ciclo 3 - transformemos educando 7 - tolima

7/21/2019 Ciclo 3 - Transformemos Educando 7 - Tolima

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Lstl in l tl l l 8

Ziv l vl ld n i 8

Dl g i i i dl8

Dl t gl t 8

Y lst dié l l Qistlg I tl tiv

T sj glg s Ld d l jl b 8



Kmgikoaiñk pmr Amcmgnio dlc Gikistlrim dl ^lcoaimkls Lxtlrimrls y Gikistlrim dl

Lduaoaiñk oc Vrlgim \KLQAM ^ly Bogod nik Iso Oc Ebocijo poro co ucizoaiñk dl cos TIA lk co lduaoaiñk,

slptilgnrl dl >6?6

dl

Ocjonltizoaiñk



0Gñducm

Gñducm iktl`rodm poro aiacm 1Qistlgo Iktlroativm Troksjmrglgms

Lduaokdm



4Qistlgo Iktlroativm

Troksjmrglgms Lduaokdm 0

JukDoaIñk poro Lc DLQorrmccm QmaIocEg 2 vço Nm`mtï - Co Aoclro • Tlcljox (6<?) 2:6922>

l-goic8 troksjmrglgmsFtroksjmrglgms.amg • www.troksjmrglgms.amg

Gñducm iktl`rodm poro aiacm 1, Troksjmrglgms Lduaokdm 0

Dirlaaiñk pldo`ñìao y amkalptuoc8 Gorço Ourmro Aorriccm @uccm

Tlxtms8 Ïrlo dl Clkùohl y Amgukiaoaiñk8Kmrgo Amkstokzo Trioko ^lstrlpm, Gorço Ourmro Aorriccm @uccm Ïk`lc Vltrm

Ïrlo dl Ailkaios Koturocls8 Orclx Okdrés @oraço ^mdrçùlzÏrlo dl Ailkaios Qmaiocls8 Ldissmk Clmkordm Vorro Blrrlro y ^mdmcjm Ordicm AulstoÏrlo dl Gotlgïtiaos8 Mrcokdm Ordico Viktm

Amrrlaaiñk dl lsticm8 Gorço Aristiko Zlò dl AialriDislÿm lditmrioc y dio`rogoaiñk8 Dioko ^mdrçùlz, Hlkkijjlr Vldrozo, Kmbmro Gmrocls Ocmksm, Oclhokdrm G Okdrlo Cmzokm CñplzJmtm`rojio8 cms lditmrls o`rodlalk co outmrizoaiñk dl punciaoaiñk dl jmtm`rïjios o Aristmnoc Jlrkokdm Vérlz, HVriltm, Vldrozo Vrmduaaimkls, Hovilr Ogoyo.

Jukdoaiñk poro lc Dlsorrmccm QmaiocIQNK8 902-9<2-249:->?-4

Vrmbinido co rlprmduaaiñk poraioc m tmtoc pmr auocquilr gldim sik outmrizoaiñk lxprlso dl co Jukdoaiñk poro l-rmccm Qmaioc TroksjmrglgmsIgprlsm lk Amcmgnio

J d i l Dls Q iDirlatmro Lhlautivo y Vldo`ñìao8 Gorço Ourmro Aorriccm @uccm

Dirlatmr dl Dlsorrmcco Qmaioc y Dirlaaiñk Lditmrioc8 ^mdmcjm Ordico Aulsto

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< Qistlgo Iktlroativm


½p q é sistlg i tl tiv =

Lc dlsorrmccm dl gøctipcls lxplrilkaios lduaotivos, amk divlrsos pmncoaimkbo gmstrodm qul oc giror sistégiaoglktl cms prmalsms lduaotivms onmrdosu ukidod, su `cmnocidod y su iktl`ridod.

^lamrdlgms qul lc plksogilktm sistégiam amkainl y lstudio cms jlkñglkmamgm sistlgos y km amgm o`rl`odms dl portls y odlgïs, plrainl oc gukdm am

uko girodo tmtocizodmro y bmcçstiao.Lc Qistlgo Iktlroativm Troksjmrglgms Lduaokdm onmrdo co lduaoaiñk amg`rok rld dl rlcoaimkls. Lsto plrsplativo plrgitl lkjotizor oøk gïs uko iktl`ro-aiñk dl cms divlrsms lclglktms qul oc rlcoaimkorsl amkjmrgok co lstruaturcms dijlrlktls prmalsms lduaotivms y dl cms divlrsms lktmrkms qul cms rm

Lc sistlgo iktlroativm km sl dltilkl lk cos aoroatlrçstiaos dl aodo ukmdl cms lclglktms, lktrl lccos cos gldioaimkls didïatiaos m lc amktlxtm,amgm ukidodls amk uko lstruaturo ljiailktl, co auoc yo blgms pulstm lkprïatiao, obmro, onmrdokdm lstms lclglktms amgm portl dl uk sistlgoamcmaogms lc ékjosis lk cos rlcoaimkls l iktlroaaimkls lktrl lccms, amuko acoro iktlkaiñk lduaotivo, gldioktl prmalsms lktlkdidms amgm ukogocco dl rlcoaimkls dikïgiaos, ls dlair, iktlroativos.

Qistlgo Iktlroativm Troksjmrglgms Lduaokdm



:Qistlgo Iktlroativm


½a g ls ` iz idl sistlg i tl tiv =

Co mr`okizoaiñk dlc Qistlgo Iktlroativm TroksjmrglgmsLduaokdm lstï amkjmrgodo pmr rlcoaimkls qul sl doklktrl sus lclglktms jukdoktls8

m ` iz i dl Qistlg I tl tiv T sj glg s Ld d

rl i ls a tl çsti s mnhltiv sVldo`ñ`iaos

Zirtuocls

Iktlroaaiñk

Amktlxtuocls

Gldioaimkls didïatiaos

^lcoaimkls iktlroativos dlamgukiaoaiñk gldiodo pmrco tlakmcm`ço dl co ikjmrgï-tiao y cos amgukiaoaimkls.

Iktlroaaimkls gmtrials, plr-alptivos, am`kitivos, mplro-tivos y rlcoaimkls bugokos.

\ko `rok rld dl rlcoaim-kls smaiocls, plrsmkocls,lamkñgiaos, lktrl guabosmtros, dlsdl lc amktlxtmboaio lc sistlgo iktlroativmdl oprlkdizohl y vialvlrso.

Dlslkaodlkor lc prmalsm dloprlkdlr

Opmyor m smpmrtor cms lktmr-kms dlstikodms o co lkslÿok- zo y lc oprlkdizohl.

Joaicitor iktlroaaimkls lktrllstudioktls, prmjlsmrls-ls-tudioktls y dl aodo ukmdl lccms amk cms gotlrioclsdidïatiams.

Qmpmrtor y opmyor cms prm-alsms lduaotivms nrikdokdmsi`kijiaodm y plrtiklkaio.



0 Qistlgo Iktlroativm


a ti d d

y g tiét i

Dlsb g l

g id d

Lst tlì i 8ikacuir o cms/cos lstudioktls lk uk prmylatm dl aiudodokço oativo, gldioktl lc jmrtoclaigilktmdl co idlktidod plrsmkoc y pcuriétkiao, rlauplrokdm lclglktms dl uko aucturo divlrso qul bonito lk uk amktlxtmpriviclìodm pmr sus airaukstokaios bistñriaos, citlrorios, gusiaocls y turçstiaos, poro dikogizor dlsdl occç, co aiudodoko, arlodmro y prmduativo lk cms lspoaims dl oatuoaiñk amtidioko dl cms/cos lstudioktls y sus amguki

a g l tlsi ls

Lhls i lsti d ls mnhltiv s didï ti s a tl id s

Mrilktok cmsprmalsms ldu-aotivms

Amktlxtuocizok y dokslktidm o cms amktlkidmsy prmalsms lduaotivms

9 osi`koturos iktl`rodoslk auotrm ïrlos tlgïtiaos8Clkùohl y Amgukiao-aiñk, Ailkaios Koturoclsy Qmaiocls, Gotlgïtiaos.^lauplroaiñk dl co gl-gmrio gusiaoc, citlrorio lbistñriao.

Zisinicidod dl co divlr-sidod.

Ojiokzogilktm dl co prm-pio idlktidod.

Amgukidod oativo.

Aiudodokço oativo.

Oprlkdizohls `lrgikocls, sistégiams yamktlxtuocizodms.

Oprlkdizohls poro ojrmktor co ikalr-tidugnrl.

Amkmaigilktm y rlamkmaigilktm dlblabms bistñriams jukdoglktocls.

Amksailkaio dl co sikùcoridod dl coprmpio aucturo.Amkmaigilktm y rlamkmaigilktm dl susvocmrls aucturocls y dl cos mtros aucturos.^lamkmaigilktm dl cos kulvos rlco-aimkls lktrl lc Lstodm y lc aiudodokm.^lsi`kijiaoaiñk dlc rmc dl co guhlr.^lamkmaigilktm dl cms vocmrls dlgm-

arïtiams dlsdl lc clòdm dl su aucturo.Vortiaipoaiñk aiudodoko mròkizodo.Amkstruaaiñk dl rlcoaimkls dlgmarï-tiaos ikacuylktls.Lhlraiaim dl co aiudodokço oativo.Dlsorrmccm smaioc sustlktoncl y sms-tlkincl.Ikarlglktm dl co aopoaidod dl lstiñkdl co amgukidod.^lspltm o cos prïatiaos smaiocls divlr-sos dlktrm dlc goram dl rljlrlkaio dlcms dlrlabms bugokms.

Q nl lsg tidis i-

i i s

Qur`lk dl cos lxplatotivos poro aodoaiacm y mrilktok co oaaiñk lduaotivo

½a ï ls lst t dl Qistlg I tl tiv =

Co lstruaturo dlc sistlgo iktlroativm Troksjmrglgms Lduaokdm tilkl uk dislÿ

aurriaucor nïsiam8

Lstïkdorls dl amgpltlkaios nïsiaosortiaucodms amk cms amgpmklktls dlaucturo aiudodoko y guctiétkiao ydlsorrmccm bugokm lk amgukidod.

Amkalptuocizoaimkls onilrtos o coamkjrmktoaiñk, oc okïcisis arçtiam, ogirodos sistégiaos iktl`rodmros, amgmgldiodmros lktrl lc amkmaigilktmamtidiokm y lc amkmaigilktm ailktçjiam.

Glgmrio bistñriao, gusiaoc y citlrorio.îtms y jlstividodls.^lsi`kijiaoaiñk dl co bistmrio. Oaaimkls ojirgotivos poro cos divlrsosltkios.Aucturo dl cos divlrsos ltkios.

Dlrlabms y dlnlrls aiudodokms.

Opmrtls dl co guhlr lk co aucturo.Zocmrls dlgmarïtiams y vido amti-

dioko.Lstruaturo dlc LstodmVrmylatms amgukitorims, dl iktl`ro-aiñk smaioc, ikdividuocls m amclativms. Oatividodls y oaaimkls lk lc aurrçau-cm amk nosl lk cms amkmaigilktms yamkalptuocizoaimkls trotodms lk cosïrlos tlgïtiaos.

^ljclxiñk smnrl cos prïatiaos smaioclsamtidiokos, dlsdl cos kulvos amkalp-tuocizoaimkls.

a l t ls(sonlr8 rlcoaimkor,amgporor, divlrsijiaor, distikùir),dl

ldigil t(boalr, opciaor, glhm-

ror y aognior), ydl tit d(slr, osu-gir, dlaidir, aritiaor, oalptor y klòr)



2Qistlgo Iktlroativm


Lc sistlgo iktlroativm Troksjmrglgms Lduaokdm ls uk sistlgo onilrtm, uksistlgnil t lk uko rlcoaiñk dl iktlraognim amkstoktl amk lc amktlxtm dmkdl s

igpclglkto. Odlgïs, ls sistlg g lh, yo qul sus divlrsms amgpmklktlsoc iktlroatuor lktrl sç y amk lc amktlxtm sl gmdijiaok y prmdualk kulvos rlcoaim

Cms sunsistlgos qul amkjmrgok lc sistlgo iktlroativm smk8

?. Qistlg dl ld i j gamk uko rld dl rlcoaimkls lk aodo sistlgorlìmkoc lduaotivm y lk lc sistlgo koaimkoc dl lduaoaiñk.

>. Qistlg dl ti i i tiv l l tlxtamk uko rld dl rlcoaimklsiktrojogicior, amgukitorio, rlìmkoc, koaimkoc l iktlrkoaimkoc.

1. Qistlg dl gldi i ls didï ti s,amk cms siùilktls sunsistlgos8

Gldi i ls dl i tl i 8 cms dmalktls Troksjmrgodmrls m Troksjmrgodmrolstudioktls y sus amgukidodls, onmrdok cms amktlkidms l iktlroatøok amk ljrlktl o su rlocidod, poro `lklror idlos y oaaimkls qul plrgitok troksjmrgorpmsitivoglktl su lktmrkm, gilktros amktikøok oprlkdilkdm.

Gldi i ls didï ti s ig ls s8 cos auocls plrgitlk `lklror uk lktmrkmlsaritm y jmglktor co claturo, amk lc jik dl prmgmvlr co aucturo lsarito lkvido amtidioko y co dl su jogicio, duroktl co lduaoaiñk nïsiao y gldio.

Gldi i ls i tl tiv s8 lc amgputodmr, lc tlclvismr y lc gotlrioc oudimvisuociktlroativm, kms plrgitlk tlklr kulvos diglksimkls dlc amkmaigilktm, joaicitocms prmalsms dl onstroaaiñk y cms ikacuyl amgm slrls oativms lk co ainlray lc si`cm RRI.

4. Qistlg dl g i i l i vlsti` iporo rltrmociglktor tmdms cms

prmalsms, lk jmrgo plrgoklktl, joaicitor lc slùigilktm y co lvocuoaiñk.

½a ï ls s s tl çsti s `l l ls dl sistlgi tl tiv T sj glg s Ld d =



9 Qistlgo Iktlroativm


• Amkmzam co Dlacoroaiñk \kivlrsoc dl cms Dlrl-abms Bugokms y su rlcoaiñk amk cms dlrlabms

ukdoglktocls lkukaiodms lk co Amkstituaiñk.(Amkmaigilktms).

• Amkmzam cms glaokisgms amkstituaimkocls qulprmtl`lk cms dlrlabms ukdoglktocls (amgm cotutlco) y amgprlkdm añgm sl opciaok. (Amkmai-gilktms).

• Okocizm lc gokuoc dl amkvivlkaio y cos kmrgosdl gi ikstituaiñk5 cos augpcm vmcuktorioglktl yportiaipm dl goklro poaç ao lk su troks mrgo-aiñk auokdm cos amksidlrm ikhustos (Amgpltlk-aios am`kitivos l iktl`rodmros).

• Lxihm lc augpcigilktm dl cos kmrgos y cmsoaulrdms pmr portl dl cos outmridodls, dl gisamgpoÿlrms y dl gç gisgm(o). (Amgpltlkaiosiktl`rodmros).

• Goki ilstm ikdi`koaiñk (rlabozm, dmcmr, ronio)auokdm sl vucklrok cos cinlrtodls dl cos plr-smkos y oaudm o cos outmridodls oprmpiodos.(Amgpltlkaios lgmaimkocls l iktl`rodmros).

• Okocizm añgm gis plksogilktms y lgmaimklsik cuylk lk gi portiaipoaiñk lk cos dlaisimklsamclativos. (Amgpltlkaios am`kitivos y lgmaim-kocls).

• Idlkti am dlaisimkls amclativos lk cos qul iktl-rlsls dl di lrlktls plrsmkos lstïk lk amkjiatmy prmpmk`m octlrkotivos dl smcuaiñk qul tlkòklk aulkto lsms iktlrlsls. (Amgpltlkaios am`ki-tivos).

• Vrlvlm cos amkslaulkaios qul puldlk tlklr,smnrl gç y smnrl cms dlgïs, cos divlrsos octlrko-tivos dl oaaiñk prmpulstos rlktl o uko dlaisiñkamclativo. (Amgpltlkaios am`kitivos).

• Lsauabm y lxprlsm, amk gis poconros, cos rozm-kls dl gis amgpoÿlrms(os) duroktl disausimkls

`rupocls, ikacusm auokdm km lstmy dl oaulrdm.(Amgpltlkaios amgukiaotivos).

• \sm gi cinlrtod dl lxprlsiñk y rlspltm cos mpi-kimkls ohlkos. (Amgpltlkaios amgukiaotivos liktl`rodmros).

• Amgprlkdm qul lc dislksm y co disausiñkamkstruativo amktrinuylk oc prm`rlsm dlc `rupm.(Amgpltlkaios amgukiaotivos).

• Amgprlkdm co igpmrtokaio dl portiaipor lk lc`mnilrkm lsamcor y dl boalr slùigilktm o susrlprlslktoktls. (Amgpltlkaios iktl`rodmros).

• Amgprlkdm qul, sl`øk co Dlacoroaiñk \kivlr-soc dl cms Dlrlabms Bugokms y co AmkstituaiñkKoaimkoc, cos plrsmkos tlklgms dlrlabm o kmslr disarigikodos. (Amkmaigilktms).

• ^lamkmzam qul cms dlrlabms sl nosok lk coiùocdod dl cms slrls bugokms, oukqul aodoukm slo, sl lxprlsl y vivo dl goklro di lrlktl.(Amkmaigilktms).

• ^lamkmzam qul plrtlklzam o divlrsms `rupms( ogicio, amclìm, norrim, rlìñk, poçs, lta.) ylktilkdm qul lsm boal portl dl gi idlktidod.(Amgpltlkaios am`kitivos).

• ^lspltm y dl lkdm cos cinlrtodls dl cos plrsm-kos8 cinlrtod dl lxprlsiñk, dl amkailkaio, dlplksogilktm, dl auctm y dl cinrl dlsorrmccm dlco plrsmkocidod. (Amgpltlkaios iktl`rodmros).

• Amgprlkdm qul lxistlk divlrsos mrgos dllxprlsor cos idlktidodls (pmr lhlgpcm, co opo-rilkaio çsiao, co lxprlsiñk ortçstiao y vlrnoc, ytoktos mtros...) y cos rlspltm. (Amgpltlkaiosamgukiaotivos).

• Amgprlkdm qul auokdm cos plrsmkos smk dis-arigikodos, su outmlstigo y sus rlcoaimkls amkcms dlgïs sl vlk o latodos. (Amgpltlkaiosam`kitivos).

• Idlkti am gis lgmaimkls oktl plrsmkos m `rupmsqul tilklk iktlrlsls m ùstms distiktms o cms gçmsy pilksm añgm lsm ikjuyl lk gi trotm boaio lccms.(Amgpltlkaios lgmaimkocls y am`kitivos).

• Okocizm dl goklro arçtiao gis plksogilktmsy oaaimkls auokdm lstmy lk uko situoaiñk dldisarigikoaiñk y lstonclzam si lstmy opmyokdmm igpidilkdm diabo situoaiñk amk gis oaaimklsu mgisimkls. (Amgpltlkaios am`kitivos).

• Oatøm amk ikdlplkdlkaio rlktl o situoaimkls lkcos qul ovmrlalr o plrsmkos lxacuidos puldl

o lator gi igo`lk oktl lc `rupm. (Amgpltlkaiosiktl`rodmros).

• ^lamkmzam qul cms kiÿms, cos kiÿos, cms okaiokmsy cos plrsmkos disaopoaitodos glrlalk auidodmlsplaioc, toktm lk lspoaims pønciams amgm pri-vodms. (Amgpltlkaios iktl`rodmros).

Amgpltlkaios Aiudodokos, Gikistlrim dl Lduaoaiñk Koaimkoc

Vortiaipoaiñk y rlspmksonicidoddlgmarïtiao

Vcurocidod, idlktidod y vocmroaiñkdl cos di lrlkaios



?? Qistlgo Iktlroativm


Amgpltlkaios conmrocls dlsorrmccodos lk cms prmalsmsdl tronohm amclativm l ikdividuoc

• ^lamkmzam cos pmsincls mrgos dl lk rlktor uko situoaiñk.• Qlclaaimkm uko dl cos mrgos dl oatuor pmsincls.• Osugm cos amkslaulkaios dl gis dlaisimkls.

• Mnslrvm uko situoaiñk alraoko o gi lktmrkm (gi aoso, gi norrim, gi amclìm) yrlìstrm ik mrgoaiñk poro dlsarinirco.

• Okocizm cos situoaimkls dlsdl distiktms puktm dl visto (gis podrls, gis ogi`ms,plrsmkos amkmaidos, lktrl mtros).

• Idlkti am cms amgpmrtogilktms oprmpiodms poro aodo situoaiñk ( ogicior, lsamcor,amk porls).

• Augpcm cos kmrgos dl amgpmrtogilktm dl kidos lk uk lspoaim dodm.

• ^lamkmzam gis bonicidodls, dlstrlzos y toclktms.• Quplrm gis dlnicidodls.• Tlk`m lk aulkto lc igpoatm dl gis lgmaimkls y su goklhm lk gi rlcoaiñk amk

mtrms.

• ^locizm gis iktlrvlkaimkls rlspltokdm lc mrdlk dl co poconro prlvioglktloamrdodm.

• Lxprlsm gis idlos amk acoridod.

• Dlsorrmccm torlos y oaaimkls amk mtrms (podrls, porls, amkmaidms).• Opmrtm gis rlaursms poro co rlocizoaiñk dl torlos amclativos.

• @lklrm rlcoaimkls dl amk okzo amk mtrms (porls).• ^lamkmzam cos mrtoclzos y bonicidodls dl cms mtrms ( ogiciorls, porls).

• Lxprlsm gis prmpims iktlrlsls y gmtivoaimkls.• Nusam mrgos dl rlsmcvlr cms amkjiatms qul lk rlktm lk gi lktmrkm alraokm

• Idlkti am co ik mrgoaiñk rlqulrido poro dlsorrmccor uko torlo m oatividod.• ^lamclatm dotms dl situoaimkls alraokos o gi lktmrkm (gi aoso, gi norrim, gi

amclìm).

• Nusam glhmror gi mrgo dl rlcoaimkorgl amk mtrms amk nosl lk sus oprlaio-aimkls.

• Qlclaaimkm cms gotlriocls qul rlquilrm poro lc dlsorrmccm dl uko torlo m oaaiñk.• Lvitm lc dlsplrdiaim dl cms gotlriocls qul lstïk o gi ocrldldmr (gi aoso, gi

socñk dl acosls, conmrotmrims, tocclrls, lktrl mtrms).

• Idlkti iam cos torlos y oaaimkls lk cos qul cms mtrms (podrls, porls, dmalktls)smk glhmrls qul ym.

• Dlsorrmccm oaaimkls poro glhmror amktikuoglktl lk distiktms osplatms dl givido amk nosl lk cm qul oprlkdm dl cms dlgïs.

• ^lamkmzam cms prmnclgos qul sur`lk dlc usm y dispmsiaiñk dl cos distiktos acoslsdl rlaursms dl gi lktmrkm alraokm (gi aoso, gi norrim, gi amclìm)

• Goktlk`m mrdlkodms y cigpims gi sitim dl lstudim y gis igpclglktms plrsmkocls.

• ^lamkmzam cos klalsidodls dl gi lktmrkm alraokm (gi aoso, gi norrim, giamclìm).

• Ikvlktm smcuaimkls arlotivos poro sotis oalr cos klalsidodls dltlatodos.

Tipm

dl amgpltlkaioAmgpltlkaios

Iktlclatuocls

Vlrsmkocls

Iktlrplrsmkocls

Mròkizoaimkoc

Lgprlsorioclsy poro lc

lgprlkdigilktm

Tmgodl dlaisimkls

Arlotividod

Mrilktoaiñkétiao

Dmgikimplrsmkoc

Amgukiaoaiñk

Tronohmlk lquipm

Cidlroz`m

Goklhmdl amkjiatms

@lstiñkdl co

ik mrgoaiñk

Mrilktoaiñkoc slrviaim

@lstiñky goklhm

dl rlaursms

^l lrlkaioaiñkamgpltitivo

^lspmksonicidodognilktoc

Idlkti aoaiñk dlmpmrtukidodls poro

arlor lgprlsos mukidodls dl kl`maim

Qunprmalsms



?>Qistlgo Iktlroativm


91ail i s k t ls

Amktlkidm

?1cl ` hl y a g i i

16<G tlgïti s

?:9ail i s Q i ls



Lstudioktls Troksjmrglgms

J m t m o r a b i v m

T r o k s j m r g l g m s



?4

Qistlgo IktlroativmTroksjmrglgms Lduaokdm 0o Clkùohl y Amgukiaoaiñk

Lstïkdorls nïsiams dl amgpltlkaios lk Clkùohl y Amgukiaoaiñk

Vrmduaaiñktlxtuoc

Amgprlksiñk liktlrprltoaiñktlxtuoc

• Dljikm uko tlgïtiao poro co lconmroaiñk dl uktlxtm mroc amk jikls orùglktotivms.

• Jmrgucm uko bipñtlsis poro dlgmstrorco lk uktlxtm mroc amk jikls orùglktotivms.

• Cclvm o aonm prmaldigilktms dl nøsquldo,slclaaiñk y ocgoalkogilktm dl ikjmrgoaiñkoalrao dl co tlgïtiao qul vmy o trotor lk uktlxtm amk jikls orùglktotivms.

• Aoroatlrizm lstrotlìos orùglktotivos dl tipmdlsariptivm.

• \ticizm lstrotlìos dlsariptivos poro prmduair uktlxtm.

• Dljikm uko tlgïtiao poro co prmduaaiñk dl uktlxtm korrotivm.

• Cclvm o aonm prmaldigilktms dl nøsquldo,slclaaiñk y ocgoalkogilktm dl ikjmrgoaiñkoalrao dl co tlgïtiao qul vmy o trotor lk gitlxtm korrotivm.

• Vrmduzam uko priglro vlrsiñk dlc tlxtm korro-tivm tlkilkdm lk aulkto plrsmkohls, lspoaim,tilgpms y vçkaucms amk mtrms tlxtms y amk gilktmrkm.

• ^llsarinm uk tlxtm, tlkilkdm lk aulktoosplatms dl amblrlkaio (ukidod tlgïtiao,rlcoaimkls cñìaos, amkslautividod tlgpmroc...)y amblsiñk (amklatmrls, prmkmgnrls, goklhmdl gmdms.

• ^lamkmzam cos aoroatlrçstiaos dl cms divlrsmstipms dl tlxtm qul clm.

• Vrmpmk`m bipñtlsis dl iktlrprltoaiñk poro aodoukm dl cms tipms dl tlxtm qul bl clçdm.

•

Idlktijiam cos prikaipocls aoroatlrçstiaos jmrgo-cls dlc tlxtm8 jmrgotm dl prlslktoaiñk, tçtucms,`rojiaoaiñk, aopçtucms, mròkizoaiñk, lta.

• Amgporm lc amktlkidm dl cms dijlrlktls tipmsdl tlxtm qul bl clçdm.

• ^lcoaimkm co jmrgo y lc amktlkidm dl cms tlxtmsqul clm y gulstrm añgm sl ikjcuylk gutuo-glktl.

• Lstonclzam rlcoaimkls dl slglhokzo y dijl-rlkaio lktrl cms divlrsms tipms dl tlxtm qulbl clçdm.

Amkmzam y uticizm ocùkos lstro-tlìos orùglktotivos qul pmsi-nicitok co amkstruaaiñk dl tlxtmsmrocls lk situoaimkls amgukiaoti-vos outéktiaos.

Vrmduzam tlxtms lsaritms qul rls-pmkdok o klalsidodls lsplaçjiaosdl amgukiaoaiñk, o prmaldigilk-tms sistlgïtiams dl lconmroaiñk y

lstonclalr klxms iktlrtlxtuocls ylxtro tlxtuocls.

Amgprlkdm l iktlrprltm divlrsmstipms dl tlxtm, poro lstonclalr susrlcoaimkls iktlrkos y su acosijiao-aiñk lk uko tipmcm`ço tlxtuoc.

Joatmrlsdl mròkizoaiñk

Amgpltlkaios Qunprmalsms

½O qué qulrlgms cclòr= ½Añgm dlgulstrm cm oprlkdidm=



?<

Qistlgo IktlroativmTroksjmrglgms Lduaokdm 0

ïrlo Clkùohl y Amgukiaoaiñk

??Lstïkdorls nïsiams dl amgpltlkaios lk Clkùohl y Amgukiaoaiñk

Joatmrlsdl mròkizoaiñk

Amgpltlkaios Qunprmalsms

½O qué qulrlgms cclòr= ½Añgm dlgulstrm cm oprlkdidm=

• Iktlrprltm y acosijiam tlxtms prmvlkilktls dlco trodiaiñk mroc tocls amgm ampcos, clylkdos,rlcotms gitmcñìams, aokaimkls, prmvlrnims,rljrokls, porïnmcos, lktrl mtrms.

• Aoroatlrizm ros`ms lsplaçjiams qul amksmci-dok co trodiaiñk mroc, amgm8 mri`lk, outmrçoamclativo, jukaiñk smaioc, usm dlc clkùohl,lvmcuaiñk, rlaurrlkaios tlgïtiaos, lta.

• Idlktijiam lk co trodiaiñk mroc lc mri`lk dlcms `éklrms citlrorims jukdoglktocls8 cçriam,korrotivm y drogïtiam.

• Lstonclzam rlcoaimkls lktrl cms tlxtms prmvl-kilktls dl co trodiaiñk mroc y mtrms tlxtms lkauoktm o tlgos, plrsmkohls, clkùohl, lktrlmtrms osplatms.

• Amgprlkdm lclglktms amkstitutivms dl mnroscitlrorios, tocls amgm tilgpm, lspoaim, jukaiñkdl cms plrsmkohls, clkùohl, otgñsjlros, diï-cm`ms, lsalkos, lktrl mtrms.

• ^lamkmzam cos aoroatlrçstiaos dl cms prikaipo-cls gldims dl amgukiaoaiñk gosivo.

• Qlclaaimkm y acosijiam co ikjmrgoaiñk lgitido

pmr cms gldims dl amgukiaoaiñk gosivo.• Aoroatlrizm mnros km vlrnocls (pikturo, ls-

aucturo, orquitlaturo, dokzo, lta.), gldioktlprmduaaimkls vlrnocls.

• Amtlhm mnros km vlrnocls amk cos dlsaripaimklsy lxpciaoaimkls qul sl bok jmrgucodm oalraodl diabos mnros.

• Amgporm lc slktidm qul tilkl lc usm dlclspoaim y dl cms gmvigilktms amrpmrocls lksituoaimkls amgukiaotivos amtidiokos, amk lcslktidm qul tilklk lk mnros ortçstiaos.

• Aoroatlrizm lc amktlxtm aucturoc dlc mtrm y cmamgporm amk lc gçm.

• Idlktijiam lk situoaimkls amgukiaotivos ou-téktiaos ocùkos vorioktls cik`óçstiaos dl gilktmrkm, lklrodos pmr uniaoaiñk lm`rïjiao,dijlrlkaio smaioc m `lklroaimkoc, prmjlsiñk,mjiaim, lktrl mtros.

• Lvidlkaim qul cos vorioktls cik`óçstiaos lkail-rrok uko visiñk portiaucor dlc gukdm.

• ^lamkmzam qul cos vorioktls cik`óçstiaos yaucturocls km igpidlk rlspltor oc mtrm amgmiktlrcmautmr vïcidm.

^lamkmzam co trodiaiñk mroc amgmjulktl dl co amkjmrgoaiñk y dlso-rrmccm dl co citlroturo.

Amgprlkdm cos mnros citlrorios dldijlrlktls `éklrms, prmpiaiokdm osç lc dlsorrmccm dl co aopoaidod arçtiaoy arlotivo.

Aoroatlrizm cms gldims dl amgu-kiaoaiñk gosivo slclaaimkokdmco ikjmrgoaiñk qul lgitlk poro

acosijiaorco y ocgoalkorco.

^lcoaimkm dl goklro iktlrtlxtuocmnros qul lgpclok lc clkùohlkm vlrnoc y mnros qul lgpclok lcclkùohl vlrnoc.

^lamkmzam, lk situoaimkls amgu-kiaotivos outéktiaos co divlrsidod ylc lkaulktrm dl aucturos, amk lc jikdl ojiokzor oatitudls dl rlspltm ytmclrokaio.

Gldims dlamgukiaoaiñky mtrmssistlgossignñciams

Étiao dl coamgukiaoaiñk

Citlroturo



?:


\kidod ?. ½Dl qué sl troto lc tlxtm= ?0Qlsiñk ?. Co amblrlkaio y co amblsiñk ?0Qlsiñk >. Boaio lc amglktorim dl tlxtms citlrorims >6

Qlsiñk 1. Odhltivms dltlrgikoktls >1 Qlsiñk 4. ½_ué dial lc outmr lk su tlxtm=

Okïcisis dlc amktlkidm dlc tlxtm citlrorim >< Qlsiñk <. Korrodmrls y korroaimkls >2 Qlsiñk :. Mtros lstruaturos poro mr`okizor tlxtms citlrorims 16

Qlsiñk 0. Okïcisis dl co jmrgo dlc tlxtm citlrorim 1>Qlsiñk 2. ½_ué kms amgukiao lc tlxtm clçdm=

Kulstros amkacusimkls 14Qlsiñk 9. Vrlpmsiaimkls y amkhukaimkls 1:

Qlsiñk ?6. Gokms o co mnro 46

\kidod >. Auéktogl uk aulktm, aulktlrm 4?

Qlsiñk ??. Trodiaiñk mroc. Amkalptms nïsiams 4? Qlsiñk ?>. Co trodiaiñk mroc y co amkstruaaiñk dl kulstro aucturo 44 Qlsiñk ?1. Odhltivms dltlrgikoktls y gmdijiaodmrls dl køaclm <9 Qlsiñk ?4. ^lampiclgms lxprlsimkls dl trodiaiñk mroc :> Qlsiñk ?<. Co téakiao dl co lktrlvisto :4 Qlsiñk ?:. Mtros aotl`mrços `rogotiaocls :2

Qlsiñk ?0. Gokms o co mnro 01

\kidod 1. Divlrsms añdi`ms smaiocls 04

Qlsiñk ?2. Amkalptms nïsiams 04Qlsiñk ?9. Jukaimkls dlc sikto`go kmgikoc y vlrnoc 26Qlsiñk >6. Divlrsms oatms amgukiaotivms 20

Qlsiñk >?. Gokms o co mnro 9?

Qlsiñk >>. ^lposlgms 9?

Çkdial



?0 ½Dl qué sl troto lc tlxtm=

\kidod ?

Qlsiñk ?

Co amblrlkaio y co amblsiñk

\kidod ?. ½Dl qué sl troto lc tlxtm=

Oc amgukiaor kulstros idlos dl jmrgo mroc m lsarito prmduaigms divlrsms tiptlxtm. Voro qul lstms tlxtms slok amgprlkdidms pmr oqulccms qul sl lstïk amgaokdm amk kmsmtrms dlnlgms rlsmcvlr lc prmnclgo dl8

^lamrdlgms qul lk kulstro clkùo aostlccoko pmdlgms distikùir mabm tipmsdisaursm8 cms dlsariptivms, korrotivms, amkvlrsoaimkocls, ikstruativms, prldipciaotivms, orùglktotivms y rltñriams. Aodo ukm dl lccms lstï idlktijiaodm pm

iktlkaiñk amgukiaotivo lsplaçjiao, pmr lclglktms cik`óçstiams prmpims, lstruatu

^løkosl amk sus amgpoÿlrms lk sun`rupms.• Lkuglrlk ocùkos aoroatlrçstiaos dl cms tlxtms mrocls m lsaritms qul amgprlk

amk goymr joaicidod.

• Vrlslktlk sus amkacusimkls lk pclkorio y lsarinok cos amkacusimkls `lklrlk uk cuòr visincl amk oyudo dl su dmalktl-troksjmrgodmr.

Lc slktidm dl co ikjmrgoaiñk poroqul ésto slo amblrlktl poro kulstrmsclatmrls m lsauabos.

Amklator

Distrinuir

Mrdlkor

?



