cira & noaa/nesdis/ramm goes/poes: estado, órbitas y productos dra bernadette connell...
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CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
GOES/POES: Estado, órbitas y productos
Dra Bernadette Connell
CIRA/NOAA-RAMMT
Versión en español: Dra. Vilma Castro
Marzo 2005
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Esquema de la presentación
GOES vs. POESGOES Satélite y sensores
OrbitaHorario de las imágenesCanales y productos (imágenes y sondeos)
POES OrbitaDisponibilidad de imágenes Canales y productos
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
¿Porqué queremos saber esto?
• Para conocer los recursos disponibles actualmente o qué recursos estarán disponibles en el futuro
• Para ayudar a entender características importantes de los diversos satélites
• Para saber cuándo esperar ver imágenes
• Definir qué está sucediendo cuando no hay imágenes.
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
GOES vs. POES
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite órbita geo-sincrónica a 35,800 km de altura
Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite órbita sincronizada con el sol a 850 km de altura
850 km
35,800 km
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Los sistemas GOES y POES• Mediciones ambientales:
– Adquirir, procesar y diseminar imágenes y sondeos.– Monitorear entorno espacial
• Recolección de datos:– Interrogar y recibir datos de plataformas de
terrestres de recolección de datos• Difusión de los datos:
– Retransmitir continua de reportes via facsímil del tiempo y de otros datos meteorológicos a pequeños usuarios
– Retransmitir mensajes de ayuda de naves aéreas o marinas a estaciones terrestres de búsqueda y rescate
GOES I-M DataBook, NOAA KLM User’s Guide
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Características del GOES• Observa eventos y su evolución• Repite la cobertura en minutos (t = 15 o 30 min o menos)• Cobertura de todo el disco terrestre• Visión restringida de latitudes altas debido al ángulo; visión
excelente de los trópicos• Mismo ángulo de visión para puntos fijos• Iluminación solar cambiante para puntos fijos a lo largo del
día• Resolución: visible – 1 km , IR 4 km
sondeos – 10 km• Visión continua ayuda a tener un campo de visión claro para
los sondeos • Sensores pasivos
Satellite Meteorology: Remote Sensing Using the New GOES Imager
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Características del POES• Observa eventos a horas fijas poco frecuentes • Repite su cobertura dos veces al día (t =12 hr)• Cobertura global• Visión excelente en todas las latitudes• Angulo de visión variable• Misma iluminación solar siempre• Resolución: visible – 1 km, IR – 1 km
sondeos: microonda – 10-50 km, IR - 20 km• Las microondas permiten mediciones atmosféricas y del
suelo en presencia de nubes• Sensores pasivos y activos
Satellite Meteorology: Remote Sensing Using the New GOES Imager
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Resolución de la imagen
El diseño del sensor y la resolución de la imagen está determinada por muchos factores:
• Detalle en la horizontal (imágenes)• Detalle en la vertical (sondeos)• Distancia del satélite al suelo (36,000 km vs. 850 km)• Poder de resolución del lente y longitud de onda de la
radiación.• Tamaño del sensor (costo)
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Sensores activos vs. pasivos
• Un sensor pasivo mide la energía emitida por una fuente.
• Un sensor activo, como el radar, mide la señal de retorno de un pulso de energía emitido por el sensor.
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Multiespectral vs. Hiperespectral
• Sensores Multiespectrales – forman imágenes en un número reducido de bandas anchas del espectro
• Sensores Hiperespectrales – forman imágenes en un gran número (cientos) de bandas contiguas y estrechas del espectro
The GOES Spacecraft
El satélite GOES
GOES I-M DataBook
Area Scan
(For GOES 8 – 11)
GOES-12 has a wider spectral band for the water vapor channel and the 12.0 um channel has been replaced witha 13.3 um channel.
