equitat ambiental a catalunya

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Environmental justice in Catalonia

UB, 26th

of march 2010

Miquel Ortega Cerd

morte [email protected]


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a Catalunya

.

. y

. om e esu s

. on c u s on s


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Introduction

Authors: Maria Calaf Forn and Miquel Ortega Cerd.

Time line: Most of the research was done in 2006 and reviewed in 2009.

the environmental justice concept in Catalonia.

,perspective

Give an overview of the main current initiatives form a public administration perspective

Identify some environmental issues that can be interesting to be analysed from an environmentalus ce perspec ve an pro uce a pre m nary ana ys s

Suggest some initiatives to be developed by the Catalan public administration

represent necessarily the opinion of CADS or Generalitat de Catalunya.


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Introductiona Catalunya

1rst part: background and previous international initiatives (47 pp)

Overview of the main concepts related with environmental justiceWhat does it means environmental justice?

What is the relation between environmental equity and environmental justice?

How public administration understand environmental justice?

Which are the main methodologies of environmental justice research?

International initiatives related with environmental justice developed by

public administrationsUnited States

EuropeAfrica

Latin America

public administration?. The Catalan context


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Equity can be distilled into three broad categories: social, geographic andprocedural (Bullard, 2005)

oc a equ yAssess the role of sociological factors, such as race, ethnicity, class, culture, etc. in decisionmaking

.

Geographic equityHow is the location and s atial confi uration of communities and what is the relation withenvironmental hazards and locally unwanted land uses such as landfills, incinerators, refineries,etc.

roce ura equ yTo which extend the governing rules, regulations, evaluation criteria, and enforcement are

applied uniformly across the board. Are there nonscientific and undemocratic decisions,exclusionar ractices? Does ever bod has the chance to arci ate in the decission-makinprocesses?


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2nd part: Analysis and recommendations (113 pp)

Methodological chapter

Inequities related to local environmental impactsMost polluting industries

Environmental infrastructures: waste management, energyTransport infrastructures

Land use

Inequities related to global environmental impactsResource use

CO2 emissionsInequities related to the access to environmental goods

Public transport

onc us ons an recommen a ons


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Analytical methodology


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Methodology

Definition of issues to be analysed.

Group of experts. Include administration, NGOs and researchers.

Main ideas:

Include environmental justice perspective at local and global level.

Some data should be alread available.

Issues should be relevant and with some public awareness of the problematic.

Based on previously available data obtained from public administration, research.

The analysis is based on visual and statistical techniques obtained from GIS anddiscourse analysis.

, , .


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Methodology

Geographic equity:

Maps

Use of indicators: land density (number of polluting industries per km2), per capitaintensity (energy production per capita at the different counties).

Socio-economic equity:Economic capacity: RFBD per capita

Size of municipality

Percentage of elder people

Percentage of non-UE citizens

Public perception and participation:Is there any social movement, NGO, institutions, etc using environmental justice discourse inrelation with the environmental variable? Analysis of manifestos and public press statements.


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Methodology

County Municipality Census tracts41 946

79%5000 AgeNon EU population


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Some examples of results


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Most polluting industriesa Catalunya

ourceEuropean Pollutant Emission Register

Year

Activity Number

Combustion industry 12

Metal industry 67

Chemical industry 194

Waste management industry 95

Paper and cardboard industry 32

Textile 9

Leather industry 6

Agribusiness and cattle raising 622

Coal 3TOTAL 1.116


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EPER industriesby surface area


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90%100%

2000m Midamunicipi

90%100%

2000m RFBD

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

0%

10%

20%

30%

QUINTIL1 QUINTIL2 QUINTIL3 QUINTIL4 QUINTIL50%

10%

20%

30%

QUINTIL1 QUINTIL2 QUINTIL3 QUINTIL4 QUINTIL5


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Agribusiness and cattle raising Chemical industries

70%

80%

90%

60%

70%

80%

20%

30%

40%

50%

20%

30%

40%

50%

0%

10%


10%



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Chemical sector: Tarragona petrochemical concentration

19th of October 2002: Manifest de La Mas. Key issue: health and chemical industryconcentration.

Some organizations that developed environmental justice claims: GEPEC-Ecologistes de Catalunyaand Escur de Tarragona.

The administration answer: LObservatori de la Salut del Camp de Tarragona.

Conflictive health studies.