?2


amgpmsiaimkls dljikidos, rlìstrms y jukaimkls prldmgikoktls, lta., amgm cm vilk lc gñducm :.

Voro joaicitor co amgprlksiñk dl cms divlrsms tlxtms qul sl prmdualk amk noslstms 2 disaursms, kulstro clkùo, oc iùoc qul mtros clkùos, prlslktolstrotlìos

slgïktiaos , ls dlair, lstrotlìos poro joaicitor co amgprlksiñk dlc si`kijiaodm dlcos poconros.

Cms lstudimsms dlc disaursm, lktrl lccms Hok ^lkelgo?, slÿocok ocùkms aritlrims dltlxtuocidod poro amgprlkdlr co lstruaturo dl cms tlxtms, amk nosl lk cos mroaiqul cms amkjmrgok. Lk uk tlxtm pmdlgms lkamktror8 amblsiñk, amblrlkaio, ikaimkocidod, oalptonicidod, ikjmrgotividod, situoaimkocidod l iktlrtlxtuocidodlstl gñducm lstudiorlgms coamblrlkaio y coamblsiñk , cos auïcls amgm blgms

diabm, smk lstrotlìos slgïktiaos, ls dlair, dlc mrdlk dlc si`kijiaodm dlc tlxtm qulc outmr quilrl amgukiaor.

Amblrlkaio

Voro amgprlkdlr tlxtms dl auocquilr tipm (korrotivms, ailktçjiams, lxpmsitivmlktrl mtrms) amkstruigms uko rlprlslktoaiñk glktoc amblrlktl dl cms lvlktmsdlsaritms pmr lc tlxtm. ½_ué si`kijiao co amblrlkaio lk uk tlxtm mroc m lsaritmCo amblrlkaio ls co amrrlspmkdlkaio lktrl lc si`kijiaodm dl cms térgikmsy dl cos jrosls amk cos dmtoaimkls slgïktiaos dl cms usuorims (m slo suamgpltlkaios). Ql rljilrl lsplaçjiaoglktl o co rlcoaiñk lktrl lc tlxtm y cmsamkmaigilktms qul sl supmkl tilkl lc mylktl m clatmr.

Lsarino uk pïrrojm lxpciaokdm o uk kiÿm m kiÿo dl : oÿms cos ikstruaaimkls poruk aokdodm. ^laulrdl uticizor lxprlsimkls oamrdls amk lc vmaonucorim qul dmguk kiÿm dl lsto ldod, poro qul su glksohl slo amblrlktl.

?. ^lkelgo, Hok8 Iktrmduaaiñk o cms lstudims smnrl lc disaursm, ?999, pp. <>-<9.

>



?9 ½Dl qué sl troto lc tlxtm=

\kidod ?

Ls co mgisiñkdl uko po-conro m dlportl dl ukomroaiñk, yoqul lsto por-tl sustituidokm sl klalsi-to poro amg-prlkdlr lcsi`kijiaodm.

Huok bo clç-dm lc gisgmcinrm qul ym(bl clçdm).

Ls lc rllg-pcozm dl ukopoconro m ru-pm dl poco-nros, m dl uksl`glktm dlmroaiñk pmruko poconro–amgmdçk‗.

Gis smgnrl-rms smk dlpoho, cms dltlco km rlsis-tlk lc julrtlsmc(–cms‗ sus-tituyl o –cmssmgnrlrms‗).

Ls lc oatm dlrljlrirsl ouk lclglk-tm oktlrimrm pmstlrimr,gokijilstorlcoaiñk sl-gïktiao, slboal usok-dm uk prm-kmgnrl.

Co cuko socltros lso gmk-toÿo. Lcco icu-giko tmdm lcvoccl(lcco8 cocuko).

Ls uko rlcoaiñk qulikdiao co goklro lkco qul co mroaiñk mprmpmsiaiñk siùilktldlnl vikaucorsl amkco mroaiñk m portldl mroaiñk oktlrimrm pmstlrimr. Lstm bo-nituocglktl sl cm`ropmr gldim dlc usm dlamkhukaimkls. Boyamkhukaimkls dl odi-aiñk, aousocidod.

Odiaiñk8 Odlgïs dl slr riam,togniék ls iktlci-`lktl.

Aousocidod8Cclùé tordlpmrqulccmvço.

Tlgpmrocidod8 Cclùéauokdm Hmsésl ino.

Lcipsis Qustituaiñk ^ljlrlkaio

Km sl rljilrl ocos amklximkls`rogotiaocls yslgïktiaos sikmo cos amklximklsnosodos lk cos po-conros lgpclodos.Vuldlk distikùir-sl dms tipms dlamblsiñk céxiao8–rlitlroaiñk y am-cmaoaiñk‗.

^litlroaiñk8Cos rmsos, gisjcm-rls jovmritos.

Amcmaoaiñk8Cmsamk`rlsis-tos smkpmcçtiamsguy smcidorims.(Cos dms poconrosjmrgok portl dlcgisgm ukivlrsmvmaonucor, pmrlhlgpcm, golstrmlstudioktl.

Amblsiñk céxiao

Amblsiñk

Co amblsiñk ls co amklxiñk m ukiñk qul lxistl lktrl cms lclglktms dl uktlxtm. Lxistlk vorims tipms dl amblsiñk, lktrl lccms8

Amkhukaiñk

?

Lconmrl lhlgpcms dl cms tipms dl amblsiñk tlxtuoc poro aodo aosm. Vrlséktlcm

amgpoÿlrms lk pclkorio y amrrçhokcms lktrl tmdms.



>6


Co citlroturo ls lstudiodo pmr uko ailkaio amkmaidoamgmVmétiao. Amgm tmdo ailkaio, tilkl voriosdisaipcikos, lktrl lccos coArçtiao citlrorio. Co Arç-tiao citlrorio rlocizo okïcisis dl cms tlxtms citlrorimsuticizokdm uko téakiao amkmaido amgmAmglktorimdl tlxtms .

Auokdm kms prl`uktok qué amgprlkdigms dluk tlxtm clçdm, auïc ls kulstro mpikiñk smnrl cokorroaiñk dlc outmr m smnrl uk pmlgo, kms lstïkpidilkdm qul bo`ogms uk amglktorim dl tlxtm.Lc amglktorim dl tlxtms okocizo lc jmkdm (oqulccmqul dial) y co jmrgo (añgm cm dial) dl cms tlxtmscitlrorims y ls tok voriodm amgm lc tipm dl clatmrlsqul sl oalraok o uk tçtucm citlrorim5 dlnidm o qulcms clatmrls rlocizogms distiktms amglktorims dlcgisgm tlxtm, gmtivodms pmr joatmrls amgm kulstroaucturo, lc gmglktm bistñriam lk qul cllgms lctlxtm, cms iktlrlsls, cms slktigilktms, lktrl mtrms.

½Voro qué sirvl lc amglktorim dl tlxtms citlrorims=Toc vlz, poro amgprlkdlr co mnro citlrorio lk tmdosu ikglksidod, poro boccor gotials, ékjosis, iktlk-aimkocidodls qul puldlk cclvorkms o amgprlkdlrglhmr co mnro dl kulstrms outmrls jovmritms m dloqulccms lsaritmrls rlamkmaidms lk kulstrm gldim.

^lamrdlgms lc amkalptm dl citlroturo8

Qlsiñk >

Boaio lc amglktorim dl tlxtms citlrorims

>6




>? ½Dl qué sl troto lc tlxtm=

\kidod ?

Amksi`o uk tlxtm citlrorim poro cllrcm y amglktorcm tmgokdm amgm nosl cmtms oprlkdidms lk lstl aopitucm. \ko pmsinicidod poro boccorcm ls visitor co nidl su ikstituaiñk lduaotivo m uko nincimtlao pønciao5 amk oyudo dlc nincimtslclaaimkl uk tlxtm citlrorim poro cllrcm y okocizorcm.

\ko vlz clçdm lc tlxtm m lc jro`glktm dl tlxtm, si km boal uk amglktorim dl tmdmnro, ls klalsorim amkmalr osplatms nïsiams qul rmdlok o co prmduaaiñk cit

lktrl lccms8

Claturo amgprlksivo y amktlxtuocizoaiñk dlc tlxtm

Voro sonlr dl qué troto uk tlxtm dlnlgms cllrcm amk gu-abm auidodm, si ls klalsorim pmdlgms rlcllr cos portls qulamksidlrlgms igpmrtoktls poro su amgpclto amgprlsiñk.Dl i`uoc goklro, dlnlgms nusaor lc si`kijiaodm dl coslxprlsimkls dlsamkmaidos poro co tmtoc amgprlksiñk dlctlxtm, amk co oyudo dl diaaimkorims m `rogïtiaos.

½_ué klalsitogms poro boalr uk amglktorim oalrao dl oc`øk tlxtmcitlrorim=

Glktl dlspilrto, acoridod dl idlos smnrl co lstruaturo dlc tlxtm,

aopoaidod dl okïcisis poro dijlrlkaior cos portls lk rlcoaiñk amk lctmdm dlc tlxtm y jikocglktl, dlsaunrir lk kmsmtrms lsl slktidm arç-tiam qul kms boal rlocglktl cinrls oc cllr uko mnro citlrorio dlsdlkulstrm puktm dl visto.

?



>>


^lamrdlgms qul cos mnros citlrorios plrtlklalk o `éklrms y sun`éklrms citlrorimDlnlgms uniaor lc tlxtm lk éstl y amktrostor cms osplatms ikkmvodmrls, mriìamk co lstruaturo trodiaimkoc dlc `éklrm m sun`éklrm.

>

Ikvlstiùl lk co nincimtlao dl su ikstituaiñk lduaotivo m lk uko nincimtlao pønciaosu rlìñk cms dotms dl amktlxtuocizoaiñk dl co mnro citlrorio qul ustld lstï clylkBoò uko sçktlsis dl lccms lk uk auodrm rlsuglk. laulrdl qul lk Iktlrklt togniékpuldl lkamktror ikjmrgoaiñk smnrl lc amktlxtm dl co mnro citlrorio lsamìdo. Qi co pmsinicidod, boò uko amksucto lk Iktlrklt amk co plrsmko lkaoròdo dl mrilc slrviaim poro cms usuorims.

Amktlxtuocizoaiñk dl co mnro citlrorio

Outmr, tçtucm dl co mnro, jlabo lk qul jul lsarito,plrçmdm o qul plrtlklal lk co citlroturo.

Aoroatlrçstiaos lklrocls dl co épmao lk qul jullsarito co mnro y lc gmvigilktm aucturoc oc auocplrtlklal.

Ocùkms tlxtms sl rljilrlk oc gmglktm bistñriamlk qul julrmk lsaritms, mtrms km. Ls igpmrtoktlamkmalr lsto rlcoaiñk.

Ls igpmrtoktl nusaor co rlcoaiñk dl co mnro amkcos mtros prmduaaimkls dlc outmr, osç amgm cosaoroatlrçstiaos dlc outmr qul sl vlk rljclhodoslk lc tlxtm.

Épmao dl co mnro y gmvi-gilktm aucturoc.

Dotms `lklrocls dl comnro.

Aoroatlrçstiaos dlc outmry dl su prmduaaiñk citl-rorio.

^lcoaiñk dlc tlxtm citl-rorim amk su gmglktmbistñriam.



>1 ½Dl qué sl troto lc tlxtm=

\kidod ?

Vortiti ms (jroaaiñkdl co ukidod)

Vriglro portl,

slùkdo portl,tlralro portl... O portir dl ?6(déaigo portl)sl cls o`rlò lctérgikm ovm8 mk-alovm, dmalovm,lta.

Dltlrgikoktls kuglrocls

Qlsiñk 1

Odhltivms dltlrgikoktls

Cms odhlti ms dltlrgikoktlsqul lxprlsok aoktidod (kuglrocls l ikdljikidms)

^lamrdlgms qul gldioktl lc usm dl uk odhltivm dltlrgikoktl goraogms colxistlkaio dl slrls m rlocidodls amkarltos. Cms dltlrgikoktls kuglrocls likdljikidms oÿodlk oc sikto`go kmgikoc (QK) lc amkalptm dl aoktidod, qullk lc aosm dl cms kuglrocls, ls uko aoktidod lxoato (pmr lhlgpcm8 Lsms dilzaorrms). Cms dltlrgikoktls ikdljikidms lxprlsok uko aoktidod igprlaiso dlcsustoktivm (køaclm dlc QK), pmr lhlgpcm8 tmdm lc goçz, oc`øk dço.• Cms odhltivms dltlrgikoktls kuglrocls smk8 aordikocls, mrdikocls, por-

titivms y lc kuglroc duoc.• Cms odhltivms dltlrgikoktls ikdljikidms smk8 `rodotivms (auoktijiaod

rls), lxistlkaiocls, distrinutivms.

Kuglroc duoc(si`kijiao dms)

Ognms, ognos.

Mrdikocls(mrdlk, hlrorquço)

Vriglrm

(priglr),slùkdm,tlralrm (tlralr),lta.

Aordikocls

Køglrms (ukm,

dms, trls…)



>4


Lsarino lhlgpcms poro aodo aosm8

1

Cms térgikms8 gïs, glkms (od lrnims) ailrtm/s, ailrto/s (odhlti ms)økiaoglktl smk dltlrgikoktls auokdm oamgpoÿok oc sustokti m.

Dltlrgikoktls kuglrocls

AordikoclsMrdikocls

(mrdlk, hlrorquço)Vortiti ms (jroaaiñk

dl co ukidod)Kuglroc duoc(si`kijiao dms)

@rodoti ms(auoktijiaodmrls)

Lxistlkaiocls (lxprlsok idlktidodigprlaiso, sl`øk lc amktlxtm puldlkslr køaclms dlc suhltm, prmkmgnrls)

Distrinuti ms

Dltlrgikoktls ikdljikidms

Tmdm/o, tmdms/os, gu-abm/o, dlgosiodm/o,dlgosiodms/os pmam/o,pmams/os, toktm/o, tok-tms/os, auoktm/o, auok-tms/os, nostoktl/s, vorims,vorios.

@rodoti ms(auoktijiaodmrls)

Lxistlkaiocls (lxprlsok idlktidodigprlaiso, sl`øk lc amktlxtm puldlkslr køaclms dlc suhltm, prmkmgnrls)

Oc`øk/m, oc`ukms/os, uk/m, uko/s,auocquilr, kik`øk/m, kik`uko, mtrms/ os, mtrm/o.

Distrinuti ms

Aodo, slkdms/os.

Dltlrgikoktls ikdljikidms



>< ½Dl qué sl troto lc tlxtm=

\kidod ?

Lk nusaodlc orùglktm

Lk uk tlxtm citlrorim silgprl maurrloc`m. Voro boccor lc orùglktm dlnlgmsslclaaimkor cms sualsms gïs igpmrtoktlsy rlsugircms. Lstm pmdlgms boalrcm rls-pmkdilkdm o co prlùkto ½qué maurrl=,lk km gïs dl dms pïrrojms.

½Auïc ls lc tlgo dlc tlxtm=

O vlals lc tçtucm dl co mnro kms do pistossmnrl co idlo alktroc qul dlsorrmccñ lcoutmr lk co mnro citlrorio, plrm si km lsosç, prlùktégmkms ½qué quism dlairlc outmr= Y trotlgms dl rlspmkdlr lstoprlùkto amk nosl lk lc orùglktm lkuko m dms jrosls.

Lsarino lc orùglktm y lc tlgo dl co mnro citlrorio slclaaimkodo pmr ustld.

Qlsiñk 4½_ué dial lc outmr lk su tlxtm=

Okïcisis dlc amktlkidm dlc tlxtm citlrorim

?



>:


>. www.iaoritm.ac

Lstruaturo dlc tlxtm

Co korroaiñk ls uk tipm dl tlxtm lk lc qul slaulktok blabms rlocls m igoìkorims. Oc onmrdorlc okïcisis dl cms tlxtms korrotivms ls klalsorimlstudior co bistmrio y cos oaaimkls qul co amgpmklk(orùglktm), cms plrsmkohls qul cos cclvok o aonm, lc tilgpm y lc ls-

poaim dmkdl sl dlsorrmccok, añgm sl mrdlkok tmdms lstms lclglktms(lstruaturo) y dlsdl qué puktm dl visto sl aulktok. Co korroaiñk,smnrl tmdm lk cms tlxtms citlrorims, sulcl ir lktrlcozodo amk lc diïcm`m

y amk co dlsaripaiñk, dokdm cuòr o tlxtms amgpclhms amk distiktosslaulkaios. Tilkl qul vlr amk tmdm tipm dl korroaiñk >.

Oc amglktor uk tlxtm dlnlgms lxpciaor qué lstruaturocl bo dodm lc outmr oc tlxtm y añgm sl dlsorrmccok clclglktms lk aodo uko dl cos portls dl lsto lstruaturo.Co jmrgo amgm lc outmr bo lconmrodm su tlxtm lstï mòkizodo amk distiktos portls qul sl rlcoaimkok. Lk cm

rlcotms trodiaimkocls lstogms bonituodms o lkamktror uiktrmduaaiñk oc tlgo, uk dlsorrmccm, uk gmglktm dmkdlsl prlslkto co goymr oaaiñk y uk dlslkcoal jikoc.

½Tmdms cms tlxtms citlrorims tilklk iktrmduaaiñk, dlsorrmccm, kudmlkcoal=




\kidod ?

Quplrlstruaturo korrotivo

Tmdo korroaiñk sl aoroatlrizo pmr uko lstruaturo nïsiao8 goram, sualsm ylpismdim. Lstos trls aotl`mrços jmrgok co trogo.

Zogms o lxpciaor añgm sl amgpmklk aodo uko dl lstos aotl`mrços. \kokorroaiñk sl mriìko amk uko amgpciaoaiñk lk co vido dl cms prmto`mkitos, qul `lklro lk lccms uko rloaaiñk. O co amgpciaoaiñk sl co rlamkmalpmrqul `lklrocglktl rlspmkdl o co prlùkto8 ½qué posñ= Lsto rloaaiñkcms cclvo o tmgor uko rlsmcuaiñk, ojmrtukodo m km, qul rlspmkdl o co prùkto8 ½añgm tlrgikñ= Co amgpciaoaiñk, sugodo o co rlsmcuaiñk, jmrgok

uk sualsm. Tmdm sualsm sl dlsorrmcco lk uk goram qul lstï dodm pmr lccuòr, lc tilgpm y cms plrsmkohls.

Tmdm sualsm amk su goram jmrgok lc lpismdim dl co korroaiñk. Boy korroaimkls qul tilklk uko smcm lpismdim plrm boy mtros qul tilklk gïs dlukm. Co sugo dl cms lpismdims jmrgo co trogo. Lc korrodmr gilktros rlcotco trogo, amglkto, mpiko, boal su lvocuoaiñk. Co lvocuoaiñk km plrtl-klal o co trogo pmrqul sl troto dl uko rloaaiñk dlc korrodmr jrlktl o cogisgo. Lsto mpikiñk puldl prlslktorsl togniék amgm auocidodls qul lckorrodmr otrinuyl o cms plrsmkohls m slktigilktms qul lxprlso oalrao dllccms. Guabos korroaimkls tilklk uko gmroclho, lkslÿokzo qul puldloporlalr oc prikaipim m oc jikoc dl co korroaiñk. Co gmroclho ls aoroatlrçtiao dl cos jïnucos.

4

?. Lxpciqul añgm sl amgpmklk cos aotl`mrços qul jmrgok co trogo.

>. Idlktijiqul lstos aotl`mrços lk uko korroaiñk qul tlkò lk su aoso.



>2


Lc tlxtm korrotivm puldl prlslktor vorios gmdocidodls nïsiaos dl korrodmr8

?. Korrodmr prmto`mkisto8 lk lstl aosm korrodmr y plrsmkohl lstïk juk-didms. Lc korrodmr prmto`mkisto togniék puldl slr uk plrsmkohl dl cobistmrio. Vuldl boncor lk priglro plrsmko sikùcor m ‑lk cms aosms lkqul dms plrsmkohls amgportok uko gisgo visiñk‑ lk priglro plrsmkocpcuroc.

>. Korrodmr mgkisailktl 8`lklrocglktl sl vocl dl co tlralro plrsmko.Lgpclo co slùkdo auokdm oatøo o gmdm dl amkailkaio qul cm amcmaooktl sus blabms. Lc korrodmr mgkisailktl cm sonl tmdm, o vlals togniékamkmal cms plksogilktms y gmtivoaimkls dl cms plrsmkohls.

1. Korrodmr tlsti`m 8puldl usor co priglro m co tlralro plrsmko. Km sonlkodo oalrao dl cms plrsmkohls5 tok smcm mnslrvo sus gmvigilktms y caulkto.

• Vlrsmkohls• Tilgpm• Lspoaim• Oaaiñk

Lk tmdo korroaiñk sl distikùlk8

Tipms dl korrodmr

Lclglktms dl co korroaiñk

Qlsiñk <

Korrodmrls y korroaimkls




\kidod ?

o. Vlrsmkohls8 smk quilkls rlocizok cos oaaimkls.Ql puldl distikùir lktrl plrsmkohls prikaipoclsy slaukdorims. Cms plrsmkohls prikaipocls smk cmsprmto`mkistos y lc rlstm smk cms slaukdorims. Ocokocizor uko mnro citlrorio ls igpmrtoktl km smcmidlktijiaor oc prmto`mkisto y o cms dlgïs plrsmkohlssikm togniék aoroatlrizorcms. Dlnlgms rljclximkorsmnrl añgm smk cms plrsmkohls, qul rljclho aodoukm, qué igpmrtokaio tilklk lk lc aulktm. Amksus iktlrvlkaimkls y oatuoaimkls dlktrm dl cokorroaiñk, cms plrsmkohls rlvlcok uko kmrgo dlamkduato, uk amgpmrtogilktm o slùir.

n. Lspoaim8ls lc cuòr dmkdl sl dlsorrmcco co oaaiñk.

a. Tilgpm8 lk co korroaiñk sl boal rljlrlkaio o coduroaiñk dl co oaaiñk.

d. Oaaiñk8jmrgodo pmr co slril dl oamktlaigilktmssiguctïklms m sualsivms, rlocls m igoìkorims, lk-

trlcozodms lk co trogo dlc orùglktm. Boy blabmsgïs igpmrtoktls qul smk cms køaclms y qul amrrls-pmkdlk o cms gmglktms gïs rlclvoktls dlc rlcotm8ikiaim, gmglktm aucgikoktl m kudm y uk blabmjikoc qul amktilkl lc dlslkcoal dl cm sualdidm.Cos mtros oaaimkls sl dlkmgikok slaukdorios mglkmrls.

<

?. Amksuctl tlxtms qul tlkòk cms trls tipms dl korrodmr.

>. Ikvlktl uko bistmrio amrto dmkdl slÿocl cms lclglktms dl co korroaiñk.



16


Odlgïs dl lsto lstruaturo lc outmr puldl lsam`lr mtrms tipms dl mròkizoaiñk dltlxtm8

Qlsiñk :Mtros lstruaturos poro mrokizor tlxtms citlrorims

Lstruaturo

\ko kmvlco trodiaimkoc, pmr lhlgpcm, –Co Gorço‗, Hmr`l Isooas5 uk aulktm ikjoktic dl cms blrgokms@rigg m uko jïnuco dl Lsmpm, Qogokil`m, lta.

Cms orùglktms dl uk lksoym smk uk nulk lhlgpcm.Cms tlxtms qul ikiaiok lk uk puktm gldim dlc rlcotmamkmaidm amgm ik gldios rls8 lc rlcotm porlal lg-plzor duroktl uko oaaiñk ikiaiodo oktlrimrglktl, ylc outmr rltrmaldl poro dorkms o amkmalr co situo-aiñk ikiaioc poro, cul`m, slùir lc aursm cñìam dl cooaaiñk, pmr cm qul lc aulktm sl dlsorrmcco siùilkdmuk lsqulgo tlgpmroc okoarñkiam.Lk co kmvlco –Ailk oÿms dl smcldod‗ dl @onrilc@oraço Gïrqulz tlklgms vorims lhlgpcms dl lstolstruaturo, dlsdl su pïrrojm ikiaioc.

Lk co citlroturo bispokmoglriaoko amktlgpmrïklolkamktrogms guabms lhlgpcms8 Vldrm Vïrogm, dl Huok ucjm, ocùkms oportls dl Ailk oÿms dl smcldoddl @onrilc @oraço Gïrqulz, oyulco dl Amrtïzor yguabms aulktms dl Nmr`ls, amgm Lc hordçk dl cmsslkdlrms qul sl nijuraok.

Vorlalk km tlklr jik, amgm ‗Cos gic y uko kmabls‗,dmkdl uk rlcotm cclvo o mtrm y lstl o mtrm y osç sualsivoglktl. Cos arñkiaos kms korrok blabms qul amkdualk posmo posm o uk jikoc, guabms aulktms kms vok cclvokdmo uko amkacusiñk dl ailrrl dl co bistmrio. Vmr lhlg-pcm, cos kmvlcos dl susplksm dmkdl lc dltlativlsiùl cos pistos poro dlsaunrir oc pmsincl oslsikm.Cos jïnucos qul kms cclvok boaio co gmroclho.

Cikloc

Amk lr`lktl

Displrso

Alrrodo

Onilrtoy oditi o

LhlgpcmDlsaripaiñk

Cms lclglktms oporlalk ukmdltrïs dl mtrm bosto lc jikoc.

Tmdms cms lclglktms amkvlr`lklk co amkacusiñk.

Mròkizoaiñk aoñtiao dl cms lcl-glktms, sik lstruaturo dljikido,ùiodms pmr cos vmals qul sl oc-tlrkok, amk vorims korrodmrls qulaulktok aodo ukm uk rlcotm qulsl lktrlcozo. Vmdlgms dlair qulco lstruaturo do uko slksoaiñk dllksogncl dl rlcotms qul amkjcu-ylk pmr gmglktms, gïs qul aoms.

Cms lclglktms sl vok o`rlòkdmduroktl tmdm lc tlxtm

Cms lclglktms cclvok o uk jikocdodm pmr aodo ukm dl cms sualsmsdlsaritms, dlhokdm pmaos pmsini-cidodls dl amktikuidod oc rlcotm.Aodo sualsm cclvo o mtrm qul kmsoalrao uko vlz gïs oc jikoc.



1? ½Dl qué sl troto lc tlxtm=

\kidod ?

Oc amglktor uk tlxtm citlrorim dlnlgms lxpciaor auïc ls lc puktmdl visto dlc outmr, co jmrgo amgm iktlrvilkl lc outmr lk lc tlxtm.Voro boccor lstl puktm dl visto lc korrodmr m korrodmrls, dlplk-dilkdm dl co lstruaturo, kms gulstro lso pmsiaiñk dlc outmr, porolccm dlnlgms tlklr lk aulkto cms tipms dl korrodmr qul blgmsvistm oktls (prmto`mkisto, mgkisailktl, tlsti`m, lktrl mtrms).

Co pmsturo dlc outmr, su puktm dl visto

:

Lsarino uk lhlgpcm dl lstruaturo cikloc, amkvlr`lktl y amrrlato.

?. Clo cos si`uilktls poconros kulvos y su si`kijiaodm.

>. Lconmrl uko mroaiñk amk aodo uko dl cos poconros kulvos.

Amkvlr`lktl8 diri`irsl o uk gisgm puktm.Aoñtiam8 odh. Dlc aoms m rlcotivm o éc.Nijuraorsl8 dividirsl lk dms rogocls, nrozms m puktos.Oditivm8odh. _ul puldl m qul dlnl oÿodirsl.Amktlgpmrïklm8 lxistlktl lk co gisgo épmao.Trodiaiñk8 amgukiaoaiñk dl blabms bistñriams y lcl-glktms smaimaucturocls dl `lklroaiñk lk `lklroaiñk.

?



1>


Voro okocizor co jmrgo dlc tlxtm citlrorim dlnlgms onmrdor cmrlaursms dl lsticm qul lc outmr uticizo lk lc tlxtm, poro lccmdlnlgms tlklr lk aulkto cms trls pcokms dlc clkùohl8pcokmjmkétiam-jmkmcñìam(m dl cms smkidms),pcokm gmrjmsiktïa-tiam(m dl cos poconros y jrosls) ypcokm céxiam-slgïktiam (mdl cms si`kijiaodms dl cos poconros y cos jrosls).

Qlsiñk 0

Okïcisis dl co jmrgo dlc tlxtm citlrorim

Mkmgotmplyos (igi-toaiñk m rlarloaiñkdlc smkidm dl oc`m lklc vmaoncm qul sl jmr-go poro si`kijiaorcm),ocitlroaimkls (rlplti-aiñk kmtmrio dlc gis-gm m dl cms gisgmsjmklgos, smnrl tmdmamksmkïktiams, lkuko jrosl), lujmkços(orgmkço), sikjmkçosvmaïciaos m aoamjm-kços (jocto dl orgmkçolk cms vmaoncms).

Okïjmros (tipm dl dlixis qul dlslg-plÿok ailrtos poconros poro rlam`lr lcsi`kijiaodm dl uko portl dlc disaursmyo lgitido5 p. lh., cm lk dihm qul bonçolstodm, plrm km gl cm arlç)5aotïjm-ros (tipm dl dlixis qul dlslgplÿokocùkos poconros, amgm cms prmkmg-nrls, poro oktiaipor lc si`kijiaodm dluko portl dlc disaursm qul vo o slrlgitido o amktikuoaiñk5 p. lh., lstm lkcm qul dihm ls lstm8 qul rlkukaiono)5pclmkosgms (jiùro dl amkstruaaiñk,qul amksistl lk lgpclor lk co mroaiñkukm m gïs vmaoncms ikklalsorims poroqul tlkò slktidm amgpcltm, plrmamk cms auocls sl oÿodl lxprlsividodo cm diabm5 p. lh., cm vi amk gis prm-pims mhms)5rldukdokaios, lpçtltms,bipérnotms, pmcisçkdltms (jiùro qulamksistl lk lgpclor rlpltidoglktlcos amkhukaimkls poro dor julrzo mlklr`ço o co lxprlsiñk dl cms amkalp-tms)5osçkdltms (jiùro qul amksistl lkmgitir cos amkhukaimkls poro dor vivlzom lklr`ço oc amkalptm.

Odlgïs, tipms dl jrosls, aotl`mrços`rogotiaocls, tilgpms vlrnocls, lktrlmtrms.

(Qmkidms) (Voconros y jrosls)

Vcokmjmkétiam-jmkmcñì-am

Vcokmgmrjmsiktïatiam Vcokmcéxiam-slgïktiam

Gltïjmros, amgpo-roaimkls, bipérnmcls,plrsmkijiaoaimkls, ok-tmkmgosios, porodmhos,oktçtlsis, irmkços, hul`msdl poconros pmr su si`-kijiaodm, vmaonucorimlgpclodm.

(Qi`kijiaodms)

1>




11 ½Dl qué sl troto lc tlxtm=

\kidod ?

0

Vmr sun`rupms rlocialk lhlgpcms dl cms trls pcokms dlc clkùohl.

Zisitl co nincimtlao dl su gukiaipim y lsarino uk pïrrojm dl trls cinrms auym clk

slo amksidlrodm auctm.

Voro rlocizor lc okïcisis dlc clkùohl citlrorim ls amkvlkilktlikvlstiòr lk diaaimkorims y rogïtiaos poro lxprlsor glhmrcos jiùros rltñriaos lkamktrodos. Vmr lhlgpcm, pmdlgms prl-slktor co jmrgo dl uk tlxtm citlrorim diailkdm qul lc clkùohluticizodm ls auctm, amk guabms odhltivms y digikutivms, amklc prldmgikim dl mroaimkls amgpulstos, usm jrlaulktl dliktlrhlaaimkls, lta., ls amkvlkilktl aitor lhlgpcms dl cos ao-tl`mrços rogotiaocls, dl cms rlaursms dlc clkùohl qul uticizolc outmr poro icustror kulstrm amglktorim.

?



14


Oc cllr uk tlxtm citlrorim cms clatmrls boalgms kulstro iktlrprltoaidl co mnro, ls uko oprlaioaiñk sunhltivo gldiodo pmr co amgukiaoaiñk lktrl kmsmtrms amgm clatmrls (rlalptmrls) y co mnro lsapmr uk outmr (lgismr). Oc okocizor lc tlxtm amgm amgukiaoapmdlgms boalr uk okïcisis dl cms siùilktls osplatms, poro dorcprmjukdidod o kulstrm amglktorim8

Y mtrms osplatms qul ustld amgm clatmr amksidlrl dl vitoc igpmrtokaio poro gmsu pmsiaiñk arçtiao jrlktl oc tlxtm clçdm.

• Jukaimkls dlc clkùohl qul prldmgikok lk lc tlxtm.• Lgmaimkls y rloaaimkls qul kms dlslkaodlko co claturo dlc tlxtm amgm

rlalptmrls.• Co iktlkaiñk amgukiaotivo dmgikoktl lk lc tlxtm8 ikjmrgotivo, orù-

glktotivo, cødiao.

Jukaimkls dlc clkùohl

Ql dlkmgikok jukaimkls dlc clkùohl oqulccos lxprlsimkls dlc gisgm qulpuldlk trosgitir cos oatitudls dlc lgismr (dlc boncoktl, lk co amgukiaoaiñkmroc y dlc lsaritmr, lk co amgukiaoaiñk lsarito) jrlktl oc prmalsm amgukiaotiv

Lc clkùohl sl uso poro amgukiaor uko rlocidod (slo ojirgotivo, klòtivo m dlpmsinicidod), uk dlslm, uko odgiroaiñk, m poro prlùktor m dor uko mrdlk,gldioktl cms oatms dl bonco. Ql`øk slo amgm uticialgms cos distiktos mroaimk

Qlsiñk 2½_ué kms amgukiao lc tlxtm clçdm=

Kulstros amkacusimkls

Vmr porlhos rlocialk uk amkvlrsotmrim dmkdl lhlgpcijiqulk cms aosms dlc clk

?



1< ½Dl qué sl troto lc tlxtm=

\kidod ?

Cos trls priglros jukaimkls sl lkaulktrok lk auocquilr oatm dl amgukiaoaiñk.Cos mtros trls, gïs prmpios dlc clkùohl, sl amkmalk amgm jukaimkls cik`óçst

Lc clkùohl tilkl slis jukaimkls8

2

Lsarino dms lhlgpcms dl aodo uko dl cos jukaimkls dlc clkùohl.

Lc glksohl lxprlso cm qulsilktl lc lgismr.

Lc rlalptmr (o quilk sl diri`llc lgismr, quilk rlainl lcglksohl) ls dlair lc mylktl,prldmgiko smnrl cms mtrms joa-tmrls dl co amgukiaoaiñk, pulsco amgukiaoaiñk lstï alktrodolk co plrsmko dlc tø, dl quilksl lsplro co rlocizoaiñk dl ukoatm m uko rlspulsto.

Lc oatm dl amgukiaoaiñk lstïalktrodm lk lc amktlxtm, m slo,lk lc tlgo m osuktm dlc qul sllstï boailkdm rljlrlkaio, lk lcglksohl (blabms, amsos, idlos).

Ql alktro lk lc añdi`m gisgmdl co clkùo. Ql uticizo auokdmco clkùo bonco dl sç gisgo mdl mtro clkùo.

Ql alktro lk lc aokoc dl amgu-kiaoaiñk. Amksistl lk vlrijiaorqul lc aokoc dl amgukiaoaiñklstï onilrtm oc ikiaior, iktl-rrugpir, amktikuor m jikocizorco amgukiaoaiñk. Ql alktro lk lc glksohl oc iùocqul co rljlrlkaio, plrm lk cojmrgo dlc glksohl. Ql uticizolk co citlroturo.

Lxprlsor slkti-gilktms

Boalr qul lcmylktl m rl-alptmr oatøl.

Ikjmrgor.

Amkmalr y prm-jukdizor lk lcañdi`m cik`óçs-tiam dl kuls-tro clkùo m dlmtros clkùos.

Onrir, alrror mgoktlklr coamgukiaoaiñk.

Arlor nlcclzouticizokdm lcclkùohl.

Iktlrhlaaimkls y mro-aimkls lxacogotivos.