GOES I-M DataBook
Imager
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Los canales del GOESCanal Long de onda Long de onda Número de Resolución (µm) central (µm) detectores
(por barrido) (km)
_________________________________________________________
1 0.52-0.72 0.7 8 1 Visible
2 3.78-4.03 3.9 2 4 Shortwave IR
3 6.47-7.02 6.7 1 8 3 G12 5.77-7.33 6.5 2 4
4 10.2-11.2 10.7 2 45 11.5-12.5 12.0 2 4
6 G12 12.9-13.7 13.3 1 8 Lon
gwav
e IR
GOES – Canales de sondeoCanal
Centro long.de onda (um)
Comentario (región espectral, aplicación)
CanalCentro long.de onda (um)
Comentario (región espectral, aplicación)
1 14.71CO2, Temperatura estratosférica 10 7.43 Vapor de agua. Humedad
troposfera baja a media
2 14.37CO2, Temperatura estratosférica 11 7.02 Vapor de agua. Humedad
troposfera media
3 14.06CO2, Temperatura troposfera alta 12 6.51 Vapor de agua. Humedad
troposfera alta
4 13.96CO2, Temperatura troposfera media 13 4.57
CO2, Temperatura troposfera baja
5 13.37CO2, Temperatura troposfera baja 14 4.52
CO2, Temperatura troposfera media
6 12.66 Vapor de agua, humedad troposfera baja 15 4.45
CO2, Temperatura troposfera alta
7 12.02Vapor de agua, ventana “sucia” (contaminada con humedad)
16 4.13 CO2, Temperatura de la capa límite
8 11.03 Ventana, temperatura de suelo y nubes 17 3.98 Ventana, temperatura de
suelo y nubes
9 9.71 Ozono, ozono estratosférico 18 3.74 Ventana, temperatura de
suelo y nubes
Visible 0.94Ventana en el rango visible, temperatura de suelo y nubes
Resolución = 10 km en el nadir
Ond
a la
rga
Ond
a m
edia
Onda
media
Onda
corta
Satellite Meteorology: Using the GOES Sounder
GOES I-M DataBook
GOES
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
SECTOR DURACIÓN MINS:SECS CONUS 4:48 N. HEMIS. EXT 14:13 S. HEMIS. 4:48 DISCO 26:05
RUTINA DEL GOES-ESTE, IMAGENESHORARIO DE SECTORES
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
SECTOR DURACION MINS:SECS CONUS 4:43 N. HEMISPHERE 9:44
S. HEMIS. S. S. 1:45
DISCO 26:05
GOES-ESTE IMAGENES BARRIDO RAPIDOHORARIO DE SECTORES
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
SECTOR DURACION MINS:SECS CONUS 4:43 N. HEMISPHERE 9:44 SRSO (Maryland) 1:02 DISCO 26:05
GOES-ESTE IMAGENES BARRIDO SUPER RAPIDOHORARIO DE SECTORES
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
GOES-ESTE SONDEOHORARIO DE LOS
BARRIDOS
SECTOR DURACIÒN MINS:SECS CONUS 30:00 CARIBE ESTE 22:00 GOLFO DE MEXICO 22:00 N. ATLANTIC 22:00
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Productos del GOES - imágenes
Precipitaciones extremas Vientos
Niebla, nubes bajas
Engelamiento en vuelo
Detección de ceniza
Detección de incendios
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Sondeos del GOESDerivados: Productos en imágenes (DPI)
Lifted IndexCAPE
Inhibición de la convección
Total de agua precipitable
Temperatura de las superficies
Viento derivado del canal del vapor de agua
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
POES
• Main Operational POES:
NOAA
DMSP• Semi-operational POES:
QuikSCAT
Terra and Aqua (contain MODIS imager)
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
NOAA KLM System
Sensors of interest• Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer/3
(AVHRR/3)
• Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit – A (AMSU – A)
• Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit – B (AMSU – B)
• High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS/3)
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)
Sensors of interest• Special Sensor Microwave / Imager (SSM/I) • Special Sensor Microwave / Temperature
(SSM/T) – Atmospheric Temperature Profiler• SSM/T2 – Atmospheric Water Vapor Profiler
http://dmsp.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp.html
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Cross-track Scanning (AVHRR, AMSU, MODIS)
Polar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster – COMET CD Module
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Conical Scanning –SSM/I
Polar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster – COMET CD
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Orbital Coverage
Introduction to POES data and products – COMET/VISIT teletraining
•Satellite makes one orbit (360°) in about 100 min; i.e., it goes about 3.6°/min, or about 10° in 3 minutes.•With a knowledge of which way the satellite is moving and how fast it is moving, one can estimate viewing time at a particular point.
