icam mcp curso rev1

7/22/2019 Icam Mcp Curso Rev1

1/117

@ursf QkrkJK@LBLSKCFWHP L@KN

Sumseuru`f, Phtlhngrh 71;7


2/117

Kbdumks Wh`fnhmck`lfmhs ...


3/117

Hstkgbh`hr bfs eh`efs quh `fm`lhrmhm kbhvhmtf Lchmtljl`kr bfs jk`tfrhs `fmtrlguyhmths y bks`kusks gsl`ks Whvlskr bk hjh`tlvlckc ch bfs `fmtrfbhs yprf`hclnlhmtfs hxlsthmths Wh`fnhmckr k``lfmhs prhvhmtlvks y`frrh`tlvks Whpfrtkr bfs ekbbkzdfs pkrk `fnpkrtlr bfskprhmclzkohs `bkvhs Mf ksldmkr `ubpks f rhspfmskglblckchs


4/117

Wh`fmf`hr bk mh`hslckc ch umklmvhstldk`lm Bfs 4 pksfs chb prf`hsf ch lmvhstldk`lm Hmthmchr hb Nfchbf ch WHKPFMh L@KN Kpbl`kr L@KN pkrk chthrnlmkr bks `kuskssugyk`hmths Jfrnubkr rh`fnhmck`lfmhs pkrk prhvhmlr bkrh`urrhm`lk ch hvhmtfs Hmthmchr bfs tlpfs ch hrrfrhs eunkmfs Hvkbuk`lm chb `ursf y ch bfs Kbunmfs


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WH@FMF@HW BKMH@HPLCKC CH XMK

LMZHPSLDK@LFM


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12/117

Ehnfs pkdkcf hbprh`lf chb lm`lchmth

Fgthmdknfs kbdm

ghmhjl`lf ch hsh `fstf

Qrhvhm`lm ch

rh`urrhm`lk

Qrfnf`lm ch shdurlckc

K`tltuc prfk`tlvk


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14/117

Hohr`l`lf? Kb suglr kb kutf hm bk nkkmk pkrk lr kb trkgkof, hb

kutf mf pkrtk. Bk mf`eh kmthrlfr, bbhdu k `ksk tkrch, chspus ch

;3 ers ch trkgkof, um pf`f `kmskcf, y kb chs`hmchrchb kutf, mf nh phr`kt quh ekgk chokcf bks bu`hshm`hmclcks.

Hb kutf mf pfshh clspfsltlvfs ch kbkrnk f ch `frthkutfntl`f ch bu`hs kb sk`kr bks bbkvhs. Bk gkthrk sh`kngl pfr btlnk vhz ek`h 0 kfs.

[u k``lfmhs rh`fnhmckrk6

Jktldk? Qbkm nkmhof jktldk

Kbkrnk? Clspfsltlvf

@eh`i prh-usf, pfst-usf? @ehquhf


15/117

CHJHMPKP

LMHULPSHMSHP F

@FM JKBBKP

K@@LFMHP

LMCLZLCXKBHP/

H[XLQF

@FMCL@LFMHP CHB

HMSFWMF/SKWHK

JK@SFWHP

FWDKML_K@LFMKBHP


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Qkrk qu y @ukmcf uskr L@KN


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Fgohtlvf Hstk duk ek slcf prhpkrkck `fm hb

prfpsltf ch kshsfrkr hm hb rhpfrth chlmvhstldk`lfmhs pkrk bfs lm`lchmths chPhdurlckc `fm pfthm`lkb Nfchrkcf f@ktkstrjl`f.

Hb Ntfcf ch Kmblsls ch @kusk chLm`lchmths (L@KN) phrnlth bklchmtljl`k`lm ch bks chjl`lhm`lks PPF.

Hmtrhdk um prf`hsf pkrk lchmtljl`kr qujuh bf quh bbhv kb hvhmtf pkrk quh chhsth nfcf sh puhckm lnpbhnhmtkr bksk``lfmhs `frrh`tlvks y prhvhmtlvkshjh`tlvks pkrk prhvhmlr su rh`urrhm`lk


18/117

Kb`km`h Hs rhqulsltf quh umk lmvhstldk`lm

h lmjfrnh gkof bk nhtfcfbfdk

L@KN shkm `fnpbhtkcfs hm tfcfsbfs lm`lchmths sldmljl`ktlvfs `fmpfthm`lkb nfchrkcf y/f`ktkstrjl`f ch N@Q y/f sus

hnprhsks `fmtrktlstks.


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;. Hstkgbh`hr bfs eh`efs quh `fm`lhrmhmkb hvhmtf7. Lchmtljl`kr bfs jk`tfrhs `fmtrlguyhmths y

bks `kusks gsl`ks0. Whvlskr bk hjh`tlvlckc ch bfs `fmtrfbhs y

prf`hclnlhmtfs hxlsthmths3. Wh`fnhmckr k``lfmhs prhvhmtlvks y

`frrh`tlvks8. Whpfrtkr bfs ekbbkzdfs pkrk `fnpkrtlr

bfs kprhmclzkohs `bkvhs:. Mf ksldmkr `ubpks f rhspfmskglblckchs


21/117

Bk tfnk ch rlhsdf rkrknhmth sh`kstldk `fm umk bhslm f lm`busf

`fm umk `uksl prclck, hm `knglfhs `fmslsthmthnhmth prhnlkck`fm bk `fmvhmlhm`lk, `fnfclckc fkefrrf ch tlhnpf. Bk rh`fnphmsk

pkrk bfs `fnpfrtknlhmtfs

rlhsdfsfs sldmljl`k prfgkgbhnhmthfpfrtumlckchs pkrk tfnkr hb

`knlmf nks `frtf"

L@KN kpumtk k lchmtljl`kr bfs jk`tfrhs quh prfnuhvhm f

pkslvknhmth tfbhrkm bk tfnkch rlhsdf


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@bksljl`k`lm ch Lm`lchmths


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Bfs 4 Qksfs chb prf`hsfchLMZHPSLDK@LFM


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;K``lfmhsLmnhclktks7Qbkmljl`k`lmLmvhstldk`lm

0Wh`fbh``lm chLmjfrnk`lm3Frdkmlzk`lmch Lmjfrnk`lm

8KmblslsL@KN:K``lfmhsQrhvhmtlvks y@frrh`tlvks

4Whpfrth chEkbbkzdfs

EhrrknlhmtksN@Q

Cf`unhmtk`lmch Pfpfrth


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Hsjuhrzfcljhrhm`lkcf hm

hb prf`hsf ch

lmvhstldk`lm


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;. K``lfmhs Lmnhclktks


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;.;Whspuhstk ch Hnhrdhm`lk y

Kshdurknlhmtf chb rhk

;.7

Mftljl`k`lm chb Lm`lchmth

;.0

Chsldmk`lm chb Hqulpf

Lmvhstldkcfr


29/117

Qbkm ch Whspuhstk ch Hnhrdhm`lk / @knpf shdmshk rhquhrlcf Sfnkr nhclcks pkrk kshdurkr hb rhk y hvltkr thmhr quh hs`kbkrbk sltuk`lm Hvkùkr k bks phrsfmks shdm shk mh`hskrlf Hmtrhdkr bk kthm`lm ncl`k y ch prlnhrfs kuxlblfs mh`hskrlk k

bfs bhslfmkcfs @fmtkglblzkr k tfcf hb phrsfmkb

Kshdurh / Nkmthmdk bk hs`hmk chb lm`lchmth Kshdurh bk hvlchm`lk pkrk prhshrvkrbk chmtrf ch bf pfslgbh Lchmtljlquh h lnpbhnhmth bks k``lfmhs `frrh`tlvks lmnhclktks

quh shkm mh`hskrlks pkrk prhvhmlr juturfs lm`lchmths. Bkphrsfmk rhspfmskgbh chb budkr chghr kshdurkr quh hstksk`tlvlckchs sh chskrrfbbhm chspus ch um kmblsls ùlckcfsf chtfcfs bfs ksph`tfs phrtlmhmths

Whkblzkr pruhgks ch chth``lm ch sustkm`lks, shdm `frrhspfmck(Kb`fefb & Crfdks)

Whkblzkr umk hvkbuk`lm prhblnlmkr chb mlvhb chb lm`lchmth Jftfdrkjlkr f jlbnkr bk hs`hmk chb lm`lchmth kmths ch rhkblzkr

`knglfs Cfùnhmtkr bks k``lfmhs ch rhspuhstk k hnhrdhm`lks pkrk su

pfsthrlfr kmblsls

;.;

Whspuhstk ch Hnhrdhm`lk yKshdurknlhmtf chb rhk


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Mftljl`kr k bk ohjkturk suphrlfr @fmslchrkr bfs rhqulsltfs ch bks

kutfrlckchs bf`kbhs phrtlmhmths @fnpbhtkr y hmtrhdkr um lmjfrnh

prhblnlmkr ch mftljl`k`lm chb lm`lchmthchmtrf ch bks cfs efrks ch f`urrlcf hbhvhmtf.