Zmaotivms, mroaimklsigplrotivos l iktl-rrmòtivos.

Mroaimkls dlacoro-tivos m lkukaiotivos,lstos puldlk slrojirgotivos m klò-tivos.

Ls lc añdi`m lc joa-tmr prldmgikoktl8aotl`mrços vlrnocls,rl`cos mrtm`rïjiaos,lta.

Jñrgucos dl socu-dm, dlspldido, dliktlrrupaiñk y amk-tikuidod.

^laursms rltñriamsy jiùros citlrorios,tilgpms vlrnocls,aotl`mrços `rogo-tiaocls.

‑ ¡Oy! ¡_ué ocl`rço!

‑Gorço, rlamho lstlikjmrgl tlgprokm.

‑Ob! ½\stld ccl`ñtordl=

• Km boal aocmr.• Lc ozøaor ls uk

prmduatm dlrivo-dm dl co aoÿo.

• Zoao sl lsarinlamk v.

• Cos poconros où-dos cclvok ticdl lkco øctigo sçcono.

• Lkd si`kijiao jik,lk ik`cés.

Bmco,Disaucpl,Amgm cl vlkço di-ailkdm.

\k rljrïk, lc jro`-glktm dl uk pmlgo,aulktm m kmvlco, lta.

Jukaiñk Dlsaripaiñk Iktlkaiñk Jmrgos cik`óçstiaos Lhlgpcm

1< ½Dl qué sl troto lc tlxtm=

\kidod ?

Lgmtivom lxprlsivo

Amkotivom oplcotivo

^ljlrlkaiocm rlprlslk-totivo

Gltocik-`óçstiao

Jïtiao

Vmétiao



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Vrlpmsiaimkls, ukidodls dl rlcoaiñkVrlpmsiaimkls y cmauaimkls

Qmk poconros km outñkmgos (rlamrdlgms qul outñkmgos smk cospoconros qul plrtlklalk o cos aotl`mrços `rogotiaocls dl vlrnm,sustoktivm, odvlrnim, odhltivms), vok oktls qul cos poconros outñ-kmgos y su jukaiñk ls lstonclalr uko rlcoaiñk lktrl dms tipms dlpoconros, pmr lhlgpcm, vlrnms amk sus odyoalktls8 Airm bonco dlsus kl`maims.

Mtrm poplc ls su prmpim vocmr céxiam, ls dlair, uko u mtro prl-pmsiaiñk puldl aognior lc slktidm dl uko mroaiñk, octlrokdm lcglksohl, pmr lhlgpcm. Cm cclvñ lk co glso. Cm cclvñ o co glso.

Boncogms dl cmauaimkls prlpmsitivos auokdm cos ukidodls dlrlcoaiñk (prlpmsiaimkls) smk sustituidos pmr odvlrnims m sustokti-vms odvlrniocizodms. Vmr lhlgpcm, co prlpmsiaiñk smnrl sl puldlaognior pmr lc odvlrnim lkaigo dl8 lhlgpcm8 smnrl gi aonlzo5lkaigo dl gi aonlzo.

Ql o`rupok `lklrocglktl lk8

Qlsiñk 9

Vrlpmsiaimkls y amkhukaimkls

• Cos prlpmsiaimkls uticizodos lk kmaimkls dikïgiaos8 lk,amktro, dl, dlsdl, boaio, bosto, poro, pmr.

• Cos prlpmsiaimkls qul puldlk usorsl poro kmaimkls lstï-tiams m dikïgiaos8 oktl, nohm, amk, lktrl, sik, tros, smnrl.




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?. Amkhukaimkls, mtros ukidodls dl rlcoaiñk

Cos amkhukaimkls smk ukidodls dl rlcoaiñk, poconros ikvorioncls, quplrgitlk ikacuir lk uk smcm lkukaiodm dms mroaimkls m gïs. Ls dlair, cosamkhukaimkls rlcoaimkok ukidodls siktïatiaos. Vuldlk slr8

• Amkhukaimkls ammrdikoktls

‑ \klk dms m gïs ukidodls dlc gisgm kivlc hlrïrquiam. ‑ Ampucotivos (y, l, ki). ‑ Disyuktivos (m, u, m nilk). ‑ Odvlrsotivos (plrm, gos, sikm, oukqul). ‑ Distrinutivos (yo… yo, nilk… nilk,…).

• Amkhukaimkls sunmrdikoktls

‑ Iktrmdualk uko mroaiñk lk vlrnm plrsmkoc qul amkvilrtlk lkdlplkdilktl dl mtro mroaiñk m dl oc`uko poconro dl mtro mroaiñk(qul, auokdm, dmkdl, amgm, pmrqul, si, …).

‑ Boy togniék cmauaimkls prlpmsitivos qul km puldlk slpororsly qul jukaimkok amgm uko amkhukaiñk8

• pulstm qul, yo qul, dodm qul … pmrqul. • o plsor dl qul, ouk auokdm, pmr gïs qul … oukqul. • o amkdiaiñk dl qul, amk toc dl qul … si. • tok prmktm amgm, uko vlz qul … gilktros.

>. Mtros poconros outñkmgos8 co iktlrhlaaiñk

Cos iktlrhlaaimkls smk poconros outñkmgos qul ki tilklk jukaiñk lk comroaiñk ki vocmr siktïatiam prmpim y amkstituylk pmr sç smcos lkukaioddlplkdilktls. Lc slktidm dl cos iktlrhlaaimkls ls smcm plralptincl o trovésdl uk amktlxtm. Vmr lhlgpcm8 ¡Lb, km buyos!


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Acosls dl iktlrhlaaiñk

Qmk rlprmduaaimklsdl ruidms m dl oa-aimkls plrm lstïk ik-acuidos lk lc sistlgocik`óçstiam lsm si, ukm

puldl arlorcos amktmtoc cinlrtod y pmrcm toktm su ikvlktorimquldo onilrtm.

Oc`ukos mkmgotm-plyos qul sl usok

amk jrlaulkaio bokodquiridm lc vocmr dlsustoktivm.

Lhlgpcm8 lc tia, toa,dlc rlcmh.

Qmk oqulccos qul sirvlkporo ccogor co otlkaiñkm poro igpmklr uko oa-titud oc iktlrcmautmr, slikacuylk cos ukidodls qul

sirvlk poro socudor.

Lhlgpcm8 ¡Bly!, ¡lb!,¡bmco! ¡abisst!, lta.

Mkmgotmpéyiaos Oplcoti os Qiktmgïtiaos

Lstos iktlrhlaaimklsgulstrok lc lstodm dlïkigm dlc qul boncosmnrl cm qul aulkto,cm qul bo vividm, lta.

O su vlz tilklk ukpoplc rlprlslktotivmm oplcotivm y, amgm yosl bo diabm oktls, susi`kijiaodm dlplkdldlc amktlxtm.

Lhlgpcm8 ¡Bo!, Ohï!, Oy!, Nob!, Aoroy!, Ao-rogno! Mhocï!

Ql`øk su jukaiñk amgukiaotivo,cos iktlrhlaaimkls puldlk o`rupor-sl lk mkmgotmpéyiaos, oplcotivos

y siktmgïtiaos.




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Lsarino cos iktlrhlaaimkls gïs jrlaulktls lk co rlìñk dmkdl ustld bonito.Amgpïrtocos amk sus amgpoÿlrms lk sun`rupms y prlslktl cos amkacusimkpclkorio.

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Voconros usodos dl jmrgo ikdlplkdilktl,lk tmkm lxacogotivm sl bok amkvlrtidmlk iktlrhlaaimkls. Vmr lhlgpcm8 Bmgnrl!Nrovm! Hlsøs! Dims gçm! Gi godrl! Nulkm!Nrovm! Orrino! Okdo! Orrl!

^laulrdl qul poro jmrtoclalr kulstro jmrgo dl orùglk-tor y osç dljlkdlr glhmr kulstros mpikimkls pmdlgmsuticizor ailrtos téakiaos8

Lhlgpcms

Cms lhlgpcms icustrok cms orùglktms qul ustld prltlkdl dlgmstror y dl-jlkdlr y cl puldlk oyudor o cm`ror plrsuodir o su mylktl.

Vmr lhlgpcm8 Ym prlslkté gi qulho pmr co goco prlstoaiñk dlc slrviaim gl oyudormk. Co Quplriktlkdlkaio dl Qlrviaims Vønciams boal rlspltorkulstrms dlrlabms.



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Lsarino uko arçtiao citlrorio dl co mnro qul lsamìñ y prl-slktl su tronohm lk pclkorio gldioktl uko lxpmsiaiñk.^laulrdl tlklr lk aulkto cms siùilktls osplatms8

Qlsiñk ?6

Gokms o co mnro

Mnro8 ikdiaor lc tçtucm dl comnro o co qul plrtlklal lctlxtm, osç amgm co lditmrioc, coldiaiñk, lc oÿm dl ldiaiñk y lcoutmr.

Outmr dl co mnro m dlc tlxtm8 vido y mnro dl co plrsmko qullsariniñ lc tlxtm m co mnro citl-rorio. Amktlxtm smaimbistñriam8 dls-arinir cms blabms bistñriams, sm-aiocls, lamkñgiams y aucturoclsqul rmdlormk oc outmr/o lk lcgmglktm qul lsariniñ lc tlxtmm co mnro. Togniék ls klalsoriouko rlvisiñk dl cms oamktlai-gilktms smaimbistñriams qul boyikacuidms lk lc prmpim tlxtm mlk co prmpio mnro.

Lspoaim y tilgpm dl co mnro8 boyqul pcosgor cms cuòrls lk cms qulsl dlsorrmcco co oaaiñk, si sl troto dluko kmvlco m dl uko mnro dl tlotrm5ls amkvlkilktl dor lhlgpcms lxtroç-dms dlc prmpim tlxtm. Amk rlsplatmoc tilgpm, sl troto dl amgprmnorlk auïktm tilgpm tilklk cuòr cmsoamktlaigilktms lsaritms.

Gmti ms plrsmkocls8smk cms gmti-vms qul cclvok oc outmr m o co outmroo lsarinir lsl tlxtm m lso mnro. Ovlals, amikaidirïk amk lc tlgo.

Orùglktm dlc tlxtm m dl comnro y sçktlsis dlc tlgo8 ls ukoalraogilktm o co mnro m oc tlxtm,sigpclglktl. Ls dlair, amk siltl umabm cçklos nostorï lk lstl plqulÿm

oportodm. Lc tlgo sl dlnl rlsugirlk uko m dms jrosls.

Amkacusiñk8 boalr uk nocokal dl tmdos cos mnslrvoaimkls qul blgmsidm okmtokdm o cm cor`m dlc amglktorim y lxprlsor dl jmrgo sikalro,gmdlsto y jirgl kulstro igprlsiñk plrsmkoc smnrl lc tlxtm8

• ^lsuglk m sçktlsis dl cms osplatms alktrocls dlc amglktorim.• Mpikiñk plrsmkoc.



4? ½Dl qué sl troto lc tlxtm=

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Glhmrlgms kulstro vido amtidioko

^laulrdl uko dl cos rlaltos jovmritos dl suonulco m dl mtrm jogicior, lso rlalto qul prl-

porono poro cms gmglktms lsplaiocls dl cojogicio y qul sik tlklrco lsarito, lcco co rlamrdono amk tmdms susik`rldilktls. Lk co prñxigo alclnroaiñk jogicior prlporlk lktrltmdms lso amgido lsplaioc poro goktlklr co trodiaiñk, amk cooyudo dl su onulco u mtrm jogicior, si oøk vivl.

Vmdlgms dljikir co trodiaiñk mroc amgm cojmrgo dl troksgitir co aucturo, co lxpl-rilkaio y cos trodiaimkls dl uko smaildod otrovés dl copoconro boncodo. Co mrocidodls cojulktl dl troksgisiñk dl amkmai-gilktms lk co trodiaiñk mroc. Cojukaiñk dl co trodiaiñk mroc ls troksgitir cms am-kmaigilktms, prlslrvor cos idlktidodlsaucturocls, dl `lklroaiñk lk `lklroaiñk, bosto kulstrms dços,poro lvitor qul sl pilrdok lk lc mcvidm lk cms aosms lk qul kmsmk rlauplrodms poro co pmstlridod gldioktl cms lsaritms.

Lk cos korroaimkls mrocls lkamktrogms aulktms, gitms, clylk-

dos, jïnucos, aoktms, pmlsços, rlzms, clylkdos, arllkaios, m cos

Qlsiñk ??

Trodiaiñk mroc. Amkalptms nïsiams

\kidod >. Auéktlgl uk aulktm, aulktlrm

Co trodiaiñk mroc, amktrorio oc siclkaim

Jmtm pmr Ho ilr Ogoyo




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Lk pclkorio, rlocialk uko ccuvio dl idlos smnrl co igpmrtokaio dl co trodiaiñk mrsu amgukidod. Boò uko sçktlsis lk uk pïrrojm amgm amkacusiñk.

Igpmrtokaio dl co trodiaiñk mroc

Oatuocglktl sl amksidlro uk `rok opmrtl poro co aucturo

dl cms pulncms tmdm oqulccm qul cclò pmr gldim dl cotrodiaiñk mroc. Lstm sl dlnl, lk `rok portl, o co rlvocmro-aiñk dl cos prïatiaos smaiocls dl cos amgukidodls amgmjulktls bistñriaos. Bmy sl oalpto qul co bistmrio puldlslr amktodo pmr tmdms oqulccms qul vivilrmk cms blabmsy prmto`mkizormk dl divlrsos jmrgos cms jlkñglkms sm-aiocls lk lc dlvlkir dl cos amgukidodls, bosto cclòr oslr bitms bistñriams glrlaldmrls dl lvmaoaiñk o trovésdlc tilgpm.

Amgm rlsuctodm dl lsto kulvo girodo smnrl co bistmriodl cms pulncms, oporlalk rlcotms dlsdl co plrsplativodl cms divlrsms oatmrls ikvmcuarodms lk lccms, amk iùocvocmr poro slr ikacuidms lk co rlamkstruaaiñk dl lsmsgmglktms.

rlaltos aurotivos m aucikorios. Tmdms lstms lclglktms jmrgok portl dlc amkhukco trodiaiñk pmpucor dl uko amgukidod.

Lk co prmduaaiñk citlrorio mroc lc rlcotm ikiaioc dlho dl slr dl uk outmr, oc trokdl nmao lk nmao o trovés dl guabms ikjmrgoktls, bosto amkvlrtirsl lkpotrigmkim

amclati m, amgm ocùkms rljrokls, aokaimkls y ampcos pmpucorls.

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41 Auéktogl uk aulktm,aulktlrm

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Lsarino uko ampco pmpucor dl su rlìñk y prlséktlco o sus amgpoÿlrms.

Co aucturo, amgm rlsuctodm dl co iktlroaaiñk dl cms slrls qulbonitok lk uko amgukidod, togniék bo sidm rlpcoktlodo amk-alptuocglktl, yo km smcm sl amksidlro auctm oqulccm rlcoaimkodmamk co vido dl cms slatmrls smaiocls priviclìodms lk uko smaildod.

Bmy sl rlspltok cos gokijlstoaimkls aucturocls divlrsos, sikigpmrtor cos ltkios, co pmsiaiñk smaimlamkñgiao m lc oaalsmo co aucturo lsarito dl cms bonitoktls dl uk amktlxtm.

Vmr lccm, togniék sl bo rlamksidlrodm lc cuòr dl co trodiaiñkmroc lk co aucturo, amgm `lklrodmro dl slktidms dl plrtl-

klkaio, dl tlhidm smaioc ikacuylktl, dl idlktidod plrsmkoc liktlraucturoc.

J m

t m p m r

H o v i l r O g o y o



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Co trodiaiñk mroccotikmoglriaoko,dlsdl su posodmgiclkorim, tuvm ik-kuglroncls Iriortls,Lsmpms y Qogokil-

`ms qul, ouk sik sonlr cllr ki ls-arinir, troksgitilrmk cos jïnucos dl`lklroaiñk lk lklroaiñk y dl nmaolk nmao, bosto auokdm oporlailrmkcms amgpicodmrls dl co amcmkio y corlpønciao, quilkls, `roaios oc nulkgoklhm dl co pcugo y lc tiktlrm,plrpltuormk co glgmrio amclativolk cos pï`ikos dl cms cinrms igprlsms,posokdm osç dl co mrocidod o co ls-arituro y socvokdm uko riao trodiaiñkpmpucor qul, dl mtrm gmdm, pudmbonlr suaugnidm lk lc tilgpm y lcmcvidm.

Km sl sonl amk alrtlzo auïkdmsur`ilrmk lstos jïnucos auyms prm-to`mkistos lstïk dmtodms dl vmz bu-goko, gos ls prmnoncl qul julrmk

iktrmduaidms lk Ogériao duroktlco amkquisto (si`cm RZI), km toktmpmr cos bulstls dl Blrkïk Amrtésy Jrokaisam Vizorrm, sikm, gïs nilk,pmr cms lsacovms ojriaokms cclvodmsamgm glraokaço bugoko, puls cmsjmcecmrñcm`ms dltlatormk qul cos jï-nucos dl mri`lk ojriaokm, oukqul lkvlrsimkls dijlrlktls, sl amktonok lkcos gikos y cos pcoktoaimkls dmkdllxistilrmk lsacovms kl`rms5 cms auo-cls, o plsor dl bonlr labodm pmr conmrdo o cms dimsls dl co jlaukdidodporo lvitor co guctipciaoaiñk dllsacovms lk tilrros oglriaokos, dl-aidilrmk amkslrvor cos jïnucos dl cotrodiaiñk mroc y dijukdircos lktrl cmsikdç`lkos qul amgportçok co gisgosulrtl dlc dlspmhm y co amcmkizoaiñk.Amk lc troksaursm dlc tilgpm, lstosjïnucos sl igprl`kormk

dlc jmcecmrl y cmsvmaoncms tçpiamsdl cos aucturosprlamcmgnikos.

1. Co trodiaiñk mroc cotikmoglriaoko. Lksoym dl Zçatmr Gmktmyo, quilk koaiñ lk Co Voz, Nmciv>? dl hukim dl ?9<2. Lsaritmr, plrimdisto aucturoc y pldo`m`m. Vunciaodo lk www.aiudodslvoamg, nincimtlao virtuoc dl citlroturo.

Qlsiñk ?>

Co trodiaiñk mroc y co amkstruaaiñkdl kulstro aucturo 1

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4< Auéktogl uk aulktm,aulktlrm

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Ocùkos jïnucos dl co trodiaiñk mrocsmk prmdiìms dl co igoìkoaiñk pm-pucor, igoìkoaiñk qul km silgprlls uko onlrroaiñk dl co cñìao, sikmuk gmdm dl lxprlsor cos slksoaimklsy lgmaimkls dlc ocgo pmr gldim dligï`lkls, lgnclgos y sçgnmcms. Lktoktm mtrms, dl lkmrgl pmdlr su`ls-tivm y lxprlsiñk coañkiao, bukdlk susroçals lk cos aucturos okalstrocls y smkpilzos acovls dlc jmcecmrl, pmrqul smkgulstros vivos dl co jidlcidod amkqul co glgmrio amclativo amkslrvolc ik`lkim y co sonidurço pmpucor.

Lc jmcecmrl ls tok riam lk amcmridm,qul @onrilco Gistroc lstono amkvlk-aido dl qul co pmlsço ikjoktic vïcido,m co økiao vïcido, lro co pmpucor y

prmpioglktl lc jmcecmrl qul aodopulncm tilkl o gokm, puls lk éclkamktrogms tmdm cm qul klalsito,amgm ociglktm, lc lspçritu dlc kiÿm.Lk ljlatm, cms kiÿms cotikmoglriao-

kms km klalsitok amksugir uko citl-roturo ocilkoktl y amglraioc cclòdodl Maaidlktl, amk uko aorovokodl prçkaipls, bodos y `kmgms, yoqul cls nosto amk mçr cos bistmriosdl su lktmrkm lk nmao dl dilstrmsaulktlrms, qul o ukm cm goktil-klk lk vicm y cm pmklk lk trokaldl lkaoktm, sik gïs rlaursms qulcos ikjclximkls dl co vmz, cms `lstmsdlc rmstrm y cms gmvigilktms dl cosgokms y lc aulrpm.

Dlsdl tilgpms guy rlgmtms, cmsbmgnrls bok usodm lc vlcm dl cojiaaiñk m dl co signmcm`ço porodljlkdlr cos virtudls y aritiaor cmsdljlatms5 y, oktl tmdm, poro auls-timkor o cms pmdlrls dl dmgikoaiñk,

puls co jïnuco, oc iùoc qul co trmvolk co oktiùo @rlaio m ^mgo, lsuko sulrtl dl vlkòkzo dlc lsacovmdmtodm dl ik`lkim y toclktm. Vmrlhlgpcm, lc zmrrm y lc amklhm, qulrlprlslktok co ostuaio y co piaordço,smk dms dl cms plrsmkohls lk tmrkm ocms auocls irok co goymr aoktidod dljïnucos cotikmoglriaokos. Lk Vlrø yNmcivio sl cms amkmal amk lc kmgnrl`lkériam dl –Augpo Amklhm y Otñh Oktmÿm‗. Lk Amcmgnio y Lauodmramgm –Tçm Amklhm y Tço Xmrro‗ y lk Or`lktiko amgm –Dmk Huok lc Xmrrmy lc Amklhm‗.

4< Auéktogl uk aulktm,aulktlrm

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Cms plrsmkohls dl cos jïnucos rlprl-slktok aosi silgprl ji`uros orqultç-piaos qul signmcizok cos virtudls ycms dljlatms bugokms, y dlktrm dluko plaucior lstruaturo, lc gocm lsplrjlatoglktl gocm y lc nulkm lsikamkjukdinclglktl nulkm, y lc ok-blcm dl hustiaio, tok julrtl lktrl cmskiÿms amgm lktrl cms dlspmslçdms,dlslkcozo lk lc prlgim y lc aosti`mamrrlspmkdilktls5 gïs tmdovço, poro

qul co gmroclho y co kmnclzo dl cmsdiïcm`ms odquilrok goymr ljlatm, slbo rlaurridm oc `éklrm dl co jïnuco,auyms plrsmkohls, oportl dl slr cmsbérmls dl cms kiÿms cotikmoglriao-kms, km tilklk kodo qul lkvidioro cms dl Maaidlktl y o cms dinuhmsokigodms dl Poct Diskly.

Lk co oatuocidod, cos jïnucos dl cotrodiaiñk mroc, qul rlprlslktok cocuabo dlc dénic amktro lc julrtl m cosigpcl rlocizoaiñk dl uko trovlsuro,km sñcm posok o lkriqulalr lc oalrvmaucturoc dl uk amktiklktl tok amg-

pclhm amgm lc cotikmoglriaokm, sikmqul smk hmyos citlrorios di`kos dl slrikacuidos lk oktmcm`ços dl citlroturoikjoktic, pmr auoktm co jïnuco ls ukodl cos jmrgos priglros y prldiclatosdl cms kiÿms, y cms jonucistos cms go-`ms dl co poconro mroc y lsarito.

Aulktms dl lspoktms y oporlaidms

Cms kiÿms cotikmoglriaokms, amgmtmdms cms kiÿms dlc gukdm, koalky arlalk lk uk ïgnitm lk lc auocsl troksgitlk aulktms dl lspoktmsy oporlaidms, aopoals dl suplroro cms aulktms arulcls dl cms blr-gokms @rigg y Aborcls Vlrrouct. Osç, lk cms aulktms prmvlkilktlsdl co trodiaiñk mroc, co vido y cogulrtl tilklk divlrsos iktlrprlto-aimkls5 y uko dl éstos, dl aorïatlrtoktm po`okm amgm aristiokm, ls coarllkaio pmpucor dl qul lc ocgo‑m lspçritu‑ smnrlvivl o co gulrtly qul, tros lc huiaim jikoc, ukms vok odisjrutor dl co jlciaidod lk lc Voroçsmy mtrms o sujrir cms tmrglktms lktrl

cos ccogos dlc Ikjilrkm. Ql`øk Aorc@. Huk`, lc ocgo dlc ikamksailktl

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bugokm jmrgo togniék portl dl cmslclglktms vivms dl co koturoclzo.Lktrl cms pulncms prigitivms, –auyoamkailkaio lstï lk uk kivlc dl dl-sorrmccm distiktm oc kulstrm, lc ocgo‑m psiqul‑ km sl amksidlro ukitorim.Guabms prigitivms supmklk qullc bmgnrl tilkl uk ocgo slcvïtiaoodlgïs dl co suyo prmpio, y qullso ocgo slcvïtiao lstï lkaorkodolk uk okigoc socvohl m lk uk ïrnmc,amk lc auoc lc ikdividum tilkl ailrtoacosl dl idlktidod psçquiao (...) Lsuk blabm psiamcñìam guy amkmaidmqul uk ikdividum puldo tlklr tocidlktidod ikamksailktl amk ocùkomtro plrsmko m amk uk mnhltm (…)Lsto idlktidod tmgo divlrsidod dljmrgos lktrl cms prigitivms. Qi lc

ocgo slcvïtiao ls co dl uk okigoc,oc prmpim okigoc sl cl amksidlroamgm uko lsplail dl blrgokm dlcbmgnrl. \k bmgnrl auym blrgokmslo, pmr lhlgpcm, uk amamdricm, slsupmkl qul lstï o socvm auokdmkodl lk uk rçm ikjlstodm dl am-amdricms. Qi lc ocgo slcvïtiao ls ukïrnmc, sl supmkl qul lc ïrnmc tilkloc`m osç amgm uko outmridod potlr-koc smnrl lc ikdividum amkalrkidm.Lk ognms aosms, uko mjlkso amktrolc ocgo slcvïtiao sl iktlrprlto amgmuko mjlkso amktro lc bmgnrl‗ (Huk`,A.@., ?99<, p. >29).

Lk cos aucturos okalstrocls cotikmo-glriaokos, dlsdl oktls dl co Lroaristioko, sl arll qul lc ocgo ls oc`miktokìncl y qul puldl slùir vivm,lk jmrgo dl joktosgo m lspçritu, troslc dlalsm dlc aulrpm. Ls dlair, ukovlz gulrto co plrsmko, su ocgo sltmrko lk uk ostrm cugikmsm qul slvo oc ailcm m qul, uko vlz amkdl-kodm o voòr amgm ocgo lk plko,vulcvl oc rlikm dl cms vivms porovlkòr mjlksos, amnror o cms dludm-rls, aostiòr o cms ikjilcls y lspoktoro cms gïs ikaoutms. Lstms plrsmkohlsdl dmncl vido, ogporodms pmr co ms-auridod, oporlalk lk pmzms, porohlssmcitorims y aosos onokdmkodos, y suprlslkaio ls aosi silgprl okukaiodopmr lc ocltlm dl uko goripmso kma-

turko, lc rlcïgpo`m dlc trulkm, lcaruhidm dl cos godlros, lc arlpitordlc jul`m y lc smpcm dlc vilktm. Cmsdijuktms sl oporlalk lk jmrgo dlcuz auokdm sl troto dl ocgos dlcVuròtmrim y lk jmrgo dl nuctm kl-`rm m dl bmgnrl rmtlsam si sl trotodl ocgos amkdlkodos. Ocùkos arllkaios dialk qul cosguhlrls plrvlrsos sl amkvilrtlk lknruhos m lk soalrdmtisos qul goktil-klk vçkaucms amk cos –julrzos dl costikilncos‗ y qul, o vlals, puldlkprmaldlr amgm uk dlgmkim dl co


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gulrtl, toc auoc sl cos rlprlslktolk ailrtms gitms, clylkdos y aulk-tms dl bodos. Mtros suplrstiaimklsdok aulkto dl qul cos nruhos sloporlalk lk jmrgo dl alrdm, ao-noccm m plrrm, y qul lxistlk voriosjmrgucos poro dljlkdlrsl dl lstosorpços, amgm amcmaor uko aruz dljrlskm, uko blrroduro y uko rogodl courlc lk co pulrto dl co aoso, mpmklr dms dldms lk aruz y dlair8«Vuylsµ. «Hlsøs, Gorço y Hmséµ umtros poconros soktos.

Ql`øk aulkto co trodiaiñk mroc, cosnruhos sl rløklk lk vçsplros dl Qok Huok y duroktl co Qlgoko Qokto5maosimkls lk cos qul sl alclnrokalrlgmkios diriìdos pmr lc Dioncm.

Occç sl ikiaiok cos kmviaios pmr gldimdl mr`ços slxuocls, lk cos qul slikacuylk kiÿms y okigocls, y dmkdlkm joctok cms rituocls dl aokinocisgmy goìo kl`ro. \kms dialk qul cosamgidos y nlnidos qul amksuglkcos nruhos lstïk prlporodos smnrl conosl dl `roso dl kiÿms rlaiék koai-dms, sok`rl dl guraiéco`ms, aorkl dlcoòrtihos, sopms, slrpilktls y bilrnosocuaikñ`lkos5 gilktros mtrms oslvl-rok qul cms kiÿms qul vulcok boaiocos rlukimkls, gmktodms lk lsamnos,bmrquiccos poro lstiéramc, cmnms,òtms y mtrms okigocls dmgéstiams,

smk odilstrodmspmr lc Cuaijlrcclòdm dl cmsovlrkms.

Dlsdl oktls dl coamkquisto, cms aulktmsdl lspoktms y oporl-aidms, orroiòdms lk coarllkaio pmpucor, boksidm dijukdidms dl `lklroaiñk lk`lklroaiñk. Vmr lsm gisgm, –cotrodiaiñk lurmplo dl nruhos, dulk-dls y joktosgos sl glzacok amk coikdç`lko y co ojriaoko dl lspçritusdlc oùo, cos slcvos y cms gmktls.Lkamktrogms guhlrls qul vulcoklk norams piktodms lk cms gurms,amgm co ‒Totuoko’ lk Alktrmogériao

m ‒co Gucoto dl Añrdmvo’ lk Géxiam5plqulÿms dulkdls qul lkogmroko cos kiÿos blrgmsos aoktïkdmclsampcos, amgm lc ‒Qmgnrlrñk’ lk@uotlgoco5 lspçritus qul dljilk-dlk co koturoclzo y qul aostiòknrutocglktl o quilk co doÿo, amgmco ‒Gorigmkdo’ lk Amcmgnio m lc‒Amipmro’ lk Nrosic5 norams gocditmsqul kovlòk sik lkamktror pulrtms hogïs, amgm lc ‒Aocluabl’ lk Abiclm lc ‒Noram Kl`rm’ lk Kiaoroùo5 ylstïk togniék cos guhlrls dlgmkço-aos qul sldualk o cms bmgnrls qulokdok clhms dl sus aosos. Qmk guhl-

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rls blrgmsos, otroativos y lxtroÿos.Auokdm cms bmgnrls cos onrozok, cmslspoktok amk su rmstrm dl aocovlro‗(Aulktms dl lspoktms y oporlaidms,?924, pp. :-0). Lk co aucturo okdikotlklgms o co e’oaboabmco (abmcoblrgmso), quilk, ki nilk lkviclal ocaogikoktl smcitorim y dlsprlvlkidm,cm amkdual o uko oclrço onokdmko-do dl co giko m o co mricco dlc rçm,dmkdl cm sldual y onokdmko oktlsdl qul aoktl lc òccm y dlspuktl lcocno. Guabms bmgnrls qul dlsplr-tormk dl uko lgnrioùlz ocuaikoktllk cos codlros dl cms alrrms m lk cosmriccos dl cms rçms, aulktok bonlrsllkamktrodm amk co e’oaboabmco. Dl cos amkslhos amcmkiocls, prmvl-

kilktls dl co trodiaiñk mroc, vocòglkaimkor o cms dulkdlaiccms dlsmgnrlrms ocmkls y nmtikls dl abo-rmc qul, silkdm kiÿms onmrtodms mgulrtms oktls dlc noutisgm, rltmr-kok o nusaor o sus slrls qulridms,y qul, lsamkdidms lk cos tikohos dloùo m abiabo, ccmrok m rçlk sik alsor,puls smk gulrtms qul amkvlrsok yamkvivlk lktrl cms vivms. Dl mtrmcodm, km sl dlnl mcvidor o cos nruhosqul amkslrvok su plrlkkl huvlktudnoÿïkdmsl lk sok`rl dl vçr`lklsdl`mccodos5 o cos aocovlros qulvulcok o co cuz dl cms rlcïgpo`ms

lk aorrltos tirodos pmr aonoccms yamkduaidos pmr hikltls sik aonlzo5o cms lspçritus goci`kms qul roptokkiÿms dlsmnldilktls poro boalr amksus bulsms nmtmkls y amk sus aorklslxquisitms gokhorls5 o cms joktos-gos dionñciams y o mtrms plrsmkohlsamgm lc Qupoy m Tçm (dims sotïkiamdl cms smaovmkls y dulÿm dl cmsgiklrocls), qul ls uk plrsmkohlarlodm y lsaucpidm pmr cms prmpimsgiklrms, quilkls, slktodms ocrldl-dmr dl éc, gostiaokdm bmhos dl amaoy nlnilkdm smrnms dl oùordilktl,cl rikdlk pclitlsço y cl supciaok qulcls dlporl lc glhmr jicñk dl lstoÿm y,o co vlz, cms ogporl dl cms plci`rmsy co gulrtl.

Dl lstl gmdm, cos jïnucos, gitms,aulktms y clylkdos smnrl co arlo-aiñk dlc ukivlrsm y dlc bmgnrl ‑cogisiñk socvodmro dl cos dlidodls,lc bmkdm signmcisgm dl co Voabo‑gogo (godrl-tilrro), cos `roaimsosclylkdos dlc Oaboabico (dlidodgitmcñìao dl co tlm`mkço okdiko),dl co amao, co popo, lc tonoam ymtrms, prmvilklk dl co trodiaiñkmroc y amkstituylk lc aigilktm dlcos aucturos prlamcmgnikos. Osç gisgm, huktm o cms gitms y clylk-dos qul amrrlk dl nmao lk nmao,dlsvlcokdm sulÿms y slgnrokdm lc


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<6


pïkiam lktrl cms arlylktls, lstï coAbmco sik aonlzo, lc Huaugori (msm)y lc añkdmr (–gocceu‗, lk oygoro),dlc qul sl aulktok bistmrios lstrl-glaldmros m sigpcls ocl`mrços qullxoctok su nlcclzo, oportl dl qullc añkdmr, pmr vlkir dl cos octurosoc iùoc qul co ccuvio, ls lc sçgnmcmslgikoc y jlaukdodmr dl co Voabo-gogo. Dl co épmao amcmkioc dl co Zicco Ig-plrioc dl Vmtmsç prmaldl lc aulktmdlc E’orisiri (soao-goktlao), ukplrsmkohl amk oporilkaio dl jroiclqul dlognucono lk cos ojulros dlcms aoslrçms, lxtroylkdm co roso dlcms ikdç`lkos lrroktls, poro cul`musorco lk co lconmroaiñk dl vlcos,

uk`ólktms y auros goroviccmsos. Qlaulkto qul co goymrço dl cms ojla-todms jocclaçok o amkslaulkaio dlco prlaorio mplroaiñk m quldonoklkjlrgms dl pmr vido. Odlgïs,toktm cms ikdç`lkos amgm cms ncokamsy glstizms dl co épmao, plksonokqul lc E’orisiri lro uk slr vlkidm dlcgïs occï, oukqul co poconro –e’ori‗,lk oygoro, si`kijiao lgnustl mglktiro. Cms aulktms dl lspoktms y oporl-aidms lk co trodiaiñk mroc okdikosmk gulstros dl qul co ikvlktivo

pmpucor ls aopoz dl arlor, amk lc`mcpl dl co igoìkoaiñk, plrsmkohls y situoaimkls qul kodo tilklkqul lkvidior o cms amgpicodmrls dlco trodiaiñk mroc lurmplo, dmkdldlstoaok, lktrl mtrms, cms blrgokms@rigg lk Oclgokio y Aborcls Vl-rrouct lk Jrokaio.

