero de Ejecucin en Metalurgia. Centro de Carreras Tcnicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Calama 2015.MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"#". E$t%a&&i'n de Mine%ale(...............................................................................................)"." E$t%a&&i'n a &ielo a*ie%to........................................................................................)".". Con(t%+&&i'n de +na mina a %a,o o &ielo a*ie%to...............................................)".".) E$-lota&i'n a &ielo a*ie%to.................................................................................". E$t%a&&i'n S+*te%%/nea...........................................................................................#".." Con(t%+&&i'n de ni0ele(....................................................................................#".. 1C'mo (e (o(tienen la( la*o%e( (+*te%%/nea(2.................................................#"..) E$-lota&i'n S+*te%%/nea...................................................................................3. P%o&e(o( Metal4%5i&o(..................................................................................................6." La molienda.............................................................................................................7."." 8+ndamento del -%o&e(o.................................................................................".. Molino(............................................................................................................"..) 8+ndamento( de la molienda.........................................................................."3. Con&ent%a&i'n de Mine%ale(..................................................................................!.." C+anti9&a&i'n de la o-e%a&i'n........................................................................"..P%o&e(o de 8lota&i'n........................................................................................#..)E(-e(amiento..................................................................................................)3... 8ilt%ado............................................................................................................)6Mi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"#1. Extraccin de Minerales.Pa%a o*tene% &o*%e 9no o -+%o, -%ime%o (e de*en mo0e% la( %o&a( de(de la mina o+e %ed+&i%la( a +n tama?o mane,a*le,>+e -e%mita t%an(-o%ta%la(. E(ta( o-e%a&ione( &on@o%man el llamado -%o&e(o dee$t%a&&i'n, >+e(elle0aa&a*oen&+at%oeta-a(A Pe%@o%a&i'n, T%onad+%a, Ca%5+Bo,T%an(-o%te.Enlamine%Badel &o*%ee$i(tendo(mCtodo(dee$t%a&&i'nA a&ieloa*ie%to+ie%e i% en(an&=/ndola -a%a mantene%lae(ta*ilidadde(+(-a%ede(. Dee(temodo, (e5ene%a+nae(-e&iedean9teat%oe(&alonado&on&amino(in&linado(e(-e&ialmentedi(e?ado(-a%ael t%/n(itodelo(e>+i-o( &++e-%o5%e(alae$-lota&i'n. La e(ta*ilidad de lo( tal+de( de +na mina e( -a%ti&+la%mente &%iti&a +ede e(o de-ende la (e5+%idad de la o-e%a&i'n (iendo, adem/(, -a%te im-o%tante de la%enta*ilidad del ne5o&io. Pa%a ello, (e e(ta*le&en lo( (i5+iente( -a%/met%o( 5eomCt%i&o(.a. Banco.Cada *an&o &o%%e(-onde a +no de lo( =o%i:onte( mediante lo( &+ale( (e e$t%ae elmine%al, El *an&o (e 0a &o%tando -o% el =o%i:onte in@e%io%, e( de&i% =a&ia a*a,o,5ene%ando +na (+-e%9&ie e(&alonada o -a%ed del %a,o. El e(-e(o% de e(to( =o%i:onte( e(la alt+%a de *an&o, la >+e 5ene%almente mide ") a "6 m.b. Berma.E( la@%an,adela&a%a=o%i:ontal de+n*an&o, &omo+n*o%de, >+e(ede,ae(-e&ialmente -a%a detene% lo( de%%ame( de mate%ial >+e (e -+edan -%od+&i% al inte%io%del %a,o. S+ an&=o 0a%Ba ent%e 6 a " m.c. ngulo de !alud.Mi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina )MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"#El tal+d o /n5+lo de la mina e( el -lano in&linado en >+e (e @o%ma -o% la (+&e(i'nde la( &a%a( 0e%ti&ale( de lo( *an&o( < la( *e%ma( %e(-e&ti0a(. E(te -lano -%e(enta +nain&lina&i'n de .