estudio de impacto ambiental en operaciones turisticas en galapagos 2000, make a [email protected]...

8/14/2019 Estudio de Impacto Ambiental en Operaciones Turisticas en Galapagos 2000, Make a [email protected] / Haga una donacin

1/150

JGPGKMD[ PG[GP\BJD[ 033> KDH[GP\BKNDH , JG[BPPDAADSPDMN@NJB AB PGSPDJWKKNH SBPKNBA D ZDZBA JG G[ZG ZG]ZD $

KDHZGHNJD [NH BWZDPN_BKNH JG KDH[GP\BKNH , JG[BPPDAADUUU(KKJ(DPE(GK! [WEGPGHKNB[CKKJ(DPE(GK

MZZS?$$UUU([KPN@J(KDI$KDH[GP\BKNDH,JG[BPPDAAD

G[ZWJND JG NISBKZD BI@NGHZBAGH AB DSGPBKNDHG[ ZWP[ZNKB[

GH EBABSBED[ 033

@BPKD[ EBABSBED[

Jnkngi`pg jg 0333


2/150




NHJNKG

PG[WIGH GOGKWZN\D Nhzpdjwkknh jga g{zwjnd Ow{znlnkbknh jga g{zwjnd

D@OGZN\D[ JGA G[ZWJND Dògzn|d eghgpbaDògzn|d{ g{sgklnkd{IGZDJDADEBJg{kpnsknh eghgpbaD`zghknh jg ab nhldpibknh `nàndeplnkb D`zghknh jg ab nhldpibknh jg kbisd ~ kdispd`bknh Whnjbjg{ ~ {nznd{ jg iwg{zpdKdispd`bknh jg kbisd Bhan{n{ ~ {n{zgibznbknh jg ab nhldpibknh JG[KPNSKNH EGHGPBA JGA PGB JG DSGPBKNH ZWP[ZNKBKbpbkzgp{znkb jg ad{ {nznd{ jg |n{nzb Pgkwp{d{ lbwh{znkd{ gh kbjb whb jg ab{ n{ab{ |n{nzbjb{

PGKWP[D[ LADP[ZNKD[ GH AB[ N[AB[ \N[NZBJB[ JG[KPNSKNH [DKNDGKDHINKB JG EBASBED[ HLB[N[ GH[BH KPN[ZD@BA KDID KGHZPD JG DSGPBKNH

IBPKD OWPJNKD JG PGLGPGHKNBA Bkwgpjd{ nhzgphbkndhbag{ Hdpibzn|b nhzgphbkndhbaHdpibzn|b gkwbzdpnbhbJdkwighzd{ jg dsgpbknh PG[WAZBJD[ JGA G[ZWJND( Bhan{n{ jg kbjb whd jg ad{ spdkg{d{ jg ab Dsgpbknh Zwp{znkb Aagebjb jg Zwpn{zb{Zpbh{sdpzg ba bpkdJg{gi`bprwg{ [gkd{Jg{gi`bprwg{ Idobjd{

Kbinhbzb{ gh Sab~bKbinhbzb{ gh [ghjgpd Jgsdpzg{ Bkwznkd{B`b{zgkninghzd jg \|gpg{ [gkd{ B`b{zgkninghzd jg \|gpg{ Lpg{kd{ Baibkghbinghzd jg \|gpg{ Id|nanbknh jg gi`bpkbknh B`b{zgkninghzd jg Kdi`w{znàg{ Baibkghbinghzd jg Kdi`w{znàg{ Ibhzghninghzd jg Idzdpg{ W{d jg Snhzwpb{Anisngb jg gi`bpkbknh Jn{sd{nknh jg Jg{gkmd{ Dpehnkd{

Jn{sd{nknh jg Jg{gkmd{ [anjd{ Jn{sd{nknh jg Bewb{ Hgepb{ Jn{sd{nknh jg Bewb{ Epn{g{ B@B[ZGKNINGHZD JG SPDJWKZD[ An{zb jg spdjwkzd{ dpehnkd{( PGABKNDHG[ KDH AB KDIWHNJBJ BHAN[N[ JG AB KBSBKNJBJ JG KBPEB GH KBJB N[AB


3/150




JG[GKMD[ EGHGPBJD[ Bhan{n{ jg ad{ {n{zgib{ jg ibhgod jg jg{gkmd{ {anjd{ Bhan{n{ jg ad{ {n{zgib{ jg jg{gkmd{ arwnjd{ Gin{nh jg eb{g{BHAN[N[ JG [NEHNLNKBHKNB Njghznlnkbknh jg kdisdhghzg{ bi`nghzbag{ Bhan{n{ jg ab Ibzpn jg Agdsdaj

IBZPN_ JG AGDSDAJ H2KDHJNKNDHG[ JGA [WGAD ^ JGA BNPGBhan{n{ jg pg{wazbjd{NISBKZD[ HGEBZN\D[ NJGHZNLNKBJD[AGEN[ABKNH BSANKB@AG D PGABKNDHBJBIBZPN_ JG AGDSDAJ H0PGABKNDHG[ GKDADENKB[Bhan{n{ jg pg{wazbjd{NISBKZD[ HGEBZN\D[ NJGHZNLNKBJD[AGEN[ABKNH BSANKB@AG D PGABKNDHBJBIBZPN_ JG AGDSDAJ H;LBWHBBhan{n{ jg pg{wazbjd{NISBKZD[ HGEBZN\D[ NJGHZNLNKBJD[

AGEN[ABKNH BSANKB@AG D PGABKNDHBJBIBZPN_ JG AGDSDAJ H:LADPBBhan{n{ jg pg{wazbjd{NISBKZD[ HGEBZN\D[ NJGHZNLNKBJD[AGEN[ABKNH BSANKB@AG D PGABKNDHBJBIBZPN_ JG AGDSDAJ H7MNJPDADENB [WSGPLNKNBA! [W@ZGPPBHGB ^ IBPNHB

Bhan{n{ jg pg{wazbjd{NISBKZD[ HGEBZN\D[ NJGHZNLNKBJD[AGEN[ABKNH BSANKB@AG D PGABKNDHBJBIBZPN_ JG AGDSDAJ H KDH[GP\BKNDH , JG[BPPDAADSPDMN@NJB AB PGSPDJWKKNH SBPKNBA D ZDZBA JG G[ZG ZG]ZD $



PGKDIGHJBKNDHG[ SBPB GA IGJND BI@NGHZG MWIBHDSABHNLNKBKNH ^ IDHNZDPGD JGA SABH JG BKKNHKDHKAW[NDHG[PGKDIGHJBKNDHG[ANZGPBZWPB KNZBJB

BHG]D[

[NEAB[ W[BJD[ GH G[ZG JDKWIGHZDEAD[BPNDAN[ZB JG SGP[DHBA GHZPG\N[ZBJDGHKWG[ZB ^ BHBAN[N[


5/150




PG[WIGH GOGKWZN\D

Ga zwpn{id gh ab{ n{ab{ Ebasbed{ g{ ab spnhknsba bkzn|njbj gkdhinkb jg g{zb spd|nhknb6{nh gi`bped! b sg{bp jg {w epbh sdzghknba {g mb jg{bppdaabjd {nh kdhzgisabp pgewabkndhg{igjndbi`nghzbag{ ghkbinhbjb{ b inznebp ~ kdisgh{bp ad{ glgkzd{ hgebzn|d{ rwg g{zbbkzn|njbj kbw{b {d`pg ad{ pgkwp{d{ hbzwpbag{(

Ab gispg{b @BPKD[ EBABSBED[! mb bjdszbjd kdid sdaznkb zghgp whb dsgpbknhzwp{znkb pg{sdh{b`ag kdh ga igjnd bi`nghzg! rwg b{gewpg ab spdzgkknh jg ad{ pgkwp{d{hbzwpbag{ ~ inhninkg ba i}nid sd{n`ag ad{ nisbkzd{ bi`nghzbag{ rwg swgjg kbw{bpg{z dsgpbknh gh ab{ n{ab{ Ebasbed{(

Jghzpd jg g{zg kdhzg}zd! ab Kdisbb @BPKD[ EBABSBED[ [(B kdhzpbz ad{

{gp|nknd{ jg SPBEBZZG sbpb ab gab`dpbknh jga G{zwjnd jg Nisbkzd Bi`nghzba -GNB.{d`pg ab dsgpbknh zwp{znkb jg ab gispg{b gh ab{ N{ab{ ebasbed{( Ga g{zwjnd zw|d whbjwpbknh jg {gn{ ig{g{ -Owhnd ) hd|ngi`pg jga 0333.! {g glgkzwbpdh Bwjnzdpnb{Bi`nghzbag{! kdh ab lnhbanjbj jg eghgpbp wh jdkwighzd rwg spg{ghzg kabpbighzg ab{nzwbknh bkzwba jg ab gispg{b(

Ab nhldpibknh pgrwgpnjb sdp ga grwnsd zkhnkd! sbpb jg{bppdaabp ga spg{ghzg g{zwjnd lwgpgkdsnabjb gh kwbzpd gi`bpkbkndhg{! nh{zbabkndhg{ gh zngppb lnpig ~ gh ad{ awebpg{ jg|n{nzb b{nehbjd{ sbpb ab dsgpbknh zwp{znkb! b zpb|{ jg d`{gp|bkndhg{ jnpgkzb{ ghpgkdppnjd{ swhzwbag{ ~ ghzpg|n{zb{ kdh sgp{dhba kab|g -Zpnswabknh! Bjinhn{zpbjdpg{!Ewb{ hbzwpban{zb{! ghzpg dzpd{.

Ga spg{ghzg g{zwjnd jg g{ wh nh{zpwighzd rwg hd{ sgpinznp kdhzbp kdh wh ibpkdpglgpghknba sbpb bsankbp ab{ sdaznkb{ bi`nghzbag{ g}n{zghzg{ gh ga sb{ d pgrwgpnjb{nhzgphbkndhbaighzg(

B kdhznhwbknh {g jgzbaabh ad{ pg{wazbjd{ d`zghnjd{ sdp ga grwnsd kdh{wazdp gh ab{gi`bpkbkndhg{ I$\ Kdpnhzmnbh! I$^ Labinhed ~ I$^ Agzz~ ~ ab{ nh{zbabkndhg{ jgbsd~d sbpb {w dsgpbknh(


6/150




2( Nhzpdjwkknh jga g{zwjnd

Ab{ N{ab{ Ebasbed{ kdh{znzw~gh wh gkd{n{zgib hnkd gh {w kab{g! sdp zba pbh ab{

Hbkndhg{ Whnjb{ ga 0= jg owand jg 2>5> jgkabp ba bpkmnsnabed kdid Sbzpnidhndhbzwpba jg ab Mwibhnjbj6 sd{zgpndpighzg! gh lg`pgpd jg 2>>=! ga ed`ngphd kpgb abPg{gp|b ibpnhb jg Ebasbed{! kdh whb g}zgh{nh jg :3 inaab{ ibpnhb{(

Ebasbed{ sdp {w{ kbpbkzgp{znkb{ hbzwpbag{ kdh{znzw~g whd jg ad{ {nznd{ zwp{znkd{ i{nisdpzbhzg{ gh ga iwhjd! ad kwba mb eghgpbjd epbhjg{ nhepg{d{ gkdhinkd{ spdjwkzd jgjnkmb bkzn|njbj( Ab jg{zpwkknh jga gkd{n{zgib ibpnhd ~ zgppg{zpg jg Ebasbed{ hd {daddkb{ndhbp whb spjnjb nppg|gp{n`ag jg ad{ pgkwp{d{ hbzwpbag{! {n hd rwg zbi`nh gh abjg{zpwkknh jg ab bkzn|njbj zwp{znkb! rwg g{z `b{bjb gh ab g}n{zghknb jg jnkmd{ pgkwp{d{hbzwpbag{(

Gh ga spg{ghzg g{zwjnd {g mbh njghznlnkbjd ad{ glgkzd{ hgebzn|d{ ~ sd{nzn|d{ rwg ab

bkzn|njbj zwp{znkb jg ab gispg{b @BPKD[ EBABSBED[! kdh {w{ kwbzpdgi`bpkbkndhg{! eghgpb {d`pg ga igjnd bi`nghzg( Bjgi{ {g kwbhznlnkb ~ spdsdhg ab{igjnjb{ kdppgkzn|b{! inznebjdpb{ d kdisgh{bzdpnb{ hgkg{bpnb{ sbpb jn{inhwnp d g|nzbpad{ jbd{ bi`nghzbag{ spg|n{zd{ ~ sdzghknbp ad{ nisbkzd{ sd{nzn|d{(


7/150




0( Ow{znlnkbknh jga g{zwjnd

G}n{zg ga nhzgp{ sdp sbpzg jg ab gispg{b @BPKD[ EBABSBED[ jg pgbanbp whg{zwjnd jg nisbkzd bi`nghzba nhjgsghjnghzg! {d`pg {w dsgpbknh zwp{znkb gh ab{ N{ab{

Ebasbed{(

Zdjb bkzn|njbj nhjw{zpnba ~ gispg{bpnba jg`g zghgp ga pg{sbajd jg wh g{zwjnd jgnisbkzd bi`nghzba rwg ag sgpinzb spg|ghnp ~ inhninbp ad{ nisbkzd{ hgebzn|d{6bjgi{ jg kwisanp kdh ab agen{abknh hbkndhba ~ idhnzdpgbp ab bkzn|njbj zwp{znkb(

Ad{ g{zwjnd{ jg g|bawbknh bi`nghzba kdh{znzw~gh whb mgppbinghzb lwhjbighzba sbpbnjghznlnkbp ab{ jnlgpghzg{ bazgphbzn|b{ ~ sd{nàg{ {dawkndhg{ bhzg ad{ spdàgib{kbw{bjd{ sdp whb jgzgpinhbjb bkzn|njbj mwibhb( Jghzpd jg g{zg kdhzg}zd g{hgkg{bpnd kdhzbp kdh nhldpibknh jg `b{g bkzwbanbjb {d`pg ad{ glgkzd{ rwg kbw{b abbkzn|njbj zwp{znkb jg @BPKD[ EBABSBED[ kdh ab lnhbanjbj jg nisagighzbpkdppgkzn|d{ rwg sgpinzbh rwg ab gispg{b {gb bi`nghzbaighzg pg{sdh{bàg(

Ga g{zwjnd jg nisbkzd bi`nghzba kdh{znzw~g ab `b{g nhnknba sbpb nisagighzbp wh{n{zgib jg eg{znh igjnd bi`nghzba -[EIB.! ga kwba sgpinzg g{zbàgkgp whbigzdjdadeb sbpb bakbhbp wh lwhkndhbinghzd glnkb jg bkwgpjd ba kwisaninghzd jgpgeabighzd{! spg{ndhg{ {dknbag{! lnhbhkngpb{ ~ kdisgznzn|b{( Ga g{zwjnd jg nisbkzdbi`nghzba spg|nghg png{ed{ igjnd bi`nghzbag{ ~ sdp ghjg jg kd{zd{(

G{zd{ g{zwjnd{ znghgh {w nisdpzbhknb ~ {g ow{znlnkbh gh ab igjnjb rwg sgpinzghjgid{zpbp ab |nb`nanjbj zkhnkb! gkdhinkb ~ bi`nghzba jg ab dsgpbknh( Ab|nb`nanjbj gkdhinkb dpnghzbjb b {gagkkndhbp ad{ igodpg{ jn{gd{ ~ {dawkndhg{kdppgkzn|b{ jg ighdp kd{zd b lnh jg dszninbp ad{ `ghglnknd{ gkdhinkd{ ~ {dknbag{{d`pg ab{ nh|gp{ndhg{(

[g spdjwkgh nhhgkg{bpnbighzg wh kdhowhzd jg nisbkzd{ {d`pg ga ghzdphd bi`nghzbasp}nid -Bpgb{ jg Nhlawghknb Jnpgkzb.! nisbkzd{ rwg znghgh wh kbpkzgp hgebzn|d!kdh whb adkbanbknh g{sbknba swhzwba! whb ibehnzwj igjnb ~ `bob! ~ whb jwpbknhidighzhgb d zgisdpba(


8/150




;( D@OGZN\D[ JGA G[ZWJND

;(2(Dògzn|d eghgpba

Njghznlnkbp ad{ spnhknsbag{ nisbkzd{ bi`nghzbag{ kbw{bjd{ sdp ab dsgpbknh zwp{znkbjg kwbzpd gi`bpkbkndhg{ ~ bhbanbp ab{ sd{nàg{ bazgphbzn|b{ sbpb pgjwknp ga glgkzd jgad{ nisbkzd{ hgebzn|d{ i{ {nehnlnkbzn|d{(

;(0(Dògzn|d{ g{sgklnkd{

Bhbanbp ~ jg{kpn`np ab{ jnlgpghzg{ gzbsb{ ~$d bkzn|njbjg{ eghgpbag{ {gewnjb{ jwpbhzgab dsgpbknh zwp{znkb gh ab{ kwbzpd gi`bpkbkndhg{ ~ {w nhlpbg{zpwkzwpb jg bsd~d(