N@Q-PPF-HPS-F;70 Lmvhstldk`lm ch Lm`lchmths

;.7



31/117

LMZHPSLDK@LFMHP HPQH@LKBHP K``lchmths Nfrtkbhs Bfs k``lchmths jktkbhs rhqulhrhm k``lm hsph`lkb hm vlrtuc ch bk

bhdlsbk`lm bf`kb. Pl hb phrsfmkb ncl`f `fnpruhgk hb jkbbh`lnlhmtf chbk v`tlnk, mf sh chghrm nfvhr sus rhstfs ekstk rh`lglr bk kutfrlzk`lmch bk jls`kbk. Phdurlckc Nlmhrk tlhmh bk rhspfmskglblckc ch mftljl`kr kbjls`kb.

Hb Hqulpf ch Lmvhstldk`lm

Sfcfs bfs k``lchmths jktkbhs shrm lmvhstldkcfs pfr um hqulpf hsph`lkblmthdrkcf pfr? Hb Dhrhmth Dhmhrkb f bk phrsfmk quh ekyk chsldmkck. Hb Dhrhmth ch Chpkrtknhmtf. Hb Puphrlmthmchmth chb rhk kjh`tkck.

Hb Dhrhmth ch Phdurlckc y skbuc Fùpk`lfmkb. Ftrfs, chthrnlmkcfs pfr hb Dhrhmth Dhmhrkb y shdm bf hxlokm bks

`lrùmstkm`lks, pfr hohnpbf, kshsfrhs t`ml`fs. Hb suphrvlsfr hs rhspfmskgbh ch `fnpbhtkr um lmjfrnh prhblnlmkr chb

k``lchmth. Hb hqulpf ch lmvhstldk`lm rhvlskr y clstrlgulr hb lmjfrnhjlmkb ùkmcf shk `fmvhmlhmth.

;.7



32/117

Hb dhrhmth ch PPF shr rhspfmskgbh ch k bkgrhvhckc, shbh``lfmkr y mfngrkr kb Bchr chbHqulpf ch Lmvhstldk`lm y nlhngrfs ch k`uhrcf`fm hb hstmckr N@Q-PPF-HPS-F;70.

Hb dhrhmth ch PPF kshdurkr quh hb Bchr chbHqulpf thmdk hb sfpfrth mh`hskrlf hm bks nkthrlksbhdkbhs.

Ph chghm `fmslchrkr kbdumfs ksph`tfs pkrk bk

`fnpfsl`lm chb hqulpf, `fnf hxphrlhm`lk, rfbhs yrhspfmskglblckchs.

;.0

Chsldmk`lm chb Hqulpf Lmvhstldkcfr


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Bchr chb Hqulpf Hmtrhmkcf y `fnphthmth hm hb prf`hsf L@KN Clrldh hm vhz ch nkmckr Lmthrk`tk hmtrh bk kbtk Dhrhm`lk y hb hqulpf lmvhstldkcfr.

Hb Jk`lbltkcfr? Hmtrhmkcf y `fm hxphrlhm`lk hm kmblsls y jk`lbltk`lm L@KN

Hb Hqulpf Lmvhstldkcfr? Ekglblckchs t`ml`ks, ch kcnlmlstrk`lm h lmvhstldk`lm Lm`bulr phrsfmkb `fm hsph`lkblzk`lm hm rhks rhbk`lfmkcks `fm hb

k``lchmth Lmchphmclhmths hmtrh sl K``hsf k hsph`lkblstks t`ml`fs y kshsfrk bhdkb

;.0



34/117

Lmthdrlckc,lmnumh k lmjbuhm`lks quh clstfrslfmhm su fgohtlvf,usf ch lmjfrnk`lm f kbthrk`lm ch bk lmvhstldk`lm

Fgohtlvlckc, mf sk`kr `fm`buslfmhs kprhsurkcks, gkskrsh hmeh`efs, rh`lglr ch guhmk jfrnk hvlchm`lks `fmtrkrlks k bkselpthsls y `fmslchrkr hxpbl`k`lfmhs kbthrmktlvks shdm bkhvlchm`lk

Qhrshvhrkm`lk,lmvhstldkr `kck ksumtf/hvhmtf ek`lk ktrs shdm`kusks gsl`ks.

@urlfslckc,chshf lmkdftkgbh ch prhdumtkr pfr qu6umk y ftrkvhz Lnkdlmk`lm,vhr bks `fsks `fnf pfcrkm y chghrkm shr y

`fmtrkstkrbks `fnf sfm hm bk rhkblckc Eunlbckc,rh`fmf`hr y vkblckr lchks ch ftrfs lmthdrkmths Lmtul`lm,pkrk rh`fmf`hr umk sfbu`lm slnpbh k um prfgbhnk

`fnpbhof Kthm`lm kb chtkbbh,kmkblzkr cktfs y rhkblzkr pruhgks ch

`fnprfgk`lm Qhmsknlhmtf bkthrkb,umlr k`tlvlckchs h lmjfrnk`lm k pkrtlr ch

cljhrhmths juhmths ch lmjfrnk`lm Ekglblckchs t`ml`ks, guhmk phr`hp`lm ch bfs eh`efs

;.0



35/117

7. Qbkmljl`k`lm ch bk Lmvhstldk`lm


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Whumlm Lmjfrnktlvk hm hb Pltlf?Hb bchr ch hqulpf chgh prfdrknkr umk rhumlm y frdkmlzkrumk prhshmtk`lm chb dhrhmth chb rhkkb hqulpf chlmvhstldk`lm, bk quh chghrk lm`bulr?

Xmk chs`rlp`lm dhmhrkb ch bks fphrk`lfmhs Bk sh`uhm`lk `fmf`lck ch hvhmtfs Bk dhrhm`lk chb rhk chghrk hmtrhdkr kb hqulpf

lmvhstldkcfr jftfdrkjks, lmjfrnk`lm rh`fbh`tkck feh`efs phrtlmhmths.

Bk prhshmtk`lm chb dhrhmth chb rhk mf chghr shr uskckpkrk hstkgbh`hr `fm`buslfmhs prhblnlmkrhs.


37/117

Zlsltk kb Pltlf? Qrhvlfk bk lmsph``lm chb sltlf, sh chgh rh`lglr bkkprfgk`lm ch bk bmhk ch nkmcf pkrk lmdrhskr kb budkr

chb lm`lchmth Hb budkr chb lm`lchmth mf chgh kbthrkrsh slm

kutfrlzk`lm chb Hqulpf L@KN f kutfrlckchs`fnphthmths shdm bk bhdlsbk`lm bf`kb pkrk `ksfs chk``lchmth Jktkb.

Hb hqulpf ch lmvhstldk`lm chgh shdulr bks pr`tl`ks yprf`hclnlhmtfs chb sltlf y kshdurkr su prfplkshdurlckc y bk chb hqulpf, kumquh bk rhspfmskglblckctftkb pfr bk shdurlckc phrnkmh`h hm bk suphrvlslm chbrhk.

Bfs nlhngrfs chb hqulpf chghm shdulr bfsprf`hclnlhmtfs hstkgbh`lcfs y shkbhs ch kcvhrthm`lk

Hb hmtuslksnf pkrk chskrrfbbkr bk tkrhk ch lmvhstldk`lmmf chgh sfgrhpkskr bks pr`tl`ks ch PPF.


38/117

Chphmclhmcf chb ngltf ch bk lmvhstldk`lm, shrmh`hskrlf hstkgbh`hr hb kb`km`h ch bk lmvhstldk`lmpkrk quh hb hqulpf kb nhmfs kshdurh quh?

Hb fgohtlvf ch bk lmvhstldk`lm hst `bkrfPh `fmslchrhm bfs rhquhrlnlhmtfs ch tfcks bks

pkrths lmthrhskcks (lmsph``lm, trkgkokcfrhs,rhprhshmtkmths bhdkbhs)

Ph chthrnlmhm bfs bnlths ch bk lmvhstldk`lmPh k`uhrch bk jh`ek prhvlstk pkrk bk jlmkblzk`lm

ch bfs lmjfrnhs prhblnlmkrhs y jlmkbhs


39/117

Bfdstl`k?Hstkgbh`lnlhmtf chb `hmtrf ch lmvhstldk`lm y rhùrsfs?

Kshdurkr skbk ch rhumlfmhs y ch hmtrhvlstks

K``hsf k `fnputkcfrhs, thbjfmfs, jkx.

tlbhs ch fjl`lmk (Qlzkrrks, pbunfmhs, ht`.)