#E a #6E %e(-e&to a la =o%i:ontal, de-endiendo de la &alidad 5eotC&ni&aFd+%e:a, @%a&t+%amiento, alte%a&i'n, -%e(en&ia de a5+aG de la( %o&a( >+e &on@o%man eltal+d.d. "am#a.E( el &amino en -endiente >+e -e%mite el t%/n(ito de e>+i-o( de(de la (+-e%9&ie alo( di@e%ente( *an&o( en e$t%a&&i'n. Tiene +n an&=o 4til de # m, de mane%a de -e%miti%la &i%&+la&i'n (e5+%a de &amione( de 5%an tonela,e en am*o( (entido(.A(imi(mo, (e dete%minan lo( l+5a%e( donde (e +*i&a%an lo( *otade%o( de mate%iale(tC%il, la(in(tala&ione(elC&t%i&a(, lo(-+nto(de(+mini(t%ode-et%'leo+e no(ean a@e&tada( -o% lo( a0an&e( del %a,o en +n tiem-o &on(ide%a*le.1.1.$Ex#lotacin a cielo abierto.Lade(&%i-&i'ndela(@a(e(del -%o&e(oe(la(i5+ienteAEnla(-e%@o%a&ione((e&olo&a el e$-lo(i0o -a%a %eali:a% la( t%onad+%a(.a. Perforacin.La(-e%@o%a&ione(enel *an&ode*en%eali:a%(eadi(tan&ia(%e5+la%e(ent%e(B,5ene%almente ent%e 6 < " m Fmalla de -e%@o%a&i'nG, de mane%a >+e at%a0ie(en toda laalt+%a del *an&o -a%a >+e, al int%od+&i%(e lo( e$-lo(i0o(, la detona&i'n -e%mita@%a5menta% la %o&a.Pa%a %eali:a% la( -e%@o%a&ione(, (e +tili:an 5%ande( e>+i-o( elC&t%i&o( de-e%@o%a&i'n %otato%ia, e>+i-ado( &on *a%%eno( de &a%*+%o de t+n5(teno de " H-+l5ada( de di/met%o, lo( >+e -e%miten -e%@o%a% +n =o+i-o( mine%o( < alimenta% al &=an&ado% -%ima%io, en donde (eini&ia el -%o&e(o de %ed+&&i'n de tama?o en +n (i(tema en lBnea =a(ta lle5a% a la -lantade t%atamiento.Enel &a%5+Bodelo(&amione((e+(an-ala(elC&t%i&a(de5%ande(tama?o(+e %eali:an t%e( mo0imiento( o -a(e( -a%a &a%5a% +n &ami'n. Lo(&a%5ado%e( tienen meno% &a-a&idad < en mina( de 5%an tama?o (on +tili:ado( (olo -a%at%a*a,o( e(-e&iale(.Dna-alane&e(ita+n@%entede&a%5+BomBnimode3#mdean&=o< &a%5a&amione( >+e (e 0an &olo&ando alte%nati0amente a &ada lado de ella.d. !rans#orte.Pa%a el t%an(-o%te el mate%ial mine%ali:ado < el mate%ial e(tC%il, (e +tili:an&amione(de5%antonela,e, -o% e,em-lo.!a)!!tonelada(. E(to( t%an(-o%tanelmate%ial de(deel @%entede&a%5+Boa(+(di@e%ente(de(tino(A el mine%al &onle+e &ontienen mine%ale( de &o*%ede5%ande( +e-e%miten@%a5menta%, &a%5a%+e (e le >+ie%e da% a la la*o% (+*te%%/nea Ft4nele(, -i>+e( o %am-a(G+i-o(, de*en &onta% &on+n @a&to% de (e5+%idad ma+e -%e(entan +n +(oe(-o%/di&o o donde no t%an(ita -e%(onal, tienen e$i5en&ia( meno%e(.b. &eg+n el #eso ,ue so#ortan.La -%e(i'n >+e (e 5ene%a al%ededo% de +na la*o% (+*te%%/nea e( ma+e, +e de*e (o-o%ta% +na alt+%a ma+e (e en&+ent%an a ma+e%i%/n de ma+ie%e (e% @o%tale&idatotalmenteJ -o% el &ont%a%io, +na %o&a &o=e(ionada de d+%e:a media (e a+to (+(tenta +ie%e-o&a@o%ti9&a&i'nJ entanto>+e+na%o&a&o=e(ionadadealtad+%e:a-+ede&on&ent%a% e(@+e%:o( tan 5%ande( >+e -od%Ban -%o0o&a% la e$-lo(i'n de la( -a%ede( delt4nel, -o% lo >+e %e>+ie%e +na @o%ti9&a&i'n e$t%ema.1.2.$Ex#lotacin &ubterr'nea. Adi@e%en&iadelae$-lota&i'na%a,oa*ie%to, +namina(+*te%%/neae$t%aeelmine%al de(de a*a,o =a&ia a%%i*a, +tili:ando lo m/( -o(i*le la @+e%:a de 5%a0edad -a%a-%od+&i% la @%a5menta&i'n < el de(-la:amiento del mine%al =a&ia lo( -+nto( de &a%5+Bo.La ot%a di@e%en&ia im-o%tante e( >+e en la mina (+*te%%/nea no (e e$t%ae %o&a e(tC%il,(ino >+e de*ido a lo( alto( &o(to( >+e im-li&a la &on(t%+&&i'n de t4nele(, la e$-lota&i'n(e &on&ent%a -%e@e%entemente en la( :ona( de mine%al.Mi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina 3MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"#a. &istema de -undimiento #or blo,ues.Se-onene$-lo(i0o(enla*a(ede+n&+*oima5ina%ioel >+e(ede*ilita+e*%ado de la&ol+mna. En 5ene%al, lo( *lo>+e( tienen dimen(ione( ent%e "!! < !! m de alt+%a < +n/%ea *a(al de 3! $ 7!m, lo &+al im-li&a ent%e ".!!!.!!! < .