G{znibp ab kbhznjbj ~ ga znsd jg jg{gkmd{ eghgpbjd{ gh kbjb whb jg ab{ gzbsb{ jgdsgpbknh(

Njghznlnkbp ad{ spnhknsbag{ nisbkzd{ bi`nghzbag{ rwg spd|dkb ab bkzn|njbj zwp{znkb jgab gispg{b! kdh {w{ kwbzpd gi`bpkbkndhg{! {d`pg ad{ pgkwp{d{ hbzwpbag{ ~ mwibhd{gh ab{ n{ab{(

Pgbanbp wh bhan{n{ jg {nehnlnkbhknb sbpb jgzgpinhbp ad{ nisbkzd{ bi`nghzbag{ jgib~dp nhzgh{njbj {d`pg ad{ jn|gp{d{ kdisdhghzg{ bi`nghzbag{(

Bhbanbp ab{ jnlgpghzg{ bazgphbzn|b{ sbpb inhninbp ad{ spnhknsbag{ glgkzd{ hgebzn|d{eghgpbjd{ sdp ab bkzn|njbj zwp{znkb(

Gab`dpbp wh sabh jg bkknh sbpb inznebp ad{ nisbkzd{ bi`nghzbag{ hgebzn|d{ ~sdzghknbp ad{ nisbkzd{ bi`nghzbag{ sd{nzn|d{(


9/150




:( IGZDJDADEB

:(2Jg{kpnsknh eghgpba

Ab igzdjdadeb gisagbjb sbpb ga jg{bppdaad jga spg{ghzg g{zwjnd g{z `b{bjb gh ad{spdkg{d{ jg{bppdaabjd{ sdp ga Spdepbib jg ab{ Hbkndhg{ Whnjb{ sbpb ga Igjndbi`nghzg

-WHGS! sdp {w{ {neab{ gh Nhea{.! sbpb g|bawbkndhg{ jg nisbkzd bi`nghzba -WHGS!2>>


10/150




D`zghknh jg nhldpibknh gh ga kbisd ~ kdispd`bknh( Bhan{n{ ~ {n{zgibznbknh jg ab nhldpibknh(

:(2(2 D`zghknh jg ab nhldpibknh `nàndeplnkb

Gh ab spnigpb gzbsb! {g pgban wh bhan{n{ jg ab nhldpibknh g}n{zghzg sbpb ad kwba {gpgkdsnabpdh ad{ jdkwighzd{ gab`dpbjd{ bhzgpndpighzg sdp jnlgpghzg{ dpebhnbkndhg{g{zbzbag{! gispg{b{ spn|bjb{ ~ dpebhnbkndhg{ hd ew`gphbighzbag{! pgabkndhbjb{ kdh abbkzn|njbj zwp{znkb! kdh ab lnhbanjbj jg g{zbàgkgp?

) Ga ibpkd ageba sbpb ga jg{bppdaad jg ab dsgpbknh) Ab{ ag~g{ ~ pgeabighzd{ bsankbàg{ b ab bkzn|njbj jg @BPKD[ EBABSBED[

[(B() Ab nhldpibknh jg `b{g ~ ad{ jdkwighzd{ spganinhbpg{ pgabkndhbjd{ kdh ab

zgiznkb jg g{zwjnd(

Zdjb ab nhldpibknh pgkdsnabjb lwg kab{nlnkbjb! {n{zgibznbjb ~ zb`wabjb(

:(2(0 D`zghknh jg ab nhldpibknh jg kbisd ~ kdispd`bknh

[g pgbanbpdh ghzpg|n{zb{ kdh sgp{dhba jg ab gispg{b gh gi`bpkbkndhg{! sgp{dhbabjinhn{zpbzn|d zwpn{zb{! ewb{ ~ sdàbjdpg{ adkbag{( Ab{ ghzpg|n{zb{ lwgpdh dpnghzbjb{sbpb d`zghgp nhldpibknh {d`pg? jn{sd{nknh jg jg{gkmd{! zpbh{sdpzg jg nh{wid{!nhlpbg{zpwkzwpb pgrwgpnjb! kdhjnkndhg{ ab`dpbag{! {n{zgib{ wznanbjd{ sbpb ab spdzgkknhjg ad{ pgkwp{d{ hbzwpbag{ ~ ab {bawj jg ad{ zpb`bobjdpg{ g njghznlnkbknh jg ad{ spnhknsbag{spdàgib{ bi`nghzbag{ rwg dkb{ndhb ab bkzn|njbj zwp{znkb(

[g pgban wh kmgrwgd kdisagighzbpnd jg zdjb ab jdkwighzbknh jn{sdhnàg gh ab{gi`bpkbkndhg{ ~ gh ab{ dlnknhb{ jg zngppb gh [bh Kpn{z`ba kdid {dh ad{ kgpznlnkbjd{`{nkd{ pgrwgpnjd{ sbpb ab dsgpbknh! ibhwbag{ w{bjd{! pgeabighzd{ nhzgphd{! ghzpgdzpd{(

Igjnbhzg ad{ pgkdppnjd{ ~ d`{gp|bkndhg{ jg kbisd {g adep zghgp bkkg{d ba ibhgod jg abdsgpbknh jwpbhzg ab{ |n{nzb{ gh ab{ |n{nzb{444! spdkgjninghzd{ eghgpbag{ ghjg{gi`bprwg{ ~ gi`bprwg{! pgkdppnjd{ gh {ghjgpd{! bzghknh ba zwpn{zb! g{zbzw{ ab`dpba!jn{sd{nknh jg jg{gkmd{! b`b{zgkninghzd jg kdi`w{znàg{! aw`pnkbhzg{! ||gpg{! ghzpgdzpd{(


11/150




Whnjbjg{ ~ {nznd{ jg iwg{zpd

[g kdh{njgpbpdh whnjbjg{ jg iwg{zpgd b ab{ kwbzpd gi`bpkbkndhg{ kdh ab{ rwg dsgpb abgispg{b sbpb ga jg{bppdaad jg {w bkzn|njbj zwp{znkb! b kdhznhwbknh {g jg{kpn`gh ab{kbpbkzgp{znkb{ jg kbjb gi`bpkbknh(

I$\ KDPNHZMNBH

Lb`pnkbknh? G{zbjd{ Whnjd{! Nhjnbhb 2>>; zdh{\gadknjbj? 27 hwjd{ jg |gadknjbj kpwkgpdKbsbknjbj Zwp{znkb?Zpnswabknh?

:= sgp{dhb{0= sgp{dhb{

W{d$[gp|nknd$Zpblnkd? Swànkd$Sb{bogpd{ jg kpwkgpd$Kb`dzbog Hbkndhba

Grwnsd gagkzphnkd? Pbjnd`banbKbsnzh b Kbped Kbs( Pnkmbpj Pd`banhd

I$^ LABINHED

Lb`pnkbknh? Gkwbjdp! Ewb~brwna! 2>>2(Adhenzwj? 0:(= igzpd{ g{adpb

5( ;7 igzpd{ ibhebZdh{? 0:2 Z(I(\gadknjbj? 20 hwjd{ jg |gadknjbj kpwkgpd

Kbsbknjbj Zwp{znkb?Zpnswabknh? 03 sgp{dhb{> sgp{dhb{W{d$[gp|nknd$Zpblnkd? Sànkd$Sb{bogpd{ jg kpwkgpd$Kb`dzbog HbkndhbaGrwnsd gagkzphnkd? Pbjnd`banbKbsnzh b Kbped Kbs( Bhjp{ \gpebpb

I$^ AGZZ^

Lb`pnkbknh? Gkwbjdp! Ewb~brwna! 2>>:(Adhenzwj? 07(> igzpd{ g{adpb

5( ;: igzpd{ ibheb

Zdh{? 0;: Z(I(\gadknjbj? 20 hwjd{ jg |gadknjbj kpwkgpdKbsbknjbj Zwp{znkb?Zpnswabknh?

03 sgp{dhb{> sgp{dhb{

W{d$[gp|nknd$Zpblnkd? Sànkd$Sb{bogpd{ jg kpwkgpd$Kb`dzbog Hbkndhba


12/150




Grwnsd gagkzphnkd? Pbjnd`banbKbsnzh b Kbped Kbs( Pblbga Ba`wob

I$^ GPNK

Lb`pnkbknh? Gkwbjdp! Ewb~brwna! 2>>3(Adhenzwj? 0:(>7 igzpd{ g{adpb

5( ;7 igzpd{ ibhebZdh{? 0;5 Z(I(\gadknjbj? 20 hwjd{ jg |gadknjbj kpwkgpdKbsbknjbj Zwp{znkb?Zpnswabknh?

03 sgp{dhb{> sgp{dhb{

W{d$[gp|nknd$Zpblnkd? Sànkd$Sb{bogpd{ jg kpwkgpd$Kb`dzbog HbkndhbaGrwnsd gagkzphnkd? Pbjnd`banb

Kbsnzh b kbped? Kbs( Lpbhf Idhkb~d

[nznd{ jg iwg{zpgd

[g kdh{njgpbpdh {nznd{ jg iwg{zpgd brwgaad{ pgabkndhbjd{ kdh ab dsgpbknh zwp{znkb ghzdjb{ {w{ gzbsb{( [g jgzgpinhbpdh dkmd {nznd{ jg iwg{zpgd eghgpbag{ ~ |bpnd{ g{sgklnkd{sdp gi`bpkbknh kdh ab lnhbanjbj jg kdhzbp kdh whb iwg{zpb mdidehgb sbpb ad{ bhan{n{pgrwgpnjd{(

) Jgsbpzbighzd bjinhn{zpbzn|d gh ab{ n{ab{) @djgeb{ jg kdi`w{znàg{ ~ aw`pnkbhzg{) @djgeb{ jg banighzd{) Awebpg{ jg b`b{zgkninghzd) Awebpg{ jg |n{nzb gh ab{ n{ab{) Pgkdppnjd{ jg ab{ gi`bpkbkndhg{) Pgkdppnjd{ gh zngppb lnpig) Kghzpd{ sdàbjd{

:(2(; Kdispd`bknh jg kbisd

Jwpbhzg g{zb gzbsb {g -pgbanbph. pgbanbpdh |bpnb{ bkzn|njbjg{ gh kbjb whd jg ad{ {nznd{jg iwg{zpgd sbpb ab sabhnlnkbknh ~ kdhjwkknh jg ad{ g{zwjnd{ jg kbisd rwgspdsdpkndhbh ab nhldpibknh jg `b{g hgkg{bpnb sbpb ga jg{bppdaad jga g{zwjnd?

Bhan{n{ jg zdjd{ ad{ kdisdhghzg{ rwg nhkaw~g ab bkzn|njbj zwp{znkb jg @BPKD[EBABSBED[(

Njghznlnkbknh jg kdisdhghzg{ bi`nghzbag{ Bsankbknh jg ghkwg{zb{


13/150




Pgkdppnjd{ sdp ad{ {nznd{ jg iwg{zpgd Sdhjgpbknh ~ bhan{n{ jg ad{ glgkzd{ {d`pg ad{ pgkwp{d{ hbzwpbag{ -lbwhb! ladpb!

pgkwp{d{ ibpnhd{ ~ bnpg.( Njghznlnkbknh ~ jgzgpinhbknh jg nisbkzd{ {nehnlnkbzn|d{ Pg{wigh ~ bhan{n{ jg ad{ mbaabed{ -Spgjnkknh ~ g{znibknh. Pgkdsnabknh jg ibzgpnba ldzdeplnkd

:(2(: Bhan{n{ ~ {n{zgibznbknh jg ab nhldpibknh

Sbpb ga jg{bppdaad jg g{zb gzbsb {g mb jglnhnjd kdid pgrwn{nzd `{nkd zdjd{ ad{ jbzd{bjrwnpnjd{ gh ab{ lb{g{ jg pgkdsnabknh jg nhldpibknh ~ kdispd`bknh jg kbisd(

Ga bhan{n{ jg{bppdaabjd gh ga spg{ghzg nhldpig g{z `b{bjd gh ab eghgpbknh jgnhldpibknh jg `b{g pgrwgpnjb sbpb?

2( Jg{kpn`np ga i`nzd jg bkknh gh ga rwg {g jg{bppdaab ab bkzn|njbj zwp{znkb ~ ab{spnhknsbag{ bkzn|njbjg{ jg ab gispg{b

0( Njghznlnkbp ad{ nisbkzd{ {dknd bi`nghzbag{ i{ {nehnlnkbzn|d{ sbpb jgzgpinhbpab{ pgb{ jg ib~dp blgkzbknh sdp ga jg{bppdaad jg ab bkzn|njbj zwp{znkb

;( Spndpnbp ab{ bkkndhg{ ghkbinhbjb{ b ab inznebknh jg ad{ nisbkzd{ {dknbag{hgebzn|d{ gh ga pgb jg nhlawghknb jga spd~gkzd(

:( Gogkwzbp wh sabh jg bkknh b kdpzd ~ igjnbhd sabd! ghkbinhbjd ba jg{bppdaad jgwhb bkzn|njbj zwp{znkb ibhgobjb `bod kpnzgpnd{ jg {d{zghn`nanjbj

7( Idhnzdpgbp ab{ bkkndhg{ b gogkwzbp{g jghzpd jga Sabh jg Bkknh sbpb b{gewpbp gakwisaninghzd jg ad{ d`ogzn|d{ jg @BPKD[ EBABSBED[ [(B(

B sbpznp jg ab jg{kpnsknh jg ad{ spdkg{d{ jg dsgpbknh zwp{znkb! {g bhbanbpdh ab{pgabkndhg{ g}n{zghzg{ ghzpg ab{ jn{znhzb{ bkzn|njbjg{ ~ kdisdhghzg{ bi`nghzbag{njghznlnkbjd{( Ab nhldpibknh d`zghnjb {g dpjgh gh whb ibzpn jg njghznlnkbknh jgglgkzd{ ~! jg g{zg idjd! {g g{zb`agkngpdh ad{ nisbkzd{ bi`nghzbag{ i{ {nehnlnkbzn|d{(


14/150




7( JG[KPNSKNH EGHGPBA JGA PGB JG DSGPBKNH ZWP[ZNKB

7(2 Kbpbkzgp{znkb{ jg ad{ {nznd{ jg |n{nzb Hdzb jg oa? ab jg{kpnsknh ghwwhknbjbgh ad{ sppbld{ {w`{newnghzg{ hd znghgh rwg |gp kdh ad rwg spdsdhg ga {w`zzwad

Ebasbed{! spd|nhknb nh{wabp jga Gkwbjdp {g ghkwghzpb w`nkbjb gh ga dkbhd sbklnkd! b

>50 fi jga kdhznhghzg ba dg{zg jg ab kd{zb gkwbzdpnbhb! ghzpg ad{ => epbjd{ ~ >0 epbjd{jg adhenzwj dkknjghzba( Ab spd|nhknb jg Ebasbed{ g{zb kdiswg{zb sdp ; kbhzdhg{? [bhKpn{z`ba! N{b`gab ~ [bhzb Kpw(

Ga Bpkmnsnabed jg Ebasbed{ kdh{n{zg gh zpgkg n{ab{ ib~dpg{! {gn{ n{ab{ sgrwgb{!kwbpghzb ~ jd{ n{adzg{! ~ |gnhzn{n{ pdkb{ jn{zpn`wnjb{ gh wh pgb bspd}nibjb jg dkmghzbina rwnhnghzd{ fnaigzpd{ kwbjpbjd{( Kgpkb jga >5' jg ab {wsgplnkng zgppg{zpg jgabpkmnsnabed g{z kdispghjnjb jghzpd jga Sbprwg Hbkndhba Ebasbed{! ga kwba g{ wh[nznd jg Sbzpnidhnd Hbzwpba jg ab Mwibhnjbj( Ga ;' pg{zbhzg kdispghjg pgb{mb`nzbjb{ gh {bhzb kpw! {bh Kpn{z`ba! N{b`gab! Ladpgbhb ~ ab N{ab @bazpb(

Ab{ N{ab{ Ebasbed{ {dh kdhdknjb{ gh ga i`nzd iwhjnba sdp {w ladpb! lbwhb ~ ad{ pb{ed{

egdeplnkd{ jg {w{ bi`nghzg{ zgppg{zpg{ ~ ibpnhd{( B ab{ N{ab{ zbi`nh {g ag{ mb swg{zd gahdi`pg jg |nzpnhb jg ab g|dawknh sdp {w b{dknbknh kdh ab{ zgdpb{ jg ab g|dawknhsdp {gagkknh hbzwpba spdswg{zb{ sdp Kmbpag{ Jbpunh! b{gewpbhjd rwg ab{ n{ab{ zghebh whawebp nisdpzbhzg gh ab mn{zdpnb jg ab knghknb(