Pfpfrth kcnlmlstrktlvf

Lchmtljl`kr y nfvlblzkr hb sfpfrth ch hsph`lkblstks

Kchùkcf `fmtrfb y prf`hclnlhmtfs ch kcnlmlstrk`lm ch

cfùnhmtfs

Chskrrfbbf ch um Qbkm ch K``lm ch Lmvhstldk`lm


40/117

0. Wh`fbh``lm ch bk Lmjfrnk`lm


41/117

Curkmth bk jksh ch rh`fplbk`lm, hb hqulpf chlmvhstldk`lm chghr rhumlr bfs eh`efs phrtlmhmthspkrk hmthmchr hb lm`lchmth y bfs hvhmtfs quh bf`fmcuohrfm?

Qbkm / tfrnhmtk ch lchks pkrk bk rh`fplbk`lm chlmjfrnk`lm y rhquhrlnlhmtfs ch hmtrhvlstks

@rhkr um pbkm ch k``lm, chsldmkr tkrhks y nkr`fch tlhnpf

Lnpbhnhmtkr um slsthnk ch `fmtrfb chlmjfrnk`lm



42/117

Hs ns j`lb `ukmcf skghnfs qu

hs bf quh hstknfs gus`kmcf...


43/117

Lchmtljl`kr

Juhmths ch

Lmjfrnk`lm

Shstldfs

Whpfrth

Lml`lkbSfrnhmtk ch

lchks

Wh`fplbk`lm

ch lmjfrnk`lm

Qhrsfmks

Knglhmth

HqulpfsQrf`hclnlhmtfs

Frdkmlzk`lm

Frdkmlzkr

Lmjfrnk`lm

Hvhmtf &

@fmcl`lm

hm bk bmhkch tlhnpf

8 Qfr quh

Kmblsls ch

lmjfrnk`lm

Jkshs hm bk Kcnlmlstrk`lm ch bk Lmjfrnk`lm?


44/117

;. Qhrsfmks7. Knglhmth0. Hqulpfs3. Qrf`hclnlhmtfs8. Frdkmlzk`lm


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Qhrsfmks Hmtrhvlsth k bfs lmvfbu`rkcfs ythstldfs chb hvhmtf

Whdlstrfs chb phrsfmkb (elstfrlkbkgfrkb, hmtrhmknlhmtf, kmth`hchmthsncl`fs, ht`.)

Kmth`hchmths ch bfs lmvfbu`rkcfs 47efrks prhvlks kb hvhmtf

Knglhmth Knglhmth jsl`f hm hb nfnhmtf chb

lm`lchmth, ho. `blnk, lbunlmk`lm,

rulcf, pfbvf, mlvhbhs ch vlgrk`lm,ht`. Qfsl`lm ch bfs hqulpfs y hb phrsfmkb Efushihhplmd hm hb budkr chb

lm`lchmth



47/117

Hqulpfs Whvlslm jsl`k y thsthf Whvlslm ch rhdlstrf ch hqulpfs Whvlslm ch nkmukbhs @fnpkrk`lm `fm ftrfs muhvfs f

slnlbkrhs

Qrf`hclnlhmtfs y Cf`unhmtfs Whvlslm ch prf`hclnlhmtfs

kpbl`kgbhs? LQHW@, QHSP, KSP, ht`. Pl bfs prf`hclnlhmtfs hrkm

kch`ukcfs y su utlblzk`lm Clspfmlglblckc ch ehrrknlhmtksprhs`rltks y hqulpfs ch

shdurlckc



48/117

Frdkmlzk`lm Wfbhs y rhspfmskglblckchs Puphrvlslm y mlvhbhs ch cftk`lm Nhtks ch prfcu``lm y shdurlckc Kucltfrlks, lmsph``lfmhs y rhpfrths y rhdlstrf ch

lm`lchmths

Juhmth ch lmjfrnk`lm kcl`lfmkb Bks rhdubk`lfmhs kpbl`kgbhs, hstmckrhs y

pr`tl`ks hstkgbh`lcks Nkpks chb budkr, clguofs y jftfdrkjks kmthrlfrhs

kb lm`lchmth Efoks ch cktfs ch shdurlckc ch nkthrlkbhs

(NPCP) Hvhmtfs ch rh`fmstru``lm f nfcljl`k`lfmhs k bfs

clshfs



49/117

Ehèf Fplmlm

Xm ehèf hs bk chs`rlp`lm ch kbdf fùrrlcf fhxlsthmth.

Xmk fplmlm /lmjfrnk`lm kmkbtl`k hs umk vlslmphrsfmkb f oul`lf gkskcf hm bf quh pkrh`h shr

vhrckc, f umk lmthrprhtk`lm chb ehèf.

ho., Qhr dkm bk @fpk Knrl`k ch jutgfb hm ;


50/117

0. Wh`fbh``lm ch bk Lmjfrnk`lm?Bks Hmtrhvlstks


51/117

Hmtrhvlstks k Shstldfs


52/117

Bks Hmtrhvlstks? ;.-Slpfs ch Shstldfs

Phdm bk sh`uhm`lk chb hvhmtf,hxlsthm thstldfs ch Qrh`fmtk`tf,

@fmtk`tf, Qfst`fmtk`tf 7.-Slpfs ch Qrhdumtks

Phdm su jlmkblckc, Kglhrtks,

@hrrkcks, ch Duk


53/117

Hstkgbhz`k hb tfmf kprfplkcfpkrk bk `fbkgfrk`lm? Qrhsmthsh @rhh um knglhmth mf lmtlnlckmth Hstkgbhz`k umk hnpktk `fm hb

thstldf Chs`rlgk su pkphb hm bk lmvhstldk`lm Chs`rlgk hb prfpsltf ch bk

hmtrhvlstk (hm`fmtrkr bk `kusk chb lm`lchmth pkrkprhvhmlr quh vuhbvk k su`hchr)

Qlck phrnlsf pkrk tfnkr mftks fdrkgkr bk hmtrhvlstk



54/117

Xskcf pkrk kbhmtkr umk rhspuhstkns bkrdk y knpblk

Qkrk kgrlr bk cls`uslm Hxpbfrh muhvfs thnks

Phdulnlhmtf dhmhrkb

Whvhbh nkr`fs ch rhjhrhm`lk Fgthmdk lmjfrnk`lm pkrtl`ubkr



55/117

Hohnpbfs Cdknh ftrk vhz quh su`hcl chspus ch...6 Quhch chs`rlglr quh vl k `fmtlmuk`lm6 [u pks hmtfm`hs6 Quhch ch`lrnh quh hstkgk ek`lhmcf bk

khrfmkvh hmtfm`hs6

Quhch chs`rlglr su `krdk ch trkgkof hsknkkmk6 [u puhch ch`lrnh ch su `fnpfrtknlhmtf

kprfxlnkcknhmth k hsk efrk6

Qrhdumtks kglhrtks


56/117

Chjlml`lm?Qrhdumtks quh rhqulhrhm ch umk sfbkpkbkgrk f jrksh `frtk `fnf rhspuhstkXskcks pkrk? Gus`kr chtkbbhs Qrfgkr bk `kbljl`k`lm y hsph`ljl`k`lfmhs Kbhmtkr k bk prh`lslm hm hb rh`uhrcf Fgthmhr lmjfrnk`lm sfgrh bfs eh`efs Plnpbljl`kr umk rhspuhstk `fnpbhok


Qrhdumtks @hrrkcks


57/117

Hohnpbfs?

Cmch hstkgk pkrkcf hxk`tknhmth6 Ek`lk cfmch nlrkgk6

K qu vhbf`lckc cl`h quh vlkokgk bkkhrfmkvh6

@umtf tlhnpf bh tfn bbhdkr kb sltlf6

K qulm `fmtk`t prlnhrf6


Qrhdumtks @hrrkcks


58/117

Chjlml`lm?Qrhdumtks quh kmtl`lpkm bk

rhspuhstkXskcks pkrk? Zhrljl`kr bk phr`hp`lm y bk

`fnprhmslm Qrfgkr bk rhk``lm k umk prfpuhstk Hstkgbh`hr k`uhrcf f chsk`uhrcf

Qrhdumtks ch Duk


59/117

Hohnpbfs? Cl`h quh vlf bbknks knkrlbbks skblhmcf chb nftfr6

Qkrh`h quh usthc hst cl`lhmcf quh b thmk umelstfrlkb ch hstkr phrclhmcf sus `kpk`lckchs pkrkvfbkr6

Ch vhrckc usthc vlf bk khrfmkvh ùkmcf shhstrhbb hm hb plsf, f hs bf quh hsùè ch`lr kftrks phrsfmks6

Qrhdumtks ch Duk


60/117

Hohnpbfs ch bf quh eky quh hvltkr? Qfrqu hstkgk ek`lhmcf hstf ks, mf sh bh

fùrrl phmskr hm hb usf chb krms6

K`ksf usthc mf `fmf`h bks rhdbks `krclmkbhs6

Hs quh k Xsthc mf bf ekm `kpk`ltkcf hm bfs

prf`hclnlhmtfs6 Mf skgh quh hsf mf sh puhch ek`hr6

Hstkgk b jhblz y kbhrtk ùkmcf usthc bf suoht`fm bks `frrhks6

Eugf kbdm eunf mhdrf skblhmcf chb bkcf

chrhèf chb nftfr6 Bk khrfmkvh sh lm`blmkgk hm htkpks ek`lk bk

chrhèk hm hsh nfnhmtf6

[u tkm rplcf/bhmtf lgk bk khrfmkvh6


61/117

Choh sus hnf`lfmhs k um bkcf Mf phrnltk quh sus shmtlnlhmtfslmthrjlhrkm - kpduhsh k bfs ehèfs Mf prhouzduh. Kvhrldh bf quh vhrckchrknhmth

su`hcl. Mf choh quh sus `rhhm`lksfùbthm bfs ehèfs.

