enfermería del trabajo, volumen 2, número 4, 2012

7/29/2019 Enfermera del Trabajo, volumen 2, nmero 4, 2012

1/65

QKXI^WB @NW[AQK:Dbquktbnic 2 17/25/1521 28:1> Uficb 2


2/65



3/65

QKXI^WB @NW[AQK:Dbquktbnic 2 17/25/1521 28:1> Uficb >


4/65



5/65

Kgit`ribl

XIII J`rcbgbs Cbni`cblks gk Kchkrdkrb

gkl Wrbabj`But`rks

Gk Akcit` Q`grfukz, JKchkrdkr` gkl Wrbabj`

Urksigkctk gkl N`dit @rfbcizbg`r

N`d` kc ucb nbrrkrb gk rklkv`s, nubcg` sk nlbusurbcucbs j`rcbgbs nikcthinbs, sk bark lb pukrtb b quk sk `rfb$cinkc lbs sifuikctks kc `trb niugbg# Kc kstk nbs` lk mb t`$nbg` rkn`fkr kl tkstif` b Xbllbg`lig y b d n`d`prksigkctk gkl N`dit @rfbcizbg`r icinibr kl rkn`rrig` gkltrbd` quk dk n`rrksp`cgk# U`r kll`, ictkctbr quk sifbhirdk dikctrbs sk gksplbzb b l` lbrf` gk ksb frbc pistb, kclb quk rklkv` b rklkv`, kspkrkd`s llkfuk mbstb blnbczbrksb dktb quk, n`d` n`rrkg`rks gk h`cg`, tkckd`s nlbrbbucquk b vknks idprknisb kc kl tikdp`, yb quk givkrsbsicnlkdkcnibs bfitbc lb pbcnbrtb quk icginb quk mkd`s

n`cskfuig` cukstr` àjktiv`#Kstk sdil, icspirbg` kc l`s pbsbg`s jukf`s `ldpin`s,dk mbnk rkhlkxi`cbr sàrk kl lkdb quk l`s bn`dpbb,ds rpig`, ds blt`, ds hukrtk, quk sk pukgk bplinbrtbdaic b dunmbs bntivigbgks gk cukstrb vigb n`tigibcb ypr`hksi`cbl#

U`r kst`, bl `rfbcizbr kstbs = J`rcbgbs Cbni`cblks gkKchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` k igkbr uc lkdb quk lbs igkctihi$quk, mk pkcsbg` quk cukstr` ds rpig` sk n`rrksp`cgkn`c lb H`rdbnic, quk bgquikrk ksb kspknibl rklkvbcnibpuks kc kstk d`dkct` mb tkrdicbg` gk h`rdbrsk lb pri$dkrb pr`d`nic gk kspkniblistbs p`r lb vb KIQ y kstbd`skc uc pr`nks` gk idplbctbnic gk ucigbgks g`nkctks kcvbribs N`ducigbgks Butc`dbs# Kstk pr`nks` quk mkd`sicinibg` lkctbdkctk, tikck quk n`cskfuir ksb rbpigkz yn`cticuigbg quk c`s pkrditb n`cs`ligbr y sàrk t`g` bu$dkctbr ksk cdkr` gk kspkniblistbs#

Kc kl nbs` gkl ds blt` lk mk ausnbg` lb n`rrksp`c$gkcnib n`c lb Nbligbg, yb quk digk cukstrb blturb n`d`kspkniblistbs, n`cs`ligcg`sk si ictkfrbd`s lb nbligbg kccukstr`s pr`nks`s# Bucquk ksk n`cnkpt` gk nbligbg t`gb$vb c` kst idauig` kc dunmbs pkrs`cbs y sàrk t`g` bcivkl gk lbs gihkrkctks kdprksbs y `rfbcizbni`cks kc lbsquk kjkrnkd`s, si kst icdkrs` kc lb n`cnkpnic gk lb pr`$

hksic kchkrdkrb gk lb quk pbrtid`s pbrb kctrbr gk llkc`kc cukstr` nbdp` n`d` kspkniblistbs#

U`r `trb pbrtk, kl ds hukrtk sk kquipbrb kc cukstr`nbs` n`c lb hukrzb gk lbQksp`csbailigbg# Kstk n`cnkpt`,quk gkakrb skr iccbt`, kc cukstr` nbs` tikck g`s vkrtikc$tks, lb icmkrkctk b c`s`tr`s disd`s n`d` icgivigu`s qukkjkrnkc ucb pr`hksic quk sk hucgbdkctb kc kl skrvini`,kc kstk nbs` b l`s trbabjbg`rks, sikcg` lb `trb vkrtikctk lbquk sk gkrivb gk lb rksp`csbailigbg lkfbl, dbrnbgb p`r lbsgihkrkctks lkfislbni`cks quk n`ch`rdbc cukstr` kjkrnini`pr`hksi cbl, y n`d` stk tikck idplinbni cks quk c s lifbc

n`c `tr`s pr`hksi`cblks n`c l`s quk n`dpbrtid`s kspbni`sk icnlus` n`dpktkcnibs#U`r t`g` kll`, kstk lkdb H`rdbnic / Nbligbg / Qks$

p`csbailigbgquk bn`dpbb bl kcucnibg` gk cukstrbs =J`rcbgbs Cbni`cblks, nàrb kc kstk d`dkct` ucb vifkcnibkspknibl, yb quk kstbd`s kc ucb kcnrunijbgb pr`hksi`cbl,puks skfc p`r qu nbdic` sk girijbc cukstr`s pbs`svbd`s b tkckr uc gkstic` gihkrkctk#

Ks nikrt` quk cukstrb kspknibligbg, gksgk mbnk dunm`sb`s, sup`ck uc` gk l`s trbabj`s kspkniblizbg`s ds n`c$s`ligbg`s kc lb kchkrdkrb, puks n`c kl Gipl`db gk Kd$prksb, frbc nbctigbg gk kchkrdkr`sbs mbc llkcbg` kskfrbc kspbni` prkvkctiv` y bsistkcnibl gk l`s trbabjbg`rkskc cukstr` pbs y kc lb dby`rb gk l`s nbs`s sic kl bdpbr`gkl îstkdb Ualin` gk ^blug, puks sk mb vkcig` kjkr$nikcg` girkntbdkctk kc lbs kdprksbs, kc lbs dutubs, kcskrvini`s gk prkvkcnic bjkc`s k icnlus` kc lb Bgdicis$trbnic Ualinb, g`cgk sk mbc h`rjbg` l`s klkdkct`s kskc$niblks gk lb bntubl kspknibligbg#

Bm`rb quk kl îstkdb Ualin` gk ^blug sk mb mknm`nbrf` gk lb h`rdbnic p`r lb vb KIQ, ks kl d`dkct` gkgkd`strbr quk ksb h`rdbnic quk sk c`s `hrknk ks til pbrbdkj`rbr kl kstbg` gk sblug gk lb pàlbnic y rkgucgbr kcuc akckhini` pbrb kl n`cjuct` gkl îstkdb ^bcitbri`#U`rks` nrk` quk stk ks uc aukc d`dkct` pbrb s`linitbr b lbs

>

Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 1>6$1>=Gk Akcit` Q`grfukz, JXIII J`rcbgbs Cbni`cblks gk Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj`

1>6

QKXI^WB @NW[AQK:Dbquktbnic 2 17/25/1521 28:1> Uficb ;


6/65

N`ducigbgks Butc`dbs, gk lbs quk gkpkcgkc l`s gihk$

rkctks krvini`s gk blug, quk sk bcidkc b n`cstituir uci$gbgks g`nkctks pbrb h`rdbr kspkniblistbs, puks bucquk lbdby`rb gk l`s pr`hksi`cblks quk àtkcfbc lb kspknibligbgc` sk icn`rp`rkc b l`s pukst`s gk trbabj` kc l`s ^krvini`s^bcitbri`s Ualin`s, si vbc b skr kl s`p`rtk gk uc sistkdbprkvkctiv` y bsistkcnibl quk rkpkrnutk sàrk dill`cks gktrbabjbg`rks quk skfurbdkctk vb b hbv`rknkr ucb dby`rhluigkz gk l`s pr`pi`s ^krvini`s Ualin`s#

Ubrb kll` ks idprksnicgialk quk n`d` n`lkntiv` skbd`snbpbnks t`g`s gk trbabjbr kc lb disdb girknnic y bsudirquk ks cknksbrib ucb h`rdbnic n`cstbctk, bplinbrlb n`cnritkri`s gk nbligbg y n`c kll` n`cskfuirkd`s n`cvkcnkr

quk cukstrb prkskcnib ks cknksbrib y hucgbdkctbl pbrb klaukc gksbrr`ll` gk l`s ^krvini`s gk Urkvkcnic, bucqukquikcks rkgbntkc su kstrunturb y hucni`cbdikct`, gkduks$trkc quk c` kctikcgkc t`gbvb quk s`d`s uc n`lkntiv` qukpbrtk gk uc Frbg` [civkrsitbri , tikck ucb Kspkniblizbnicp`r ucb gk lbs vbs gk h`rdbnic ds idp`rtbctks gklducg`, lb vb KIQ, y n`c uc nbdp` pr`hksi`cbl kc pkr$dbckctk gksbrr`ll`# C`s`tr`s l` sbakd`s, pkr` ks idp`r$tbctk quk lb s`nikgbg kc fkckrbl y kc kspknibl l`strbabjbg`rks, skpbc vbl`rbr cukstrb hucnic, pbrb quk b suvkz quikcks tikckc lb nbpbnigbg pbrb `rfbcizbr y lkfislbrskpbc rkctbailizbr ksb icvkrsic quk mbnkc sàrk cukstrbpr`hksic#

Ukr` v`lvikcg` b cukstrbs j`rcbgbs cbni`cblks, quikr`d`strbr`s quk su n`ctkcig` sk absb kc kl lkdb quk mkd`sksn`fig` y kc ksk ictkrs p`r d`strbr vbri`s bspknt`s gkl`s quk mk rklbtbg` bctkri`rdkctk? puks sk mbc kstruntu$rbg` kc dksbs gk trbabj` quk sk n`rrksp`cgkc n`c kstb hi$l`s`hb gk n`cs`ligbnic gk l`s l`fr`s àtkcig`s, gk lbrkbligbg bntubl y sàrk t`g` gk ucb kspkrbczb gk hutur`#Kc kllbs, gihkrkctks pr`hksi`cblks, t`g`s kll`s kspkniblistbskc l` tkdbs quk vbc b gksbrr`llbr, c`s mbrc pbrtnipks gksus n`c`nidikct`s, quk kspkrbd`s sk n`dplkdkctk n`clb pbrtinipbnic kc l`s n`l`qui`s quk sk rkblizbrc bl tr$dic` gk nbgb ucb gk lbs disdbs#

Nukctbc tbdaic kstbs j`rcbgbs n`c givkrs`s tbllkrksgk trbabj`, kc l`s quk gihkrkctks kxpkrt`s c`s d`strbrcsus n`c`nidikct`s, quk sic gugb p`grkd`s bplinbr kccukstrbs bntivigbgks n`tigibcbs#

Ukr` c` s`l` lbs bntivigbgks nikcthinbs gkakc trbkr`sb Xbllbg`lig, puks pbrb n`dplktbr ucb visitb b lb pbrtk dsictkrksbctk y sàrk t`g` mistrinb gk lb niugbg mkd`s pr`$frbdbg`, n`c lb Hucgbnic Difukl Gkliaks, ucb visitbfuibgb p`r lb Qutb gkl Mkrkjk, quk n`d` sbais ks uc`gk l`s liar`s hucgbdkctblks gk kstk frbc ksnrit`r vbllis`$lktbc`, y quk trbsnurrk kc lbs z`cbs ds mistrinbs gk lbniugbg# Bucquk kl rkn`rrig` p`r s disd` dkrknk lb pkcb,

Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 1>6$1>=Gk Akcit` Q`grfukz, J

XIII J`rcbgbs Cbni`cblks gk Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj`

1>=

7

ks duy n`cvkcikctk mbakr lkg` bctks kstb frbc àrb y gis$

hrutbr rkdkd`rbcg` lbs nirnucstbcnibs kc lbs quk sk vi`kcvuklt` Nipribc` ^blnkg`, su pr`tbf`cistb n`c kl rkst`gk pkrs`cbjks rkblks y hintini`s quk lb n`ch`rdbc# Y buc$quk blfuc` c` sk bpuctk b kstk rkn`rrig`, skfuid`s bn`c$skjbcg` su lknturb#

Wbdaic `s bcid` b quk pbrtinipis kc lb nkcb quk tk$ckd`s pr`frbdbgb kl vikrcks p`r lb c`nmk, puks bucquklb kn`c`db ks ucb gk lbs prk`nupbni`cks quk tkckd`sds prkskctks kc lb bntubligbg, nrk` quk sk mb n`cskfuigùc bjustk gk prkni` y nbligbg pbrb rkblizbrlb kc uc kct`rc`duy kspknibl gk cukstrb niugbg, kl m`tkl Dbrqus gk lbKcskcbgb, icstblbg` kc ucb bctifub harinb gk mbricbs

g`cgk sk n`cskrvbc bctifubs dquicbs y g`cgk gisnurrk,abj` nristblks b cukstr`s piks, lb n`rrikctk gk bfub gkl bli$vibgkr` gkl Nbcbl gk Nbstillb, quk d`vb kstb dbquicbrib,l` quk l` n`cvikrtk kc uc lufbr abstbctk `rificbl#

Y p`r si hukrb p`n`, bqukll`s quk pukgbc nrkkr kc lbdbfib gk l`s cdkr`s mk gk gknir`s quk kstbd`s prk$skctbcg` kstbs = J`rcbgbs kc lb niugbg kc lb quk kl c$dkr` = ks kl quk lb gkhick y quk tikck ucbs pr`pikgbgksquk lk fbrbctizbc kl xit` -ks` kspkrbd`s), p`r kll` s gk$hicid`s, n`c lbs rkskrvbs n`rrksp`cgikctks -kst` c` kscbgb nikcthin`), blfucbs gk lbs pbrtinulbrigbgks gk kstkcdkr`# Kl nm` ks uc cdkr` quk sk gkhick n`d` hukrzb,p`gkr, gickr`, bdainic, rksp`csbailigbg#

Kc gkhicitivb ucb niugbg quk sk ictkfrb kc kl cdkr``nm` y pbrb kll` c`s p`gkd`s s`rprkcgkr n`c lb baucgbc$nib gk gbt`s quk l` n`chirdbc: @ntf`c`, c`dark p`r klquk sk n`c`nb p`r su h`rdb bl kgihini` quk blakrf lb pri$dkrb nrnkl quk tuv` Xbllbg`lig# ^k kcn`ctrbab kc kl lufbrquk bm`rb `nupb lb Bnbgkdib gk Nbabllkrb# @nm` krbclbs pukrtbs gk lb bctifub durbllb# @nm` s`c lbs t`rrks kckl ksnug` gk lb niugbg# Lb plbzb gkl Xikj` N`s` tikck `nm`lbg`s, sikcg` lb pridkrb plbzb gk t`r`s quk tuv` lb niugbg#Lb Hukctk G`rbgb, ucb akllb hukctk n`r`cbgb p`r `nm`nb`s quk nìcnigkc n`c l`s `nm` lbg`s gk lb disdb#W rrk gk lb Nbtkgrbl, c` mbnk hbltb tkckr duy aukcb vistbpbrb bprknibr l`s `nm` lbg`s gk kstb t`rrk# W rrk gk lb iflk$sib gk bc blvbg`r, gk lb disdb h`rdb l`s nm` lbg`s si$fukc prkskctks# Ubctkc gk m`darks ilustrks, `nm` lbg`sprksigkc kl ktkrc` gksnbcs` gk l`s rkst`s gk l`s m`darksquk minikr`c arillbr n`c sus xit`s lb niugbg#

N`d` vkis, kst ltidb pbrtk, kctrb gkctr` gkl n`cnkpt`ds lgin` y turstin`, pkr` tbdaic cknksbri` pbrb quk`s bcidis b pbrtinipbr kc kstbs = J`rcbgbs Cbni`cblks gkKchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` y n`dpbrtir n`c t`g`s l`s bsistkc$tks su n`ctkcig` nikcthin` y tbdaic ks`s d`dkct`s tbccknksbri`s pbrb lb rklbnic pkrs`cbl#Kspkrbd`s vkr`s kl 18 y 16 gk `ntuark kc Xbllbg`lig"



7/65

;

Brtnul` `rificbl

Kstbg` p`cgkrbl y su rklbnic n`c kl tip`

gk trbabj` y kstil`s gk vigb kc pàlbnic

lba`rbl

Qksudkc

@ajktiv`

N`c`nkr kc ucb dukstrb gk trbabjbg`rks quk sk s`dk$tkc b vifilbcnib gk lb sblug, lb prkvblkcnib gk àksigbg ysàrkpks`, y su rklbnic n`c kl tip` gk trbabj`, civkl kgu$nbtiv` y kstil`s gk vigb#

Dkt`g`l`fb

^k icnluy b 7;> trbabjbg`rks, quk bnugikr`c bl Nkctr`gk Urkvkcnic gk Qiksf`s Lba`rblks gk lb pr`vicnib gkDlbfb b vifilbcnib gk lb sblug# ^k rkn`fi ich`rdbnicgk vbribalks s`ni`gkd`frhinbs y gkl kstil` gk vigb dk$gibctk nuksti`cbri` but`bgdicistrbg`, y sk digikr`c vb$ribalks bctr`p`dtrinbs rklbni`cbgbs n`c kl kstugi`#