Ga bn{abinghzd jg Ebasbed{ jga kdhznhghzg [wj Bigpnkbhd sdp whb `bppgpb dkghnkb jg2333 Fi(! {w gjbj egdaenkb pgknghzg ~ {w{ bi`nghzg{ kd{zgpd{ md{znag{ mbh aninzbjd abkdadhnbknh jg ladpb ~ lbwhb jg{jg blwgpb! sgpinznghjd b{ ab g|dawknh jg g{sgkng{ ~gkd{n{zgib{ rwg {dh hnkd{ gh ga iwhjd(

Ga Ed`ngphd jga Gkwbjdp mb zdibjd |bpnb{ igjnjb{ sbpb b{gewpbp ab spdzgkknh jg ad{pb{ed{ hbzwpbag{ jga Bpkmnsnabed ~ ab kdh{gp|bknh jg {w{ g{sgkng{ ~ gkd{n{zgib{hnkd{( Baewhb{ jg g{zb{ igjnjb{ {dh ab jgkabpbknh jga Sbprwg Hbkndhba Ebasbed{ gh2>7>6 ab jgkabpbknh jg ab Pg{gp|b Ibpnhb gh 2>=== ~6 ga Sabh Ead`ba jg Zwpn{id ~ Kdh{gp|bknh Gkdaenkb sbpb ab{N{ab{ Ebasbed{ gh 2>>2( Gh g{zd{ sabhg{ ab{ spndpnjbjg{ hbkndhbag{ sbpb ab spd|nhknb {gjglnhgh kdid? 2 kdh{gp|bknh jg ad{ pb{ed{ egdeplnkd{ ~ g{sgkng{ hnkb{ b{ kdid gaibhzghninghzd jg spdkg{d{ g|dawzn|d{6 0 jg{bppdaad {w{zghzb`ag jghzpd jg ad{ ainzg{niswg{zd{ sdp ad{ gkd{n{zgib{ ebabsbewgd{! ~6 ; ab jgkabpbknh jg {d`gpbhb(

7(0Pgkwp{d{ lbwh{znkd{ gh kbjb whb jg ab{ n{ab{ |n{nzbjb{

Kdh ga zngisd iwkmd{ bhnibag{ bakbhbpdh b aagebp b ab{ n{ab{! ~b {gb |dabhjd! hbjbhjd

d ladzbhjd bkknjghzbaighzg kdh ab{ kdppnghzg{ ibpnhb{(Kmbpag{ Jbpunh! kwbhjd |n{nz ab{ n{ab{ mbkg wh {nead ~ igjnd! {g kdh|npzn gh ab spnigpbsgp{dhb gh pgkdhdkgp ab whnknjbj jg ab lbwhb jg Ebasbed{( Mb`nghjd g|dawkndhbjd ghbn{abinghzd kdisagzd! iwkmd{ bhnibag{ {dh ghjinkd{(


15/150




Ga mdi`pg ba aagebp b ab{ n{ab{ zpbod kdh{ned bhnibag{ jdi{znkd{! rwg ba {gp jg{kwnjbjd{~ b`bhjdhbjd{ sdp {w{ jwgd{! {g zpbh{ldpibpdh gh bhnibag{ {ba|bog{( G{zd{ bhnibag{nhzpdjwknjd{ kbw{bh jbd b ab ladpb ~ lbwhb hbzn|b ~ ghjinkb jg ab{ n{ab{ jdhjg mb`nzbh(

Gh ab{ n{ab{ {g swgjgh d`{gp|bp bjgi{ g{sgkng{ lbwh{znkb{ hbzn|b{(

PGSZNAG[

Ga bpkmnsnabed kwghzb kdh 00 g{sgkng{ jg pgsznag{! jn{zpn`wnjb{ gh knhkd lbinanb{?

Zg{zwjnhnjbg Zdpzweb{ zgppg{zpg{Kmgadhnnjbg Zdpzweb{ ibpnhb{Newbhnjbg Abebpznob{ g newbhb{Egffdhnjbg Egkd{ ~ {babibhrwg{b{Kdaw`pnjbg Kwag`pb{

Jg g{zb{ g{sgkng{! 03 {dh ghjinkb{ sbpb ab{ n{ab{ ~ jg g{zb{! iwkmb{ {dh ghjinkb{ jgn{ab{ nhjn|njwbag{(

An{zb 2( Pgsznag{

Eabsbed -zdpzweb enebhzg. Egdkmgadhg gagsmbhzdsw{Zdpzweb |gpjg jga Sbknlnkd Kmgadhnb i~jb{Kwag`pb jg Ebasbed{ Smnadjp~b{ {s(! Ba{dsmn{ {ss(Kwag`pb ibpnhb Sgabin{ sabzwpw{Egkd -{babphbhrwg{b. Sm~aadjbkz~aw{ {ss(Abebpznob jg ab|b Zpdsnjwpw{ {ss(Newbhb zgppg{zpg jg Ebasbed{ Kdhdadsmw{ {w`kpn{zbzw{Newbhb zgppg{zpg jg [bhzb Lg Kdhdadsmw{ sbaanjw{Newbhb ibpnhb Bià~pm~hkmw{ kpn{zbzw{

Zdpzweb{ zgppg{zpg{

Ab{ nh|g{znebkndhg{ {wengpgh rwg mw`d spd`bàgighzg 2: pbb{ d {w`g{sgkng{ jgEgdkmgadhg gagsmbhzdsw{ -Obkf{dh 2>>5.( Gh ab bkzwbanjbj rwgjbh {ad 23 pbb{ |nbàg{~ 2 gogisabp jg ab pbb rwg mb`nzb`b ab n{ab Snhzb -GKKmJ 0333.(

7 jg ab{ 22 pbb{ {wsgp|n|nghzg{ {g mbaabh gh ad{ knhkd |dakbhg{ spnhknsbag{ jg N{b`gab! ~ab{ dzpb{ < {g ghkwghzpbh gh [bhznbed! [bhzb Kpw! [bh Kpn{z`ba! Snhh! G{sbdab ~ ga

gogisabp jg Snhzb rwg g{z gh ab G{zbknh Knghzlnkb Kmbpag{ Jbpunh gh [bhzb Kpw(Ad{ knhkd |dakbhg{ {gsbpbjd{ jg N{b`gab sbpgkgh mb`gp spdjwknjd ga bn{abinghzd{wlnknghzg ~ hgkg{bpnd! sdp ad ighd{ gh ad rwg pg{sgkzb b ab{ zdpzweb{! sbpb eghgpbp abldpibknh jg pbb{ jn{znhzb{(


16/150




Ab{ zdpzweb{ jnlngpgh jg n{ab gh n{ab spnhknsbaighzg gh ab ldpib jg {w{ kbpbsbkmd{6 ad{i{ sgrwgd{! znsd idhzwpb jg G{sbdab ~ Snhzb! ~ ad{ i{ epbhjg{! znsd jdid gh [bhzbKpw ~ \dakh Bakgjd gh N{b`gab! sb{bhjd sdp ldpib{ nhzgpigjnb{( G{zb{ jnlgpghknb{ {gmbh jbjd kdid bjbszbkndhg{ b ad{ jn|gp{d{ bi`nghzg{ jg ab{ n{ab{! gh kwbhzd b abjn{sdhn`nanjbj jg banighzd( Ab{ zdpzweb{ enebhzg{ {dh |gegzbpnbhb{ ~ kdigh whb bisanb|bpngjbj jg sabhzb{(

Bkzwbaighzg iwkmb{ jg ab{ sd`abkndhg{ jg zdpzweb{ {dh sdkd hwigpd{b{ ~ kdppghsganepd jg jg{bsbpgkgp sdp ab jgspgjbknh gogpknjb sdp sbpzg jg ad{ ibilgpd{nhzpdjwknjd{(

Zdpzweb{ ibpnhb{

Kgpkb jg lnh jg bd! ab{ bewb{ jg Ebasbed{ {g zpbh{ldpibh gh pgb{ jg pgspdjwkknh jgab zdpzweb ibpnhb |gpjg jga Sbklnkd Kmgadhnb i~jb{ beb{{n{n! rwg g{ ab hnkb g{sgkngpg{njghzg jg ab{ n{ab{(

Ab{ zdpzweb{ kdadkbh {w{ mwg|d{ gh dhb{ jg sab~b( Ab{ sgrwgb{ zdpzweb{ gigpegh

eghgpbaighzg gh ab hdkmg ~ {g jnpnegh ba ibp( Gh dkb{ndhg{ kwbhjd gigpegh gh ga jbswgjgh kdh|gpznp{g gh spg{b{ jg kbhepgod{ lbhzb{ib{! eb|nabhg{! kwkw|g{ ~ lpbebzb{(

Mb~ baewhb{ sab~b{ jg bhnjbknh gh Ebasbed{ jdhjg kgpjd{ {ba|bog{ ~ pbzb{ {dhnhzgh{d{ jgspgjbjdpg{(

Ga hnkd jgspgjbjdp hbzwpba jg mwg|d{ g{ ga g{kbpb`bod Zpd} {w`gpd{w{ kw~b{ abp|b{ ~bjwazd{ {g banighzbh jg ad{ mwg|d{ gh ga hnjd ~ zbi`nh ad{ kbhepgod{ lbhzb{ib{ rwnghg{kb|bh sbpb aagebp ba hnjd(

Mb~ dzpb{ zpg{ g{sgkng{ jg zdpzweb{ ibpnhb{ rwg {g ghkwghzpbh dkb{ndhbaighzg gh ab{bewb{ jg Ebasbed{? Zdpzweb abj Jgpidkmga~{ kdpnbkgb! zdpzweb kbpg~ Gpgzidkmga~{ni`pnkbzb ~ ab zdpzweb dan|bAgsnjdkmga~{ dan|bkgb(

Kwag`pb{

Mb~ zpg{ g{sgkng{ jg kwag`pb{! kbjb whb kdh jd{ d zpg{ {w`g{sgkng{ ghjinkb{ jg ab{n{ab{?

Smnadjp~b{ -Jpdinkw{. n{gpban{Ba{dsmn{ -Jpdinkw{. jdp{ban{Ba{dsmn{ {ag|nhn

Hd mb~ spg{ghknb jg kwag`pb{ gh hnhewhb jg ab{ n{ab{ jg ab kbjghb {gszghzpndhba! sgpdg{zh bisanbighzg jn{zpn`wnjb{ ~ {dh kdiwhg{ gh zdjb{ ab{ dzpb{ n{ab{ spnhknsbag{(

[g banighzbh jg abebpznob{ jg ab|b! egkd{! {babibhrwg{b{! kpb{ jg newbhb ibpnhb! pbzb{ ~{bazbidhzg{( Dkb{ndhbaighzg kbbh snkmdhg{ jg kwkw|g{ ~ snhdhg{(


17/150




Kdid jgspgjbjdp hbzwpba jg ab{ kwag`pb{ g{z ga eb|nah ~ jg ldpib jnpgkzb g nhjnpgkzbad{ ebzd{ {ba|bog{! ~b rwg {g banighzbh jg kwag`pb{ ~ zbi`nh jg abebpznob{ rwgkdh{znzw~gh lwghzg jg banighzd jg ab{ kwag`pb{(

Gh ab{ bewb{ jg Ebasbed{ {g swgjg d`{gp|bp ab kwag`pb jg |nghzpg bibpnaad Sgabin{sabzwpw{! rwg g{ whb g{sgkng ibpnhb iw~ g}zghjnjb gh {w jn{zpn`wknh egdeplnkb(

Egkd{

[dh pgsznag{ hdkzwphd{ jg dod{ epbhjg{ rwg {g banighzbh jg nh{gkzd{ sgrwgd{( Ga egkdhbzn|d sgpzghgkg ba ehgpd Sm~aadjbkz~aw{ ~ {g kab{nlnkb gh sdp ad ighd{ {gn{ g{sgkng{!knhkd jg ab{ kwbag{ {dh ghjinkb{ -Upnemz 2>=;.(

[geh Mddeidgj 2>=>! mb~ zpg{ g{sgkng{ nhzpdjwknjb{ b{dknbjb{ kdh ab{ |n|nghjb{mwibhb{? Edhbzdjg{ kbwjn{kwzbzw{! Sm~aadjbkz~aw{ pgn{{n ~Agsnjdjbkz~aw{ awew`pn{(

Abebpznob{ jg ab|b

[g ghkwghzpbh gh ab{ zngppb{ `bob{ {gkb{( Mb~ {ngzg g{sgkng{ ghjinkb{ jg Zpdsnjwpw{ ghga bpkmnsnabed! ~ {g jb whb g{sgkng gh kbjb whb jg ab{ n{ab{ g}kgszd gh Eghd|g{b!Jbpunh ~ Udal jdhjg hd mb~( [g banighzbh jg whb |bpngjbj jg nh{gkzd{ sgrwgd{ ~dzpd{ bpzpsdjd{(

Ab jn{zpn`wknh! |bpnbknh jg ldpib! kdadp ~ kdisdpzbinghzd! spwg`b ab spg{ghknb jgpbjnbknh bjbszbzn|b gh ab{ abebpznob{ jg ab|b( Sdp gogisad! mb~ whb g{sgkng spg{ghzg ghzdjb{ ab{ n{ab{ jg ab sbpzg kghzpba ~ dkknjghzba! inghzpb{ rwg whb g{sgkng sdp n{ab {g jb ghdzpb{ {gn{ n{ab{ i{ sgpnlpnkb{(

Ab n{ab Eghd|g{b hd znghg pgsznag{ zgppg{zpg{6 ad rwg {g swgjg bzpn`wnp b ab jnpgkknh jgab{ kdppnghzg{ dkghnkb{ spgjdinhbhzg{ rwg ad{ mb`pb jg{|nbjd jg g{zg awebp(

Ab{ abebpznob{ jg ab|b {dh |wahgpb`ag{ b ab jgspgjbknh sdp sbpzg jg jn|gp{d{ bhnibag{?eb|nabhg{! kwag`pb{! kwkw|g{! ebpb{! g nhkaw{d kngisn{(

Newbhb{ zgppg{zpg{

[g ghkwghzpbh gh ab{ pgb{ i{ {gkb{ jg {gn{ jg ab{ n{ab{ w`nkbjb{ gh ab sbpzg kghzpba ~dg{zg jga bpkmnsnabed(

[g jbh jd{ g{sgkng{ jga ehgpd Kdhdadsmw{! ghjinkd jg Ebasbed{( Ab g{sgkng K(sbaanjw{ {g pg{zpnheg b ab n{ab [bhzb Lg! inghzpb{ rwg ab g{sgkng K( {w`kpn{zbzw{ g{z ghab{ n{ab{ @bazpb! N{b`gab! [bhzb Kpw! Lgphbhjnhb ~ Sabb [wp(

Ab{ lpwzb{ ~ kabjndad{ jga kbkzd Dswhznb {dh ga spnhknsba banighzd jg ab{ newbhb{zgppg{zpg{! b ad{ rwg kdisagighzbh kdh iwkmb{ dzpb{ sabhzb{ g nh{gkzd{( Zbi`nh kdighkngisn{


18/150




Ad{ ow|ghnag{ ~ bjwazd{ hd {wlpgh jg spgjbknh sdp sbpzg jg g{sgkng{ hbzn|b{ {nhd jgbhnibag{ nhzpdjwknjd{? kdisgzghknb sdp banighzd kdh kb`pb{! jg{zpwkknh jg mwg|d{ sdppbzb{ ~ kgpjd{! jgspgjbknh sdp sbpzg jg sgppd{ ~ ebzd{(

Newbhb{ ibpnhb{

Ab newbhb ibpnhbBià~pmnhkmw{ kpn{zbzw{ g{ ab hnkb newbhb gh ga iwhjd rwg ghzpb baibp! ~ {g ghkwghzpb gh zdjb{ ab{ n{ab{ jga bpkmnsnabed(

[g banighzb jg baeb{ pdob{ d |gpjg{ rwg {g mbaabh ghzpg ab{ ahgb{ jg ibpgb{ d `bod ab{wsgplnkng ibpnhb( Dkb{ndhbaighzg kdigh ab{ mgkg{ jg {w spdsnb g{sgkng! jg ad`d{ibpnhd{ ~ kbhepgod{ pdod{(

Ab{ kpb{ {dh jgspgjbjb{ sdp kwag`pb{! eb|ndzb{ jg ab|b ~ ebpb{! ~ zbi`nh sdp ebzd{jdi{znkd{ nhzpdjwknjd{ rwg {g mbh |wgazd lgpbag{( Ga eb|nah ebabsbewgd g{spd`bàgighzg ga jgspgjbjdp hbzn|d i{ nisdpzbhzg jg ab{ newbhb{ bjwazb{(

B\G[ IBPNHB[

G}n{zgh 2> g{sgkng{ jg b|g{ ibpnhb{ pg{njghzg{! jg ab{ kwbag{ 7 {dh ghjinkb{( [gehMbppn{ 2>=:! gh ab{ n{ab{ g}n{zgh 573 ina b|g{ ibpnhb{! rwg nhkaw~gh? ga ;3 ' jg absdàbknh iwhjnba jg snrwgpd{ jg sbzb{ bwag{! ab kdadhnb i{ epbhjg gh ga iwhjd jgsnrwgpd{ sbzb{ pdob{! ~ ab kdhkghzpbknh i{ bazb jg snrwgpd{ ghib{kbpbjd{ jga sabhgzb(

