dinámica distributiva y políticas públicas: dos décadas de contrastes en la argentina...

Marta Novick y Soledad Villafañe

(Eds.)

Distribución del ingreso

Enfoques y políticas públicas desde el Sur

PRÓLOGO ....................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................................... 13

Marta Novick y Soledad Villafañe

I. DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL INGRESO. ENFOQUES Y POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS DESDE EL SUR

Tendencias y perspectivas de la pobreza y la equidad

1 CRECIMIENTO, POLÍTICAS MACROECONÓMICAS Y REDUCCIÓN DE LA POBREZA EN CHINA E INDIA: UNA COMPARACIÓN DE TENDENCIAS RECIENTES ........ 31

Jayati Ghosh

2 REGÍMENES POLÍTICOS, SHOCKS EXTERNOS Y DESIGUALDAD DE INGRESOS: AMÉRICA LATINA DURANTE LAS ÚLTIMAS TRES DÉCADAS ........................ 67

Giovanni Andrea Cornia

3 LA CRISIS FINANCIERA GLOBAL Y LOS PAÍSES EN DESARROLLO ................................107

Jan Kregel

Macroeconomía, estructura productiva y empleo: ¿por qué observar la desigualdad?

4 DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL INGRESO Y ANÁLISIS MACROECONÓMICO: UN REPASO DE LA LITERATURA Y DE LOS DESAFÍOS DE LA POLÍTICA ECONÓMICA ......................123

Martín Abeles y Fernando Toledo

5 CONTEXTO MACRO Y ESTRUCTURA MICRO: RÉGIMEN CAMBIARIO, ESTRUCTURA DE MERCADO Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL INGRESO EN LA ARGENTINA ....... 157

Emmanuel Agis y Daniel Kostzer

6 EL VÍNCULO ENTRE DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL INGRESO Y ACUMULACIÓN. REVISIÓN TEÓRICA Y PRESCRIPCIONES DE POLÍTICA ....................................................181

Fernando Porta y Carlos Bianco

7 DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL INGRESO Y DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO. UNA NUEVA MATRIZ DISTRIBUTIVA REQUIERE UNA NUEVA MATRIZ PRODUCTIVA ......................... 209

Matías Kulfas

ÍNDICE

8

II. POLÍTICAS DE INGRESOS Y DESAFÍOS A FAVOR DE LA IGUALDAD

Impacto distributivo de las instituciones laborales

8 DINÁMICA DISTRIBUTIVA Y POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS: DOS DÉCADAS DE CONTRASTES EN LA ARGENTINA CONTEMPORÁNEA .................................................227

Lucía Trujillo y Soledad Villafañe

9 SALARIOS, SINDICATOS Y REPRESENTACIÓN SINDICAL EN LA EMPRESA: UNA ESTIMACION DE LA BRECHA SALARIAL EN ARGENTINA .....................................263

Carla Borroni y David Trajtemberg

La cuestión de la igualdad en los sistemas de protección social

10 SISTEMA PREVISIONAL Y EQUIDAD.................................................................................289

Fabio Bertranou

11 GLOBALIZACIÓN Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL INGRESO: LA IMPORTANCIA DE LA PREVIDÊNCIA RURAL Y DE LOS BENEFÍCIOS DE PRESTAÇÃO CONTINUADA EN BRASIL ........................................................................................................................ 303

Helmut Schwarzer y Rogério Costanzi

12 DEBATES DE POLÍTICAS SOBRE EL BIENESTAR, LA EQUIDAD Y LA INCLUSIÓN SOCIAL: AMPLIACIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE PROTECCIÓN SOCIAL EN LA ARGENTINA .............................................................................................323

Marianela Sarabia, Diego Schleser y Clarisa Soto

13 EL BANCO DE PREVISIÓN SOCIAL DE URUGUAY (INSTITUTO DE SEGURIDAD SOCIAL) ............................................................................353

Ernesto Murro

Políticas de transferencias monetarias: disminuyendo la inequidad

14 TRANSFERENCIAS MONETARIAS A LA NIÑEZ. ALGUNAS REFLEXIONES A PARTIR DE LA EXPERIENCIA DE AMÉRICA LATINA ...................................................363

Roxana Maurizio y Bárbara Perrot

15 LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL INGRESO Y LOS PROGRAMAS DE TRANSFERENCIAS: UNA COMPARACIÓN ENTRE BRASIL, CHILE Y MÉXICO ...............................................395

Sergei Soares, Fábio Veras Soares. Rafael Osório, Marcelo Medeiros

Impacto distributivo del régimen tributario

16 IMPACTO DISTRIBUTIVO DEL SISTEMA IMPOSITIVO Y DE LA SEGURIDAD SOCIAL ..........................................................................................419

Roberto Pereyra y Paula Vijoditz

Sobre los autores ..........................................................................................................449

227

8

DINÁMICA DISTRIBUTIVA Y POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS: DOS DÉCADAS DE CONTRASTES EN LA

ARGENTINA CONTEMPORÁNEA


Introducción

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1 Para estudios profundos del tema, véase Altimir y Beccaria, 1999; Altimir, Beccaria y González Rosada, 2002; Mau-rizio, 2009; Gasparini y Cruces, 2009; entre otros.2 Al revisar el estado del arte sobre el tema, se encontraron para la Argentina algunos estudios relacionados. Uno de ellos realizado por Medina y Galván (2008) sobre la descomposición del Gini por fuentes de ingreso para 17 países de América Latina, entre ellos la Argentina. Otro trabajo es el realizado por Donza et.al., (2007) en el que se estudia la distribución del ingreso considerando diferentes métodos de estimación, entre ellos las descomposición del Gini por fuentes de ingreso entre dos fases históricas 1992-2001 (salida de la crisis hiperinflacionaria, reformas estructurales, y régimen de convertibilidad) y 2001-2003 (crisis del modelo de convertibilidad y reactivación bajo nuevas reglas macroeconómicas). Si bien recientemente estos investigadores han extendido el período de análisis, no contemplan la metodología de análisis dinámico, por lo que sus conclusiones son considerablemente distintas a las nuestras. Por otro lado, Cornia (2009) aporta evidencias que permiten orientar hacia la importancia y magnitud de los efectos de las fuentes de ingresos en la desigualdad total de los hogares, aunque el autor señala también la ausencia de una descomposición formal como la que se desarrolla en el presente trabajo.

Factores asociados a la dinámica distributiva…

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Gráfico 1. Evolución del coeficiente de Gini del ingreso per cápita familiar (ipcf), 1992-2010

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3 En un análisis histórico de la distribución del ingreso en nuestro país, Altimir et al.,. (2002) señalan que desde 1974 se verificó una tendencia de constante empeoramiento de la desigualdad de ingreso de los hogares a “un ritmo casi uniforme que termina por elevar la desigualdad desde un coeficiente de Gini de 0,36 en 1974 a otro de 0,51 en 2000”. En ese trabajo señalan que los principales factores asociados al incremento en la desigualdad de ingresos se centran en las fuerzas que actúan en el mercado de trabajo, lo que permite delinear a grandes rasgos 4 fases distintas a lo largo del último cuarto de siglo. Así durante la última fase de los años setenta el empeoramiento en la desigualdad estuvo asociado a la caída de los salarios reales y a una mayor dispersión salarial. En la década de los años ochenta esta se asoció centralmente al incremento del desempleo y de la informalidad producto de las sucesivas crisis que vivió el país. Ya en los noventa, bajo un cambio radical del orden económico, el incremento en el índice de Gini estu-vo relacionado con los altos niveles de desempleo imperantes y, en la última fase de esa década, con un incremento significativo en la brecha salarial, en especial un incremento en los diferenciales salariales por calificación.


230

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1. Metodología: la descomposición del Coeficiente de Gini por fuentes de ingreso

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4 Una breve explicación del Programa Jefes de Hogar (PJH) se presenta en la sección 3.2.1, y para la Asignación Universal por Hijo para Protección Social, ver la sección 3.2.3.5 El coeficiente de Gini, puede tomar valores en un intervalo entre cero (0) y uno (1). Es igual a 1 cuando existe la mayor desigualdad posible, es decir toda la riqueza está concentrada en un solo individuo, y será igual a cero (0) cuando existe perfecta igualdad, todos los individuos disfrutan del mismo nivel de riqueza.6 Para una revisión de las medidas de desigualdad y sus propiedades puede verse Sen (2001) y Medina (2001).