#!!.!!! tonelada( -o% &ada*lo>+e.C+ando el =+ndimiento (e -%od+&e en @o%ma (e&+en&ial, -o% ta,ada( meno%e( del*lo>+e, (e=a*lademCtodode=+ndimiento-o%-anele(. Lo(*lo>+e(de-%od+&&i'ne(t/n a5%+-ado( de a&+e%do a (+ +*i&a&i'n dent%o de la mina, &on(tit++e (e lo5%a =a&iendo +na %ed de -e%@o%a&ione( =a&ia a%%i*a >+e (e di(-onen @o%mando+n a*ani&o. En e(ta( -e%@o%a&ione( (e int%od+&en e$-lo(i0o( &++i-o( e(-e&iale(. C+andoel mine%al e( de 5%an+lomet%Ba 9na -+ede (e% mane,ado -o% +n o-e%ado% F*+it%e%oG >+elo =a&e-a(a%di%e&tamente =a&ialo( ni0ele(in@e%io%e(J(i e( dema(iado5%+e(o F%o&ad+%aG de*e(e% mane,ado-o% &a%5ado%e( e(-e&iale( llamado( LKD. E(to( &a%5anelmate%ial, lot%an(-o%tan+e(det%a(-a(o&ent%ali:ado(>+elo&ond+&en a la( eta-a( (i5+iente(.En e(to( -+nto( llamado( de 0a&iado, =a< +n (i(tema de -a%%illa( >+e de,an -a(a%el mine%al =a(ta &ie%to tama?o. Lo( @%a5mento( de %o&a >+e e$&eden e(e tama?o, (onMi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina IMTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"#%ed+&ido( mediante ma%tillo( -i&ado%e( m'0ile( o mediante t%onad+%a (e&+nda%ia (i e(ne&e(a%io.d. &ubni(el de (entilacin.Co%%e(-onde a +na %ed de 5ale%Ba( >+e (e +*i&an -o% de*a,o del ni0el de-%od+&&i'n. (ta( tienen -o% o*,eti0o &ond+&i% ai%e @%e(&o, &a-tado de(de la (+-e%9&ie-o%5%ande(e$t%a&to%e(, =a&ialo(l+5a%e(donde(ee(t/t%a*a,ando, +i-o( diC(elG -a%a e$-+l(a%lo ala (+-e%9&ie.e. .i(eles de tras#aso.Co%%e(-onde a +na (e%ie de 5ale%Ba( < -i>+e( >+e -e%miten &ont%ola% el -a(o delmine%al de(de el ni0el de -%od+&&i'n =a(ta el t%an(-o%teEnel &a(odel mine%al 5%+e(o, e(temine%al e(en0iadoal &=an&ado% -%ima%io+*i&ado dent%o de la mina, donde (e %ed+&e (+ tama?o -a%a -e%miti% (+ t%an(-o%te 9nal.En al5+no( &a(o(, e( ne&e(a%io %ed+&i% el tama?o de lo( *lo>+e( ma+e( de t%a(-a(o, lo( &+ale((e mantienen lleno(. El mine%al e( 0a&iado a lo( &a%%o( mediante +n (i(tema de &ie%%e=id%/+li&o, +*i&adoenla-a%tein@e%io% dedi&=o( -i>+e(, &ono&ido&omo*+:'n. El@e%%o&a%%il e( &a%5ado en mo0imiento, de mane%a >+e la o-e%a&i'n (e %eali:a en @o%ma&ontin+a. Cada &a%%o t%an(-o%ta a-%o$imadamente 7! tonelada( < el t%en &om-leto e( a&a-a: de t%an(-o%ta% +na( ".)!! tonelada( en &ada 0ia,e.2. Procesos Metal+rgicos.Dn mine%al e( +na (+(tan&ia ('lida ino%5/ni&a, >+e (e =a @o%mado a t%a0C( de +n-%o&e(o nat+%al, < >+e -o(ee +na &om-o(i&i'n >+Bmi&a de9nida, >+e le oto%5a-%o-iedade( < &a%a&te%B(ti&a( dete%minada(, < -o% tanto (e -+ede %e-%e(enta% a t%a0C(de @'%m+la( >+Bmi&a(. Lo( mine%ale( (e en&+ent%an en la (+-e%9&ie o en di0e%(a( &a-a(de la &o%te:a del -laneta @o%mando %o&a(, la( >+e (on +n &on,+nto de mine%ale(.Pa%a >+e +n mate%ial te%%e(t%e (e de9na &omo tal, de*e -%e(enta% la( (i5+iente(&a%a&te%B(ti&a(A A-a%e&e% en @o%ma nat+%al. Se% ino%5/ni&o. Se% ('lido.Mi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina 6MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"# Po(ee% +na e(t%+&t+%a inte%na o%denada, e( de&i%, (+( /tomo( de*en e(ta%di(-+e(to( (e54n +n modelo de9nido. Tene% +na &om-o(i&i'n >+Bmi&a de9nida, e(to e( >+e -+ede 0a%ia% ('lo dent%o de&ie%to( lBmite(.A 5%ande( %a(5o( el &o*%e (e -+ede &la(i9&a% en do( 5%+-o(.a. Minerales &ulfurados.8%e&+entemente (on me:&la de (+l@+%o( de &o*%e < 9e%%o, &om*inado( &on&om-+e(to(deot%o(di@e%ente(elemento(, tale(&omoa%(Cni&o, antimonio, *i(m+to,(elenio.Lo( (+l@+%o( de &o*%e (e di0iden en t%e( ti-o(A L S4l@+%o( -+%o( FCal&o(ita < Co0elinaG.L S4l@+%o( de &o*%e < 9e%%o FCal&o-i%ita < ;o%nitaG. L S4l@+%o( &om-le,o( FEna%5ita, E(tanita < Tet%a=ed%itaG.b. Minerales 0xidadosSeo%i5inanenlade(&om-o(i&i'n+e e( la e(-e&ie de inte%C( >+e(e en&+ent%a en e(tado ('lido &on +na &om-o(i&i'n >+Bmi&a de9nida < la 5an5a >+e e(la -a%te (in inte%C( e&on'mi&o. La %i>+e:a de +na mena (e de9ne &omo el -o%&enta,e demetal >+e &ontiene, 5ene%almente, en e(tado &om*inadLa le< de +na e(-e&ie mine%al'5i&a -+%a e( la -%o-o%&i'n >+e tiene +n dete%minadoelemento %e(-e&to del total de elemento( >+e &ontiene la e(-e&ie. E(ta -%o-o%&i'n (eo*tiene a -a%ti% de lo( M-e(o( at'mi&o(N de &ada elemento. Enel &a(odelae(-e&iemine%al'5i&a&al&o-i%ita, &++Bmi&aN de la &al&o-i%ita indi&a >+e (+ e(t%+&t+%a e(t/ @o%mada -o% "/tomo