Agribusiness and cattle raising: pig manure produce high level of nitrates in water

Some organizations that developed environmental justice claims: Grup de Defensa

del Ter (monitoring, management proposals, denounces, etc.).Well know problem since 90s. In the period 1999-2002: 370 denounces, only 14were successful.

In 1998 first legal initiatives (Decret 283/1998, de 21 doctubre, amb la designacidalgunes zones vulnerables en relaci amb la contaminaci de nitrats procedents de

fonts agrries). 203 municipalities where involved.


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Since 2000:

2003. Pla de suport a la gesti de les dejeccions ramaderes de lany 2003

2004. The Environmental Department of the Generalitat de Catalunya recognize that50 municipalities in Girona do have nitrate levels over the highest recommendedvalue by the WHO (50 ml/l). Bisbal dEmpord and Forallac (Baix Empord), wheret e most a ecte . ore t an . consumers w ere a ecte . so some pro ems

in Tarragona area (Caseras 80 ml/l in June. The municipality do have to carry waterby track).

.

2005. The Environmental Department of the Generalitat de Catalunya recognize that130 water distribution municipal services were affected regularly by high nitrates

levels more than 50 ml/l . 38.352 consumers are affected. Most affected areas:Empord, el Maresme, lAlt Empord i el Valls Oriental. 69 water distributionmunicipal services more where sporadically affected (39.528 consumers).

2005. End of pipe solution: more water-treatment plants and long term proposals:Consorci de Gesti de la Fertilitzaci Agrria- GESFER

2009: Once more new municipalities have been involed in the vulnerable zone


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Waste managementa Catalunya

Municipal

waste

Landfills 44

Composting facility 24

Anaerobic digestion 4Incinerator 10

Transference plant 13

Recycling sorting plant 17

Landfills 87

Composting facility 21

Industrial

waste

transferenceplant49

Incinerator 16

Physicalchemical

treatment4

Recycling 14

Agricultural treatment

plant1

Cattle waste

Pigmanureponds 19

Com ost facilit 13

Treatment 25

Construction

Landfills 62

Recicling plants 11

Transference plant 25

2006, DMAH


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wastemanagement

facilities bysurface area


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wastemanagement

facilities bysurface area

an cap a


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Kgs of wastemanage per

capita for


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2000m

RFBD

Industrial waste facilities

2000m

Mida

municipi

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

40%

50%

60%

70%

0%

10%20%

30%


10%

20%


70%

80%

2000m Msde65anys

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

0%

10%



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E EJA % E EJA % E EJA % E EJA %Waste

management

facilities4 2 50 7 5 71 7 4 57 8 5 62

-

Source: IPCENA

Vinaixa landfill (2004), Tivissa landfill (2004),

Conca de Barber treatment plant (2004),,

constrution waste disposals of Andorra in AltUrgell, Grefacsa incinerator (Trmens) (2005),ECOPARC 2 (Montcada i Reixac) (2005),Pujalt landfill (2005), Escarp incinerator (2006),

Source: IPCENA Source: Salvem lAnoia

(2006), compost facility at Mald (2006), etc.


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' , ,residus. Main principles: valorisation, sufficiency and proximity

Industrial waste mana ement lan: Pro rama de Gesti de Residus Industrials de Catalun a(PROGRIC) 2007-2012

20.000 tonnes per year of industrial waste are exportedout of Catalonia to be incinerated while there is someoverca acit in some rivate lants. While the planning does recommend new landfills there

is also a recognition that there is not enough control ofwhat is incorporated in todays landfillsThe criteria for new landfills allocations are: ood

access and considering the population density, it doesnot include existing facilities density or otherparametersuse of the carrying capacity concept for

waste mana ement?The auto contention concept should be used as it isused in municipal waste infrastructure planningIn order to improve the burning sharing poorest and

munici alities with older o ulation should be avoided.The planning regions should be little an similar to

PROGREMIC areas, so a better integration could bedone.