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
AMSU coverage (2200 km swath)
http://amsu.cira.colostate.edu/
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
SSMI coverage (1400 km swath)
Example from NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Pagehttp://manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/doc/ssmiwinds.html
swath
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
AVHRR/3 (3000 km swath)
ChannelSpectral Range
(um)
Ground Resolution (at
nadir) (km)Application
1 0.58-0.68 1.09Clouds, land-water boundaries, snow, ice, vegetation monitoring
2 0.725-1.0 1.09Clouds, land-water boundaries, snow, ice, vegetation monitoring
3A 1.58-1.64 1.09 Clouds, sea surface temperature
3B 3.55-3.93 1.09 Clouds, sea surface temperature
4 10.3-11.3 1.09 Clouds, sea surface temperature
5 11.5-12.5 1.09 Clouds, sea surface temperature
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/globsys/avhrr4.shtml
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
AVHRR Products
• Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
• Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
• Atmospheric aerosols
• Volcanic Ash detection
• Fire detection
SST
NDVIAerosols
Fires
Volcanic Ash
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
AMSU-A AMSU-BChannel
Frequencies (GHz)
and Polarizations
Frequencies (GHz)
and Polarizations
1 23.8 R 89.0R
2 31.4R 157.0R
3 50.3R 183.3 +/- 1R
4 52.8R 183.3 +/- 3R
5 53.6R 183.3 +/- 7R
6 54.4R
7 54.9R
8 55.5R
9 57.2R
10 57.29 +/- .217R
11 57.29 +/- .322 +/- .048R
12 57.29 +/- .322 +/- .022R
13 57.29 +/- .322 +/- .010R
14 57.29 +/- .322 +/- .0045R
15 89.0R
Notation: x±y±z; x is the center frequency. If y appears, the center frequency is not sensed, but two bands, one on either side of the center frequency, are sensed; y is the distance from the center frequency to the center of the two pass bands. If z appears, it is the width of the two pass bands. Polarization: R = rotates with scan angle.
Source: Kidder and Vonder Haar (1995)
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
SSM/I – Microwave Imager
Polarization: V = vertical, H = horizontal
Source: Kidder and Vonder Haar (1995); POES Microwave Applications CD - COMET
Frequency (GHz) Polarization Spatial Resolution
19.35 V, H 43 x 69 km
22.35 V 40 x 60 km
37.0 V, H 29 x 37 km
85.5 V, H 13 x 15 km
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Meteorological Parameters
Summary of Key Interactions and Potential UsesFrequencies
AMSU SSMI
Microwave Processes Potential Uses
23 GHz 22GHz Absorption and emission by water vapor
Oceanic precipitable water
31, 50,
89 GHz
19, 37,
85 GHz
Absorption and emission by cloud water
Oceanic cloud water and rainfall
89 GHz 85 GHz Scattering by cloud ice Land and ocean rainfall
31, 50,
89 GHz
19, 37,
85 GHz
Variations in surface emissivity:–Land vs. water
–Different land types
–Differenc ocean surfaces
Scattering by snow and ice
Land/water boundaries
Soil moisture/wetness
Surface vegetation
Ocean surface wind speed
Snow and ice coverPolar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster – COMET CD
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
AMSU/SSMI Products
• Total Precipitable Water (TPW)• Cloud Liquid Water (CLW)• Rain rate• Snow and Ice cover
TPW
CLW
Rain rate
Snow cover
Ice cover
http://amsu.cira.colostate.edu/
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
QuikSCAT
Orbit: Sun-synchronous, 803 km, 98.6° inclination orbit
Seawinds Instrument: Microwave Radar (active sensor)
• 13.4 GHz
• Retrieval of near surface wind speed and direction
• Resolution on ground: 25 km
1800 km wide swath
NASA/JPL web pages: http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/aboutScat/index.cfm
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Example from NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Pagehttp://manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/quikscat/