Qksultbg`s

Lb prkvblkcnib gkl kxnks` gk pks` huk gkl ;;+, gkkstk p`rnkctbjk uc >9,;+ n`rrksp`cgk b sàrkpks` y uc2;,;+ b àksigbg -IDN3>5)# ^k àskrv, ucb gihkrkcnibkstbgstinbdkctk sifcihinbtivb pbrb kl sàrkpks` y àksi$gbg kc kl frup` gk trbabjbg`rks dbcublks# Lb rklbnickctrk kl civkl gk kstugi`s y lb prkvblkcnib gk sàrkpks` uàksigbg rksult icvkrsbdkctk pr`p`rni`cbl#

N`cnlusi`cks

Lb dby`rb gk l`s hbnt`rks gk riksf` àskrvbg`s n`d`n`ctriauykctks bl budkct` gkl kxnks` gk pks` s`c d`gi$hinbalks# [c budkct` kc kl civkl kgunbtiv` gk lb pàlbnicp`grb n`ctriauir b lb rkgunnic gk lb prkvblkcnib gk s`$arkpks` y àksigbg#

Ublbarbs Nlbvk: @aksigbg, ^àrkpks`, Nirnuchkrkcnibgk lb nicturb, Mait`s, Hbnt`rks gk riksf`#

Bastrbnt

@ajktivks

Vk try t` sm`w tmk prkvblkcnk `h àksity bcg `vkr$wkifmt bcg its rklbti`c t` tmk typk `h w`ro, kgunbti`cbllkvkl bcg lihkstylk ic w`rokrs#

Dktm`g`l`fy

7;> w`rokrs, wm` nbdk t` tmk Dblbfb Nkctrk `h Urk$vkcti`c `h @nnupbti`cbl Mbzbrgs h`r dkginbl nmkno$up,wkrk icnlugkg# Ich`rdbti`c wbs n`llkntkg tmrùfm sklh$bgdicistkrkg quksti`ccbirk, `c s`ni`gkd`frbpmin bcg li$hkstylk vbribalks bcg usicf bctmr`p`dktrin dkbsurkdkcts#

Qksults

;;+ `h tmk w`rokrs p`pulbti`c prkskctkg kxnksswkifmt, n`rrksp`cgicf t` `vkrwkifmt bcg àksity -ADI3>5) >9#;+ bcg 2;#;+ rkspkntivkly# Vk askrvkg b stbtis$tinblly sifcihinbct gihhkrkcnk h`r `vkrwkifmt bcg àksityic tmk frùp `h dbcubl w`rokrs# Wmk prkvblkcnk `h `vkr$wkifmt bcg àksity wbs gknrkbsicf bs tmk kgunbti`c lkvklicnrkbskg#

N`cnlusi`cs

Wmk dbj`rity h riso hbnt`rs àskrvkg liok n`ctriaut`rst` icnrkbsk wkifmt brk d`gihibalk# Bc icnrkbskg `h tmkkgunbti`c lkvkl ic tmk p`pulbti`c dby wkll n`ctriautk t`b rkgunti`c ic tmk prkvblkcnk `h àksity bcg `vkrwkifmt#

1>9Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 1>9$176Brtidk Q`s, KD, Bl`cs` Nblgkrc, DIKstbg` p`cgkrbl y su rklbnic n`c kl tip` gk trbabj` y kstil`s gk vigb kc pàlbnic lba`rbl

But`rks

Brtidk Q`s,KD, Bl`cs` Nblgkrc, DINkctr` gk Urkvkcnic gk Qiksf`s Lba`rblks

Gklkfbnic pr`vicnibl gk Dlbfb gk lb N`cskjkrb gk Kdplk`

Wrbzbailigbg kgit`ribl

Qknkpnic: 1=$58$1521Qkvisic p`r pbrks: 2;$5=$1521

Bnkptbnic hicbl: 56$59$1521

N`rrksp`cgkcnib

Kvb Dbrb Brtidk Q`sN`rrk` Klkntrcin`: kvbrtidkEfdbil#n`d



8/65

Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 1>9$176Brtidk Q`s, KD, Bl`cs` Nblgkrc, DI

Kstbg` p`cgkrbl y su rklbnic n`c kl tip` gk trbabj` y kstil`s gk vigb kc pàlbnic lba`rbl

175

8

Oky w`rgs: @aksity, @vkrwkifmt, Vbist nirnudhkrkcnk,Mbaits, Qiso hbnt`rs#

Ictr`gunnic

Lb àksigbg ks lb skfucgb nbusb gk d`rtbligbg prkdb$turb y kvitbalk, gkspus gkl tbabn`-2,1)# Lb dbfcitug gklpràlkdb gkl kxnks` gk pks` kc lb pàlbnic ducgibl ksn`csigkrbalk, kstidcg`sk nihrbs kc budkct` gksgk 29=5#

^kfc lb @rfbcizbnic Ducgibl gk lb blug -@D^) kckl b` 155= mbab kc t`g` kl ducg` 2755 dill`cks gkbgult`s - 15 b`s) n`c sàrkpks`, y gk kstb nihrb ;55 di$ll`cks gk bgult`s krbc àks`s->)#

Lb situbnic gk lb àksigbg kc Kspbb sk sitb kc uc

puct` ictkrdkgi` kctrk l`s pbsks gkl c`rtk gk Kur`pb,Hrbcnib y Bustrblib, n`c pr`p`rni`cks gk àksigbg dsabjbs, y KK[[ y l`s pbsks gkl kstk kur`pk`, quk prkskc$tbc tbsbs ds klkvbgbs#

Kc uc kstugi` rkblizbg` b civkl kstbtbl sàrk ucb duks$trb blkbt`rib gk pàlbnic c` icstituni`cblizbgb, n`c`nig`n`d` kstugi` G@QINB-7), sk kstidb quk lb prkvblkcnibgk kxnks` gk pks` kc Kspbb bsnikcgk bl ;7,6+ kc pàlb$nic bgultb, kctrk 1; y 87 b`s, gk kstk p`rnkctbjk uc2;,;+ pbgknk àksigbg y uc >9,1+ sàrkpks`#

Bcgblunb, ks ucb gk lbs n`ducigbgks butc`dbs,juct` b Durnib y lbs Islbs Nbcbribs g`cgk sk mbc àskr$

vbg` lbs nihrbs ds bltbs gk àksigbg y sàrkpks`# Kc D$lbfb, lb skfucgb niugbg dby`r p`r pàlbnic kcBcgblunb, n`c 2#1=6#526 mbaitbctks skfc kl nkcs` gk1552, ^`rifukr H# kt bl-;) gksnriakc ucb prkvblkcnib gkàksigbg gk 1=,=+# cnmkz Nmbpbrr` kt bl-8), àskrvbcquk nbsi g`s tkrni`s gk l`s vbr`cks -8>,2+) y uc tkrni` gklbs dujkrks trbabjbg`rbs -19,1+) prkskctbabc sàrkpksù àksigbg#

Gihkrkctks kstugi`s p`ckc gk dbcihikst` quk kc lb p`$albnic bgultb kspb`lb, lb prkvblkcnib gk àksigbg ks dsklkvbgb kc dujkrks quk kc m`darks, y budkctb n`c lbkgbg# [c IDN klkvbg` ks uc idp`rtbctk hbnt`r gk riksf`

gk kchkrdkgbgks c` trbcsdisialks, n`d` s`c nbrgi`pbtbn`r`cbrib, gibaktks dkllitus tip` 1 ` mipkrtkcsic brtkribl#Kctrk lbs nbusbs gk sàrkpks` y àksigbg gkstbnbc giktbn`c abj` n`csud` gk hrutbs y vkrgurbs, y uc n`ctkcig`klkvbg` gk frbsbs, y skgkctbrisd`-6)#

Kl n`stk kn`cdin` quk idplinb lb àksigbg sk mb ks$tidbg` kc kl kstugi` pr`spkntiv` Gklpmi=, kc 1;55 dill`$cks gk kur`s bcublks, l` quk sup`ck nbsi kl 6+ gkl fbst`sbcitbri`# Lb dby`r pbrtk gk kst`s n`stks s`c gkaig`s bl`s nuigbg`s gk sblug p`r pbt`l`fbs bs`nibgbs, pkr` tbd$aic s`c btriauialks b n`stks icgirknt`s, n`d` abjbs k ic$gkdcizbni`cks p`r icnbpbnigbgks lba`rblks, bs n`d` lb

d`rtbligbg prkdbturb, kctrk `tr`s#

Lb aksigbg rificb ckhbstbs n`csknukcnibs kc lb sbluggk lbs pkrs`cbs, sikcg` kc frbc pbrtk prkvkcialk bg`p$

tbcg` mait`s gk vigb sblugbalks# Lbs kdprksbs gkakrbcn`cnikcnibr b sus trbabjbg`rks sàrk lbs n`csknukcnibs gklb aksigbg, kl skgkctbrisd` y lb c` rkblizbnic gk kjkrni$ni` hsin`, sikcg` l`s kspkniblistbs gk dkginicb y kchkr$dkrb gkl trbabj`, l`s kcnbrfbg`s gk gktkntbr y ba`rgbrkstb pràlkdtinb gksgk l`s skrvini`s gk prkvkcnic#

Kstk trbabj` prktkcgk n`c`nkr lb prkvblkcnib gk àksi$gbg y gk sàrkpks` kc ucb dukstrb gk trbabjbg`rks kc ucskrvini` gk prkvkcnic gk riksf`s lba`rblks gk lb pr`vicnibgk Dlbfb, y l`s àjktiv`s sk absbc kc:

2# Dkgir lb prkvblkcnib gk aksigbg y gk sàrkpks` kc p`$

albnic lba`rbl gk lb Juctb gk Bcgblunb kc Dlbfb#1# Bcblizbr lb rklbnic kctrk lb prkvblkcnib gk àksigbg ykl pukst` gk trbabj`, kl civkl gk h`rdbnic gk l`s trbabjb$g`rks, su kstbg` nivil y sus kstil`s gk vigb -n`csud` gktbabn`, n`csud` gk bln`m`l y bntivigbg hsinb)#># Kvblubr si lb icn`rp`rbnic gkl cgink nicturbnbgkrb kckl kxbdkc gk sblug lba`rbl dkj`rb kl gibfcstin` gk àk$sigbg, n`d` aukc icginbg`r gk àksigbg nkctrbl#7# Kstidbr lb pr`p`rnic gk àks`s b pbrtir gk lb gistriau$nic gk lb frbsb bag`dicbl, n`d` pbrdktr` n`dplkdkc$tbri` bl IDN#

Dbtkribl y dt`g`s

^k llkv b nba` uc kstugi` kpigkdi`lfin` askrvbni`$cbl y gksnriptiv`# ^k icvit b pbrtinipbr b t`g`s l`s trbab$jbg`rks quk bnugikr`c b vifilbcnib gk lb sblug bl Nkctr`gk Urkvkcnic gk Qiksf`s Lba`rblks -NUQL) gk lb Juctbgk Bcgblunb kc Dlbfb, kc kl pkr`g` n`dprkcgig` kctrkkl ; gk dby` y kl 26 gk juli` gkl 1522# Kl cin` nritkri`gk kxnlusic huk lb ckfbtivb gk l`s trbabjbg`rks b pbrtini$pbr kc kl kstugi`# W`g`s l s pbrtinipbctks hirdbr`c uc n`c$skctidikct` ich`rdbg`#

Uridkrbdkctk, sk s`linit b l`s pbrtinipbctks quk rks$

p`cgikskc uc nuksti`cbri`, kc kl quk sk icnluykr`c vbrib$alks s`ni`gkd`frhinbs -skx`, kgbg, civkl gk kstugi`s,kstbg` nivil y pukst` gk trbabj`), y gkl kstil` gk vigb -n`c$sud` gk bln`m`l, gk tbabn` y prntinb gk kjkrnini` hsin`)#Kc kl kxbdkc gk sblug lba`rbl sk rkn`fikr`c lbs sifuikctksdkgini`cks bctr`p`dtrinbs: cgink gk Ruktklkt, pkrdk$tr` gk nicturb y rklbnic nicturbnbgkrb#

$ Kl pukst` gk trbabj` sk mb rkn`gihinbg` b su vkz kc:

Uukst`s Bgdicistrbtiv`s: N`ch`rdbg` p`r kdplkbg`s gk`hinicb, `nupbni`cks gk fkstic bgdicistrbtivb, jurgin`$

lkfbl, gk plbcihinbnic y gk ich`rdtinb#

QKXI^WB @NW[AQK:Dbquktbnic 2 17/25/1521 28:1> Uficb =


9/65

Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 1>9$176Brtidk Q`s, KD, Bl`cs` Nblgkrc, DIKstbg` p`cgkrbl y su rklbnic n`c kl tip` gk trbabj` y kstil`s gk vigb kc pàlbnic lba`rbl

172

6

Uukst`s Wncin`s: Wrbabjbg`rks n`c `nupbni`cks rklb$

ni`cbgbs n`c kstugi`s ucivkrsitbri`s gk civkl supkri`r `gipl`dbg`# Uukst`s Girkntiv`s: @nupbni`cks gk girknnic kc lb bg$dicistrbnic palinb: jkhks, fkrkctks y bgdicistrbg`rks fk$ckrblks# Uukst`s Dbcublks: Icnluyk b buxilibrks gk nlcinb, trb$abjbg`rks gkl sknt`r skrvini`s -pkrs`cbl gk lidpikzb, n`$nickr`, byugbctk gk n`nicb, vifilbctk, `rgkcbczb,fàkrcbctb y n`cskrjk)? `nupbni`cks rklbtivbs bl trbcs$p`rtk, nbrpictkrb, blabilkrb, h`ctbckrb, dkncinb, klkn$trinigbg, rkb frhinb? `nupbni`cks gk nbrfb, bldbnkcbjky a`gkfbjk#

$ Mait` tbaquin`: sifuikcg` lb nlbsihinbnic gk lb@D^, sk n`csigkr hudbg`rb b bqukllb pkrs`cb quk rkhi$ri hudbr gibribdkctk ` aikc `nbsi`cbldkctk, nublquikrnbctigbg gk nifbrrill`s, nifbrr`s pur`s, y` pipbs, y b bquk$llb pkrs`cb quk llkvbab dkc`s gk uc b` sic hudbr# [c c`hudbg`r ks bqukl quk rkhiri c` mbakr hudbg` cucnb y uckxhudbg`r kl quk rkhiri mbakr gkjbg` gk hudbr mbnk dsgk uc b`# Kc hudbg`rks sk rkn`fi kl cdkr` gk nifb$rrill`sgb#

$ Icfkstb gk bln`m`l: ^k n`csigkr akakg`rb b lb pkrs`cb

quk kc kl d`dkct` gkl kstugi` rkhiri akakr nublquikr nbc$tigbg gk akaigb bln`mlinb# Ubrb kl nlnul` gk lb nbctigbgicfkrigb gk bln`m`l, l`s frbd`s gk bln`m`l n`csudig`s skrkn`fikr`c skfc lb ucigbg gk akaigb kstcgbr -[AK)#[cb [AK ks ifubl b 25 frbd`s gk bln`m`l# ^k nlbsihinbl sujkt` akakg`r, skfc lb nbctigbg icfkrigb gk bln`m`ln`d`: Akakg`r prugkctk si kc kl nbs` gk l`s m`darks c` supkrblbs 1= [AK gk bln`m`l b lb skdbcb, ` aikc 28 [AK gk bl$n`m`l b lb skdbcb si s`c dujkrks# Akakg`r d`gkrbg` si kc kl nbs` gk l`s m`darks kl n`c$sud` gk bln`m`l b lb skdbcb ks gk 19 b 75 [AK, ` gk 26

b 1= [AK kc kl nbs` gk lbs dujkrks# Akakg`r kxnksiv` si kl n`csud` ks 3 75 [AK gk bln`m`lb lb skdbcb kc vbr`cks ` 3 1= [AK kc dujkrks#

$ Bntivigbg Hsinb: Lb prntinb gk kjkrnini` hsin` sk nlb$sihinb p`r kl tikdp` gk gkginbnic b lb skdbcb n`d` lkvk-1 m), d`gkrbgb ->$7 m) ` ictkcsb -; m)#

$ Kl cgink gk dbsb n`rp`rbl -IDN), sk nblnul givigikcg`kl pks` kc oil`frbd`s kctrk kl nubgrbg` gk lb tbllb kc dk$tr`s# ^k n`csigkr` sàrkpks` kl IDN kctrk 1; y 19,9 yàksigbg kl IDN>5# ^k pks bl pbnikctk kc aipkgkstb$nic n`c r`pb lifkrb y sic nblzbg`#