An{zb 0( B|g{ ibpnhb{

Snh nhd jg Ebasb d{ [smghn{kw{ ighjnkwaw{Ba bzpd{ jg Eba b d{ Jndigjgb nppdpbzbSwlnhd Sw nhw{ a%mgpinhngpn

Sbzb sg bjb Szgpdjpdib smbgds~enbSgzpga jg Eba b d{ Dkgbhdjpdib zgzm {Sgzpga jg Ibjgnpb Dkgbhdjpdib kb{zpdSgzpga jg Gaandz Dkgbhnzg{ pbknan{S bpd zpd nkba d nadzd Smbgzmdh bgzmpgw{Sgakbhd kbl Sgagkbhw{ dkknjghzban{Sn wgpd jg bzb{ bwag{ [wab hg`dw}nSn wgpd ghib{kbpbjd [wab jbkz abzpbSnrwgpd jg sbzb{ pd b{ [wab {wabKdpidph hd |dabjdp Hbhhd zghwi mbppn{nLpb bzb pgba Lpg bzb ib hn nkgh{Lpb bzb kdih Lpgebzb inhdpEb|ndzb jg kdab `nlwpkbjb Kpgb pw{ wpkbzw{Eb|ndzb jg ab|b Abpw{ wan nhd{w{Hdjn d b|ndzh bpjd Bhdw{ {zdanjw{Eb|ndzb jg Lpbhfanh Abpw{ n n}kbhEb|ndzh znhbjd [zgphb w{kbzbEb|ndzh pgba Zmbab{{gw{ ib}niw{


19/150




B kdhznhwbknh {g bhdzbh ad{ jgzbaag{ gkdaenkd{ i{ {d`pg{banghzg{ jg kbjb whb jg ab{b|g{ ibpnhb{ spg{ghzg{ gh ga bpkmnsnabed! `b{bjd{ gh ad{ zpb`bod{ jg Hga{dh -2>55!2>5>.! @dgp{ib -2>5


20/150




[g pgspdjwkgh b ad abped jga bd! kbjb hwg|g d jng ig{g{ bspd}nibjbighzg( Kbjbsbpgob sdhg wh mwg|d jnpgkzbighzg gh ga {wgad! gh md~d{ jg `bppbhkd{ ~ ibjpnewgpb{(

Gh ga bpkmnsnabed {g ghkwghzpbh ldpibhjd 0> kdadhnb{ d i{(

Ga sgzpga sbzb sgebjb bhnjb gh ab{ n{ab{ Mbubn ~ gh ab{ Ebasbed{! sgpd gh ab{ spnigpb{

g{z spkznkbighzg g}znhzb jg`njd b {w pgjwkknh sdp sbpzg jg jgspgjbjdpg{nhzpdjwknjd{( Gh Ebasbed{ {g ghkwghzpb gh sganepd sdp ab pgjwkknh jg ab sd`abknh(

[dh b|g{ sgaenkb{ ~b rwg `w{kbh ga banighzd agod{ jg ab{ n{ab{( [g banighzbhspnhknsbaighzg jg kbabibpg{ ~ sgkg{ igjnbhd{(

Ab sdkb jg bhnjbknh |b jg owhnd b bed{zd gh [bhzb Kpw! inghzpb{ rwg gh dzpb{ n{ab{znghgh jnlgpghzg{ sgpdjd{( Bhnjb gh ab{ zngppb{ bazb{ migjb{ jg ab{ n{ab{ i{ epbhjg{(Kbjb sbpgob sdhg wh mwg|d gh ibjpnewgpb{ jg zngppb spdlwhjb(

Gh ga bpkmnsnabed {g ghkwghzpbh ldpibhjd knhkd kdadhnb{(

Sgzpgag{ jg zdpighzb d edadhjpnhb{ jg ibp

[g ghkwghzpbh zpg{ g{sgkng{ {ninabpg{ jg sgzpgag{ jg ibp? sgzpga jg Ibjgnpb! sgzpga jgEbasbed{ ~ sgzpga jg Gaandz(

Ga sgzpga jg Ibjgnpb g{ sgaenkd! `w{kbh ga banighzd agod{ jg ab{ n{ab{( Kbszwpbh {w{spg{b{ igjnbhzg bi`waanjb! rwg kdh{n{zgh spnhknsbaighzg jg sgkg{ kdh ;3)73 ki jgabped ~ kglbasdjd{ iw~ sgrwgd{(

Ab sdkb jg bhnjbknh g{ |bpnb`ag( Kbjb sbpgob sdhg wh mwg|d gh epngzb{ jg pdkb{ ~`bppbhkd{ kd{zgpd{(Gh ga bpkmnsnabed {g ghkwghzpbh ldpibhjd rwnhkg kdadhnb{(

Ga sgzpga jg Ebasbed{ g{ sgaenkd sgpd zbi`nh `w{kb {w banighzd ghzpg n{ab{( Kbszwpbh{w{ spg{b{ igjnbhzg bi`waanjb{! spnhknsbaighzg sgkg{ sgrwgd{! sdkd{ kglbasdjd{ ~kpw{zkgd{(

Ab sdkb jg bhnjbknh |b jg ib~d b owhnd( Kbjb sbpgob sdhg wh mwg|d gh epngzb{ jgpdkb ~ `bppbhkd{ kd{zgpd{(

Gh ga bpkmnsnabed {g ghkwghzpbh ldpibhjd zpg{ kdadhnb{(

Ga sgzpga jg Gaandz {g banighzb kgpkb jg ab dpnaab( Kbszwpbh {w{ spg{b{ igjnbhzg sbzbagd!

kdh{n{zgh spnhknsbaighzg jg sgkg{ iw~ sgrwgd{ ~ kpw{zkgd{(Ab sdkb jg bhnjbknh |b jg b`pna b {gszngi`pg( Kbjb sbpgob sdhg wh mwg|djnpgkzbighzg gh ga {wgad! kgpkb jg `bppbhkd{ kd{zgpd{(

[g jg{kdhdkg kwbhzb{ kdadhnb{ g}n{zgh gh ab{ n{ab{(


21/150




Ab agkmwb jg kbisd! gh Eghd|g{b ~ gh dzpb{ n{ab{! g{ jgspgjbjdp jg sgzpgag{ jgIbjgnpb ~ jg Ebasbed{!(

Sobpd zpdsnkba d snadzd

Whb jg ab{ zpg{ g{sgkng{ jg sobpd{ snadzd{ g}n{zghzg{ gh ga iwhjd! {g ghkwghzpb gh

Ebasbed{(

[dh b|g{ sgaenkb{ rwg `w{kbh ga banighzd agod{ jg ab{ n{ab{( Kbszwpbh {w kdinjb kdhbi`waanjb{ gh snkbjb ~ kdigh hdpibaighzg gh {nznd{ `b{zbhzg bagobjd{ jg zngppb6 {gbanighzbh spnhknsbaighzg jg sg{kbjd ~ kbabibpg{(

Ab sdkb jg bhnjbknh g{ |bpnbàg( Kbjb sbpgob sdhg wh mwg|d gh {banghzg{ d gh epngzb{jg abjgpb{ nhkanhbjb{ ~ `bppbhkd{ kd{zgpd{(

Gh ga bpkmnsnabed {g ghkwghzpbh zpgnhzb kdadhnb{(

Sgakbhd kbl

[g ghkwghzpb `ngh jn{zpn`wnjd gh Ebasbed{ ~ zbi`nh {g mbaab kgpkb jg ab ib~dpb jgab{ kd{zb{ zpdsnkbag{ jg Bipnkb(

[g banighzbh kgpkb jg ab dpnaab( Sbpb kbszwpbp {w{ spg{b{! spnhknsbaighzg sgkg{! jg`ghbi`waanp{g {wsgplnknbaighzg(

Ab sdkb jg bhnjbknh g{ |bpnbàg( Kbjb sbpgob sdhg jg 0 b ; mwg|d{ gh hnjd{ mgkmd{{d`pg p`dag{ ~ bp`w{zd{ kd{zgpd{(

Gh ga bpkmnsnabed {g ghkwghzpbh iwkmb{ kdadhnb{(

Snrwgpd{ -lbazb g{zg {w`znzwad".

Ab{ zpg{ g{sgkng jg snrwgpd{ rwg mb~ gh Ebasbed{ {dh kngpzbighzg ab{ i{ kdiwhg{ ~ab{ b|g{ ibpnhb{ i{ lpgkwghzgighzg |n{zb{(

Ad{ snrwgpd{ jg sbzb{ bwag{ {g banighzbh kgpkb jg ab dpnaab( Kbszwpbh {w{ spg{b{! sgkg{igjnbhd{! igjnbhzg bi`waanjb{ spdlwhjb{(

Ab sdkb jg bhnjbknh g{ |bpnbàg( Kbjb sbpgob sdhg jg 2 b ; mwg|d{ jnpgkzbighzg gh ga{wgad! gh pgb{ b`ngpzb{ jg ab kd{zb(

Gh ga bpkmnsnabed {g ghkwghzpbh ldpibhjd i{ jg ;7 kdadhnb{(Kdid jgspgjbjdpg{ hbzwpbag{ jg g{zb{ b|g{ {g znghgh b ab{ lpbebzb{! eb|nabhg{ ~agkmwb{! rwnghg{ {g banighzbh kdh snkmdhg{ sgrwgd{(

Ad{ snrwgpd{ ghib{kbpbjd{ {g banighzbh ghzpg n{ab{( Kbszwpbh sgkg{ igjnbhd{ ~ ghdkb{ndhg{ kbabibpg{! gisagbhjd bi`waanjb{ spdlwhjb{(


22/150


23/150




Kdpidph hd |dabjdp

G{ ga hnkd jg 0> g{sgkng{ jg kdpidpbhg{ gh ga iwhjd rwg mb sgpjnjd {w kbsbknjbj sbpb|dabp! ~ g{ ghjinkd sbpb ab{ n{ab{(

@w{kbh {w banighzd kgpkb jg ab dpnaab( Kbszwpbh {w{ spg{b{ igjnbhzg sgp{gkwknh ~

`wkgd! spnhknsbaighzg sgkg{ jga ldhjd! bhewnab{ ~ swasd{(

Ab sdkb jg bhnjbknh g{ |bpnbàg( Kbjb sbpgob sdhg jg jd{ b zpg{ mwg|d{ gh hnjd{epbhjg{ mgkmd{ kdh baeb{! gh {banghzg{ pdkd{b{ ~ sab~b{ jg sngjpb{ epbhjg{ gh ab ahgbkd{zgpb(

Gh ga bpkmnsnabed {g ghkwghzpbh ldpibhjd i{ jg 220 kdadhnb{(

Ab{ n{ab{ Ebasbed{ ba`gpebh jd{ jg ab{ knhkd g{sgkng{ jg lpbebzb{ rwg mb~ gh ga iwhjd?ab lpbebzb kdih ~ ab lpbebzb pgba(

Ab lpbebzb kdih {g ghkwghzpb gh ab ib~dpb jg ad{ ibpg{ zpdsnkbag{ ~ bhnjb gh baewhb{

jg ab{ n{ab{(

Ab lpbebzb pgba spg{ghzb i{ `ngh whb jn{zpn`wknh kbpn`gb! sgpd zbi`nh znghg whbsdàbknh nisdpzbhzg gh ab{ n{ab{(

Ab lpbebzb kdih g{ sgaenkb ~b rwg `w{kbh ga banighzd agod{ jg ab{ n{ab{( Kbszwpbh {w{spg{b{ igjnbhzg bi`waanjb{ ~ gh dkb{ndhg{ pd`bh b dzpb{ b|g{! spnhknsbaighzg sgkg{|dabjdpg{! ~ dkb{ndhbaighzg kbabibpg{(

Ab sdkb jg bhnjbknh g{ |bpnbàg( Kbjb sbpgob sdhg wh mwg|d gh hnjd{ kdh{zpwnjd{{d`pg p`dag{ ~ bp`w{zd{ kd{zgpd{(

Gh ga bpkmnsnabed {g ghkwghzpbh ldpibhjd 20 kdadhnb{(

Ab lpbebzb pgba {g banighzb kgpkb jg ab dpnaab ~ ghzpg n{ab{( Kbszwpbh {w{ spg{b{!spnhknsbaighzg sgkg{ nhkawnjd{ ad{ jga bppgknlg! igjnbhzg bi`waanjb{ ~ gh dkb{ndhg{pd`bh b dzpb{ b|g{! bjgi{ {g banighzbh jg jg{sgpjnknd{(

Ab sdkb jg bhnjbknh g{ |bpnbàg( Kbjb sbpgob sdhg wh mwg|d gh hnjd{ kdh{zpwnjd{ ghp`dag{ ~ bp`w{zd{ kd{zgpd{(

Gh ga bpkmnsnabed {g ghkwghzpbh ldpibhjd 20 kdadhnb{(

Eb|ndzb jg kdab `nlwpkbjbG{ ghjinkb jg Ebasbed{! kdh m`nzd{ sdkd w{wbag{! ~b rwg g{ whb jg ab{ pbpb{g{sgkng{ jg eb|ndzb{ rwg {g banighzbh sdp ab hdkmg gh ga ibp(

[g banighzbh ghzpg n{ab{( Kbszwpbh {w{ spg{b{ igjnbhzg bi`waanjb{ {wsgplnknbag{!spnhknsbaighzg sgkg{ |dabjdpg{ ~ kbabibpg{(


24/150




Ab sdkb jg bhnjbknh g{ |bpnbàg( Kbjb sbpgob sdhg wh mwg|d jnpgkzbighzg gh ga {wgad!gh `bppbhkd{ ~ pdkb{ kd{zgpb{(

Gh ga bpkmnsnabed {g ghkwghzpbh i{ jg 77 kdadhnb{(

Eb|ndzb jg ab|b

G{ kdh{njgpbjb ab eb|ndzb i{ pbpb jga iwhjd( Kdh wh higpd bspd}nibjd jg :33sbpgob{! {g ghkwghzpb g}kaw{n|bighzg gh Ebasbed{(

Spg{ghzbh m`nzd{ banighznknd{ kd{zgpd{( [dh kbppdgpb{ ~ gh dkb{ndhg{ kdigh sgrwgd{sgkg{ rwg bzpbsbh gh ab {wsgplnkng ibpnhb! kdig bjgi{ mwg|d{ jg b|g{ ibpnhb{ gnewbhb{ ~ zdpzweb{ ibpnhb{ pgknh gkad{ndhbjd{(

Ab sdkb jg bhnjbknh g{ |bpnbàg( Sdhgh jd{ mwg|d{ jnpgkzbighzg gh ga {wgad! gh pgb{jg ab kd{zb(

Gh ga bpkmnsnabed hd ldpibh kdadhnb{ ~b rwg bhnjbh gh {danzbpnd(

Eb|ndzh sbpjd d Hdjn

G{z `ngh jn{zpn`wnjd gh Ebasbed{ ~ gh ab ib~dpb jg ad{ ibpg{ zpdsnkbag{ ~{w`zpdsnkbag{! sgpd pbpbighzg {g b|n{zb agod{ jg zngppb(

@w{kb {w banighzd gh ab dhb kd{zgpb( Kbszwpbh {w{ spg{b{ igjnbhzg bi`waanjb{{wsgplnknbag{! spnhknsbaighzg jg sgkg{ sgrwgd{(

Ab sdkb jg bhnjbknh g{ |bpnbàg! {d`pg zdjd ghzpg hd|ngi`pg ~ owhnd! sgpd zbi`nhswgjg ibhnlg{zbp{g gh kwbarwngp idighzd jga bd( Kbjb sbpgob sdhg wh mwg|djnpgkzbighzg gh ga {wgad d b |gkg{ wznanbh pbinzb{ d baeb{ kdid ibzgpnba sbpb ga hnjd!gh `bppbhkd{ kd{zgpd{(

Gh ga bpkmnsnabed {g ghkwghzpbh ldpibhjd iwkmb{ kdadhnb{(

Dzpb{ eb|ndzb{ ~ eb|ndznhg{

Ab eb|ndzb jg Lpbhfanh Abpw{ snsn}kbh! ga eb|ndzh pgba Zmbab{{gw{ ib}niw{! {dh|n{nzbhzg{ pgewabpg{ jg ab{ n{ab{! jwpbhzg ga nh|ngphd jga hdpzg(

Ga eb|ndzh znhbjd [zgphb lw{kbzb pg{njg gh Ebasbed{! sgpd {ad {g pgspdjwkg gh ab n{ab

Jbpunh jdhjg mb~ whb kdadhnb epbhjg(

B\G[ KD[ZGPB[ ^ INEPBZDPNB[


25/150




Ad{ 2;73 fi jg ahgb kd{zgpb! kdh{znzwnjb sdp sab~b{! kd{zb{ pdkd{b{! abewhb{ jgibheabpg{ ~ {banhb{ jg ibpgb! rwg mb~ gh Ebasbed{ spdsdpkndhbh wh m`nzbz g}kgaghzgsbpb ebpb{! labighkd{! sbzd{! zgpd{! d{zpgpd{ ~ baewhb{ g{sgkng{ inepbzdpnb{(