231

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7 Asimismo se han desarrollado varios trabajos empíricos para diversos países, Medina y Galván (2008); Salas y Torres (2006); Wodon, et al. (2000); Cortés (2000); Székely y Hilgert (1999); Lerman y Yitzhaki (1985 y 1995).


232

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1.1 La variación del Coeficiente de Gini entre dos períodos

h,$"#(O")*("-("1$"/$!/*!$'%"!$"'(-/%42%-+/+5,"'(!":%(N/+(,0("'("H+,+"2$&$"'%-"2(P&3%'%-"'("0+(42%C"(-"2(&0+,(,0("$,$!+O$&"'+/1$"#$&+$/+5,"2$&$"/$'$"*,$"'("!$-"I*(,0(-"'(" +,.&(-%" '(" !%-" 1%.$&(-8" ," (-0(" -(,0+'%C" (," (!" $,(L%"4(0%'%!5.+/%" -(" (L2!+/+0$"$,$!30+/$4(,0("!$"I%&4$"'("(L$4+,$&"(,"")*R"2&%2%&/+5,"!$"#$&+$/+5,"(,"/$'$"I*(,0("+,.&(-%"6

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8 Por ejemplo el Gini de las transferencias de ingreso del Estado registra un valor de 0.18 para el año 2006 cuando sólo se tienen en cuenta los beneficiarios de esa medida. Sin embargo el “coeficiente de Gini relativo” alcanza un valor de 0.965 lo cual refleja que hay una parte importante de los hogares que no perciben este ingreso y que por tanto aparecen en el cálculo con un ingreso igual a cero.

9 Medina y Galván (2008) denominan Pseudo-Gini al producto entre 45"y"7

5#. El término de Pseudo-Gini había

sido también introducido en el trabajo de Shorrocks (1982:195) para la especificación de la descomposición del coeficiente de Gini.


233

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1.2 Determinación de variables: alcance y limitaciones

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e<-+.,$/+5,"h,+#(&-$!"2%&"^+K%g"-("&($!+O$"*,$"(-0+4$/+5,"'("!%-"1%.$&(-"G",+J%-"7(,(N/+$&+%-"2$&$"(!"/*$&0%"0&+4(-0&("'(!"$J%"?@@FB""\8"90&%-"+,.&(-%-",%"!$7%&$!(-">+,.&(-%-"2%&"0&$,-I(&(,/+$-"2&+#$'$-" 2%&"(K(42!%"(,P0&("I$4+!+$&(- C"+,.&(-%-"'("/$2+0$!" +,0(&(-(-"GU%"&(,0$-"N,$,/+(&$-C"+,4%7+!+$&+$-"%"'("$!.6,",(.%/+%"(,"(!")*(",%"-("0&$7$K5 C"(0/R0(&$B8"

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10 Se considera en este grupo tanto los ingresos derivados de la ocupación principal como de la ocupación secundaria.11 La diferenciación de los asalariados registrados y no registrados se realizó a partir de la identificación del des-cuento jubilatorio. El ingreso de los asalariados no registrados también tiene en cuenta el ingreso de la ocupación principal y secundaria.12 Se optó por incluir el beneficio monetario del Programa Jefes de Hogar como una transferencia de ingreso del Es-tado y no como un ingreso laboral. Por otra parte, con el propósito de incorporar el efecto de la Asignación Universal por Hijo se realiza una estimación de los hogares y niños beneficiarios para el cuarto trimestre del año 2009. Para ello se aplica la asignación de $180 pesos por niño de acuerdo a lo establecido en el Decreto 16/02 de 2009: hasta 5 niños por hogar de padres desocupados o trabajadores informales con ingresos menores a $1500.


234

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:%4%" 0%'%" 2&%/(-%" '(" +,#(-0+.$/+5,C" (-0(" (-0*'+%" $'%!(/(" '(" $!.*,$-" !+4+0$/+%,(-"(," -*" $!/$,/(")*(" (-" 2&(/+-%"4(,/+%,$&8"=%-"4+/&%'$0%-" )*("2(&4+0(," /%,-0&*+&" !$"+,I%&4$/+5,"-%7&("'(-+.*$!'$'"2&%#+(,(,"'("!$" ,/*(-0$";(&4$,(,0("'("^%.$&(-"'("<&.(,0+,$"> ;^BC"!$"/*$!"&(.+-0&$"2&+,/+2$!4(,0("+,.&(-%-"!$7%&$!(-"G"0&$,-I(&(,/+$-"4%,(0$&+$-8" X+," (47$&.%" (!" &(.+-0&%" '(" (-0$-" 6!0+4$-" G" !$" +'(,0+N/$/+5," 2&(/+-$" '("%0&%"0+2%"'("+,.&(-%-"(,"(!"1%.$&"2&(-(,0$"'(N/+(,/+$-8";%&"(K(42!%C"-+"7+(,"(-"2%-+7!("'+-0+,.*+&"(,0&("+,.&(-%-"!$7%&$!(-"G"!%-"+,.&(-%-"2%&"2(,-+%,(-"G"K*7+!$/+%,(-C",%"(-"%2(&$7!("!$"+'(,0+N/$/+5,"(-2(/+N/$"'("!$-"2(,-+%,(-")*("I*(&%,"%70(,+'$-"$"2$&0+&"'("!$"2%!30+/$"267!+/$"'("4%&$0%&+$"2&(#+-+%,$!T"$-+4+-4%"(-"'+I3/+!"+'(,0+N/$&"'("4$,(&$"2&(/+-$"!$"'+#(&-+'$'"'("2&%.&$4$-"'("0&$,-I(&(,/+$-"4%,(0$&+$-"0$,0%"$",+#(!",$/+%,$!"/%4%"$",+#(!"-*7P,$/+%,$!A\8";%&"%0&%"!$'%"!$" ;^C"$!"+.*$!")*("!$"4$G%&3$"'("!$-"(,P/*(-0$-"'("1%.$&(-"-*7(-0+4$"!%-"+,.&(-%-")*("!%-"1%.$&(-"%70+(,(,"'("-*-"+,#(&-+%,(-"(,"$/0+#%-"/%4%"$!)*+!(&(-C"&(,0$-C"+,0(&(-(-C".$,$,/+$-C"(0/8"]+,$!4(,0(C"'(7+'%"$"!%-"/$47+%-"4(0%'%!5.+/%-"'("!$" ;^C"!$-"-(&+(-"'("'$0%-",%"-%,"(-0&+/0$4(,0("/%42$P&$7!(-"(,0&("!$" ;^"2*,0*$!"G"/%,0+,*$T"(-0$"6!0+4$"+,+/+$"(!"&(!(#$4+(,0%"$"2$&0+&"'("?@@\"1$-0$"!$"$/0*$!+'$'8

2. Dinámica de las fuentes de ingreso de los hogares

M("$/*(&'%"/%,"!$"4(0%'%!%.3$"'(-/&+0$"("+42!(4(,0$'$"(,"(-0("0&$7$K%C"!$"'(-+.*$!'$'"'(!"+,.&(-%"'(2(,'("'("/54%"2$&0+/+2$"/$'$"I*(,0("(,"(!"0%0$!"'("+,.&(-%-"G"'("/54%"-("'+-0&+7*G("/$'$"*,$"(,"&(!$/+5,"$"!%-"+,.&(-%-"0%0$!(-C"(-"'(/+&C"'(!"/%(N/+(,0("'("/%,P/(,0&$/+5,8"<47%-"I$/0%&(-"4(,/+%,$'%-C"!$"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"G"!$"/%,/(,0&$/+5,C"+,/+'(,"(,"!$"'+-0&+7*/+5,"'(!"+,.&(-%"0%0$!8