$ Lb nirnuchkrkcnib gk lb nicturb sk digi n`c ucb nictb

dtrinb hlkxialk, dilidktrbgb, kc kl puct` dkgi` kctrk klpuct` ichkri`r gk lb ltidb n`stillb y kl dbrfkc supkri`rgk lb nrkstb ilibnb# ^k n`csigkr, skfc nritkri`s gk lb ^`$nikgbg Kspb`lb pbrb kl Kstugi` gk lb @aksigbg, hbnt`r gkriksf` nbrgi`vbsnulbr vbl`rks supkri`rks b =1 nd kc du$jkrks y 9; nd kc vbr`cks, y riksf` nbrgi vbsnulbr klkvbg`lb dkginic quk kxnkgk gk 251 nd kc kl vbrc y gk == ndkc lb dujkr# Kl pkrdktr` gk lb nbgkrb sk digi n`c ucbnictb dtrinb hlkxialk, kc lb z`cb aitr`nbctrkb# Wbct` pbrblb dkginic gk lb nirnuchkrkcnib gk lb nicturb n`d` pbrblb dkginic gkl pkrdktr` gk lb nbgkrb kl trbabjbg`r sk kc$n`ctrbab kc aipkgkstbnic, sic r`pb, rklbjbg` y lb lknturb

sk rkbliz` bl hicbl gk ucb kspirbnic c`rdbl# Kl cgink nic$turb$nbgkrb -cgink NN ) sk nblnul` givigikcg` kl pkrdk$tr` gk lb nicturb kctrk kl pkrdktr` gk lb nbgkrb bda`s kcnkctdktr`s# k n`csigkr hbnt`r gk riksf` nbrgi`vbsnulbrvbl`rks dby`rks b 2 kc m`darks y dby`r b 5,=; kc dujk$rks, sifuikcg` nritkri`s gk lb @D^#

Bclisis kstbgstin`

Kl trbtbdikct` gk l`s gbt`s sk rkbliz n`c kl pr`frbdbkstbgstin` tbtistinbl Ubnobfk h`r `nibl nikcnks -Û^^)pbrb Vicg`ws vkrsic 2;#5# L`s rksultbg`s sk kxprksbr`c

n`d` hrknukcnibs bas`lutbs# Lbs vbribalks nubctitbtivbssk prkskctbr`c n`d` dkgib y gksvibnic kstcgbr -GK),y lbs vbribalks nublitbtivbs n`d` p`rnkctbjks -+)# ^k uti$liz lb prukab gk sifcihinbnic kstbgstinb Nmi$nubgrbg`gk Ukbrs`c -]1) pbrb lb n`dpbrbnic kctrk vbribalks nub$litbtivbs# Kl ictkrvbl` gk n`chibczb huk gkl 9;+# Kc t`g sl`s n`ctrbstk gk miptksis sk utiliz uc civkl gk sifcihinb$nic kstbgstinb p; rkn`c`nidikct`s dgin`$lba`rblks# Lb pàlbnicquk gi` su n`cskctidikct` y huk àjkt` gkl kstugi` huk gk7;> trbabjbg`rks# Lb gistriaunic p`r skx`s huk gk 18>dujkrks -;=,2+) y 295 m`darks -72,9+)# Lb gistriaunicp`r kgbg, tip` gk trbabj` k IDN gk lb dukstrb kstrbtihinbgbp`r skx`s sk rkprkskctb kc lb tbalb 2# Lb kgbg dkgib hukgk 77,; =,; b`s, sikcg` kl frup` ds cudkr`s` kl gkl`s 72$;5 b`s -7>,;+)# Gkstbnb ucb dby`r pr`p`rnicgk trbabjbg`rks kc kl frup` gk tncin`s kc bda`s skx`s#Nbsi uc =5+ gk l`s m`darks y bpr`xidbgbdkctk uc 75+gk lbs dujkrks prkskctbc sàrkpks` u àksigbg#

Kc nubct` b lb rklbnic kctrk pks` y pukst` gk trbabj`,sk àskrv quk kl frup` gk trbabjbg rks dbcublks hukr`c



10/65



171

=

quikcks prkskctbr`c lb tbsb ds klkvbgb gk sàrkpks` yàksigbg:;2 pkrs`cbs -77,>+) prkskctbr`c sàrkpks` y>2 -16+) àksigbg -p45,552)# Wbdaic sk gi` kstb rklb$nic kc kl frup` gk trbabjbg`rks girkntiv`s: 7 pkrs`cbs-77,7+) prkskctbr`c sàrkpks` y 1 -11,1+) àksigbg,pkr` gkaig` b lb ksnbsb prkskcnib gk trbabjbg`rks gk kstkfrup` -c49), sk gksnbrt su rkprkskctbtivigbg kc kl kstu$gi`#

Kc rklbnic bl civkl gk kstugi`s, >2= -62,2+) rkhikrkctkckr kstugi`s ucivkrsitbri`s#

Lb prkvblkcnib gk sàrkpks` y àksigbg ks dby`r kcpkrs`cbs n`c kstugi`s pridbri`s, kgunbnic sknucgbrib

àlifbt`rib -K^@), abnmillkr y h`rdbnic pr`hksi`cbl -HU),quk kc kl frup` n`c kstugi`s ucivkrsitbri`s# [c t`tbl gk>; -16,1+) trbabjbg`rks sic kstugi`s ucivkrsitbri`s prk$skctbab àksigbg, hrkctk b >7 -25,6+) trbabjbg`rks n`ckstugi`s ucivkrsitbri`s -p>5 -6>+) rkhikrkc kstbrnbsbg`s ` n`c pbrkjb kstbalk# Wbct` kc m`darks n`d` kcdujkrks, sk àskrvb ucb prkvblkcnib dby`r gk sàrkpksù àksigbg kc bqukll`s trbabjbg`rks nbsbg`s ` n`c pbrkjbkstbalk quk kc kl frup` gk giv`rnibg`s ` skpbrbg`s-p2 -19+) kx hudbg`rks y 158-7;,8+) rkhikrkc c` mbakr hudbg` cucnb# Lb dkgib gkb`s gk babcg`c` gkl mait` tbaquin` huk gk 21 =,1b`s# Kc lb pàlbnic hudbg`rb lb dkgib gkl n`csud` gknifbrrill`s gibri`s huk gk 22,> =,6 nifbrrill`sgb# Lb prk$vblkcnib gk àksigbg ks dby`r kc lbs pkrs`cbs quk babc$g`cbc kl mait` gk hudbr -p45,551) $Hifurb 2$, yb quk 95-8=,6+) trbabjbg`rks quk mbc gkjbg` gk hudbr prkskctb$r`c kxnks` gk pks`, dikctrbs quk gk l`s c` hudbg`rks 97-7;,8+) y 87 -;;,8+) hudbg`rks prkskctbc kxnks` gkpks`#

[c t`tbl gk >=9 trbabjbg`rks -=8+) rkhikrkc icfkrir bl$fucb nbctigbg gk akaigb bln`mlinb, aikc gk h`rdb ksp`$rginb ` b gibri`# U`r skx`s, krbc l`s m`darks quikcks kcpr`p`rnic icfkrbc ds bln`m`l, n`csigkrcg`sk akak$g`rks uc t`tbl gk 2=5 -97,6+) hrkctk b 159 -69,=+) dujk$rks -p+) icfkrbc dkc`s gk 1= [AKgk bln`m`l b lb skdbcb, hrkctk b 2;= -99,7+) dujkrks, qukicfkrbc dkc`s gk 28 ucigbgks b lb skdbcb# Wbc s`l` 2-5,8+) dujkr y 7 -1,7+) m`darks krbc akakg`rks d`gk$rbg`s, y 1 -2,1+) m`darks krbc akakg`rks kxnksiv`s# Lb

dkgib gk ucigbgks gk bln`m`l icfkrigbs b lb skdbcb hukgk 8,8 8,= ucigbgks# [c t`tbl gk 1; ->9,6+) trbabjbg`rksquk rkhikrkc c` icfkrir bln`m`l, prkskctbr`c kxnks` gkpks`# Kc nbdai`, uc t`tbl gk 11> -;6,>+) trbabjbg`rksquk rkhikrkc akakr nublquikr nbctigbg gk bln`m`l, prkskctbsàrkpks` u àksigbg# -p45,56>) -Hifurb 1)

Kc rklbnic bl kjkrnini` hsin`, uc t`tbl gk >11 -62,1+)rkhirikr c rkblizbr kjkrnini` hsin`# U`r skx`s, s`c l`s m`d$arks quikcks rkblizbc lb bntivigbg hsinb ds ictkcsb,gkgi$nbcg` ; m`rbs b kjkrnini` hsin`, uc t`tbl gk =1 -;9+),hrkctk b ;1 ->5,=+) gk lbs dujkrks -p,9

m`rbs# U`r tip` gk trbabj`, s`c l`s frup`s gk trbabjbg`rksgirkntiv`s y dbcublks l`s quk ds m`rbs rkhikrkc gkginbrb kjkrnini` hsin` b lb skdbcb -p45,55>)# [c t`tbl gk =2-81,>+) gk l`s trbabjbg`rks quk c` rkblizbab kjkrnini` h$sin` prkskctbab sàrkpks` u àksigbg# îc kdabrf`, uct`tbl gk 28= -;1,1+) gk l`s trbabjbg`rks quk rkblizbabkjkrnini` hsin`, prkskctbab sàrkpks` u àksigbg-p45,5;8)#

Kl frup` gk trbabjbg`rks dbcublks hukr`c l`s quk prk$skctbr`c l`s vbl`rks ds klkvbg`s gkl cgink NN tbct` kcm`darks n`d` kc dujkrks, bucquk kc dby`r pr`p`rnickc dujkrks -Wbalb 1)#

îfuikcg` lb nlbsihinbnic gk riksf` nbrgi`vbsnulbr-QNX) pr`pukstb p`r lb KKG@ kc hucnic gkl pkrdktr`bag`dicbl, p`gkd`s bjustbr l`s drfkcks gk riksf`, ybquk n`csigkrb quk kxistk QNX b pbrtir gk =1 nd kc dujk$rks y gk l`s 9; nd kc vbr`cks# N`c kll` àskrvbd`s qukkc cukstrb pàlbnic kxistk uc 8,1+ gk dujkrks n`c ucIDN c`rdbl y sic kdabrf` n`c uc pkrdktr` bag`dicblp`r kcnidb gkl gkskbalk -prkskctbcg` uc 7,=+ gk kllbsQNX d`gkrbg` y uc 2,7+ QNX klkvbg`)# Kc l`s m`d$arks, kxistk uc 7+ n`c uc IDN c`rdbl, quk prkskctbc ucpkrdktr` bag`dicbl n`c QNX d`gkrbg` -Wbalb >)#

^k mb vbl`rbg` n`cjuctbdkctk kl IDN y kl pkrdktr`bag`dicbl pbrb gktkrdicbr kl riksf` rklbtiv` -QQ) gk prk$skctbr n`d`railigbgks bs`nibgbs b lb àksigbg, àtkcic$g`sk quk uc ;;,7+ gk lbs dujkrks y uc 18,8+ gk l`sm`darks sk kcn`ctrbabc hukrb gk riksf`, bl dkc`s kc l`quk sk rkhikrk bl hbnt`r gk riksf` icgivigubl quk n`cstituyklb sàrknbrfb p`cgkrbl# [c 11,;+ gk lbs dujkrks y uc78,>+ gk l`s m`darks prkskctbabc uc QQ lifkrbdkctk bu$dkctbg`# [c 25,2+ gk lbs dujkrks y uc 21,=+ gk l`sm`darks prkskctbabc uc QQ budkctbg`# [c 6+ gk lbsdujkrks y uc 25,6+ gk l`s m`darks prkskctbabc uc QQblt`# [c p`rnkctbjk duy abj` ->,2+ kc dujkrks y >,6+kc m`darks) tikckc QQ duy blt` gk pbgknkr n`d`railigb$gks bs`nibgbs b lb àksigbg -Wbalb 7)#



11/65


17>

9



12/65



177

25



13/65


17;

22

QKXI^WB @NW[AQK:Dbquktbnic 2 17/25/1521 28:17 Uficb 2>


14/65



178

21

Gisnusic

Kc pridkr lufbr, rksbltbr lb klkvbgb prkvblkcnib gk ak$sigbg y sàrkpks`# Kc cukstr` kstugi` kl ;;+ gk l`s trb$abjbg`rks prkskctbabc kxnks` gk pks`, gk kstk p`rnkctbjkuc >9,;+ prkskctbab sàrkpks` y uc 2;,;+ àksigbg#Brbcnktb J# -kt bl7) pbrknkc llkfbr b nihrbs sidilbrks, ks$tidbcg` ucb prkvblkcnib gk kxnks` gk pks` gk ;7,6+ kcpàlbnic bgultb gk kctrk 1; y 87 b`s kc Kspbb, kc uckstugi` rkblizbg` sàrk dukstrbs blkbt`ribs rkprkskctbtivbsgk lb pàlbnic gk 9 n`ducigbgks butc`dbs -Bcgblunb,Ablkbrks, Nbcbribs, Nbtblub, Fblinib, Dbgrig, N`duci$gbg gk Durnib, Ubs Xbsn` y N`ducigbg Xblkcnibcb), kc

kl nubl àskrvbr`c quk uc 2;,;+ gk lb pàlbnic pbgknbàksigbg y uc >9,1+ sàrkpks`# ^`rifukr H# -kt bl ;) à$tikckc nihrbs gk àksigbg ds klkvbgbs, àskrvbcg` ucbprkvblkcnib gkl 1=,=+ gk àksigbg kc ucb pàlbnic gkUizbrrb -Dlbfb)# Dbrtckz Q`s D#W -kt bl9) tbdaic a$tikckc ucb klkvbgb prkvblkcnib gk kxnks` gk pks` kc sukstugi` rkblizbg` kc lb N`ducigbg gk Durnib kc ucbdukstrb gk >592 pkrs`cbs gk kctrk 2= y 8; b`s, n`c ni$hrbs quk blnbczbc kl 82,7+#

Lb dby`r prkvblkcnib gk sàrkpks` y gk àksigbg hukkcn`ctrbgb kc kl frup` gk trbabjbg`rks dbcublks# Q`gr$fukz Dbrtc B# -kt bl25) kc uc kstugi` rkblizbg` kc Ngiz,

tbdaic àskrvbc ucb klkvbgb prkvblkcnib gk sàrkpks`y àksigbg, kc trbabjbg`rks c` nublihinbg`s y dbcublks#Mb s`rprkcgig` lb bltb prkvblkcnib gk kxnks` gk pks` kctrbabjbg`rks girkntiv`s, quizs uc sksf` p`r kl pkquk`tbdb` gk kstk frup` gk trbabjbg`rks, c` àstbctk si skmb n`csigkrbg` ucb llbdbgb gk btkcnic suhinikctk n`d`pbrb bdplibr kl tbdb` gk lb dukstrb y p`gkr llkfbr b n`c$hirdbrlb ` gksnbrtbrlb kc kstugi`s p`stkri`rks#

Kc cukstr` kstugi` lb prkvblkcnib gk àksigbg hukdby`r kc pkrs`cbs nbsbgbs n`c pbrkjb kstbalk, `rifukrH# -kt bl;) tbdaic àskrvbc ucb rklbnic sifcihinbtivbkctrk lb prkvblkcnib gk àksigbg y kl kstbg` nivil, kcn`c$

trbcg` uc budkct` gk àksigbg kc pkrs`cbs jvkcks gkmbstb 7; b`s y nbsbgbs#

^k gkak tkckr kc nukctb quk sk trbtb gk uc frup` db$y`ritbribdkctk n`c kstugi`s ucivkrsitbri`s, l` nubl pukgkkstbr rklbni`cbg` n`c quk kc kl pkri`g` gk rkn`figb gkgbt`s, bnugikr`c b vifilbcnib gk lb sblug uc cdkr` id$p`rtbctk gk g`nkctks# Kl abj` civkl gk kstugi`s, n`cstituykc cukstr` trbabj`, uc hbnt`r rklbni`cbg` n`c uc kl sàrk$pks` y lb àksigbg# ^ rifukr H# -kt bl;) àskrvbc kc su ks$tugi` ucb prkvblkcnib gk àksigbg skis vknks dby`r kcpkrs`cbs sic kstugi`s n`dpbrbgb n`c pkrs`cbs n`c kstu$gi`s ucivkrsitbri`s# Dbrtckz Q`s D#W -kt bl9) tbdaic

àskrvbc quk lb prkvblkcnib gk àksigbg ks dkc`r kc t`$

gbs bqukllbs pkrs`cbs n`c dby`r civkl gk kstugi`s# Brbc$nktb Abrtricb J# -kt bl6) kc ucb rkvisic gk givkrs`s kstu$gi`s kpigkdi`lfin`s rkblizbg`s kc Kspbb gksgk 2995 blb` 1555 sàrk aksigbg n`cnluykc quk b dkc`r civkl gkicstrunnic lb prkvblkcnib gk àksigbg ks ds klkvbgb#

Kl mait` tbaquin` ks `trb vbribalk quk sk rklbni`cbn`c lb aksigbg# Brbcnktb Abrtricb J# -kt bl6) àskrvbc kcsu kstugi` uc budkct` gkl riksf` gk àksigbg kc lbs pkr$s`cbs quk babcg`cbc kl mait` gk hudbr#

Kc rklbnic b lb icfkstb gk bln`m`l, skb gk h`rdb gibrib` ksp`rginb, kc cukstr` kstugi` mkd`s àskrvbg` ucb

prkvblkcnib dby`r gk akakg`rks, kc trbabjbg`rks n`c s`$arkpks` ` aksigbg# ^`rifukr H# -kt bl;) àskrvbc kc nbd$ai`, uc dby`r cdkr` gk akakg`rks kc l`s sujkt`s c`àks`s#