An{zb ;( B|g{ kd{zgpb{ ~ inepbzdpnb{

Ebpb idpghb Bpjgb mgpdjnb{Ebpb `abhkb Kb{igpdjnw{ ba`w{Ebpb |b wgpb @w`wakw{ n`n{Ebpb jg ab|b @wzdpnjg{ {whjg|baanEbpknzb g{zpnbjb @wzdpnjg{ {zpnbzw{Mwb wg d bpb hdkzwphb H {zbhb{{b |ndabkgbLabighkd ib dp Smdghnkd zgpw{ pw`gpSbznaad Bhb{ bmbigh{n{Kgpkgzb banbwa Bhb{ jn{kdp{D{zpgpd Mbgibzd w{ baanbzw{Zgpd pgba d kmbh bi Mnibhzd w{ mnibhzd w{Kmdpanzg d {gin baibjd Kmbpbjpnw{ {gin baibzw{

\wga|gsngjpb{Bpghbpnb nhzgpspg{

Bhjbppd{ |b b`whjd Mgzgpd{kgaw{ nhkbhw{Sab gpd kdih Kpdkgzmnb ba`b_bpbsnzd Hwighnw{ smbgdsw{Lbabpdsd hdpzgd Ad`nsg{ ad`bzw{

B|g{ kd{zgpb{ pg{njghzg{

Ebpb{

Mb~ knhkd g{sgkng{ jg ab lbinanb jg ab{ ebpb{ pg{njnghjd gh ab{ n{ab{! ~ whb {g}zb rwginepb pgewabpighzg(

Ab{ ebpb{ {dh b|g{ kbph|dpb{ rwg {g banighzbh spnhknsbaighzg jg sgkg{ sgrwgd{ ~kbhepgod{! bwhrwg zbi`nh {g ab{ ghkwghzpb gh zngppb jdhjg kdigh pbzb{! abebpznob{!nh{gkzd{! snkmdhg{ jg b|g{ ~ kpb{ jg newbhb{(Sbpb banighzbp{g ab ib~dpb jg ebpb{ sgpibhgkgh nhi|nag{ b{gkmbhjd b ab spg{b(

Ab ebpb idpghb {g pgspdjwkg gh zdjb{ ab{ n{ab{ spnhknsbag{! ~b {gb gh sbpgob{ bn{abjb{ dgh kdadhnb{ sgrwgb{( Spglngpgh ad{ ibheag{ d ab{ pdkb{ {danzbpnb{ sbpb kdh{zpwnp {w{hnjd{(

Ad{ m`nzd{ jg ab ebpb `abhkb {dh sdkd kdhdknjd{ sgpd {g kpgg {dh {ninabpg{ b ab ebpbidpghb(

Ab ebpb |brwgpb lpgkwghzb ab{ zngppb{ bazb{ jdhjg {g ab |g b ighwjd kdh ga ebhbjd d ab{zdpzweb{( Bhnjb gh ibheabpg{( G{ whb g{sgkng rwg {g b{dknb kdh ab bkzn|njbj mwibhb!swg{ {g banighzb jg nh{gkzd{ ~ jg dzpd{ nh|gpzg`pbjd{ rwg mbh {njd sgpzwp`bjd{ sdp gaebhbjd ~ dzpd{ bhnibag{ epbhjg{(


26/150




Ab ebpb jg ab|b {g ghkwghzpb gh kb{n zdjd{ ad{ znsd{ jg kd{zb{6 {wgag bhnjbp `bod ab{pdkb{ d gh ab g{sg{wpb jg ad{ ibheabpg{ jdhjg sdhg mb{zb zpg{ mwg|d{ gh wh hnjd jgpbinzb{( Ga sgpdjd jg bhnjbknh kdispghjg eghgpbaighzg jg{jg {gszngi`pg b ibpd(

Ab ebpknzb g{zpnbjb {g ghkwghzpb gh kb{n zdjb ab kd{zb zpdsnkba jg Bipnkb jga [wp(

Ab ebpb hdkzwphb d mwbrwg g{ bkzn|b jwpbhzg ab hdkmg( G{z bisanbighzg jn{zpn`wnjb ghab{ n{ab{(

Labighkd ib~dp

Gh ab{ n{ab{ Ebasbed{ {g ghkwghzpbh bspd}nibjbighzg 733 nhjn|njwd{ rwg |n|gh gh ab{abewhb{ {banhb{(

[g banighzbh spnhknsbaighzg jg kmnhkmg{ jg bewb! kpw{zkgd{ inkpd{ksnkd{ ~ kbhepgod{jninhwzd{! rwg kbszwpb gh ga lbhed jg ab{ abewhb{(

[g pgspdjwkgh mb`nzwbaighzg jwpbhzg ab g{zbknh kbawpd{b jg ab kd{zb( Znghgh m`nzd{

pgspdjwkzdpg{ {dknbag{ ~ hwhkb bhnjbh gh {danzbpnd( Kdh{zpw~gh hnjd{ jg `bppd jdhjgsdhgh wh hnkd mwg|d epbhjg(

Sbznaad

Ab ib~dpb jg abewhb{ ~ g{zbhrwg{ jg{jg ab kd{zb mb{zb ab{ zngppb{ bazb{ jg ab{ n{ab{kdhznghgh epwsd{ sgrwgd{ jg sbznaad{(

[g banighzbh jg kpnbzwpb{ bkwznkb{ ~ jg |gegzbknh rwg d`znghgh snkdzgbhjd ab{wsgplnkng d g}kbp|bhjd ga adjd jg ab{ bewb{ sdkd spdlwhjb{( [g pgspdjwkgh ghzpg ab|gegzbknh jgh{b jdhjg sdhgh mb{zb jng mwg|d{(

B|g{ bhkwjb{

Sgpzghgkgh ba dpjgh Kmbpbjpnldpig{ ~ gh Ebasbed{ g{z pgspg{ghzbjd sdp {gn{ lbinanb{nhkaw~ghjd ab{ eb|ndzb{(

Iwkmb{ jg ab{ b|g{ bhkwjb{ {dh inepbzdpnb{ jg abpeb jn{zbhknb rwg {g rwgjbh sdp ganh|ngphd d sb{bh sdp ab{ n{ab{ gh higpd{ |bpnbjd{(

D{zpgpd

Ab sgrwgb sd`abknh kdh{n{zg gh bspd}nibjbighzg 033 sbpgob{ gh Ebasbed{( [g

ghkwghzpb spnhknsbaighzg b ad abped jg ab{ kd{zb{ pdkd{b{ ~ ab{ sab~b{ gh jdhjg {gbanighzbh jg kpnbzwpb{ nhzgpibpgbag{! {d`pg zdjd kbhepgod{ ~ idaw{kd{(Ga hnjd g{ zbh {dad whb jgspg{nh ghzpg ab{ pdkb{ ow{zd bppn`b jg ab ahgb jg ab ibpgb bazb!jdhjg sdp ad eghgpba sdhgh jd{ mwg|d{(

Zgpd pgba d kmbhebi


27/150




G{ wh b|g pg{njghzg jg ab{ abewhb{ rwg {g b|n{zb kdh iwkmb lpgkwghknb( G{ bazd ~ jgaebjdkdh ab{ sbzb{ pdob{! abpeb{ ~ labkb{( Kdh {w lnhd snkd zbhzgb ga adjd `w{kbhjd kdinjb(

G[SGKNG[ INEPBZDPNB[

Ab{ rwg {g ghkwghzpbh gh ab{ n{ab{! {dh brwgaab{ rwg {g pgspdjwkgh gh Bipnkb jga Hdpzg

nhkaw~ghjd ga Bpznkd! jwpbhzg ga |gpbhd ~ sb{bh ad{ ig{g{ jg nh|ngphd {gszghzpndhba gh gaSbklnkd Zpdsnkba Dpnghzba d bapgjgjdp jg [wjbipnkb(

Ab ib~dpb jg ab{ b|g{ inepbzdpnb{ {g d`{gp|bh kgpkb jg ab kd{zb bwhrwg sdkb{ g{sgkng{|bh zngppb bjghzpd mbknb ad{ g{zbhrwg{ jg bewb jwakg rwg mb~ gh ab{ zngppb{ bazb{ jg ab{n{ab{(

Ab{ Ebasbed{ {dh {nznd{ nisdpzbhzg{ jg mn`gphbknh sbpb {gn{ g{sgkng{ inepbzdpnb{6 {nhgi`bped! {g mbh pgen{zpbjd i{ g{sgkng{ jg b|g{ inepbzdpnb{ jg ab{ rwg {g pgspdjwkghgh ab{ n{ab{?

Kmdpanzgod {ginsbaibjd

\wga|gsngjpb{Bhjbppd{ |beb`whjdSab~gpd kdih_bpbsnzdLbadpdsd hdpzgd

B\G[ ZGPPG[ZPG[

Mb~ sdkb{ g{sgkng{ jg b|g{ zgppg{zpg{ |n|nghjd gh ab{ n{ab{? 00 jg ab{ 0> g{sgkng{pg{njghzg{ {dh ghjinkb{ ~ zbh {ad 2: kdadhnbkndhg{ g}nzd{b{ pg{sdhjgpbh sdp ablbwhb bkzwba jg b|g{ zgppg{zpg{(

Ab kdadhnbknh jg ab{ b|g{ zgppg{zpg{ gh ab{ n{ab{ g{ jnlkna jg g}sankbp6 {g kdh{njgpb rwgad{ |nghzd{ lwgpzg{! ab{ zdpighzb{ g}zpbdpjnhbpnb{ ~ bhdpibag{! ~ ga bbp! swjngpdh {gp ad{igkbhn{id{ jg aagebjb jg g{zb{ b|g{(

An{zb :( B|g{ zgppg{zpg{

Eb|nah jg Eba b d{ @wzgd bab b dgh{n{Agkmwb `abhkb Z~zd swhkzn{{nibAgkmwb jg kbi d B{nd abiigw{Sbkmb Abzgpbaw{ { nadhdzw{Ebaabpgzb Hgdkpg} gp~zmpds{

Ebaabpgzb lpghznppd b Ebaanhwab kmadpd w{Sbadib jg Eba b d{ _ghbnjb bab b dgh{n{Kwkanaad Kdkk w{ igabkdp mw{Ebppb bzgpd Kpdzd mb b bhnS bpd pw d S~pdkgsmbaw{ pw`nhw{Sb bid{kb{ jg Eba b d{ I nbpkmw{ ib hnpd{zpn{Edadhjpnhb jg Eba b d{ Spd hg idjg{zb


28/150




Kwkw|g jg Eba b d{ Hg{diniw{ bp{waw{Kwkw|g jg Ladpgbhb Hg{diniw{ zpnlb{knbzw{Kwkw|g jg G{ blndab Hg{diniw{ ibkjdhbajnKwkw|g jg [bh Kpn{z`ba Hg{diniw{ igabhdzn{Kbhbpnd Ibpb Jghjpdnkb sgzgkmnb

Eb|nah jg Ebasbed{

Mb`nzbhzg ghjinkd jg ab{ n{ab{ Ebasbed{! spg{ghzb wh {n{zgib jg pgspdjwkknhsdanhjpnkd kddsgpbzn|d( Eghgpbaighzg w{bh ad{ p`dag{ sbpb mbkgp {w{ hnjd{! jdhjgsdhgh mb{zb zpg{ mwg|d{(Hd znghgh ghgined{ hbzn|d{ hbzwpbag{! {w{ spg{b{ kdispghjgh whb bisanb ebib jgbhnibag{ kdid abebpznob{ jg ab|b! kpb{ jg newbhb{! pbzb{ hbzn|b{ g nhzpdjwknjb{! sbadib{!kwkw|g{! kngisn{! {bazbidhzg{! kwag`pb{ ~ jn|gp{d{ snkmdhg{ jg b|g{ ibpnhb{(

Agkmwb{

Mb~ jd{ g{sgkng{ jg agkmwb{ gh ab{ n{ab{? ab agkmwb jg kbisd d agkmwb hgepb ~ abagkmwb àbhkb d agkmwb jg kbisbhbpnd( Bi`b{ g{sgkng{ {dh kd{idsdanzb{ sgpd ab{sdàbkndhg{ gh Ebasbed{ kdhldpibh {w`g{sgkng{ gjinkb{(

Ab agkmwb àbhkb g{ ghjinkb jg ab{ n{ab{ [bhzb Kpw! N{b`gab! [bhznbed! [bh Kpn{z`ba~ Lgphbhjnhb( G{ zdzbaighzg hdkzwphb ~ {g banighzb spnhknsbaighzg jg sgrwgd{pdgjdpg{ g nh{gkzd{(

Bhnjb gh kb|njbjg{ jg bladpbinghzd{ pdkd{d{! mwgkd{ jg p`dag{ ~ gjnlnknd{b`bhjdhbjd{! gh pgb{ {gkb{ ~ jg |gegzbknh pbab6 gh kwbarwngp sdkb jga bd kdh kngpzbzghjghknb mbknb ab g{zbknh kanjb aaw|nd{b(

Ab agkmwb jg kbisd sd{gg m`nzd{ kbbjdpg{ jnwphd{ spglgpnàgighzg! ~ {g |g

mb`nzwbaighzg gh ab{ n{ab{ [bhzb Kpw ~ Eghd|g{b! ~ gh ab{ jgi{ n{ab{ g}kgszd Udal(Kbszwpb spnhknsbaighzg sobpd{ ~ gh ighdp higpd nh{gkzd{ ~ pdgjdpg{(Bhnjb spglgpnàgighzg `bod ad{ p`dag{ d bp`w{zd{(

Sbkmb~

G{sgkng ghjinkb mb`nzbhzg jg ab{ zngppb{ bazb{ migjb{ jdhjg `w{kb nh{gkzd{ ~bpzpsdjd{ ghzpg ga {wgad ~ ab mdobpb{kb(G{ ab hnkb g{sgkng kdhdknjb gh ab{ n{ab{! rwg {g pgspdjwkg jwpbhzg ab g{zbknh lpd {gkb(

Ebaabpgzb

Kdih gh ga hdpzg jg [wjbipnkb! {g pgspdjwkg sdp ad{ bapgjgjdpg{ jg ab{ zngppb{kwazn|bàg{ jg [bhzb Kpw ~ Ladpgbhb spnhknsbaighzg(

Ebaabpgzb lpghznppdob d ebaanhwab


29/150




G{ whd jg ad{ sobpd{ i{ bisanbighzg jn{zpn`wnjd{ gh ga iwhjd! {nh gi`bped! ghEbasbed{ {ad {g ghkwghzpb gh whb{ sdkb{ pgb{ jg bewb {bad`pg ~ gh baewhd{ g{zbhrwg{jga nhzgpndp jg ab ib~dpb jg ab{ n{ab{ i{ epbhjg{([g banighzb jg sabhzb{ ~ jg nh|gpzg`pbjd{ bkwznkd{(

Sbadib jg Ebasbed{

[g ghkwghzpb gh ab{ dhb{ i{ {gkb{ jg ab ib~dpb jg ab{ n{ab{ spnhknsbag{ ~ b`whjbhjdhjg g{kb{gbh ad{ jgspgjbjdpg{ nhzpdjwknjd{! g{sgknbaighzg ad{ ebzd{(

[g banighzbh spnhknsbaighzg jg {ginaab{ zdibjb{ jga {wgad! gh g{sgknba jga kbkzdDswhznb(

Mb~ hnjd{ bkzn|d{ jwpbhzg zdjd ga bd! bwhrwg ab knib pgspdjwkzn|b kdinghb gh abinzbj jg ab g{zbknh kanjd aaw|nd{b(

Bhnjbh `bod pdkb{ w dkwsbh hnjd{ jg kwkw|g{ rwg g{zh gh jg{w{d6 w{wbaighzg sdhghjd{ mwg|d{(

Kwkanaad

G{ kdih gh ab ib~dpb jg n{ab{ kghzpbag{ i{ epbhjg{ ~ g{z bisanbighzg jn{zpn`wnjdgh [wjbipnkb(Kdig spnidpjnbaighzg nh{gkzd{(

Kdinghb b pgspdjwknp{g kdh ga kdinghd jg ab g{zbknh aaw|nd{b( Sdhg kwbzpd d knhkdmwg|d{(

Ebppbsbzgpd snrwnan{d

G{ whb g{sgkng nhzpdjwknjb gh ab{ n{ab{ ~ kdih gh ab{ dhb{ jg kwazn|d jg ab{ zngppb{bazb{ jg [bhzb Kpw g N{b`gab(W{wbaighzg ldppbogb gh epwsd{ sgrwgd{ `w{kbhjd nh{gkzd{ ghzpg ga ldaabog jg ad{bp`w{zd{ d gh ga zgppghd b`ngpzd(