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Energy productiona Catalunya


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Category Name MunicipalityProduction

capacity

(MW)

Coal Cercs Cercs 162

Nuclear Asc 1 Asc 1028

Nuclear Asc 2 Asc 1027

Nuclear Vandells 2 Vandells 1087

Ordinary regime production capacity (MW)

Fuel/Gas San Adrin 1 SantAdridelBess 350

Fuel/Gas San Adrin 3 SantAdridelBess 309

Combined cycled

ower lant

Bess 3 SantAdridelBess 412

Combined cycled

power plant

Bess 4 SantAdridelBess 407

Combined cycled

power plant

Tarragona Endesa Tarragona 400

Combined cycled

power plant

Tarragona Power Tarragona 424

Combined cycled

power plan

Plana del Vent 1 VandellsilHospitalet

de

lInfant

412

Combined cycled

power plant

Plana del Vent 2 VandellsilHospitalet

delInfant

421

Hydroelectricity Tavascan Lladorre 152

Hydroelectricity Canelles OsdeBalaguer 108

Hydroelectricity Estangento

Sallente

LatorredeCapdella 446

Sources: Red elctrica de Espaa. 2008 corrected by use data.


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Especial regime production capacity (MW)

Type Number

Productioncapacity

(MW)

Landfills 5 19,5

Biomass 1 0,5Cogeneration 111 977,9

Ecoparcs 2 5,4

EDAR 11 67,3

Wind production 14 342,5

Photovoltaic 1081 33,5

Hydraulic 284 271,9g manure 5 76,6

Non renewable industrial waste 1 5,2

Renewable industrial waste 2 15,0

Urban solid waste 4 44,4

Source: ICAEN. Year 2007


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nergy consump on

Source: Pla de lenergia a Catalunya 2006-2015.2003 data

(KW per capita)

Source: especial regime lICAEN 2007, ordinary regime Red elctrica de Espaa,population IDESCAT


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facilities per surface unit and

capita


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E EJA % E EJA % E EJA % E EJA % E EJA %Energyproduction 9 3 33 11 5 45 8 5 62 8 5 62 7 3 42

-

Source: Plataforma per a la defensa de Terra Alta Source: Sticker of Plataforma per a la defensa de Terra Alta


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-

1rst of December 2007 A les Terres de l'Ebre comencem a estar cansats, cansats de

vore com una vegada i una altra les nostres terres sn l'objectiu

nica i exclusivament per a tirar tota la "merda" que los altres

no volen, no estem ni contra el progrs ni contra la

modernitzaci, ans lo contrari, per tot sobre un

desenvolupament sostenible amb el territori.

Poder decidir lo que volem per a les nostres terres en el futur,

que mai ens cansarem de lluitar, us convoquem a tots a

l'Assemblea de Plataformes de les Terres de l'Ebre.


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-


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-

Illustraci1ConvocatriadacteaMequinenza

lany2006

Illustraci2ManifestaciaTortosael15de

desembrede2007

Font:http://agora.ya.com/iumequinensa/

Font:PlataformadelaTerraAltahttp://www.plataformaterraalta.com/


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2002. Pla de lEnergia a Catalunya en lhoritz de lany 2010

2005. Pla de lEnergia de Catalunya 2006-2015 (some changes in 2009)

Main changes in ordinary regime (2015):

Closing of Cercs (coal), Foix and Sat Adri 1 and Sant Adri 2 (fuel-gas)(gasoil-gas)12 new combined cycle power plants (from 2450 MW in 2007 to 4932 in 2015)Where? Few indications: mainly near Barcelona and Girona areas.Substitution, redistribution or same pattern concentrations?

The most important growth will be in wind production, from 324 MW to 1313,2MW or 3500,4 MW depending on the scenario. ere t e w n m s s ou e p ace


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Decret 147/2009, de 22 de setembre, pel qual es regulen els procediments

administratius a licables er a la im lantaci de arcs elics i installacionsfotovoltaiques a Catalunya

Definition of Zones de Desenvolupament Prioritari (ZDP). Areas for big windarms: more an an w n m s.

Main problem: how are they defined? Who participates in the decision-makingrocess? Environmental ustice rocedural roblem.


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Preliminar proposal


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Conclusions


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Conclusionsa Catalunya

Environmental justice concept is increasingly important all around the world

It embrace not only race and polluting industries problems but may be used for very

Every time more public administrations are using this concept to address someenvironmental inequities and to support the socio-environmental integration indecision-making

In Catalonia there are no technical barriers to develop some environmental justice

There are some evidences of some environmental inequalities that can be improved

by the development of proper environmental justice policies.

This report is just a first step. Much more needs to be done if we want to seeenvironmental justice perspective applied in Catalonian public policies.


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Final remarka Catalunya

The report can be found in:

. .erca/ddr_15_versi_web.pdf


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Thanks for your attention

Miquel Ortega Cerd

.www.ent.cat

http://miquelortega.cat

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