Mum`k ksunk mkck Mf skquh `fm`buslfmhskprhsurkcks Mf ekdk oul`lfs sfgrh bk dhmthlmvfbu`rkck


62/117

3. Frdkmlzk`lm ch bk Lmjfrnk`lm


63/117

Ph puhchm utlblzkr vkrlks t`ml`ks chfrdkmlzk`lm ch lmjfrnk`lm ch kyuckpkrk bk `frrhbk`lm.

Hb ntfcf uskcf chgh `unpblr `fm bfssldulhmths rhqulsltfs?

Hmtrhdkr umk hstru`turk pkrk frdkmlzkr bklmjfrnk`lm rh`fplbkck Kyuckr k kshdurkr quh bk lmvhstldk`lm sldk

um `knlmf bdl`f Kyuckr hm bk chthrnlmk`lm ch lmjfrnk`lm

`fmtrkcl`tfrlk y hm bk lchmtljl`k`lm ch

lmjfrnk`lm jkbtkmth Hmtrhdkr umk prhshmtk`lm clkdrkntl`k chb

prf`hsf ch lmvhstldk`lm pkrk lmjfrnkr k bkkcnlmlstrk`lm


64/117

Blstk ch Ekbbkzdfs, chspus ch bk rh`fplbk`lm ch bk lmjfrnk`lm?(;) Bks prfvlslfmhs chb gkr`f, sh `fnprkm k bfs prfvhhcfrhs bf`kbhs ns

gkrktfs, y sh mhdf`lk hm gksh kb prh`lf y hmtrhdk hm bk jhèk fpfrtumk.(7) Xm phs`kcfr (rh`lm bbhdkcf) trkgkokmcf hm ùglhrtk, `kh hm umk nkqulmk

quh mf tlhmh bk chglck prfth``lm, bk quh bh `frtk hb grkzf kmths ch quh shpuhck pkrkr bk nkqulmk.

(0) Hb `f`lmhrf ch`lch utlblzkr umfs euhvfs quhgrkcfs y su`lfs pkrk prhpkrkreuhvfs rhvuhbtfs kb chskyumf.

(3) Hb gkr`f fphrk hm `fmcl`lfmhs gkstkmth curks, phs`km 7, 0, f ns cksshdulcfs slm pkrkr.

(8) Hb krnkcfr chb gkr`f, mf tlhmh prf`hclnlhmtfs ch `kpk`ltk`lm, y mf hxldh kbpktrm quh lnpkrtk `kpk`ltk`lm k gfrcf k bfs nlhngrfs ch bk trlpubk`lm.(:) Hm hb gkr`f, mf eky prf`hclnlhmtfs f hstmckrhs pkrk bk rhvlslm ch bfs

prfcu`tfs `fnprkcfs (lmsph``lm k bk rh`hp`lm).(4) Hm hb pks, mf eky hstmckrhs pkrk bk `hrtljl`k`lm ch bfs kblnhmtfs, y mf hs

um rhqulsltf.(5) Sfcfs hstm `kmskcfs y hb rh`lm bbhdkcfsh k`hr`k chnkslkcf kb kpkrhof ch

ùglhrtk y plhrch hb hqulblgrlf pfr um nfvlnlhmtf lnprhvlstf chb gkr`f.

(


65/117

Skrhk?

Munhrh bfs hvhmtfs rhbktkcfs hm bk bnlmkkmthrlfr, y frcmhbfs hm umk sh`uhm`lk bdl`k-thnpfrkb.

(quh hvhmtf prh`hch k `ukb)


66/117

K``lfmhs @frrh`tlvks chjlmlcks?;.- Sfcfs bfs trkgkokcfrhs chb gkr`f, rh`lglrm umk lmcu``lm dhmhrkb ch

shdurlckc. Whspfmskgbh? @kpltm. Qbkzf? Lmnhclktf (7 shnkmks)

7.- Hb drupf ch `f`lmk, rh`lglr um `ursf sfgrh nkmlpubk`lm ch kblnhmtfs heldlhmh Whspfmskgbh? Clrh`tfr ch Kgksth`lnlhmtf ch bk jbftk. Qbkzf? Lmnhclktf

(7 shnkmks)

0.- Kb lml`lf ch bk jkhmk ch phs`k, tfck bk trlpubk`lm rh`lglr umk `ekrbk chshdurlckc k `krdf chb @kpltm Whspfmskgbh? @kpltm. Qbkzf? Qhrnkmhmth (`kck vhz)


67/117

@nf frdkmlzknfs bkLmjfrnk`lm6Cljhrhmths jfrnksBks ehrrknlhmtks rh`fnlhmckm?

@rfmfdrknk ch hvhmtfs y`fmcl`lfmhs

8 Qfr qus

@rfmfdrknk

8 Qfr qu


68/117

Bks Skgbks @rfmfdrknks sfm j`lbhs ch ek`hr Bks Skgbks sfm lchkbnhmth kchùkcks pkrk bfs lm`lchmths

quh tlhmhm umk `kmtlckc ch hvhmtfs quh fùrrhm curkmthum phrfcf ch tlhnpf prfbfmdkcf.

Bk lmjfrnk`lm fgthmlck curkmth hb prf`hsf chrh`fplbk`lm ch lmjfrnk`lm sh usk pkrk ek`hr bk tkgbkutlblzkmcf umk efok ch pkphb, umk plzkrrk f mftks Qfst-lthm bk pkrhc.

Bfs hvhmtfs quh bfs kjh`tkm sfm frchmkcfs hm um`rfmfdrknk quh vk kvkmzkmcf ch lzqulhrck k chrhèk.Bk shùhm`lk rhsubtkmth ch bfs hvhmtfs frdkmlzk bk

lmjfrnk`lm pkrk kmblsls pfsthrlfrhs ch L@KN. @ukmcf bks shùhm`lks shpkrkcks ch hvhmtfs `fmvhrdhmpkrk `rhkr um lm`lchmth, sh clguokm `rfmfbfdks shpkrkckshm bk Skgbk @rfmfdrknk, quh nuhstrhm bk lmthrrhbk`lmhmtrh hsfs hvhmtfs.

3. Frdkmlzk`lm ch bk Lmjfrnk`lm@rfmfdrknk


69/117


@rfmfdrknk


70/117

Hstk nhtfcfbfdk utlblzk um kmblsls hstru`turkcf pkrkgus`kr bfs jk`tfrhs `fmtrlguyhmths y bks `kusks gsl`ks.

Hstf lmvfbu`rk shbh``lfmkr um hvhmtf f `fmcl`lm yprhdumtkr `fm bk prhdumtk pfr qu ekstk quh bkrhspuhstk mf puhck shr rhspfmclck f bk rkzm chb `fmtrfbhst juhrk ch muhstrf kb`km`h.

@kusks gsl`ks y jk`tfrhs `fmtrlguyhmths sfmmfrnkbnhmth lchmtljl`kcfs `ukmcf mf sh puhchrhspfmchr ns um Qfr qu


8 Qfr qu


71/117

Qfr qu 6

Chs`ugrlr bks `kusks rk`hs? bk rhdbk ch bfs 3 kfs?

Qfr qu 6

Qfr qu 6

Qfr qu 6 Qfr qu 6



72/117


73/117

Jk`tfrhs @fmtrlguyhmths? Pfm kquhbbfs jk`tfrhs quh sh hmùhmtrkm rhbk`lfmkcfs`fm bfs rhsubtkcfs chb lm`lchmth y kpfykrfm bkshùhm`lk ch hvhmtfs quh dhmhr hb lm`lchmth.

Quhchm shr? Chjhmsks, K``lfmhs, @fmcl`lfmhs, Jk`tfrhsFrdkmlzk`lfmkbhs.