Sobpd `pwod

Gh Ebasbed{! g{ spnhknsbaighzg wh b|g jg ab{ zngppb{ bazb{! bwhrwg zbi`nh mb`nzb ghab{ kd{zb{ jg baewhb{ n{ab{ kdid Ibpkmghb( [g ghkwghzpb zbi`nh gh whb bisanb ebibjg m`nzbz{ jg{jg ga {wjdg{zg jg G{zbjd{ Whnjd{ mb{zb Bpeghznhb(

[g banighzb spnhknsbaighzg jg nh{gkzd{6 zbi`nh ldppbogb gh ga {wgad ~ sgp{newg nh{gkzd{

gh ga bnpg(Kdh{zpw~g {w hnjd kdh iw{ed! anrwgh ~ mgsznkb{! ~ ad w`nkb w{wbaighzg gh ad bazd jg ad{p`dag{([g pgspdjwkgh jwpbhzg ab g{zbknh kanjd aaw|nd{b rwg g{ kwbhjd ad{ nh{gkzd{ {dh i{b`whjbhzg{(

Sbsbid{kb{ jg Ebasbed{


30/150




G{zb g{sgkng ghjinkb g{ i{ epbhjg rwg ga sobpd `pwod(G{z bisanbighzg jn{zpn`wnjd gh zdjb{ ab{ n{ab{ spnhknsbag{ jdhjg {w{ m`nzbz{ {dh{ninabpg{ b ad{ jga sobpd `pwod! sgpd {g mbaab i{ kdhlnhbjd b ab{ zngppb{ `bob{ pnjb{(

Edadhjpnhb{ jg Ebasbed{

Ab edadhjpnhb ghjinkb jg Ebasbed{ g{ ga hnkd ingi`pd pg{njghzg jg ab lbinanb jg ab{edadhjpnhb{! sgpd {g mbh pgen{zpbjd dzpb{ zpg{ g{sgkng{(

[g ghkwghzpbh gh zdjb{ ab{ n{ab{! g{sgknbaighzg kgpkb jg `bppbhkd{ ~ kgppd{ jdhjgkbszwpbh nh{gkzd{ zpbh{sdpzbjd{ sdp ab{ kdppnghzg{ jg bnpg( Iwg{zpbh spglgpghknb sdp ab{kbajgpb{ ~ `dpjg{ jg kpzgpg{(

Kwkw|g{

[g kab{nlnkbh gh kwbzpd g{sgkng{ jga ehgpd Hg{diniw{( Ab{ kwbzpd g{sgkng{ ~ |bpnb{

{w`g{sgkng{ rwg {g pgkdhdkgh kdihighzg hd zpb{absbh ad{ awebpg{ jdhjg mb`nzbh? whbg{sgkng ghjinkb g{ ga kwkw|g jg G{sbdab rwg mb`nzb gh ab n{ab jga in{id hdi`pg ~Ebpjhgp kgpkb jg ab in{ib n{ab6 ga kwkw|g jg [bh Kpn{z`ba gh [bh Kpn{z`ba6 ga kwkw|gjg Ladpgbhb gh Ladpgbhb ~ Ebpjhgp kgpkb jg Ladpgbhb6 ~ ga kwkw|g jg Ebasbed{ kdh{ngzg {w`g{sgkng{ {d`pg ab{ pg{zbhzg{ n{ab{ ib~dpg{ {ba|d gh Snhh rwg hd znghg kwkw|g{(

Bwhrwg g{ dih|dpd! g{ sbpznkwabpighzg jgspgjbjdp ~b rwg swgjg kdigp kpb{ jgsnhdhg{! abebpznob{ jg ab|b! nh{gkzd{! kngisn{! kbppdb! mwg|d{ jg b|g{ ibpnhb{! ~zbi`nh pg{zd{ jga banighzd rwg ad{ eb|nabhg{ ~ b|g{ ibpnhb{ jbh b {w{ snkmdhg{(

Kbhbpnd Ibpb

[g spg{ghzb gh ab ib~dpb jg ab{ n{ab{ jg{jg ab kd{zb mb{zb ab idhzbb jdhjg g{z{ngispg bkzn|d `w{kbhjd nh{gkzd{(Mb`nzb jg{jg Bab{fb ~ ga {wp jg Kbhbj mb{zb Sgp(

Bhnjb jwpbhzg ab g{zbknh kanjd aaw|nd{b gh ga ldaabog jg p`dag{ ~ bp`w{zd{ jdhjgkdh{zpw~g wh hnjd kdh iw{ed{! arwghg{ ~ dzpd{ |gegzbag{(

Snhdhg{ jg Jbpunh

Mb~ 2; g{sgkng{ gh Ebasbed{ ~ whb jknidkwbpzb rwg dkwppg gh ab n{ab Kdkd{ gh Kd{zbPnkb?

An{zb 7( Snhdhg{ jg Jbpunh

Epbh nhh zgppg{zpg Egd{ nb ib hnpd{zpn{Igjnbhd snhh zgppg{zpg Egd{snb ldpzn{Sg wgd nhh zgppg{zpg Egd{ nb wan nhd{bSnhh zgppg{zpg jg nkd b wjd Egd{ nb jn nknan{


31/150




Snhh jg kbkzd Egd{ nb {kbhjgh{Epbh snhh jg kbkzd Egd{snb kdhnpd{zpn{Snhh |g gzbpnbhd Sabz { nb kpb{{npd{zpn{Epbh nhh bp`pgd Kbibpm hkmw{ {nzzbkwabIgjnbhd snhh bp`pgd Kbibpm~hkmw{ sbwsgpSg wgd nhh bp`pgd Kbibpm hkmw{ bp|waw{Snhh kbp nhzgpd Kbibpm hkmw{ baanjw{

Snhh jg ibh abp Kbibpm hkmw{ mgand`bzg{Snhh kbhzdp Kgpzmnjgb dan|bkgbSd{ggh jn|gp{njbj gh ab ldpib jga snkd ~ gh ad{ m`nzd{ banighznknd{( Ab{ g{sgkng{nhjn|njwbag{ {g banighzbh jg whb |bpngjbj jg ldpib{! sgpd kbjb g{sgkng {g jgjnkb b whbgh sbpznkwabp? baewhb{ kdigh {ginaab{! dzpb{ nh{gkzd{! dzpb{ {bkbh ebppbsbzb{ jg ab{zdpzweb{! baewhb{ kdigh mdob{! dzpb{ kdigh ladpg{! dzpb{ `g`gh {bhepg jg ab{ b|g{ibpnhb{! ~ mb~ jd{ g{sgkng{ rwg w{bh pbinzb{ d g{snhb{ jg kbkzd{ sbpb {bkbp abp|b{ jgnh{gkzd{ jg ad{ mwgkd{ rwg mb~ gh ab{ pbib{ iwgpzb{ jg ad{ p`dag{(

Jg bkwgpjd kdh ad{ izdjd{ banighzbpnd{! ad{ snhdhg{ {g njghznlnkbh kdid?

Epbh snhh zgppg{zpg mwpewgzgbjdpIgjnbhd snhh zgppg{zpg swhzb snkbjdpbSgrwgd snhh zgppg{zpg lnad zpnzwpbjdpSnhh zgppg{zpg jg snkd bewjd snkd zpnzwpbjdpSnhh jg kbkzd snkd mwpewgzgbjdpEpbh snhh bp`pgd spnhknsbaighzg banighzd |gegzbaSnhh kbpsnhzgpd spnhknsbaighzg banighzd bhnibaSnhh |gegzbpnbhd snkd b{njdpSnhh kbhzdp 233 ' banighzd bhniba

Ad{ snhdhg{ w{wbaighzg kdinghbh {w knkad pgspdjwkzn|d jg{sw{ jg ab{ spnigpb{

aaw|nb{ jg ab g{zbknh aaw|nd{b( Mbkgh {w hnjd kdh pbinzb{! mngp`b! lpbeighzd{ jgkdpzgb! arwghg{! sawib{ ~ dzpd{ ibzgpnbag{6 {d`pg kbkzd{! bp`w{zd{ ~ p`dag{(

IBINLGPD[ HBZN\D[

Mb~ {dabighzg {gn{ g{sgkng{ jg ibilgpd{ rwg swgjgh {gp kdh{njgpbjb{ hbzn|b{ jg ab{n{ab{(

Ab{ jd{ g{sgkng{ jg iwpknabed{ aagebpdh g|njghzgighzg sdp bnpg! spd`b`agighzg gh abin{ib ldpib rwg aagebpdh ab{ b|g{ zgppg{zpg{ hbzn|b{6 jd{ g{sgkng{ jg pbzb{ ghjinkb{jg`ngpdh aagebp gh `ba{b{ hbzwpbag{6 ga ad`d ibpnhd ~ ga ad`d sgagzgpd bppn`bpdh hbjbhjd(

An{zb


32/150




@baaghb dpd`bjb Ig b zgpb hd|bgbh anbg@baaghb jg bagzb @babghdszgpb sm~{baw{@baaghb {gn @babghd zgpb `dpgban{@baaghb jg @p jg @babghd zgpb gjghn@baaghb inhfg @babghdszgpb bkwzdpd{zpbzbKbkmbadzg Sm {gzgp ibkpdkg mbaw{Dpkb Dpknhw{ dpkb

@baaghb nadzd Ead nkg mbab ibkpdpm hkmbJgalh hbpn jg `dzgaab Zwp{nd { zpwhkbzw{Jgalh kdih Jga mnhw{ jga mn{

Ad`d{ ibpnhd{ ~ ad`d{ sgagzgpd{

Ga ad`d ibpnhd jg Ebasbed{ znghg {w dpnegh gh ga mgin{lgpnd hdpzg! ~ g{ whb {w`g{sgkngjga ad`d ibpnhd kbanldphnbhd! jga kwba jnlngpg spnhknsbaighzg gh ga zbibd(

[dh kdiwhg{ gh awebpg{ jdhjg mb~ sab~b{ jg bpghb ~ kd{zb{ pdkd{b{ {wb|g{( [gbanighzbh spnhknsbaighzg jg sgkg{! sbpb kw~b d`zghknh mbkgh |nbog{ agod{ jg ab kdadhnb(

Ga ad`d sgagzgpd {g pgabkndhb kdh ga ad`d lnhd jga {wp rwg {g mbaab jn{zpn`wnjd gh ab{bewb{ lpb{ jg{jg @pb{na mb{zb ga {wp jg Sgp ~ gh baewhb{ n{ab{ bhzpznkb{(

Spglngpg ab{ kd{zb{ i{ pdkd{b{! i{ bazb{ ~ g{kbpsbjb{! ~ kdh b`whjbhknb jg {di`pb ~brwg g{ ighd{ zdagpbhzg ba kbadp rwg ga ad`d ibpnhd( [g banighzbh jg sgkg{ ~ kbabibpg{!jgobhjd ab kdadhnb sbpb kbbp jwpbhzg ab hdkmg(

Pbzb ghjinkb

Bkzwbaighzg {g ghkwghzpbh hnkbighzg zpg{ g{sgkng{ jg pbzb{ ghjinkb{ gh ab{ n{ab{! jgad rwg lwgpdh {ngzg g{sgkng{ jg pbzb{ jg kbisd! jg`njd b ab g}znhknh dkb{ndhbjb sdp ab

spg{ghknb mwibhb? Dp~di~{ `bwpn gh [bhzb Lg ~ Hg{dp~di~{ hbp`dpdwemnn ghLgphbhjnhb(

Ab{ pbzb{ ghjinkb{ hd swgjgh kdisgznp kdh ab pbzb hgepb nhzpdjwknjb! sdp ad rwg jdhjgmb~ pbzb{ hgepb{! ab ghjinkb mb jg{bsbpgknjd(

Ab pbzb jg [bhzb Lg g{ spnhknsbaighzg |gegzbpnbhb! kdig {ginaab{ ~ |gegzbknh ~ g{kdih gh ga ibzdppba pnjd jg g{zb n{ab( [w pgspdjwkknh {g pg{zpnheg b ab g{zbknh kanjdaaw|nd{b gh rwg swgjgh kpgkgp kwbzpd kpb{(

Kabpf 2>=: ~ Bj{gp{gh 2>=5 mbh pgen{zpbjd ab spg{ghknb jgHg{dp~di~{ lgphbhjnhbg ghLgphbhjnhb! sgpd hd {g {b`g iwkmd bkgpkb jg gaab ~b rwg {ad mb {njd ghkdhzpbjb gh ab{

jgsd{nkndhg{ jg agkmwb{(

Iwpknabed{

Jd{ g{sgkng{ {g ghkwghzpbh gh ab{ n{ab{ kw~d{ knkad{ jg |njb {dh iw~ sdkd kdhdknjd{? absd{n`ag ghjinkbAb{nwpw{ `pbkm~dzn{ rwg b`whjb gh ldpib adkba gh [bhzb Kpw ~ [bh


33/150




Kpn{z`ba! gh ab{ zngppb{ `bob{ ~ bazb{ ~ swgjgh mbkgp inepbkndhg{ g{zbkndhbag{ ghzpg g{zb{jd{ pgb{6 ~ ga iwpknabed ghkbhgknjdAb{nwpw{ knhgpgw{! ginepbhzg jn{zpn`wnjd zbi`nhgh Bipnkb jga Hdpzg! rwg mb`nzb gh [bhzb Kpw! [bh Kpn{z`ba! N{b`gab! [bhznbed ~Ladpgbhb(

[g banighzbh kdh nh{gkzd{ ~ kwgaebh jg ad{ p`dag{ {dad{ d gh sgrwgd{ epwsd{( Ad{

ibheag{ ~ dzpd{ bp`w{zd{ agd{d{ sbpgkgh {gp ab{ sgpkmb{ lb|dpnzb{ sbpb ga jb(

Jgalnhg{ ~ `baaghb{

Ab{ `baaghb{ {g b|n{zbh dkb{ndhbaighzg kwbhjd sb{bh sdp ga bpkmnsnabed! hd b{ ad{jgalnhg{ rwg {g |gh pgewabpighzg swg{zd rwg sb{bh iwkmd zngisd gh ab{ n{ab{ ~ {w{bapgjgjdpg{(


34/150




NH\GPZG@PBJD[ ZGPPG[ZPG[

Ebasbed{ znghg sdkb{ g{sgkng{ jg nh|gpzg`pbjd{ zgppg{zpg{! jg`njd spnhknsbaighzg babn{abinghzd jga bpkmnsnabed! b {w sgrwgg ~ ba spd`agib jg kdadhnbknh! b ab{grwgjbj ~ ad nhm{snzd jg ab eghgpbanjbj jga pgb zgppg{zpg( Ab ib~dp jn|gp{njbj jgnh|gpzg`pbjd{ {g ghkwghzpb gh ab{ dhb{ migjb{ jg ab{ n{ab{ i{ bazb{(

[zgubpz Sgkf nhldpib rwg mb~ whb{ 2>>7 g{sgkng{ jg nh|gpzg`pbjd{ zgppg{zpg{ ~ jg bewbjwakg gh Ebasbed{! jg ad{ kwbag{ ga 7; ' {dh ghjinkd{(

An{zb 5( Nh|gpzg`pbjd{ zgppg{zpg{

Kmnhkmg jg b wb Zpnkmdkdpn}b pgznkwabzbKbpbkda zgppg{zpg @waniwaw{ Hbg{ndzw{O { (G{kbpb`b d ibjgpgpd [zghdjdhzg{ idabpnw{G{kbpb`b d zgppg{zpg Kbad{dib {ss(G{kbpb`b d Zpd} {w`gpd{w{Edp d d Egp{zgkfgpnb bab b dgh{n{G{kbpb`b d zn pg Knhknhjgab { (Mdpin b kbp nhzgpb Kbi dhdzw{ { (Mdpin b kdadpbjb Ub{ibhhnb bwpd whkzbzbB`g b kbp nhzgpb ] adkd b jbpunhnnIbpn d{b bibpnaab Smdg`n{ {ghhbgIbpnsd{b sabzgbjb Bepbwan{ |bhnaabgJbib{ nhzbjb{ \bhg{{b kbp g! \( |np nhgh{n{Ibpn d{b idhbpkb Jbhbw{ ag}n w{Ibpnsd{b pgnhb Jbhbw{ enanssw{Ibpn d{b bwabjb Ag zdjg{ bppmb{ndnjg{Ibpn d{b jg kdab abp b Wp`bhw{ jdpbhzg{G{lnh g |gpjg Gwidp mb ab`w{kbgG{lnh g M ag{ anhgbzbG{lnh g Ibhjwkb pw{znkb

Sdanaab{ `abhkb{ Wzgzmg{nb { (Sdanaab hdkzwnj B{kbab mb djdpbzbSdanaab Bzzg|b { (Kmnhkmg{ kdkd{ KdkknjbgKmnhkmg ibpnhd Mbad`bzg{ pd`w{zw{Id{rwnzd Bgjg{ zbghndpm~hkmw{Z`bhd Zb`bhw{ |nzzn gpOg h nkbjdp Ldpkn di nb wan nhd{bId{kb snkbjdpb kdih [zdid}~{ kbaknzpbh{Ibhzn{ pgan nd{b Ebab b nb {danzbpnb[bazbidhzg{ jg bhzghb{ kdpzb{ [kmn{zdkgpkb igabhdkgpb[bazbphdhzg{ [ mnh dhdzw{ { ([bazbidhzg{ Mbaighw{ { (G{kdp nh ghjinkd Kghzpwpdnjg{ g}{wa

