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Environmental justice in Catalonia
UB, 26th
of march 2010
Miquel Ortega Cerd
morte [email protected]
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Equitat ambiental
a Catalunya
.
. y
. om e esu s
. on c u s on s
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Equitat ambiental
Introduction
Authors: Maria Calaf Forn and Miquel Ortega Cerd.
Time line: Most of the research was done in 2006 and reviewed in 2009.
the environmental justice concept in Catalonia.
,perspective
Give an overview of the main current initiatives form a public administration perspective
Identify some environmental issues that can be interesting to be analysed from an environmentalus ce perspec ve an pro uce a pre m nary ana ys s
Suggest some initiatives to be developed by the Catalan public administration
represent necessarily the opinion of CADS or Generalitat de Catalunya.
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Introductiona Catalunya
1rst part: background and previous international initiatives (47 pp)
Overview of the main concepts related with environmental justiceWhat does it means environmental justice?
What is the relation between environmental equity and environmental justice?
How public administration understand environmental justice?
Which are the main methodologies of environmental justice research?
International initiatives related with environmental justice developed by
public administrationsUnited States
EuropeAfrica
Latin America
public administration?. The Catalan context
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Introductiona Catalunya
Equity can be distilled into three broad categories: social, geographic andprocedural (Bullard, 2005)
oc a equ yAssess the role of sociological factors, such as race, ethnicity, class, culture, etc. in decisionmaking
.
Geographic equityHow is the location and s atial confi uration of communities and what is the relation withenvironmental hazards and locally unwanted land uses such as landfills, incinerators, refineries,etc.
roce ura equ yTo which extend the governing rules, regulations, evaluation criteria, and enforcement are
applied uniformly across the board. Are there nonscientific and undemocratic decisions,exclusionar ractices? Does ever bod has the chance to arci ate in the decission-makinprocesses?
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Introductiona Catalunya
2nd part: Analysis and recommendations (113 pp)
Methodological chapter
Inequities related to local environmental impactsMost polluting industries
Environmental infrastructures: waste management, energyTransport infrastructures
Land use
Inequities related to global environmental impactsResource use
CO2 emissionsInequities related to the access to environmental goods
Public transport
onc us ons an recommen a ons
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Analytical methodology
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Equitat ambiental
Methodology
Definition of issues to be analysed.
Group of experts. Include administration, NGOs and researchers.
Main ideas:
Include environmental justice perspective at local and global level.
Some data should be alread available.
Issues should be relevant and with some public awareness of the problematic.
Based on previously available data obtained from public administration, research.
The analysis is based on visual and statistical techniques obtained from GIS anddiscourse analysis.
, , .
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Methodology
Geographic equity:
Maps
Use of indicators: land density (number of polluting industries per km2), per capitaintensity (energy production per capita at the different counties).
Socio-economic equity:Economic capacity: RFBD per capita
Size of municipality
Percentage of elder people
Percentage of non-UE citizens
Public perception and participation:Is there any social movement, NGO, institutions, etc using environmental justice discourse inrelation with the environmental variable? Analysis of manifestos and public press statements.
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Methodology
County Municipality Census tracts41 946
79%5000 AgeNon EU population
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Some examples of results
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Most polluting industriesa Catalunya
ourceEuropean Pollutant Emission Register
Year
Activity Number
Combustion industry 12
Metal industry 67
Chemical industry 194
Waste management industry 95
Paper and cardboard industry 32
Textile 9
Leather industry 6
Agribusiness and cattle raising 622
Coal 3TOTAL 1.116
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Most polluting industriesa Catalunya
EPER industriesby surface area
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Most polluting industriesa Catalunya
90%100%
2000m Midamunicipi
90%100%
2000m RFBD
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
0%
10%
20%
30%
QUINTIL1 QUINTIL2 QUINTIL3 QUINTIL4 QUINTIL50%
10%
20%
30%
QUINTIL1 QUINTIL2 QUINTIL3 QUINTIL4 QUINTIL5
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Most polluting industriesa Catalunya
Agribusiness and cattle raising Chemical industries
70%
80%
90%
60%
70%
80%
20%
30%
40%
50%
20%
30%
40%
50%
0%
10%
QUINTIL1 QUINTIL2 QUINTIL3 QUINTIL4 QUINTIL50%
10%
QUINTIL1 QUINTIL2 QUINTIL3 QUINTIL4 QUINTIL5
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Most polluting industriesa Catalunya
Chemical sector: Tarragona petrochemical concentration
19th of October 2002: Manifest de La Mas. Key issue: health and chemical industryconcentration.
Some organizations that developed environmental justice claims: GEPEC-Ecologistes de Catalunyaand Escur de Tarragona.
The administration answer: LObservatori de la Salut del Camp de Tarragona.
Conflictive health studies.
Agribusiness and cattle raising: pig manure produce high level of nitrates in water
Some organizations that developed environmental justice claims: Grup de Defensa
del Ter (monitoring, management proposals, denounces, etc.).Well know problem since 90s. In the period 1999-2002: 370 denounces, only 14were successful.