,"(!"H&QN/%"?"-("4*(-0&$"/54%"2$&0+/+2$"/$'$" I*(,0("'(" +,.&(-%-"(,"(!" 0%0$!"G"-*"'+,Q4+/$"(,"(!"0+(42%8"X("(#+'(,/+$")*("!%-"+,.&(-%-"2&%#(,+(,0(-"'(!"4(&/$'%"!$7%P&$!">$-$!$&+$'%-"&(.+-0&$'%-C"$-$!$&+$'%-",%"&(.+-0&$'%-"G"0&$7$K$'%&(-"+,'(2(,'+(,0(-B"/%,/(,0&$&%,C"(,"2&%4('+%"'*&$,0("!$-"'%-"6!0+4$-"'R/$'$-C"(!"aAo"'("!%-"+,.&(-%-"0%P0$!(-"'("!%-"1%.$&(-"(,"!$"<&.(,0+,$8" ,"(-0("-(,0+'%C"(-"'("(-2(&$&")*("(!"/%42%&0$4+(,P0%"'("!$-"&(4*,(&$/+%,(-"!$7%&$!(-"0(,.$"*,$"+,/+'(,/+$"/(,0&$!"-%7&("!$"'(-+.*$!'$'"'(!"+,.&(-%C"/%4%"-("#(&Q"4Q-"$'(!$,0(8"

13 En el cuestionario de la EPH se diseñaron preguntas específicas para los beneficiarios del Programa Jefes de Hogar, sin embargo han existido otros programas de transferencias monetarias que no pueden ser identificados de manera precisa como el Plan Familias, el Seguro de Capacitación y Empleo, el Programa Jóvenes por Más y Mejor Trabajo, el Programa de Empleo Comunitario, Ciudadanía Porteña en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, el Plan Más y Mejor Vida en la provincia de Buenos Aires, entre otros. Actualmente sería de gran valor para la investigación académica y para las áreas de política económica y social, la identificación y el registro adecuado de la fuente de ingresos en los hogares por la Asignación Universal por Hijo.


235

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;%&"%0&$"2$&0("!%-"+,.&(-%-"'("!%-"$-$!$&+$'%-",%"&(.+-0&$'%-"&(2&(-(,0$,C"(,"2&%4('+%C"(!"A?o"'("!%-"+,.&(-%-"0%0$!(-"'("!$-"I$4+!+$-"(,"0%'%"(!"2(&3%'%8" !"2*,0%"4Q-"$!0%"'("2$&0+/+2$/+5,"'("(-0$"I*(,0("(-"(,"?@@\"/%,"(!"Aao"G"$"2$&0+&"'("$!!3"+,+/+$"*,$"I$-("'(P/&(/+(,0("'("+42%&0$,/+$8";%&"%0&%"!$'%C"!%-"+,.&(-%-"'("!%-"0&$7$K$'%&(-"+,'(2(,'+(,P0(-"2&(-(,0$&%,"*,$"0(,'(,/+$"'(/&(/+(,0(")*("-("+,+/+$"(,"AFFa"/%,"*,$"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"'(!"?aoC"G"!!(.$"$!"AFo"(,"(!"$J%"?@@FC"*,",+#(!"4*G"-+4+!$&"$!"&(p(K$'%"(,"(!"+,+/+%"'("!$"'R/$'$"'("!%-",%#(,0$8" ,"-*4$C"4Q-"'("!$"4+0$'"'(!"2&(-*2*(-0%"'("!%-"1%.$&(-"-("%&+.+,$"(,"(!"0&$7$K%"$-$!$&+$'%C"G"'("(!!%"'(&+#$"(,".&$,"2$&0("(!"(-0&(/1%"#3,/*!%"(L+-0(,0("(,0&("(!"4(&/$'%"'("0&$7$K%"G"!$"'+,Q4+/$"'+-0&+7*0+#$8

,"/*$,0%"$"!%-"+,.&(-%-",%"!$7%&$!(-C"!$"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"'("!$-"K*7+!$/+%,(-"G"0&$,-I(P&(,/+$-"'(!".%7+(&,%"&(p(K$"/+(&0$"(-0$7+!+'$'"'*&$,0("!$"6!0+4$"'R/$'$C"&(2&(-(,0$,'%"

Gráfico 2. Participación relativa de cada fuente de ingreso, 1992-2009 (en porcentajes)

]*(,0(S" (!$7%&$/+5,"2&%2+$" -%7&(" !$" 7$-(" '(" ;^" >DqM :B8" AFF?P?@@?" /%&&(-2%,'(," $!" 0%0$!" '(" $.!%4(&$'%-" *&7$,%-"/$!/*!$'%-"/%,"!$" ;^";*,0*$!"%,'$"4$G%8"M(-'("?@@\"-("*0+!+O$,"!$-",*(#$-"7$-(-"2*7!+/$'$-"2%&"DqM :"2$&$"!$" ;^"/%,0+,*$C"0&+4(-0&("DD8

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236

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,"(!"H&QN/%"\"-("2&(-(,0$"!$"(#%!*/+5,"'(!":%(N/+(,0("'(":%,/(,0&$/+5,"2$&$"/$'$"I*(,0("'("+,.&(-%"'("!%-"$-$!$&+$'%-"&(.+-0&$'%-")*("(L1+7("*,$"'+,Q4+/$"'(/&(/+(,0("$"2$&0+&"'(!"$J%"?@@\8" -0%"1$"-+'%"*,"'(0(&4+,$,0("I*,'$4(,0$!"2$&$"!$"4(K%&$"(,"!$"'(-+.*$!'$'"0%0$!C"'(7+'%"$!"2(-%")*("0+(,("(-0$"I*(,0("(,"(!"+,.&(-%"'("!%-"1%.$&(-8"X+,"(47$&.%C"!$"/%,/(,0&$/+5,"'("+,.&(-%-"'("!%-"$-$!$&+$'%-"&(.+-0&$'%-"(#+'(,/+$"$6,"*,",+#(!"(!(#$'%"G"(,"0%'%-"!%-"$J%-"!$"/%,/(,0&$/+5,"'("(-0$"I*(,0("(-"4$G%&")*("(!"/%(N/+(,0("'("H+,+"'(!"+,.&(-%"0%0$!8" ,"%0&$-"2$!$7&$-C"*,"3,'+/("'("/%,/(,0&$/+5,"$!0%"

14 La moratoria previsional implementada en el año 2005 permitió elevar la cobertura previsional a 87% en el 2009. De igual forma se introdujeron incrementos significativos en el haber jubilatorio, implementando también un sistema de movilidad de las prestaciones del Sistema Previsional. 15 Como ya fue señalado, el coeficiente de concentración se encuentra en un rango comprendido entre -1 y 1, siendo el extremo negativo cuando la totalidad de la fuente es recibida por los más pobres en la distribución de ingreso total y el extremo positivo cuando la totalidad de la fuente es recibida por los más ricos en la distribución del in-greso total.


237

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k3,+4%"b+0$!"G"k5#+!"&($!+O$'$"'*&$,0("!%-"6!0+4%-"a"$J%-A[8"

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16 Para un estudio sobre la influencia de los sindicatos y la negociación colectiva en la distribución de los salarios en el caso argentino, revisar Trajtemberg (2009).

Gráfico 3. Índices de concentración por fuentes de ingreso, 1992-2009

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238

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-0$"'(-/&+2/+5,"'("!$"'+,Q4+/$"'("!$-"I*(,0(-"'("+,.&(-%"(,"/*$,0%"$"-*"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"(,"(!"0%0$!"G"$"!%-",+#(!(-"'("/%,/(,0&$/+5,C"&(p(K$"0(,'(,/+$-"'+I(&(,/+$'$-"$"!%"!$&.%"'(" !$-"6!0+4$-"'%-"'R/$'$-"(," !$"<&.(,0+,$8" -",(/(-$&+%"(,0%,/(-"$#$,O$&"1$/+$"(!"$,Q!+-+-"-%7&("/54%"G"(,")*R"4$.,+0*'"(-0$-"#$&+$/+%,(-"1$,"+,p*+'%"(,"!%-"/$47+%-"'(!",+#(!"'("'(-+.*$!'$'"0%0$!"G")*R"I$/0%&(-"%"2%!30+/$-"(-0Q,"$-%/+$'$-"/%,"(!!%8

3. El impacto de las fuentes de ingreso en la dinámica de la distribución del ingreso

!"/$47+%"(," !$"'+,Q4+/$"'(" !$"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"G" !$"/%,/(,0&$/+5,"'("/$'$" I*(,0("'("+,.&(-%"'("!%-"1%.$&(-"/%,0&+7*G(&%,"'("'+-0+,0$"I%&4$"$"!$"'+,Q4+/$"'("!$"'(-+.*$!'$'"0%0$!C"$"!%"!$&.%"'("!%-"'%-"&(.34(,(-"4$/&%(/%,54+/%-")*("0*#+(&%,"!*.$&"'*&$,0("!$-"'%-"6!0+4$-"'R/$'$-8"