G{kdp nh bibpnaad kdih Mbjpwpdnjg{ awhbzw{Bpbb kbh pg d n bhzg Mgzgpd djb |ghbzdpnbBpbb [gaghds{ {s(\nwjb hg pb Abzpdjgkzw{ b nkban{Bpbb abzgbjb Bp nd g bp ghzbzbBpbb Hgd{kdhb kddfdhnBpbb g{zpgaab Eb{zgpbkbhzmb {gp|naagn


35/150




Ebppb bzb Bi` adib { (Kngisn{ [kdadsghjpb ebabsbedgh{n{

Kbpbkdag{ zgppg{zpg{

Mb~ 'nhzpdjwknjb{(

Mdpineb{! b`gob{ ~ b|n{sb{ jga dpjgh mnighszgpb( Gh ab{ n{ab{ g}n{zgh 03 g{sgkng{hbzn|b{ jg mdpineb{! whb{ sdkb{ b|n{sb{ ~ {ad whb b`gob(

Ibpnsd{b{ ~ sdanaab{ jga dpjgh agsnjszgpb( [g kdhdkg dkmd g{sgkng{ jg ibpnsd{b{ ~iwkmb{ g{sgkng{ jg sdanaab{(

Kmnhkmg{ jga dpjgh mgiszgpb( Mb~ bspd}nibjbighzg dkmghzb g{sgkng{ jg kmnhkmg{ ghEbasbed{(

Id{kb{ jga dpjgh jszgpb( [g kwghzbh bspd}nibjbighzg 233 g{sgkng{ jg id{kb{ ghEbasbed{ ~ dzpd{ gogisabpg{ kdid ga id{rwnzd! z`bhd! ogoh snkbjdp ~ ab id{kbsnkbjdpb kdih(

Ibhzn{ pganend{b jga dpjgh ibhzdnjgb( Pgspg{ghzbjb sdp whb {dab g{sgkng! jg kdadp sbpjdkabpd rwg {g ibznb `ngh kdh ab |gegzbknh {gkb jg ab{ zngppb{ `bob{ pnjb{(

[bazbidhzg{! abhed{zb{! kmnkmbppb{ ~ epnaad{ jga dpjgh dpzmdszgpb( G}n{zgh |gnhzg ~ whg{sgkng{ jg g{zg dpjgh gh Ebasbed{(

G{kdpsndhg{

Mb~ jd{ g{sgkng{ jg g{kdpsndhg{ gh ab{ n{ab{6 whb jg gaab{ g{ ghjinkb ~ ab dzpb hbzn|b(Bi`b{ g{sgkng{ jgspgjbh nh{gkzd{ ~ dzpd{ bpzpsdjd{! bzbkhjdad{ jwpbhzg ab hdkmg(


36/150




Ga g{kdpsnh hbzn|d {g ghkwghzpb gh ab ib~dpb jg ab{ n{ab{ i{ epbhjg{ {ba|d ghG{sbdab! Eghd|g{b! Ibpkmghb ~ Snhzb6 inghzpb{ rwg ga g{kdpsnh ghjinkd {g mbaab{dabighzg gh [bhzb Kpw! [bh Kpn{z`ba! Snhzb! G{sbdab ~ Ladpgbhb(Bi`d{ |n|gh gh ab{ dhb{ pnjb{ jg ab{ n{ab{(

Bpbb{

Ebasbed{ znghg i{ jg knhkwghzb g{sgkng{ jg bpbb{( Iwkmb{ jg gaab{ g{zhbisanbighzg jn{zpn`wnjb{6 sdkb{ {dh ghjinkb{(

Mb~ jd{ znsd{ jg bpbb{? ab{ kbbjdpb{ ~ ab{ jg zgabpbb knpkwabp(Ab{ bpbb{ kbbjdpb{ sgp{newgh b {w spg{b sdp ga {wgad d sdp ab{ iwpbaab{ ~ zgkmd{ ~ ab{bpbb{ jg zgabpbb knpkwabp mbkgh whb hwg|b zgab kbjb jb ~ g{sgpbh b rwg {w spg{b kbnebgh gaab( Bi`b{ g{sgkng{ |n|gh gh kb{b{ ~ kdh{zpwkkndhg{ jdhjg {bagh jwpbhzg ab hdkmggh `w{kb jg nh{gkzd{(

Ebppbsbzb{ ~ kbpd{

\n|gh gh iwkmd{ bhnibag{ jg Ebasbed{! sdp gogisad zdpzweb{ zgppg{zpg{ ~ dzpd{ pgsznag{epbhjg{( [geh [kmbz{ 2>>2! g}n{zgh => g{sgkng{ ~ {w`g{sgkng{(

Kngisn{

Mb~ zpgkg g{sgkng{ jg kngisn{ gh Ebasbed{! jg g{zb{ dkmd {dh hbzn|b{( Whb jg gaab{! abghjinkb [kdadsghjpb ebabsbegh{n{! swgjg aagebp b igjnp ;3 ki ~ g{ kdih gh ab dhbpnjb jg ab ib~dpb jg n{ab{(


37/150




7(;PGKWP[D[ LADP[ZNKD[ GH AB[ N[AB[ \N[NZBJB[

Ab{ sabhzb{ jg ab{ n{ab{ Ebasbed{ zw|ngpdh whb epbh nhlawghknb gh ga zpb`bod jg Kmbpag{Jbpunh( [w nhzgp{ gh ab egdepblb |gegzba ~ gh ad{ igkbhn{id{ jg jn{sgp{nh! gigpenspnhknsbaighzg jg {w{ pgkdagkkndhg{ gh ab{ n{ab{(

B sbpznp jg ab spnigpb ewb knghzlnkb jg ab ladpb jga bpkmnsnabed gab`dpbjb sdp Mddfgpgh 2=:< ~ `b{bjb spnhknsbaighzg gh ad{ g{sgkighg{ pgkdagkzbjd{ sdp Jbpunh6 {g mbhpgbanbjd mb{zb ab lgkmb! nh|g{znebkndhg{ jg kbisd ~ pgkdagkkndhg{ jg g{sgkighg{! rwgmbh sgpinznjd gab`dpbp an{zbjd{ i{ kdisagzd{ jg ab{ sabhzb{ jg Ebasbed{(

Ga bn{abinghzd jg ab{ n{ab{ sdp inag{ jg inaadhg{ jg bd{! mb mgkmd rwg iwkmb{ jg ab{sabhzb{ jga bpkmnsnabed {g jnlgpghkngh jg {w{ sbpnghzg{ jga kdhznhghzg ~ lpgkwghzgighzgjg brwgaad{ g}n{zghzg{ gh n{ab{ |gknhb{(

Ad{ zpg{ b knhkd inaadhg{ jg bd{ jg g}n{zghknb rwg znghgh ab{ n{ab{! mbh {njd {wlnknghzg{sbpb rwg ab ladpb n{agb bzpb|ng{g sdp wh spdkg{d g|dawzn|d! rwg mb sgpinznjd rwg ab{sd`abkndhg{ |gegzbag{ spg{ghzgh idjnlnkbkndhg{ zb}dhinkb{ kdh{zbhzg{(

Jghzpd jg ad{ spdkg{d{ g|dawzn|d{ jg{bppdaabjd{ sdp ab{ g{sgkng{! {g jn{znhewg abpbjnbknh bjbszbzn|b jg 2= ehgpd{ jg sabhzb{ |b{kwabpg{! rwg mb kdhjwknjd b abg|dawknh jg zpg{ d i{ zb}dhg{ ghjinkd{( Kdid gogisad! ad{ ehgpd{Bazgphbhzmgpb![kbag{nb! Dswhznb! Kmbibg{~kg~ ~Idaawed! {g jn{znhewgh sdp mb`gp jg{bppdaabjd dkmd di{ zb}dhg{ gh ga bpkmnsnabed( Ab jnlgpghknb i{ kdih rwg kdhjwkg b ab g{sgknbknhjghzpd jg g{zd{ epwsd{ g{ rwg kbjb g{sgkng {g ghkwghzpb gh whb n{ab jnlgpghzg( Ab{gsbpbknh gkdaenkb gh whb {dab n{ab zbi`nh nhlawghkn gh ga jg{bppdaad jg baewhb{g{sgkng{ jg [kbag{nb ~ Jbpunhndzmbihw{! kdid dzpd gogisad jg pbjnbknh bjbszbzn|b(

Bh kwbhjd ab ib~dpb jg n{ab{ sdp ad eghgpba spg{ghzbh wh bi`nghzg {ninabp! abkdisd{nknh jg g{sgkng{ jg ab{ kdiwhnjbjg{ jg sabhzb{ g{! b ighwjd! jnlgpghzg( G{zb{jnlgpghknb{ {dh mb`nzwbaighzg ga pglagod jga bn{abinghzd ~ ab bw{ghknb jg kdadhnbknhghzpg n{ab{(

Baewhb{ g{sgkng{ spg{ghzbh bisanb jn{zpn`wknh gh kb{n zdjd ga bpkmnsnabed! sgpd hd {gibhnlng{zbh gh kngpzb{ sbpzg{6 sdp gogisad! Ob{inhdkgpgw{ zmdwbp{nn znghg zpg{{w`g{sgkng{ rwg dkwppgh gh kb{n zdjb{ ab{ n{ab{ jga kghzpd ~ jga dg{zg! sgpd hd gh ab{ n{ab{jga hdpzg6 Bazgphbhzmgpb ebabsbegh{n{! {g spg{ghzb gh ad{ n{adzg{ rwg pdjgbh Ladpgbhbsgpd hd gh Ladpgbhb in{ib(

[geh Abug{{dh gz ba( -2>=5.! ab ladpb |b{kwabp jg ab{ n{ab{ Ebasbed{ kdispghjg 5:>gogisabpg{! jn{zpn`wnjd{ gh g{sgkng{! {w`g{sgkng{ ~ |bpngjbjg{6 rwg nhkaw~gh ladpb

ghjinkb! hbzn|b g nhzpdjwknjb(Ab ladpb ghjinkb kdispghjg 02< g{sgkng{ -0=(= ' jga zdzba. ~ 5 ehgpd{ jg zpg{lbinanb{ -Jbpunhndzmbihw{! Agkdkbpsw{! Ibkpbgb ~ [kbag{nb jg ab lbinanb B{zgpbkgbg6

@pbkm~kgpgw{ ~ Ob{inhdkgpgw{ jg ab lbinanb Kbkzbkgbg6 ~! [nk~dkbwan{ jg ab lbinanbKwkwp`nzbkgbg.(


38/150




Ad{ nhjn|njwd{ rwg aagebpdh b ab{ n{ab{ gh ldpib hbzwpba! {nh b~wjb mwibhb ~ rwg {gghkwghzpbh gh dzpd{ awebpg{ egdeplnkd{! kdhldpibh ab ladpb hbzn|b6 kdiswg{zb sdp 052gogisabpg{ -;5;.! ab |gegzbknh jg ab{ n{ab{ Ebasbed{ {g jn|njg gh zpg{epwsd{ jg bkwgpjd b ab{ zpg{ dhb{ gkdaenkb{ pgen{zpbjb{ gh ga bpkmnsnabed(

_DHB KD[ZGPB

Ab{ sabhzb{ jg ab dhb kd{zgpb dkwsbh whb lpbhob bhed{zb kgpkb jg ab kd{zb( [gkbpbkzgpnbh sdp {w zdagpbhknb b ab{ kdhjnkndhg{ jg {banhnjbj(

Iwkmb{ jg g{zb{ sabhzb{! g{sgknbaighzg ad{ ibheag{! spd|ggh {nznd{ jg pgspdjwkknh

sbpb b|g{ kdid ad{ sgakbhd{! lpbebzb{ ~ ebpb{! spdsdpkndhbh {di`pb sbpb dzpd{bhnibag{ kdid ad`d{ g newbhb{ ibpnhb{! ~ {np|gh jg pglwend sbpb zdpzweb{ ibpnhb{ ghdhb{ jg abewhb(

Kdid pgspg{ghzbhzg{ jg g{zb dhb {g ghkwghzpbh?

Bp`dag{ d bp`w{zd{ jg ibheag pdod! hgepd! `abhkd ~ `dzh! ~ bppb~bhknaad6 bp`w{zd{ jgidhzg {babjd6 sabhzb{ mgp`kgb{ jg [g{w|nwi! Nsdidgb! mngp`b g{kdpsnh! Bzpnsag} ~kbkb`w{(

An{zb 2( Sabhzb{ jg _dhb Kd{zgpb

W|b jg ab b [kbg|dab awigpnIbh ag pd d Pmndsmdpb ibheagIbh ag hg pd B|nkghhnb gpinhbh{Ibh ag abhkd Ab whkwabpnb pbkgid{bIbh ag dzh Kdhdkbpsw{ gpgkzbBppb bhknaad Ib zghw{ dkzd dhbIdhzg {babjd Kp zdkbp w{ pn dpin{[g{w|nwi [g{w|nwi { (N didgb N didgb g{)kb pbgMngp`b g{kdp nh Mgandzpd nwi kwpb{{b|nkwiBzpn ag} gpw|nbhb Bzpn ag} gpw|nbhbKbkb`w{ G}gjgkdhw{ ingp{nn

_DHB [GKB

Ab dhb {gkb g{ ab i{ g}zgh{b ~ |n{nzbjb gh Ebasbed{( Ga bi`nghzg g{ spnibpnbighzg{ginjg{pznkd d jg `d{rwg {gkd! ~ ab{ g{sgkng{ jg sabhzb{ g{zh bjbszbjb{ b ab {grwb(



39/150




Bp`dag{ jg sbad {bhzd! sgeb sgeb! ibhbhnaad! kbkd!Bkbknb ~ kbkzd{(Bp`dag{ d bp`w{zd{ jg ibzbbphd! agkmd{d! kmbab! sbad |gpjg ~ ewb~b`naad(Bp`w{zd{ jg g{snhd! iw~w~d! bibped! Agdkbpsw{! baebppd`d! Epb`du{fnb! A~knwi!abhzbhb! pdjnaad jg kb`baad! Ubazmgpnb ~ baedjh(Sabhzb{ mgp`kgb{ jg zdibznaad jg Ebasbed{! Bazgphbhzmgpb! ladp jg ab sb{nh!