In 1998 first legal initiatives (Decret 283/1998, de 21 doctubre, amb la designacidalgunes zones vulnerables en relaci amb la contaminaci de nitrats procedents de
fonts agrries). 203 municipalities where involved.
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Most polluting industriesa Catalunya
Since 2000:
2003. Pla de suport a la gesti de les dejeccions ramaderes de lany 2003
2004. The Environmental Department of the Generalitat de Catalunya recognize that50 municipalities in Girona do have nitrate levels over the highest recommendedvalue by the WHO (50 ml/l). Bisbal dEmpord and Forallac (Baix Empord), wheret e most a ecte . ore t an . consumers w ere a ecte . so some pro ems
in Tarragona area (Caseras 80 ml/l in June. The municipality do have to carry waterby track).
.
2005. The Environmental Department of the Generalitat de Catalunya recognize that130 water distribution municipal services were affected regularly by high nitrates
levels more than 50 ml/l . 38.352 consumers are affected. Most affected areas:Empord, el Maresme, lAlt Empord i el Valls Oriental. 69 water distributionmunicipal services more where sporadically affected (39.528 consumers).
2005. End of pipe solution: more water-treatment plants and long term proposals:Consorci de Gesti de la Fertilitzaci Agrria- GESFER
2009: Once more new municipalities have been involed in the vulnerable zone
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Most polluting industriesa Catalunya
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Waste managementa Catalunya
Municipal
waste
Landfills 44
Composting facility 24
Anaerobic digestion 4Incinerator 10
Transference plant 13
Recycling sorting plant 17
Landfills 87
Composting facility 21
Industrial
waste
transferenceplant49
Incinerator 16
Physicalchemical
treatment4
Recycling 14
Agricultural treatment
plant1
Cattle waste
Pigmanureponds 19
Com ost facilit 13
Treatment 25
Construction
Landfills 62
Recicling plants 11
Transference plant 25
2006, DMAH
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Waste managementa Catalunya
wastemanagement
facilities bysurface area
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Waste managementa Catalunya
wastemanagement
facilities bysurface area
an cap a
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Waste managementa Catalunya
Kgs of wastemanage per
capita for
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Waste managementa Catalunya
2000m
RFBD
Industrial waste facilities
2000m
Mida
municipi
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
40%
50%
60%
70%
0%
10%20%
30%
QUINTIL1 QUINTIL2 QUINTIL3 QUINTIL4 QUINTIL50%
10%
20%
QUINTIL1 QUINTIL2 QUINTIL3 QUINTIL4 QUINTIL5
70%
80%
2000m Msde65anys
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0%
10%
QUINTIL1 QUINTIL2 QUINTIL3 QUINTIL4 QUINTIL5
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Waste managementa Catalunya
E EJA % E EJA % E EJA % E EJA %Waste
management
facilities4 2 50 7 5 71 7 4 57 8 5 62
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Source: IPCENA
Vinaixa landfill (2004), Tivissa landfill (2004),
Conca de Barber treatment plant (2004),,
constrution waste disposals of Andorra in AltUrgell, Grefacsa incinerator (Trmens) (2005),ECOPARC 2 (Montcada i Reixac) (2005),Pujalt landfill (2005), Escarp incinerator (2006),
Source: IPCENA Source: Salvem lAnoia
(2006), compost facility at Mald (2006), etc.
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Waste managementa Catalunya
' , ,residus. Main principles: valorisation, sufficiency and proximity
Industrial waste mana ement lan: Pro rama de Gesti de Residus Industrials de Catalun a(PROGRIC) 2007-2012
20.000 tonnes per year of industrial waste are exportedout of Catalonia to be incinerated while there is someoverca acit in some rivate lants. While the planning does recommend new landfills there
is also a recognition that there is not enough control ofwhat is incorporated in todays landfillsThe criteria for new landfills allocations are: ood
access and considering the population density, it doesnot include existing facilities density or otherparametersuse of the carrying capacity concept for
waste mana ement?The auto contention concept should be used as it isused in municipal waste infrastructure planningIn order to improve the burning sharing poorest and
munici alities with older o ulation should be avoided.The planning regions should be little an similar to
PROGREMIC areas, so a better integration could bedone.
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Energy productiona Catalunya
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Energy productiona Catalunya
Category Name MunicipalityProduction
capacity
(MW)
Coal Cercs Cercs 162
Nuclear Asc 1 Asc 1028
Nuclear Asc 2 Asc 1027
Nuclear Vandells 2 Vandells 1087
Ordinary regime production capacity (MW)
Fuel/Gas San Adrin 1 SantAdridelBess 350
Fuel/Gas San Adrin 3 SantAdridelBess 309
Combined cycled
ower lant
Bess 3 SantAdridelBess 412
Combined cycled
power plant
Bess 4 SantAdridelBess 407
Combined cycled
power plant
Tarragona Endesa Tarragona 400
Combined cycled
power plant
Tarragona Power Tarragona 424
Combined cycled
power plan
Plana del Vent 1 VandellsilHospitalet
de
lInfant
412
Combined cycled
power plant
Plana del Vent 2 VandellsilHospitalet
delInfant
421
Hydroelectricity Tavascan Lladorre 152
Hydroelectricity Canelles OsdeBalaguer 108
Hydroelectricity Estangento
Sallente
LatorredeCapdella 446
Sources: Red elctrica de Espaa. 2008 corrected by use data.