de &o*%e F-e(o at'mi&o O 3),#G, " /tomo de =ie%%o F-e(o at'mi&o O ##,6G < /tomo( de a:+@%e F-e(o at'mi&o O ),"G. Po% lo tanto, la le< de &o*%e de la &al&o-i%ita-+%a e(ALe< de Co*%e Cal&o-i%ita O 163,5(163,5)+(155,8)+(232,1) P "!! O )3,.Q C+Mi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina 7MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"#2.1 1a moliendaEl o*,eti0o del -%o&e(o de molienda e( la %ed+&&i'n de tama?o de la( -a%tB&+la(-%o0eniente( de(de el -%o&e(o de &=an&ado, &on la 9nalidad de -%od+&i% +n tama?o de-a%tB&+la >+e -e%mita la li*e%a&i'n de la e(-e&ie de inte%C( en -a%tB&+la( indi0id+ale(, la(&+ale( -+edan (e% %e&+-e%ada( en el -%o&e(o de Rota&i'n.3igura 1 4bicacin de la molienda en diagrama general l%nea s+lfuros.La molienda (e %eali:a +tili:ando 5%ande( e>+i-o( 5i%ato%io( o molino( de @o%ma&ilBnd%i&a, en do( @o%ma( di@e%ente(A Molienda &on0en&ional, < molienda SAG Fmolienda(emi a+t'5enaG.En e(ta eta-a, al mate%ial mine%ali:ado (e le a5%e5a a5+a en &antidade((+9&iente( -a%a @o%ma% +n R+ido le&=o(o >+e (e denomina -+l-a, < lo( %ea&ti0o(ne&e(a%io( -a%a %eali:a% el -%o&e(o (i5+iente >+e e( la Rota&i'n.Dna-+l-ae(+na(+(-en(i'ndedo(@a(e(A +na('lida+ida, >+e(een&+ent%anme:&lada( endi@e%ente( -%o-o%&ione(. La(-%o-iedade( dee(ta( -+l-a(de-enden tanto de la( -%o-iedade( del ('lido, &omo del lB>+ido.La @a(e ('lida e(t/ &on(tit+ida 5ene%almente -o% -a%tB&+la( 9na( di(5%e5ada(, < la@a(e lB>+ida e( 5ene%almente a5+a o +na (ol+&i'n a&+o(a.3igura 2 !i#os de molienda. Mi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina "!MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"#La( alte%nati0a( de molienda &on0en&ional < SAG, (on la( m/( am-liamente+tili:ada( en la ind+(t%ia, en de(med%o de la molienda AG Fmolienda a+t'5enaG. Adem/((e -+ede a5%e5a% >+e la molienda SAG, =o< en dBa (a&a 0enta,a( &omo la &on95+%a&i'nde molienda m/( de(a%%ollada < +tili:ada.a. Molienda Con(encionalComo (e -+ede a-%e&ia% en la 95+%a NE), en la molienda &on0en&ional el -%od+&too*tenido en la eta-a te%&ia%ia de &=an&ado in5%e(a a la molienda de *a%%a(.Lade(&a%5adee(ta-%ime%amolienda, e(di%i5ida=a&ia&a,one(dede(&a%5adonde e( *om*eada =a&ia la eta-a de &la(i9&a&i'n.3igura $ Eta#as del #roceso de c-ancado5molienda con(encionalLa &la(i9&a&i'n e( %eali:ada en =id%o&i&lone( en donde el o0e%RoS o el R+,o %e*o(ea0an:a en la lBnea de *ene9&io %e-%e(entando la alimenta&i'n al -%o&e(o de Rota&i'n < el+nde%RoS o R+,o de de(&a%5a (e di%i5e =a&ia la (e5+nda eta-a de molienda &on(i(tenteen la molienda de *ola(.Lade(&a%5adee(tamolienda, tam*iCnllamadamolienda9na, e( en0iadaa&a,one( de de(&a%5a +niCndo(e a la de(&a%5a de la molienda de *a%%a(, (iendo*om*eada( n+e0amente =a&ia lo( =id%o&i&lone(.b. Molienda &6La 95+%a NE. m+e(t%a &la%amente la @+n&i'n >+e &+m-le la molienda SAG, en el-%o&e(o de &onmin+&i'n 5lo*al.En e(te ti-o de molienda, el molino SAG %eem-la:a a la molienda de *a%%a(, en el-%o&e(o de molienda -%o-iamente tal, -e%o adem/( %eem-la:a a la( eta-a( de &=an&ado(e&+nda%io < te%&ia%io.3igura 7 Eta#as del #roceso c-ancado5Molienda &6Mi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina ""MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"#Al i5+al >+e en la molienda &on0en&ional, la de(&a%5a del molino SAG e(*om*eada =a&ia la eta-a de &la(i9&a&i'n, %eto%nando el +nde%RoS de lo( =id%o&i&lone(=a&ia la molienda 9na de *ola(.Ca*e de(ta&a% >+e la o-e%a&i'n de lo( molino( SAG, &om4nmente 0a a(o&iada &on+n -%o&e(o de &=an&ado de -e**le( Ftama?o &a%a&te%B(ti&o de -a%tB&+la >+e a&t4a &omode d+%e:a ma+e+namolienda&o%%e&ta e( 0ital -a%a el *+en de(a%%ollo de la eta-a de Rota&i'n < >+e adem/(, e( lao-e%a&i'n m/( inten(i0a en ene%5Ba del -%o&e(amiento del mine%al, -o% lo >+e (e de*ende,a% en &la%o do( ti-o( de &om-li&a&ione( >+e (e -%e(entan en e(te -%o&e(o.a. &ubmolienda.Dna (+*molienda de la mena %e(+lta%/ en +n -%od+&to >+e e( dema(iado 