Kc cukstr` kstugi`, kl 62,1+ rkhikrkc rkblizbr kjkrnini`hsin`, l` quk c`s llkvb b pkcsbr quk lb vbribalk kjkrnini`hsin` c` kst aikc rkn`figb kc kl nuksti`cbri`# ^kfcgbt`s gk lb Kcnukstb Bcgbluzb gk ^blug gkl 1556-22), kl7>,2+ gk l`s bcgblunks dby`rks gk 28 b`s c` rkblizb bn$tivigbg hsinb kc su tikdp` liark y kl =>,>+ gk lb pàlb$nic bcgbluzb kjkrnb uc trbabj` skgkctbri`#

N`cnlusi`cks

Lb prkvblkcnib gk kxnks` gk pks` kc l`s trbabjbg`rksgk lb Juctb gk Bcgblunb kc Dlbfb rksult klkvbgb-;;+), n`rrksp`cgikcg` uc >9,;+ b sàrkpks` y uc2;,;+ b àksigbg#

Kxistk ucb rklbnic icvkrsb kctrk lb prkvblkcnib gk s`$arkpks` y àksigbg y civkl gk kstugi`s# Lb prkvblkcnibgk àksigbg huk dby`r kc trbabjbg`rks dbcublks kc l`squk kc dunm`s nbs`s kl civkl gk h`rdbnic ks dkc`r, p`rtbct` l`s pr`frbdbs gk rkgunnic gk pks` tkcgrbc qukpri`ritbribdkctk girifirsk mbnib kstk n`lkntiv` gk trbabjb$

g`rks#Lb prkvblkcnib gk aksigbg huk dby`r kc bqukll`s trb$

abjbg`rks nbsbg`s ` n`c pbrkjb kstbalk, p`r l` quk nubl$quikr ictkrvkcnic kc pr`frbdbs gk rkgunnic gk pks`tbdaic gkakrb tkckr kc nukctb kl kstbg` nivil gk l`s su$jkt`s#Lb icfkstb gk bln`m`l ks dby`r kc pkrs`cbs n`c sàrkpksù àksigbg#

Kl mknm` gk tkckr uc IDN c`rdbl c` sifcihinb quk c`kxistb bgip`sigbg bag`dicbl y p`r tbct` riksf` nbrgi`vbs$nulbr, kspknibldkctk kc dujkrks, p`r l` quk sk n`rrà`rblb utiligbg gk lb dkginic gkl pkrdktr` gk lb nicturb, kc

l`s kxdkcks gk sblug#

QKXI^WB @NW[AQK:Dbquktbnic 2 17/25/1521 28:17 Uficb 27


15/65


176

2>

B pksbr gk lb liditbnic gkl tip` gk kstugi` l`s mbllbz$

f`s gk kstk trbabj` sufikrkc lb cknksigbg gk ba`rgbr lbpràlkdtinb gkl kxnks` gk pks` gk pàlbnic lba`rbl kcl`s kxdkcks gk sblug gk l`s trbabjbg`rks quk bnugkc bl`s skrvini`s gk prkvkcnic#

Aiali`frbhb

2# Quai` D#B#, ^blbs ^blvbg J, Abrabcy D, D`rkc` A,Brbcnktb J, Akllig` G, kt bl# N`cskcs` KKG@ 1556 pbrblb kvblubnic gkl sàrkpks` y lb àksigbg y kl kstbalkni$dikct` gk nritkri`s gk ictkrvkcnic tkrbputinb# Qkv# Ksp#@aks# 1556? 6$7=#

1# Dògbg B#M, Dbros J^, ^trùp G#H, Fkrakrgicf J#L#Bntubl nbusks `h gkbtm ic tmk [citkg ^tbtks, 1555# JBDB1557? 192:21>=$7;#

># V`rlg Mkbltm @rfbcizbti`c# @aksity bcg `vkrwkifmt#VM@, 1521# Gisp`cialk kc: mttp:www#wm`#ictdkgib$nkctrkhbntsmkktshs>22kcicgkx#mtdl# ltid` bnnks` 1;juci`, 1521#

7# Brbcnktb J, Urkz Q`grif` N, ^krrb Dbjkd L, Xi`qukJ, Wur Dbr J#B, Dbtbix Xkrg J, kt bl# Kstugi` G@QINB:

Gislipkdib, àksigbg y riksf` nbrgi`vbsnulbr# Kc: Brbc$nktb J, H`x D, Fil A, J`vkr K, Dbctillb W, Dillc J, kt bl#@aksigbg y riksf` nbrgi`vbsnulbr# Kstugi` G@QINB# Db$grig: Ubcbdkrinbcb? 1557# pp# 21; ;8#

;# ^`rifukr H, Q`j` Dbrtckz F, Kstkvb gk Bct`ci` I, Quizgk Bgbcb D#^, Nbtbl D, Dkrkl` D#J#, kt bl# Urkvblkcnk`h àksity ic sùtm$kbst ^pbic bcg its rklbti`c witm s`niblbcg mkbltm hbnt`rs# Kur# J# Kpigkdi`l# 1557? 29: >>$75#

8# cnmkz Nmbpbrr` D#B, Q`dc Fbrnb J, Nblv` A`cb$nm` K, Fdkz Lbri`s W, Hkrccgkz Dkskfukr B, îcz$Futirrkz J#N, kt bl# Urkvblkcnib gk hbnt`rks gk riksf`vbsnulbr kc lb pàlbnic lba`rbl kspb`lb# Qkv# Ksp# Nbr$gi`l# 1558? ;9: 712$>5#

6# Brbcnktb Abrtricb J, ^krrb Dbjkd L, H`z ^blb D, D`$rkc` Kstkabc A, y Frup` N`lba`rbtiv` ^KKG@# Urkvb$lkcnib gk àksigbg kc Kspbb# Dkg# Nlc# 155;? 21;:785$8#

=# Kstugi` pr`spkntiv` Gklpmi# N`stks s`niblks y kn`c$din`s gk lb àksigbg y sus pbt`l`fbs bs`nibgbs -Mipkr$tkcsic, mipkrlipigkdibs y gibaktks)# Dbgrig# Fbaicktk gkkstugi`s Akrcbrg Orikh, 2999: ;2 88#

9# Dbrtckz Q`s D#W, W`rd` D#J, Cbvbrr` N, Nmirlbquk

D#G, Urkz Hl`rks G# Kxtrkdkly mifm prkvblkcnk h vkr$wkifmt bcg àksity ic Durnib, b Dkgitkrrbckbc rkfi`c icsùtm$kbst ^pbic# Ict# J# @aks# 1552? 1;: 2>61$=5#

25# Q`grfukz Dbrtc B, Dbrtckz Cikt` J#D, C`vbla`sQuiz J#U, Ksnàbr Jidckz L# @vkrwkifmt bcg àksity:Wmk r`lk `h kgunbti`c, kdpl`ydkct bcg icn`dk ic ^pb$cism bgults# Bppktitk 155=? ;2: 188$61#

22# ^cnmkz Nruz J#J, ^cnmkz Xillkfbs U, D`yb Fbrrig`D#C, Dby`rbl N`rts J#D# Lb sblug kc Bcgblunb skfclbs Kcnukstbs Bcgbluzbs gk ^blug -KB^): KB^$2999,

KB^$155> y KB^$1556# Kcnukstb Bcgbluzb gk ^blug U$alinb# Frbcbgb, 1525#

QKXI^WB @NW[AQK:Dbquktbnic 2 17/25/1521 28:17 Uficb 2;


16/65

Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 17=$1;>Gk Gikf` N`rgkr`, Q

Lb trbcsvkrsbligbg gkl fckr` kc lb Urkvkcnic gk Qiksf`s Lba`rblks

17=

27

Qksudkc

Ulbctkbr kl mknm` gk tkckr kc nukctb ucb dirbgb gksgklbs n`rrikctks gk fckr` kc lb Urkvkcnic gk Qiksf`s Lb$a`rblks pukgk, kc uc pricnipi`, pbrknkr blf` nubct` dkc`sbtrkvig`# C` àstbctk, gksgk lb gnbgb gk l`s b`s nic$nukctb gkl pbsbg` sifl`, sk kst tkcikcg` kc nukctb lb pkrs$pkntivb gk fckr` n`d` ucb trbcsvkrsbl quk sk kcnukctrb

ictrcsknbdkctk ucigb c` sl` b lb vigb s`nibl, nulturbl,hbdilibr, sic` tbdaic lba`rbl gk l`s icgivigu`s#

Ublbarbs nlbvk: fckr`, prkvkcnic, n`dp`rtbdikct` lb$a`rbl, riksf`s kspknhin`s#

Bastrbnt

Gisnuss tmk hbnt `h tboicf b vikw hr`d fkcgkr nurrkctsic Mkbltm bcg ^bhkty ict` bnnùct dby skkd b ait gbricf#M`wkvkr, sicnk tmk hihtiks h lbst nkctury, tmk fkcgkr pkrs$pkntivk bs b dbicstrkbdicf wminm is gkkply rklbtkg c`t

`cly t` s`nibl, nulturbl bcg hbdily lihk, aut bls` t` icgivi$gubls& w`roicf lihk is akicf n`csigkrkg#

Okyw`rgs: fkcgkr, prkvkcti`c, w`ro akmbvi`r, spknihinrisos#

Ictr`gunnic

î kctkcgkd`s fckr` n`d` uc n`cstrunt` s`niblquk p`ck gk dbcihikst` lbs n`cvkcni`cks nulturblks, l`sr`lks y l`s n`dp`rtbdikct`s s`niblks quk gihkrkcnibc b lbsdujkrks y l`s m`darks y, p`r tbct`, ictkctb gihkrkcnibr kl

skx` ai`lfin` gk lb h`rdb kc quk lb s`nikgbg n`cstruyk

kl skr m`dark skr dujkr, p`gkd`s ichkrir, p`r tbct`,quk ks`s n`dp`rtbdikct`s gihkrkcnibg`rks quk gktkrdi$cbc kl fckr` bl quk nbgb icgivigu` pkrtkcknk kstc id$arinbg`s, gk dbckrb ickvitbalk, n`c kl n`dp`rtbdikct`lba`rbl, y p`r kll`, bl ifubl quk kxistkc gihkrkcnibs kctrkfckr`s, kxistirc gistict`s n`dp`rtbdikct`s lba`rblks#

Kl skfuidikct` gk kstb lckb ks l` quk mb llkvbg` b plbc$tkbr bl fckr` n`d` uc bspknt` ds b tkckr kc nukctb kclb prkvkcnic, puks, bl ifubl quk l`s bspknt`s s`niblks,kn`cdin`s, nulturblks ichluykc kc kllb, kl fckr` tbd$aic gktkrdicb kl bclisis gk kstb rkbligbg lba`rbl, uc bc$lisis quk gkak pkrskfuir lb n`csknunic gk lb khinbnib gklbs dkgigbs bg`ptbgbs kc kstk nbdp`#

Dbtkribl y dt`g`s

Ubrb p`ckr kc rklbnic blfuc`s gk kst`s bspknt`s qukgk blfucb dbckrb n`ch`rdbc kl fckr`, mbc sig` rkvisb$

g`s gbt`s gkl ICK -Icstitut` Cbni`cbl gk Kstbgstinb) rk$hkrkctks bl b` 1522, kc kl quk pukgkc vkrsk blfuc`s gkl`s bspknt`s quk kctrbc kc jukf` y quk ichluykc gk dbckrbgirkntb ` icgirkntb#

î c`s hijbd`s kc klD`vidikct` Cbturbl gk lb Uàlb$nic y kc l`sIcginbg`rks Gkd`frhin s Asin`spualinb$g`s p`r kl ICK rkhkrkctks bl b` 1522, àtkckd`s gbt`sn`d` ucb rkgunnic kc kl cdkr` gk cbnidikct`s bl >,;+gurbctk 1522? ucb klkvbnic kc lb kgbg dkgib gk lb db$tkrcigbg mbstb >2,7 b`s y uc gksnkcs` b 2,>; mij`s p`rdujkr# Kst` llkvb ickvitbalkdkctk b uc gksnkcs` kc lb cb$tbligbg gkl >,;+ rkspknt` b 1525#

Lb trbcsvkrsbligbg gkl fckr` kc lb

Urkvkcnic gk Qiksf`s Lba`rblks

But`rks

Gk Gikf` N`rgkr`, Q

Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj`

Dutub Hrbtkrcigbg$Duprkspb^kvillb


Qknkpnic: 57$56$1521Qkvisic p`r pbrks: 28$5=$1521

Bnkptbnic hicbl: 15$59$1521

N`rrksp`cgkcnibQ`n` gk Gikf` N`rgkr`N`rrk` Klkntrcin`: r`gkgikfÈfdbil#n`d

Brtnul` `rificbl



17/65

Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 17=$1;>Gk Gikf` N`rgkr`, QLb trbcsvkrsbligbg gkl fckr` kc lb Urkvkcnic gk Qiksf`s Lba`rblks

179

2;

@tr` bspknt` rklbni`cbg` ks kl gk lb cupnibligbg, quk tbdaic mb kxpkridkctbg` uc gksnkcs` gkl 7,7 + rkspknt`

b 1525# Lb kgbg dkgib bl dbtrid`ci` sk kstid kc >8,2 b`s pbrb l`s m`darks y >> b`s pbrb lbs dujkrks#



18/65



1;5

28

Gk kst`s gbt`s pukgk gkgunirsk kl nbdai` kc kl n`c$nkpt` gk fckr` quk yb vikck pr`gunicg`sk mbnk b`s yquk llkvb bl plbctkbdikct` gk bspknt`s n`d` l`s quk skksa`zbc kc kstk brtnul`#

Nbdai`s kc kl kstbg` nivil, p`r kjkdpl`, y uc budkct`kc lb kgbg gk n`ctrbkr dbtrid`ci`, sup`ckc nbdai`s s`$niblks quk vbc b ichluir kc t`g`s l`s dait`s y quk gkakctkckrsk kc nukctb si qukrkd`s n`cskfuir ucb pkrspkntivbm`lstinb y flàbl, gbg` quk kst` ichluyk kc kl gksbrr`ll`gk lb pkrs`cb y p`r tbct` kc `tr`s dait`s n`d` kl lba`rbl#Kstb nitbgb tkcgkcnib gk lbs ltidbs gnbgbs b rktrbsbr lbkgbg gk n`ctrbkr dbtrid`ci` bs n`d` gk tkckr mij`s, kst

kstrknmbdkctk ucigb bl gksbrr`ll` pr`hksi`cbl y lba`rbl gkl`s icgivigu`s? tkckr uc trbabj` kstbalk y uc sblbri` hij`s`c g`s nuksti`cks duy vbl`rbgbs b lb m`rb gk plbctkbrskkst`s nbdai`s, ucig` bl tikdp` gk gkginbnic b l`s mij`sy b lb n`cnilibnic gk lb vigb hbdilibr, kctrk `tr`s#

Kst` c`s llkvb b uc ksnkcbri` lba`rbl gistict` nbgb vkz?sk c`s prkskctb `tr` dbpb: trbabjbg`rbs kdabrbzbgbsnbgb vkz dby`rks? nbdai`s kc bl pbtrc gk n`dp`rtb$dikct` gk l`s icgivigu`s pr`v`nbg`s p`r lb asqukgb gklb bgknubnic b m`rbri`s ksn`lbrks, hbdilibrks? n`dpbtiai$

lizbnic n`c skfucg`s ` tkrnkr`s kdplk`s? gisdicunicgk lb gisp`ciailigbg gk l`s trbabjbg`rks b hlkxiailigbg ks$pbnibl y m`rbrib, ktn#

Gk dbckrb quk, tkcikcg` kc nukctb t`g` l` kxpukst`,pbrknk kvigkctk quk lb pkrspkntivb gk fckr` skb blf` btkckr kc nukctb kc cukstr` dait` gk lb Urkvkcnic gkQiksf`s Lba`rblks, uc nbdp` viv` y gicdin`, y quk gkakskfuir bjustcg`sk b lb rkbligbg s`nibl#

^knt`rks kspknhin`s

N`c igkb gk byugbr b vkr gk ucb dbckrb ds nlbrb y

prntinb t`g`s l`s n`cnkpt`s plbctkbg`s mbstb bm`rb, skprkskctbc b n`cticubnic, gbt`s rkhkrkctks b ucb àskrvb$nic nkctrbgb kc sknt`rks lba`rblks -pricnipbldkctk bquk$ll`s trbgini`cbldkctk ucig`s bl nuigbg`), kc kl quk lbichlukcnib gkl fckr` sk mbnk kvigkctk#

^kfc lb KUB -Kcnukstb gk Uàlbnic Bntivb), puali$nbgb p`r kl ICK n`rrksp`cgikctk b l`s b`s 1559 y 1525,l`s `nupbg`s p`r rbdbs gk bntivigbg sk gistriauykc gk lbsifuikctk dbckrb:

QKXI^WB @NW[AQK:Dbquktbnic 2 17/25/1521 28:17 Uficb 2=


19/65


1;2

26



20/65



1;1

2=

Bucquk aikc ks vkrgbg quk mby `tr`s sknt`rks kc l`squk lb nihrb gk dujkrks supkrb b lb gk m`darks, g`cgk dssk bnusb lb gihkrkcnib ks kc lbs bntivigbgks rklbni`cbgbsn`c lb sbcigbg y bqukllbs rkhkrigbs bl trbabj` g`dstin`#