Gitms dl co trodiaiñk mroc

Lk cos aucturos okdikos, amgm lktmdos cos aivicizoaimkls dl Mrilktl yMaaidlktl, cms gitms hulòk uk po-plc igpmrtoktl lk co vido amtidiokodl sus bonitoktls, quilkls, dlsdlco gïs rlgmto okti`óldod, dilrmkmri`lk o uko slril dl dlidodls qulrlprlslktok toktm lc nilk amgm lc

goc. Cms gitms, lk ailrtm gmdm, smkco lslkaio dl uko glktocidod prmaci-vl o cos suplrstiaimkls y rlspmkdlko cos iktlrrmòktls smnrl lc mri`lkdlc bmgnrl y lc ukivlrsm. Cms gitms, oc iùoc qul cos jïnucosy clylkdos, julrmk cclvodms pmr cmspulncms prigitivms lk sus prmalsmsgi`rotmrims y troksgitidms dl `lkl-roaiñk lk `lklroaiñk. Lc gitm kmsñcm lkslÿo cos amstugnrls dl cmsokalstrms, sikm togniék rlprlslktoco lsaoco dl vocmrls lxistlktls lkuko aucturo.

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<? Auéktogl uk aulktm,aulktlrm

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Lc gitm, o dijlrlkaio dl co clylkdoauyms plrsmkohls lxistilrmk lk oc`økgmglktm prltéritm dl co bistmrio, kmtilkl uk tilgpm dljikidm ki uk plr-smkohl qul lxistiñ lk co vido rloc. Dlobç qul lc gitm, trodiaimkocglktl,lstï vikaucodm o co rlciìñk y lc auc-tm, puls sus plrsmkohls, odgirodmsy odmrodms, smk slrls divikms, oc`mqul tilkl uk kmgnrl nosodm lk ukarldm plrm hogïs lk uko prulnoamkarlto. Lktrl cos divikidodls oztl-aos lkamktrogms o Buitzicmpmabtci,qul lro lc dims dl co ùlrro5 Tlzaot-cipmao (lsplhm bugloktl), dims dlcsmc5 _ultzocamoct (co slrpilktl pïho-rm), dims dlc vilktm, arlodmr y aivici- zodmr5 Tcocma, dims dl cos gmktoÿos,dl co ccuvio y cms gokoktiocls. Lc gitm

oztlao dl cms auotrm smcls rljilrl qulcms dimsls arlormk sualsivoglktlauotrm gukdms5 ccuvios lxalsivosdlstruylrmk lc priglrm, ccuvios dljul`m lc slùkdm, tlrrlgmtms lc tlr-alrm5 cms bmgnrls dlc auortm julrmkamkvlrtidms lk gmkms. Vmslçok ukotrodiaiñk dlc dicuvim, dlc qul sl soc-vormk uk bmgnrl, Amxamxtci, y ukoguhlr, Rmabiqultzoc, quilkls rlpm-ncormk lc gukdm. Lktrl cms goyosItzogko, osmaiodm oc smc, lro lc dimsaivicizodmr, Eueucaïk (co slrpilktllgpcugodo) lkslÿñ co o`riaucturoy dim clyls hustos. Lk co arloaiñk

iktlrvikilrmk cms dimsls Bukobpø,Eueucaïk y Buroeïk. Tros vorimsiktlktms jroaosodms biailrmk ocbmgnrl goçz. Lc jul`m cm rlainilrmkcms bmgnrls dl Buroeïk, togniékccogodm Tmbic, lk @uotlgoco. Osç amgm lc aulktm tilkl uk aorïatlrprmjokm, yo qul toktm lc outmr amgmlc clatmr cm amkalptøok uko sulrtldl jiaaiñk, lc gitm tilkl uk tmkmrlciìmsm y so`rodm, y, sik lgnor`m,tilkdl o slr vlrdodlrm. Lk aosi tmdoscos aucturos sl amkjukdl lc gitm amkco rlocidod, y sl arll qul cms gitmsdl arloaiñk dlc ukivlrsm smk vlr-dodlrms, puls tmdovço boy quilklsoslvlrok qul cms lclglktms gotlrio-cls qul kms rmdlok julrmk arlodms

pmr uk slr suprlgm m pmr lspçrituslxtrotlrrlkocls. Lk lc gukdm okdi-km, pmr lhlgpcm, co rlciìñk gulstroocùko slglhokzo amk lc poktlçsgm,lk co gldido lk qul Dims, prikaipimy jik dlc ukivlrsoc, sl amkjukdl amkco koturoclzo. Cms gitms amsgm`ñkiams, qul lx-pciaonok lc mri`lk dlc gukdm, cmsbmgnrls, vl`ltocls y okigocls,smk divlrsms y vorçok dl slktidmdlplkdilkdm dl cos aoroatlrçstiaos`lm`rïjiaos y lamcñìaos dlc cuòrdmkdl surìlrmk. Lk cms pulncms ok-

<? Auéktogl uk aulktm,aulktlrm

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dikms, pmr aitor uk aosm, cms lspçritussuplrimrls qul rl`çok cos julrzos dlco koturoclzo y pmdçok joaicitor ocbmgnrl su sustlktm, su slùridod ysu prmpio suplrvivlkaio, oatuonoklk dijlrlktls pcokms y amk distiktosjukaimkls5 ukms oatuonok lk lc pco-km alclstl, mtrms lk co tilrro y ocù-kms lk lc gukdm suntlrrïklm, cuòrdl prmaldlkaio y dlstikm jikoc dlcms bmgnrls dlspués dl co gulrtl. Lk lc gitm dl arloaiñk dl cosaucturos okdikos, sl`øk rljilrl cotrodiaiñk mroc, lc gukdm jul rl-amkstruidm dlspués dl uk dicuvimpmr lc dims Piroamabo (divikidodsuprlgo), quilk, sl`øk lc gitm,oporlaiñ amk uk vlstidm tocor, coròs

nornos y suhltokdm pmr co nrido o ukokigoc dlsamkmaidm (uko igo`lkqul cms ikdç`lkos amkjukdilrmk amkco oporilkaio jçsiao dl cms amkquisto-dmrls). Qurìñ dlc co`m Titiaoao, amkco gisiñk dl jmrgor lc smc, co cuko, coslstrlccos y jihor su aursm lk lc ailcm. O amktikuoaiñk gmdlcñ lk norrmnulk køglrm dl lstotuos, toktmguhlrls amgm bmgnrls, y cos okigñporo qul pmncorok co tilrro. Amk lctroksaursm dlc tilgpm, cms bmgnrlsmcvidormk lc gokdotm dl su Dims Vo-drl, sl lklgistormk y aoylrmk lk colsacovitud dl sus nohos ogniaimkls.

Lktmkals Piroamabo, osoctodm pmrco dlslsplroaiñk y co iro, vmcviñ osocir dl cos oùos dlc co`m Titiaoao, sldiriìñ oc Tiobuokoam y occç amkvirtiñlk pildro o sus arioturos dlsmnl-dilktls, lxalptm o quilkls buylrmkboaio cos gmktoÿos poro vivir amgmtrinus socvohls. Piroamabo, ikamk-jmrgl amk lc dlslkcoal, mrdlkñ ocQmc (podrl dl co bugokidod), qullkvioro o co tilrro o su bihm GokamAïpoa y su biho Gogo Maccm, amklc jik dl rljmrgor o cms rlnlcdls ylkslÿorcls uko vido aivicizodo.

Aulkto co clylkdo qul GokamAïpoa cclvono uk nostñk dl mrm lkco gokm, poro qul occç dmkdl éstlsl bukdilro sl quldoro o jukdor co

aiudod so`rodo. Lc nostñk sl bukdiñy dlsoporlaiñ poro silgprl huktmoc gmktl Pokoeouri, dmkdl sllabormk cms aigilktms dlc Auzam ydmkdl Goam Aïpoa y Gogo Maccmamglkzormk su mnro aivicizodmro. Osç, co jukdoaiñk dlc igplrim dl cmsikaos sl cls otrinuyl o cms blrgokmsy lspmsms Gokam Aïpoa y GogoMaccm, quilkls, sl`øk co trodiaiñkmroc, km sñcm lrok dl mri`lk divikm,sikm togniék cms podrls dl uko dlcos aivicizoaimkls qul sl lkamktronolk pclkm opm`lm o co cclòdo dl cmsamkquistodmrls.

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<1 Auéktogl uk aulktm,aulktlrm

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Lk co bistmrim`rojço dlc si`cm RZI sliksistl lk qul cms ikaos igpusilrmk otmdms sus sønditms uko rlciìñk mji-aioc, uk auctm lstotoc qul tlkço amgmlhl alktroc co rlvlrlkaio oc Qmc. Lklstl slktidm, vocò oacoror qul cosclylkdos y trodiaimkls cclòrmk oamkstituir lc amrpus dl su prmpioidlmcm`ço rlciìmso. Y, oukqul km slcigitormk o igpmklr uk Lstodm tlm-arïtiam, nosodo lk lc auctm o cos julrzos dl co koturoclzo, lccms odmronokoc Qmc amgm su Arlodmr prikaipoc, ocamksidlrorsl sus bihms y dlsalkdilk-tls dirlatms. Huktm oc Ikti (smc) lstonoco Gogo _uicco (godrl-cuko)), qulmaupono uk rok`m suplrimr, osu-gilkdm co prmtlaaiñk dl tmdm cmrljlrlktl oc ukivlrsm jlglkikm. Lk

cuòr slaukdorim lstonok uko slrildl divikidodls ostrmkñgiaos, amgmco Iccopo (trulkm), co Kiko (jul`m) m coVoabogogo (godrl-tilrro m dimso dlco jlaukdidod). Togniék sl odmronooc Qupoy (dioncm), dims dlc gukdmmsaurm, suntlrrïklm, lk bmkmr oc auocsoarijiaonok okigocls y vidos bugo-kos (Zlr8 Diaaimkorim LkaiacmpédiamQmplko, Tmgm 1, ?909). Dl lstl gmdm, cos jïnucos, gitms,aulktms y clylkdos, toktm dl lslkaioqulabuo amgm dl ikspiroaiñk kï-buoctc, ùorokç m oygoro, smk acoros

prlmaupoaimkls dlc lspçritu ikdç`lkopmr qulrlr dlslktroÿor cos goroviccosy cms gistlrims qul cls rmdlo y lspok-to. Lc gitm ls lc rlsuglk dlc osmgnrmy lc tlgmr dlc bmgnrl jrlktl o ukgukdm dlsamkmaidm5 y, pmr supuls-tm, uko riao julktl dl ikspiroaiñkcitlrorio. Dl obç qul cms gitms smnrlco arloaiñk dlc bmgnrl y lc ukivlrsm,bok sidm orrokaodms dl co trodiaiñkmroc poro slr ikamrpmrodms lk cmscinrms dl jiaaiñk amgm «clit-gmtivµ yamgm uk aopçtucm oportl lk cms tlx-tms dl bistmrio mjiaioc, pulstm qul cmsgitms okdikms, qul dilrmk mri`lk ocos clylkdos y cms aulktms pmpucorls,smk poutos qul oyudok o lxpciaorglhmr co amsgmvisiñk dl cos aucturosprlamcmgnikos lk Cotikmogériao.

Mri`lk dl cms gitms

Lc gitm (dlc `r. gytbms, jïnuco) prm-vilkl dl co trodiaiñk ocl`ñriao qultilkl pmr nosl uk blabm rloc, bistñ-riam m jicmsñjiam. Lc gitm ls uk rlcotmjoktïstiam, lk lc auoc cms dimsls y cmsbérmls, cm gisgm qul cms okigoclsy cos julrzos jçsiaos dl co koturoclzo,prlslktok prmpildodls bugokos. Co gisgo poconro –gitmcm`ço‗ sirvlporo dlsi`kor lc amkhuktm dl gitmsm clylkdos amsgm`ñkiaos, divikos m


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<4


blrmiaos dl uk pulncm, puls cms gitmspmsllk uko iktlkaiñk jukdoglktoc-glktl rlciìmso y prltlkdlk lxpciaorco jlkmglkmcm`ço koturoc lk auymgistlrim km pmdçok plkltror cms bmg-nrls prigitivms pmr prmaldigilktmsailktçjiams. Lc gitm koal, pmr cm toktm,lk lc gmglktm lk qul cos amkalp-aimkls jlkmgékiam-rlciìmsos dlcposodm, lk uk prikaipim oaaidlktoclsy displrsos, sl amksmcidok lk jmrgosamkarltos, plrsmkijiaodos, odquirilk-dm osç plaucioridodls bugokos. Voro lxpciaor lc mri`lk dl cms gitmssl bok prmpulstm dijlrlktls sistlgosdl okïcisis. Ql`øk co iktlrprltoaiñkocl`ñriao dl cms jicñsmjms hmkims,cms dimsls lrok co plrsmkijiaoaiñk

dl lclglktms gotlriocls y julrzosjçsiaos (oirl, oùo, tilrro, smc, trul-km, lta.) m dl idlos gmrocls (smnrltmdm cos rljlrlktls oc nilk y lc goc),yo qul dltrïs dl aodo gitm sl ls-amkdl co amsgmvisiñk dlc bmgnrlprigitivm, quilk, oamstugnrodm oco amktlgpcoaiñk lgpçriao dl sulktmrkm y cms jlkñglkms koturocls,arlço, pmr lhlgpcm, qul lc trulkm lrolc nrogidm dl uk dims lkjurlaidm

m qul lc smc lro lacipsodm pmr ukgmkstrum o co bmro dlc pmkilktl.Lstl gildm o cm dlsamkmaidm, qulls co julktl iko`mtoncl dl tmdo rl-ciìñk, cl cclvñ oc bmgnrl prigitivmo arlor slrls smnrlkoturocls, lktrllccms o Dims, puls lc dlsdmncogilktmdlc gukdm y lc koaigilktm dl ukgukdm rlciìmsm, gistlrimsm, amkoporilkaio dl lkaoktogilktm y dlgoìo, amgm dirço Gorx, tilkl cuòrauokdm lc bmgnrl lro uko arioturogislroncl y onokdmkodo lk gldimdl cos julrzos dl co koturoclzo, auyosclyls i`kmrono dlc tmdm.

Dlsdl co gïs rlgmto okti`óldod slbo trotodm dl lxpciaor l iktlrprltorlc mri`lk y lc amktlkidm dl cms gi-

tms. Zorims julrmk cms jicñsmjms qulociglktormk co tlmrço dl qul cms dim-sls rlprlslktodms lk cms gitms lrokplrsmkos si`kijiaotivos poro co amclati-vidod5 y qul, pmr lsm gisgm, julrmklkdimsodms. Lk lc si`cm IZ o. dl H.A.,lsto tlmrço jul rotijiaodo pmr lc gitñ-`rojm ril`m Lvéglrm, quilk, o trovésdl uk gétmdm dl iktlrprltoaiñk dlcms gitms, smstuvm qul cms plrsmkohlsgitmcñìams smk slrls bugokms divi-kizodms dlspués dl su gulrtl. Lstogisgo tlmrço, qul trosalkdiñ bostokulstrms dços, jul odmptodo duroktlco Ldod Gldio pmr co I`clsio aotñciao,

<4




<< Auéktogl uk aulktm,aulktlrm

\kidod >

<< Auéktogl uk aulktm,aulktlrm

\kidod >

o co qul sugikistrono uko iktlrprlto-aiñk jïaic dlc poòkisgm. Cms gitms, amgm cms bmgnrls, bokposodm pmr uk prmalsm lvmcutivm,lk auym dlaursm sl bok dljmrgodmcos lstruaturos mriìkorios m gitmsprigitivms. Dl obç qul su ikiktlciì-nicidod bo dodm cuòr o ikamktonclsiktlrprltoaimkls, amk cos qul sl boiktlktodm plkltror lk uk supulstm, moaosm rloc amktlkidm lsmtériam. Lg-plrm, slok sus korroaimkls joktïstiaosm km, cm ailrtm ls qul cos gitmcm`ços,tmgodos lk sus jmrgos gïs puros,amkstituylk uk dmauglktm iklsti-goncl poro lc ikvlstiòdmr qul sllsjulrzo lk prmjukdizor lk co bistmriodl cms pulncms y sus roçals étkiaos

(Zlr8 Diaaimkorim Lkaiacmpédiam Icus-trodm Qmplko, Tmgm 1, Ld. ôgñkQmplko, Q O, Noralcmko, ?909).

Cos gmdlrkos rlvlcoaimkls dl cosgitmcm`ços dl Mrilktl, dl Ogériao,dl Ïjriao y dl Maaidlktl, amgpciao-rmk lc prmnclgo y arlormk uko gitm-cm`ço amgporodo qul bo iktlktodmacosijiaor y lxpciaor lc mri`lk dl lstosarllkaios, yo slo pmr uko trodiaiñkamgøk, dl mri`lk mrilktoc, m pmrlc lstodm psiamcñìam dlc bmgnrlprigitivm, quilk, pmr lxplrilkaiolgpçriao, arlço qul tmdm jlkñ-

glkm gotlrioc m jçsiam, dmtodm dlgmvigilktm y julrzo prmpio, lstonoprmvistm dl vido okïcmò o co kulstro.Ls dlair, uko sulrtl dl oktrmpmgmr-jisgm prigitivm qul otrinuço o cmsjlkñglkms divikizodms aoroatlrçs-tiaos bugokos. Odlgïs, amgm lssonidm, lk lc gukdm dlc gitm tmdmls pmsincl. Km lxistl jrmktlros lktrlcos divikidodls y cms bmgnrls. Cmsdimsls puldlk amgpmrtorsl amgmcms sigpcls gmrtocls, y éstms, o suvlz, amgm dimsls. Yo dihigms qul co gitmcm`ço aulktocos ovlkturos amsgm`ñkiaos, divi-kos y blrmiaos dl uk pulncm, dlcms dimsls y su rlikm, smnrl añgmjulrmk arlodms lc smc, co tilrro, co

cuko, cms gorls y cms bmgnrls, yañgm ccl`ñ co gulrtl. Cms gitms,oukqul smk rlcotms nosodms lkblabms smnrlkoturocls, lkslÿoko cms bmgnrls cm qul ls nulkm ycm qul ls gocm, y añgm dlnlk dlamgpmrtorsl amk cms dimsls y susslglhoktls, oukqul lccms gisgms,cms bmgnrls, sl`øk lc rlcotm nçnci-am, boyok sidm arlodms pmr Dims osu igo`lk y slglhokzo.

Cms gitms qul lxpciaonok lc mri`lkdlc gukdm, dl cms bmgnrls, dl cospcoktos y cms okigocls, smk divlrsms



<:


y vorçok dl slktidm dlplkdilkdm dlcos aoroatlrçstiaos lm`rïjiaos y lam-cñìaos dlc cuòr dmkdl surìlrmk.Lk cms pulncms okdikms, pmr aitor ukaosm, oatuonok lk dijlrlktls pcokmsy amk distiktos jukaimkls uko slrildl lspçritus suplrimrls, qul rl`çokcos julrzos dl co koturoclzo y pmdçokjoaicitor oc bmgnrl su sustlktm, suslùridod y su prmpio suplrvivlkaioamgm `rupm. Lk sçktlsis, cms gitms smk poro cmspulncms cm qul co Nincio ls poro cmsaristiokms m lc Amrïk poro cms gu-sucgokls, uko sulrtl dl rlcotms so-`rodms, auyms dimsls y bérmls tilklksu mri`lk lk uk gmglktm prltéritmdl co bistmrio.

Amgpicodmrls dl co trodiaiñkmroc

Lk ocùkms poçsls, oukqul km lxis-tlk lsaritmrls lsplaiocizodms lx-acusivoglktl lk citlroturo ikjoktic,boy quilkls boalk lc lsjulrzm dldlslgpmcvor y rlsaotor dlc mcvidmcms tlgos y plrsmkohls prmvlkilk-tls dl co trodiaiñk mroc. Lktrl cmslsaritmrls or`lktikms, qul bok rls-aotodm portl dl lsl ikjikitm aoudoc,lstï Hucim Orognuru, quilk, lk sucinrm Lc jmcecmrl dl cms kiÿms, rlam`l

aokaimkls y clylkdos dl oalktm kmr-tlÿm5 lk portl, ikspirodm pmr dmk Huok Ziccojmkl, auyo mnro, Lc cinrmdl aulktms y clylkdos, korro cosovlkturos dl «Dmk Huok lc Xmrrmµ. Lk Nmcivio, Oktmkim Vorldls Aokdiopunciañ uk pucarm vmcuglk dl rlco-tms titucodm Aulktms nmciviokms porokiÿms, qul aulkto cos okdokzos dluk zmrrm codikm, amkmaidm amk lckmgnrl dl «Otmh Oktmÿmµ. Lc okigocostutm, plrsmkohl prljlridm dl cmsjonucistos5 lk co priglro portl dlccinrm sl nurco dl co ik`lkuidod dltmdms cms okigocls y, lk co slùkdo,trmpilzo amk uk okigoc gïs cistm quléc, amkmaidm amk lc kmgnrl dl Qut-tu, qul ls uk amklhm qul trogo sus

pcokls bosto vlkalr oc zmrrm. Lc tlxtmamktilkl lxprlsimkls y smkidms mkm-gotmpéyiams lk lc ducal clkùohl dlcms qulabuos y oygoros. Odlgïs, lkNmcivio sl lkaulktrok toktms auctmrlsdl co jïnuco amgm amgpicodmrls dlcms ik`lkimsms rlcotms qul sl lsau-abok lk conims dlc pulncm. Nostoglkaimkor co oktmcm`ço Qlclaaiñk

<:





\kidod >

dlc aulktm nmciviokm poro kiÿms dlBu`m Gmciko Zioÿo, dmkdl dlstoaolc lgiklktl jmcecmristo Jlcipl Amsto Orùldos, amk lc aulktm «Co plr-diz y lc zmrrmµ. Tmrinim Acourl bizmtogniék iktlktms dl odoptoaiñkdlc –Augpo amklhm‗, plrm sik cm-`ror nulkms rlsuctodms, yo qul sustlxtms, slksinclglktl, tuvilrmk uktrotogilktm dlgosiodm didïatiam,amgm tmdms cms tlxtms dl claturo ylsarituro dl co citlroturo ikjoktic, qullk uk prikaipim lstuvilrmk smglti-dms o co tirokço dl co pldo`m`ço. Vmrsulrtl, dlsdl cms oÿms ‒26 dlc si`cmRR, vorims outmrls sl bok lsglrodmlk boalr odoptoaimkls citlrorios dlco trodiaiñk mroc y, osigisgm, bokamksidlrodm lc `rodm dl dlsorrmccm

cik`óçstiam l iktlclatuoc dl cms kiÿms. Lk Amcmgnio prmcijlro lc `éklrm dlco jïnuco y tilkl lxalclktls auctmrls.Lc lsaritmr ôjolc Vmgnm ls, odlgïsdl prlaursmr dl co citlroturo ikjokticamcmgnioko, lc priglrm lk bonlr dl-diaodm guabm tilgpm o co ikjokaio,oc iùoc qul unék Dorçm, Hmsé Gortç,@onrilco Gistroc y Huoko dl Inornuru.Mtrm rok lsaritmr ls Luacidls Horogi-ccm, quilk, mrùccmsm dl su prldicla-aiñk pmr cms aulktms pmpucorls bopunciaodm lc cinrm Aulktms dlc pçaormtçm amklhm, lktrl cms qul dlstoao –Tçm

amklhm y tço zmrro gulrto‗. Lktrl lsopcéyodl dl jonucistos amcmgniokmssl aulkto o Hmsé Gokulc Gorrmquçk,quilk jul Vrlsidlktl dl co rlpønciaoy rlamkmaidm outmr dl jïnucos qulrlaitok cms kiÿms lk co lsaulco km sñcmpmrqul tilklk abispo, sikm togniékpmrqul ls lc `éklrm gïs trodiaimkocdl co citlroturo ikjoktic amcmgnioko,qul aodo vlz oarlailkto su açraucmdl clatmrls.

Lk Lauodmr, amgm lk kik`øk mtrmpoçs dl Qudogériao, lxistl guypmao citlroturo dlstikodo o cms kiÿms,y cm pmam qul lxistl lstï odsaritm o colduaoaiñk amgm gotlrioc didïatiam.Lgplrm, aonl glkaimkor co jiùrodlc «pmlto ikdimµ Huok Clñk Glro,

quilk, oc gor`lk dl lsarinir aorticcoslduaotivos poro hñvlkls y kiÿms,lsariniñ lc go`kçjiam cinrm Vmltos yaoktmrls dlc pulncm lauotmriokm, lklc auoc rlamìñ co trodiaiñk pmpucory lc jmcecmrl dl su tilrro. Lsplaiocglkaiñk glrlal su kmvlco Augok-do, qul ls uko dl cos vlrsimkls dlco clylkdo –Zir`lk dlc Qmc‗, ikiaioc-glktl lsarito lk vlrsm. Co kmvlcormgïktiao dl Huok Clñk Glro puldlslr clçdo pmr kiÿms y oductms, amgmlsos `rokdls kmvlcos lsaritos pmrDiaelks, Tmcstmi, Qtlvlksmk m Huokôgñk Higéklz.



<2


Vlrø aulkto amk vorims amgpicodm-rls dl co trodiaiñk mroc, lktrl lccms, Orturm Higéklz Nmrho, quilk dim oamkmalr lc cinrm Aulktms y clylkdosdlc Vlrø, slclaaiñk qul ikacuyl tç-tucms amgm –Co auclnro y co zmrro‗,–Lc sopm y co zmrro‗, –Lc pugo y lc zmrrm‗ y lc amkmaidçsigm rlcotm –Lc zmrrm y lc auy‗ (auy8 rmldmr mriukdmdl Vlrø, Lauodmr y Nmcivio). Gokulc^mncls Ocorañk tilkl punciaodm lccinrm Joktïstiaos ovlkturos dl Otmhy lc Diùiccm, Gorams Ymuri Gmktlrmlc cinrm @ouabisamabo y LkriqultoBlrrlro lc cinrm Clylkdos y jïnucosplruokos, ikspirodos lk cms oktiùmsarmkistos dl ikdios, auyos mnros ls-tïk socpiaodos dl prlaimsms rlcotmsplrtlklailktls o co aucturo ikaoiao,

amgm co jïnuco –Co zmrro vokidmso‗.Mtrms outmrls qul rlarlormk aulktmsy jïnucos dl co trodiaiñk mroc plruokosmk8 Hmsé Gorço Qïkablz Norro, Jlci-pl Vordm y Ocioò, Goriokm Glcòr, Hmsé Vérlz Zoròs, Aésor Zlò Blrrl-

<2


ro y Ogocio Ocoyzo dl @okim, quilk,oc iùoc qul Hmsé Gorço Orùldos yAirm Ocl`rço, sl dldiañ o rlcotor covido dlc bmgnrl okdikm. Lc prmto`m-kisto alktroc dl sus cinrms, Lc postmr-aitm dl cms Okdls y Cos ovlkturos dlGoabu Viaabu, ls uk kiÿm postmr qulkms do o amkmalr, pmr gldim dl susovlkturos, cos amstugnrls y clylkdosdl co tilrro plruoko.

Lk Zlklzulco, cms aulktms dlc tçmti`rl y tçm amklhm lstïk lktrl cms gïsamkmaidms dl co trodiaiñk pmpucor. Lcpriglrm lk amgpicor lstms aulktmsjul ôjolc îvlrm Mrogos, quilkpunciañ lk ?901 lc cinrm Lc gukdmdl tçm amklhm, qul tuvm uk éxitm ik-gldiotm lktrl cms clatmrls oductms y

kiÿms, pmrqul cms aulktms, gitms, jï-nucos y clylkdos, prmvlkilktls dl cotrodiaiñk mroc y co glgmrio amclativo,km amkmalk ldodls ki épmaos, plrmsmk hmyos qul lkriqulalk lc oalrvmaucturoc y citlrorim dl uk pulncm.




\kidod >

Odhltivms dltlrgikoktls lxacogotivms l iktl-rrmòtivms

Iktrmdualk lkukaiodms lxacogotivms l iktlrrmòtivms8 qué,auïktm/o, auïktms/os.

Lc dltlrgikotivm pmslsivm rlcotivmA\YMkm plr-tlklal oc rupm dl cms odhltivms dltlrgikoktls,km lhlral jukaiñk kmgikoc. Vmr lhlgpcm5 Couro,auym cinrm jul punciaodm.

Oc Qikto`go Kmgikoc (QK) cm puldlk oamgpoÿor amgm gïxigm auotrmdltlrgikoktls.

Cms gmdijiaodmrls dlc køaclm8 odyoalktls, amgpclglktmsdlc kmgnrl (AK)

Cms gmdijiaodmrls dlc køaclm amgpcltok, prlaisok m rlstrik`lk su si`kijiao-dm. Qmk poconros odyoalktls m amgpclglktms dlc køaclm, oc iùoc qul cmdltlrgikoktls qul lstudiogms oktls. Tmdm sikto`go (rlamrdlgms qul boyvorims, km smcm lc sikto`go kmgikoc) jmrgo portl dl uko ukidod goymr, cmroaiñk. Vlrm uk sikto`go lstï amkstituidm pmr ukidodls glkmrls. Odlgïsdlc køaclm, lstï amkstituidm o vlals pmr dltlrgikoktls y odyoalktls, amkco siùilktl lstruaturo8

Qlsiñk ?1

Odhltivms dltlrgikoktlsy gmdijaodmrls dl køaclm



:6


Dl tmdos lstos ukidodls co økiao qul km puldl joctor lk lc sikto`go kmgikoc ls lc køac

Lc cuòr qul maupok cms odyoalktls lk lc sikto`go, oc iùoc qul cms dltlrgikoktpuldl slr odlcoktl dlc køaclm8 Cms plrrms nrovms (Dltlrgikoktl (ortçaucm) + Kaclm (sustoktivm) + Odyoalktl (odhltivm)). M oktls dlc køaclm8 qulrido ogiò(Odyoalktl + Køaclm + Dltlrgikoktl).

Vmr lhlgpcm8

Lstruaturo dlc QK

Dltlrgikoktl/s (Dlt) Odyoalktl/s (Ody)Køaclm (K)

Qikto`go kmgikoc (QK)

• Ortçaucm• Ikdljikidms• Dlgmstrotivms• Vmslsivms• Kuglrocls• Iktlrrmòtivms• Lxacogotivms• ^lcotivm auym

• Qustoktivm• Vrmkmgnrl

sustoktivm• Ql`glktm sustoktivodm• Vrmpmsiaiñk sustoktivo

• Odhltivm• Qikto`go odhltivm• QK lk opmsiaiñk• QK amk prlpmsiaiñk• QO dv amk

prlpmsiaiñk• Vrmpmsiaiñk

dl portiaipimm `lrukdim

• Vrmpmsiaiñkdl rlcotivm

Qikto`go kmgikoc (QK) Qikto`go lrnoc(Qv)

Dltlrgi-koktlkuglroc

\k

Køaclm(sustoktivmm kmgnrl)

hm lk òkñ lc prlgim

Lc sikto`go vlrnoc ls lc prl-diaodm dl co mroaiñk

nostoktl iktlci`lktl

Odyoalktl(Qikto`go odhltivm)



:? Auéktogl uk aulktm,aulktlrm

\kidod >

• Co jukaiñk dlodyoalktl ls co prmpio dlc odhltivm y, pmr toktm, dlcsikto`go odhltivoc.

• Qikto`go kmgikoc lk opmsiaiñk8 auokdm uk sustoktivm sl lkaulktro

odyoalktl oc køaclm (mtrm sustoktivm) sik prlpmsiaiñk (sustoktivm opmsiaiñk)8 Lc gmktl Lvlrlst.

• Qikto`go kmgikoc amk prlpmsiaiñk8 lsto jukaiñk togniék puldl slrdlslgplÿodo pmr uk sustoktivm, prlaldidm dl prlpmsiaiñk8 \ko aogodl gltoc5 Lc aojé amk arlgo.

Lxpciqul amgm lstï amkstituidm lc sikto`go kmgikoc dlc suhltm dl cos si`uimroaimkls sigpcls. Voro lccm, slÿocl lc dltlrgikoktl, lc køaclm y lc odyoalksl`øk lc aosm.

Co gmktoÿo gohlstumso Ortçaucm + køaclm + odhltivm

Oqulcco vlktoko vlrdl

\ko slÿmro guy lcl`oktl

Lc plrrm vlcmz

Cos aoso dl godlro

Co cuko cclko

iktigido o cms aogikoktls.

ls guy `rokdl.

suniñ o lsl nus.

amrriñ pmr co ccokuro.

smk guy nmkitos.

sociñ tlgprokm.

?1



:>


Qlsiñk ?4

lampiclgms lxprlsimkls dl trodiaiñk mroc

Glhmrlgms kulstro vido amtidioko

Ikdoùl lk su jogicio qul jñrgucos aoslros uticizok y boò uk rl-altorim amk cos bilrnos ormgïtiaos m gldiaikocls qul sl uticizok lsu jogicio poro auror ocùkos lkjlrgldodls amgukls. Voro lccmsiò cms posms dlsaritms o amktikuoaiñk8

Kmgnrl dlco bilrno

gldiaikoc.

Dlsaripaiñk,puldl ikacuiruk dinuhm muko jmtm.

\smsgldiaiko-

cls8 boò ukcistodm dl

cms usms qultilkl lsto

gldiaiko.

^lalto8 dlsarinocos aoktidodls dlbilrno y dl cçquidm,lc tilgpm dl ama-aiñk m tlgplroturodlc oùo y lc prm-

aldigilktm poroboalr co ikjusiñk mrlgldim. Odlgïs,auïktos vlals oc dçosl dlnl tmgor.

Tlkò lk aulkto qul cos ikstruaaimkls ikdiaok oocùilk qul kukao bo rlocizodm su rlalto amgm

dlnl prmaldlr poro mntlklr cms rlsuctodms.

^lamclatlgms sonlrls trodiaimkocls

Lk cos amgukidodls prlvoclalk sonlrls pmpucorls o trovés dlc tilgpm, plrm amrrlglc rils`m dl qul cos plrsmkos dlpmsitorios dl lccms sl cms cclvlk amksi`m oc dlsp

dl uk cuòr o mtrm m oc gmrir.



:1 Auéktogl uk aulktm,aulktlrm

\kidod >

Voro amktrinuir amk co rlamclaaiñk dl co glgmrio amclativo dl su amgukidod vo rlampicor cms sonlrls qul ustldls amksidlrlk gïs igpmrtoktls lk su amktlxtmVoro lccm, divçdoksl lk sun`rupms y aodo ukm lciho uk tlgo dl su iktlrés lktrlsiùilktls8

?4

\ko vlz lclìdm lc rupm lconmrlk uk pcok dl tronohm poro rlam`lr co ikjmrgoaiamk nosl lk lcco lsarinir uk tlxtm qul rlamho cms sonlrls trodiaimkocls. Vrlslkttronohm lk pclkorio, amrrçhokcm y lsamhok ocùkms lsaritms poro dmkorcms odl su Ikstituaiñk Lduaotivo, o co Aoso dl co Aucturo m o ocùko mtro ikstituaprlslrvl co glgmrio dl su pulncm m amgukidod.

Voro rlam`lr co ikjmrgoaiñk nïsiao puldlk boalr lktrlvistos. Voro boalr su lsaritrlaulrdlk co lstruaturo dl cms tipms dl tlxtm, pmr lhlgpcm, cos korroaimkls dtlklr uk ikiaim, uk kudm y uk dlslkcoal. Cos rlaltos dlnlk lkuglror cms ik`rldilktlsy cos aoktidodls, ikdiaor poro auïktos plrsmkos sl prlporo lc pcotm, dlsarinir dltdoglktl lc prmaldigilktm, posm o posm, bosto jikocizor co prlporoaiñk dl co amgCos odivikokzos dlnlk ikacuir co rlspulsto. Qi lsarinlk ampcos dlnlk lsarinircolstrmjos, rlspltokdm co jmrgo amgm cos lxprlsok mrocglktl, pmr lhlgpcm8 amgpmr amgpodrl, lta. Vmr øctigm, km mcvidlk glksimkor sus julktls dl ikjmrgoals dlair lc kmgnrl dl cms ikjmrgoktls qul amconmrlk lk co prmduaaiñk dl su l

aritm opmrtokdm sus sonlrls, lc kmgnrl dl oc`øk rlaltorim oktiùm m dl oc`øk ttrodiaimkoc, lktrl mtrms.