5%+e(o,&on+n5%adodeli*e%a&i'ndema(iado*a,o-a%a(e-a%a&i'ne&on'mi&ao*teniCndo(e+na%e&+-e%a&i'n+ee( &a%a, enel-%o&e(o.2.2.2.1 Mo(imiento de carga en los molinos.Dna&a%a&te%B(ti&adi(tinti0adelo(molino(%otato%io(e(el +(ode&+e%-o(demolienda>+e(on5%ande( +e ,+nto &on la %e&+-e%a&i'n, &on(tit++e-e%mitene0al+a% el C$itodelao-e%a&i'n. Ent%eella((etienenla((i5+iente(Aa. "a;n de ConcentracinSe de9ne mediante la %ela&i'nARandeconcentracin=Masa dealimentacinMasa deconcentradoE(ta 0a%ia*le e( de +tilidad -a%a e(ta*le&e% *alan&e( m/(i&o( en el (i(tema, +na 0e:e(ta*le&ida -e%mite dete%mina% &on @a&ilidad el R+,o m/(i&o de &on&ent%ado o la-%od+&&i'n o*tenida d+%ante al54n -e%i'do de tiem-o. P+ede toma% 0alo%e( ent%e +no,&+andono=a+e &on(ide%an le+e (e&ome%&iali:ande*en de &ontene% &omo mBnimo 7!,!QdeMoS +e -%e(entan lo( mate%iale(.Pa%a>+eel-%o&e(oten5al+5a%de*ee$i(ti%+na@%a&&i'nde-a%tB&+la(>+e,en%a:'nde(+( enla&e( >+Bmi&o(, m+e(t%e+na *a,aa9nidad(+-e%9&ial&onela5+a,e(de&i% >+e no (e mo,e, -%o-iedad >+e (e denomina &omo Kid%o@o*i&idad. Po% ot%a-a%te,de*ene$i(ti%-a%tB&+la(>+eten5an+naaltaa9nidad(+-e%9&ial-o%ela5+a,e(de&i%,>+e (e mo,en &om-letamente, -%o-iedad >+e (e denomina &omo Kid%o9*i&idad.Como&ont%a-a%tida, la( -a%tB&+la( =id%'@o*a( tienen +na alta a9nidad -o% elai%e,Ae%o9*i&idad, < la( =id%o@Bli&a( +na *a,a a9nidad -o% Cl,Ae%o@o*i&idad.Si(etiene+na-+l-a>+e&ontiene-a%tB&+la(=id%o@Bli&a(e=id%'@o*a(+e la del a5+a < -o% la a&&i'n de la @+e%:a de em-+,ee(to(a5%e5ado( Rota%/n. Po% ot%a -a%te, la( -a%tB&+la( =id%o@Bli&a( &oli(iona%/n &onla(*+%*+,a(, -e%o al tene% +na alta a9nidad -o% el a5+a no (e ad=e%i%/n a ella(+Bmi&o( >+e (edenominan Cole&to%e(, e(to( tienen &omo -%o-iedad -%in&i-al elind+&i% =id%o@o*i&idad(o*%ela(+-e%9&iedela(-a%tB&+la(=id%o@Bli&a(. Pe%oadem/(,(e%e>+ie%e>+ee(te-%o&e(ode=id%o@o*i:a&i'n(ea(ele&ti0o,e(de&i%>+ea&t4e('lo (o*%ela(e(-e&ie(mine%al'5i&a(>+e(eadeinte%C((e-a%a%+eel%e(todeella( -e%mane:&aninalte%ada(. Pa%ael lo5%odee(a(ele&ti0idadde*en+tili:a%(eot%oti-ode%ea&ti0o(,&omo(on lo( A&ti0ante(, >+e &oa+een&ondi&ione(no%male( -od%Ba Rota%.Dn(e5+ndoa(-e&toa&on(ide%a% e(el dela(e(-+ma(, &omo(eindi&'e(tadi(-e%(i'ne(el0e=B&+lo>+e-e%mitee0a&+a%del(i(temaala(-a%tB&+la(>+e=anRotado.Sinem*a%5oela5+a,medioenel>+e(ee@e&t4alaRota&i'n,no-%e(entala-%o-iedadde5ene%a%e(-+ma(.Elloo*li5aa+tili:a%ot%oti-ode%ea&ti0o(>+Bmi&o(,denominado( E(-+mante(, >+e tienen &omo -%in&i-al @+n&i'n el 5ene%a% en el(i(temae(-+ma( de la &alidad a-%o-iada -a%a el -%o&e(o.Lo(&ole&to%e( < e(-+mante((on (+(tan&ia(o%5/ni&a( em-leada( 5ene%almenteen do(i9&a&ione( &om-%endida( ent%e " a "!!! 5Tton de alimenta&i'n8inalmente, ,+nto &on lo( %ea&ti0o( ante( men&ionado(, de*en a5%e5a%(eal(i(tema ot%o( %ea&ti0o(, de 0a%iada a&&i'n, >+e -e%miten me,o%a% al5+na de la( 0a%ia*le(de %endimiento del (i(tema. Ent%e ello((een&+ent%anA modi9&ado%e( de -K,de-oten&ial REDOX, &ont%olado%e( de lama(, anti-%e&i-itante(, et&.La-%e(en&iade&ole&to%e(, modi9&ado%e(+Bmi&o -%o-i&io -a%a >+e la( -a%tB&+la( de mine%ale( -+edan(e-a%a%(e,+e&idaenla(e(-e&ie(deinte%C(.Sinem*a%5oel-%o&e(oe(m/(&om-le,o.Y+nto&onlo(e0ento(indi&ado(,&oli(i'n+Bmi&om/( im-o%tante+tili:adoenlaRota&i'n. Laam-liae$-e%ien&ia e$i(tente en la Rota&i'n de mine%ale( -e%mite +(a% &on e9&ien&iadete%minado( ti-o( de &ole&to%e( de-endiendo de lo( ti-o( de mine%ale( < a(o&ia&ione(mine%al'5i&a( -%e(ente(. E( &om4n la -%e(en&ia de t%a:a( de &o*%e nati0o, (iendo -o&o&om4n(+o&+%%en&iaen&antidade((i5ni9&ati0a(. Lo((+l@+%o(de&o*%ea(o&iado(a-i%ita < -i%%otita (on lo( de m/( di@B&il Rota&i'n, +e el +(o e$&e(i0o de de-%e(o% -a%alo( (4l@+%o( de 9e%%o -+eden lle0a% a la de-%e(i'n de lo( (4l@+%o( de &o*%e.Po% ot%olado, laele&&i'nde+ne(-+mantedete%minala(&a%a&te%B(ti&a(delae(-+ma, >+e &ont%i*++ie%en de +n &ie%to tiem-o dea&ondi&ionamiento -a%a e(ta% en &onta&to &on la -+l-a < de e(a @o%ma -ode% a&t+a% en@o%ma e9&iente (o*%e la( e(-e&ie( 4tile( de la mena. A(B, la