@kusk Gsl`k, @kusk Pugyk`hmth, @kusk Wkz? (Xmchrbylmd @kush)? hs um Jk`tfr Frdkmlzk`lfmkb, shdm

sh chthrnlmh pfr hb kmblsls L@KN, quh `fmtrlguyh kbhvhmtf.(Duk L@KN)

Pfm bks `kusks, quh jfrnkm bks gkshs sfgrh bks ùkbhsfùrrhm tfcfs bfs ftrfs hvhmtfs quh `fmcuohrfm kb

lm`lchmth.

Mf @fmjumclr? @kusk Gsl`k shdm hb nfchbf ch`kuskblckc ch bks prclcks (J.Glrc) (Jk`tfrhsQhrsfmkbhs y chb Srkgkof)


74/117

Jlm ch Qkrth ;

Drk`lks


75/117

8. Kmblsls L@KN


76/117

;.-Qrlm`lplf ch bks @kusks NbtlpbhsBfs k``lchmths y ftrfs prfgbhnks sfm nuy

rkrk vhz hb rhsubtkcf ch umk sfbk `kusk7.-Qrlm`lplf ch bks @kusks Gsl`ksBks sfbu`lfmhs k bfs prfgbhnks sfm ns

hjh`tlvks `ukmcf trktkm bks `kusks gsl`ksf rk`hs


77/117

Xskcf pfr GEQ Glbbltfm Gur Kustrkblkmf ch Phdurlckc hm hb Srkmspfrth Klr Jrkm`h, Grltlse Klrwkys, @kteky Qk`ljl`, Plmdkpfrh

Klrblmhs, [kmtks Klrwkys FK@L (Frdkmlzk`lm ch Kvlk`lm @lvlb Lmthrmk`lfmkb, L@KF) HXWF@FMSWFB Pehbb Flb @fnpkmy (Srlpfc) Wklbtrk`i (Jhrrf`krrlb Grltml`f) ftrfs...

Qkrk bk prhvhm`lm ch k``lchmths y pkrk jlmhs chlmvhstldk`lm

Whj? Eunkm Hrrfr, Qrfj. Oknhs Whksfm, Xmlv. ChNkm`ehsthr, XI. @kngrlcdh Xmlvhrslty Qrhss,, ;


78/117

;.-Eunkm Hrrfr

gyOknhs Whksfm7.-Nkmkdlmd teh Wlsis fj

Frdkmlzktlfmkb K` lchmts

gyO. S. Whksfm

0.-Nkmkdlmd Nklmthmkm`h Hrrfr? K

Qrk`tl`kb Dulch

gyO. S. Whksfm,Kbkm Efggs
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books&field-author-exact=James%20Reason&rank=-relevance%2C%2Bavailability%2C-daterank/002-3624507-0633607http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books&field-author-exact=J.%20T.%20Reason&rank=-relevance%2C%2Bavailability%2C-daterank/002-3624507-0633607http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books&field-author-exact=J.%20T.%20Reason&rank=-relevance%2C%2Bavailability%2C-daterank/002-3624507-0633607http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books&field-author-exact=Alan%20Hobbs&rank=-relevance%2C%2Bavailability%2C-daterank/002-3624507-0633607http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books&field-author-exact=Alan%20Hobbs&rank=-relevance%2C%2Bavailability%2C-daterank/002-3624507-0633607http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books&field-author-exact=J.%20T.%20Reason&rank=-relevance%2C%2Bavailability%2C-daterank/002-3624507-0633607http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books&field-author-exact=J.%20T.%20Reason&rank=-relevance%2C%2Bavailability%2C-daterank/002-3624507-0633607http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books&field-author-exact=James%20Reason&rank=-relevance%2C%2Bavailability%2C-daterank/002-3624507-0633607http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/075461591X/ref=sib_dp_pt/002-3624507-0633607http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0521314194/ref=sib_dp_pt/002-3624507-0633607http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1840141050/ref=sib_dp_pt/002-3624507-0633607


79/117

Jkbbks k`tlvks Hrrfrhs y vlfbk`lfmhs quh tlhmhm um

lnpk`tf lmnhclktf hm hb slsthnk.

@fmcl`lfmhs bkthmths Jkbbks ch k``lm rhtkrckck.

Quhchm phrnkmh`hr bkthmths pfr bkrdf tlhnpf, sfbfsh vuhbvhm kpkrhmths `ukmcf sh `fnglmkm `fm

jkbbks k`tlvks y clspkrkcfrhs bf`kbhs pkrk vhm`hrbks chjhmsks chb slsthnk

@fnhtlcks pfr clshkcfrhs, clrh`tfrhs, dhrhmths,suphrvlsfrhs, ht`.


80/117


81/117

Nfchbf L@KN ch `kuskblckc ch Lm`lchmthsQrfcu`h

Whcu`h Skrhkt l c


82/117

-K``lchmth

-Lm`lchmth

-@uksl

Qrclck

-Jkbbk

hqulpf

-Qrclck

prfcu``lm

Jk`tfrhs

Frdkmlzk`lfmkbhs

;8 Ptc.EPH@

Jk`tfrhs Knglhmth

ST14? Lmthdrlckc ch

HqulpfsST15? Efushihhplmd

ST1


83/117

L@KN

Hstmckrhs ch

Kcnlmlstrk`lm

EPH@

Hstmckrhs

ch

Kcnlmlstrk`l

m EPH@

Clshf ch

hvkbuk`lm ch

rlhsdf jfrnkb

@fmcl`lfmhs ch

bk Skrhk/Nhclf

Knglhmth

Kmblsls ch

shdurlckc hm hb

trkgkof

Budkr ch

Srkgkof

Phdurf

K``lfmhs

lmclvlcukbhs y

ch hqulpf

Sfnk ch

ch`lslfmhs hm

gksh kb rlhsdf.

Sfnk 8

Whcu``lm

ch hrrfrhs

y

vlfbk`lfmhs

Chjhmsks

kushmths f

jkbblcks

Kucltfrk ch

`fmtrfb ch

rlhsdfs

Whc ch shdurlckcKcnlmlstrk`lm chrlhsdfs

@kpturk ch hrrfrhs

Nltldk`lm chhrrfrhs

Whsubtkcfs

kcvhrsfs

Skrhk

thrnlmkck

hm jfrnk

shdurk y

hjl`lhmth

Whsubtkcfs

chshkcfs

Kcnlmlstrk`lm ch Wlhsdfs


84/117

Jkbbks f @fmcl`lfmhs Bkthmths,

Jkbtks ch

@fmtrfb

Plsthnks

Hstmckrhs

@unpblnlhmtf

Lmkch`ukcfs

Ckfs f

Qrclcks

Qhrsfmks

Hqulpfs

Nkthrlkbhs

Knglhmth

@kusks

Gsl`ks

Jk`tfrhsQhrsfmkbhs

Jk`tfrhs chbSrkgkof

Lm`lchmths

Hvhmtf

mf chshkcf

Jk`tfrhsFrdkmlzk`lfmkbhs

(FJSs)

@bksljl`kcfs hm

;8 tlpfs

K``lchmth@fmcl`lfmhs

chb Hmtfrmf f

Skrhk

Jk`tfrhsEunkmfs (;0)

Jk`tfrhs chbSrkgkof (70)

K``lfmhs

K``lfmhs

Lmclvlcukbhs y

ch Hqulpf (;0)

Chjhmsks

Chjhmsks f

Gkrrhrks

Lmhxlsthmths

f `fm jkbbks

(;;)

Nfchbf ch Whksfm, ;


85/117

Whvlslm ch bfs Ekbbkzdfs, Jk`tfrhs @fmtrlguyhmths

Lchmtljl`k`lm ch bks chjhmsks lmhxlsthmths f `fm jkbbks

Lchmtljl`k`lm ch bks k``lfmhs lmclvlcukbhs y ch hqulpf

Lchmtljl`k`lm ch bks `fmcl`lfmhs ch bk tkrhk y chb hmtfrmf

Lchmtljl`k`lm ch bfs jk`tfrhs frdkmlzk`lfmkbhs (FJSs)

Zkblck`lm ch bfs FJSs `fm rhsph`tf kb Lm`lchmth


86/117

Hstks jkbbks sfm hb rhsubtkcf ch chjhmsks lmhxlsthmths flmkchùkcks quh mf chth`tkrfm ml prfthdlhrfm kb slsthnk`fmtrk bks jkbbks t`ml`ks y eunkmks.Hstks sfm bks nhclcks ch btlnf nlmutf quh sl jkbbkm fhstm kushmths, mf prhvlmlhrfm hb rhsubtkcf ml nltldkrfm bks`fmshùhm`lks ch umk jkbbk k`tlvk (k``lm lmclvlcukb f chhqulpf quh prfcuof hm um lm`lchmth f `ksl-lm`lchmth).Qrhdumtk ch vhrljl`k`lm? Hb hbhnhmtf chs`rlgh hb hqulpf,prf`hsf ch trkgkof, nhclck ch `fmtrfb, slsthnk chchth``lm, prf`hclnlhmtf f ktrlgutf quh mfrnkbnhmthprhvlhmh hsth lm`lchmth f blnltk sus `fmshùhm`lks6

Mftk?Bks chjhmsks kushmths f jkbblcks sfm lmkmlnkcks ypuhchm jkbbkr chglcf k umk k``lm lmclvlcukb / hqulpf,`fmcl`lm ch tkrhk / hmtfrmf f um jk`tfr frdkmlzk`lfmkb.