Qksultbg`s

Bcblizbcg` st` gksgk ucb pkrspkntivb gk fckr`, p`$gkd`s vkr quk kst`s sknt`rks lba`rblks hkdicizbg`skstc ctidbdkctk rklbni`cbg`s n`c l` quk nikcthin`s s`$niblks n`d` N`dbs, G#, D`rkc` I# ` Ublkczuklb, U#, ybbpuctbabc kc lb gnbgb gk l`s c`vkctb, y ks quk lbs rkprk$

skctbni`cks igk`lfinbs ichluykc kc lb h`rdb kc quk lbspkrs`cbs sk ictkfrbc kc kl dkrnbg` gk trbabj`, d`gklbcg`sus prkhkrkcnibs p`r gktkrdicbgbs `nupbni`cks# U`r l`tbct`, icn`rp`rbrsk b kst`s sknt`rks sk gkak b gktkrdicbc$tks n`d`: Lb vicnulbnic kctrk kl nuigbg` y lb byugb s`nibl n`d`prntinbs ucigbs b l`s n`ctkcig`s quk kxplinbc l` hkdk$cic`, y nd` kst` mb gkskda`nbg` kc ucb pr`frksivbpr`hksi`cblizbnic gk ginmbs prntinbs# Ukrhilks bnbgdin`s y pr`hksi`cblks gkdbcgbg`s psi$nl`f`s, trbabjbg`rks s`niblks, kgunbg`rks, quk sk nb$rbntkrizbc p`r ucb dby`r prkskcnib gk dujkrks, p`r ksb

rklbnic tbdaic n`c kl nuigbg` y lb byugb# Ictkrksks pkrs`cblks n`c l`s quk lbs dujkrks sk icn`rp`$rbc bl dkrnbg` lba`rbl, quk lks llkvbc b prkhkrir gksbrr`llbrsu bntivigbg lba`rbl kc kstk tip` gk kdprksbs y bntivigb$gks, pksk b quk n`cstituybc b vknks kdplk`s gk pk`r nb$ligbg y pk`r rkduckrbg`s# Kl prkstifi` s`nibl gk kstktip` gk kdplk`s ucig` b lb n`csigkrbnic gkl sblbri` hk$dkcic` n`d` ucb bp`rtbnic sknucgbrib y gk dkc`r id$p`rtbcnib n`c rkspknt` bl dbsnulic` -pricnipbl sustkct`)s`c blfucbs gk lbs rbz`cks quk justihinbc kstb suprkdbnbhkdkcicb#

Gisnusic

Lb dkginicb gkl Wrbabj`

Gkctr` gk lb Urkvkcnic gk Qiksf`s Lba`rblks, lb ks$pknibligbg gk Dkginicb gkl trbabj`, n`ctkdplb lbs gihk$rkcnibs kctrk m`darks y dujkrks, bucquk c` kc lbt`tbligbg gk l`s bspknt`s quk kctrbc kc jukf` nubcg` c`srkhkrid`s bl fckr` yb quk kstbs gihkrkcnibs kstc absbgbsnbsi kxnlusivbdkctk kc rbsf`s ai lfin`s quk pukgkc ic$hluir kc lb kxp`sinic b gktkrdicbg`s riksf`s y p`r kcgk,kc kl gb` b lb sblug pr`v`nbg` p`r l`s disd`s#

Absbg`s kc kstbs gihkrkcnibs ai`lfinbs, sk n`c`nkcnihrbs gk d`rai$d`rtbligbg gihkrkctks kctrk m`darks y

dujkrks, quk p`ckc kc kvigkcnib lbs gihkrkctks rkspukstbskxistkctks hrkctk b l`s kstdul`s, y p`r kll`, hrkctk bl gks$brr`ll` gk kchkrdkgbgks# Bs, kchkrdkgbgks n`d` lb `s$tk`p`r`sis, ncnkr gk dbdb k icnlus` hrbnturbs, dunmbsgk kllbs rklbni`cbgbs n`c kl sistkdb kcg`nric`, s`c dsn`ducks kc dujkrks quk kc m`darks, p`r c` dkcni`cbrlbs kspknhinbdkctk rklbni`cbgbs n`c kdabrbz`, pbrt` `lbntbcnib#

îc kdabrf`, c` mby pr`t`n`l`s kspknhin`s quk gihk$rkcnikc kctrk m`dark y dujkr kc kl dait` gk lb Xifilbc$nib gk lb ^blug, tbc sl` blfuc`s klkdkct`sgihkrkcnibg`rks absbg`s kc lbs gihkrkctks nbrbntkrstinbs

bcbtdinbs y hisi`lfinbs kctrk skx`s, blf` quk sifuk duylkj`s gk l` quk sup`ck n`ctkdplbr lb rkbligbg gksgk ucbpkrspkntivb gk fckr`#

Aikc ks vkrgbg, quk kc kl plbc` gkl kdabrbz`, pbrt` ylbntbcnib, l`s pr`hksi`cks gk lb sblug lba`rbl n`ctbd`s n`cucbs pbutbs quk c`s byugbc b kvblubr l`s riksf`s, vifilbrb lb sblug, bgbptbr l`s pukst`s, ktn# pkr` lb absk gk t`g`kll`s kst kc pràlkdbs hisi`pbt`lfin`s, nbusbg`s p`rbfkctks, pkrhkntbdkctk gktbllbg`s kc uc listbg`, quk pukgkkcn`ctrbrsk kc kl Bckx` XII gk lbs Girkntrinks pbrb lb kvb$lubnic gk riksf`s y pr`tknnic gk lb dbtkrcigbg kc kl trb$abj`, pualinbg` p`r kl IC^MW, kl pbsbg` b` 1522#

îc kdabrf`, n`d` mkd`s vist`, cudkr`s`s s`c l`shbnt`rks quk ictkrvikckc y quk c` s`c tkcig`s kc nukctb#Ruiz tkcfbd`s l`s sbcitbri`s quk kdpkzbr b nrkbr mk$

rrbdikctbs quk pkrditbc nbgb vkz ds, ba`rgbr t`g`s ks`shbnt`rks quk sk c`s kstc qukgbcg` p`r kl nbdic`#

N`d` n`cnlusi`cks, n`dkctbr quk bntubldkctk, n`d`sk mb kxpukst`, lbs gihkrkcnibs kctrk fckr`s c` vbc dsbll gk lbs gihkrkcnibs ai`lfinbs, c` btkcgikcg` b `tr`sbspknt`s quk n`cgini`cbc lb vigb gk l`s trbabjbg`rks y trb$abjbg`rbs y quk, p`r tbct`, ichluykc gk dbckrb girkntb kcsu bntivigbg lba`rbl, y p`r kxtkcsic, kc lb Urkvkcnic gkl`s Qiksf`s Lba`rblks#Bp`stbcg` p`r llkvbr b nba` ucb prkvkcnic kspknhinb kicgivigubl quk n`cgini`ck b su vkz lb idplbctbnic gk dk$gigbs prkvkctivbs bgbptbgbs b nbgb nbs` pbrtinulbr, gkak$d`s ksh`rzbrc`s p`r n`c`nkr `tr`s bspknt`s gk lbpàlbnic trbabjbg`rb n`c igkb gk n`cskfuir ucb visicm`lstinb, ictkfrbg`rb y rkbl, gbcg` uc pbs` ds kc cukstrbgisniplicb# Y quiz t`dbr kc nukctb lb pkrspkntivb gk f$ckr` skb uc aukc n`dikcz`#

Aiali`frbhb

2# ICK D`vidikct` Cbturbl gk lb Uàlbnic k Icginbg`rksGkd`frhin`s Asin`s# Kc prkcsb 1521#



21/65


1;>

29

1# ICK KUB -Kcnukstb gk U`albnic Bntivb) b`s 1559 y1525# Kspbb? 1522#

># N`dbs, G, Wrbabj`, Fckr` y Nulturb# Lb n`cstrunnicgk gksifublgbgks kctrk m`darks y dujkrks# Kspbb: Inbrib?299;#

7# D`rkc`, I, Wrbabj`, igk`l`fbs s`ark kl trbabj` y nul$turbs gkl trbabj`# Kspbb: Ksnuklb [civkrsitbrib gk Qklb$ni`cks Lba`rblks? 2996

;# Ublkczuklb, U, Wrbabj`, @ajkt` gk kstugi` gk lb bctr`$p`l`fb# Kc:XII N`cfrks` gk Bctr`p`l fb ^`nibl idp`$si` III# Zbrbf`zb 28$15 gk skptikdark gk 2998# Brbfc:Icstitut` brbf`cs gk bctr`p`l`fb 2998#p 12;#

8# IC^MW Girkntrinks pbrb lb kvblubnic gk riksf`s y pr`$tknnic gk lb dbtkrcigbg kc kl trbabj`# Kspbb: IC^MW?1522

6# Lky >2299; gk Urkvkcnic gk Qiksf`s Lba`rblks -brt#18, d`gihinbg` p`r lb Lky >999)# A@K cd# 189 gk 25gk c`vikdark gk 299;#

=# Lky >999 gk ; gk c`vikdark, pbrb pr`d`vkr lb n`cni$libnic gk lb vigb hbdilibr y lba`rbl gk lbs pkrs`cbs trbab$jbg`rbs# A@K c 188 gk 8 gk c`vikdark gk 2999#

9# Girkntivb 91=;NKK gkl N`cskj`, gk 29 gk `ntuark gk2991, rklbtivb b lb bplinbnic gk dkgigbs pbrb pr`d`vkrlb dkj`rb gk lb skfurigbg y gk lb sblug kc kl trbabj` gk lbtrbabjbg`rb kdabrbzbgb, quk mbyb gbg` b luz kc pkri`g`gk lbntbcnib -trbcspukstb kc su dby`r pbrtk p`r lb LUQL)#



22/65

Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 1;7$181Ukb ^blfukr`, UD, @ld` D`rb, D^

Xbligbnic gk uc nuksti`cbri` gk but`nuigbg`s gk sblug aun`gkctbl kc kl dkgi` lba`rbl $ BÂLB

1;7

15

Qksudkc

Ictr`gunnic

Lb lba`r prkvkctivb y kgunbg`rb sbcitbrib gk lb kchkr$

dkrb gkl trbabj`, bs n`d` su rklbnic n`c frup`s gk p`$albnic bgultb sbcb mbnkc gk kstk n`lkntiv` sbcitbri` ucdkgi` duy bgknubg` pbrb kdprkcgkr pr`frbdbs rikctb$g`s b h`dkctbr mait`s sblugbalks y klkvbr kl civkl gksblug gk l`s trbabjbg`rks# N`c kstk pr`psit`, sk mb llk$vbg` b nba` lb klba`rbnic gk uc nuksti`cbri` quk c`s pkr$ditb n`c`nkr kl civkl gk but`nuigbg`s aun`gkctblks gk lbpàlbnic trbabjbg`rb# L`s àjktiv s s`c: Giskbr y vbli$gbr uc nuksti`cbri` quk sirvb b lb kchkrdkrb gkl trbabj`n`d` mkrrbdikctb pbrb kvblubr kl civkl gk but`nuigbg`sgk lb nbvigbg `rbl gk lb pàlbnic trbabjbg`rb#Dbtkribl y dt`g`s

^k gisk uc nuksti`cbri` gk 27 tkds ksnbl`cbg`s gkdkc`r b dby`r civkl gk nuigbg`s y sk bgdicistr kc ucrkb sbcitbrib gkl ^krvini` gk ^blug gk Nbstillb Lb Dbc$nmb# ^k rkbliz ucb hbsk kxpkridkctbl ` pil`tbjk dkgibctksu bplinbnic b ucb dukstrb gk 25 trbabjbg`rks# k bcblizlb vbligkz gk n`ctkcig` dkgibctk lb vbl`rbnic p`r kxpkr$t`s utilizbcg` uc nuksti`cbri` n`c ksnblb Liokrt# U`stk$ri`rdkctk sk kvblu lb n`csistkcnib ictkrcb dkgibctk Blhbgk Nr`cabnm# Hicbldkctk sk àtuv` uc nuksti`cbri` gkhi$citiv` gk 22 tkds#Qksultbg`s

L`s gbt`s atkcig`s dukstrbc quk kl nuksti`cbri` n`c$

skfuig` ks ucb mkrrbdikctb vligb y hibalk#

N`cnlusi`cks

Lb vbligbnic gkl prkskctk nuksti`cbri` pr`p`rni`cb blkchkrdkr` gkl trbabj` ucb mkrrbdikctb gk frbc utiligbgn`d` dkgig`rb gkl civkl gk but`nuigbg`s kc sblug aun`$

gkctbl gk lb pàlbnic trbabjbg`rb#

Ublbarbs Nlbvk: But`nuigbg`s, ^blug Aun`gkctbl, Ks$nblb, Nuksti`cbri`#

Bastrbnt

Ictr`gunnti`c

Urkvkctivk bcg kgunbti`cbl tbsos pkrh`rdkg ay tmk n$nupbti`cbl cursk bcg mis r mkr rklbti`csmip witm bgult mk$bltmy skfdkcts `h tmk p`pulbti`c dbok `h tmkskpr`hhksi`cbls b vkry bpr`pribtk wby t` ucgkrtbok pr`frbds

bidkg t` pr`d`tk mkbltmy lihkstylk mbaits bcg idpr`vk tmkmkbltm lkvkl `h tmk w`rokrs# Vitm tmis purp`sk ic dicg, bquksti`ccbirk tmbt bll`ws us t` oc`w tmk lkvkl h rbl sklh$nbrk `h tmk w`roicf p`pulbti`c wbs nrkbtkg# Wmk àjknti$vks brk: gksifc bcg vbligbtk b quksti`ccbirk tmbt tmk`nnupbti`cbl cursk nbc usk bs b t``l t` kvblubtk tmk lkvkl`h `rbl sklhnbrk `h tmk w`roicf p`pulbti`c#Dktm`g`l`fy

B 27 itkds quksti`ccbirk s`rtkg hr`d l`w t` mifm lkvkl`h nbrk wbs gksifckg bcg gistriautkg ic bc brkb h tmk kr$vini` gk ^blug gk Nbstillb Lb$Dbcnmb# Bc kxpkridkctblpmbsk `r pil`t wbs g`ck `vkr b sbdplk `h 25 w`rokrs# Wmk

vbligity `h tmk n`ctkct wbs bcblyzkg ay kxpkrts usicf tmk

Xbligbnic gk uc nuksti`cbri` gk

but`nuigbg`s gk sblug aun`gkctbl

kc kl dkgi` lba`rbl$ BÂLBBut`rks

Ukb ^blfukr`, UD

^krvini` Dgin` gk Kdprksb kc Kl N`rtk IcflsKchkrdkrb Kspkniblistb gkl Wrbabj`

Linkcnibgb kc @g`ct`l`fb

@ld` D`rb, D^

^krvini` gk Urkvkcnic gk Qiksf`s Lba`rblks ^K^NBDKchkrdkrb Kspkniblistb kc Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj`


Qknkpnic: 2=$56$21

Qkvisic p`r pbrks: 18$5=$21Bnkptbnic hicbl: 29$59$21

N`rrksp`cgkcnib

Ubulb Dbrb Ukb ^blfukr`N`rrk` klkntrcin`: pbulbpkcbEkchkrdkribgkltrbabj`#n`d

Brtnul` `rificbl



23/65

Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 1;7$181Ukb ^blfukr`, UD, @ld` D`rb, D^Xbligbnic gk uc nuksti`cbri` gk but`nuigbg`s gk sblug aun`gkctbl kc kl dkgi` lba`rbl $ BÂLB

1;;

12

Liokrt snblk# Bhtkrwbrgs, ictkrcbl n`csistkcny wbs kvblub$

tkg ay Blhb gk Nr`cabnm# Fktticf hicblly b 22 itkds quks$ti`ccbirk#Qksults

Wmk àtbickg gbtb pr`vks tmbt tmk quksti`ccbirk is bvblig bcg rklibalk t``l#N`cnlusi`cs

Wmk vbligbti`c `h tmk prkskct quksti`ccbirk pr`vigkst` tmk `nnupbti`cbl cursk witm b vkry uskhul t``l t` dkb$surk tmk lkvkl `h `rbl sklhnbrk -@^ hr`d c`w) `h tmk w`r$oicf p`pulbti`c#

Okyw`rgs: ^klh nbrk, @rbl mkbltm, snblk, quksti`ccbirk#

Ictr`gunnic

Kl kstbg` gk sblug rksultb gk lb ictkrbnnic gk uc n`c$juct` gk gktkrdicbctks n`d` s`c lb ai l`fb mudbcb, l`smait`s gk vigb y lbs nrkkcnibs y bntitugks gk lbs pkrs`cbs,l`s kct`rc`s lba`rbl y kxtrblba`rbl, l`s skrvini`s sbcitbrb$ri`s, ktn# Ubrb fksti`cbr lb sblug kc kl trbabj` sk gkak n`d$aicbr gk h`rdb gicdinb y n`dplkdkctbrib lb rkgunnicgk l`s hbnt`rks gk riksf` y kl gksbrr`ll` gkl aikckstbr h$sin`, dkctbl y s`nibl# Lb pr`d`nic gk lb sblug kc kl trb$abj` sup`ck uc d`gkl` gk bntubnic quk byugb b

n`cskfuir kstbs dktbs2#Wkcikcg n`d` absk lb gkhicinic gk pr`d`nic gk lb

sblug quk bpbrknb kc lb nbrtb gk @tbwb -@D^, Fickarb#29=8), lb Qkg Kur`pkb gk Ur`d`nic gk lb ^blug kc klWrbabj` -KCVMU) n`cskcsu kc kl b` 2996 lb sifuikctkgkhicinic-1):Lb pr`d`nic gk lb sblug kc kl trbabj` ks bucbr l`s ks$hukrz`s gk l`s kdprksbri`s, l`s trbabjbg`rks y lb s`nikgbgpbrb dkj`rbr lb sblug y kl aikckstbr gk lbs pkrs`cbs kc kllufbr gk trbabj`# Kst` sk pukgk n`cskfuir n`daicbcg`bntivigbgks girifigbs b:

2# Dkj`rbr lb `rfbcizbnic y lbs n`cgini`cks gk trbabj`#1# Ur`d`vkr lb pbrtinipbnic bntivb#># H`dkctbr kl gksbrr`ll` icgivigubl#

Lb khinbnib gk lb pr`d`nic gk lb sblug kc kl lufbr gktrbabj` ->) mb sig` bdplibdkctk kstugibgb, kxistikcg` ucnlbr` khknt` p`sitiv` sàrk lb n`cnikcnibnic icgivigublbnkrnb gk lb sblug y kc lb n`cguntb, bs n`d` rksultbg`sgk sblug y s`niblks b lbrf` plbz`#

^kfc gknlbrb lb Kcnukstb gk ^blug @rbl kc Kspbb gk1556 -7,;), llkvbgb b nba` p`r kl N`cskj` Fkckrbl gk Gkc$tistbs, kctrk kl 91$97+ gk lb pàlbnic bgultb dby`r gk

>; b`s pbgknk nbriks $yb skb trbtbgb ` kc hbsk bntivb$ , y

kl =;$ 97+ gk kll`s prkskctb blfc pràlkdb rklbni`cbg`

n`c lbs kcnbs#Kstb klkvbgb prkvblkcnib gk pbt`l`fb aun`gkctbl kc lb

pàlbnic bgultb kspb`lb llbdb lb btkcnic, dxidk p rlb nbpbnigbg quk p`skk kl but`nuigbg` n`d` bfkctk d`$gulbg`r gkl kstbg` gk sblug aun`gkctbl#^k gkhick but`nuigbg` n`d` kl n`cjuct` gk bnni`cks qukpkrditkc bl icgivigu` dbctkckr lb sblug y kl aikckstbr yrksp`cgkr gk dbckrb n`cstbctk b sus cknksigbgks Ksucb n`cguntb quk bpbrknk kc situbni`cks n`cnrktbs gk lbvigb, y quk kl icgivigu` girifk mbnib s disd` ` mbnib klkct`rc` pbrb rkfulbr l`s hbnt`rks quk bhkntbc b su pr`pi`gksbrr`ll` y bntivigbg kc akckhini` gk lb vigb, sblug y

aikckstbr#! -@rkd, 1552)-8)#îkcg` lb kchkrdkrb p`r kxnklkcnib, kl pr`hksi`cbl kx$

pkrt` kc nuigbg`s, bs n`d` lb kchkrdkrb gkl trbabj` klkspkniblistb n`c hnil bnnksiailigbg y nbpbnigbg gk ictkr$vkcnic sàrk lb pàlbnic trbabjbg`rb, sk n`csigkr lbig`ckigbg gk cukstrb p`sinic n`d` bfkctks prkvkctivis$tbs kc dbtkrib gk sblug aun`gkctbl#

N`c àjkt` gk pr`hucgizbr y n`c`nkr lb situbnic gkpbrtigb n`cnrktb gk lb pàlbnic kc lb quk sk llkvbsk bnba` lb ictkrvkcnic, sk prktkcgi klba`rbr uc sistkdb a$jktiv` gk dkginic n`d` mkrrbdikctb pbrb vbl rbr kl civklgk but`nuigbg`s aun`gkctblks gk l`s trbabjbg`rks# Kctkc$

gikcg` civkl n`d` lb dkgigb gk ucb nbctigbg n`c rkhk$rkcnib b ucb ksnblb gktkrdicbgb, kl trdic` civkl gkbut`nuigbg`s rkqukrb skr nubctihinbg`# Ubrb kll`, huk ck$nksbri` llkvbr b nba` kl prkskctk kstugi`, n`c lb hicbligbggk vbligbr uc nuksti`cbri` gk sblug aun`gkctbl kc kl dkgi`lba`rbl#

Dbtkribl y dt`g`s

Kc pridkr lufbr, sk rkbliz ucb rkvisic aiali`frhinbkc absks gk gbt`s gk bdplib gihusic gkl sknt`r sbcitbri`kc ausnb gk sistkdbs gk dkginic h`rdbl quk sk bgbptbskc

bl àjktiv` dbrnbg`# Bctk lb ickxistkcnib gk l`s disd`s,sk plbctk lb cknksigbg gk klba`rbr uc nuksti`cbri` gk dk$ginic gkl civkl gk but`nuigbg`s aun`gkctblks gk lb p`$albnic trbabjbg`rb# Ubrb kll`, sk llkv b nba` uc kstugi`gksnriptiv` trbcsvkrsbl dkgibctk lb sklknnic, gk h`rdbblkbt`rib, gk ucb dukstrb gk trbabjbg`rks gk uc rkb sbci$tbrib gkl ^krvini` gk ^blug gk Nbstillb lb Dbcnmb#

Gisk` gkl nuksti cbri`# ^k klba`r uc nuksti`cbri` rks$tricfig`nkrrbg`, quk n`cstbab gk 27 tkds n`c rkspukstbdltiplk y ksnbl`cbgb gk dkc`r b dby`r civkl gk nuigb$g`s# Lb kstrunturb gk l`s tkds sk abs kc l`s utilizbg`s

prkvibdkctk pbrb kstugi`s sàrk mait`s gk sblug aun`

QKXI^WB @NW[AQK:Dbquktbnic 2 17/25/1521 28:17 Uficb 1>


24/65

Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 1;7$181Ukb ^blfukr`, UD, @ld` D`rb, D^


1;8

11

gkctbl gk lb pàlbnic kspb`lb-6),bucquk huk cknksbri`bgbptbrl`s pbrb p`gkr nlbsihinbr lbs rkspukstbs kc civklksgk nuigbg`s# Gkctr` gkl nuksti`cbri`, ks`s tkds sk bfru$pbr`c kc 7 gidkcsi`cks: mait`s gk mifikck `rbl, kstbg`gk lb nbvigbg `rbl, mait`s gk sblug aun`gkctbl y kgunb$nic sbcitbrib, y pbrb su klba`rbnic, sk dbrnbr`c lbs si$fuikctks prkdisbs: vbligkz -quk sirvikrb pbrb dkgir l` quksk prktkcgb dkgir), nlbrigbg -sidplk y gk hnil utilizb$nic), hibailigbg -quk huksk rkpr`gunialk), skcsiailigbg-quk huksk nbpbz gk rkhlkjbr vbribni`cks kc lb dkginic),bnkptbailigbg -quk c` nbusbsk d`lkstibs bl sujkt` kxbdi$cbg`) y dbckjbailigbg kstbgstinb -=,28)#

^k gi` ucb puctubnic gk 5 b 7 b lbs rkspukstbs gk nbgbuc` gk l`s tkds, sikcg` 5 kl frbg` ds abj` y 7 kl d$xid` civkl gk nuigbg`s# Gk lb sudb gk lbs puctubni`cksrksultbab uc cdkr` kctkr` quk `snilbab kctrk 5 y 2># ^kkstbalknikr`c > rbcf`s kc hucnic gk lb puctubnic t`tblàtkcigb, n`rrksp`cgikctks bl civkl gk but`nuigbg`s gk lbsblug aun`gkctbl, quk krbc: 5$;4Civkl gk but`nuigbg`sabj`, 8$94Civkl gk but`nuigbg`s dkgi`, y 25$2>4Civklgk but`nuigbg`s blt`#

Bgdicistrbnic gkl nuksti`cbri`# Kc pridkr lufbr, sk rkb$liz uc pil`tbjk ` hbsk kxpkridkctbl gkl nuksti`cbri` icinibl

dkgibctk uc kcsby` b 25 trbabjbg`rks gkl ^K^NBD gkc$tr` gkl rkb gk ^blug gk Uukrt`llbc`, quk nudplidkctbr`clb ksnblb vb tklkhcinb y gk h`rdb bccidb# U`stkri`r$dkctk, y n`c àjkt` gk n`rrà`rbr lb vbligkz gk nritkri`,sk miz` kvblubr ginmb kcnukstb p`r uc frup` gk kxpkrt`ssklknni`cbcg`, gk h`rdb braitrbrib, b 25 pr`hksi`cblks sb$citbri`s rklbni`cbg`s n`c lb dbtkrib, gk l`s nublks ; krbckchkrdkr`s gkl trbabj`, 2 kchkrdkr` fkckrblistb, 2 mifik$cistb gkctbl, 2 dgin` gkl trbabj`, 2 `g`ctl`f`, y 2 hbr$dbnutin`, quk rksp`cgikr`c tbct` bl nuksti`cbri` n`d`b uc tkst gk vbl`rbnic gkl disd`, quk n`cstbab gk 9 prk$fuctbs pbrb nuybs rkspukstbs sk kstbalkni ucb ksnblb Li$okrt -bckx` 2)# Wrbs kl bclisis gk l`s rksultbg`s atkcig`ssk klba`r kl nuksti`cbri` gkhicitiv` -bckx` 1)# ^k bgdi$cistr dkgibctk n`rrk` klkntrcin` b ucb cukvb dukstrbgk ;5 trbabjbg`rks gk ^K^NBD, sklknni`cbg`s gk h`rdbblkbt`rib pkrtkcknikctks bl rkb gk ^blug gk Uukrt`llbc`#Klkfir kstb h`rdb gk bgdicistrbnic c`s pkrditi bcblizbricdkgibtbdkctk l`s rksultbg`s trbs lb rkspukstb gkl kc$nukstbg`, y kvitbr sksf`s p`r ictkrhkrkcnibs kc lb kctrkvistbn`c kl kcnukstbg`r# Bckx` bl h`rdulbri` sk hbnilitbr`c lbsicstrunni`cks gk pbrtinipbnic b l`s kcnukstbg`s -bckx`>)#^k utiliz kl pr`frbdb Û^^ kc su vkrsic 2;#5 pbrb kltrbtbdikct` kstbgstin` gk l`s gbt`s#

Qksultbg`s

B l`s gbt`s àtkcig`s gk lb vbl`rbnic gk l`s kxpkrt`ssk lks rkbliz lb prukab V gk Okcgbll -bckx` 7), quk digkkl frbg` gk bs`nibnic kctrk vbri`s n`cjuct`s gk C kcti$gbgks, ks gknir, kl civkl gk bnukrg` kctrk l`s vbl`rbg`rks,y quk gkd`str quk c` kxistk gihkrkcnib sifcihinbtivb kctrkl`s gikz kxpkrt`s pbrb kl n`cjuct` gk prkfuctbs h`rdulb$gbs# Bsidisd`, kl rksultbg` gkl pil`tbjk n`c l`s trbabjb$g`rks sk bcbliz utilizbcg` lb prukab blhb gk Nr`cabnm-bckx` ;), quk nubctihinb lb n`csistkcnib ictkrcb, àtk$cikcg` uc cgink gk 5,68; pbrb ucb ksnblb rksultbctk gk

nubtr` tkds nubctihinbalks, l`s cudkrbg`s n`d` 2, 6, 9y 22, gkctr` gkl nuksti`cbri` gk 22, l` quk icgin ucb bltbhibailigbg n`d` ksnblb gk dkgigb# Ubrb gbrlk uc c`darkhnil gk rkn`rgbr y nd`g` gk usbr sk klifikr`c lbs siflbsgk BÂLB pbrb gkc`dicbr bl nuksti`cbri` gk but`nuigb$g`s gk sblug aun`gkctbl kc kl dkgi` lba`rbl#

Gisnusic

L`s rksultbg`s dukstrbc quk kl nuksti`cbri` gksbrr`$llbg` kc kl prkskctk kstugi` ks uc icstrudkct` n`c suhi$nikctk vbligkz y hibailigbg pbrb dkgir kl civkl gk

but`nuigbg`s kc sblug aun`gkctbl gk lb pàlbnic trbab$jbg`rb# Lb vbl`rbnic gkl nuksti cbri` p`r pbrtk gk l`s kx$pkrt`s ks duy aukcb# Kl 96+ gk l`s pr`hksi`cblkskcnukstbg`s n`ctkstbr`c n`c lb dxidb puctubnic b lbprkfuctb 2, gkd`strbcg` quk ucb bdplib dby`rb gk l`spr`hksi`cblks gk lb sblug nìcnigkc kc lb idp`rtbcnib gklb vbl`rbnic gkl but`nuigbg` quk l`s trbabjbg`rks tikckcgk su sblug aun`gkctbl# Kl bclisis hbnt`ribl n`chird lbkxistkcnib gk 22 tkds, > dkc`s gk lbs pr`pukstbs icinibl$dkctk# Bc bs, sk gkdukstrb lb vbligkz gk n`cstrunt` kclbs gkhicitivbs#

Kl nuksti`cbri` gk but`nuigbg`s gkd`str tkckr ucbklkvbgb n`csistkcnib ictkrcb 45,68;# U`r su hibailigbg yvbligkz, kstk nuksti`cbri` pukgk skr utilizbg` tbct` kc ic$vkstifbnic n`d` kc lb prntinb gibrib# Bl skr uc nuksti`$cbri` gk sl` 22 tkds, su tikdp` gk bgdicistrbnic ksarkvk, l` quk mbnk ds hbntialk su bplinbnic kc lb n`c$sultb gk kchkrdkrb gkl trbabj`, g`cgk pukgk skr gk frbcutiligbg pbrb gknigir qu ictkrvkcni`cks s`c cknksbribsgkctr` gk uc pr`frbdb gk sblug aun`gkctbl#

Hicbldkctk, b d`g` gk n`cnlusi`cks, icginbr quk trbskl bclisis k ictkrprktbnic kstbgstinb, p`gkd`s bhirdbrquk kl nuksti`cbri` gk lb sblug aun`gkctbl klba`rbg` tikckuc civkl gk vbligkz y gk hibailigbg quk lk mbnkc skr n`csi$gkrbg` ucb ksnblb gk dkginic kc sblug#



25/65

1;6Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 1;7$181Ukb ^blfukr`, UD, @ld` D`rb, D^Xbligbnic gk uc nuksti`cbri` gk but`nuigbg`s gk sblug aun`gkctbl kc kl dkgi` lba`rbl $ BÂLB

1>

Lb vbligbnic gk ginmb ksnblb gk dkginic kc but`nuigb$g`s gk sblug aun`gkctbl c`s pkrditk prkskctbr ucb mkrrb$dikctb til pbrb nlbsihinbr kl civkl kc kl quk kl trbabjbg`rsk kcnukctrb, `hrknikcg` ich`rdbnic nubctihinbgb qukpkrditb kstbalknkr ucb fub gk bntubnic kchkrdkrb kc kldait` gkl nuigbg` gk sblug aun`gkctbl#

Aiali`frbhb

2# Xbqukr` Uukrtb, JL# Dbcubl gk Dkginicb Urkvkctivb y^blug Ualinb# Uirdigk# 1559#

1# Lb pr`d`nic gk lb sblug kc kl trbabj`: nuksti`cbri`pbrb lb kvblubnic gk lb nbligbg# CWU 8>9# IC^MW# Di$cistkri` gk Wrbabj`#

># Dicistkri` gk ^bcigbg y N`csud`# Lb Kvigkcnib gk lbKhinbnib gk lb Ur`d`nic gk lb ^blug# Ubrtk G`s# Dbgrig#1555#

7# N`cskj` Fkckrbl gk Gkctistbs# Kcnukstb gk ^blug @rbl1525# Bclisis gk lb kv`lunic gk lb sblug `rbl gk 299> b1525#

;# N`lkfi` gk @g`ctl`f`s y Kst`dbtl`f`s gk lb I Qk$fic# Liar` Albcn` pbrb pr`hksi`cblks @g`ctl`f`s y Ks$t`dbtl`f`s# Dbgrig# 1556#

8#But`nuigbg`# Kc mttp: mttp:ks#wioivkrsity#`rfwioiBu$t`nuigbg`

6# Qià`` Fbrnb, Qbhbkl# @g`ct`l`fb Urkvkctivb y N`$ducitbrib$ W`d` II# Dbgrig# 1551#

=# Aurcs, C# Fr`vk, Ô# Icvkstifbnic kc Kchkrdkrb# Db$

grig# 155;#

9# Bcgrs Iflksibs JN, Bcgrs Q`grfukz CH, H`rc`s UkrkzJB# Xbligbnic gk uc nuksti`cbri` gk n`c`nidikct`s sàrkmipkrn`lkstkr lkdib kc lb hbrdbnib n`ducitbrib# ^kfui$dikct` Hbrdbn`tkrbputin` 155;? >-7): 2=9$298#-mttp:www#niph$ks#`rf)

25# JD Abtistb$H`fukt, F N`kcgkrs# Bclisis hbnt`ribln`chirdbt`ri`# û utiligbg kc lb vbligbnic gk nuksti`cb$ri`s rklbni`cbg`s n`c lb sblug# Dkg Nlic# Kg# Klskvikr#Abrnkl`cb# 1557#