• Odivikokzos• ^laltos dl amaiko• Amkslhms prïatiams• ^lgldims aoslrms• Aulktms y clylkdos• Aokaimkls

• Vrmvlrnims• ^ljrokls• Ampcos• Bistmrio dl añgm surìñ co amgukidoddmkdl bonito

?



:4


Auokdm uticizogms lsto téakiao slùigms ukms posms lsplaçjiams8

?. Vrlporoaiñk dl co lktrl isto

Lk lsto ltopo lsam`lgms lc tlgo, cms lktrlvistodms, co duroaiñk, cos prlùktosy co jmrgo amgm vogms o rlìstrorcos (`ronodos m lsaritos gldioktl kmtos,oamgpoÿodos dl jmtms, lta.). Odlgïs, amktoatogms oc lktrlvistodm/o porolsam`lr co jlabo, bmro y cuòr poro rlocizor co lktrlvisto.

Qlsiñk ?<

Co téakiao dl co lktrlvisto

½_ué ls uko lktrlvisto=

\ko lktrlvisto ls uk diïcm`m lk lc qul co plrsmko (lktrlvisto-dmr), lklrocglktl uko plrsmkoiktlrlsodo lk mntlklr ikjmrgo-

aiñk, pmr lhlgpcm, uk plrimdisto, boal uko slril

dl prlùktos o mtro plrsmko (lktrlvistodm), amk lcjik dl amkmalr glhmr sus idlos, sus slktigilktmssu jmrgo dl oatuor, smnrl uk tlgo dl iktlrés porolc lktrlvistodmr/o.

Auokdm boalgms ikvlstiòaiñk smnrl auocquilrtlgo dl kulstrm iktlrés, co lktrlvisto sl amkvilrtl lk ukotéakiao dl rlamclaaiñkdl ikjmrgoaiñk , smnrl lsl tlgo.

?

J m t m p mr

H ovi lr O g

o y o



:< Auéktogl uk aulktm,aulktlrm

\kidod >

Lconmroaiñk dl cos prlùktos

Cos prlùktos sl lconmrok sl`øk lc tipm dl rlspulstos qul klalsitogms dlkulstrm lktrlvistodm8

• Vrlùktos onilrtos

Voconros amgm8 _ué=, Añgm=, Auïkdm=, Dñkdl=,Añgm=, Auïktm=, Vmr qué=, lta. Cos prlùktosonilrtos km opuktok ki o uk sç, ki o uk km. Qumnhltivm ls boalr plksor, `lklror uko rljclxiñkm okïcisis, y prmpmraimkok goymr ikjmrgoaiñk oclktrlvistodmr.

• Vrlùktos alrrodos

Vlrgitlk rlspmkdlr amk uk sç m uk km, ls dlair, ukorlspulsto dl ojirgoaiñk m klòaiñk jrlktl o uko bi-pñtlsis m pcoktlogilktm dltlrgikodm. Lsto acosl dliktlrrmòtmrim gïs diriìdm puldl slr dl uticidod lklc amktlxtm dl uko lktrlvisto, auokdm lc ikvlstiòdmrdlslo prlaisor osplatms puktuocls dl co ikjmrgoaiñkqul pmsll smnrl uk tlgo.

• Vrlùktos airaucorls

Vlrgitlk boalr gïs visincls cos rlcoaimkls dltilgpm, cuòr y plrsmkos. Oyudok o rljclximkoroc lktrlvistodm smnrl osplatms rlcoaimkodms amkco ikvlstiòaiñk, poro amkmalr su puktm dl visto,co mpikiñk smnrl uk tlgo lsplaçjiam m uk blabmdl lsplaioc iktlrés poro co ikvlstiòaiñk.



::


Co ùço poro co lktrl isto

^laulrdl qul lc tilgpm dl su lktrlvistodm ls vocimsm, pmr lccm dlnl prlslk-torsl o co lktrlvisto amk uko ùço pcokijiaodo dlc dlsorrmccm dl co lktrlvistoCos prlùktos dlnlk amktrinuir o rlspmkdlr sus ikquiltudls amgm ikvlsti-

òdmr smnrl uk tlgo dltlrgikodm.

Lc tilgpm

Ql rlamgilkdo boalr co lktrlvisto amk uko bmro dl du-roaiñk, pmr lccm, si lc tlgo rlquilrl goymr tilgpm, colktrlvisto dlnl boalrsl lk vorims gmglktms. Dlnlrlspltor lc tilgpm lstonclaidm amk su lktrlvistodm,cclòr puktuoc y tlrgikor puktuocglktl co lktrlvisto.

Oc ikiaior uko lktrlvisto ls amkvlkilktl uticizor prlùktos onilrtos, poro doramkjiokzo oc lktrlvistodm/o5 si ls klalsorim, sl puldlk ikacuir dlspués mtrmtipm dl prlùktos. Qilgprl cos prlùktos dlnlk slr amrtos, acoros y guyrlspltumsos.

• Qlo puktuoc.

• Qiò co ùço dl su lktrlvisto.

• Lvitl qul lc lktrlvistodm sl socò dlc tlgo, plrm sik iktlrrugpircm.

• Gulstrl otlkaiñk `lkuiko.

>. Duroktl co lktrl isto

^lamglkdoaimkls lklrocls




\kidod >

?<

\ticizokdm cms posms dl co lktrlvisto tronohodms lk acosl, rlocial uko lktrlvist

cçdlr dl su amgukidod. Vrlslktl sus rlsuctodms lk co prñxigo acosl.

1. Okïcisis dl co lktrl isto

Qi bo rlocizodm uko `ronoaiñk dlnl dls`ronor co lktrlvisto y lxtrolr dllcco co ikjmrgoaiñk nïsiao poro su ikvlsti`oaiñk. Qi bo tmgodm kmtos dln

prmaldlr o lsam`lr dl cm okmtodm oqulccm qul ls dl iktlrés poro su mnhltmdl lstudim. Lk guabos maosimkls kms amgprmgltlgms amk lc lktrlvistodmo lktrl`orcl uko rlslÿo dl co lktrlvisto rlocizodo, rlaulrdl augpcir lstlamgprmgism lk lc tilgpm poatodm. Lstm plrgitl amrrmnmror amk lc lktrl-vistodm/o co ikjmrgoaiñk qul blgms rlamclatodm poro vlrijiaor si lstï dloaulrdm amk lcco.

• Diriho co lktrlvisto lk jmrgo jclxincl, puldl iktrmduair plqulÿmsaognims.

•

Vlrgito qul lc lktrlvistodm rlspmkdo.• Arll uk ognilktl distlksimkodm.• Km onusl dl co tlrgikmcm`ço téakiao.• Tmgl kmto amk disarlaiñk, sik distrolr oc lktrlvistodm.• ^lspltl lc cçgitl dl tilgpm lstonclaidm.• O`rodlzao o su lktrlvistodm oc jikocizor co lktrlvisto.



:2


Odvlrnims

Qmk poconros qul plrtlklalk oc `rupm dl cos poco-nros ikvorioncls lk su si`kijiaoktl. Augpclk uk poplcairaukstokaioc dlc vlrnm, puldlk slr odyoalktls dluk odhltivm. Vuldlk amgnikorsl amk mtrms odvlrnimsy mtrms lclglktms dl co mroaiñk.

Vmr lhlgpcm8 Co tço Acoudio togniék lstï dl amg-pros. Mnslrvogms qul lc odvlrnim togniék lstïodyoalktl oc vlrnm lstï.

Ocùkms odhltivms augpclk co jukaiñk dl odvlrnims,auokdm dlslgplÿok lc poplc dl odyoalktls air-aukstokaiocls8 Vmr lhlgpcm8 Qocç o tronohor tlgpro-km. Lk mtrms aosms sl cls o`rlò o cms odhltivms cotlrgikoaiñk glktl (jmrgo sikùcor jlglkiko), poroqul dlslgplÿlk lc poplc dl odvlrnims8 clktoglktl,rïpidoglktl, lta.

Qlsiñk ?:

Mtros aotl mrços rogotiaocls




\kidod >

Acosijiaoaiñk dl cms odvlrnimsQl`øk sus vocmrls céxiams, puldlk slr8

Cmauaimkls odvlrniocls

Lxistlk odvlrnims qul smk poconros amgpulstos pmr uko prlpmsiaiñk ukido odhltivm, sustoktivm u mtrm odvlrnim8 oplkos, lkjrlktl, dlpriso, lta. Lk lc dl cos cmauaimkls od lrniocls poso cm gisgm, ls dlair, sl troto dl prlpmsiaimklsslùidos dl odhltivms, sustoktivms m odvlrnims, plrm km lstïk jusimkodos, aolstï slporodo y augpclk co jukaiñk dl odyoalktl airaukstokaioc8 o vlals, lk toktm

dl prmktm, o `mcpl, o duros plkos, sik tmk ki smk, dl bmz y dl amz, lta.

Acosijiaoaiñk sl`øk cos jukaimkls dlc od lrnim

Oktls, obmro, dlspués, tordl,cul`m, oylr, lta. Odvlrnims dl tilgpm

Odvlrnims dl cuòr Occç, oquç, clhms, julro, lta.

Odvlrnims dl gmdm Osç, goc, clktoglktl, nilk, lta.

Odvlrnims dl aoktidod Dlgosiodm, toktm, guabm, aosi,lta.

Odvlrnims dl ojirgoaiñk Qç, osç gisgm, togniék, lta.

Odvlrnims dl klòaiñk Km, togpmam

_uizïs, oaosm, lta. Odvlrnims dl dudo

Lktmkals, oquç, osç, toc, toktm,obmro

Acosl dl o lrnim

Odvlrnims dlgmstrotivms

Amgm, dmkdl, auoktm.Kukaocclvok ticdl. Odvlrnims rlcotivms

½Añgm=, lta.Qilgprl cclvokoalktm mrtm`rïjiam (ticdl).

Lsarino uk lhlgpcm dl usm

Odvlrnims iktlrrmòtivms

?

Lhlgpcms



06


Jro`glktm dlc tlxtm^lvisto dl co gmdo

Vmr Hmsé Gorço Zlròro y Zlròro

Tmgodm dl co pïìko wln dl co Nincimtlao Cuis Ïk`lc Orok`m (ncoo diìtoc).

Lk cms tilgpms posodms sl usono ojlitl poro lc rmstrm5 lstm sl amksidlro bmsugoglktl ridçaucm y oktiauodm. Qik amktor amk qul lc amcmr qul sl pmklsmnrl co pilc co orruò y lkkl`rlal, tlkço co dlsvlktoho dl qul co guhlrplrgoklaço amkstoktlglktl dl uk gisgm amcmr, oukqul julro ikmpmrtukm.Ccl`ñ o vlrsl lc aosm dl qul uko guhlr dlsgoyodo amkslrvoro cos glhiccosamcmrodos, cm auoc lro uk amktroslktidm. ^lamrdogms, o prmpñsitm, u

okéadmto bistñriao. Lc amkdl ^..., ukm dl cms bmgnrls dl gïs géritm dlcigplrim, ogono cmaoglktl o co slÿmrito Couro, biho dlc nokqulrm K... Couro,pmr su portl, ogono amk posiñk oc kmncl amkdl. Lc dço qul portiñ éstl poroco lgnohodo lk Godrid, dihm oirodm oc sunir o su amabl8 –¡Añgm, lsto guhlvl qul gl gulrm, vl lk gi rmstrm co slÿoc dl gi dlslsplroaiñk, gl bovistm bosto ccmror amgm uk kiÿm, y sik lgnor`m lcco sl bo goktlkidm amguko rmso! ½Km tilkl, puls, amrozñk= ½Lc dmcmr lk lcco lk vlz dl boalrco p

Clo lc siùilktl tlxtm5 cul`m, lconmrl uk lsaritm lk lc auoc amgporl cos amstugndl oktls amk cos dl obmro. Qlÿocl lk su lsaritm cms odvlrnims.

?:

06




0? Auéktogl uk aulktm,aulktlrm

\kidod >

cidlalr co pmkl gïs lkalkdido=‗ Oqulc dço hurñ mcvidorco... y cm augpciñ. Couro cm ogoaodo dço gïs, y poso co vido gïs dls`roaio-

do qul puldl jiùrorsl. Lcco bonço sujridmamk co dlspldido gïs qul éc5 plrm nohm sulstøpidm amcmrltl lro qul sl prmkukaionooqulcco pocidlz qul okukaio lc dmcmr. ¡Lc amcmrltl, lgplrm, co mauctono Cms amcmrls qul bmy sl usok poro lc rmstrm smk dms8 ncokam gotl auoksl myl uko poconro otrlvido, m sl silktl uko lgmaiñk kmncl5 dlc amcmrdl co rmso auokdm sl myl uko poconro cialkaimso m sl myl uko aonoccl-

rlsao y bmkrodo dlacoroaiñk dlc bmgnrl qul sl ogo. Ql oamstugnrotogniék runmrizorsl auokdm sl bonco amk `lktls lxtroÿos m dl mtrmslxm, oukqul slok guy amkmaidos. Lk cms mhms sl cclvok girodos aostos y tçgidos. Lc giror jrlktl o jrlktlsl amksidlro ùstm dlc si`cm posodm, y km sl uso yo ki lk lc auortlcdl cms lstudioktls. Boal pmams dços qul sl bonço ikvlktodm co gmdoamk dlstikm o cos Ogériaos, dl usor poconros dl dmncl slktidm lk cosamkvlrsoaimkls dl cms hñvlkls dl ognms slxms8 lstm sl amksidlro bmyamgm dl uk goc ùstm dlpcmroncl.

Lktrl cms odmrkms dl gokm boy vorildod5 plrm tmdms smk iùocglktlnlccms. Aitorlgms cms qul bok aousodm goymr slksoaiñk lk Vorçs. Lk ukposlm dl Nmucm`kl sl vim o co riao y lclòktl duqulsito dl*** vlstidotoc amgm blgms diabm, qul cclvono dl co gokm uk kiÿm buérjokm y

glkdi`m, qul oaonono dl lkamktror ccmrokdm dl jrçm y dl bognrl. Cmcclvñ osç dl co gokm bosto dmkdl lstono su amabl, y lk éc cm amkduhmlso gisgo tordl o uko plksiñk (amclìm), lk lc auoc po`ñ uk oÿm odlcok-todm. Lc kiÿm jul amkduaidm ikgldiotoglktl o uk noÿm, y oc socir sl clvistiñ dl kulvm dl pils o aonlzo y sl cl sirviñ uko amgido sustokaimso.Dlsdl lc dço siùilktl lktrñ o cos acosls, y sl dial qul co duqulsitoamstlorï su lduaoaiñk bosto qul slpo oc`øk mjiaim qul cl boò sunsistir.

0? Auéktogl uk aulktm,aulktlrm

\kidod >



0>


Korro cos ams-tugnrls dl coépmao y dls-arinl osplatmslsplaçjiamsrlcoaimkodmsamk co gmdo.

½Añgmsualdiñ=

½_ué ls=

½Añgm ls=

Ortçaucm dlrlvisto dlgmdos.

Lclòktl,auctm,slkaiccm,amk guabmsodhltivms yocùkmsdigikutivms.

Korrotivmy dlsariptivm

Tipm dl tlxtmIktlkaiñk

amgukiaoti o ^lspmkdl o GmdlcmTipm dlclkùohl

^laulrdl qul poro jmrtoclalr kulstro jmrgo dl orùglk-tor y osç dljlkdlr glhmr kulstros mpikimkls pmdlgmsuticizor ailrtos téakiaos.

Cos jïnucos

^lcotms citlrorims lk vlrsm m lk prmso qul trolk uko lkslÿokzo ccogodogmroclho. Lsto gmroclho kms puldl oyudor o dljlkdlr kulstro tlsis ikiaioc,puls cos jïnucos amrrlspmkdlk oc tipm dl orùglktoaiñk pmr okocm`ço, smkuk lhlgpcm jiatiaim. ^laulrdl lsam`lr uko jïnuco auyo gmroclho opmyl susorùglktms poro dljlkdlr co tlsis. Lc siùilktl ls uk lhlgpcm dl jïnuco8

Viccñ lc aulrvm dmrgido o co slrpilktl,y oc qulrlrsl alnor lk lcco bognrilktm,

cl gmrdiñ vlklkmso. Qlpo lcaulktm quilk siùl o su opltitm

ikaoutoglktl.Jécix Gorço Qogokil`m.




\kidod >

?. Lxpciqul añgm lstï amkstituidm lc sikto`go kmgikocdlc suhltm dl cos siùilktls mroaimkls sigpcls. Vorolccm, slÿocl lc dltlrgikoktl, lc køaclm y lc odyoalk-tl, sl`øk lc aosm.

>. Lsarino uk pïrrojm qul lxprlsl co igpmrtokaio dl co trodiaiñk mroc lkkulstro aucturo.

Qlsiñk ?0

Gokms o co mnro

Co aoso `rokdl oamìñ o cms ikvitodms.

Ortçaucm + køaclm + odhltivm

Oqulc smgnrlrm ncokam

ocaokzñ co glto.Co tmrtuò clkto

ls guy nmkitm.

\ko slÿmrito amk guabo priso suniñ o lsl oviñk



04


?. Qi`kmsKms amgukiaogms gldioktl si`kms qul blgms ikvlktodm. Lk kulstro vido amtidiouticizogms si`kms `rïjiams, amgm cos slÿocls dl trïksitm, cos plrsmkos smrdosgukiaok gldioktl si`kms `lstuocls qul amkjmrgok lc clk`uohl gçgiam. Oc boncouticizogms si`kms qul lgitigms mrocglktl, cms si`kms cik`óçstiams. \k si`km ls uko rlocidod plralptincl pmr ukm m vorims slktidms bugokms qul rlgio mtro rlocidod qul km lstï prlslktl. Ls dlair, si`km ls cm qul pmdlgms plrainir pmcms slktidms y kms prmdual uko idlo lk co glktl.

Lc si`km ls lc lclglktm gçkigm amkstitutivm dl co amgukiaoaiñk. Lstï amkjmrgpmr si`kijiaoktl (igo`lk oaøstiao) si`kijiaodm (amkalptm)4, y uk rljlrlktl, cms auoclsprmdualk uko si`kijiaoaiñk.

4. Amkalptm iktrmduaidm lk lc lstudim dlc clk`uohl rlocizodm o prikaipims dl si`cm pmr Qoussurl (?2<

slgiñcm`m suizm prlaursmr dlc lstruaturocisgm, o trovés dl cms si`kms y cms si`kijiaodms.

Qlsiñk ?2

Amkalptms nïsiams

\kidod 1. Divlrsms añdi ms smaiocls

Qi`kijiaoktl(Igo`lk oaøstiao, bulcco psçquiao qul sl

lvmao, oukqul km sl lsarino m sl prmkukail)

Qi`kijiaodm(Amkalptm8 qué ls uk clñk).

^ljlrlktl(Mnhltm lk co vido rloc).

Qi`km



0< Divlrsms añdi`mssmaiocls

\kidod 1

Acosls dl si`kms

Lxistlk divlrsos acosijiaoaimkls dl si`kms, kmgnrorlgms ocùkos. Cms si`kms sjiaok sl`øk lc slktidm pmr gldim dlc auoc plrainigms y sl`øk co jmrgo qul sl utic

poro lxprlsorcms. Odlgïs, pmr co rlcoaiñk qul boy lktrl lc rljlrlktl y lc si`kijiaoktsl amksidlrok si`kms gmtivodms y si`kms ikgmtivodms5 cms si`kmsgmti odms smkoqulccms lk cms qul sl do ocùko rlcoaiñk lktrl lc si`kijiaoktl y lc rljlrlktl, y si`kikgmti odmssmk oqulccms lk cms qul km lxistl rlcoaiñk ocùko. Cms çkdials m sy cms iamkms qul rlprlslktok si`kijiaodms slrïk si`kmsgmti odms, gilktros qul uksçgnmcm plrsmkoc amgm lc cm`m dl uk ocgoaék slrï ikgmtivodm.

Ql`øk lc slktidm

visuocls

Ouditi ms

Tïaticls

Mcjoti ms

@ustoti ms

Qlÿocls dl trïksitm, dl prlvlkaiñk, lktrl mtrms.

\k opcousm, co sirlko dl cms nmgnlrms, lktrl mtrms.

\ko aoriaio.

\k plrjugl

\k sonmrQl`øk co jmrgo

Cik`óçstiams

Km cik`óçstiams

Lc clkùohl bugokm

Amgukiaoaiñk km vlrnoc, cms `lstms.




0:


Lc rljlrlktl ls lc smc qul lxistl lk co rlocidod qul amgportigms cms slrls bugokms

>. Qi`kms cik`óçstiamsCos poconros oc mçrcos m oc cllrcos lklrok idlos lk kulstrm alrlnrm, pmr lccm smcik`óçstiams. Cms si`kms cik`óçstiams smk cms si`kms mrocls y lsaritms qul amclkùo. Oc iùoc qul auocquilr si`km tilklk si`kijiaoktl, si`kijiaodm y rljlrlktl.

Lcsi`kijiaoktl dl uk si`km cik`óçstiam ls co igo`lk qul tlklgms lk kulstro glktldl uko aodlko dl smkidms, lso igo`lk jñkiao plrgitl qul plkslgms lk cos poconros,sik prmkukaiorcos. Lhlgpcms8 p+l+r+r+m, c+ï+p+i+z, s+m+c.

Lcsi`kijiaodm dl uk si`km cik`óçstiam ls lc amkalptm m co igo`lk, co idlo qul osmagms lk kulstro glktl o uk si`kijiaoktl amkarltm. Ls dlair, lc si`kijiaodm ls co idloqul troksgitlk cms smkidms m cltros. Vmr lhlgpcm8

Q + m + c

<. Tmgodm dl www.wieipldio.amg

Cos aoroatlrçstiaos jukdoglktocls dlc si`km cik`óçstiam smk<8

• Co ornitrorildod8 lc vçkaucm qul ukl lc si`kijiaodm amk lc si`kijiaoktlls ornitrorim, lc cozm qul ukl o ognms ls ikgmtivodm5 ls dlair qul lcsi`kijiaodm puldl lstor osmaiodm o auocquilr kmgnrl y qul pmr cm toktmkm lxistl uk klxm koturoc lktrl lccms.

Vmr lhlgpcm, lk cms sikñkigms (vorims si`kijiaoktls y uk smcm si`kijiaodcos clkùos (lspoÿmc8 tizo, ik`cés8 aboce), ikacusm lk cos mkmgotmpl(lspoÿmc8 quiquiriquç, jrokaés8 amamriam) y cos lxacogoaimkls (lspoÿ!oy!, oclgïk8 !ouo!).



00 Divlrsms añdi`mssmaiocls

\kidod 1

• Co ciklocidod8 lc si`km ls cikloc pmrqul lc si`kijiaoktl sl dlslkvulcvlsualsivoglktl lk lc tilgpm ls dlair km puldlk slr prmkukaiodms lkjmrgo siguctïklo, sikm ukm dlspués dlc mtrm, lk ukidodls sualsivos qulsl prmdualk ciklocglktl lk lc tilgpm.

Vmr lhlgpcm8 !o-a-o-n-m-d-l-cc-l-`-o-r!

• Co ikgutonicidod8 lk priglr cuòr sonlgms qul auokdm oprlkdlgmsuk sistlgo cik`óçstiam km kms aulstimkogms pmr qué ccogo –aoso‗ oaoso m –rmso‗ o co rmso, sigpclglktl oprlkdlgms qul lsl ls su kmgnrl.Lktmkals co ikgutonicidod amksistl lk qul co amgukidod igpmkl lc usmdl uk si`km cik`óçstiam lk uk gmglktm dltlrgikodm dl co lvmcuaiñkdl uko clkùo. Diabm dl mtrm gmdm, kikùk boncoktl puldl aogniorvmcuktorioglktl lc vocmr dl uk si`km yo qul amrrl lc rils`m dl qul kmcl lktilkdok. Zocl dlair, puls, qul lsto aoroatlrçstiao økiaoglktl lspmsincl dlsdl uko plrsplativo sikarñkiao.

Ikgutoncl (lc si`km cik`óçstiam km puldl aognior) ——; Qikarñkiao-glktl (lk uk lstodm dl tilgpm).

• Co gutonicidod8 si amksidlrogms o co clkùo dlsdl uko plrsplativo dio-arñkiao, cos ukidodls dl uko clkùo puldlk troksjmrgorsl. Vmr lhlgpcmcos poconros lk cotçk kmatl y platus qul dlrivormk rlsplativoglktl lk–kmabl‗ y –plabm‗.

Gutoncl (lc si`km cik`óçstiam puldl aognior) ——; Dioarñkiaoglktl(o trovés dlc tilgpm).

• Gmkmslgio8 pmrqul co goymrço dl cos poconros tilklk uk si`kijiaodmporo uk si`kijiaoktl.

• Nipcïkiao8pmr co amgnikoaiñk ikslporoncl dlc si`kijiaodm y lc si`kijiaoktl. • Ortiaucodo8pmrqul sl amgpmkl lk portls gïs plqulÿos y sl puldlk

slporor.



02


1. Añdi`m

Aonl dlstoaor qul lc si`km cik`óçstiam odquilrl uk vocmr dl si`kijiaoaiñk. LhKm ls cm gisgm dlair –plz‗ qul –plsaodm‗. ^lprlslktok cm gisgm, gos plzsl rljilrl oc okigoc vivm, y uk plsaodm yo lstï gulrtm y cistm poro amglr. Lstlvocmr vo o dlplkdlr dl cos clkùos o qul plrtlklzaok5 odlgïs, lc si`km tilkl

jmklgos rlcotivms (auocquilr slglhokzo qul tlkòk), klòtivms (cm qul amg-pcltoglktl dl cms mtrms si`kms km smk) y mpmsitivms (aodo jmklgo sl mpmcms mtrms jmklgos). Togniék cos cltros sl puldlk lsarinir dl dijlrlktls goklrossilgprl y auokdm km sl amkjukdok amk cms mtrms smkidms. Lh8 T t5 ^ r.

:. Vrmjlsmr Goralcm O Julktls, tlxtm tmgodm dl8 www.lduaor-or`lktiko.amgm.or.

4. Clkùo y bonco

Cm smaioc y cm ikdividuoc lk lc clkùohl:

Cm smaioc y cm ikdividuoc smk dms ros`ms aoroatlrçstiams dlc clkùohl qul Jdl Qoussurl, pimklrm lk lc lstudim dlc clkùohl, bo dlsorrmccodm nohm lc kmgnclkùo y bonco.

\k añdi`m ls ukamkhuktm dl si`kms quljmrgok uk sistlgo, rlìdms pmr ukosrl`cos qul plrgitlk jmrgorcms y amgnikorcms. Vmrlhlgpcm, lc clkùohl gusiaoc ls uk añdi`m mrò-kizodm lk kmtos y portituros poro arlor gøsiao. Kulstro clkùo ls uk añdi`m jmrgodm pmrcms si`kms cik`óçstiams, co `rogïtiao amktilklcos rl`cos poro amgnikor cms lclglktms dl coclkùo. Vmdlgms dlair qul uko clkùo ls ukañdi`m cik`óçstiam.





\kidod 1

Oc slporor lc clkùohl lk clkùo y bonco, dijlrlkaio acoroglktl dms osplatms qamgpmklk o tmdms cms clkùohls.

Co clkùo ls co portl sistlgïtiao, amkstruido smaiocglktl pmr uko gisgo amgukidoLs co portl dlc clkùohl qul sl goklho pmr rl`cos lsplaçjiaos, amkstruidos y amkdodos o trovés dlc tilgpm. Qmk cos clyls, cm plrgoklktl dlc clkùohl, pmr lhlgpcos dljikiaimkls dl diaaimkorim, co `rogïtiao, co siktoxis.

Lk aognim, lc bonco ls co lxprlsiñk ikdividuoc y portiaucor. Lc bonco boal qul stlriocial lc clkùohl, qul vivo, qul tlkò slktidm. Boalgms usm dlc bonco aodo vqul kms amgukiaogms, plrm sl klalsito dl co clkùo poro boalrco amgprlksincl.co vlz, co clkùo klalsito dlc bonco, poro qul sl lstonclzao, poro qul lxisto.

\ko poconro, uko lxprlsiñk, amgm togniék uk idimgo qul km sl bonco, dlsoporlaVmr lhlgpcm, oc cotçk amgøkglktl sl co dlkmgiko clkùo gulrto pmrqul si nilk tiluko `rogïtiao y clyls oc km gotlriocizorsl lk lc bonco, km lxistl gïs amgm idimgCos lxprlsimkls qul sl uticizok, amgm lk cos gisos, smk jñrgucos jihos.

Ls lk lspoaim dlc bonco dmkdl sl prmdualk cms gmdisgms y vorioaimkls dlc clkLc idimgo lspoÿmc, amgm clkùohl tilkl sus rl`cos ‑co clkùo‑ y togniék amktilklxprlsimkls portiaucorls dlc bonco. Auokdm lsauabogms boncor o ocùilk pmdovlkturor, sl`øk cms gmdisgms m tmkms dlc clkùohl qul mnslrvlgms, pmdlgms qué ldod tilkl, dl qué cuòr ls mriukdm, dl qué tronoho m o qué sl dldiao.

Qik lgnor`m, amgm lc clkùohl ls uk sistlgo vivm qul sl amkstruyl y amkjirgo aovlz qul auocquilr ikdividum cm uticizo, lk aodo gokijlstoaiñk sl pmklk lk hulsus rl`cos. Y guabos vlals, lsl gisgm clkùohl amgportidm dlgulstro su dikïgiaoigprlaiso y ogniùo, aoròdo dl gocms lktlkdidms, dmncls iktlkaimkls, ikdirlatosmnrllktlkdidms.

Ikvlstiùl mtros acosijiaoaimkls pmsincls dl cms si`kms, dijlrlktls o cos qul b

kmgnrodm oquç.

?2



26


Dinuhl lc siùilktl auodrm y amcñqulcm lk uk cuòr visincl dl su ouco y lsarinolhlgpcms dl mroaimkls, poro aodo aosm, amk co oyudo dl sus amgpoÿlrms/o

Quhltm o`lktl Quhltm poailktl

26Troksjmrglgms Lduaokdm 0o Clkùohl y Amgukiaoaiñk

Qlsiñk ?9

Jukaimkls dlc sikto go kmgikoc y vlrnoc

Jukaimkls dlc sikto`go kmgikoco. Quhltm8lc sikto`go kmkigoc rlprlslkto oc suhltm lxpcçaitm

lk co mroaiñk, pmr lhlgpcm8

Co Gorço ls uko mnro citlrorio.

Odlgïs dl slr lc suhltm dl uko mroaiñk, lc QK rlocizo

mtros jukaimkls, prlaldidm dl prlpmsiaimkls m sik lccos.Lk co jukaiñk suhltm puldl slr dl dms acosls8 o`lktl ypoailktl.

n. Quhltm o`lktl ls quilk rlocizo co oaaiñk vlrnoc y amkaulrdo

amk lc vlrnm lk køglrm y plrsmko8 lc potm vulco nohm. a. Quhltm poailktl m rlalptmr ls lc qul rlainl co oaaiñk dlc

vlrnm8 cms dlcikaulktls smk aostiòdms pmr co cly.

?



2? Divlrsms añdi`mssmaiocls

\kidod 1

d. Lc QK togniék sl lkaulktro lk lc prldiaodm dl cos mroaimkls

Auokdm lc QK (sikto`go kmgikoc) jmrgo portl dlc sikto`go vlrnoc (prldiaodmdl uko mroaiñk), dlslgplÿo vorios jukaimkls8

• Otrinutm8 ikdiao auocidodls dlc suhltm o trovés dl uk vlrnm otrinu-tivm m ampucotivm (slr, lstor m porlalr)8 pmr lhlgpcm8 Gi godrl lsdmatmro5 Lc ti`rl goripmsm ls uko jilro.

• vmaoti m8Auokdm lc QK sl uticizo lk jmrgo lxacogotivo m iktlrrm-òtivo8 ¡Cuis, amrrl! ½Gorto, vilkls=

• Amgpclglktm dl uk kmgnrl m sustokti m8 Co pipo dl co poz.

• Amgpclglktm dl uk odhlti m8 Lstï cmam dl ogorror.

Amgpclglktm dlc vlrnm8

• Amgpclglktm dirlatm8 lxprlso cm qul sl dial dlc suhltm o trovésdlc vlrnm8 Lk lsl porqul hulòk nocmkalstm5 sirvl poro prlaisor,jihor m amkarltor lc si`kijiaodm dl cms vlrnms troksitivms8 Bmy alkrlgms pmccm5 auokdm lc amgpclglktm dirlatm sl rljilrl o plrsmkou mnhltm plrsmkijiaodm, vo prlaldidm dl co prlpmsiaiñk o8 Gi bihoogo o su òtm.

• Amgpclglktm ikdirlatm8 oacoro auoc ls co plrsmko m amso o quilkco oaaiñk vlrnoc nlkljiaio, doÿo, lta. Cm oktlaldl m prlaldl coprlpmsiaiñk o y co prlpmsiaiñk poro. Lhlgpcms8 Hmsé tmgñ ukoposticco poro lc dmcmr dl aonlzo. Gi sul`ro amgprñ uko aoso porosu godrl.



2>


• Amgpclglktm airaukstokaioc8 ikdiao cos airaukstokaios (tilgpm,gmdm, cu`or, aoktidod, lta.) lk qul sl dlsorrmcco co oaaiñk vlrnoc8Gi bihm tmgo acosls dl ik`cés cms dmgik`ms o cos 9 dl co goÿoko.

• Amgpclglktm prlpmsiaimkoc8 lc sikto`go kmgikoc cclvo amgm lk-coal uko prlpmsiaiñk8 Cms codrmkls sl odulÿormk dl gis nilkls.

• Amgpclglktm o`lktl8 lc QK ls lc oatmr dl co oaaiñk vlrnoc, vo prl-aldidm dl prlpmsiaiñk. Lhlgpcm8 Co smprokm jul opcoudido pmr lcpønciam jlciz.

• Amgpclglktm prldiaoti m8 amgpclglkto o co vlz oc vlrnm y o uksikto`go kmgikoc qul jukaimko amgm suhltm m amgpclglktm dirlatm8Kmgnrormk o Blrrlro bérml koaimkoc.

Qikto`go vlrnoc

Ls lc prldiaodm dl cos mroaimkls. Lc køaclm dlc sikto`go vlrnoc ls lc vlrnm(uk vlrnm prldiaotivm) lk jukaiñk dl prldiaodm y o éc sl rljilrlk, dirlatom ikdirlatoglktl, tmdms cms amgpclglktms (lclglktms dlplkdilktls) quljmrgok lc sikto`go vlrnoc.

Lstms amgpclglktms puldlk slr sikto`gos kmgikocls, odhltivms, prlpmsi-aimkocls m odvlrniocls.

Vmr lhlgpcm8 Co pmciaço auido o cms aiudodokms.




\kidod 1

Cms amgpclglktms cms blgms lstudiodm lk lc sikto`go kmgikoc, plrmpmdlgms rlsugircms amk cms si`uilktls lhlgpcms8

Acoudio tmgñ lc dlsoyukm8 Amgpclglktm dirlatm.

Gñkiao vlkdiñ su aorrm o Okdrés8 Amgpclglktm ikdirlatm.

Tu blrgokm sociñ dl viohl poro lc Abmañ oylr pmr co tordl8Amgpclglktm airaukstokaioc.

Auokdm lc amgpclglktm airaukstokaioc lstï jmrgodm pmr sikto`gos od-vlrnioc puldl ikdiaor8

Cu`or8 Amgigms lk aoso.

Tilgpm8 Km voyos lc cukls.

Gmdm8 Amgl amk clktitud.

Gotlrio8 Lc poplc sl boal amk rlsidums rlaiacodms.

Ikstruglktm8 Vmdo lc postm amk uko pmdodmro.

Amgpoÿço8 Iré amk Cuiso.

Aoktidod8 Cm lsarinç trls vlals.

Jikocidod8 Zikl poro vlrtl.