Mf tlhmh quh ekghr um blmi clrh`tf `fm umk k``lm.


87/117

Chjhmsks?Pfm kquhbbks nhclcks clshkcks pkrkprhvhmlr bks `fmsh`uhm`lksch bfs k`tfs eunkmfs f chjkbbks hm bfs `fnpfmhmths quh prfcu`lrkm um lm`lchmthBks Chjhmsks ekm slcf clshkcks pkrk shrvlr k 8 jum`lfmhs

gsl`ks?8.- Hs`kph y rhs`kth? kthmclhmcf k bfs bhslfmkcfs y ek`lhmcfquh hb sltlf shk shdurf3.- Qrfth``lm y `fmthm`lm ?prhvhmlr quh hb prfgbhnk shekdk nkyfr0.- @fmtrfb y rh`uphrk`lm lmnhclktk?skblr chb prfgbhnk slmbhslfmhs f ckfs7.- Chth``lm/kcvhrthm`lk?`nf vhr quh hb hvhmtf sh kvh`lmky prhvhmlrbf;.- @fmf`lnlhmtf?`fmf`hr bfs rlhsdfs y `nf nkmhokrbfs


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89/117

CJ1;? Chth`tlfm Pysthn CJ17? Qrfth`tlfm Pysthn CJ10? Tkrmlmd Pysthn CJ13? Dukrcs kmc Gkrrlhrs

CJ18? Wh`fvhry CJ1:? Hs`kph CJ14? Whs`uh CJ15?Pkjhty Chvl`h Fphrktlfm

CJ1


90/117

Phkbhs ch `knlmf _fmks ch

chjfrnk`lm

Klr gkd

Jrhmfs kmtl gbfquhf

Plsthnkprfth``lm

lnpk`tf bkthrkb

Hstkglblckcclmnl`k y `fmtrfb

ch trk``lfm

Phkbhs ch trkmsltf ykcvhrthm`lks

Bhyhs ch trkmsltf

`fm`lhm`lk

@fmtrfb &Wh`uphrk`lm

Qrfth``lm &@fmthm`lm

Hs`kph &Whs`kth

Chth``lm &kbhrtks

Kbkrnks chvhbf`lckc

Phrvl`lfshnhrdhm`lk


91/117

Hstfs sfm bfs hrrfrhs f vlfbk`lfmhs quh`fmcu`hm clrh`tknhmth kb lm`lchmth. Hstmtpl`knhmth rhbk`lfmkcfs `fm hb phrsfmkb hm`fmtk`tf clrh`tf `fm hb hqulpf, `fnffphrkcfrhs f phrsfmkb ch nkmthmlnlhmtf.Plhnprh hstm `fnprfnhtlcfs k`tlvknhmth(kbdulhm elzf f cho ch ek`hr kbdf) y tlhmhmrhbk`lm clrh`tk `fm hb lm`lchmth.Qrhdumtk ch vhrljl`k`lm? Hb hbhnhmtf bhcl`h kbdf k`hr`k chb hrrfr f vlfbk`lm ch umkmfrnk f prf`hclnlhmtf quh `fmcuof kblm`lchmth6


92/117

LS1;? Puphrvlslfm LS17? Fphrktlmd kutefrlty LS10? Fphrktlmd sphhc LS13? Hqulpnhmt ush LS18? Qhrsfmkb Hqulpnhmt ush

LS1:? Qrf`hcurkb `fnpblkm`h LS14? @ekmdh nkmkdhnhmt LS15? Hqulpnhmt/Nkthrlkbs ekmcblmd LS1


93/117

Hstks sfm bks `fmcl`lfmhs hxlsthmths lmnhclktknhmth kmths fkb nfnhmtf chb lm`lchmth. Pfm bks `fmcl`lfmhs quh lmjbuyhmclrh`tknhmth hm hb chshnphf eunkmf y chb hqulpf hm hbbudkr ch trkgkof. Hstks sfm bks `lr`umstkm`lks gkof bks `ukbhstlhmhm budkr bfs hrrfrhs y vlfbk`lfmhs y quh puhchmhmdbfgkrsh hm chnkmcks ch tkrhks, hb hmtfrmf ch trkgkof,bks `kpk`lckchs lmclvlcukbhs y bfs jk`tfrhs eunkmfs.Ph puhchm `kthdfrlzkr hm cfs drupfs? Jk`tfrhs chb Budkr ch Srkgkof Jk`tfrhs EunkmfsQrhdumtk ch vhrljl`k`lm? Hb hbhnhmtf chs`rlgh kbdf k`hr`k chbks chnkmcks ch tkrhks, hmtfrmf ch trkgkof, `kpk`lckchslmclvlcukbhs f jk`tfrhs eunkmfs quh prfnfvlhrfm bfshrrfrhs/vlfbk`lfmhs f rhstkrfm hjh`tlvlckc k bks chjhmsks chb

slsthnk6


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ST1;? Sksi Qbkmmlmd/ Qrhpkrktlfm/ Nkmmlmd ST17? Ekzkrc Kmkbysls/ Ofg Pkjhty Kmkbysls/ Skih 8 ST10? Tfri Qrf`hcurhs kvklbkglblty kmc sultkglblty ST13? Qhrnlt Tfri - kvklbkglblty kmc sultkglblty ST18? Kgmfrnkb fphrktlfmkb sltuktlfm fr `fmcltlfm ST1:? Sffbs/ hqulpnhmt/ nkthrlkbs

(`fmcltlfm/kvklbkglblty/ Pultkglblty) ST14? Hqulpnhmt Lmthdrlty ST15? Efushihhplmd ST1


95/117

Hstfs sfm bfs jk`tfrhs frdkmlzk`lfmhs sugyk`hmths quhprfcu`hm bks `fmcl`lfmhs chb hmtfrmf f bk tkrhk quhkjh`tkm hb chshnphf hm hb budkr ch trkgkof. Quhchmhstkr bkthmths f slm chth`tkr pfr umk bkrdf tlhnpf chmtrfch umk frdkmlzk`lm y bks rhphr`uslfmhs sfbknhmth shek`hm kpkrhmths `ukmcf sh `fnglmkm `fm bks`fmcl`lfmhs bf`kbhs y bfs hrrfrhs f vlfbk`lfmhs pkrkvhm`hr bks chjhmsks chb slsthnk. Hstfs puhchm lm`bulrch`lslfmhs jkbblcks ch bk dhrhm`lk, prf`hsfs y pr`tl`ks.Qrhdumtk ch vhrljl`k`lm? Hb hbhnhmtf lchmtljl`k kbdumkmf `fmjfrnlckc `fm kbdm Hstmckr ch Kcnlmlstrk`lmEPH@ quh kjh`th bks `fmcl`lfmhs knglhmtkbhs f chtrkgkof, f quh phrnlthm quh hstks `fmcl`lfmhs mf sh`fmslchrhm6


96/117

Hstmckrhs EPH@ GEQ GlbbltfmHstmckr ; Blchrkzdf y rhspfmskglblckc

Hstmckr 7 Whquhrlnlhmtfs Bhdkbhs, @fnprfnlsf y @fmtrfb ch Cfùnhmtf

Hstmckr 0 Kcnlmlstrk`lm ch Wlhsdfs y @knglfs

Hstmckr 3 Qbkmljl`k`lm y Nhtks

Hstmckr 8 @fm`lhm`lk, @fnphthm`lk y @fnpfrtknlhmtf

Hstmckr : Pkbuc h Eldlhmh

Hstmckr 4 @fnuml`k`lm, @fmsubtk y Qkrtl`lpk`lm

Hstmckr 5 @fmcu`tk @fnhr`lkb, Chrhèfs Eunkmfs y Chskrrfbbf @fnumltkrlf

Hstmckr < Clshf, @fmstru``lm y Quhstk hm Nkrèk

Hstmckr ;1 Fphrk`lfmhs y Nkmthm`lm

Hstmckr ;; Qrfvhhcfrhs, @fmtrktlstks y Pf`lfs

Hstmckr ;7 Qhrl`lk hm hb Nkmhof chb Qrfcu`tf

Hstmckr ;0 Lmjfrnh h Lmvhstldk`lm ch Lm`lchmths

Hstmckr ;3 Kcnlmlstrk`lm ch @rlsls y Hnhrdhm`lk

Hstmckr ;8 Nfmltfrhf, Kucltfrlk y Whvlslm


97/117

:. K``lfmhs Qrhvhmtlvksy @frrh`tlvks


98/117

Bks rh`fnhmck`lfmhs sh chghm rhbk`lfmkr clrh`tknhmth `fm hb

lm`lchmth y chghm kpumtkr k?Qrhvhmlr bk rh`urrhm`lkWhcu``lm chb rlhsdfBks rh`fnhmck`lfmhs chghm kgfrckr `kck?Chjhmsk jkbblck f kushmth (`fmtrfb ch rlhsdf)Jk`tfr Frdkmlzk`lfmkb(hstrkthdlk ch prhvhm`lm y rhcu``lm chrlhsdf)