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


239

!$7%&$!8" -0%"I*("$/%42$J$'%"2%&"!$-"2%!30+/$-"'("(42!(%C"+,.&(-%-"G"2&%0(//+5,"-%/+$!C"!$-"/*$!(-"-("/%,/+7+(&%,"(,"(!"2$3-"/%4%"2$&0("/%,-0+0*0+#$"'("!$-"2%!30+/$-"4$/&%(/%P,54+/$-"G"2(&4+0+(&%,"*,$"4(K%&$"+42%&0$,0("'("!$-"/%,'+/+%,(-"'("#+'$8

3.1 Los años noventa

?2@2@#A!"B.=.#@CCD#E@CCF#6#$"&>&>#=!1#G!</&1%

X+"7+(,"(,"!%-"2&+4(&%-"$J%-"'("!$"'R/$'$"'("!%-",%#(,0$">AFF@"G"AFF?BC"-("2&(-(,05"*,$"/$3'$"'(!":%(N/+(,0("'("H+,+C"G$"(,0&("AFF?"G"AFF`"(-0("$*4(,05"`o">'(-'("@C``"$"@C`_[B8" -0("+,/&(4(,0%"(-0*#%"$-%/+$'%"(,"*,$"2&%2%&/+5,"-+4+!$&"$"!%-"+,.&(-%-"!$7%&$!(-" /%4%" !%-",%" !$7%&$!(-C" -+," (47$&.%"$!" +,0(&+%&"'(" (-0%-" $.&*2$4+(,0%-" (!"/%42%&0$4+(,0%"I*("1(0(&%.R,(%8

=%-"+,.&(-%-"'("!%-"$-$!$&+$'%-"&(.+-0&$'%-"><YB"G"'("!%-"+,'(2(,'+(,0(-"%"/*(,0$P2&%2+$">:;B"'(,0&%"'("!$-"I*(,0(-"!$7%&$!(-C"-%,"!%-")*("/%,0&+7*G(&%,"$"!$"(-/$!$'$"'(!"H+,+" 0%0$!C"4+(,0&$-")*(" !%-"'(" !%-"$-$!$&+$'%-",%" &(.+-0&$'%-" >qYB" K*.$&%,"(,"-(,0+'%"/%,0&$&+%8"

=%-"/$47+%-"(,"!$"/%,/(,0&$/+5,"'("!%-"+,.&(-%-"'("!%-"<Y"G":;"C"(-2(/3N/$4(,0(C"$I(/0$&%," (," I%&4$" '+&(/0$" (!" W,'+/(" '("H+,+C" +,/&(4(,0Q,'%!%8" !" 3,'+/(" '(" /%,P/(,0&$/+5,"'("(-0%-"+,.&(-%-"$*4(,05"`o"G"AoC"&(-2(/0+#$4(,0(C"(,"(-0%-"$J%-8" -"$-3"/%4%"!%-"<Y"-%,"!$"I*(,0("!$7%&$!")*("(L2!+/$"/$-+" !$"4+0$'"'(!"$*4(,0%"'("!$""'(-+.*$!'$'"0%0$!">`ZoB8

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

:%4%"-("4(,/+%,5C"!%-"+,.&(-%-",%"!$7%&$!(-"0$47+R,"0*#+(&%,"(,"(-0("2(&3%'%"*,$"+,p*(,/+$"'+&(/0$"("+42%&0$,0("(,"(!"$*4(,0%"'(!"H+,+8"E$,0%"!$-"K*7+!$/+%,(-"G"2(,-+%P,(-"/%4%"!%-"'(4Q-"+,.&(-%-",%"!$7%&$!(-"/%,0&+7*G(&%,"$!"$-/(,-%"'(!"3,'+/("'("H+,+"(,"(-0("2(&3%'%8" -0%"(-0*#%"$-%/+$'%"/(,0&$!4(,0("$"!$"/$3'$"(,"!$"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"'("!$-"K*7+!$/+%,(-"G"2(,-+%,(-C"!$-"/*$!(-"'+-4+,*G(&%,"[o">.&QN/%"AB8"M$'%"(!"4(,%&"/%(N/+(,0("'("/%,/(,0&$/+5,"'("!%-"+,.&(-%-"'("!%-"K*7+!$'%-"G"2(,-+%,$'%-"(,"&(!$P/+5,"$!"H+,+"0%0$!C"!$"&('*//+5,"(,"(!"2(-%")*("0+(,("(-0$"I*(,0("(,"!%-"+,.&(-%-"0%0$!(-C"$!'!"&># %"&)/>C"(42(%&$"(!"H+,+8"<-+4+-4%C"$*,)*("-+.*("-+(,'%"4(,%&")*("(!"H+,+C"(!"/%(N/+(,0("'("/%,/(,0&$/+5,"'(" !$-" K*7+!$/+%,(-"G"2(,-+%,(-"$*4(,0$" >.&QN/%"?B"G"-("$.!*0+,$"(,"!%-"'(/+!(-"'("+,.&(-%"4Q-"$!0%C"$-2(/0%")*("0$47+R,"/%,0&+7*G("$!"+,/&(4(,0%"'("!$"'(-+.*$!'$'8


240

^$/+$"4('+$'%-"'("!$"'R/$'$"'("!%-",%#(,0$"G"/%4%"&(-*!0$'%"'(!"+42$/0%")*("0*#%"(,",*(-0&%"2$3-"!$"/&+-+-"'(!"E()*+!$"'("AFF_C"-("2&%'*K%"*,"+42%&0$,0("'(-/(,-%"'(!",+#(!"'("$/0+#+'$'"(/%,54+/$"/%,"/%,-(/*(,/+$-"-+.,+N/$0+#$-"(,"(!"$*4(,0%"'(!"'(-(42!(%" (!"/*$!"-*2(&5"!%-"'%-"'3.+0%-"(,"AFF_ "!$"2&(/$&+('$'C"!$"2%7&(O$"("+,'+.(,/+$8"M("1(/1%C"!$"'+-0&+7*/+5,"'("!%-"+,.&(-%-"&(.+-0&5"(,0&("AFF`"G"AFF[AZ"*,"(42(%&$4+(,0%"4*G"2&%I*,'%C"'(!"%&'(,"'(!"Zo8"

:%4%"-("%7-(&#$"(,"!$"E$7!$"AC"(!"(42(%&$4+(,0%"'+-0&+7*0+#%"(-0*#%"$-%/+$'%"$"!%"%/*&&+'%"(,0&("!%-"+,.&(-%-"!$7%&$!(-C"!%-"/*$!(-"1*7+(&$,"(K(&/+'%"*,"+42$/0%"4$G%&"'(",%"4('+$&"!$"'+,Q4+/$")*("0*#+(&%,"$!.*,%-"'("!%-"+,.&(-%-",%"!$7%&$!(-8" ,"2$&0+P/*!$&"!$"+,/+'(,/+$"4Q-"&(!(#$,0("2&%#+,%"'("!%-"+,.&(-%-"!$7%&$!(-"'("!%-":;8"<47%-"(I(/0%-C"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"G"/%,/(,0&$/+5,C"(42(%&$&%,"!$"'+-0&+7*/+5,"'("!%-"+,.&(-%-"0%P0$!(-"G"I*(&%,"'(".&$,"4$.,+0*'8" !"4$G%&"2(-%")*("!%-"+,.&(-%-"2&%#(,+(,0(-"'("(-0$"I*(,0(C"I*(&0(4(,0("1(0(&%.R,($"G"'(-+.*$!C" 0*#%"(,"(!"+,.&(-%"0%0$!"'("!$-"I$4+!+$-C"(-0Q"$-%/+$'%"$")*("(-0$-"$/0+#+'$'(-"2*('(,"$/0*$&"/%4%"&(I*.+%"(,"R2%/$-"'("/&+-+-"G"$!0%"'(-(42!(%8"<*,)*(C"/%4%"#(&(4%-"(,"!$"2&5L+4$"-(//+5,C"(-0%",%"-*/('+5"(,"!$"/&+-+-"'("?@@AP?@@?8"

!"/&(/+4+(,0%"'("!$"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"'(!"+,.&(-%"'("!%-":;"-("'+%"$'(4Q-"/%,"*,$"+42%&P0$,0("2&%I*,'+O$/+5,"(,"(!"/%(N/+(,0("'("/%,/(,0&$/+5,C"G$"'("2%&"-3"(!(#$'%">2$-5"'("

17 Se realiza el análisis comparativo entre principios de 1994 y 1996 para poder captar todo el efecto de la crisis del año 1995.