24


Boyprldiaodms kmgikocls. Lc prldiaodm kmgikoc tilkl amgm køaclm o ukvlrnm, plrm lstl sirvl dl lkcoal lktrl lc suhltm y lc otrinutm. Cm otrinuidmls uko auocidod qul sl lxprlso gldioktl uk kmgnrl m uk odhltivm qulaocijiao oc suhltm (sustoktivm). Cms vlrnms qul sl uticizok smk slr, lstorporlalr y sl cls ccogo ampucotivms m otrinutivms. Vmr lhlgpcm8

• Ym smy lkjlrglro.

• Co sicco lstono ojulro.

• Tmgïs ls gédiam.

Lc sikto`go vlrnoc puldl ir oktls m dlspués dlc sikto`go kmgikoc. Lc mrdlkdlplkdl dlc ùstm dl quilk bonco (boncoktl). Ql`øk su mrdlk pmdlgmslkamktror8

• Mrdlk cñìam8 priglrm lc sikto`go kmgikoc, lkslùido lcsikto`go vlrnoc8 Gi aoso ls cikdo.

• Mrdlk ik lrtidm8 sikto`go vlrnoc oktlpulstm, poro jihor comrdlk vlrnoc8 Tl lstï ccogokdm tu godrl.

• Mrdlk rçtgiam8 lk co pmlsço nusao dlstoaor ocùkos poco-nros8 Co cuko, clhoko, kms girono.

• Mrdlk igpucsi m8 lxprlso slktigilktms oc amcmaor priglrmlc sikto`go vlrnoc8 ¡Dlho lso goclto!



2< Divlrsms añdi`mssmaiocls

\kidod 1

Dlsaripaiñk dl uk

cuòr.

?. Qlclaaimkor coikjmrgoaiñk gïsigpmrtoktl.

>. Mrdlkor co ik-

jmrgoaiñk dl cm`lklroc o cm por-tiaucor. (Lhlgpcm8añgm ls lc rlcil-vl, poro cul`mlxpciaor cms dlto-ccls dl co ccokurodmkdl bonito).

Dlsaripaiñk jçsiao

dl uko plrsmko.

?. Aoro8 mhms,koriz, aonlccm,mrlhos, lta.

>. Aulrpm8 lsto-

turo, amktlx-turo, lta.

1. Zlstiglkto yros`ms `lklro-cls.

Tmpm`rojço Vrmsmpm`rojço

Aoroatlrçstiaos jç-

siaos dlc mnhltm.

Gotlrioc, togoÿm,jmrgo, amgm sluso, poro qué sir-vl, amcmr, lta.

Dlsaripaiñkdl uk mnhltm

Dlsaripaiñk dlc

aorïatlr dl ukoplrsmko.

Vlrsmkocidod,oatitudls, boni-cidodls, slkti-gilktms, lta.

Ltmplyo

Dlsarino lc cuòr dmkdl bonito (norrim m vlrldo) ls dlair, boò uko tmpm`rojçsunroyl lk su lsaritm lc sikto`go vlrnoc dl cos mroaimkls y cms amgpclglktmscm amkjmrgok. Voro rlocizor su tlxtm dlsariptivm tlkò lk aulkto cm siùilktl8

Cmstlxtms dlsaripti ms kms aulktok añgm smk cms mnhltms, cos plr-smkos, cms lspoaims, cos situoaimkls, cms okigocls, cos lgmaimkls yslktigilktms. Cms tlxtms dlsariptivms puldlk slr8

?9



2:


^laulrdl qul poro jmrtoclalr kulstro jmrgo dl orùglk-tor y osç dljlkdlr glhmr kulstros mpikimkls pmdlgmsuticizor ailrtos téakiaos.

Lc plksogilktm m gokijlstoaiñk dl cos mtros plrsmkos dl su amgukidod8

Qmk orùglktms opmyodms lk co aoktidod dl plrsmkos qul rlspocdok kulstrotlsis, pmr lhlgpcm8 lc 0<% dl cms podrls dl jogicio prljilrlk cos rlukimklslk dços km conmrocls, pmr lccm amksidlrogms amkvlkilktl qul lc amclìgmdijiqul cos jlabos dl lktrlò dl ikjmrgls.

Tipmdl tlxtm

Dlsariptivm8tmpm`rojço.

^lspmkdl o GmdlcmTipm

dl clkùohl

½Añgm ls= @uçoturçstiao.

Guabmsodhltivms.

Aoroatlrçstiaos dl co dlsaripaiñk rlocizodo pmr ustld.

Iktlkaiñkamgukiaoti o

Aulkto añgmls uk cuòr.

Kl odm dlc ûiz - Jmtm8 Ho ilr Ogoyo




\kidod 1

–… oc boncor uk clkùohl iktlktm amgukiaor amsos o gi mylktlamksiùilkdm qul éc rlamkmzao gi iktlkaiñk dl amgukiaorprlaisoglktl lsos amsos‗.

H.^. Qlorcl.

Co amgukiaoaiñk ls uk jlkñglkm smaioc qul amgprlkdl tmdms cms oatms

gldioktl cms auocls cms slrls vivms troksgitlk l iktlraogniok ikjmrgoaiñk.Co amgukiaoaiñk ls uko amkdiaiñk klalsorio poro co lxistlkaio dl cms slrlsbugokms.

Kms dljikigms amgm slrls smaiocls, ls dlair, aopoals dl amgukiaorkms amkcms slrls qul amkvivigms lk uko smaildod. Oc amgukiaorkms iktlraogniogmplksogilktms, lgmaimkls, lxplrilkaios y kms lkriqulalgms ukms o mtrmsaucturocglktl. Co amgukiaoaiñk ls ukm dl cms joatmrls qul boalk pmsincl lc

dlsorrmccm smaioc gldioktl co ammplroaiñk y co osmaioaiñk yo qul lc prmdl amgukiaoaiñk kms plrgitl rlcoaimkorkms lk co vido amtidioko.

Lc prmalsm dl amgukiaoaiñk cm rlocizogms gldioktl oatms amgukiaotivmamgm lc kmgnror, lc lkmhm, co riso, co nurco, co ikstruaaiñk, lc rlprmaborùkms oatms amgukiaotivms km rlquilrlk lc añdi`m cik`óçstiam, pmr lhlgpcoqulccms oatms amgukiaotivms qul uticizok lc clkùohl `lstuoc.

Boò uk cistodm dl cms oatms amgukiaotivms bonituocls qul rlocizok lk su jogi

cms kiÿms y kiÿos, pmr lhlgpcm8 onrozor, oamgpoÿodm dl dlaircls auïktm cm

Qlsiñk >6

Divlrsms oatms amgukiaotivms

?



22


^lamrdlgms qul uk oatm dl bonco ls co lgisiñk dl uk lkuk-aiodm qul tilkl si`kijaodm poro quilk cm lsauabo, auokdmboncogms rlocizogms oatms dl bonco. Km tmdms cms oatmsamgukiaotivms smk oatms dl bonco, yo qul oc`ukms oatms

amgukiaotivms km uticizok co clk`uo mroc m lsarito. Km tmdoco amgukiaoaiñk bugoko ls cik`óçstiao.

Lc oatm dl bonco amksto dl trls joatmrls lclglktocls8

• Oatm cmauti m8 ls co idlo m lc amkalptm dl co jrosl, ls dlair, oqulccmqul sl dial.

• Oatm icmauti m8 ls co iktlkaiñk m jikocidod amkarlto dlc oatm dl bonco.

• Oatm plrcmauti m8 ls lc (m cms) ljlatm(s) qul lc lkukaiodm prmdual

lk lc rlalptmr lk uko dltlrgikodo airaukstokaio.

^lamrdlgms cms oatms dl bonco icmauti ms lk co Toxmkmgço dl Qlorcl8

• Oslrti ms8 su prmpñsitm ls rlprlslktor uk lstodm dl amsos amgm rloc.

• Amgprmgisi ms8su mnhltm ls amgprmgltlr oc boncoktl amk uk aursm dl oaaiñjuturm.

• Dirlati ms8su mnhltm ls amgprmgltlr oc mylktl amk uk aursm dl oaaiñk juturo

• Dlacoroti ms8 su prmpñsitm ls arlor uko situoaiñk kulvo.

•

Lxprlsi ms8sirvlk poro gokijlstor slktigilktms y oatitudls dlc boncoktl.




\kidod 1

Lc oatm dl co amgukiaoaiñkLcprmalsm dl amgukiaoaiñk amksto dl cos si`uilktls portls8

• Gmti m8co aouso m rozñk pmr co auoc lc lgismr dlaidl amkstruir y lkvior ukglksohl.

• Odlauoaiñk 8lc glksohl sl odlaøo oc gldim dl amgukiaoaiñk y oc tipm dlrlalptmr.

• Iktlkaiñk 8 puldl ikjmrgor, lxprlsor uko mrdlk, uk rul`m, uko su`lrlkaio,uko arçtiao.

• Ljlatm8lc rlalptmr puldl gmdijiaor su amkmaigilktm m su amkduato amgmamkslaulkaio dlc glksohl.

Cms lclglktms dl co amgukiaoaiñk klalsorims poro qul ésto sl prmduzao smk8

Lclglktms dl co amgukiaoaiñk

• Lclgismr 8 plrsmko qul lkukaio lc glksohl lk co amgukiaoaiñk.• Lcglksohl 8 ikjmrgoaiñk qul sl quilrl troksgitir amgm amkhuktm

dl si`kms.• Lcrlalptmr 8 plrsmko qul rlainl lc glksohl lk co amgukiaoaiñk.• Lcrljlrlktl 8 rlocidod lxtlrko o co qul sl rljilrl lc glksohl.• Añdi`m8 amkhuktm dl si`kms y rl`cos poro amgnikorcms qul amg-

pmklk lc glksohl, y tilkl qul slr amgøk oc lgismr y oc rlalptmr.• Aokocdl amgukiaoaiñk8 vço poro qul lc glksohl ccl`ul sik iktlr-

jlrlkaios oc rlalptmr.• Lcamktlxtmdlc glksohl8 jmrgodm pmr cm qul sl lxprlso oktls y

dlspués dlc gisgm, y qul cm dmto dl si`kijiaodm amgpcltm.



96


Troksgitir m trosgitir8 tr. Boalr cclòr o ocùilk oc`økglksohl.

@lstm8g. Gmvigilktm dlc rmstrm m dl cos gokms amk qulsl lxprlso oc`m.

Amgpclglktm8 g. Auocidod, amso m airaukstokaio qul slodhukto o uko amso poro amgpcltorco m glhmrorco.

Lxprlsiñk8 j. Gokijlstoaiñk amk poconros m amk mtrmssi`kms lxtlrimrls dl cm qul ukm silktl m pilkso.

Clkùohl8 g. Amkhuktm dl smkidms ortiaucodms amk qul cosplrsmkos gokijlstok cm qul pilksok m silktlk.

Clkùo8 sistlgo dl amgukiaoaiñk prmpim dl uko amguki-dod.

Glksohl8 g. ^laodm dl poconro m pmr lsaritm qul ukoplrsmko lkvço o mtro.

Zçkaucm8g. Cm qul oto, ukl m rlcoaimko o cos plrsmkos mcos amsos.

>6

Vmr porlhos rlocialk uko amkvlrsoaiñk smnrl uk tlgo dl iktlrés. Idlktijiqulk lcprmalsm y cms lclglktms dl co amgukiaoaiñk.



9? Divlrsms añdi`mssmaiocls

\kidod 1

Qlsiñk >?

Gokms o co mnro

Qlsiñk >>

lposlgms

^løkosl amk sus amgpoÿlrms y lk `rupms dl trls, boòk uk rlposm dl cm vistm

lc aursm.

?. \k si`km ls uko rlocidod plralptincl pmr ukm m vorims slktidms bugokmsqul rlgitl o mtro rlocidod qul km lstï prlslktl. Boò uko sçktlsis dlcms lclglktms qul amkjmrgok lc si`km.

>. Cms si`kms cik`óçstiams smk cms si`kms mrocls y lsaritms qul amgpuko clkùo. Dé uk lhlgpcm dl sus lclglktms8 si`kijiaoktl, si`kijiaodmy rljlrlktl.

1. Lxpciqul lk uk pïrrojm co igpmrtokaio dl co amgukiaoaiñk poro cmsslrls bugokms.

4. Lk lc pïrrojm qul lsariniñ, slÿocl cos prlpmsiaimkls y cos amkhukaimkl

<. Qlclaaimkl uko mroaiñk dlc pïrrojm qul ustld lsariniñ y slÿocl lc sik-to`go vlrnoc y cms amgpclglktms qul cm oamgpoÿok.

?



9>


• NOHTIK, Gihoic. –Lc prmnclgo dl cms `éklrms disaursivms‗ lk Lstétiao dlco arloaiñk vlrnoc. Géxiam, Qi`cm RRI (?909), ?992.

• NM^DIL\, Vilrrl. –Clkùohl y pmdlr signñciam‗ lk ½_ué si`kijiao bo-ncor= Lamkmgço dl cms iktlraognims cik`óçstiams. Godrid, Oeoc, ?999,pp. :<-00.

• J^ÇOQ KOZO^^M, Goticdl. Vrmalsms arlotivms poro co amkstruaaiñk dltlxtms. Nm`mtï, Goìstlrim, ?99:.

• @ODOGL^, @. Co oatuocidod dl cm nlccm. Zismr, Godrid, ?99?.• @MDOYMC, Vicor. –^lprlslktoaiñk smaioc y glaokisgms dl co trodiaiñk

mroc lk tilgpms dl `cmnocizoaiñk‗ lk Amgukiaoaiñk dlsdl co plrijlrio8trodiaimkls mrocls jrlktl o co cmnocizoaiñk. Noralcmko, Oktbrmpms, >66:,pp. 1?-46.

• CMGOQ, Aorcms y MQM^M, Okdrés (amgp.). Lc lkjmqul amgukiaotivmdl co lkslÿokzo dl co clkùo. Noralcmko, Voidñs, ?991.

• MK@, P. Mrocidod y lsarituro. Tlakmcm`ços dl co poconro. JAL. Géxiam.?991.

• VO^Ô, Goriko. Añgm sl prmdual lc tlxtm lsaritm. Nm`mtï, Goìstlrim,?99:.

• QO\QQ\^L, J. Aursm `lklroc dl cik`óçstiao. Zorios ldiaimkls.

• ZOKD DIHE, T.O. (amgp.). Lc disaursm amgm lstruaturo y prmalsm. @ldisoNoralcmko, >666.

Lk co wln8

• www.wieipldio.amg• Lkaiacmpldio Lkaorto.

Nincim`rojço



Jmtm tmgodos pmr –Hovilr Ogoyo –

Jmtm tmgodos pmr –Hovilr Ogoyo –



94


ïrlo Ailkaios Koturocls

L s t ï k

d o r l s

n ï s i a m s

d l a m g p l

t l k a i o s l k

A i l k a i o s K o

t u r o

c l s

G o k l h m a m k m a i g i l k t m s p r m p i m s d l c o s A i l k a i o s K o t u r o c l s

A m g p l

t l k a i o s

J o a t m r l s

d l m r ` o k

i z o a i ñ k

½ O q u

é

q u l r l g m s

c c l ` o r =

½

A ñ g m

d l g u l s t r m

c m o p r l k

d i d m

=

L k

t m r k m

j ç s i a m

A i l k a i o

, t l a k m

c m `

ç o

y s m a i l

d o

d

•

L x p

c i a m a ñ g m u k k

ø g l r m

c i g i t o

d m

d l l

c l g l k

t m s

b o a l p m s i n

c l c o

d i v l r s i d o

d d

l c o

g o

t l r i o a m k m a i d o

.

•

L x p

c i a m l

c d

l s o r r m

c c m d

l g m

d l

c m s

d l m r ` o k

i z o a i ñ k

d l

c m s l

c l g l k

t m s

q u

ç g i a m s .

•

L x p

c i a m y u

t i c i z m c o t o

n c o p

l r i ñ

d i a o a m g m

b l r r o g

i l k

t o p o r o p r l d l a i r

p r m a l s m s q u

ç g i a m s .

•

L x p

c i a m c o j m

r g o a i ñ k

d l g m

c é a u c o

s y

c m s l s t o

d m s

d l

c o g o

t l r i o o p o r t i r

d l

j u l r z o s l c l a t r m s t ï

t i a o .

•

L x p

c i a m c o

s a m k s l a u l k a i o s

d l c g m v i g

i l k

t m d

l c o

s p

c o a o s

t l a t ñ k

i a o s

s m n

r l c o

a m r t l z o

d l

c o T i l r r o

.

•

A m g p o r m s i s t l g o s

d l d i v i s i ñ k a l

c u c o r y o r -

` u g l k t m s u

i g p m r t o k a i o l k

c o ` l k l r o a i ñ k

d l

k u l v m s m r ` o k i s g m s y

t l h i d m s .

•

L x p c i a m c o s j u k a i m k l s d l c m s s l r l s v i v m s o p o r t i r

d l c o s r l c o a i m k l s l k t r l

d i j l r l k t l s s i s t l g o s

d l

ñ r ` o k m s .

•

A m g p o r m g l a o k i s g m s d l m n t l k a i ñ k

d l l k l r ` ç o

l k c m s s l r l s v i v m s .

•

A o r o a t l r i z m l a m s i s t l g o s y o k o c i z m l

c l q u i c i n r i m

d i k ï g i a m l k t r l s u s p m n c o a i m k l s .

•

V r m p m k ` m l x p c i a o a i m k l s s m n r l

c o d i v l r s i d o d

n i m c ñ ` i a o t l k i l k d m l k a u l k t o l c g m v

i g i l k t m d l

p c o a o s t l a t ñ k i a o y

c o s a o r o a t l r ç s t i a o s a c i g

ï t i a o s

•

J m r g u c m

b i p ñ t l s i s s m n r l a o u s o s d l l x t i k a i ñ k

d l

u k ` r u p m

t o x m k ñ g i a m .

•

H u s t i j i a m c o i g p m r t o k a i o

d l c o ` u o l k l c s m s t l k i -

g i l k t m d l c o v i d o .

•

D l s a r i n m y r l c o a i m k m

c m s a i a c m s d l

c o ` u o ,

d l

o c ` u k m s l c l g l k t m s y

d l c o l k l r ` ç o l k

c m s l a m -

s i s t l g o s .

•

L x p c i a m c o j u k a i ñ k d l c s u l c m a m g m d l p ñ s i t m

d l

k u t r i l k t l s .

L k

t m r k m v i v m

I d l k

t i a m a m k

d i a i m k l s

d l a o g

n i m

d l l q u

i c i n r i m l k

c m s s l r l s v i v m s y

l k

c m s l a m s i s t l g o s .

L s t o

n c l

z a m r l

c o a i m k l s l k

t r l c o

s

a o r o a t l r ç s t i a o s g o a r m s a ñ p

i a o s y

g i a r m s a ñ p

i a o s

d l

c o g o

t l r i o y

c o s

p r m p

i l d

o d

l s

j ç s i a o s y q u

ç g i a o s

d l

c o s s u s t o k a i o s q u l

c o a m k s t i t u y l k

.



90 Amgpmsiaiñk y lstruaturoiktlrko dl cms slrls vivms

\kidod ?

Qlsiñk ?

\kidod ?. Amgpmsiaiñk y lstruaturo iktlrkodl cms slrls vivms

Co aécuco

^lamrdlgms cos aoroatlrçstiaos dl co aécuco

Lk sun`rupms, amksiòk cms siùilktls gotlriocls8 giarmsampim, cïgiko pmrtom

cogikiccos, nisturç, `mtlrm, oùo, toccms y bmhos dl pcoktos.

^locial lc siùilktl auodrm lk su auodlrkm y lsarino lc goymr køglrm dl mròklcmqul rlaulrdl, amk sus rlsplativos jukaimkls8

\ko dl cos aoroatlrçstiaos jukdoglktocls qul amgportlk cmsslrls vivms ls lstor jmrgodms pmr uko m vorios aécucos. O plsdl su plqulÿm togoÿm, lk lc iktlrimr dl co aécuco sl dlsorrmccokjukaimkls vitocls lk jmrgo outñkmgo, amgm co rlspiroaiñk, cokutriaiñk y co rlprmduaaiñk.

Mròklcm Jukaiñk

?

>



92



Vrmaldigilktm

92



Boòk uk amrtl lk uk toccm m uko bmho y rltirl uk trmzm cm gïsdlcòdm pmsincl. Amcñqulkcm smnrl co cïgiko, o`réùlkcl oùoamk lc `mtlrm y aunrok co gulstro amk co cogikicco. Mnslrvlk co

prlporoaiñk lk lc giarmsampim, dinuhlk cm qul mnslrvok y trotlkdl idlktijiaor ocùkos dl cos portls dl co aécuco.



99 Amgpmsiaiñk y lstruaturoiktlrko dl cms slrls vivms

\kidod ?

Amgm yo sl lstudiñ lk gñducms oktlrimrls, co aécucopmsll divlrsos lstruaturos. Co glgnroko alcucor lsuko dl cos gïs igpmrtoktls pmrqul cl do jmrgo oco aécuco, co prmtl`l y slporo dlc gldim lxtlrimr. Coglgnroko alcucor lstï amgpulsto prikaipocglktlpmr prmtlçkos y cçpidms. Co glgnroko pmslltogniék, co prmpildod dl slr plrgloncl, ls dlair,qul ocùkos sustokaios puldlk lktror m socir dl coaécuco o trovés dl lcco. Ocùkos aécucos amgm cos qullstïk prlslktls lk pcoktos, bmk`ms, noatlrios y ocòs,pmsllk uko lstruaturo odiaimkoc, guabm gïs rçìdo,amkmaido amgm co porld alcucor.

Dlktrm dl co aécuco, sl lkaulktro uk cçquidm troksporlktl dl oporilkaiovisamso ccogodm aitmpcosgo. Lk éc sl boccok susplkdidms cms mròklcmscms auocls pmdlgms lkamktror8

Køaclm8ls lc lkaoròdm dl co lstruaturo, arlaigilktm y rlprmduaaiñk alcucor.Ql lkaulktro lkvulctm pmr co glgnroko kuaclor, y lk su iktlrimr ocnlrò lcgotlrioc `lkétiam lk lstruaturos amkmaidos amgm armgmsmgos.

Gitmamkdrios8su jukaiñk ls sugikistror co lklr`ço qul rlquilrl co aécucoporo dlsorrmccor sus jukaimkls.

Zoaumcos8amktilklk sustokaios amgm ozøaorls, rosos, prmtlçkos y oùo qulpuldlk slr ocgoalkodos m dlslabodos.



?66



Cismsmgos8sl lkaulktrok lk cos aécucos okigocls y sl lkaoròk dl codi`lstiñk alcucor.

înmsmgos8 lk lccms sl prmdualk cos prmtlçkos o portir dl sustokaios gïssigpcls.

Oporotm dl @mcì8porlalk ukms soams opcokodms qul ocgoalkok y slarltoksustokaios.

^ltçaucm lkdmpcosgïtiam cism8 ls uk amkhuktm dl glgnrokos qultrokspmrtok sustokaios dlktrm y julro dl co aécuco.

^ltçaucm lkdmpcosgïtiam ru`msm8 ccogodm osç pmrqul lk sus glgnrokostilkl odblridms cms rinmsmgos qul siktltizok cos prmtlçkos qul smktrokspmrtodos pmr lc rltçaucm bosto lc oporotm dl @mcì.

Alktrmsmgo8 iktlrvilkl lk co divisiñk alcucor dl cos aécucos okigocls.

Acmrmpcostms8smk lxacusivms dl cos aécucos vl`ltocls. Lk su iktlrimr, co lklr`çosmcor sl troksjmrgo lk lklr`ço quçgiao, lk uk prmalsm amkmaidm amgmjmtmsçktlsis. Ocgoalkok uk pi`glktm dl amcmr vlrdl ccogodm acmrmjico qcls do lc amcmr aoroatlrçstiam o cos pcoktos.

^locial uk auodrm amgporotivm lktrl co aécuco okigoc y co aécuco vl`ltoc.

?



?6? Amgpmsiaiñk y lstruaturoiktlrko dl cms slrls vivms

\kidod ?

Aécuco vl`ltoc

Cms mr`oklcms alcucorlsAécuco okigoc

I g ï ` l k l s t m g o d o s

d l P i e i p l d i o



?6>



Tronohm lk sun`rupms.

^lspmkdok cos siùilktls prlùktos lk lc auodlrkm8

• ½_ué maurrl lk kulstrm aulrpm poro qul pmdogms arlalr=

• ½Añgm sl rlprmdualk cms mròkisgms amgpulstms pmr uko smco aécu

• Lk lc aosm dl uko blrido, ½qué glaokisgms uticizok cms mròkisgmporo rl`lklror sus tlhidms=

Gitmsis

Cms mròkisgms ukialcucorls sl rlprmdualk pmrcm `lklroc, dl toc jmrgo qul co økiao aécuco qulpmsllk, sl dividl lk mtros aécucos (rlprmduaaiñkoslxuoc), qul blrldok dl co aécuco godrl, lc gisgmkøglrm dl armgmsmgos. Lstl tipm dl divisiñkalcucor auym gotlrioc lkétiam ls ikvorioncl lktrl`lklroaimkls, sl amkmal amgm gitmsis y km ls ukprmalsm lxacusivm dl mròkisgms amkstituidms pmruko smco aécuco. Lk cms slrls vivms guctialcucorls,co gitmsis pmsinicito lc dlsorrmccm, arlaigilktm yrl`lklroaiñk dl sus tlhidms.

Qlsiñk >

Cos aécucos y su rlprmduaaiñk ?

?



?61 Amgpmsiaiñk y lstruaturoiktlrko dl cms slrls vivms

\kidod ?

Ltopos dl co gitmsis


\kidod ?

Okojosl

Cos armgïtidls qul sl bocconok ukidos pmrlc alktrñglrm, sl slporok y sl dlspcozokpmr lc busm gitñtiam boaio cms pmcms dl coaécuco.

Iktlrjosl

Cms armgmsmgos qul km smk guy visinclslk lsto ltopo, sl dupciaok y rlainlk lc kmg-nrl dl armgïtidls y plrgoklalk ukidospmr gldim dlc alktrñglrm. Dms porls dlalktrimcms sl lkaulktrok alrao dlc køaclm.

Vrmjosl

Cms armgmsmgos sl amkdlksok y sl boalkvisincls. Co glgnroko kuaclor sl dlsik-tl`ro y huktm o cms alktrimcms, lgpilzoko lksogncorsl ukms jicoglktms ccogodmsbusm gitñtiam. Cms alktrimcms sl dlspcozokboaio cms pmcms mpulstms dl co aécuco.

Gltojosl

Cms armgmsmgos sl ocçklok y uniaok lkuko portl lsplaçjiao, amkmaido amgm pcokmlauotmrioc dl co aécuco.



?64



Tlcmjosl

Aodo `rupm dl armgmsmgos sl dlsamk-dlkso, sl boal glkms visincl y ls rmdlodmpmr uko kulvo glgnroko kuaclor. Lc busmgitñtiam sl dlslksognco y lc aitmpcosgo sllstrokùco bosto qul sl slporo y do mri`lko dms aécucos bihos. Lstos kulvos aécucosposorïk pmr tmdm lc gisgm prmalsm.

Lc amktrmc dl co prmcijlroaiñk alcucor y lc aïkalr

Auokdm uko aécuco lgpilzo o dividirsl sik oc`øk tipm dl amktrmc, puldldor cuòr o co jmrgoaiñk dl uko goso dl aécucos amkmaido amgm tugmr. Qlstl tipm dl aécucos plrgoklal rlstrikìdm, lc tugmr ls amksidlrodm amgmnlki`km, ls dlair, qul oukqul amktikøl arlailkdm, km ikvodirï cms tlhidmsqul cm rmdlok. Cms tugmrls dl lsto acosl puldlk dltlklr m disgikuir suarlaigilktm, y lk guabos maosimkls, puldlk slr rlgmvidms quirørìao-glktl. Qik lgnor`m, ocùkos vlals cos aécucos aokalrmsos dlsorrmccok coaopoaidod dl ikvodir mtrms tlhidms, y lstl prmalsm sl amkmal amgm gltïs-tosis. Cms tugmrls goci`kms lstïk jmrgodms pmr aécucos qul sl dividlk sikamktrmc, aousok doÿm y dmcmr o co plrsmko qul cms podlal y puldl cclvorikacusm o co gulrtl?.

Clogms

?. A\^TIQ, B. Nimcm`ço. : ld. Nm`mtï8 Vokoglriaoko, >66:.

?64





?6< Amgpmsiaiñk y lstruaturoiktlrko dl cms slrls vivms

\kidod ?

Tronohm ikdividuoc.

Lconmrl uk auodrm amgporotivm amk cos dijlrlkaios lktrl cms tugmrls nlki`kmtugmrls goci`kms.

• ½_ué boal qul cos aécucos`lklrlk lstl tipm dl amg-pmrtogilktm=

• ½_ué octlrkotivos lxistlk po-ro trotor uk tugmr goci`km=

• Ikvlstiùl auïc ls co lktidodkoaimkoc lkaoròdo dl cu-

abor amktro lc aïkalr y auïclssmk sus prm`rogos poro prl-vlkircm.


Lc dmalktl troksjmrgodmr/o dlnl osi`kor o aodo sun`rupm uko dl cos ltopos dgitmsis poro qul co rlprlslktlk lk uko jiùro lconmrodo o portir dl gotlrioc rlaiacncl. Dlspués, cos jiùros dlnlk slr smaiocizodos oktl tmdm lc `rupm, y goktlkl

mrdlk armkmcñìam dlc prmalsm dl co divisiñk alcucor.

>

>



?6:



Glimsis


• ½_ué ls rlprmduaaiñk slxuoc=• ½Auïktms armgmsmgos tilkl uko aécuco bugoko=• ½Auïkdm sl uklk lc lsplrgotmzmidl y lc ñvucm poro

jmrgor lc zi`mtm, ½pmr qué lc zi`mtm tilkl co gisgoaoktidod dl armgmsmgos qul uko aécuco dl auocquilrmtro portl dlc aulrpm= ½Km dlnlrço tlklr lc dmncl=

Ikvlstiùlk8

O dijlrlkaio dl co gitmsis, lk co glimsis coaécuco sl dividl dms vlals slùidos, pmrcm auoc boal qul co aécuco godrl `lklrlauotrm aécucos bihos lk vlz dl dms, y aodouko amk co gitod dl cms armgmsmgos.

Lc prmalsm dl co glimsis tilkl cuòr lk corlprmduaaiñk slxuoc, auokdm sl jmrgo ukbulvm m zi`mtm o portir dl co ukiñk dl uklsplrgotmzmidl y uk ñvucm (ògltms). \kògltm ls lc rlsuctodm dl dms divisimkls

Jmtms tmgodos dl wieipldio

Qlsiñk 1

Cos aécucos y su rlprmduaaiñk >

?




\kidod ?

Iktlrjosl Vrmjosl Gltojosl tlgproko

Gltojosltordço

Okojosl Tlcmjosl

Ltopos dlco glimsis

sualsivos dl co aécuco godrl, y pmr cm toktm,lc lsplrgotmzmidl y lc ñvucm tilklk co gi-tod dl co dmtoaiñk armgmsñgiao y oc ukirsl,amgpcltok co aoktidod dl armgmsmgos qul

amktilkl uko aécuco dl auocquilr mtro portldlc aulrpm.

Co aécuco qul tilkl su dmtoaiñk armgmsñgiao amg-pclto (>k), togniék sl amkmal amgm aécuco dipcmidl,lk aognim co qul pmsll sñcm co gitod (k), amgm lk lcaosm dl cms `ogltms, sl ccogo aécuco bopcmidl.



?62



Ltopos dl co glimsis

Iktlrjosl

Oktls dl ikiaiorsl co glimsis, cms armgmsmgos sl dupciaok. Aodo ukm aulktoamk uk por dl armgïtidls blrgokos, oukqul tmdovço km smk visincls.

Vrmjosl I

Cms armgmsmgos sl amkdlksok y sl boalk visincls oc giarmsampim. Cmqul tilklk cms gisgms `lkls (armgmsmgos bmgñcm`ms), sl oporlok, y coglgnroko kuaclor dlsoporlal.

Gltojosl I

Cms armgmsmgos bmgñcm`ms sl ocçklok lk lc pcokm lauotmrioc dl co aéc

Okojosl I

Cms armgmsmgos bmgñcm`ms sl slporok y sl dlspcozok pmr cos jinros dbusm. Cos armgïtidls sik lgnor`m, plrgoklalk ukidos.

Tlcmjosl I

Lk lstl gmglktm, lk aodo pmcm dl co aécuco sl lkaulktrok cms armgmsmgosbmgñcm`ms. Vmr cm `lklroc, lk lsto ltopo tilklk cuòr co jmrgoaiñk dl coglgnroko kuaclor y co divisiñk dlc aitmpcosgo.

Iktlrjosl II

Cms armgmsmgos sl dlsamkdlksok plrm km sl dupciaok amgm lk co IktlrjoslI. Lk cos aécucos dl ocùkms mròkisgms, lsto josl km sl prlslkto.

Vrmjosl II

Cos jinros dlc busm lgpilzok o lksogncorsl, y cos glgnrokos kuaclorlssl dlsiktl`rok.




\kidod ?

1

Gltojosl II

Cms armgmsmgos sl uniaok smnrl cos jinros dlc busm lk lc pcokm lauotmalcucor.

Okojosl II

Cos armgïtidls blrgokos sl slporok y sl dlspcozok pmr cos jinros dlc busmboaio cms pmcms dl co aécuco. Dlsdl lstl gmglktm, aodo armgïtidl puldlamksidlrorsl amgm uk armgmsmgo.

Tlcmjosl II

Aodo amkhuktm dl armgmsmgos ls lkvulctm pmr uko glgnroko kuaclor y docuòr o co jmrgoaiñk dl auotrm køaclms. Lc busm dlsoporlal y lc aitmpcosgodividl, dokdm mri`lk o auotrm aécucos amk co gitod dl co dmtoaiñk armgmsñgqul oc amgilkzm tlkço co aécuco godrl.


Lconmrlk uk gopo amkalptuoc amk cos dijlrlkaios lktrl co gitmsis y co glimsis

Lk co siùilktl pïìko dl Iktlrklt, puldl lkamktror lc prmalsm dl co gitmsisy co glimsis lk jmrgo dl okigoaimkls8bttp8//www.huktodlokdocuaio.ls/ ovlrrmls/gokuocls/gotlriocls]tia/Alcc]okig]orabivms/Alcc]okig.btg

KOZL@\LGMQ LK IKTL^KLT



??6



Cms tlhidms smk o`rupoaimkls dl aécucos slglhoktls qul augpclcos gisgos jukaimkls, y sl acosijiaok dl oaulrdm amk lc tipm dtronohm qul dlsorrmccok.

Tlhidms okigocls

Lpitlcioc

Tlhidm Aoroatlrçstiaos Jukaimkls Qundivisimkls

Amklativmm

amkhuktivm

Lpitlcim dl rlvlstigilktm8 aunrly prmtl`l ñròkms y lc ïrlo lxtlr-ko dl co pilc.Lpitlcim cokducor8 boal portl dlcos `cïkducos y slarlto sustokaiosamgm co socivo.

Odipmsm8 amgpulstm pmr aécucosqul ocgoalkok cçpidm m `rosolk su iktlrimr. Vrmtl`l ñròkmsiktlrkms y mtros lstruaturos lx-tlrkos dlc aulrpm5 oatøo amgmogmrtiùodmr y oiscoktl térgiam.Aorticoìkmsm8 sl lkaulktro lk cos ortiaucoaimkls, vértlnros,koriz y mrlhos. Qus aécucos (amk-drmaitms), slarltok uko sustokaioccogodogotriz qul huktm amkcos jinros dl amcï`lkm, cl mtmr-òk jclxinicidod oc tlhidm. Oatøoprikaipocglktl amgm smsték dlocùkos portls dlc aulrpm.Qokùçklm8 tlhidm amkmaidmsigpclglktl amk lc kmgnrldl sok`rl, ls lc lkaoròdm dldistrinuir kutrilktls y mxç`lkm, ytrokspmrtor sustokaios dl dlslabmpmr tmdm lc aulrpm. Co

Vrmtl`lr, rlùcor,slarltor, onsmrnlrl iktlraogniorsustokaios amkcms ñròkms qulrlaunrl.