Mf tfcfs bfs jk`tfrhs puhchm shr `fnpbhtknhmth hblnlmkcfs, ykbdumfs sh pfcrm hblnlmkr sbf k `fstfs prfelgltlvfsHb Hqulpf ch Lmvhstldk`lm chghrk trkgkokr `fm bk Dhrhm`lk chBmhk hm hb chskrrfbbf ch bks k``lfmhs `frrh`tlvks


99/117

Hb Hqulpf Lmvhstldkcfr rhvlsk `kckChjhmskjkbblck/kushmthy Jk`tfr Frdkmlzk`lfmkby?Jfrnubk rh`fnhmck`lfmhs quh, sl sh lnpbhnhmtkm,hblnlmkrm f rhcu`lrm hb rlhsdf ch rhùrrhm`lkchkquhb jk`tfr `fmtrlguyhmthWh`fnlhmck nhofrkr bks chjhmsks pkrk blnltkr bks`fmshùhm`lks ch bfs phbldrfs, ch nkmhrk quh bk

ohjkturk k`hpth hb rlhsdf `fnf tfbhrkgbhWhkblzk rh`fnhmck`lfmhs prfvlsfrlks y bk k``lm`frrh`tlvk quh sh puhck hohùtkr lmnhclktknhmthchspus chb lm`lchmth f ùksl k``lchmth, `fnfnhclck ch `frtf pbkzfpkrk nltldkr bfs rlhsdfsk`tukbhs kmths ch hstkgbh`hr bks k``lfmhs `frrh`tlvks

ch bkrdf pbkzfZhrljl`k quh sh hvkbh `fnpbhtknhmth ùkbqulhrk``lm `frrh`tlvk pkrk quh bfs `knglfs mf chglblthmftrks chjhmsks ml lmtrfcuz`km ftrfs rlhsdfs


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Bks k``lfmhs `frrh`tlvks rh`fnhmckcks pfr hb

hqulpf lmvhstldkcfr chghrkm `unpblr `fmPNKWSHW?

P Pph`ljl` Hsph`jl`ksN Nhksurkgbh NhclgbhsK K``fumtkgbh Kbdulhm rhspfmch pfr bksk``lfmhsW Whksfmkgbh Wkzfmkgbhs / WhkblstksS Slnhby Fpfrtumks

H Hjjh`tlvh Hjh`tlvksW Whvlhwhc Whvlskgbhs


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@fmtrfbhs

hm frchm ch

prlfrlckc

Ohrkrquk ch bfs @fmtrfbhsHblnlmkr Bk hblnlmk`lm fnpbhtkchb rlhsdf.

Pustltulr Whhnpbkzkr hb nkthrlkb,

hqulpfs f prf`hsfs pfr umf

ch nhmfs rlhsdf.

Whclshkr Whclshkr bfs hqulpfs f

prf`hsfs ch trkgkof.

Phpkrkr Klsbkr hb rlhsdf `fm

prfth``lm f rhsdukrcf.

Kcnlmlstrktlvf Punlmlstrkr fmtrfbhs fnf

hmtrhmknlhmtf,

prf`hclnlhmtfs, ht`.

Hqulpf chQrfth``lm

Qhrsfmkb

/Clspfsltlvf ch

@fmtrfb ch

@fmtknlmk`lm

Xskr `frrh`tknhmth hbkprfplkcf HQQ y/f hb

hqulpf frrhspfmclhmth ch

`fmtrfb

ch `fmtknlmk`lm cfmch

ftrfs `fmtrfbhs mf shkm

jk`tlgbhs


102/117

Bks chjhmsks kushmths/jkbblcks f jk`tfrhs

frdkmlzk`lfmkbhs lchmtljl`kcfs puhchm shrhvkbukcfs `fm rhsph`tf k bk jk`lblckc chlnpbhnhmtk`lm (uskmcf bk nktrlz chrhsubtkcfs). Hstf prlfrlzkr bksrh`fnhmck`lfmhs.

Hb rhsubtkcf chb kmblsls chb lnpk`tf ch bfsghmhjl`lfs puhch shr utlblzkcf pkrk prlfrlzkr hbpbkm ch k``lfmhs `frrh`tlvksHb kmblsls chb lnpk`tf ch bfs ghmhjl`lfs hssugohtlvf

Bk ch`lslm jlmkb pkrk lnpbhnhmtkr bks k``lfmhs`frrh`tlvks chs`kmsk hm bks rhdubk`lfmhs ch bkkutfrlckc bf`kb f hb dhrhmth chb sltlf.


103/117


104/117

Bk Nktrlz hst clvlclck hm ùktrf ùkcrkmths y

`bksljl`k`lfmhs?[; Ph chgh ek`hrchstk`k umk fpfrtumlckc quh shhmjf`k hm kquhbbfs prfgbhnks quh puhchmpfthm`lkbnhmth hmtrhdkr hb nkyfr lnpk`tf

[7 J`lb ch ek`hrrhbktlvknhmth j`lb ch lnpbhnhmtkr`fm um lnpk`tf nfchrkcf `fm hb vkbfr kdrhdkcf ch

nfstrkr hb `fnprfnlsf ch bks ohjkturks ch ek`hr`knglfs rplcknhmth hm rhspuhstk k um lm`lchmth. [0 Clj`lb ch @knglkrbfs ksumtfs quh `khm hm hsth

ùkcrkmth puhchm chnfrkrsh um pf`f ns pkrklnpbhnhmtkr y tpl`knhmth kgfrckr bk hblnlmk`lm frhcu``lm sugstkm`lkb ch um rlhsdf lchmtljl`kcf.

[3 Clj`lb ch oustljl`krchnuhstrk kb hqulpf quh bkshmhrdks pfcrkm hmjf`krsh nhofr hm ftrf budkr.


105/117

Bk lmvhstldk`lm hstkr thrnlmkck ùkmcf bfs sldulhmths

pumtfs hstm ùglhrtfs?;. Whsunhm ch hmtrhvlstks ekm slcf rhvlskcks y sh ek

ùglhrtf ùkbqulhr thnk lnpfrtkmth phmclhmth ch [email protected]. Bfs rhquhrlnlhmtfs ch lmjfrnk`lm f cfùnhmtk`lm

kcl`lfmkb ekm slcf chthrnlmkcfs

0. Bfs ekbbkzdfs, `fm`buslfmhs y k``lfmhs rh`fnhmckckspfr ftrfs lmvhstldkcfrhs (hxthrmfs, rhdubktfrlfs, ht`.)ekm slcf rhvlskcfs, `fmslchrkcfs h lm`frpfrkcfs shdmshk kprfplkcf.

3. Sfck bk cfùnhmtk`lm ek slcf rhvlskck pkrk kshdurkr

bfs rhspkbcfs ch bks rh`fnhmck`lfmhs pkrk k``lfmhsprhvhmtlvks y `frrh`tlvks


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8. Ph ek chskrrfbbkcf um rhpfrth prhblnlmkr `fm bfsekbbkzdfs ch bk lmvhstldk`lm y ek slcf clstrlgulcfpkrk `fnhtkrlfs k bks pkrths rhbhvkmths y kshsfrkbhdkb cfmch shk kprfplkck.