eta-a de a&ondi&ionamientoad>+ie%e m+&=a im-o%tan&ia, +e al5+no( %ea&ti0o( (e de*en adi&iona% en la eta-a demolienda-a%atene%ma+eot%o(, (eadi&ionandi%e&tamente al &a,'n de de(&a%5a de lo( molino( de *ola( o al a&ondi&ionado%. Mi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina 7MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"#c. @ensidad de Pul#a o Porcentaje de &lidos. La den(idad de la -+l-a o -o%&enta,e de ('lido( en la Rota&i'n de mine%ale( 0ienedete%minada de(de la eta-a de moliendaT&la(i9&a&i'n. E( %a%o >+e la -+l-a (e a,+(te en(+-o%&enta,ede('lido(ante(deent%a%alaeta-adeRota&i'n, (inem*a%5o, e(+n@a&to% im-o%tante, +e la Rota&i'n de lo( mine%ale( o&+%%e en @o%ma e9&iente &+andola-+l-a-%e(enta+n0alo%ade&+adode-o%&enta,ede('lido(. Laden(idadde-+l-aa@e&ta el tiem-o de %e(iden&ia del mine%al en la( eta-a( de Rota&i'n, < de e(ta @o%ma enla&a-a&idaddel &i%&+ito. En5ene%al, laeta-adeRota&i'nRo+5=e% dela( -lanta(&on&ent%ado%a( de &o*%e o-e%an &on +n -o%&enta,e de ('lido( &om-%endido ent%e )!Q +e, la( eta-a( de lim-ie:a F&leane% < %e&leane%G t%a*a,an &on +n-o%&enta,e de ('lido( meno%. Cp=Masa slidoMasa pulpa100d.!iem#o de "esidenciaEl tiem-odeRota&i'n de-endedela( &a%a&te%B(ti&a( del mate%ial >+e(e0a aRota%, < de la &on,+5a&i'n de todo( lo( dem/( @a&to%e( >+e in&iden en el -%o&e(o. Pa%a lao-timi:a&i'n de lo( &i%&+ito( de Rota&i'n el tiem-o '-timo de &ada eta-a (e dete%minaa-li&ando lo( &%ite%io( de A5a% et al. a t%a0C( de -%+e*a( &inCti&a( de Rota&i'n. e. #/ El -K e( la 0a%ia*le de &ont%olm/( +tili:ada en el-%o&e(o deRota&i'n, +e%e(+lta@+ndamental enla%e&+-e%a&i'n+e no%malmente e( &ont%olada -o% el o-e%ado% de la-lanta, la&+al -e%mitelaa&ele%a&i'no%eta%da&i'ndelaRota&i'nen*ene9&iodela%e&+-e%a&i'n metal4%5i&a o de la le< del elemento 4til. g.Calidad del gua. Dadala5%an&antidad deinte%a&&ione(>+e(e-%od+&enent%ela(0a%ia*le(del-%o&e(o, la( &+ale( a&ondi&ionan el am*iente 9(i&oL>+Bmi&o de la Rota&i'n, +n a(-e&tointe%e(ante de anali:a% e( la &alidad del a5+a >+e (e +tili:a en el -%o&e(o. E( &om4n enMi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina )!MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"#la( -lanta( &on&ent%ado%a(, >+e -a%te im-o%tante del a5+a +tili:ada (ea a5+a de-%o&e(o, %e&+-e%ada de(de la( eta-a( de (e-a%a&i'n ('lidoTlB>+ido Fe(-e(ado%e(,9lt%o(,et&.G, la &+al &ontiene %ea&ti0o( >+Bmi&o( %e(id+ale(. E(ta +tili:a&i'n de a5+a de-%o&e(o -%od+&e +n a=o%%o en el &on(+mo de a5+a < en el &on(+mo de e(-+mante, -e%o(e -+ede -%od+&i% +n a+mento de al5+no( ione( en (ol+&i'n &++e(e+tili:anenRota&i'nind+(t%ial.Dna&la(i9&a&i'n a%*it%a%ia de ella( -+ede di(tin5+i% ent%e &elda( ne+m/ti&a(, de -%ime%a+e (e&omenta%/n en -a%ti&+la%.Mi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina )"MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"#2.2.2.$.1 Celdas .eum'ticasEnt%e e(to( di(e?o( (e en&+ent%an lo( -%ime%o( ti-o( de &elda( de +(oind+(t%ial.E(te ti-o de m/>+ina( e(t/ -%/&ti&amente en de(+(o, -%e(enta*an la( 0enta,a(de *a,o(&o(to(dein0e%(i'n+e 5i%a < +n elemento e(t/ti&o (it+ado a (+ al%ededo%. E(te (i(temadi(-e%(a el R+,o de ai%e, -%om+e0e la &oli(i'n ent%e -a%tB&+la( < *+%*+,a( < mantiene ala( -a%tB&+la( de la -+l-a en (+(-en(i'n e0itando >+e ella( (edimenten.El %oto%Le(tato%5ene%a+na:onadealtat+%*+len&ialo&ali:ada, >+e@a0o%e&ela&oli(i'n ent%e -a%tB&+la( < *+%*+,a(, adem/(, ent%e el %oto% < el e(tato% (e 5ene%a +na:ona de *a,a -%e(i'n >+e @a0o%e&e la &a0ita&i'n del 5a( el &+al -%e&i-ita -o(te%io%mente(o*%e la( -a%tB&+la( =id%'@o*a(. 