Qmstlklr y gok-tlklr ukidos cosaécucos lktrl sç.

Qus aécucos sl uni-aok lk uko aopoqul puldl slr sig-pcl (uko smco aopo),m lstrotijiaodo (vo-rios aopos).

Ql lkaulktro lk cmsbulsms, aortçco`ms,tlkdmkls, ciòglk-tms, sok`rl y tlhidmodipmsm.

Qlsiñk 4

Tlhidms



??? Amgpmsiaiñk y lstruaturoiktlrko dl cms slrls vivms

\kidod ?


sok`rl lstï amgpulsto pmr ukoportl cçquido ccogodo pcosgo, yuko portl sñcido amgpulsto pmr`cñnucms ncokams qul prmtl`lkoc mròkisgm amktro ikjlaaimklsy lkjlrgldodls5 cms `cñnucmsrmhms qul trokspmrtok lc mxç`lkmy lc diñxidm dl aornmkm5 y cospcoqultos qul amktrinuylk amklc prmalsm dl amoùcoaiñk.

Lstriodm8sl lkaulktro ukidmo cms bulsms. Qu gmvigilktmpuldl slr amktrmcodm o vmcuk-

tod. Lstï amkstituidm pmr aécucosocoròdos y guctikuaclodos.Aordçoam8 boal portl dl cosporldls dlc amrozñk y tilklgmvigilktm ikvmcuktorim.Cism8sl cmaocizo lk cos porldlsdl ocùkms ñròkms iktlrkmsamgm lc lstñgo`m l iktlstikms.Km sl amktrmco o vmcuktod. Qusaécucos smk ocoròdos y aulktok

amk uk smcm køaclm.

Tlhidmgusaucor

Lstï amgpulstm pmraécucos amkmaidosamgm gimaitms qultilklk co aopoaidoddl amktrolrsl.

Lstï jmrgodm pmraécucos amkmaidosamgm klurmkos qulrlainlk y lgitlkigpucsms klrvimsms.

Vlrgitir qul cmsokigocls rlocialkgøctipcls gmvi-gilktms.

Amktrmcor y amgu-kiaor cos dijlrlktlsportls dlc aulrpm.Vlrgitir qul cmsmròkisgms plrai-nok cms lstçgucmsdlc gldim y rls-pmkdok oktl lccms.

Tlhidmklrvimsm

Tlhidm gusaucor Tlhidm klrvimsm Tlhidm lpitlcioc



??>



Tlhidms vl`ltocls


Vrmtlatmrls

Jukdoglktocls

Amkduatmrls

Lgnrimkorims

Togniék sl amkmalamgm co lpidlrgisy rlaunrl toccms, bmhos y roçals hñvlkls.Lstï amgpulstm dlaécucos pcokos sik acm-rmpcostms.

Amgpmklk co go-ymr dl co pcokto y slboccok nohm co lpi-dlrgis.

Ql cmaocizok lk cosïrlos dl arlaigilktmdl co pcokto, amgmlk cms nrmtls, y slamkmalk amgm tlhi-dms glristlgïtiams.Qus aécucos tilklkkøaclms `rokdls yporld alcucor dlcò-do qul joaicitok codivisiñk alcucor.

Vrmtl`lr cos dijl-rlktls portls dlco pcokto oktl copérdido lxalsivodl oùo. Vlrgitirqul cos roçalsonsmrnok oùo ysocls giklrocls.

^locizor co jmtm-sçktlsis y ocgoal-kor lc ociglktm,lktrl mtros juk-aimkls.

Trokspmrtor sus-

tokaios pmr tmdoco pcokto.

Dlsorrmccor y bo-alr arlalr cospcoktos.

Vorékquigo8 sl amgpmkl dlaécucos pmciédriaos. ^locizo cojmtmsçktlsis, co rlspiroaiñk y ocgo-alko sustokaios amgm ocgidñk,`rosos y oùo.Amcékquigo8tlhidm dl smsték qulsl lkaulktro lk pcïktucos hñvlkls.Lsaclrékquigo 8tlhidm dl smstékprlslktl lk cos portls dl cos pcok-tos gïs dlsorrmccodos.

Riclgo8 lstï iktl`rodm pmr vosms

auyo lstruaturo sl amgpmkl dlaécucos gulrtos y lkdurlaidosqul cl dok ailrto riìdlz o copcokto. O trovés dlc tlhidm, sltrokspmrtok y ocgoalkok oùo ysocls giklrocls (sovio nruto).Jcmlgo 8 trokspmrto co sovio lco-nmrodo, dlsdl cos bmhos oc rlstmdl co pcokto.



??1 Amgpmsiaiñk y lstruaturoiktlrko dl cms slrls vivms

\kidod ?

4

Lk sun`rupms8

^locialk lc siùilktl tocclr8

Gotlriocls8 giarmsampim, cïgiko pmrtomnhltms, cogikiccos,pociccm dl dilktls, tikto y uko alnmcco.

Amcmqulk uko dlcòdo aopo (pilc), dl alnmcco smnrl co cïgiko pmrtomnhltmùlk uko `mto dl tikto y mtro dl oùo, y aønrokco amk uko cogikicco. Mnslrv

prlporoaiñk lk lc giarmsampim, y dinuhlk cos igï`lkls qul puldok oprlaior.?. ôsplk suovlglktl lc iktlrimr dl cos glhiccos amk lc pociccm dl dilktls y amcm

lc tlhidm ncokam mntlkidm smnrl uko co cïgiko pmrtomnhltms5 o`rlùlk udl oùo y uko dl tikto. Mnslrvlk co prlporoaiñk lk lc giarmsampim y dinuhcos igï`lkls qul puldok oprlaior.

>. Lconmrlk uk auodrm amgporotivm amk cos dijlrlkaios y cos sigicitudls qul p

oprlaior lk cms dms tipms dl gulstro.


Amkmaidm togniékamgm tlhidm `cokdu-cor. Qus aécucos puldlkocgoalkor y prmduairsustokaios.

Lxpucsor sustokaiosdlktrm y julro dlco pcokto.

Tlhidm prmtlatmr Tlhidm jukdoglktoc Tlhidm lgnrimkorim

Qlarltmrls



??4



Amgm yo sl vim lk cms aopçtucms oktlrimrls, cos aécucos qul pmsgisgos aoroatlrçstiaos y augpclk jukaimkls sigicorls sl mròkizok lktlhidms. Cms tlhidms o su vlz, amgpmklk cms ñròkms y lstms øccms sistlgos.

Qistlgo di`lstivm

Vmr gldim dl co di`lstiñk, lc ociglktm sl dlsamgpmkl lk sustokaios gïs sigpclsqul puldlk oprmvlabor cos aécucos dlc aulrpm.

I g o ` l k

t m g o d o


@cïkducos socivo-cls

VorñtidosQungoxicorlsQuncikùocls

Lsñjo`m

Lstñgo`m

ClkùoJorik`l

VïkarlosAmkduatm pokarlïtiam

Dumdlkm

Bçòdm

Zlsçauco nicior

Amkduatm nicior amgøk

Aovidod mroc

Iclñk

Okm^latm

Ail`m Opékdial

(Iktlstikm dlcòdm)

Iktlstikm `rulsmAmcmk troksvlrsocAmcmk osalkdlktlAmcmk dlsalkdlktl

Qlsiñk <

Ñr okms y sistlgos ?



??< Amgpmsiaiñk y lstruaturoiktlrko dl cms slrls vivms

\kidod ?

Co di`lstiñk lgpilzo lk co nmao, auokdm cms oci-glktms sl triturok amk cms dilktls y quldok rldu-aidms lk plqulÿos portçaucos, y co socivo oyudo odlsiktl`ror lc ocgidñk lk gmcéaucos plqulÿos dl

ozøaor, ccogodos disoaïridms. Dlspués, co clkùolgpuho lc ociglktm gostiaodm (nmcm ociglktiaim),boaio lc lsñjo`m y pmr gldim dl amktroaaimklsgusaucorls ccogodos gmvigilktms plristïctiams,amkdualk lc ociglktm boaio lc lstñgo`m.

Lc lstñgo`m ls uk ñròkm sigicor o uko H, y occç cclò lc ociglktm y plrgoklal alrao dl auotrm bmros, duroktl cos auocls cms hu`ms `ïstriams (lk-

zigos y ïaidm acmrbçdriam), amkvilrtlk lc nmcm ociglktiaim lk quigm. Cgmvigilktms plristïctiams plrgitlk qul co goso dl ociglktm aosi cçquidmamktikøl su aogikm boaio lc iktlstikm dlcòdm, uk tunm qul gidl alraodl siltl gltrms dl cor`m, lk dmkdl cos lkzigos qul slarltok lc pïkarlosy lc bçòdm, dlsamgpmklk lc ocgidñk y cos `rosos. Lk lsto ltopo dl codi`lstiñk, lc quigm sl amkmal amgm quicm. Cos porldls dlc iktlstikm dlc-òdm lstïk topizodos amk `rok aoktidod dl vlccmsidodls qul onsmrnlk cmsprmduatms ociglktiaims y qul pmstlrimrglktl, posok o co sok`rl pmr co auoc

smk trokspmrtodms o tmdos cos aécucos dlc aulrpm.Vmr øctigm, cms ociglktms qul km smk di`lridms posok oc iktlstikm `rulsuk tunm dl uk gltrm y gldim dl cor`m amk jmrgo dl \ ikvlrtido. Occç slonsmrnl lc oùo dl cm qul quldo dlc quicm y lkslùido, slrï lcigikodmamgm blals jlaocls.

Amgm puldl oprlaiorsl, `rok portl dl co di`lstiñk sl cclvo o aonm `roaioso co oaaiñk dl sustokaios qul dlsiktl`rok lc ociglktm lk portls guabm gïssigpcls. Co socivo pmr lhlgpcm, qul bugldlal cms ociglktms y amktrinuyl osu dl`rodoaiñk, ls prmduaido pmr cos `cïkducos socivocls. Lc bçòdm qul lco `cïkduco gïs `rokdl dlc aulrpm, slarlto co nicis, sustokaio qul amkvilrtlcos rosos lk plqulÿos mtos poro slr trokspmrtodos amk goymr joaicidod pmlc mròkisgm. Lk co portl ikjlrimr dlc lstñgo`m, sl lkaulktro lc pïkarlos,uk ñròkm qul prmdual co ogicoso, co ciposo y co plptidoso qul smk lkzigosqul oatøok rlsplativoglktl, smnrl cms ocgidmkls, cms cçpidms y cos prmtlçko

??< Amgpmsiaiñk y lstruaturoiktlrko dl cms slrls vivms

\kidod ?



??:



Tronohm ikdividuoc.

Lk lc siùilktl lsqulgo, lsarino co ruto qul siùlk cms ociglktms qul sl rlcoaimkoko amktikuoaiñk, dlktrm dlc sistlgo di`lstivm8 pok, goktlquicco y aorkl. Idlktijiqtogniék, cms ñròkms, cms prmalsms y cos sustokaios qul iktlrvilklk lk su dldoaiñk y onsmraiñk.

<




\kidod ?

Qistlgo airaucotmrimCo prikaipoc jukaiñk dlc sistlgo airaucotmrim ls trokspmrtor kuttls o cos aécucos y rlam`lr cms prmduatms dl dlslabm. Lk cms okilxistlk vorims tipms dl sistlgos airaucotmrims8

Qlsiñk :

Ñr okms y sistlgos >

Mr`okisgms dmkdl maurrl aodo tipm dl airaucoaiñk

Qistlgo airaucotmrim

Onilrtm Alrrodm

Co sok`rl m jcuidm amr-pmroc qul nmgnlo lcamrozñk, jcuyl pmr cmsvosms aopicorls y pmr cosaovidodls dijukdidospmr tmdm lc aulrpm.

Duroktl tmdm lc rl-amrridm qul rlocizo cosok`rl, plrgoklalsilgprl dlktrm dl cmsvosms sok`uçklms.

Ortrñpmdms ygmcusams kmaljocñpmdms.

Okécidms, gmcusamsaljocñpmdms

y vlrtlnrodms.



??2



Igo`lk tmgodo dl Pieipldio

Voro qul lc mxç`lkm y cmskutrilktls viohlk pmr cosok`rl bosto ccl`or o cosaécucos, ls klalsorim quluko julrzo cms igpucsl. Lstols prlaisoglktl, co juk-aiñk dlc amrozñk, auokdmnmgnlo co sok`rl y cos sus-tokaios qul sl lkaulktroklk lcco. Lk lc bugokm, lcamrozñk amksto dl auotrmaovidodls8 dms ourçaucos ydms vlktrçaucms. Co sok`rlqul prmvilkl dlc aulrpmik`rlso oc amrozñk pmr coourçauco dlrlabo, poso otrovés dl uko vïcvuco cco-godo triaøspidl boaio lcvlktrçaucm dlrlabm, y dls-dl occç, sl nmgnlo boaio cmspucgmkls poro slr mxi`lko-do. Cul`m, co sok`rl rl`rlsoo co ourçauco izquilrdo, dldmkdl poso dlspués oc vlk-trçaucm izquilrdm o trovésdl co vïcvuco triaøspidl. Lcvlktrçaucm nmgnlo lktmk-als, lsto sok`rl mxi`lkodoboaio co ortlrio omrto qulslrï co lkaor`odo dl distri-nuirco oc rlstm dlc aulrpm.Voro tlrgikor, co sok`rlrltmrkorï sik mxç`lkm ocamrozñk poro qul sl ikiailkulvoglktl lc aiacm.

??2






\kidod ?

Amgm sl puldl oprlaior, co sok`rl klalsito dl amkduatms m vosms sokùçkporo trokspmrtorsl. Cos ortlrios smk vosms sokùçklms qul trokspmrtok comxi`lkodo dlsdl lc amrozñk, y sus porldls smk `rulsos y lcïstiaos. Cos vlklk aognim, trokspmrtok co sok`rl sik mxç`lkm auokdm rl`rlso oc amrozsus porldls smk gïs dlcòdos y pmsllk vïcvucos poro lvitor qul co sok`rl sdlvulcvo o aouso dl co `rovldod. Co prikaipoc ortlrio ls co omrto y co prikvlko ls co aovo. Cos ortlrios y cos vlkos sl rogijiaok lk vosms aopicorls qulguabm gïs plqulÿms y sl amkmalk amgm ortlrimcos y vékucos.

I g o ` l k

t m g o d o d l w

i e i p l d i o

?. Ourçauco dlrlabo>. Ourçauco izquilrdo1. Zlko aovo suplrimr4. Ortlrio omrto<. Ortlrio pucgmkor

:. Zlko pucgmkor0. Zïcvuco gitroc2. Zïcvuco oñrtiao m niaøspidl9. Zlktrçaucm izquilrdm?6. Zlktrçaucm dlrlabm

??. Zlko aovo ikjlrimr?>. Zïcvuco triaøspidl?1. Zïcvuco pucgmkor

Zisto jrmktoc dl uk amrozñk bugokm.Cos jclabos ncokaos ikdiaok lc jcuhm kmrgoc dl co sok`rl.


\kidod ?



?>6



Vlals

Mr`okisgm Divisimkls dlc amrozñk

Co sok`rl vlkmso kmsl glzaco amk co ortl-rioc, pmrqul aodo ukotilkl su prmpim amg-portiglktm dlktrm dlcamrozñk.

Aoroatlrçstiaos

Okjinims

Co sok`rl riao lk mxç`l-km y qul prmvilkl dlcms pucgmkls, sl glz-aco poraiocglktl lk lc

økiam vlktrçaucm, amk cosok`rl sik mxç`lkm.

^lpticls

Lxistl uko glzaco gç-kigo lktrl co sok`rlortlrioc y co vlkmso.

? ourçaucoy ? vlktrçaucm.

? ourçauco divididolk dms aïgoros,y ? vlktrçaucm.

> ourçaucosy ? vlktrçaucm por-aiocglktl divididm.



?>? Amgpmsiaiñk y lstruaturoiktlrko dl cms slrls vivms

\kidod ?

Ovls y gogijlrms

Mr`okisgm

> ourçaucosy > vlktrçaucms.

Co sok`rl mxi`l-kodo y co vlkmsokukao sl glzacok.

Vlals Okjinims

^lpticls Ovls y gogijlrms

Aopicorlsdl cos nrokquios

Aopicorlspucgmkorls

Aopicorlssistégiams


Omrto Omrto

Aopicorlspucgmkorls

Aopicorlspucgmkorls



Omrto Omrto

Divisimklsdlc amrozñk

Aoroatlrçstiaos



?>>



Tronohm lk porlhos.

Gidilkdm su pucsm aordçoam.

:

• ½Lxistl ocùko dijlrlkaio lktrl lc køglrm dl pucsoaimklsoktls y dlspués dl co oatividod jçsiao=

• ½Vmr qué lc amrozñk aognio su vlcmaidod dl nmgnlmauokdm lc aulrpm rlocizo uko oatividod jçsiao lxi`lktl=

• \k rlcmh amk slùkdlrm.

Gotlriocls

?. Amcmqul cos ylgos dl cms dldms çkdial y gldim smnrl co portl ikjlrimrco guÿlao dl su amgpoÿlrm.

>. ^lìstrl auïktos pucsoaimkls tilkl lk uk gikutm.1. Vido o su amgpoÿlrm qul rlocial uko oatividod jçsiao amgm amrrlr. T

prmktm co boò, vulcvo o tmgor lc pucsm.

4. Amktlstl8

Vrmaldigilktm



?>1 Amgpmsiaiñk y lstruaturoiktlrko dl cms slrls vivms

\kidod ?

Ogikmïaidm8 gmcéauco mr`ïkiao jmrgodo prikaipocglktldl kitrñ`lkm.

Ai`mtm8 aécuco qul rlsucto dl co ukiñk dl uk ògltmgosaucikm y ukm jlglkikm.

Lkzigo8 gmcéauco prmtlçkiao qul oalclro uko rloaaiñkquçgiao.

@ogltm8 aécuco slxuoc qul amktilkl sñcm co gitod dl codmtoaiñk armgmsñgiao (k).

@lk8 slaaiñk dl uk armgmsmgo qul dlslgplÿo ukojukaiñk lsplaç ao.

Cçpidm8 sustokaio mr`ïkiao qul ikacuyl rosos y oalitls,

lktrl mtros.

Vrmtlçko8amgpulstm mr`ïkiam jmrgodm pmr ogikmïaidms.

^lprmduaaiñk oslxuoc8 prmalsm rlprmduatmr lk lc auockm boy ukiñk dl ògltms. Lhlgpcm8 `lgoaiñk.

^lprmduaaiñk slxuoc8 rlprmduaaiñk lk co auoc sl uklkcms ògltms y co glimsis.

Zisamsm8 `cutikmsm, lsplsm.



?>4



Tronohm ikdividuoc.

?. Mrdlkl dlsdl cm gïs sigpcl o cm gïs amgpclhm8 sistlgo, tlhidm,mròklcm, ñròkm, aécuco l ikdividum.

>. Amktlstl8

• ½Vmr qué cms acmrmpcostms km lstïk prlslktls lk cos aécucookigocls=

• ½_ué vlktoho cl mtmrò co porld alcucor o co aécuco vl`ltoc=

• ½Auïc ls co dijlrlkaio lktrl lc rltçaucm lkdmpcosgïtiam cism ylc rltçaucm lkdmpcosgïtiam ru`msm=

1. Lsarino jocsm (J) m vlrdodlrm (Z), dmkdl amrrlspmkdo8

• \ko aécuco qul sl bo divididm pmr lc prmalsm dl cogitmsis, pmsll co gisgo aoktidod dl armgmsmgosqul su aécuco godrl

• Co gitmsis sñcm sl prlslkto lk mròkisgms ukialcucorls

• Lk co glimsis, uko aécuco sl dividl > vlals amksl-autivos

• \ko aécuco amk dmtoaiñk armgmsñgiao >k lsprmduatm dl co glimsis

4. Lkuglrl y lxpciqul cos ltopos dl co gitmsis y co glimsis.

Qlsiñk 0

Gokms o co mnro



?>< Amgpmsiaiñk y lstruaturoiktlrko dl cms slrls vivms

\kidod ?

<. Amk uko cçklo, uko lc tlhidm amk su jukaiñk rlsplativo8

Klrvimsm Vrmtl`lr, rlùcor, slarltor, onsmrnlr liktlraognior sustokaios amk cms ñròkmsqul rlaunrl.

Gusaucor Qmstlklr y goktlklr ukidos cos aécucoslktrl sç.

Amklativm Vlrgitir qul cms okigocls rlocialk gøc-

tipcls gmvigilktms.Lpitlcioc Amktrmcor y amgukiaor dijlrlktls portls

dlc aulrpm. Boalr qul cms mròkisgmsplrainok cms lstçgucms dlc gldim yrlspmkdok oktl lccms.

Qlarltmrls Vrmtl`lr cos dijlrlktls portls dl co pcok-

to oktl co pérdido lxalsivo dl oùo.Vlrgitir qul cos roçals onsmrnok oùoy socls giklrocls.

Vrmtlatmrls ^locizor co jmtmsçktlsis y ocgoalkor lcociglktm, lktrl mtros jukaimkls.

Lgnrimkorims Trokspmrtor sustokaios pmr tmdo copcokto.

Amkduatmrls Dlsorrmccor y boalr arlalr cos pcoktos.

Jukdoglktocls Lxpucsor sustokaios dlktrm m julro dlco pcokto.



?>:



A M ^ O X M K D L Q

O _ P \ A B Z L K O

V L Y ^ O A \ T R K

I K Q I A H M N O @

C O C A Z O J L A ^

O R T \ O K D Y D L

^ J M C L ^ K Q O Y L ^ Y O ^ T L ^ I O

Q O ^ T @ M D B ^ T

Z L K T ^ I A \ C M

:. ½Auïc ls co jukaiñk dlc sistlgo di`lstivm=

0. Dljiko co jukaiñk dl cms siùilktls ñròkms dlktrm dlc sistlgo di-

`lstivm8 dilktls, lsñjo`m, lstñgo`m, bçòdm, pïkarlos, iktlstikms`rulsm l iktlstikm dlcòdm.

2. ½Auïc ls co jukaiñk dlc sistlgo airaucotmrim=

9. ½Auïc ls co dijlrlkaio lktrl lc sistlgo airaucotmrim onilrtm y lc sistlgoairaucotmrim alrrodm=

?6. Lk co siùilktl smpo dl cltros, lkaulktrl cms térgikms rlcoaimkodmsamk lc sistlgo airaucotmrim y lxpciqul su jukaiñk.



?>0

\kidod >

Cms joatmrls qul iktlrvilklklk cms lamsistlgos

Cms mròkisgms qul bonitok lk uk cuòr dltlrgikodm, cms gøctipcjoatmrls dlc gldim y cos iktlroaaimkls lktrl cms dms, amgpmkluk lamsistlgo.

\kidod >. Cms joatmrls qul iktlrvilklklk cms lamsistlgos

Qlsiñk 2

Iktlroaaimkls lk lc lamsistlgo ?

Joatmrls niñtiams y oniñtiams

Lc lclglktm niñtiam lstï amgpulstm pmr tmdms cms slrls vivms qul boalk pdlc lamsistlgo. Cos pcoktos, mròkisgms dlkmgikodms outñtrmjms dlnidm jonriaok su prmpim ociglktm, smk pilzo jukdoglktoc dlktrm dl co dikïgiao lamsistlgo, pmrqul onsmrnlk lc diñxidm dl aornmkm y lgitlk mxç`lkm oc oiodlgïs, prmpmraimkok ociglktm o cms okigocls qul km tilklk aopoaidod dl prmaircm (bltlrñtrmjms). Cms giarmmròkisgms (bmk`ms y noatlrios), mntilklk suociglktïkdmsl amk rlstms dl pcoktos y okigocls, y dlvulcvlk oc sulcm portl dl kutrilktls poro slr rlonsmrnidms pmr cos pcoktos. Cms okigocls qul amksuglk tos (blrnçvmrms), ikamrpmrok cms kutrilktls auokdm sl ociglktok, y maurrl cm

auokdm cms okigocls aorkçvmrms amksuglk mtrms okigocls. Oc jikoc, auokdm

?. Dljiko y lhlgpcijiqul cms amkalptms dl pmncoaiñk y amgukidod.

>. Mnslrvl su lktmrkm amk otlkaiñk y boò uk cistodm dl mròkisgms y lclglkiklrtls m sik vido. ½Añgm sl rlcoaimkok cms ukms amk cms mtrms=

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J m t m s t m g o d o s d l

P i e i p l d i o dl lccms gulrl, sl dlsamgpmkl y cms kutrilktls vulcvlk

oc sulcm poro qul lc aiacm amktikøl.

Co airaucoaiñk dl sustokaios ikmr`ïkiaos (oùo, jñsjmrmkitrñ`lkm y go`klsim, lktrl mtrms), o trovés dlc lamsis-

tlgo, sl amkmal amgm aiacm nim`lmquçgiam pmrqul lkéc iktlrvilklk joatmrls `lmcñìams y nimcñìams.

Oukqul aorlalk dl vido, cms joatmrls oniñtiams amgmlc oirl, lc sulcm, co tlgplroturo y lc oùo, togniék smkjukdoglktocls dlktrm dl cms lamsistlgos. Lc oirl pmrlhlgpcm8 amktilkl amgpmklktls lslkaiocls poro cms slrlsvivms, amgm lc mxç`lkm, lc bidrñ`lkm, lc diñxidm dl aonmkm y lc vopmr dl oùo. Lc rodm dl aocmr m tlgplroturdlplkdl dl co octitud lk co auoc sl lkaulktrl uniaodm lc

lamsistlgo, osç amgm pmr co iktlksidod dl cms royms smcorls. Lc sulcm ls co alxtlrko dl co amrtlzo tlrrlstrl y lstï amkjmrgodm pmr giklrocls qul prmvilklk dlcdlsòstl dl cos rmaos, osç amgm dlc bugus m gotlrio mr`ïkiao.

Lktrl cms joatmrls oniñtiams, lc oùo ls ukm dl cms lclglktms gïs igpmrtoktls l ikacocùkms arllk qul co vido surìñ dlc oùo. Ls lc cçquidm gïs onukdoktl dl co Tilrpulstm qul aunrl trls auortos portls dl su suplrjiail. Vuldl boccorsl lk lstodm sñcidmamgm lk cms tégpokms dl bilcm5 lk lstodm cçquidm amgm lk cms gorls, rçms y

y lk lstodm òslmsm amgm lk lc vopmr dl oùo qul jmrgo cos kunls.

Lk sun`rupms, rlspmkdok8

?. ½Vmr qué sulcl amksidlrorsl oc sulcm amgm lc cuòr dl rlaiacohl dl kutrilk>. ½Lk qul amksistl co lrmsiñk=1.

½_ué pmdrço maurrir, si cms giarmmròkisgms qul bonitok lk lc sulcm dldl lxistir=

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Aiacm dlc oùo

Ls lc prmalsm dl airaucoaiñk qul rlocizo lc oùo o trovés dl co otgñsjlro, co bid

jlro y co amrtlzo dl co Tilrro. Lc oùo suplrjiaioc dl gorls, rçms, co`ms, coùmtrms aulrpms bçdriams, sl lvopmro amkstoktlglktl. Lc aognim dl lstodm dlc togniék maurrl pmr co oaaiñk dl mròkisgms5 pmr lhlgpcm8 auokdm cos pcokokigocls trokspirok, tilkl cuòr uk prmalsm qul sl dlkmgiko lvopmtrokspiroaiñ

I g o ` l k t m g o d o


Cos plqulÿos portçaucos dl oùo qul rlsuctok dl co lvopmroaiñk, osailkdlk o cogñsjlro y `roduocglktl pilrdlk su aocmr y sl amkdlksok lk `mtos gikøsaucos qujmrgok cos kunls. Vmam o pmam, lsos plqulÿos mtos sl vok ukilkdm y sl prlaio co Tilrro lk jmrgo dl ccuvio, dlnidm oc ouglktm dl su togoÿm y dl su plsm.

\ko portl dlc oùo ccuvio ouglkto lc aoudoc dl cms rçms, cos coùkos y cms comtro portl sl jictro pmr lc sulcm poro jmrgor lc amkhuktm dl cos oùos suntlr

Lc oùo dl tmdms lstms aulrpms bçdriams, vmcvlrï o lvopmrorsl poro rlkmvor



?16



?. Clo lc siùilktl tlxtm8

2

½Lc oùo sl lstï oaonokdm=

Amk jrlaulkaio, mçgms lk co tlclvisiñk m cllgms lk plriñdiams y rlvistos,qul cos trls auortos portls dl co suplrjiail dl co Tilrro lstïk aunilrtos dloùo y qul kulstrm Vcoklto dlnlrço ccogorsl Oùo y km Tilrro. Qi lstm lsosç, ½añgm ls pmsincl qul sl diò qul lc oùo sl lstï oaonokdm y qul boy`lktl qul gulrl dl sld=

Lk rlocidod, co goymr portl dl lso oùo ls socodo pmrqul boal portl dlcms maéokms, ls dlair, km ls opto poro lc amksugm bugokm. ^ltiror co socdlc oùo (dlsocikizoaiñk), ls uk prmalsm guy amstmsm qul sñcm ocùkmdl cms poçsls gïs riams dlc Gukdm puldlk osugircm. Lc >.<% dlc oùogukdioc ls ducal, y dl lsl pmralktohl, lc 06% lstï amk`lcodm lk jmrgodl aosqultls pmcorls, y lc >9.:% lstï ocgoalkodm, pmr cm auoc tok sñcmquldo uk 6.4% dl oùo poro lc amksugm bugokm (oukqul rok portl dléc, sl uso poro jikls ikdustriocls y o`rçamcos).

Lc oùo rlocizo uk aiacm qul oroktizo qul lc lclglktm lsté amktikuoglktllk airaucoaiñk, y qul cos pcoktos y cms okigocls puldok nlkljiaiorsl dléc. Co vl`ltoaiñk oatøo amgm uko `rok lspmkho qul onsmrnl lc oùo qulprmvilkl dl co ccuvio y dlc dlsbilcm, y co cinlro roduocglktl poro oroktizoruk sugikistrm amkstoktl o cms mròkisgms qul co klalsitok. Qik lgnor`m,co toco ikdisarigikodo dl nmsquls y co dlstruaaiñk y lc rllgpcozm dl covl`ltoaiñk dlc pïrogm pmr auctivms, boalk qul lc oùo km tlkò norrlros,orrostrl lc sulcm y `lklrl ikukdoaimkls, ovocokabos y slquços.

Lc aoclktogilktm `cmnoc ls amkslaulkaio dl co lgisiñk dl diñxidm dlaornmkm pmr portl dlc bmgnrl y lstï octlrokdm lc réìglk dl ccuvios. Vmr

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\kidod >


Dlsocikizoaiñk8 bttp8//www.pmrtocpcokltosldko.amg.or/dlsocikizor.btgAoclktogilktm `cmnoc8 bttp8//aoclktogilktm`cmnocacigo.mr`/

Oùo8 bttp8//www.gmkm`rojios.amg/tronohms?4/prmnclgodlcoùo/ prmnclgodlcoùo.sbtgcbttp8//ls.wieipldio.mr`/wiei/Igo`lk8Aiacm-dlc-oùo.hp` bttp8//www.lxpcmro.ac/mtrms/oùo/aiacm>.btgc

cm toktm, cms cuòrls qul oktls `mzonokdl prlaipitoaimkls bonituocls, obmrolgpilzok o porlalr dlsilrtms. Odlgïs,guabms dl cms rçms y orrmyms dlc Vcoklto,sl lkaulktrok soturodms dl tmdm tipm dlsustokaios amktogikoktls.

Lc oùo km sl lstï oaonokdm, sikm qul obmro ls guabm gïs dijçaic mntlklrcoporo lc amksugm bugokm pmrqul km ls pmtoncl y pmrqul lk guabmscuòrls, yo km lxistl co vl`ltoaiñk qul co ocgoalko lk jmrgo koturoc.

>. Obmro8

o. Ikvlstiùl auïcls smk cms ljlatms kmaivms dl nlnlr oùo socodo.n. Lxpciqul lc amkalptm dl dlsocikizoaiñk.a. ½Auïc ls co igpmrtokaio dl co vl`ltoaiñk lk co amkslrvoaiñk dl cos

julktls bçdriaos=d. ½Auïcls smk cms orùglktms qul sirvlk poro ojirgor qul lc oùo

km sl lstï oaonokdm=

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\kidod >




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Kivlcls dl mròkizoaiñkdl cms slrls vivms lk lc lamsistlgo

Qlsiñk 9

Iktlroaaimkls lk lc lamsistlgo >

Vmr cm `lklroc, cms ikdividums dl co gisgo lsplail km vivlk smcms sikm qul slglrok lk gokodos m amcmkios, pmrqul osç cls rlsucto guabm gïs jïaic mntlklr

ociglktm y rlprmduairsl. Lstms `rupms amkjmrgodms pmr ikdividums dl co lsplail y qul bonitok uk cuòr lsplaçjiam, rlainlk lc kmgnrl dl pmncoaimkls.

Cos pmncoaimkls togniék klalsitok dl mtros pmncoaimkls poro pmdlr lxistir.lhlgpcm8 cms hoùorls klalsitok dl cms ailrvms poro ociglktorsl, y cms ailrvmsjlrlktls lsplails dl pcoktos. Cos amgukidodls lstïk amgpulstos pmr pmncoaimklqul iktlroatøok y vivlk lk uk ognilktl amgøk.

Cos amgukidodls y sus iktlroaaimkls

Dlktrm dl uk lamsistlgo puldlk boccorsl gøctipcls iktlroaaimkls,nilk slo lktrl ikdividums dl co gisgo lsplail qul sl amkmalk amgmrlcoaimkls iktrolsplaçjiaos m lktrl ikdividums dl lsplails dijlrlktlsqul sl ccogok rlcoaimkls lsplaçjiaos.

Amgpltitivos QigniñtiaosVrldodmros

Acosijiaoaiñk dl cos iktlroaaimkls



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Auokdm mròkisgms dl dijlrlktlslsplails lstonclalk uko rlcoaiñkdl amkvivlkaio m osmaioaiñk ocor`m pcozm, sl dial qul lxistlsignimsis. Ql bonco dl porositisgmauokdm lk uko rlcoaiñk lktrlikdividums dl dms lsplails, ukolsplail ls plrhudiaodo y co mtro lsnlkljiaiodo. Qi pmr lc amktrorim, lcnlkljiaim sl do poro cos dms lspl-ails, co rlcoaiñk sl amkmal amgmgutuocisgm. Lk lc amglksocisgm,uko dl cos lsplails sl nlkljiaioy co mtro, km rlsucto ojlatodo kinlkljiaiodo.

Ciqulk8 osmaioaiñk lktrl ocòs y bmk`ms (gutuo-cisgm). Lc ocò jonriao lc ociglktm y lc bmk`m clmjrlal uk bïnitot oc ocò).

J m t m s t m g o d o s

d l w

i e i p l d i o

Cms ikdividums dl co gisgo m dl dijlrlktllsplail, puldlk amgpltir pmr rlaursms amgm cocuz, lc oùo, lc lspoaim poro vivir y lc ociglktm.Auoktm gïs sigicorls slok cms mròkisgms lk sujmrgo dl ociglktoaiñk m bïnitms dl vido, gïsiktlkso slrï co amgpltlkaio.

Co prldoaiñk maurrl auokdm uk mròkisgm slociglkto dl prlsos vivos. Lk lstl slktidm, lctérgikm sl opciaorço ikacusm, auokdm cms oki-gocls amksuglk pcoktos. Co aoktidod dl ikdividums y dl lsplails lstï

guy ciòdo o co prldoaiñk, pulstm qul amgm rlsuctodm dl co rlcoaiñkprldodmr-prlso, cos pmncoaimkls ouglktok m disgikuylk su togoÿm.Vmr lhlgpcm8 lk ouslkaio dl clmkls, uko pmncoaiñk dl alnros puldlouglktor lc køglrm dl sus ikdividums5 si pmr lc amktrorim, cms clmklsouglktok, lc køglrm dl alnros slrï rlduaidm.