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Energy productiona Catalunya
Especial regime production capacity (MW)
Type Number
Productioncapacity
(MW)
Landfills 5 19,5
Biomass 1 0,5Cogeneration 111 977,9
Ecoparcs 2 5,4
EDAR 11 67,3
Wind production 14 342,5
Photovoltaic 1081 33,5
Hydraulic 284 271,9g manure 5 76,6
Non renewable industrial waste 1 5,2
Renewable industrial waste 2 15,0
Urban solid waste 4 44,4
Source: ICAEN. Year 2007
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Energy productiona Catalunya
nergy consump on
Source: Pla de lenergia a Catalunya 2006-2015.2003 data
(KW per capita)
Source: especial regime lICAEN 2007, ordinary regime Red elctrica de Espaa,population IDESCAT
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Energy productiona Catalunya
facilities per surface unit and
capita
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Energy productiona Catalunya
E EJA % E EJA % E EJA % E EJA % E EJA %Energyproduction 9 3 33 11 5 45 8 5 62 8 5 62 7 3 42
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Source: Plataforma per a la defensa de Terra Alta Source: Sticker of Plataforma per a la defensa de Terra Alta
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Energy productiona Catalunya
E EJA % E EJA % E EJA % E EJA % E EJA %Energyproduction 9 3 33 11 5 45 8 5 62 8 5 62 7 3 42
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1rst of December 2007 A les Terres de l'Ebre comencem a estar cansats, cansats de
vore com una vegada i una altra les nostres terres sn l'objectiu
nica i exclusivament per a tirar tota la "merda" que los altres
no volen, no estem ni contra el progrs ni contra la
modernitzaci, ans lo contrari, per tot sobre un
desenvolupament sostenible amb el territori.
Poder decidir lo que volem per a les nostres terres en el futur,
que mai ens cansarem de lluitar, us convoquem a tots a
l'Assemblea de Plataformes de les Terres de l'Ebre.
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Energy productiona Catalunya
E EJA % E EJA % E EJA % E EJA % E EJA %Energyproduction 9 3 33 11 5 45 8 5 62 8 5 62 7 3 42
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Energy productiona Catalunya
E EJA % E EJA % E EJA % E EJA % E EJA %Energyproduction 9 3 33 11 5 45 8 5 62 8 5 62 7 3 42
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Illustraci1ConvocatriadacteaMequinenza
lany2006
Illustraci2ManifestaciaTortosael15de
desembrede2007
Font:http://agora.ya.com/iumequinensa/
Font:PlataformadelaTerraAltahttp://www.plataformaterraalta.com/
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Energy productiona Catalunya
2002. Pla de lEnergia a Catalunya en lhoritz de lany 2010
2005. Pla de lEnergia de Catalunya 2006-2015 (some changes in 2009)
Main changes in ordinary regime (2015):
Closing of Cercs (coal), Foix and Sat Adri 1 and Sant Adri 2 (fuel-gas)(gasoil-gas)12 new combined cycle power plants (from 2450 MW in 2007 to 4932 in 2015)Where? Few indications: mainly near Barcelona and Girona areas.Substitution, redistribution or same pattern concentrations?
The most important growth will be in wind production, from 324 MW to 1313,2MW or 3500,4 MW depending on the scenario. ere t e w n m s s ou e p ace
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Energy productiona Catalunya
Decret 147/2009, de 22 de setembre, pel qual es regulen els procediments
administratius a licables er a la im lantaci de arcs elics i installacionsfotovoltaiques a Catalunya
Definition of Zones de Desenvolupament Prioritari (ZDP). Areas for big windarms: more an an w n m s.
Main problem: how are they defined? Who participates in the decision-makingrocess? Environmental ustice rocedural roblem.
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Energy productiona Catalunya
Preliminar proposal
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Conclusions
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Conclusionsa Catalunya
Environmental justice concept is increasingly important all around the world
It embrace not only race and polluting industries problems but may be used for very
Every time more public administrations are using this concept to address someenvironmental inequities and to support the socio-environmental integration indecision-making
In Catalonia there are no technical barriers to develop some environmental justice
There are some evidences of some environmental inequalities that can be improved
by the development of proper environmental justice policies.
This report is just a first step. Much more needs to be done if we want to seeenvironmental justice perspective applied in Catalonian public policies.
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Final remarka Catalunya
The report can be found in:
. .erca/ddr_15_versi_web.pdf
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Thanks for your attention
Miquel Ortega Cerd
.www.ent.cat
http://miquelortega.cat