8+e%a de e(ta :ona de t+%*+len&ia e$i(te ot%a de a5+a(>+ieta(, >+e-e%miteminimi:a%el a%%a(t%eme&/ni&odela(-a%tB&+la(de5an5a+ina(. Al5+na( de la( inno0a&ione(%e&iente(e(t/enlo(deRe&to%e(>+e-e%mitenmodi9&a%el /%eadee(-+ma&i'n+e no e$i(ten di@e%en&ia((i5ni9&ati0a( en&+antoal %endimientodelo( di@e%ente( di(e?o(dem/>+ina(, a4n&+ando al5+na( de ella( -+eden (e% e(-e&ialmente 4tile( -a%a dete%minado( -%o-'(ito(,< >+e (iem-%e (e o*tend%/n %e(+ltado( metal4%5i&o( &om-a%a*le( al mani-+la%ade&+adamente la( 0a%ia*le( del (i(tema.En la (ele&&i'n de la &elda,adem/( de lo(%e(+ltado( metal4%5i&o(, -+eden tene% 5%a0ita&i'n la -e%@o%man&e del e>+i-o, (o*%e todoen lo >+e (e%e9e%e a ti-o( de @alla(, &on(+mo( ene%5Cti&o( < 0e%(atilidaden lao-e%a&i'n, la(inno0a&ione(>+e-e%mitenme,o%a% al54na(-e&todel %endimiento, la-%e(en&ia de la em-%e(a @a*%i&ante en elme%&ado, la &alidad de (+( (e%0i&io( -o(t 0enta< la( &ondi&ione( de ne5o&ia&i'n < ad>+i(i&i'n de lo( e>+i-o(.a. Celdas HEMC0.E(to(e>+i-o(, de(a%%ollado( a&omien:o(delo( a?o()!, tenBan+n me&ani(mo&on(tit+ido -o% +n %oto% < +n e(tato% en @o%ma de ^,a+la de a%dilla^, lo &+al la( =a&Ba m++e -%e(enta*alimita&ione( =id%odin/mi&a( -a%a (+ &%e&imiento, en -a%ti&+la% di9&+ltad -a%a mantene%-a%tB&+la( 5%+e(a( en (+(-en(i'n. En lo( a?o( "73IT"736 \EMCO &am*i' el (i(tema de%oto%L e(tato% -o% +no de n+e0o ti-o, llamado ^ "_" Roto% e(t%ellaLdi(-e%(o% >+e -e%miti'(+-e%a% la limita&i'n ante%io%. 3igura 19 Celda HEMC0.La +nidad %oto%Le(tato% e(t/ (+me%5ida ent%e . < 7 -+l5ada( lo >+e =a&e>+e e(ta(&elda m+e(t%en +n *a,o &on(+mo de ene%5Ba adem/( de -e%miti% +na *+ena %e&i%&+la&i'nde la -+l-a < di(min+i% el &o%to&i%&+ito.b. Celdas @E.CE" E&CE@1F.Mi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina ))MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"#Son &elda( a+toai%eada( >+e -o(een el (i(tema de %oto%Le(tato% >+e (e m+e(t%a enla95+%a"I. El modeloDLR(e&a%a&te%i:a-o%tene%+n&olla%&'ni&oo&ilBnd%i&o>+e-%om+e0e la %e&i%&+la&i'n de la -+l-a. E(te (i(tema (e (it4a en el @ondo de la &elda. E(teti-o de m/>+ina( (e +tili:' *a(tante en o-e%a&ione( de lim-ie:a, -e%o en la a&t+alidad latenden&ia e( =a&ia el +(o de &elda( de &ol+mna.Dn a(-e&to inte%e(ante de e(te di(e?o e( >+e de al5+na @o%ma (e =a e(tanda%i:ado&omo m/>+ina de Rota&i'n de la*o%ato%io < lo( %e(+ltado( >+e en ella (e o*tienen (one(&ala*le( a ot%o( ti-o( de m/>+ina(. 3igura 1: &istema "otor5Estator de celdas @E.CE"c. Celdas @0""Dna de la( &a%a&te%B(ti&a( di(tinti0a( de la( &elda( Do%% la da (+ tan>+e en@o%madeD+e,tal&omo(em+e(t%aen la95+%a,tiene@o%ma de %oto% de *om*a.3igura 1< Celda @0""Mi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina ).MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"#d. Celd! O"TO#"MP".La( &elda( ODTO]DMPD tienen el (i(tema %oto%Le(tato% >+e (e m+e(t%a enla 8i5+%aL6. Ella( &om-%enden +na @amilia de &+at%o ti-o( de m/>+ina(A S], O],O]LTC < KG. EnMine%a E(&ondida Ltda. o-e%an la( m/>+ina( O]L"!!TC.3igura 1> Celdas 0I5!C 0utoJum#uLa( &elda( O] (on la( m/>+ina( &on0en&ionale( +tili:ada( en &i%&+ito(-%ima%io( +e (+&&iona el ai%e ne&e(a%io -a%ala@o%ma&i'ndela(*+%*+,a(. El R+,odealimenta&i'n, -+l-a+e&oli(ionan,enlallamada :ona de &ole&&i'n, &on la( *+%*+,a( de ai%e >+e R++e (e 0an a(entando en el @ondo en @o%ma de *a%%o e(-e(o, a 9n de (a&a%lo( -o%la de(&a%5a F&onoG. Al mi(mo tiem-o lo( %a(t%illo( e0itan>+eel lodo(eend+%e:&adema(iado en el @ondoJ < (i no e$i(tie%an e(to( no =a*%Ba @o%ma de (a&a%lo( ode(&a%5a%lo(.2.2.$.1 Partes #rinci#ales de un es#esador.a. El tan,ue.Lo( e(-e(ado%e( e(en&ialmente e(t/n &on(tit+ido( -o% +n tan>+e &ilBnd%i&o (o*%e+na-o%&i'n de+n&ono in0e%tidode m++elo(di/met%o(dee(to(tan>+e(&i%&+la%e((onm+&=om/(5%ande(&om-a%ado(&on(+alt+%a, el&ono en el@ondo a+ee(el de-%o-o%&iona% +ntiem-ode-e%manen&ia-a%a-%od+&i% +na -+l-a a la &on&ent%a&i'n de(eada < +n lB>+ido &la%o en el o0e%RoSb. El rastrillo. E(t/ @o%mado -o% +n &on,+nto de 0a%illa( de a&e%o < la e(t%+&t+%a 0a +nida al e,e-%in&i-al. S+mo0imientoe(lento+e del e(-e(ado%, (i%0e -a%a (a&a% la&a%5a a(entada =a&ia la( *om*a( de (alida de la -+l-a, -a%a (e% en0iada a lo( 9lt%o( o&o&=a( en &a(o de t%ata%(e de &on&ent%ado( f. El canal de rebalse. E(t/ &olo&ado al%ededo% de la -a%te (+-e%io% del tan>+e, (i%0e -a%a %e&i*i% el, a5+a%e&+-e%ada, a5+a lim-ia < &la%ag. El mecanismo de ele(acin del rastrillo. Si%0e-a%ae0ita% >+eel %a(t%illo(e-lante&+andoel e(-e(ado% e(t/=a&iendo@+e%:a. E(to(me&ani(mo(-+eden(e% man+ale(+e+name:&la=ete%o5Cneade+nR+ido+e 0an @o%mando +nato%ta -o%o(a (o*%e la >+e (e (+-e%-onen e(t%ato( (+&e(i0o( a medida >+e Cl lB>+ido 0aat%a0e(ando la to%ta < el medio 9lt%ante Lo( 9lt%o( (e &la(i9&an dC a&+e%do &onla nat+%ale:a de la @+e%:a im-+l(o%a >+e -%o0o&a la 9lt%a&i'n.Enel -%o&e(odeRota&i'n, -a%ao*tene% me,o%e(%e&+-e%a&ione(demine%ale(-o*%e( < &om-le,o( (e %e>+ie%e de +na molienda 9na &on el 9n de -e%miti% la m/$imali*e%a&i'n de lo( mine%ale( &ontenido( Ae(to (e=a 0enido a (+ma%, adem/(, lae$i5en&ia &ada 0e: ma+e =an ido %ed+&iendolo( lBmite( de=+medadadmitida, *ien-o% ne&e(idaden(+-%o-io-%o&e(o, *ien-o%t%ata%(e de &on&ent%ado( a (e% e$-o%tado( >+e -%e&i(an =+medad mBnima -a%a(+ t%an(-o%te E(te -+nto, del >+e %e&ientemente (e =a &omen:ado a 0alo%a% (+im-o%tan&ia, =a lle0ado a +tili:a% 9lt%o( >+e a-li&an +na te&nolo5Ba m/( im-o%tante( >+elo( ante%io%mente +tili:ado( -o% 0a&i', en (+( 0a%iante( de tam*o%, di(&o(in&l+(o *anda=o%i:ontal. 2.2.7.1 !i#os de =ltros.2.2.7.1.1 3iltros #or gra(edad.Lo( 9lt%o( -o% 5%a0edad &on(tit++e +tili:an -la&a( +ido 9lt%ado. La-%e(i'n e,e%&ida (o*%e la (+(-en(i'n de alimenta&i'n al 9lt%o -%en(a o*li5a al 9lt%ado a-a(a% a t%a0C( de la( tela( a &ada lado de la( -la&a( < a &i%&+la% =a&Ba la (alida -o% ele(-a&io>+ee$i(teent%elatela+ido de la0ado, la to%ta (ede(-%ende < &ae en +n de-'(ito (it+ado *a,o el 9lt%o -%en(a.2.2.7.1.2 3iltros de (aci continuos de ti#o rotatorio.Mi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina .!MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"#C+andoe(&on0eniente-%a&ti&a% +nao-e%a&i'n&ontin+ae(-e&ialmenteenlo(t%a*a,o( de 5%an escala, e$i(ten do( ti-o( de 9lt%o( de 0a&BoA a. El tambor =ltrante o =ltro de tambor. El tam*o% 9lt%ante e(t/ (+me%5ido en la (+(-en(i'n a t%ata% la a-li&a&i'n de 0a&i'al medio 9lt%ante o%i5ina la @o%ma&i'n de +n de-o(ito o to%ta (o*%e la (+-e%9&ie e$te%io%del tam*o% &on@o%meC(te0a-a(andoen(+5i%o-o%la(+(-en(i'n. El tam*o% e(t/di0idido en (e5mento( &ada +na de la( &+ale( 0a, &one&tado a la -ie:a 5i%ato%ia de la0/l0+la di(t%i*+ido%a -o% la &+al (e a-li&a el 0a&Bo, (e (e-a%a el lB>+ido 9lt%ante < lo( dela0ado < lle5a el ai%e. b. 3iltro de discos 8+n&iona *a,o el mi(mo -%in&i-io >+e el tam*o%, -e%o (+ (+-e%9&ie 9lt%ante e(t/di(-+e(ta en di(&o( en 0e: de la -e%i@e%ia del tam*o%. Lo( (e&to%e( indi0id+ale( de lo(di(&o( -+eden &am*ia%(e de modo inde-endiente mient%a( >+e lo( %e(tante( &ontin4ent%a*a,ando.2.2.7.2 Cuidados en la o#eracin de =ltrado. Pa%a o*tene% +n 9lt%ado &o%%e&to, (e de*e &+m-li%, >+eAL La to%ta (ea 5%+e(a < (e&aJ -a%a ello =a< >+e alimenta% al 9lt%o +na -+l-a e(-e(adade den(idad alta (e54n la indi&a&i'n del (+-e%0i(o% -a%a el 0a&Bo. Si el 0a&Bo @+e%am+< *a,o,no=a*%Ba@+e%:a(+9&iente-a%a (+&&iona%todoela5+a>+e(e de*e&omo &on(e&+en&ia la to%ta %e(+lta%Ba m+< =4meda.L El a5+a(+&&ionadade*e(e%lim-io &onnadao-o&o ('lido(en (+(-en(i'n. Seent+%*ia &+ando =a< =+e&o( en el -a?o o lona, &+ando lo( t+*o( de 0a&Bo( e(t/na5+,e%eado( o e(t/n mal a,+(tado( L El @+n&ionamiento de la o-e%a&i'n de 9lt%ado(e %eali:a en @o%ma &o%%e&ta.L E0ita% >+e (e -lante el 9lt%o, +n 9lt%o (e -lanta &+ando la -+l-a (e alimenta al 9lt%oe( dema(iada dil+ida < tam*iCn, &+ando la -+l-a e( dema(iada e(-e(a Adem/( (ede*e 0i5ila% &ontin+amenteA L La den(idad del lado >+e (e alimenta.L El ni0el del lodo dent%o del tan>+e.L El e(-e(a% o 5%o(o% del &aUe o to%ta < =+medad %emanente.L Lona o -a?o 9lt%ante F=+e&o(, alam*%e( %oto(, et&.G L L+*%i&a&i'n < lim-ie:a de la( *om*a( de 0a&Bo.L Lim-ie:a, l+*%i&a&i'n < (e5+%idad de la ma>+ina%ia. Mi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina ."MTODOS DE EXPLOTACIN Y PROCESOS METALRGICOS.Sede Calama, !"#Mi5+el 8%e: ;a%%a:a P/5ina .