:. Hs nkmcktfrlf ek`hr umk rhvlslm bhdkb chb gfrrkcfr

chb rhpfrth L@KN pkrk tfcfs bfs k``lchmths jktkbhs hlm`lchmths sldmljl`ktlvfs knglhmtkbhs y ch `fnumlckc4. Kprhmclzkohs `bkvhs pkrk bk frdkmlzk`lm ekm slcf

lchmtljl`kcfs5. Ek slcf prhpkrkck umk prhshmtk`lm ch bfs ekbbkzdfs

pkrk bk dhrhm`lk ch bmhk


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;. Whsunhm Hoh`utlvf7. Chs`rlp`lm chb

lm`lchmth

0. @rfmfdrknk chhvhmtfs3. Ekbbkzdfs `bkvhs8. Jk`tfrhs

`fmtrlguyhmths:. @fm`buslfmhs y

`kusks gsl`ks

4. Fgshrvk`lfmhs5. Wh`fnhmck`lfmhs


108/117

Lmjfrnh ch K``lchmth Jktkb? Chmtrf ch bks 73 efrks, umk vhz quh bfs jknlblkrhs

`hr`kmfs ekykm slcf lmjfrnkcfs, hb Dhrhmth chbPltlf chghr `fnpbhtkr bk Qkrth ; chb Jfrnktf chWhpfrth ch Lm`lchmth Pldmljl`ktlvf EPH@ y bf`lr`ubkr k bk blstk ch clstrlgu`lm ch Whpfrths ch

Lm`lchmths Pldmljl`ktlvfs quh sh hm`uhmtrk hm bkblstk dbfgkb ch clrh``lfmhs chb hnklb (DKB) Hb lmjfrnh lmthrmf ch lmvhstldk`lm chghr

`fnpbhtkrsh, cfmch shk pfslgbh, chmtrf ch bks 7shnkmks sldulhmths y hmvlkcf kb Zl`hprhslchmth@frpfrktlvf EPH pkrk umk rhvlslm lmchphmclhmth

Lmjfrnh ch Lm`lchmth Pldmljl`ktlvf (EPH@) ? Bk Qkrth ; chb Lmjfrnh ch Lm`lchmth Pldmljl`ktlvf

chghr shr `fnpbhtkck y hmvlkck chmtrf ch bks 73efrks k bks phrsfmks `frrhspfmclhmths


109/117

Hb trktknlhmtf ch bfs

hrrfrhs


110/117

Hb fgohtlvf jumckn hmtkb ch bklmvhstldk`lm ch um k``lchmth f lm`lchmthchgh shr hb ch bk prhvhm`lm ch k``lchmths

f lm`lchmthsMf hs hb prfpsltf ch hstk k`tlvlckc

shkbkr k um `ubpkgbh f k um rhspfmskgbh


111/117

Kprfxlnkcknhmth um k``lchmth pfr `kck ;1 nlbbfmhs ch hrrfrhs

Bk kcnlmlstrk`lm ch rlhsdfs hs bk `bkvh

Bfs fphrkcfrhs sfm kcnlmlstrkcfrhs ch rlhsdf?

phrnkmhmthnhmth krgltrkmcf hmtrh fgohtlvfs hm `fmjbl`tf

phrnkmhmthnhmth hmjrhmtkmcf y nkmhokmcf chsvlk`lfmhs?

hrrfrhs, vlfbk`lfmhs, jkbbks, hvhmtfs lmhsphrkcfs phr`hp`lm kch`ukck chb rlhsdf? slmtlhmcf quh bfs bnlths sfm um

jk`tfr `bkvh pkrk hb `fmtrfb ch bk sltuk`lm

bfs hrrfrhs slrvhm k bk shdurlckc ? shkbkm y hmshkm bfs bnlths


112/117

Chs`ulcf

Bkpsf

Slpfs gsl`fs

ch hrrfrhs

K`tfs mf

shdurfs

K``lfmhs mf

lmthm`lfmkbhs

K``lfmhslmthm`lfmkbhs

Jkbbks ch kthm`lmFnlslfmhs

Chsfrchm, ht`

Gkskcf hm rhdbks

Gkskcf hm `fmf-

`lnlhmtf

Zlfbk`lm ch Wutlmk

Zlfbk`lm Hx`hp`lfmkb

Pkgftkoh

Jkbbk ch nhnfrlk

Qhrchr bk ugl`k`lmFnltlr hbhnhmtfs, ht`

Hqulvf`k-

`lfmhs

Zlfbk`lfmhs


113/117

Chsùlcfs, Chsblz Lmthm` lm f rrh`tk. Hbldh umk k``lm frrh`tk(ch`lslm)

- Ph bbhvk k kgf hm jfrnk lm`frrh`tk (hrrfr hm bk hohù`lm)(kthm`lm)

Bkpsfs Lmthm` lm f rrh`tk. Hbldh umk k``lm f rrh`tk(ch`lslm) Jkbbks pkrk bbhvkr k `kgf umk k``lm (hrrfr hm bk hohù`lm)

(nhnfrlk)

Hqulvf`k`lfmhs Lmthm` lm f rrh`tk, Hbldh umk k``lm lm`f rrh`tk(hm

jfrnk chblghrkck, `fm guhmk lmthm`lm) (ch`lslm).Chjl`lhm`lks hm hb prf`hsf ch oul`lf. K``lm lmkprfplkckpkrk bk sltuk`lm

Jkbbks pkrk jfrnubkr hb pbkm `frrh`tf (hohù`lm `frrh`tk)

Zlfbk`lfmhs

Lmthm` lm lm`f rrh`tk. Chsvlk`lm chblghrkck ch bks rhdbks,prf`hclnlhmtf f vkbfrhs hstkgbh`lcfs. Hohù`lm `frrh`tk,k``lm lm`f rrh`tk. Mf eky hrrfr ch oul`lf.


114/117

Mf puhch shr hrrkcl`kcf ~hrrkr hs ch eunkmfs

Qkrth ch muhstrf prf`hsf ch kprhmclzkoh

Chgh shr kmtl`lpkcf

Bfs slsthnks prfcu`tlvfs mh`hsltkm shr

tfbhrkmths k hrrfrhs

Mf chghm `fmjlkrsh ;11% kb chshnphf

eunkmf Chghnfs, pfr hb `fmtrkrlf, `fmstrulr umk rhc

ch shdurlckc


115/117

Bks k``lfmhsjuhrfm

lmthm`lfmkbhs6

Whsubtkcfs k`frchk lmthm`lfmhs6

Pkgftkoh f

K`tf nkbl`lfsf

Lmjrk``lm slmshmtlcf

Lmjrk``lm

lmcu`lck pfr

hb slsthnk

Zlfbk`lm lmthm`lfmkb

ch prf`hclnlhmtfs6

Qrf`hclnlhmtfs`bkrfs y fphrktlvfs6

Shstch

Pustltu`lm6

Chjl`lhm`lk hmHmtrhmknlhmtf

f prf`hsf shbh``lm

Hrrfr pfr

mhdbldhm`lk

Hrrfr

prfcu`lcfpfr hb slsthnk

MF MF PL

*

*

Knfmhstk`lm vhrgkb

Qrlnhrk krtk ch knfmhstk`lm

Xbtlnk krtk ch knfmhstk`lm

Chsplcf

Clsnlmuyh ùbpkglblckclmclvlcukb

Whspfmskglblckc ch bk Dhrhm`lk y ch bk Puphrvlsl m pkrk`frrhdlr bks `kusks gksh ch bfs prfgbhnks chb slsthnk

Kunhmtk ùbpkglblckc lmclvlcukb

Whdbks chb Ouhdf Blnplf hm hb rgfb ch Ch`lslfmhs

Whtrfkblnhmtk`lm (@fkèlmd)

Ph mh`hsltk

hmtrhmknlhmtf

Hrrfr slmùbpk

Elstfrlkb ch

`fnpfrtknlhmtf

Lmshdurf6

PL Pl

PL

PL

PL

PL

MF

MFMF

MF

MF

Shstch sustltu`lm? umk phrsfmk slnlbkr sh `fnpfrtkrk ch

nkmhrk ldukb hm bk nlsnk sltuk`lm

*

*


116/117

L@KN nkmtlhmh su hstru`turk dhmhrkb Bk tlpfbfdk ch `kusks, sh pkrknhtrlzk

(`kthdfrks chjlmlcks) ch k`uhrcf k bfs `cldfsch Jlrst Qrlfrlty.

Bfs Jk`tfrhs Frdkmlzk`lfmkbhs (`kusks rkz), shrhbk`lfmkm clrh`tknhmth `fm bfs ;8 hstmckrhsEPH@

Ph chskrrfbbkm Ouhdfs ch Ehrrknlhmtks (Sffbilts75 k 03), pkrk `kck umf ch bfs pksfs ch bk

lmvhstldk`lm Ph sfbl`ltk bk hvkbuk`lm ch bks k``lfmhs

`frrh`tlvks, kmths ch su lnpbhnhmtk`lm, pkrkchthrnlmkr su lnpk`tf.


117/117

QrfvhhcfrHxthrmf ch

`ursfs

Hmtrhmkn Mlvhb;

Lmvhstldkcfr Blchr17 cks

Dhrhmths, Puphvlsfrhsch Phdurlckc,Nkmthmln. y

Fphrk`lfmhs

Hmtrhmkn. Mlvhb 7Lmvhstldkcfr Ksf`lkcf

1; ckQhrsfmkb ch Phd,Fp. y Nkmthmln.

Srklm teh Srklmhr

@ffrclmkcfrhs ch

Phdurlckc y

Hmtrhmknlhmtf chb sltlf

Lmcu``lm Gsl`kk suphrvlsfrhs(17 ers)

icam mcp curso rev1

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