Tabla 1. Efectos participación y concentración 1992-1994 y 1994-1996

]*(,0(S"(!$7%&$/+5,"2&%2+$"-%7&("!$"7$-("'(" ;^"2*,0*$!"%,'$"4$G%C"$.!%4(&$'%-"*&7$,%-8


241

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;%&"-*"!$'%C"!%-"+,.&(-%-"'("!%-"<Y"-+.*+(&%,"(#+'(,/+$,'%"*,"4$G%&".&$'%"'("/%,/(,P0&$/+5,8" -"2%&"(!!%")*("'+/1%"(I(/0%"2&+4$"(,"!$"+,/+'(,/+$"-%7&("!$"'(-+.*$!'$'"0%0$!8" ,"/*$,0%"$"!$"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"'("!%-"$-$!$&+$'%-"&(.+-0&$'%-C"(-0$"-5!%"$*4(,0$"*,"2*,0%"2%&/(,0*$!">2$-$,'%"'("`Ao"$"`?oBC"2(&%",%"-5!%"(!"$*4(,0%"'("(-0$"I*(,0("(-"4+,6-P/*!%"-+,%")*(C"$'(4Q-C"(!"/%(N/+(,0("'("/%,/(,0&$/+5,"4('+%"'("<Y"(-"2&Q/0+/$4(,0("+.*$!"$!"H+,+"4('+%C"2%&"(-0$"&$O5,"(!"(I(/0%"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"(-",*!%8

;%&"6!0+4%C"/$7("&(-$!0$&")*("(!"+,.&(-%"'("K*7+!$/+%,(-"G"2(,-+%,(-"(,"(-0("2(&3%'%"+,/+'("0$47+R,"(,"(!"$*4(,0%"'(!"H+,+8":%4%"!%"4*(-0&$,"!%-"&(-*!0$'%-"'(!"(K(&/+/+%"&($!+O$'%C"'+/1%" +42$/0%"(-0Q"&(!$/+%,$'%"/%,"(!" +,/&(4(,0%"-+.,+N/$0+#%"'(!"/%(NP/+(,0("'("/%,/(,0&$/+5,")*("2$-5"'("@C?Z"$"@C`?8" -0%"(-"(!"&(p(K%"'("!$"4$.,+0*'"(,"!$"/*$!"!$-"K*7+!$/+%,(-C"'*&$,0("!$"'R/$'$"'("!%-",%#(,0$C"-("I*(&%,"&(-(&#$,'%"(,"4$G%&"2&%2%&/+5,"2$&$"!%-"1%.$&(-"'("!%-"'(/+!(-"'("+,.&(-%-"4Q-"$!0%-8";%&"(!"/%,0&$&+%C"(!"(I(/0%"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"$/06$"'("4$,(&$"+,#(&-$C"I*,'$4(,0$!4(,0("2%&)*("$6,"(,"(-0("2(&3%'%"(!"2&%4('+%"'(!"/%(N/+(,0("'("/%,/(,0&$/+5,"'("!$"I*(,0("(-"4(,%&")*("(!"H+,+"2&%4('+%"2$&$"(!"0%0$!"'("+,.&(-%-C"'$'%"(!"(!(#$'%",+#(!")*("$!/$,O$"!$"'(-+.*$!'$'"0%0$!"(,"AFF[8

?2@2D##A!"B.=.#@CCH#E#@CCI#6#@CCI#,#DJJD

h,$"#(O"-*2(&$'$" !$"/&+-+-"'(!"E()*+!$C" -(" +,+/+$"%0&$" I$-("'("/&(/+4+(,0%"(/%,54+P/%" +42%&0$,0(")*(C" -+," (47$&.%C" -("#(&+N/5"/%,"*,"(42(%&$4+(,0%" &(!(#$,0("(," !$""'(-+.*$!'$'"'("!%-"+,.&(-%-">l?C`oB8" !"2&+,/+2$!"I$/0%&"$-%/+$'%"$"(-("'(0(&+%&%"(-0*P#%"&(!$/+%,$'%"/%,"!%-"+,.&(-%-"!$7%&$!(-8" !"(I(/0%")*("2&+45"(,0&("0%'$-"!$-"I*(,0(-"'("+,.&(-%-"!$7%&$!(-"I*("(!")*("/$20$"!%-"/$47+%-"(,"!$"/%,/(,0&$/+5,8"M("1(/1%C"'(",%"1$7(&"4('+$'%"*,$"/$3'$"(,"!$"2$&0+/+2$/+5,")*("0+(,("/$'$"*,$"'("(-0$-"I*(,0(-C"!$"'(-+.*$!'$'"1*7+(&$"(42(%&$'%"$6,"4Q-">l\C?oB8" !"+,/&(4(,0%"(,"!$"/%,/(,0&$/+5,"'("!%-"+,.&(-%-"!$7%&$!(-"-("#(&+N/5"(,"0%'$-"!$-"/$0(.%&3$-"%/*2$/+%,$!(-C"$*,)*("(!"+42$/0%"4$G%&"(,"0R&4+,%-"'("H+,+"'(!"+,.&(-%"0%0$!"I*("(!"'("!%-"+,.&(-%-"'("!%-"<Y8"

=%-"I$/0%&(-")*("-*7G$/(,"$!"+,/&(4(,0%"(,"!$"/%,/(,0&$/+5,"'("!$-"I*(,0(-"!$7%&$!(-")*("%70+(,(,"!%-"1%.$&(-C"(-0Q,"$-%/+$'%-"0$,0%"$!"/&(/+4+(,0%"'(!"H+,+"(-2(/3N/%"'("!$"I*(,0("/%4%"$"*,"/%&&+4+(,0%"&(!$0+#%"'("!%-")*("2%-((,"(-0$-"I*(,0(-"'("+,.&(-%"1$/+$"!%-"'(/+!(-"-*2(&+%&(-"'("!$"'+-0&+7*/+5,8" ,".(,(&$!"(-"(-0("6!0+4%"(!")*("2&('%4+,$8"<47%-"4%#+4+(,0%-"(-0Q,"&(!$/+%,$'%-"/%,"(!"+,/&(4(,0%"'("!%-"'+I(&(,/+$!(-"-$!$&+$P!(-"m)*("$!.*,%-"(-0*'+%-"1$,"$-%/+$'%"$"!%-"/$47+%-"(,"!$"%I(&0$"!$7%&$!C"!$"'(4$,'$C"(!"/$47+%"0(/,%!5.+/%"G"(!"e/&('(,/+$!+-4%g "$*,)*("0$47+R,"2%&"(!"+,/&(4(,0%"(,"(!"'(-(42!(%")*("-("(#+'(,/+5"(,"(-0("2(&3%'%C"I(,54(,%-")*("!$"!+0(&$0*&$"1$"-(J$!$'%"


242

(L0(,-$4(,0(Aa8"M("1(/1%"(!"/&(/+(,0("'(-(42!(%C"+,1(&(,0("$!"4+-4%"I*,/+%,$4+(,0%"'(!"&R.+4(,"4$/&%(/%,54+/%"'("(-0("2(&3%'%C"(K(&/("*,$"2&(-+5,"(,"(!"3,'+/("'("/%,P/(,0&$/+5,"'("!$"I*(,0("(-2(/3N/$"2%&"$*4(,0$&"!$"2&%2%&/+5,"'("I$4+!+$-"/%,"4(,%&(-"+,.&(-%-"'(" I*(,0(-" !$7%&$!(-C" !$" /*$!(-" $'(4Q-" -*(!(," -(&" !$-"'("4(,%&(-" +,.&(-%-"&(!$0+#%-AF8"""

,"2$&0+/*!$&C"!$"I*(,0("'("!%-"<Y"(L2!+/5"(!"[_o"'(!"$*4(,0%"(,"(!"H+,+"'(!"+,.&(-%" !"#$( &'%" I$4+!+$&">E$7!$"?B8" -0%"I*("$-3C"2&+,/+2$!4(,0(C"2%&)*("(!"/%(N/+(,0("'("/%,/(,0&$/+5,"'("!%-"<Y"-("+,/&(4(,0$"*,"\C`oC"-+(,'%"(-0("(!"(I(/0%")*("2&('%4+,$"(,"!$"/%,0&+7*/+5,"'(!"+,/&(4(,0%"(,"!$"'(-+.*$!'$'8"

,0&("AFF["G"AFFaC"(!" +,/&(4(,0%"'("!$"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"'(!" +,.&(-%"'("!%-"<q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

18 Maurizio, 2009; Altimir y Beccaria, 1999; Cruces y Gasparini, 2009, entre otros.19 Maurizio, (2009) aporta distinta evidencia que respalda la hipótesis de que el aumento en la desigualdad de los ingresos laborales está predominantemente asociada con el efecto de la reducción de la demanda laboral que, por la curva de salarios, afecta en mayor medida a los de menor ingreso y calificación.