22# Uunmk, JHD# Xbligbnic gk uc nuksti`cbri` pbrb lb dk$ginic gkl nlidb `rfbcizbni cbl kc nkctr`s gk sblug# Btkc$nic pridbrib, Lb Qi`jb# 1557#-mttp:www#giblckt#uciri`jb#ks)

21# Urikt` L# Nuksti`cbri`s gk sblug: n`cnkpt` y dkt`g`$l`fb# Btkcnic pridbrib, 1552# Lb Qi`jb#-mttp:www#giblckt#uciri`jb#ks)

2># Abgib ]# Nuksti`cbri`s gk sblug kc Kspbb y su us`kc btkcnic pridbrib# Btkc Uridbrib, 1552#

-mttp:www#klskvikr#ks)

27# Dbrtc Brriabs, DN# Gisk` y vbligbnic gk nuksti`$cbri`s#Icstitut` gk Icvkstifbnic gk Kchkrdkgbgks Qbrbs#Icstitut` gk ^blug Nbrl`s III# Dbgrig#

2;# Fil Ubsnubl, JB# Dt`g`s gk icvkstifbnic kc kgunb$nic# X`l III# Bclisis dultivblkctk#

28# Llbufkr, DB? N`ctij`nm, N# But`nuigbg`s y btkcnicpridbrib# Dkg Nlic# Abrnkl`cb# 2996?29:186$65# $ v`l#29cd ;#

QKXI^WB @NW[AQK:Dbquktbnic 2 17/25/1521 28:17 Uficb 1;


26/65

1;= Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 1;7$181Ukb ^blfukr`, UD, @ld` D`rb, D^


17

Bckx` 2: Wkst gk vbl`rbnic gk kxpkrt`s*@alifbt`ri`

2# N`csigkrbs gk ictkrs vbl`rbr kl civkl gk nuigbg`s kc sblug aun`gkctbl gk l`s trbabjbg`rks0 *2 1 > 7 ;

Kc t`tbl gksbnukrg` W`tbldkctk gk bnukrg`

1# Lbs prkfuctbs s`c skcnillbs y nlbrbs *2 1 > 7 ;


># L`s gbt`s hifurbc aikc `rgkcbg`s, kst aikc kstrunturbgb# *2 1 > 7 ;


7# Lbs prkfuctbs gk kstk nuksti`cbri` babrnbc t`g`s l`s bspknt`s gkl nuigbg` kc ^AG quk kl pbnikctk gkak n`$c`nkr# *

2 1 > 7 ;Kc t`tbl gksbnukrg` W`tbldkctk gk bnukrg`

;# L`s gbt`s rkn`fig`s kc kl rkfistr` pkrditkc sbakr kl civkl gk nuigbg`s ^AG gkl trbabjbg`r *2 1 > 7 ;


8# Kl pbnikctk p`gr n`dprkcgkr lbs prkfuctbs gk kstk nuksti`cbri`# *


6# Kl sistkdb gk puctubnic gk lbs rkspukstbs ks bgknubg`# *2 1 > 7 ;


=# Gbgb lb kstrunturb y skcnillkz gk lb m`jb gk rkfistr , pukgk skr nuaikrtb kc ucb kctrkvistb n`rtb n`c kl pb$nikctk# *


9# Uukgk skr uc klkdkct` ds gk byugb bl pr`hksi`cbl sbcitbri` kc su trbabj` gibri`# *2 1 > 7 ;


@A^KQXBNI@CK^

Ur`hksi`cbl sbcitbri` *B# Kchkrdkr`bA# Kchkrdkr` gkl trbabj`N# @g`ctl`f`G# Mifikcistb gkctblK# Dgin` gkl trbabj`

H# Hbrdbnutin`



27/65

1;9Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 1;7$181Ukb ^blfukr`, UD, @ld` D`rb, D^Xbligbnic gk uc nuksti`cbri` gk but`nuigbg`s gk sblug aun`gkctbl kc kl dkgi` lba`rbl $ B^ALB

1;



28/65

185 Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 1;7$181Ukb ^blfukr`, UD, @ld` D`rb, D^


18

QKXI^WB @NW[AQK:Dbquktbnic 2 17/25/1521 28:17 Uficb 1=


29/65

182Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 1;7$181Ukb ^blfukr`, UD, @ld` D`rb, D^Xbligbnic gk uc nuksti`cbri` gk but`nuigbg`s gk sblug aun`gkctbl kc kl dkgi` lba`rbl $ BÂLB

16

Bckx` >: Icstrunni`cks gk pbrtinipbnic b l`s kcnukstbg`s

Bgjuct` sk lk mbnk kctrkfb gk ucb kcnukstb dkgibctk lb quk ustkg pbrtinipbr kc kl pr`yknt` ^BL[G A[N@GKC$WBL KC KL DKGI@ LBA@QBL, klba`rbg` n`c kl àjktiv` gk vbl`rbr kl kstbg` gk sblug y lb n`cnikcnibnic sàrkkl nuigbg` aun`gkctbl y l`s hbnt`rks gk riksf` quk kxistkc kc kl dkgi` lba`rbl b kstk civkl#

Ubrb p`gkr icnluir kc kl rksultbg` l`s gbt`s bp`rtbg`s ks cknksbri` quk kl h`rdulbri` kst t`tbldkctk nudplidkc$tbg`#

Lb pbrtinipbnic kc ginm` pr`yknt` ks gk nbrntkr v`luctbri`, pugikcg` rktirbr su n`cskctidikct` kc nublquikr d`$dkct`#

L`s gbt`s gk igkctigbg quk c`s hbnilitb kc lb kcnukstb quk lk kctrkfbd`s skrc trbtbg`s gk h`rdb n`chigkcnibl, sic

quk kc cicfc d`dkct` sk rkhlkjkc kc kl rksultbg` hicbl gkl pr`yknt`#Lk bfrbgknkd`s su pbrtinipbnic, qukgbcg` b su gisp`sinic pbrb nublquikr bnlbrbnic quk kstidk cknksbrib#

GGPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP, n`c GCIPPPPPPPPPP, gknlbr` quk mk sig` ich`rdbg` gkl pr`yknt`kc kl quk v`y b pbrtinipbr, y g`y di n`cskctidikct` pbrb skr icnluig` kc kl disd`#

HKNMB: HIQDB:

Bckx` 7: Xbligkz, prukab V OKCGBLL



30/65

181 Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 1;7$181Ukb ^blfukr`, UD, @ld` D`rb, D^


1=

QKXI^WB @NW[AQK:Dbquktbnic 2 17/25/1521 28:17 Uficb >5


31/65

18>Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 18>$188Kctrkvistb b îlvib Brrbcz Bl`cs` y Blh`cs` Dkcksks D`cr`y, fbcbg`rks gkl prkdi`#aknb kc icvkstifbnic CBCGB$2

19

Kctrkvistb b îlvib Brrbcz Bl`cs`

y Blh`cs` Dkcksks D`cr`y,

fbcbg`rks gkl prkdi`$aknb kc

icvkstifbnic CBCGB$I

N`c c`dark pr`pi`

Kl pbsbg` dks gk dby`, lb niugbg c`rtkbdkrinbcb gkMùst`c bn`fi lb N`chkrkcnib aikcbl 75 bcivkrsbri` gkCBCGB$I# Kc kstb n`chkrkcnib, lb Hucgbnic Cbcgb n`$ducin l`s g`s pr`yknt`s fbcbg`rks n`c suavkcni`cks$aknbs pbrb lb icvkstifbnic kc lb nlbsihinbnic CBCGB$I,kc rklbnic n`c kl gksbrr`ll` gkl lkcfubjk, sus prukabs, surkhicbdikct` y su us`#

[c` gk l`s pr`yknt`s prkdibg`s rknby kc g`s dikd$ar`s gk lb Bs`nibnic gk Kspkniblistbs kc Kchkrdkrb gkl

Wrbabj`: Blh cs` Dkcksks D`cr`y, pr`hks`r titulbr gk lbHbnultbg gk Kchkrdkrb gk lb [civkrsigbg N`dplutkcskgk Dbgrig? y îlvib Brrbcz Bl`cs`, Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrb$abj`# Kl pr`yknt` llkv p`r ttul` D`gkl`s n`cnkptublks,dkt`g`l`fb y lkcfubjk kstbcgbrizbg` kc Kchkrdkrb gklWrbabj`#

Kc kstb n`chkrkcnib ictkrcbni`cbl, sk n`cdkd`rbabcl`s 75 b`s gkl cbnidikct` gk CBCGB -C`rtm Bdkri$nbc Cursicf Gibfc`sis Bss`nibti`c), y rksultb llbdb$tiv` quk f`nk gk ds bctifkgbg quk lb pr`pibh`rdbnic ucivkrsitbrib gk Kchkrdkrb kc Kspbb#

Ubrb v`s`tr`s, n`d` kxpkrt`s kc tbx`c`db CBCGB,qu frbg` gk gihusic us` p`skk CBCGB$I kctrk lbkchkrdkrb kspb`lb, y ds n`cnrktbdkctk kc lb Kc$hkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj`0

îlvib# B gb gk m`y, p`gkd`s bhirdbr quk lb tbx`c`dbgk CBCGB$Ictkrcbni`cbl ks kl lkcfubjk kchkrdkr` c`r$dblizbg` ds kdplkbg` kc kl n`ctkxt` kspb`l# Kxistkckstugi`s quk trbtbc gk bp`rtbr ich`rdbnic sàrk kl frbg`gk utilizbnic gkl disd` kc gistict`s dait`s gk lb kchkr$dkrb y quk l` sitbc kc rbcf`s tbc bdpli`s n`d` kctrkkl 75$85+# Kst`s kstugi`s c` sk mbc bplinbg` mbstb kl d`$

dkct` kc kl dait` gk lb Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` mbstb lb

pukstb kc dbrnmb gkl kstugi` gk icvkstifbnic quk kstb$d`s gksbrr`llbcg` kc lb bntubligbg#

Blh`cs`# Lb gihusic gk CBCGB kctrk lb kchkrdkrb ks$pb`lb ks bdplib, ks lb tbx`c`db gk gibfcstin`s kchkr$dkr`s ds n`c`nigb y utilizbgb p`r lb dby`r pbrtk gkkchkrdkr`s kspb`lks, bgkds lb dby`rb gk plbcks gknuigbg`s kstc absbg`s kc CBCGB# Qkspknt` b su us`,si aikc sk mb icnrkdkctbg` kc l`s ltid`s 25 b`s bc

sifuk kxistikcg` uc idp`rtbctk p`rnkctbjk gk kchkrdkr`squk c` lb utilizbc, kc kl nbs` gk lb kchkrdkrb gkl trbabj`kstk p`rnkctbjk ks dunm` dby`r#

U`r qu d`tiv`s gkakd`s utilizbr gibfcstin`s kchkr$dkr`s absbg`s kc kstb tbx`c`db0

îlvib# Ks idp`rtbctk quk l`s kchkrdkr`s c`s n`duciquk$d`s gk ucb dbckrb ds nlbrb y n`cskcsubgb# Kl lkcfubjkkstbcgbrizbg` hbnilitb kl gksbrr`ll` gk lb nikcnib kchkr$dkrb, yb quk t`g`s p`gkd`s mbalbr n`c dby`r prknisicsàrk cukstr`s nuigbg`s# Ukrditk mbnkr ucb kchkrdkrb

ds visialk y n`csnikctk gk cukstrbs n`dpktkcnibs, kc lbquk c` idp`rtb tbct` kl n`ctkxt` gk bntubnic n`d` l`spràlkdbs kchkrdkr`s quk btkcgkd`s#Lb vkctbjb quk tikck lb tbx`c`db gk CBCGB$Ictkrcb$ni`cbl hrkctk b `tr`s lkcfubjks kchkrdkr`s c`rdblizbg`s,ks su bdplib trbyknt`rib y su trbgunnic b cukstr` igi`db#

Blh`cs`# Lb utilizbnic gk uc lkcfubjk n`dc pr`p`r$ni`cb icgugbalks vkctbjbs b ucb pr`hksic, lb tbx`c`dbCBCGB n`cstituyk ksk lkfubjk n`dc kc kl nbdp` gk lbkchkrdkrb, bgkds ks ucb tbx`c`db rkn`c`nigb y vbli$gbgb b civkl ictkrcbni`cbl#



32/65

187 Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 18>$188Kctrkvistb b îlvib Brrbcz Bl`cs` y Blh`cs` Dkcksks D`cr`y, fbcbg`rks gkl prkdi`#aknb kc icvkstifbnic CBCGB$2

>5

Nul ks lb ltidb rkvisic gk lb CBCGB0 Nuct`sgibfcstin`s kchkrdkr s kxistkc y nulks s`c l`s n`d$p`ckctks gkl disd`0

îlvib y Blh`cs`# Nbgb 1 b`sCBCGB$I llkvb b nba` ucb bntublizb$nic gk l`s gibfcstin`s kchkrdkr`squk n`ch`rdbc lb tbx`c`db CBCGB$II# Ks hrknukctk lb rkvisic gk blfuc`sgibfcstin`s, icnlusic gk cukvbs kti$quktbs ` klidicbnic gk bqukllbs qukc` pkrditbc b lb kchkrdkrb bntubr gk

dbckrb icgkpkcgikctk# Kstbs bntublizb$ni`cks s`c p`sialks frbnibs bl trbabj` kictkrs gk dunm`s kchkrdkr`s nlcin`sgk t`g` kl ducg`# Lb tbx`c`db bntubln`rrksp`cgk b l`s b`s 1521$1527 ynukctb n`c uc t`tbl gk 128 gibfcstin`skchkrdkr`s# N`d` c`vkgbgks gk kstkb`, sk mb rktirbg` uc gibfcstin` kc$hkrdkr`, rkvisbg` 22 y bbgig` 28 cuk$v`s gibfcstin`s# Kc l`s prxid`sdksks sk kspkrb quk sk pualiquk lb bn$tublizbnic gk lb tbx`c`db II kc nbs$

tkllbc`#L`s n`dp`ckctks gk uc gibfc`stin`CBCGB s`c pricnipbldkctk lb kti$quktb -` c`dark gkl gibfcstin`), l`shbnt`rks rklbni`cbg`s ` gk riksf`-skfc sk trbtk gk uc gibfcstin` rkbl gk riksf`) y lbs nbrbntkrstinbs gkhicit`ribs#

Ru s`c lbs ktiquktbs CIN y C@N bs`nibgbs b l`sgibfcstin`s kchkrdkr s0

îlvib y Blh`cs`# Lb Cursicf @utn`dk Nlbsihinbti`c

-C@N) y lb Cursicf Ictkrvkcti`c Nlbsihinbti`cs -CIN) s`cnlbsihinbni`cks gk ictkrvkcni`cks y nritkri`s gk rksultbg`gk lb prntinb kchkrdkrb# Kc n`cnrkt`, lbs CIN s`c lbs ic$tkrvkcni`cks kchkrdkrbs quk sk rkblizbc sàrk uc pbnikctkpbrb blnbczbr uc rksultbg` n`cnrkt` rkhlkjbg` n`c ucb kti$quktb C@N# Kc uc pricnipi`, pukgk rksultbr uc p`n` n`d$plkj` mbstb quk tk bn`studarbs b dbckjbr kstbtkrdic`l`fb, pkr` ucb vkz quk l`frbs dbckjbrlb bgknub$gbdkctk, tk gbs nukctb gk quk ks ucb h`rdb gk plbsdbr lbbntivigbg quk rkblizb lb kchkrdkrb y gk vbl`rbr l`s rksul$tbg`s n`cskfuig`s n`c su ictkrvkcnic# Bda`s lkcfubjkss`c ucb h`rdb gk ictkfrbr ds kl lkcfubjk gk cukstrb pr`$

hksic kc kl dbrn` gkl pr`nks` kchkrdkr` -UK)#

Gksbh`rtucbgbdkctk, c` ks mbaitubl quk lb kchkrdkrbkspb`lb, y ds n`cnrktbdkctk, kchkrdkrb gkl trb$abj`, skb prkdibgb ictkrcbni`cbldkctk# Nd` rkni$

aistkis lb c`tinib0 Ru mb supukst`pbrb vukstrbs vigbs pr`hksi`cblks,bnbgdinbs, pkrs`cblks, ktn#0

îlvib# Wrbs kcvibr kl pr`yknt` gk ic$vkstifbnic b CBCGB$I, MkbtmkrMkrgdbc -Girknt`rb Kjknutivb gkCBCGB$I) c`s ich`rd quk l`s pr`$yknt`s gk icvkstifbnic prkdibg`s sk$

rbc bcucnibg`s kc lb 75 N`chkrkcnibAibcubl gk Mùst`c# Lbdkctbalkdkctkcicfuc` gk l`s g`s p`gbd`s bsistir blb disdb y, nubcg` pbs lb N`chkrkc$nib y c` n`ctbntbr`c n`c c`s`tr`s, pkc$sbd`s quk kl pr`yknt` c` mbabrksultbg` gk su ictkrs# Gk dbckrb quklb s`rprksb huk dbysnulb nubcg` Bl$h`cs` dk tklkh`ck pbrb n`ducinbrdkquk mbab rkniaig` ucb llbdbgb gk uc`gk l`s dikdar`s gk lb juctb girkntivbgk BKCWGK pbrb c`tihinbrc`s quk kl

pr`yknt` gk icvkstifbnic iab b n`ctbrn`c kl rkspblg` gk lb CBCGB$Ictkrcb$ni`cbl y quk mbab sig` prkdibg`#BKCWGK huk lb kcnbrfbgb gk kctrk$fbrc`s kl prkdi`, quk rkn`fi Blh cs`kc c`dark gk l`s g`s#