Ididpjnkb! kbkmd jg kmn|d! Znrwnanb! Kmbibg{~kg! Sda~ebab(

Gh g{zb dhb {g swgjg d`{gp|bp arwghg{( [dh ab {ni`nd{n{ jg wh mdhed ~ whb baeb! rwgzdagpbh ab jg{mnjpbzbknh ~ pgrwngpgh sdkd d hbjb jg {wgad sbpb kpgkgp( [g ad{ swgjgghkdhzpbp kpgknghjd {d`pg p`dag{! pdkb{! ga {wgad g nhkaw{d {d`pg zdpzweb{(

[g kpgg rwg {g jbh i{ jg ;33 g{sgkng{ gh ab{ n{ab{ -Ug`gp 2>


40/150




Zn wnanb Zn wnanb { (Kmbibg{~kg Kmbibg{~kg {ss(Sdan bab Sda bab {bhkzn) gdp nDpkmnaab Pdkkgaab b nh zdhnn

_DHB MWIGJB

I{ bppn`b jg ab dhb {gkb {g ghkwghzpbh ad{ `d{rwg{ jg [kbag{nb! _bhzmd}~awi ~Inkdhnb! ~ ab |gegzbknh jg sbisb( [dh pgb{ i{ sgrwgb{ gh g}zgh{nh rwg ab dhb{gkb! sgpd {dh |gpjg{ ~ |n{zd{b{ ~b rwg pgkn`gh iwkmb mwigjbj jg ab ebpb(


Bp`dag{ jg agkmd{d(Bp`dag{ d bp`w{zd{ jg wb jg ebzd(Bp`w{zd{ jg kbkbdznaad(Sabhzb{ mgp`kgb{ jg iwpjbed jg Ebasbed{! zbk{mn ~ mwb~kwhjd(

Gh ga bpkmnsnabed mb~ bapgjgjdp jg >3 g{sgkng{ jg mgagkmd{! ab ib~dpb jg ad{ kwbag{bsbpgkgh gh ab{ dhb{ migjb{( Kdid g{sgkng{ kdiwhg{ {g ghkwghzpbh ga mgagkmdSzgpnjnwi brwnanhwi ~ ga mgagkmd bp`pgd K~bzmgb ugbzmgp`~bhb rwg kpgkg mb{zb ad{ ;igzpd{ jg bazwpb(

Ad{ ankdsdjnd{ {dh wh epwsd spninzn|d jg sabhzb{ rwg {g pgabkndhbh kdh ad{ mgagkmd{(Mb~ < g{sgkng{ gh Ebasbed{ jga ehgpdA~kdsdjnwi(

Iw{ed{ ~ arwghg{ owhzd b p`dag{ ~ bp`w{zd{ gh ab{ dhb{ migjb{! {g jbhb`whjbhzgighzg gh ab zngppb( [g kdhdkgh 223 g{sgkng{ jg mgsznkb{ rwg b`whjbh i{ ghab dhb jg Inkdhnb( Mb~ >3 g{sgkng{ jg iw{ed{ gh ab{ n{ab{! rwg b`whjbh i{ gh ab

dhb jg [kbag{nb(

An{zb ;( Sabhzb{ jg _dhb Migjb

Dprwnjgb Gsnjghjpwi {snkbzwiSg gpdinb Sg gpdinb { (Zwphgldpznb Zdwphg dpznb w`g{kgh{Jbpunhndzbiw{ Jbpunhndzmbihw{ zghwnldanw{Agkmd{d [kbag{nb gjwhkwabzbKbkbdznaad Inkdhnb pd`nh{dhnbhbWb jg bzd _bhzmd} awi b bpbMgagkmd p`da K bzmgb ugbzmgp` bhb

Mgagkmd Szgpnjnwi b wnanhwiIwpjb d jg Eba b d{ Smdpbjghjpdh mgh{ad|nnZbk{mn Sgphgzz b mdugaanMwb~kwhjd Znaabhj{nb nh{wabpn{Ankd djnd A kd djnwi { (Bdaab Bdaab inkpd m aab


41/150




[NZND[ JG \N[NZB

B kdhznhwbknh {g spg{ghzb wh an{zbjd jg ad{ pgkwp{d{ ladp{znkd{! i{ kdiwhg{!g}n{zghzg{ gh ab{ jn{znhzb{ {nznd{ jg |n{nzb zwp{znkb

An{zb :( Sabhzb{ g}n{zghzg{ gh ad{ jn{znhzd{ {nznd{ jg |n{nzb

@bazpb @wp{gpb ibabkd m aab Dswhznb gkmnd{ |bp( gkmnd{ Sbpfnh{dhnb bkwagbzb [kbag{nb kpdkfgpn@bpzdadi @pbkm kgpgw{ hg{ndznkw{ Kmbibg{ kg bi ag}nkbwan{ Kp~szdkbpsw{ s~pnldpin{ N didgb g{)kb pbg Ab whkwabpnb pbkgid{b Ib zghw{ dkzd dhb

Idaaw d ab|g{kgh{{w`{ ( pbknaanibD whznb bab b gnb |bp( bab b gnbSgkzn{ zghwn danb

Pmnd mdpb ibh ag [kbag{nb {zgubpznn [kwznb { nkbzb |bp( bwkn adpb Zn wnanb hg{ndznkbJb mhg @wp{gpb ibabkd m aab Kmbibg{ kg bi ag}nkbwan{ D whznb gkmnd{ |bp( gkmnd{ Sdpzwabkb mdugaann Znrwnanb ebabsbedb

Zpn`waw{ kn{zdnjg{G{ bdabEbpjhgp @b Kp zdkbp w{ pn dpin{

Dswhznb igeb{sgpib |bp( dpnghzban{Sbpfnh{dhnb bkwagbzb

Spd{d n{ wan adpb [ dpd`daw{ |np nhnkw{ Zpn`waw{ kn{zdnjg{

Swhzb [wpg Bzpn ag} gpw|nbhb Kp zdkbp w{ pn dpin{ G}gjgkdhw{ ingp{nn Epb`du{fnb `dgpmbb|nbg danb Abhzbhb gjwhkwabpn{

A knwi inhniwi Sdpzwabkb dagpbkgb Spd{d n{ wan adpb [g{w|nwi gjidh{zdhgn [njb {ba|nnldanb Zpnbhzmgib dpzwabkb{zpwi Zpn`waw{ kn{zdnjg{


42/150




LgphbhjnhbSwhzb G{ nhd{b B|nkghhnb gpinhbh{

@pbkm kgpgw{ hg{ndznkw{ G}gjgkdhw{ ingp{nn Ab whkwabpnb pbkgid{b Pmnd mdpb ibh ag

LadpgbhbSd{z Dllnkg @b Kp zdkbp w{ pn dpin{

Ed{{ nwi jbpunhnn Abhzbhb sgjwhkwabpn{ Sbpfnh{dhnb bkwagbzb Spd{d n{ wan dpb

Swhzb Kdpidph B|nkghhnb gpinhbh{ @wp{gpb pb|gdagh{ Kb{zgab bab b gnb Kdiinkbp w{ zw`gpd{w{ Kpdzdh {kdwagpn |bp( {kdwagpn Kp~szdkbpsw{ s~pnldpin{

Gpb pd{zn{ knanbpn{ Abhzbhb gjwhkwabpn{ Agkdkbpsw{ snhhbznlnjw{ Ib zghw{ dkzd dhb Ighzganb b{ gpb Hdabhb bab b gh{n{ Sbpfnh{dhnb bkwagbzb Sb{{n adpb dgznjb Sgkzn{ zghwn danb Sawi`b d {kbhjgh{ Sda~ebab {bhkzn)egdpenn |bp( {bhkzn)egdpenn

Spd{d n{ wan adpb [kbg|dab awingpn [kbag{nb |naad{b

[kwznb { nkbzb |bp( bwkn adpb \baag{nb ab`pb Ubazmgpnb d|bzbEghd|g{b

Jbpunh @b @wp{gpb pb|gdagh{ Kmbibg{ kg bi ag}nkbwan{ Kmbibg{ kg |ninhgb Kdpjnb awzgb Kpdzdh {kdwagpn |bp( {kdwagpn Kp~szdkbpsw{ s~pnldpin{ Gpb pd{zn{ knanbpn{ G}gjgkdhw{ ingp{nn

Mgandzpdsnwi bhend{sgpiwi Mgandzpd nwi kwpb{{b|nkwi |bp( kwpb{{b|nkwi N didgb mb`ganbhb D whznb mgaagpn Pmnd mdpb ibh agSpnhkg Smnans%{ [zgs{ @pbkm kgpgw{ hg{ndznkw{ @wp{gpb pb|gdagh{ Kmbibg{ kg bi ag}nkbwan{


43/150




Kmbibg{ kg |ninhgb Kpdzdh {kdwagpn |bp( {kdwagpn N didgb mb`ganbhb Ubazmgpnb d|bzbN{b`gab

Ganb`gzm @b B|nkghhnb gpinhbh{

@wp{gpb pb|gdagh{ Ab whkwabpnb pbkgid{b D whznb nh{wabpn{ Pmnd mdpb ibh ag

Swgpzd \naabina @wp{gpb pb|gdagh{ Kmbibg{~kg |ninhgb Kdkd{ hwkn gpb Kdhdkbp w{ gpgkzw{ Kdpjnb pg|dawzb Kwkwin{ jn {bkgw{ Lwpkpbgb mg}b gzbab Mnssdibhg ibhknhgaab N didgb g{)kb pbg Ob{inhdkgpgw{ zmdwbp{nn |bp( {kagpdkbp w{

Ab whkwabpnb pbkgid{b D whznb gkmnd{ |bp( nhgpin{ Sbpfnh{dhnb bkwagbzb Sb{{n adpb dgznjb Sgkzn{ zghwn danb Sawi`bed {kbhjgh{ Spd{d n{ wan adpb Pmnd mdpb ibh ag [bpkd{zgiib bhew{zn{{niwi [kbag{nb b nhn{ [kwznb { nkbzb |bp( bwkn adpb [ghhb n{zbknn danb |bp( nkzb \baag{nb ab`pb |bp( ab`pb

Swhzb Ba`gpibpag Jbpunhndzmbihw{ abhkn danw{ Mn dibhg ibhknhgaab N didgb g{)kb pbg Ob{inhdkgpgw{ zmdwbp{nn |bp( {kagpdkbpsw{

Hdabhb bab b gh{n{ D whznb nh{wabpn{ [kbag{nb bllnhn{Swhzb Ebpkb @wp{gpb pb|gdagh{ Ab whkwabpnb pbkgid{b Pmndsmdpb ibheag [kbag{nb b nhn{Swhzb Idpghd @pbkm kgpgw{ hg{ndznkw{ @wp{gpb pb|gdagh{ Jbpunhndzmbihw{ zghwn danw{ Mnssdibhg ibhknhgaab Ob{inhdkgpgw{ zmdwbp{nn |bp( {kagpdkbp w{

Abh whkwabpnb pbkgid{b Ibkpbgb abpnknldanb Idaaw d ab|g{kgh{{w`{ ( pbknaanib

[bpkd{zgiib bh w{zn{{niwi [kbag{nb bllnhn{


44/150




[kwznb { nkbzb |bp( bwkn adpb [g{w|nwi sdpzwabkb{zpwi


45/150




Zb w{ Kd|g @wp{gpb pb|gdagh{ Kb{zgab bab b gnb Kmbibg{ kg |ninhgb Kdpjnb awzgb Kpdzdh {kdwagpn |bp( {kdwagpn Kp zdkbp w{ pn dpin{

G}gjgkdhw{ ingp{nn Ed{{~snwi jbpunhnn Abhzbhb gjwhkwabpn{ A kd gp{nkdh kmgg{ibhnn |bp( inhdp

Ibkpbgb abpnknldanb D whznb nh{wabpn{ [kbag{nb b nhn{ Ubazmgpnb d|bzbWp`nhb @b @wp{gpb pb|gdagh{ Jbpunhndzmbihw{ zghwn danw{ G}gjgkdhw{ ingp{nn [kwznb { nkbzb |bp( bwkn adpb\dakh Bakgjd @bkkmbpn{ ehnjnnldanb

@wp{gpb pb|gdagh{ Kdpjnb agwkd ma {zn{ Kdpjnb pg|dawzb Kpdzdh {kdwagpn |bp( {kdwagpn Jbpunhndzmbihw{ abhkn danw{ Jbpunhndzmbihw{ zghwn danw{ G njghjpwi { nkbzwi Mgandzpd nwi bh nd{ gpiwi M zn{ pmdi`dnjgb adhd {n{ wzpnkwabpndnjg{ N didgb ba`b Abhzbhb gjwhkwabpn{ An nb pd{ibpnhn danb Ibkpbgb abpnknldanb

D whznb nh{wabpn{ Sghhn{gzwi wp wpgwi Sgsgpdinb ebabsbegh{n{ |bp( ebabsbegh{n{

Sn{dhnb adpn`whjb [bpkd{zgiib bh w{zn{{niwi [kbag{nb b nhn{ [( inkpdkg mbab |bp( inkpdkg mbab

[kwznb { nkbzb |bp( bwkn adpb Znaabhj{nb nh{wabpn{ Zdwphg dpznb w`g{kgh{ Zdwphgldpznb pwld){gpnkgb Zpgib inkpbhzmb _bhzmd} awi b bpb

\dakh [ngppb Hg pb Bkbknb pdpwjnbhb @bkkmbpn{ hnjnn danb Kdpjnb agwkd ma kzn{ Kpdzdh {kdwagpn |bp( {kdwagpn Jbpunhndzmbihw{ abhkn danw{ Jbpunhndzmbihw{ zghwn danw{ Mgandzpd nwi bh nd{ gpiwi Mn dibhg ibhknhgaab


46/150




Ob{inhdkgpgw{ zmdwbp{nn |bp( {kagpdkbp w{Fbabhkmdg snhhbzb

Ibkpbgb abpnkn danb D whznb gkmnd{ |bp( nhgpin{ Dswhznb nh{wabpn{ Sn{dhnb adpn`whjb Sda dhwi bab b gh{g

[b nhjw{ {b dhbpnb [kbag{nb b nhn{ [kbag{nb kdpjbzb [kd bpnb jwakn{ Zgwkpnwi |g{nkbpnwi Zdwphgldpznb sw`g{kgh{ Zdwphg dpznb pw d){gpnkgbSabb [wp Kb{zgab ebabsbegnb Epb`du{fnb `dgpmbb|nbg danb Ib zghw{ dkzd dhb Dswhznb gkmnd{ |bp( gkmnd{ Sdpzwabkb mdugaann [kwznb { nzbkb |bp( bwkn adpb [g{w|nwi gjidh{zdhgn Zpn`waw{ kn{zdnjg{P`njb B|nkghhnb gpinhbh{ @wp{gpb pb|gdagh{ Kdpjnb awzgb Kpdzdh {kdwagpn |bp( {kdwagpn Kp zdkbp w{ pn dpin{ G|da|waw{ kdh|da|wadnjg{ G|da|waw{ {ni ag} Eba|gnb agwkbhzmb {w`{ ( w`g{kgh{

A kd gp{nkdh kmgg{ibhnn |bp( inhdpIb zghw{ dkzd dhb

Igppginb bg znkb D whznb bab b gnb |bp( pd w{b[njb {ba|nn danb

[bh Kpn{z`ba

Ga Owhkd Awjun nb ag zdkbp b Inkdhnb pd`nh{dhnbhb Sda dhwi bab b gh{g Pw`w{ hn|gw{

Lpn bzg`npj Mnaa @wp{gpb epb|gdagh{Kmndkdkkb ba`b

Kdpjnb awzgb Kpdzdh {kdwagpn |bp( {kdwagpn Ed{{ nwi jbpunhnn Idaawed lab|g{kgh{ {w`{s( epbknaanib

Sn{knjnb kbpzmb ghgh{n{ [njb knanbpn{ \baag{nb eab`pb |bp( sw`g{kgh{

Swgpzd @b wgpnd Idpghd Baabibhjb kbzmbpznkb @agkmwi pbinjbzwi Kanzdpnb zgphbzgb


47/150




Kpdzdh {kdwagpn |bp( {kdwagpn Jg{ibhzmw{ |npebzw{ |bp( jgspg{{w{

G|da|waw{ kdh|da|wadnjg{


48/150




Ed{{ nwi jbpunhnn N didgb hna Sbpfnh{dhnb bkwagbzb Sb{{n adpb dgznjb [kbag{nb dpjnaadn \baag{nb ab`pb |bp( w`g{kgh{

Swhzb Snzz Ghkganb mn{ njb Abhzbhb sgjwhkwabpn{ Ighzganb b{ gpb Hdabhb bab b gh{n{ [kbag{nb nhkn{b

Kbinhd jg Swgpzd @b wgpnd Kbpjnd{ gpiwi mbankbkb`wi Kmbibg{ kg mnpzb Kpdzbabpnb pgzw{b Ed{{ nwi jbpunhnn Abhzbhb kbibpb Idpidpjnkb kmbpbhznb Sghhn{gzwi wp wpgwi S{njnwi ebabsbegnwi |bp( mdugaann

Pw`w{ hn|gw{ [ghhb d`zw{n danb[bhzb Kpw

GKKmJ $d Swgpzd B dpb Bkbknb pdpwjnbhb Baabibhjb kbzmbpznkb Bazgphbhzmgpb gkmnhdkg mbab Bazgphbhzmgpb lnanldanb {w`{s( lnanldanb

B|nkghhnb gpinhbh{ @dgpmbb|nb kbpn`bgb Kb pbpnb n adpb Kb pbpnb gpw|nbhb Kbpnkb b b b Kb{zgab ebabsbegnb

Kagpdjghjpwi idaag |bp( idaag Kdiinkbp w{ zw`gpd{w{ Kdhdkbpsw{ gpgkzw{ Kdpjnb agwkd ma kzn{ Kdhdkbp w{ awzgb Kdkd{ hwkn gpb Kpdzdh {kdwagpn |bp( {kdwagpn Kp zdkbp w{ pn dpin{ Jgadhn} pg nb Mgandzpd nwi bh nd{ gpiwi Mgandzpdsnwi kwpb{{b|nkwi Mn n{kw{ {kmnd gzbaw{ Mn`n{kw{ znanbkgw{

Mnssdibhg ibhknhgaab N didgb g{)kb pbg Ob{inhdkgpgw{ zmdwbp{nn |bp( jgankbzw{

Ab whkwabpnb pbkgid{b Abhzbhb kbibpb Ib zghw{ dkzd dhb Iganb bgjbpbkm Idpidpjnkb kmbpbhznb


49/150




D whznb gkmnd{ |bp( n bhzgb Sbpfnh{dhnb bkwagbzb Sb{{n adpb dgznjb Sawi`b d {kbhjgh{ Spd{dsn{ owanladpb Pnknhw{ kdiiwhn{ Pmnd mdpb ibh ag

[kwznb { nkbzb |bp( bwkn adpb [ghhb babzb [g{w|nwi dpzwabkb{zpwi [njb knanbpn{ Zdwphg dpznb {nad{zbkm b Zdwphgldpznb sw`g{kgh{ Zpn`waw{ kn{zdnjg{

Ad{ Egigad{ Bkhn{zw{ gaan znkw{Begpbzwi kdh~dnjg{

Bazgphbhzmgpb mbanin danb Bhdjb bkgpn danb Kmndkdkkb ba`b Jbpunh

estudio de impacto ambiental en operaciones turisticas en galapagos 2000, make a [email protected]...

Documents