Tabla 2. Efectos participación y concentración 1996-1998 y 1998-2002

]*(,0(S"(!$7%&$/+5,"2&%2+$"-%7&("!$"7$-("'(" ;^"2*,0*$!"%,'$"4$G%C"$.!%4(&$'%-"*&7$,%-8


243

+,.&(-%-"0%0$!(-"2%'&3$"4(K%&$&"!$"'+-0&+7*/+5,C"-+,"(47$&.%"'$'%")*("(-0("-("'+%"/%,"*,"$*4(,0%"(,"!$"/%,/(,0&$/+5,C"(!"&(-*!0$'%"0(&4+,5"-+(,'%"(!"%2*(-0%8

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Gráfico 4. Variación en la participación de las Jubilaciones y Pensiones en los deciles de ingreso, 1996-1998, 1998-2002. Hogares ordenados por ipcf (en porcentajes)

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Gráfico 5. Variación en la participación del ingreso de los Asalariados Registrados, según deciles de ingreso, 1996-1998, 1998-2002. Hogares ordenados por ipcf (en porcentajes)

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245

3.2 El nuevo período de crecimiento económico

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Tabla 3. Efectos participación y concentración 2002-2003

!"2&+,/+2$!"I$/0%&"(,"(L2!+/$&"!$"&('*//+5,"'(!"`o"(,"(!"W,'+/("'("H+,+"(,"(-0("$J%C"/%4%"-("'('*/("'("!%-"&(-*!0$'%-"%70(,+'%-C"I*("(!"+,.&(-%"2&%#(,+(,0("'("!$-"0&$,-I(P&(,/+$-"'(!" -0$'%C"(,"(-2(/+$!"$-%/+$'$-"$"!$"+42!(4(,0$/+5,"'(!";&%.&$4$"f(I(-"'("^%.$&">;f^B8"

M("1(/1%C"!$"&('*//+5,"(,"(!":%(N/+(,0("'("H+,+"(-"(L2!+/$'$"(,"_Fo"2%&"!$-"0&$,-I(P&(,/+$-"'(!" -0$'%?@8"E$,0%"(!"(I(/0%"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"/%4%"/%,/(,0&$/+5,"/%,0&+7*G(&%,"(,"'+/1$"'+,Q4+/$8" -"'(/+&C"I*("I$#%&$7!("(!"$*4(,0%"'("!$"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"'("(-0$"I*(,0("

20 Estas corresponden fundamentalmente a la implementación del PJH, el cual llegó a una cobertura de aproxi-madamente 2 millones de beneficiarios en el año 2003. Las diferentes evaluaciones del plan concluyen que es-tuvo correctamente focalizado en los hogares más pobres, para más detalle ver Galasso y Ravallion (2004), CELS (2003), Golbert (2006), entre otros. El PJH fue implementado en el año 2002 por el Gobierno Nacional de Argentina, como respuesta a la crítica situación económica y social predominante en el país. En el programa se estableció una transferencia monetaria de $150 pesos mensuales, a los jefes de hogar que se encontraran des-empleados y tuviesen a cargo menores de 18 años. La transferencia era una suma fija independientemente del número de menores en el hogar.


246

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Gráfico 6. Variación en la participación de la fuente de ingreso de Transferencias del Estado en los deciles de ingreso, 1996-1998, 1998-2002 y 2002-2003. Hogares ordenados por ipcf (en porcentajes)

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21 Los trabajos de Maurizio (2009) y Jiménez (2009) presentan un análisis y caracterización de la heterogeneidad de los trabajadores independientes y su movilidad ocupacional.

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Tabla 4. Efectos participación y concentración 2004-2008


248

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Gráfico 7. Variaciones de la participación del ingreso de los trabajadores independientes, según deciles de ingreso, 2004-2008 y 2008-2009. Hogares ordenados por ipcf (en porcentajes)

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22 Para una revisión de este tema, ver Maurizio (2009), Beccaria y Gonzales (2006), Altimir et.al., (2002).


250

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23 De acuerdo con estimaciones del Ministerio de Trabajo Empleo y Seguridad Social

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<!"&(.+-0&$&-("(!"4%,0%"'("!$"<h^"(,"!$-"0&$,-I(&(,/+$-"'(!" -0$'%C"(-"2%-+7!("%7-(&#$&")*("-*"/%(N/+(,0("'("/%,/(,0&$/+5,"-("1$/("4Q-",(.$0+#%"$6,C"2$-$,'%"'("P@C?a"(,"?@@a"$"P@C`["(,"?@@F8" !!%"+42!+/$")*("!$"<h^"(-0$&3$"7+(,"I%/$!+O$'$"(,"!%-"1%.$&(-"'("4(,%&(-"+,.&(-%-8";%&"%0&$"2$&0(C"!$"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"'("!$-"0&$,-I(&(,/+$-"'(!" -0$'%"(,"!$"/%42%-+/+5,"'("!%-"+,.&(-%-"'("!%-"1%.$&(-"$*4(,0$&3$"/%,"!$"<h^C"!!(.$,'%"(-0$"I*(,0("$"-*2(&$&"(!"?o8" -0$"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"(-"-+4+!$&"$"!$")*("-("&(.+-0&5"(,"(!"2(P&3%'%"?@@\"/%,"!$"+42!(4(,0$/+5,"'(!";f^T"-+,"(47$&.%C"(-"+42%&0$,0("&(/%&'$&")*("(,"(-("2(&3%'%"(!",+#(!"'("!$"4$-$"-$!$&+$!"'("!%-"&(.+-0&$'%-"(&$"4*/1%"4(,%&")*("(,"!$"$/0*$!+'$'">`?o"#-8"_@oB8"M("$!!3"!$"4$G%&"+42%&0$,/+$"&(!$0+#$"'("!$"<h^"/%4%"4(/$,+-4%"'("2&%0(//+5,"-%/+$!C"(,"*,"/%,0(L0%"!$7%&$!"4Q-"/%,-%!+'$'%8

=$"0$7!$"_"4*(-0&$"(,")*R"4('+'$"!$"<h^"+,/+'("(,"!$"/$3'$"'(!"/%(N/+(,0("'("H+,+8" -"2&(/+-%"'(-0$/$&")*("(!"(-/(,$&+%")*("-("2&(-(,0$"$)*3"&(p(K$"*,$"(-0+4$/+5,"'("43,+4$"G"2&%7$7!(4(,0("(!"(I(/0%"N,$!"-($"4$G%&?_8"X+",%"-("1*7+(-("+42!(4(,0$'%"(-0$"2%!30+/$"267!+/$C"!$"'(-+.*$!'$'"2&Q/0+/$4(,0(",%"-("1$7&3$"4%'+N/$'%"(,0&("?@@a"G"?@@F8"X*"(,0&$'$"(,"#+.(,/+$"2*('("1$7(&" &('*/+'%"(!"H+,+" (,"\oC"4$,0(,+(,'%"/%,-0$,0(-" !$-" %0&$-" I*(,0(-" '(" +,.&(-%8"=$-" 0&$,-I(&(,/+$-" '(!" -0$'%" >0(,+(,'%" (,"/*(,0$"!$"<h^BC"(-"!$"I*(,0(")*("&(p(K$"(!"4$G%&"(I(/0%"0%0$!"-%7&("!$"#$&+$/+5,"'(!"