Blh`cs`# Kspkrkd`s quk ksk bspknt` vbyb nbdaibcg`, ybquk l`s kchkrdkr`s kspb`lks kstbd`s duy vbl`rbg`s ic$tkrcbni`cbldkctk, s`l` c`s hbltb gbr kl pbs` b lb icvksti$fbnic y skr nbpbnks gk ligkrbr pr`yknt`s n`dpktitiv`s#Lb c`tinib huk ucb butctinb s`rprksb? b d dk llbd` lbvinkprksigkctb gk BKCWGK pbrb n`ducinrdkl` k icdk$

gibtbdkctk llbdk b îlvib, sic gugb mb supukst` ucb frbcsbtishbnnic y uc rkn`c`nidikct` bl trbabj` rkblizbg`#

Nd` `s surfi lb igkb gk rkblizbr kstk pr`yknt`0

îlvib# B gb gk m`y kxistkc gistictbs mkrrbdikctbs quk hb$nilitbc lb prntinb kchkrdkrb, tblks n`d` l`s d`gkl`s n`c$nkptublks, kl pr`nks` kchkrdkr` y l`s lkcfubjkskchkrdkr`s c`rdblizbg`s# B l` lbrf` gk l`s 21 b`s qukllkv` trbabjbcg` kc gistict`s n`ctkxt`s gk lb kchkrdkrb,sikdprk mk skctig` quk mbab ucb kspknik gk baisd` kctrkkll`s y lb kchkrdkrb nlcinb# Ukr` ksb gistbcnib nrk` quk

budkctbab ds kc ucb kspknibligbg n`d` lb cukstrb, kc



33/65

18;Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 18>$188Kctrkvistb b îlvib Brrbcz Bl`cs` y Blh`cs` Dkcksks D`cr`y, fbcbg`rks gkl prkdi`#aknb kc icvkstifbnic CBCGB$2

>2

lb quk trbabjbd`s n`c pàlbnic dby`ritbribdkctk sbcb

y kc uc n`ctkxt` duy gistict` bl m`spitblbri`# U`r kll` sur$fi lb igkb gk n`c`nkr kc qu situbnic sk kcnukctrb lbKchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` rkspknt` b kstbs mkrrbdikctbs, gkdbckrb quk p`gbd`s tkckr ucb kspknik gk h`t`frbhb,sbakr nulks s`c cukstrbs cknksigbgks y n`dkczbr b trb$abjbr kc kllbs# Nubcg` n`dkct kstbs icquiktugks n`c Bl$h`cs` -di tut`r kc kl Wrbabj` Hic gk Dstkr gkIcvkstifbnic kc Nuigbg`s gk lb ^blug) lk pbrkni ucbaukcb igkb y dk bcid b llkvbr lb icvkstifbnic b nba`,bs n`d` b s`linitbr lb aknb gk CBCGB$I Hùcgbti`c#Wbdaic gksgk lb BKW sk d`strbr`c kctusibsdbg`s p`rlb igkb y c`s `hrknikr`c su bp`y`#

Blh`cs`# Mk gk n`chksbr quk lb igkb gkl pr`yknt` huk gkîlvib# Kllb plbctk rkblizbr n`d` trbabj` Hic gk Dstkrgk Icvkstifbnic kc Nuigbg`s gk lb ^blug gk lb [civkrsi$gbg N`dplutkcsk, uc kstugi` sàrk lb utilizbnic gkl lkc$fubjk kchkrdkr` kc kchkrdkrb gkl trbabj`# B d dkbsifcbr`c n`d` tut`r gkl trbabj` y nubcg` îlvib sk kctkrgk l`s prkdi`s gk CBCGB, lk bcid b s`linitbrl`#

Ru c`vkgbgks icnluyk kstk pr`yknt` quk mb sig` fb$lbrg`cbg` n`c ucb aknb gk icvkstifbnic0

îlvib# Kstb icvkstifbnic bp`rtb ich`rdbnic sàrk kl us`gk l`s lkcfubjks kchkrdkr`s kstbcgbrizbg`s, d`gkl`sn`cnkptublks y pr`nks` kchkrdkr` kc lb Kchkrdkrb gklWrbabj`# Kstbd`s mbalbcg` gk mkrrbdikctbs kchkrdkrbskc bufk y gk ucb kspknibligbg kchkrdkrb duy brrbifbgb ygksbrr`llbgb b civkl cbni`cbl k ictkrcbni`cbl, kc lb qukcucnb mbstb kl d`dkct` sk mbab plbctkbg` n`c`nkr cuks$tr` frbg` gk utilizbnic y cknksigbgks n`d` pr`hksi`cblkskc kstbs dbtkribs# U`r kll`, lb tkdtinb kc s ks c`vkg`sb#

Blh`cs`# ^, kstk pr`yknt` ks c`vkg`s` p`rquk ks gk l`sp`n`s quk ictkctb bnkrnbr ucb kspknibligbg gk kchkrdkrb,

n`d` ks kc kstk nbs` lb kchkrdkrb gkl trbabj`, b lb utili$zbnic gk lb Wbx`c`db CBCGB y p`rquk vb b pkrditirp`ckr gk dbcihikst` nublks s`c l`s pricnipblks pràlkdbsb l`s quk sk kchrkctbc l`s kchkrdkr`s gkl trbabj` b lb m`rbgk utilizbr kl lkcfubjk kchkrdkr`#

Ru nbrbntkrizb gihkrkcnib kl gibfc`stin` gk kchkr$dkrb gkl trbabj` n`c rkspknt` b `trbs kspknibligbgkskchkrdkrbs0

îlvib# Uricnipbldkctk kl tip` gk pàlbnic y pràlkdbskchkrdkr`s quk btkcgkd`s# Kc lb Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj`

gkakrb nàrbr kspknibl idp`rtbcnib l`s gibfcstin`s kc$

hkrdkr`s CBCGB$II gk Qiksf`, blug y Ur`d`nic gk lb

^blug#

Blh`cs`# Kc kchkrdkrb gkl trbabj` lb lba`r gk lb kchkr$dkrb ks kspknibldkctk sàrk pkrs`cbs sbcbs n`c l` nubll`s Gibfcstin`s gk pr`d`nic gk lb sblug nàrbc kspkniblidp`rtbcnib# Wbdaic l`s Gibfcstin`s gk riksf` s`c hrk$nukctks kctrk l`s trbabjbg`rks y p`grbc icn`rp`rbrskn`d` pbrtk gk lb kstrbtkfib prkvkctivb gkl skrvini` gk prk$vkcnic# Kc kstb lckb sk kstc llkvbcg` b nba` kstugi`spbrb rklbni`cbr gktkrdicbg`s gibfcstin`s gk kchkrdkrbn`c, p`r kjkdpl`, lb nbrfb dkctbl#

Nucg` gkais prkskctbr lbs n`cnlusi`cks gkl pr`$yknt`0 U`gis bgklbctbr blfucb idprksic prkvib0

îlvib y Blh`cs`# L`s rksultbg`s hicblks skrc prkskctbg`skc lb 72 N`chkrkcnib aibcubl gk CBCGB$I kc 1527# Bsdisd`, kc lbs J`rcbgbs quk lb BKW nklkarbr kc `ntuarkgk 1521, p`grkd`s bp`rtbr blfc rksultbg` prklidicbr ykc 152> kc lb N`chkrkcnib gk lb Bs`nibnic C`rtkbdkri$nbcb gk Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` -BB@MC) kc Lbs Xkfbs#Kst`s gbt`s dukstrbc, blf` quk yb ictubd`s y ks lb ksnbsbutilizbnic kctrk kchkrdkr`s gkl trbabj` gkl lkcfubjk kc$hkrdkr`# Ukr` pukgkc bp`rtbr ich`rdbnic ictkrksbctk

bnkrnb gk nulks s`c l`s d`tiv`s gk lb liditbgb utilizb$nic#

Ru sufkrkcnibs n`cskj`s mbrbis llkfbr b lbs kchkr$dkrbs gkl trbabj` pbrb hbnilitbr ` pr`d`vkr kl us` gklb dkt`g`l`fb CBCGB0 -rkfistr`s, absks gk gbt`s,h`rdbnic kc CBCGB, ktn#)

îlvib# Kxistkc gistictbs absks gk gbt`s quk b gb gk m`ypukgkc byugbrc`s b kdplkbr kl us` gk l`s lkcfubjks kc$hkrdkr`s kstbcgbrizbg`s, tblks n`d` kl @askrvbt`ri` gkDkt`g`l`fb Kchkrdkrb -mttp:www#`dk#ks)# Wbdaic

rksultb gk frbc byugb n`ctbr n`c uc kjkdplbr bntublizbg`gk lb tbx`c`db gk CBCGB$I bs n`d` uc kjkdplbr gkIctkrrklbni`cks CBCGB$C@N$CIN# Bda`s sk kcnukc$trbc kc h`rdbt` pbpkl y klkntrcin`, bs quk sk mbnk dsnd`g`#

N`d` n`cskj`, n`dkctbrlks b cukstr`s n`dpbkr`s qukl`s gibfcstin`s gk kchkrdkrb s`c ds hnilks gk l` qukpbrknkc# Nubcg` n`dkczbd`s b trbabjbr n`c kll`s y b hb$dilibrizbrc s, vkd`s quk ks ds skcnill` usbr uc lkcfubjkpr`pi` gk lb pr`hksic quk pkrditk kxprksbr kxbntbdkctkl` quk mbnkd`s y p`r qu l` mbnkd`s, y c` gkpkcgkr gk

trdic`s prkstbg`s gk `trbs pr`hksi`cks#

QKXI^WB @NW[AQK:Dbquktbnic 2 17/25/1521 28:17 Uficb >>


34/65

188 Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 18>$188Kctrkvistb b îlvib Brrbcz Bl`cs` y Blh`cs` Dkcksks D`cr`y, fbcbg`rks gkl prkdi`#aknb kc icvkstifbnic CBCGB$2

>1

Blh`cs`# ^àrk t`g`, y` bn`cskjbrb quitbrsk kl dikg` yl`s n`dplkj`s kxistkctks b lb m`rb gk utilizbrl`s, bgkdsgk h`rdbrsk bgknubgbdkctk kc tkrdic`l`fb kchkrdkrb ykstbr baikrt`s b lb p`siailigbg gk icn`rp`rbrlb n`d` pbrtkgk cukstr` trbabj`#

Kstbrbis gispukst`s b fuibr b lbs kchkrdkrbs gkl trb$abj` kc kl us` gk kstb dkt`g`l`fb kc sus ucigbgks a$sinbs gk sblug lba`rbl, n`d` p`r kjkdpl`, b trbvs gklb BKW0

îlvib y Blh`cs`# ^krb uc plbnkr p`gkr llkvbr b nba` uc

pr`yknt` n`d` ksk kc n`lba`rbnic n`c lb BKW# C`s fus$tbrb bpr`vknmbr kstk d`dkct` pbrb bfrbgknkr b lb BKWkl bp`y` prkstbg` kc kstb icvkstifbnic, bs n`d` b t`g`sl`s n`dpbkr`s quk mbstb lb hknmb mbc n`lba`rbg` n`c susrkspukstbs b lbs kcnukstbs quk kcvibd`s b trbvs gk a`lk$tc klkntrcin`# N`dkctbr tbdaic quk prxidbdkctk rk$blizbrkd`s uc rkkcv` gk lb kcnukstb pbrb quk t`g`sbqukll`s n`dpbkr`s quk quikrbc pbrtinipbr, pukgbc mb$nkrl`# @s bcidbd`s b kll` y b mbnkr ds visialk kc lb kc$hkrdkrb cukstr` pbpkl n`d` kchkrdkr`s kspkniblistbs kcKchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj`"

Hicbldkctk, gksgk lb rkvistb Kchkrdkrb qukrkd`s prkskc$tbr`s cukstrb bgdirbnic y hklinitbr`s p`r vukstr` dbfc$hin` l`fr` pr`hksi`cbl, b lb kspkrb gk quk c` skb kl ltid`,y quk sirvb gk kstdul` pbrb kl rkst` gk cukstrb pr`hksic#Dunmbs frbnibs#



35/65

186Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 186$16>F`czlkz Nbabllkr`, JN`csud`s gk gr`fbs: [cb rkbligbg s`ni`lba`rbl n`c gistictbs lckbs gk bntubnic -II)

>>

Nlbsihinbnic gk lbs ictkrvkcni`cks

Lbs ictkrvkcni`cks y pr`frbdbs gksticbg`s b mbnkrhrkctk bl hkcdkc` gk lbs gr`f`gkpkcgkcnibs y sus gis$tictbs dbcihkstbni`cks n`chifurbc uc bdpli` babcin` gkbnni`cks nuy`s gksticbtbri`s gihikrkc rkspknt` b su situb$nic gk n`csud` -bastickcnib, n`csud` d`gkrbg` y`

pràlkdtin` ` gkpkcgikctk), su l`nblizbnic -dait` lb$a`rbl), su frbg` gk vulckrbailigbg skfc l`s riksf`s b l`squk sk pukgb kstbr kxpukst`, y `trbs vbribalks idplinbgbs#

Btkcgikcg` b l`s sknt`rks pr`guntiv`s gk pàlbnic lb$a`rbl gksticbtbri`s gk l`s pr`frbdbs gk ictkrvkcnic, lbsbnni`cks sk pukgkc nlbsihinbr kc nubtr` frbcgks nbtkf`rbskc `rgkc nrknikctk gk kspknihinigbg-=):

$ [civkrsblks# ^`c t`gbs bqukllbs bntubni`cks girifigbs blb fkckrbligbg gk lb pàlbnic lba`rbl ` b uc frup` bdpli`gk pkrs`cbs quk c` kstc igkctihinbgbs b absk b cicfc

hbnt`r gk riksf`#$ ^klkntivbs# N`cjuct` gk bnni`cks girifigbs b uc skf$dkct` gk trbabjbg`rks quk skfc gbt`s àjktiv`s àtkci$g`s b trbvs gk lb prntinb gk rkn`c`nidikct`s dgin`s,baskctisd`, situbni`cks gk icnbpbnigbg tkdp`rbl u `tr`tip` gk tncinb gk icvkstifbnic, sk mbllkc s`dktig`s b hbn$t`rks gk riksf` nbpbnks gk fkckrbr pràlkdbs rklbni`cbg`sn`c lbs gr`fbs#$ Icginbgbs# Kstk tip` gk bnni`cks kstc girifigbs b pkrs`$cbs quk dukstrbc n`csud`s gk gr`fbs -tbct` n`csudig`$rbs n`d` kxpkridkctbg`rbs) y `tr`s pràlkdbs gkn`dp`rtbdikct`# Kstc `rikctbgbs mbnib pkrs`cbs gk blt`

riksf`# Kl àjktiv` c` ks sl` lb rkgunnic gkl n`csud`

gk gr`fbs, sic` tbdaic lb gisdicunic gk l`s pràlkdbsbs`nibg`s, bs n`d` kl rktrbs` kc kl kstbalknidikct` gkn`cguntbs gk baus` gk gr`fbs#$ Gktkrdicbgbs# ^k icnluirc ks kstb nbtkf`rb t`gb ictkr$vkcnic prkvkctivb, bsistkcnibl gk icskrnic gksticbgb b

trbabjbg`rks n`c pràlkdbs gk gr`f`gkpkcgkcnib, g`cgkkl riksf` sk sitb c` yb kc lb p`siailigbg gk kstbalknkr ucbbginnic, sic` kc l`s riksf`s pbrb lb sblug y skfurigbg pkr$s`cbl gkrivbg` gkl us` n`cticubg` gk sustbcnibs psin`bn$tivbs#

Kstk frbg` gk kspknihinigbg kc kl gksbrr`ll` gk pr`frb$dbs gk ictkrvkcnic kc kl dbrn` gkl bhr`ctbdikct` gklpràlkdb gk lbs gr`fbs y lbs gr`f`gkpkcgkcnibs sk mbllbkc dby`r frbg` girifig` b uc kjk gk bntubnic prid`rgiblgkctr` gkl n`dktig` gk ucb [A^, lb rkgunnic gk lb gk$dbcgb, kc tbct` quk sus bntubni`cks sk `rikctbc mbnib lbs

pkrs`cbs quk pukgkc mbnkr ` mbnkc us` gk gr`fbs, y n`c$nrktbdkctk gksgk rkbs gk bntubnic ds girkntb, rkbs gkprkvkcnic, bsistkcnib k icskrnic#

N`csud`s gk gr`fbs:

[cb rkbligbg s`ni`lba`rbl n`c gis$

tictbs lckbs gk bntubnic-II)

H`rdbnic n`cticubgb

But`rks

F`czlkz Nbabllkr`, J

Kchkrdkr` kspkniblistb kc Kchkrdkrb gkl WrbabjÌcstitut` Cbni`cbl gk ^kfurigbg ^`nibl

Ailab`

QKXI^WB @NW[AQK:Dbquktbnic 2 17/25/1521 28:17 Uficb >;


36/65

18= Kchkrdkrb gkl Wrbabj` 1521? II: 186$16>F`czlkz Nbabllkr`, J

N`csud`s gk gr`fbs: [cb rkbligbg s`ni`lba`rbl n`c g

enfermería del trabajo, volumen 2, número 4, 2012

Documents