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Example from NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Pagehttp://manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/quikscat/
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
MODISModerate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer 36 spectral bands
2330 km swath width
55° view angle
Resolution on ground at nadir:– 1 km for all channels
– 250 m for bands 1 and 2 (0.645 and 0.865 um)
– 500 m for bands 3 – 7 (0.470, 0.555, 1.240, 1.640, 2.130 um)
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
MODISReflective Bands
Band Central wavelength (um) Primary Use
1, 2 0.645, 0.865 Land/Cloud/Aerosols Boundaries
3, 4 0.470, 0.555 Land/Cloud/Aerosols Properties
5 – 7 1.240, 1.640, 2.130
8 – 10 0.415, 0.443, 0.490 Ocean Color/
Phytoplankton/
Biogeochemistry11 – 13 0.531, 0.565, 0.653
14 – 16 0.681, 0.750, 0.865
17 – 19 0.905, 0.936, 0.940 Atmospheric Water Vapor
26 1.375 Cirrus Clouds
Emissive Bands
20 – 23 3.750(2), 3.959, 4.050 Surface/Cloud Temperature
24, 25 4.465, 4.515 Atmospheric Temperature
27, 28 6.715, 7.325 Cirrus Clouds, Water Vapor
29 8.550 Cloud Properties
30 9.730 Ozone
31, 32 11.03, 12.02 Surface/Cloud Temperature
33 – 36 13.335, 13.635, 13.935, 14.235 Cloud Top Altitude
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
MODIS Aqua coverage (2330 km swath)
Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC)http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/datacenter/aqua/
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
MODIS Products
Clear sky precipitable water (IR)
Cloud fraction (daytime)
Aerosol optical depth
Cloud optical thickness (water)
Surface albedo
Normalized difference vegetation index
Ecosystem classification
AND MANY MORE http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
MODIS Products
Clear sky precipitable water (IR)
Cloud fraction (daytime)
Aerosol optical depth
Cloud optical thickness (water)
Surface albedo
Normalized difference vegetation index
Ecosystem classification
AND MANY MORE http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
ReferencesCDs produced by the COMET program (see meted.ucar.edu)
Polar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster POES Introduction and BackgroundPOES Microwave ApplicationsAn Introduction to POES Data and Products
Satellite Meteorology: Remote Sensing Using the New GOES ImagerSatellite Meteorology: Using the GOES Sounder
Space Systems Loral, 1996 : GOES I-M DataBookCan be found online at: http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/text/goes.databook.html
NOAA KLM User’s Guide http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/index.htm
NOAA/NESDIS Office of Satellite Operations: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/index.htm
NOAA/NESDIS Office of Satellite Data Processing and Distribution http://www.osdpd.noaa.gov/
Hastings, D. and W. Emery. 1992. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR): a brief reference guide. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 58(8):1183-1188.
Kidder, S.Q., and T.H. Vonder Haar, 1995: Satellite Meteorology. Academic Press, 466 pp.Stan Kidder’s AMSU webpage at CIRA: http://amsu.cira.colostate.edu/
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) http://dmsp.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp.html
NASA/JPL web pages: http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/aboutScat/index.cfm
NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Page http://manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/doc/oceanwinds1.html
MODIS Rapid Response System http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/
NASA MODIS Home page http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/