24 El monto de la transferencia aumentó a partir de septiembre de 2010 a $220 por cada menor en el hogar.25 Esto es así debido a diversos factores como, por ejemplo, a la dificultad de controlar el monto de ingreso efectivo que perciben los trabajadores informales


254

H+,+">P@C@A`B8" -0%"(-"&(-*!0$'%"0$,0%"'(!"(I(/0%"2$&0+/+2$/+5,">P@C@AAB"/%4%"'(!"(I(/0%"/%,/(,0&$/+5,">P@C@@?BC"'$'%"(!"4%,0%")*("2$-$&3$"$"&(2&(-(,0$&"!$"<h^"G")*("-*"(LP0(,-+5,"7(,(N/+$"$"!%-"1%.$&(-"4Q-"2%7&(-8

<-+4+-4%C"(-"/!$&$" !$"I*(&0(" +,/+'(,/+$"'(" !$"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"'("!$-" 0&$,-I(&(,/+$-"'(!" -0$'%" 0(,+(,'%"(,"/*(,0$"!$"+42!(4(,0$/+5,"'("!$"<h^ "(,"!%-"1%.$&(-"4Q-"2%7&(-8" ,"(!"(-/(,$&+%"-+,"<h^C"!$"2$&0+/+2$/+5,"'("!$-"0&$,-I(&(,/+$-"'(!" -0$'%"(,"(!"+,.&(-%" !"#$( &'%"I$4+!+$&"'("!%-"1%.$&(-"*7+/$'%-"(,"!$"/%!$"+,I(&+%&"'("!$"'+-0&+7*/+5,">'(/+!"ABC"2%'&3$"1$7(&"-+'%"-5!%"'(!"A@o8"X+,"(47$&.%C"/%,"!$"+42!(4(,0$/+5,"'("!$"2%!30+/$"267!+/$"'("!$"<h^C"!$-"0&$,-I(&(,/+$-"'(!" -0$'%"2$-$,"$"&(2&(-(,0$&"?[o"'("!%-"+,.&(P-%-"'("!%-"1%.$&(-"'(!"'(/+!"A">#(&"H&QN/%"AAB8""

-"+42%&0$,0("'(-0$/$&")*("!$"<h^"(-"*,$"2%!30+/$"267!+/$")*("$/06$"(I(/0+#$4(,0("/%4%"'+-2%-+0+#%"'("2&%0(//+5,"-%/+$!C"2*(-"$,0("(!"$-/(,-%"'("!$-"+,/(&0+'*47&(-"G"&+(.%-")*("(,I&(,0$," !%-"1%.$&(-"4Q-"#*!,(&$7!(-C" !$"<h^"%2(&$"/%4%"4(/$,+-4%"$*0%4Q0+/%"(,"!$"(-0$7+!+O$/+5,"'("-*-"+,.&(-%-8" -0%"(-"$-3"(,"#+&0*'"'(")*("-("+,-0$*&$"/%4%"'(&(/1%"'("!%-"4(,%&(-"/*G%-"2$'&(-"%"$'*!0%-"&(-2%,-$7!(-"$0&$#+(-$,"(2+-%P'+%-"!$7%&$!(-"/&30+/%-8"

4. Conclusiones

<"2$&0+&"'("*,$",*(#$"4(0%'%!%.3$"'("$2&%L+4$/+5,"$!"/%,%/+4+(,0%"G"(-0*'+%"'("!$"'+,Q4+/$"'+-0&+7*0+#$"(,"!$"<&.(,0+,$C"(,"(-0("'%/*4(,0%"-("$,$!+O5"!$"/*$,03$"(,"!$"/*$!"!$-"'+I(&(,0(-"I*(,0(-"'("+,.&(-%"'("!%-"1%.$&(-"1$"+,/+'+'%"(,"!$-"#$&+$/+%,(-"(,"

Tabla 5. Efectos, participación y concentración 2008-2009 sin y con AUH

]*(,0(S"(!$7%&$/+5,"2&%2+$"-%7&("!$"7$-("'(" ;^"/%,0+,*$"0&+4(-0&("Db


255

(!"/%(N/+(,0("'("H+,+8" -"+42%&0$,0("(!"/%,0&$-0("&(.+-0&$'%"(,0&("!$-"6!0+4$-"'R/$'$-C"(,"!$-"/*$!(-C"!$"'+-0&+7*/+5,"'(!"+,.&(-%"(42(%&$"'&Q-0+/$4(,0("1$-0$",+#(!(-",*,/$"$,0(-"(#+'(,/+$'%-"G"!*(.%"(L2(&+4(,0$"*,$"&('*//+5,"-+-0(4Q0+/$8"

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

Gráfico 11. Participación del ingreso de las transferencias del Estado con y sin AUH, según deciles de ingreso, 2008-2009. Hogares ordenados por ipcf (en porcentajes)

]*(,0(S"(!$7%&$/+5,"2&%2+$"-%7&("!$"7$-("'(" ;^"/%,0+,*$"0&+4(-0&("Db

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" ?@@F"-+,"<h^" FCF@o" `CA[o" ACZFo" ACAao" @C_ò" @C`Zo" @C_Fo" @CAAo" @CA\o" @C?_o

" ?@@F"/%,"<h^" ?_CF@o" AACaZo" `C[ò" ACFao" @CFao" @CFZo" @C[ò" @CA[o" @CA_o" @C?_o

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256

;%&" -*" !$'%" (!" -+-0(4$" '(" 2&%0(//+5," -%/+$!" 1$" '(4%-0&$'%" -(&" *," I$/0%&" &(!(#$,0("2$&$"(L2!+/$&"!%-"/$47+%-"(,"!$"'(-+.*$!'$'8"=$"+42%&0$,/+$"'("!%")*("-*/('("(,"!%-"+,.&(-%-"'("f*7+!$/+%,(-"G";(,-+%,(-"0+(,(")*("#(&"/%,")*("(-0%-"&(2&(-(,0$,"*,$"2$&P0("-*-0$,/+$!"'("!%-"+,.&(-%-"'("!%-"1%.$&(-8"=$"'+,Q4+/$"'("(-0$"I*(,0("(,"/*$,0%"$"/%7(&0*&$"G",+#(!"'("!$-"2&(-0$/+%,(-"-("0&$'*/("(,"*,"'(0(&4+,$,0("(-(,/+$!"'(!"4%#+P4+(,0%"'+-0&+7*0+#%8"<-3")*('5"'(4%-0&$'%"$!"2%,(&"(,"(#+'(,/+$"(!"+42$/0%"2%-+0+#%"'("!$-"2%!30+/$-"'("4%&$0%&+$"G"4%#+!+'$'"2&(#+-+%,$!C")*("7(,(N/+5"2&+,/+2$!4(,0("$"!%-"1%.$&(-"4Q-"#*!,(&$7!(-"(,"(-0("$-2(/0%8

=%-"2&%.&$4$-"'("0&$,-I(&(,/+$"'("+,.&(-%-")*("&($!+O$"(!" -0$'%C"$*,"/*$,'%"0+(,(,"*,$"&(!(#$,/+$"&(!$0+#$"4(,%&")*("(!"&(-0%"'("!%-"I$/0%&(-C"'(4*(-0&$,"-(&"*,$"1(&&$P4+(,0$"/%42!(4(,0$&+$"G"'("+42%&0$,/+$"/(,0&$!"(,"!%-"+,.&(-%-"'("!%-"1%.$&(-"'("!%-"'(/+!(-"4Q-"7$K%-"'("!$"'+-0&+7*/+5,"GC"2%&"(,'(C"2$&$"!$"&('*//+5,"'("!$"'(-+.*$!'$'8"

,"-3,0(-+-C"!%-"'$0%-"$&&%K$,"!*O"-%7&("!%-"+,0(&&%.$,0(-"2!$,0($'%-"$!"+,+/+%C"(,"(!"-(,P0+'%")*("!$-"2%!30+/$-"%&+(,0$'$-"$!"4(&/$'%"'("0&$7$K%"'(4%-0&$&%,"-(&"*,"2+!$&"/(,0&$!"(,"!$"'+,Q4+/$"'+-0&+7*0+#$"G"!$-"2%!30+/$-"'("+,.&(-%-"&(!$/+%,$'$-"/%,"!$"2&%0(//+5,"-%/+$!"'("!%-"-(/0%&(-"4Q-"#*!,(&$7!(-"m4(,%&(-"G"$'*!0%-"4$G%&(- "K*(.$,"*,"2$2(!"/%42!(4(,0$&+%"("+,'+-2(,-$7!("2$&$"-(.*+&"$#$,O$,'%"1$/+$"(!"%7K(0+#%"'("*,$"-%/+(P'$'"4Q-"()*+0$0+#$8

Bibliografía

<.+-C" 8C" :$J(0(C" :8" G" ;$,+.%C" M8" >?@A@B" e !"+42$/0%"'("!$"$-+.,$/+5,"*,+#(&-$!"2%&"1+K%"(,"<&.(,0+,$gC"M%/*4(,0%"'("0&$7$K%": D=P;D EE C"<&.(,0+,$8

<!0+4+&C"98"G"V(//$&+$C"=8">AFFFB"eM+-0&+7*/+5,"'(!" D,.&(-%" (,"<&.(,0+,$gC" X(&+("4!N."L%>#K$.+QL&$%>8"qt"`@C": ;<=C":1+!(8

<!0+4+&C"%8C"V(//$&+$C"=8"G"H%,O$!(O"Y%-$'$C"k8">?@@?B" =$" '+-0&+7*/+5," '(!" +,.&(-%" (,"<&P.(,0+,$C" AFZ`P?@@@8" 4!S&>'%" '(" !$" : ;<=",64(&%"ZaC"228"__Pa_8

<&$$&C"<8">?@@[B"e9,"01("'(/%42%-+0+%,"%I"01("H+,+"/%(IN/+(,0S"<,"(L$/0"$22&%$/1C"u+01"$,"+!!*-0&$0+%,"*-+,.":$4(&%%,+$,"'$0$g8":(,P0&("D,0(&*,+#(&-+0&$&+("-*&"!("Y+-)*RC"!(-";%!+P0+)*(-"v/%,%4+)*(-"(0"!w(42!%+">:DY;v BC":$1+(&"'("&(/1(&/1(Ux%&i+,.";$2(&"[@P@?8

V(&0&$,%*C"]8">:%%&'8B">?@A@B"e<2%&0(-"2$&$"!$"/%,-P0&*//+5,"'("*,"2+-%"'("2&%0(//+5,"-%/+$!"(,"<&P.(,0+,$S"(!"/$-%"'("!$-"$-+.,$/+%,(-"I$4+!+$&(-8"V*(,%-"<+&(-gC"9N/+,$"'("!$"9DE"(,"<&.(,0+,$8

:%&0R-C"]8">?@@@B"A".$!>.>#>.$&%1!>#6#=!>&-/%1,=%=#!$.+QL&$%#!+#UVW&$.8"X+.!%"yyD" '+P0%&(-"kRL+/%8

: =X">?@@\B"e;!$,"f(I(-"G"f(I$-"cM(&(/1%"-%P/+$!"%"7(,(N/+%"-+,"'(&(/1%-dgC"M%/*4(,0%"'("0&$7$K%8

: ;<=">?@A@B"e=$"1%&$"'(" !$" +.*$!'$'8"V&(/1$-"2%&"/(&&$&C"/$4+,%-"2%&"$7&+&g"E&+.R-+4%"0(&/(&"2(&3%'%"'("-(-+%,(-"'("!$": ;<=8"V&$-+!+$8

M%,O$" !'2%18C" >?@@ZB" e:$47+%" (," !%-" 2$0&%,(-"'("&(2&%'*//+5,"-%/+$!"G"'("'+-0&+7*/+5,"'(!"+,.&(-%"(,"*,"/%,0(L0%"'("&(I%&4$-"+,-0+0*P/+%,$!(-" G" &((-0&*/0*&$/+5," (/%,54+/$8"h,"(-0*'+%"-%7&("(!"H&$,"V*(,%-"<+&(-S"AFF?P?@@\g8" ;%,(,/+$" 2&(-(,0$'$" (," (!" %/0$#%"/%,.&(-%"'("!$"<-%/+$/+5,"<&.(,0+,$"'(" -P2(/+$!+-0$-"(," -0*'+%-"'(!"E&$7$K%"><X EB8


257

H$-2$&+,+" G":&*/(-" >?@@FB" e=%-"'(0(&4+,$,0(-"'("!%-"/$47+%-"(,"!$"'(-+.*$!'$'"'("+,.&(P-%-" (,"<&.(,0+,$8" #+'(,/+$" G" 0(4$-" 2(,P'+(,0(-g8" X(&+(" '("M%/*4(,0%-" '("E&$7$K%"-%7&(" ;%!30+/$-" X%/+$!(-" q64(&%" _8" V$,/%"k*,'+$!8

H$-2$&+,+" G" :&*/(-" >?@A@B" e=$-"<-+.,$/+%,(-"h,+#(&-$!(-"2%&"^+K%S" +42$/0%C"'+-/*-+5,"G"$!0(&,$0+#$-g8"M%/*4(,0%"'("E&$7$K%"q64(P&%"A@?C": M=<X8

H$!!$--%C" 8C" G" Y$#$!!+%,C" k8" >?@@`B" eX%/+$!"2&%0(/0+%,"+,"$"/&+-+-S"<&.(,0+,$z-"2!$,"K(I(-"G"K(I$-8""G0!#X."1=#Y%+5#K$.+.L&$#4!S&!*2#b%!8"Aa8"q%8"\

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259

Anexo metodológico

I. Descomposición del coeficiente o de Gini

=$"2&%2*(-0$"'("=(&4$,"G"j+0O1$i+"2$&$"'(-/%42%,(&"(!"/%(N/+(,0("'("H+,+"2%&"I*(,P0(-"'("+,.&(-%C"2(&4+0("/*$,0+N/$&"!$"/%,0&+7*/+5,"$7-%!*0$"G"&(!$0+#$"'("/$'$"I*(,0("'("+,.&(-%"$"!$"'(-+.*$!'$'"0%0$!8

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>AB

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>?B

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"

" >\B

26 La diferencia media relativa se define como el promedio aritmético de los valores absolutos de las diferencias en-tre todos los pares de ingreso. Al tomar las diferencias entre todos los pares de ingresos, el coeficiente de Gini, evita la concentración total en las diferencias frente a la media, problema que sí se presenta en la varianza, el coeficiente de variación, la desviación estándar de los logaritmos (Sen, 2001:48)


260

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II. La variación del coeficiente de Gini entre dos períodos

h,$"#(O")*("-("1$"/$!/*!$'%"!$"'(-/%42%-+/+5,"'(!"/%(N/+(,0("'("H+,+"2$&$"'%-"2(&3%'%-"'("0+(42%C"-("$,$!+O$"(!"+42$/0%")*("0+(,("!$"#$&+$/+5,"'("/$'$"*,$"'("!$-"I*(,0(-"'("+,P.&(-%"'("!%-"1%.$&(-8"<"/%,0+,*$/+5,"-("(L2!+/$"!$"I%&4$"'("(L$4+,$&"(,")*R"2&%2%&/+5,"

27 Es preciso aclarar que el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y el “coeficiente de correlación de Gini” entre "

65"y _, tienen los mismos numeradores. Sin embargo, la correlación de Pearson deflacta la covarianza por el pro-

ducto de los errores estándares de 65"y _, mientras que el “coeficiente de correlación de Gini” usa en el denomi-

nador la covarianza entre la fuente de ingreso"65##

y la distribución acumulada de esa fuente de ingreso _#>65B. El

“coeficiente de correlación de Gini” tiene propiedades similares al coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, pues los dos se encuentran en un rango entre -1 y +1.

28 Medina y Galvan (2008) calculan un Pseudo-Gini también como el producto entre 45# y 7

5. El término de

Pseudo-Gini es también introducido previamente en el trabajo de Shorrocks (1982:195) para la especificación de la descomposición del coeficiente de Gini.


261

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dinámica distributiva y políticas públicas: dos décadas de contrastes en la argentina...

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