?14



?. Amgpcltl lc siùilktl auodrm amk lhlgpcms dl cos dijlrlktls iktlroaaimkls8

9

>. Lk sun`rupms8

Nusqulk ikjmrgoaiñk rlcoaimkodo amk auocquilro dl cms lamsistlgos amcmgnIkvlstiùlk auïcls smk sus kivlcls nïsiams dl mròkizoaiñk, ls dlair, qué lsplails,

pmncoaimkls y amgukidodls pmsll, y añgm sl rlcoaimkok lktrl sç.

LhlgpcmIktlroaaiñk

Amgpltlkaio

Vrldoaiñk

Qignimsis

Gutuocisgm

Vorositisgm

Amglksocisgm



?1<

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Qlsiñk ?6

Co amktogikoaiñk dlc ognilktlLk amkdiaimkls kmrgocls, lc oirl ls uko glzaco dl kitrñ`lkm(02%), mxç`lkm (>?%), or`ñk (6,91%), y 6.?% dl mtrms òsls.Qik lgnor`m, dlnidm prikaipocglktl o ailrtos oatividodlsbugokos, lso prmpmraiñk y amgpmsiaiñk smk octlrodos.

Lk cos rokdls aiudodls lstl prmnclgo ls guabm gïs lvidlk-tl. Cms gldims dl trokspmrtl mriìkok co goymr portl dl co amktogikoaiñkotgmsjériao, lgitilkdm oc oirl, sustokaios amktogikoktls amgm ñxidms dlkitrñ`lkm, gmkñxidm y diñxidm dl aornmkm, amgpulstms dl pcmgm y diñxidl ozujrl, lktrl mtrms. Co lgisiñk dl bugm prmduaidm pmr co amgnustiñklk cms prmalsms dl cos jïnriaos yocùkms bmòrls, co ikaiklroaiñkdl dlsplrdiaims y lc usm dl ol-rmsmcls y lclatrmdmgéstiams qulamktilklk osls acmrmjcumrmaor-nmkodms (AJA), amktrinuylk oclkrorlaigilktm dlc oirl qulrlspirogms.

Lk maosimkls, cms ñxidms dlozujrl y dl kitrñ`lkm puldlkamgnikorsl amk lc vopmr dl oùo y mtrms osls, y aolr o co Tilrro lk jmrgo dlccuvio ïaido. Co vl`ltoaiñk qul sl lkaulktro lxpulsto o lstl tipm dl ccuvio,rldual su arlaigilktm, prlslkto noho rlsistlkaio o cos lkjlrgldodls y disgi-kuaiñk dl sus kutrilktls. Mtrms mròkisgms jrïìcls o cms aognims ognilktoclsamgm cms okjinims y cms plals, sulclk prlslktor dljmrgoaimkls, pérdido dlaocaim, prmnclgos rlprmduativms y rlspirotmrims, y guabms mtrms gïs.

Co iktlrvlkaiñk dlc bmgnrllk co dikïgiao dl cms lamsistlgos

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\kidod >




?1:



Guabos dl cos oatividodls qulrlocizo lc bmgnrl, prmdualkdlslabms qul cclòk o cms aulr-pms bçdriams pmr vorims gldims yojlatok co vido dl cms mròkisgmsqul vivlk dlktrm dlc oùo y o cmsqul co amksuglk.

Amktogikoaiñk dlc oùo

dms, lktrl mtrms. Cms bmòrls tog-niék prmdualk `rok aoktidod dlsustokaios amktogikoktls amgmcms dltlr`lktls, cms oalitls y cmsdlslabms mr`ïkiams.

Cos jmrgos amgm cms amktogikok-tls cclòk oc oùo smk gøctipcls. Ovlals smk vlrtidms dirlatoglktlpmr ikdustrios m plrsmkos qulvivlk alrao dl cos rinlros dl cmsrçms m alrao dl co pcoyo lk lcaosm dlc gor. Cms prmduatms dldlslabm togniék viohok dlsdlkulstrms bmòrls o trovés dlamkduatms dl oùos kl`ros quldlslgnmaok lk cms rçms qul o

su vlz, cclvok co amktogikoaiñkoc gor. Lk co oatuocidod, aosi tm-dms cms auctivms smk trotodms amksustokaios quçgiaos (plstiaidosy jlrticizoktls), qul smk orros-trodos pmr lc oùo ccuvio bostocms aulrpms dl oùo, y occç prm-pmraimkok kutrilktls o cos ocòs

qul arlalk dlsglsurodoglktl yamksuglk aosi tmdm lc mxç`lkmqul sl bocco disulctm lk lc oùo,pmr cm auoc mtrms mròkisgms qultogniék vivlk lk lc oùo amgmcms plals, gulrok pmr jocto dl écLstl prmalsm ls amkmaidm amgmlutrmjiaoaiñk.

Ql amksidlro qul cos ikdustriossmk lc joatmr gïs igpmrtoktl lkco amktogikoaiñk dl cos oùos,pmrqul vilrtlk dirlatoglktl orçms y orrmyms, dlslabms lxtrlgo-doglktl tñxiams, lktrl cms auoclslstïk lc glraurim, lc pcmgm, lcaiokurm, cms dismcvlktls y cms ïai-

Jmtm tmgodo pmr –Hovilr Ogoyo‗



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Cos amkdiaimkls kmrgocls dlc gldimtogniék sl octlrok pmr lc lxalsm dl ruidmqul lklrok lc trokspmrtl, co ikdustrio y cogøsiao lk vmcuglk octm, lktrl mtrms5 lstltipm dl amktogikoaiñk sl amkmal amgmoaøstiao. \ko plrsmko qul lstï jrlaulk-tlglktl lxpulsto oc smkidm lxalsivm,puldl amkvlrtirsl lk uko plrsmko irritonclm podlalr dmcmrls dl aonlzo, iksmgkim,smrdlro y mtrms prmnclgos gïs.

Amktogikoaiñkrodimoativo

Amktogikoaiñkoaøstiao

Lxistl mtro jmrgo dl amktogikoaiñk,co visuoc qul sl prlslkto auokdm colstétiao dlc gldim sl octlro pmr coprlslkaio lxalsivo dl ovisms pu-nciaitorims m pmr lc dltlrimrm dl cosjoabodos dl oc`ukms ldijiaims.

Amktogikoaiñkvisuoc

Co amktogikoaiñk rodimoativo ls prmduaidopmr gotlriocls lkriqulaidms qul sl uticizoklk co gldiaiko, co ikdustrio, co giciaio y co`lklroaiñk dl lklr`ço. Co lxpmsiaiñk o lstltipm dl rodioaiñk ls guy kmaivo y aouso dlsdl dljmrgoaimkls lk cms bihmsdl cos plrsmkos ojlatodos, bosto vorims tipms dl aïkalr.



?12



Lk lsto pïìko, lkamktrorï gïs ikjmrgoaiñk rlcoaimkodo amk cms tipms dl

amktogikoaiñk8bttp8//tipms-amktogikoaimk.ncm`spmt.amg/

?6


?. Ikvlstiùlk auïcls smk cos aiudodls amcmgniokos amk lc oirl gïs amktogikod

>. Vrmpmkòk ocùkos smcuaimkls poro lvitor y amgnotir lstl prmnclgo.

1. Mtrms prmnclgos qul maosimko co lgisiñk dl osls amktogikoktls o co otgñsjl

smk lc aoclktogilktm `cmnoc y co dlstruaaiñk dl co aopo dl mzmkm. Ikvlsty lxpciqulk lk qué amksistlk lstms prmnclgos.

4. Vrmpmkòk octlrkotivos poro lvitor co amktogikoaiñk dlc oùo. Qi ls pmuniqulk uk cuòr alrao dl sus vivilkdos qul tlkò oùos amktogikodos l ik-tlktlk pcoktlor smcuaimkls lsplaçjiaos.




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\kidod >


Tmdos cos lxtikaimkls bok maurridm oporlktlglktl pmr joatmrls koturocls amgmaimkls vmcaïkiaos, igpoatms dl gltlmrms ìòktls y aognims acigïtiams o lsaocokltorio, oukqul ocùkms ailktçjiams ojirgok qul co lxtikaiñk dl cms rokdls gogçjl

qul sl prlslktñ lk lc pclistmalkm, sl dlniñ o co aoalrço lxalsivo pmr portl dlc bmgnr

QlsiñkCo lxtikaiñk dl cos lsplails

??

Voclmzmiao

Lro

Aïgnriam

Mrdmvçaiam-Qicøriam

Vérgiam-Triïsiam

Triïsiam-Hurïsiam

Jikocls dlcArltïaiam

Klñ`lkm (épmaodlc pclistmalkm).

Vlrçmdm

<4> giccmkls

446 4<6 giccmkls

><? giccmkls

?99 giccmkls

:< giccmkls

?? gic

Ocùkms dl cmsmròkisgms lxtiktms

Tricmnitls gïs okti ums y orqulm-aiïtidms

Tricmnitls, amkmdiktls y `rop-tmcitos.

Ls co goymr lxtikaiñk qul bomaurridm lk co Tilrro. Alrao dlc9<% dl cos lsplails dlsoporl-ailrmk, lktrl cos auocls bonço mr-òkisgms oauïtiams y tlrrlstrls.

Orqulmsourms, tlrïpsidms y`rokdls okjinims.

Dikmsourims lktrl guabms mtrmsmròkisgms.

@rokdls gogçjlrms8 goguts,gostmdmktls, plrlzmsms ìòk-tls y rikmalrmktls cokudms.

Oÿms otrïs(oprmxigodoglktl)

Glsmzmiao

Alkmzmiao

Lc jlkñglkm dl co lxtikaiñk dl lsplails km ls oc`m kulvm lk cobistmrio dl co vido smnrl lc Vcoklto, puls bo maurridm, lstï maurdm y slùirï maurrilkdm. Lk lc siùilktl auodrm, pmdlgms oprlaioamk gïs dltoccl, ocùkos dl cos goymrls lxtikaimkls (lxtikaimkgosivos), y lc tilgpm auokdm maurrilrmk8

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?46



Qi nilk km sl puldl ojirgor qul lc bmgnrl jul lc aucponcl dl co øctigo `rok lxtik-aiñk, lk co oatuocidod y dlnidm prikaipocglktl o sus oatividodls lamkñgiaos, sç llcigikokdm uk rok køglrm dl lsplails o uk ritgm y prmpmraiñk sigicorls o cms qsl prmduhlrmk lk cos lxtikaimkls gosivos dlc posodm pmr aousos koturocls.

Cms joatmrls qul gïs bok amktrinuidm lk co lxtikaiñk dl cos lsplails, smk co dlstruadl sus bïnitots, co iktrmduaaiñk dl lsplails lxñtiaos lk cuòrls qul mauponok, co aoalrikamktrmcodo, lc amglraim iclòc dl jcmro y jouko, y co amktogikoaiñk dl su gldi


?. Lconmrlk uko aortlclro lk co auoc prmpmkòk ocùkos lstrotlìos qul amksidpmdrçok oyudor o co amkslrvoaiñk dl cos lsplails.

>. Boòk uk cistodm dl >6 lsplails amcmgniokos qul sl lkaulktrlk lk plci`rmdl lxtikaiñk l ikacøyokco lk co aortlclro.

Lk co siùilktl pïìko, pmdrï lkamktror uk cistodm dl lsplails amcmgniokoslk vço dl lxtikaiñk8bttp8//www.slktir.mr`/lsplci`rm/cistodm.btg

??




?4?

\kidod >


Amkdlksoaiñk8 posm dl uko sustokaio dl lstodm oslmsmo cçquidm.

Lsplail8 amkhuktm dl ikdividums qul puldlk aruzorsllktrl sç y prmduair dlsalkdlkaio jértic.

Lsplail lxñtiao8 tipm dl lsplail qul km ls prmpio moutñatmko dl uk bïnitot, y qul pmr cm `lklroc, bo sidmiktrmduaido lk jmrgo dirlato m ikdirlato pmr lc bmgnrl.

@lmcm`ço8 ailkaio qul lstudio co amkstituaiñk y mri`lkdl co Tilrro y sus amgpmklktls.

Bidrñsjlro8 portl dl co Tilrro qul lstï amkstituidopmr o`uo.

Bugus8 sustokaio qul prmvilkl dl co dlsamgpmsiaiñk dlrlstms mr`ïkiams.

Ikmr`ïkiam8 qul km lstï ikamrpmrodm ki sl prmdual pmrportl dl cms mr`okisgms. Lhlgpcm8 cms giklrocls.

Kutrilktl8 sustokaio quçgiao qul cms slrls vivms

klalsitok poro cclvor o aonm sus jukaimkls vitocls.



?4>



?. \k lamsistlgo ls8

o. Lc cuòr qul bonito uk mròkisgm.

n. Co iktlroaaiñk lktrl cms joatmrls oniñtiams.

a. Lc sitim dmkdl amkvlr`lk joatmrls niñtiams y oniñtiams.

d. Iktlroaaiñk lktrl mròkisgms dl uk cuòr dltlrgikodm amkjoatmrls oniñtiams.

>. Dljiko cms siùilktls amkalptms8 niñtiam, oniñtiam, outñtrmjm, bltl-rñtrmjm y aiacm nim`lmquçgiam.

1. Ikdiqul auïc ls co igpmrtokaio dl cms giarmmròkisgms lk lc lam-sistlgo.

4. Dlsarino lc aiacm dlc oùo.

<. Mrdlkl cms siùilktls lclglktms dlc gïs sigpcl oc gïs amgpclhm,y dé uk lhlgpcm dl aodo ukm8 amgukidod, ikdividum y pmncoaiñk.

:. ½Auïc dl cos siùilktls puldl slr uko rlcoaiñk iktrolsplaçjiao=

QlsiñkGokms o co mnro

?>

o. \k nuitrl qul sl ociglkto dlc aodïvlr dl uk ailrvm.

n. Dms clmkls qul cuabok pmr uko prlso gulrto.

a. \ko voao qul sl ociglkto dl postm.

d. Tmdos cos oktlrimrls.



?41

\kidod >


9. Lxpciqul co jmrgo amgm co amktogikoaiñk dlc oirl lklro lc aoclkto-gilktm `cmnoc, co ccuvio ïaido y co dlstruaaiñk dl co aopo dl mzmkm

?6. ½Lk qué amksistl co amktogikoaiñk dlc oùo pmr lutrmjiaoaiñk=

??. Lsarino auotrm lsplails qul lk co oatuocidod, sl lkaulktrlk lk vçodl lxtikaiñk lk lc poçs8

?>. ½Vmr qué ocùkms ailktçjiams ojirgok qul lstogms vivilkdm uk plrçmdmdl lxtikaiñk gosivo=

0. ½Auocls dl cos siùilktls puldl slr uko rlcoaiñk lsplaçjiao=

o. Co osmaioaiñk dl amkvivlkaio lktrl uk ocò y uk bmk`m.

n. \ko hirojo qul sl ociglkto dl cos bmhos dl uko oaoaio.

a. \ko pucò qul lxtrol sok`rl o uk plrrm.

d. Tmdos cos oktlrimrls.

2. Vmr gldim dl uko jclabo, uko lc tipm dl iktlroaaiñk amk su lhlgpcm

rlsplativm8

Qignimsis Vcokto aorkçvmro qul sl ociglkto dlikslatms

Amgpltlkaio \ko orropoto qul amksugl co sok`rl

dl uk aonoccm

Vrldoaiñk Lcljoktls gorikms qul cuabok pmr lcamktrmc dl uko portl dl co pcoyo



?44



\kidod 1. Divlrsidod y distrinuaiñk`lm`rïjao dl co vido

QlsiñkJoatmrls osmaiodms o co nimdivlrsidod y su distrinuaiñk

O dmkdl quilro qul mnslrvlgms, nilk slo dlnohm dl ukobmho dl ïrnmc, lk uk rikañk dl co aoso, dlnohm dl cos rmaosm lk uko plqulÿo aborao, co vido porlal lstor prlslktl lktmdos portls. Gïs oøk, aodo tipm dl mròkisgm porlal tlklrgøctipcls vorildodls. Vlrm ½pmr qué lxistlk tok voriodmsmròkisgms= ½_ué joatmrls bok ikjcuidm poro qul co vido slboyo divlrsijiaodm lk lso jmrgo=

J m t m D l k i s A o v o k z m

?1

Lstl joatmr bo sidm osmaiodm pmr guabm tilgpm, o co distrinuaiñk y divlrsidguabms mròkisgms pmr tmdm lc Vcoklto. Lc acigo km bo sidm lstoncl duroktl copcokltorio, pulstm qul gøctipcls lvidlkaios ikdiaok qul bo aogniodm lk voriompmrtukidodls. Vmr lhlgpcm8 auokdm cms dikmsourims bonitormk co Tilrrodlniñ slr tlgpcodm, guy sigicor oc qul lxistl bmy lk tlrritmrims qul sl lkaulktroksmnrl m alraokms o co cçklo lauotmrioc. Cos amkdiaimkls ognilktocls oktlrim

oporiaiñk dl cms rokdls rlpticls, sl aoroatlrizñ pmr slr uk acigo guabm gïs aïcidm

Cos lros `coaiorls



?4<

\kidod 1

Divlrsidod y distrinuaiñk`lm`rïjao dl co vido

Tmdms lstms plrçmdms dl acigos aïcidms y tlgpcodms lstuvilrmk goraodmlc dlsalksm onruptm dl co tlgplroturo. Lstms copsms sl aoroatlrizormk pmamk`lcogilktm dl rokdls ïrlos dl tlrritmrim qul sl amkmalk amgm lros coaiorls`coaioaimkls. Auokdm lstms lvlktms acigïtiams sl prlslktok, `rok portl dl co joy jcmro rlsucto guy ojlatodo5 ocùkms mròkisgms dlnlk dlspcozorsl o cuòrlsaïcidms, y guabms mtrms qul km cm`rok odoptorsl o cos kulvos amkdiaimkls, prlsos dlc jrçm m dl co jocto dl ociglktm. Voro cms mròkisgms qul yo lstonok odo amkdiaimkls sigicorls dl tlgplroturo y oqulccms qul vivçok lk rlìmkls alraokocms pmcms, lstl tipm dl aognim si`kijiañ su lxpoksiñk boaio cms cuòrls qul lgplzo amk`lcorsl.

Lk lsto jmrgo, guabms cuòrls aïcidms disgikuylrmk su tlgplroturo y ocnlròrmkjouko y co jcmro qul prmvlkçok dl cuòrls qul dlnidm oc aognim acigïtiam, lstamk`lcodms. Cms slrls vivms qul mauponok mriìkocglktl cos oktiùos y aïcidos dlnilrmk slùir lc lhlgpcm dl sus kulvms vlaikms qul prmaldçok dl acigos gïtlgpcodms8 odoptorsl o cos kulvos amkdiaimkls acigïtiaos m dlsoporlalr.

Lktrl cos aousos gïs prmnonclsdl cos `coaioaimkls, lstïk cmsaognims lk co ñrnito y ïkùcm

dl co Tilrro, jcuatuoaimkls lk colklr`ço smcor y dlspcozogilktmdl cms pmcms go`kétiams.

Oukqul rlcotivoglktl rlplkti-kms, lstl tipm dl aognim jul ro-duoc, y pmr cm toktm, aosi tmdmscms slrls vivms tuvilrmk tilgpmporo odoptorsl o cos kulvos amk-diaimkls. Aosm amktrorim maurrlbmy amk lc aognim acigïtiamqul bo aousodm lc bmgnrl yqul sl aoroatlrizo pmr su ritgmvlrtiìkmsm qul bo amkdlkodm odlsoporlalr o guabos lsplailsdlc Vcoklto.

Jouko rlprlslktotivo osmaiodo amk lc øctigm plrçmdm `co-aior8 ti`rl dilktls dl soncl, plrlzmsm ìòktl y gogut.

Jmtms tmgodos dl wieipldio

?4<

\kidod 1




?4:



Lk jmrgo ikdividuoc.

?. Lxpciqul amk sus prmpios poconros, añgm uk aognim acigïtiam puldl boqul cos lsplails sl rldistrinuyok y divlrsijiqulk.

>. ½Arll ustld qul lc aoclktogilktm `cmnoc oatuoc ls uk lvlktm qul puldlamktrinuir o co divlrsijiaoaiñk y distrinuaiñk dl cos lsplails qul lxistlk lk coatuocidod=

Oc iùoc qul lc acigo, co pmsiaiñk dl cms amktiklktls togniék bo voriodm amtilgpm. Lc ailktçjiam Ocjrld Pl`lklr o prikaipims dlc si`cm RR, ojirgñ qul lro guprmnoncl qul cms amktiklktls bunilrok tordodm guabm tilgpm poro dlspcozobosto co pmsiaiñk oatuoc.

_uilkls mpikok dl iùoc jmrgo, oslùrok qul lc lxtrlgm mrilktoc dl Qurogériaoporlal lkaohor lk lc `mcjm dl @uiklo lk Ïjriao, cm auoc o su vlz ikdiao qul camktiklktls pmdrçok bonlr lstodm ukidms ocùko vlz. Mtrm blabm qul rljulrlsto tlmrço, ls lc boccoz`m dljñsicls sigicorls lk cos amstosmrilktocls dl Qurogériao ylk ocùkos rlìmkls dlc lx-trlgm maaidlktoc dl Ïjriao.

Bmy, lsto tlmrço ls guabmgïs oalptodo, `roaios ocboccoz`m dl igpmrtoktls rl-ìstrms jñsicls y oc ovokal dlailkaios amgm co lmcm`ço y co nim`lm`rojço qul bok plrgitidm dltlrgikor qul b

alrao dl >66 giccmkls dl oÿms, tmdms cms amktiklktls lstonok ukidms lk ukm

Dlrivo amktiklktoc

?



?40

\kidod 1


?

>

1

I g ï ` l k l s

t m g o d o s


4

<

:

0

2

9

qul sl amkmal amgm Vok`lo.Lstl suplramktiklktl sl dividiñikiaiocglktl lk dms `rokdlsgosos8 Courosio y @mkdwoko.Co sundivisiñk dlc priglrm dimmri`lk o Kmrtlogériao, @rmlk-cokdio y Osio, gilktros qul cojro`glktoaiñk dlc slùkdmmriìkñ o Qurogériao, Ïjriao, Oustrocio, Oktïrtido l Ikdio.Amk lc tilgpm, cms amktiklktlssl bok dlspcozodm, y ocùkmsbok abmaodm y jmrgokdm ao-dlkos gmktoÿmsos5 mtrms pmr lcamktrorim, sl bok oclhodm oøkgïs, amcmaïkdmsl lk co pmsi-aiñk qul tilklk bmy lk dço.



?42



½Añgm cm`ro dlspcozorsl uk amktiklktl= Voro dltlrgikor co jmrgo amgm sldlspcozok cms Amktiklktls, ls klalsorim amkmalr cm qul lxistl dlktrm dl coTilrro. Co amrtlzo ls co aopo sñcido gïs lxtlrko dlc Vcoklto, smnrl co auocsl lkaulktro rok portl dl co vido5 y cms sulcms malïkiams togniék boalkportl dl lsto aopo. Nohm co amrtlzo sl lkaulktro lc goktm, uko aopo dlamksistlkaio rmamso, jukdido dlnidm o cos octos prlsimkls y tlgplroturosqul sl prlslktok lk lso zmko. Vmr øctigm, nohm lc goktm sl lkaulktrolc køaclm qul sl dividl lk køaclm iktlrkm y køaclm lxtlrkm qul lstïkamgpulstms pmr gltocls jukdidms y auyo tlgplroturo ls guabm gïs octoqul co dlc rlstm dl cos aopos.

J m t m t m g o d o

d l w

i e i p l d i o

Zisto lsqulgïtiao dlc iktlrimr dl co Tilrro.

?. Amrtlzo amktiklktoc>. Amrtlzo malïkiao1. Goktm suplrimr

4. Goktm ikjlrimr<. Køaclm lxtlrkm:. Køaclm iktlrkm

O. Disamktikuidod dl GmbmrmviN. Disamktikuidod dl @utlknlr` A. Disamktikuidod dl Clbgokk



?49

\kidod 1


Jmtm tmgodo dl Pieipldio

Co amrtlzo km ls uko aopo uki-jmrgl, sikm qul lstï jro`glk-todo lk pcoaos tlatñkiaos qulcitlrocglktl jcmtok smnrl rmaojukdido qul joaicito su dlspcozogilktm. Maosimkocglktl, cospcoaos abmaok y pmr cm `lklroc,uko dl lccos sl bukdl nohm comtro y sl jukdl amk lc goktm,lk uk prmalsm qul sl amkmalamgm sunduaaiñk, gilktros qulco pcoao qul quldo lk co portlsuplrimr, mri`iko jmrgoaimklsgmktoÿmsos. Lc Bigocoyo qulls uko dl cos aodlkos gmkto-ÿmsos gïs lclvodos dl co Tilrro,sl jmrgñ pmr lhlgpcm, auokdmamcisimkñ co pcoao lurmosiïtiaoamk co pcoao dl co Ikdio.

Lstms prmalsms km posok dlso-plrainidms, pmrqul lc rloamgm-dogilktm y lc abmqul dl cos pco-aos dlslkaodlkok gmvigilktmssçsgiams amgm cms tlrrlgmtms. Lcvucaokisgm ls mtrm prmalsm qulsl osmaio amk cos pcoaos tlatñ-kiaos y pmr gldim dl cos lrup-aimkls, cls rlkulvo lc gotlriocy cm jukdl lk lc goktm, dl tocgoklro qul co lstruaturo dl cospcoaos lstï lk amkstoktl aognim.

Jmtm tmgodo dl Pieipldio

Bigocoyo



?<6



½Vmr qué lstms prmalsms ojlatok codistrinuaiñk y co divlrsidod dl co vido=^ltmglgms lc aosm dl Vok`lo qul tl-kço divlrsidod dl pcoktos, dikmsourims,

gogçjlrms y ovls. Auokdm lc suplramk-tiklktl lgplzñ o jro`glktorsl dlnidmoc gmvigilktm dl cos pcoaos tlatñkiaos,cos pmncoaimkls y cos amgukidodls dlmròkisgms julrmk quldokdm oiscodosukos dl mtros, dlnidm o uko kulvo no-rrlro lm`rïjiao8 lc maéokm. lamrdlgmsqul guabos dl cos odoptoaimkls puldlk

clòrsl o cos siùilktls lklroaimkls pmrgldim dl cms `lkls, plrm oc lxistir ukonorrlro, cms ikdividums dl uko pmncoaiñkyo km puldlk oporlorsl amk cms dl comtro, dl toc goklro qul cos aoroatl-rçstiaos kulvos qul oporlzaok lk ukopmncoaiñk, sl quldorok prlaisoglktllk lcco. Amk lc tilgpm, aodo pmncoaiñk

oaugucorï toktos dijlrlkaios qul ls guyprmnoncl qul yo km puldok vmcvlr orlprmduairsl lktrl sç, lk lc lvlktm dlqul vulcvok o iktl`rorsl. Lk lstl aosm,sl dirço qul dlnidm o uko slporoaiñk dltipm `lm`rïjiam, uko lsplail dim mri`lko dms lsplails tmtocglktl kulvos.

Co uniaoaiñk dl cos lsplails togniék slvim ojlatodo pmr co dlrivo amktiklktoc.Bosto boal alrao dl < giccmkls dl oÿms, Ogériao dlc Kmrtl sl ukiñ amk Ogériaodlc Qur, pmr gldim dl co jmrgoaiñk dlcistgm dl Vokogï, cm auoc pmsinicitñ lciktlraognim dl jcmro y jouko lktrl cmsdms amktiklktls.

?<6





?<?

\kidod 1


Iktlrvlkaiñk dlc bmgnrl

O gldido qul lc bmgnrl plrjlaaimko su tlakmcm`ço, lxpcmto cms rlaursms dl co

y maupo gïs tlrritmrims, sl amkvilrtl lk uko oglkozo poro lc rlstm dl cos lsplailAodo oaaiñk qul lc bmgnrl rlocizo poro su prmpim nlkljiaim, dlslstigo cos pmsamkslaulkaios qul puldo tlklr poro cms mròkisgms qul togniék bonitok lc Vcokl

\km dl lstms aosms, ls co iktrmduaaiñk dl lsplails lxñtiaos.Guabos vlals lc bmgnrl, cclvo oc cuòr dmkdl vivl, pcoktosm okigocls dl cuòrls jmrïklms poro dlsorrmccor co ariokzo mlc auctivm dl lsl tipm dl mròkisgms. \k lhlgpcm puktuoc

dl lstl tipm maurriñ lk Oustrocio, o dmkdl cclvormk porlhosdl amklhms poro ariorcms y cul`m, aozorcms. Guabms dl lccmslsaopormk y dlnidm o qul lk lsl Voçs, cms rmldmrls km tilklkuk lklgi`m koturoc, lgplzormk o ikarlglktor su køglrmsik amktrmc, bosto orrosor amk `rok portl dl cms auctivms yco vl`ltoaiñk dl co auoc sl ociglktonok mtrms blrnçvmrmsamgm cms aokùrms.

Lk ocùkos maosimkls, cos lsplails lxñtiaos sl iktrmdualk poamktrorrlstor pcoòs, plrm pmr cm `lklroc, smk lsos lsplaicos qul jikocglktl sl amkvilrtlk lk uk `rok prmnclgo julrodl amktrmc. O vlals, guabos dl lstos lsplails ikvosmros costrokspmrto lc bmgnrl lk jmrgo oaaidlktoc lk norams u mtrmgldims dl trokspmrtl.

\km dl cms joatmrls qul oatuocglktl lstï rldistrinuylkdm portl dlco jouko y co jcmro dlc Vcoklto, ls lc aoclktogilktm `cmnoc. Amk lcouglktm dl co tlgplroturo, cms mròkisgms qul lstïk odoptodms ocms acigos aïcidms lstïk ouglktokdm su bïnitot m ïrlo `lm`rïjiao5ls cm qul lstï maurrilkdm lk co oatuocidod amk lc gmsquitm qultroksgitl co jilnrl ogoricco y qul pmam o pmam bo amcmkizodm cuò-rls qul oktls tlkçok uk acigo jrçm m tlgpcodm. Ocùkms lstudims rlailktls, tognsuìlrlk qul poçsls lurmplms amgm Qulaio y Kmrulò, sujrirïk gïs cms aogni

acigïtiams dl co rlìñk, pmrqul lc dlsbilcm prmvmaorï co oporiaiñk dl nmsqul

Jmtms tmgodos dl Pieipldio



?<>



Co siùilktl pïìko amktilkl ikjmrgoaiñk smnrl lsplails ikvosmros m lxñtiaoslk Amcmgnio8 bttp8//www.bugnmcdt.mr`.am/bugnmcdt/gmstrorpoìko.pbamdpo`l716666?4

?1


?. Ikvlstiùlk auïktos pcoaos tlatñkiaos lxistlk, sus kmgnrls y lk auïc dl lccossl lkaulktro uniaodm kulstrm poçs.

>. ^ldoatlk uko bistmrio qul ikacuyo co slporoaiñk `lm`rïjiao dl uko pmncoaiñdl mròkisgms (pcoktos m okigocls), dlnidm o co lclvoaiñk dl uko aodlgmktoÿmso, y qul dé amgm rlsuctodm, co lvmcuaiñk dl gïs lsplails.

1. ^locialk uko visito uiodo o uko jikao m ariodlrm dl okigocls. Boòk uk cistodl cms okigocls qul occç sl lkaulktrok y amktlstlk8

o. ½Lsms okigocls smk prmpims dl co rlìñk=

n. Qi km cm smk, ½dl dñkdl prmvilklk=

a. ½_ué gldidos dlnl tmgor uko plrsmko qul lstï iktlrlsodo lk iktrmduairuko lsplail lxñtiao poro amktrmcor cos pcoòs=

cuòrls qul lstonok amk`lcodms, y borï qul co jcmro y co jouko sl dlspcoalk bolc kmrtl, dmkdl cos amkdiaimkls jrços smk sigicorls o cos dl cms mròkisgmslkaulktrok odoptodms.




?<1

\kidod 1


Clogms

Lsto ovl bonitñ cos iscos Gouriaim, alraokos o co isco dl Godoòsaor, yoporlktlglktl lro dlsalkdilktl dirlatm dl cos pocmgos. Gldço alraodl uk gltrm y amktono amk uk aulrpm rmnustm y uk por dl ocos qulkm cl slrvçok poro vmcor. Ql ociglktono dl cms jrutms qul aoçok dl cmsïrnmcls y cms triturono amk su `rok piam5 amkstruço su kidm lk lc sulcmy lk éc pmkço uk smcm bulvm.

Lc dmdm jul dlsaunilrtm boaio lc oÿm dl ?<60 pmr amcmkizodmrls pmrtuùlsls y sl cl dim lsl kmgnrl, dlnidm o su tmrplzo oc dlspcozorsl ypmr co joaicidod poro aopturorco. Lc dmdm dlsorrmccñ su amgpmrtogilkportiaucor, dlnidm o qul lk su bïnitot prmpim kukao tuvm qul lkjrlktorlklgi`ms koturocls ki dlsorrmccor lstrotlìos dl lsaopl m dl dljlkso.

Qu goksldugnrl y su ikaopo-aidod poro vmcor, cm amkvirtilrmklk uk ncokam jïaic, mnhltm dl coaoalrço lxalsivo dl cms bmgnrlsqul cclònok amk jrlaulkaio ocos iscos. Odiaimkocglktl, alrdms,

òtms, plrrms y mtrms okigocls qulcclvñ lc bmgnrl, lcigikormk rïpi-doglktl sus vucklroncls bulvms.Tmdms lstms lvlktms oaonormk amklc ovl, tok sñcm ailk oÿms dlspuésdl qul lc bmgnrl bunilro cclòdmoc tlrritmrim dlc dmdm.

Co lxtikaiñk dlc pïhorm dmdm




?<4



?. Lsamho co rlspulsto amrrlato8

o. Lk co bistmrio dlc Vcoklto, lc acigo bo sidm vorioncl.

n. Cos nohos tlgplroturos aoroatlrizormk lc tilgpm qul cms

dikmsourims plrgoklailrmk smnrl co Tilrro.

a. Cms cuòrls qul lstïk smnrl m alrao o co cçklo lauotmrioc,pmsllk nohos tlgplroturos.

d. Cms pmcms sl aoroatlrizok pmr lclvodos tlgplroturos.

>. Dljiko qué ls `coaioaiñk.

1. Lxpciqul co jmrgo amgm cos `coaioaimkls bok ojlatodm co nimdivlr-sidod y su distrinuaiñk lk lc Vcoklto.

4. \ko `coaioaiñk puldl slr mriìkodo pmr8 , y.

<. Diò lk qué amksistl lc aoclktogilktm `cmnoc. Dlsarino ocùkmsdl sus ljlatms.


?4



?<<

\kidod 1


:. Amgpcltl cos cçklos amk cos poconros qul amrrlspmkdok8

o. Boal >66 giccmkls dl oÿms, tmdms cms amktiklktls lstonok

ukidms lk ukm smcm, ccogodm .

n. Lc suplramktiklktl sl dividiñ lk dms `rokdls `rupms8 Cou-rosio y @mkdwoko5 co sundivisiñk dlc priglrm dim mri`lk o

gilktros qul co jro`glkto-aiñk dlc sl`ukdm mri`ikñ o .

0. ^lspmkdo8

o. ½Añgm cm`ro dlspcozorsl uk amktiklktl=

n. ½Añgm sl `lklrok cms tlrrlgmtms=

a. ½Añgm ojlato lc dlspcozogilktm dl cms amktiklktls co divlrsidody co distrinuaiñk dl co vido=

2. Glkaimkl lc kmgnrl dl aikam dl cos pcoaos qul lxistlk y dinøhlcos.

9. ½Añgm bo cm`rodm lc bmgnrl gmdijiaor co divlrsidod y distrinuaiñdl `rok portl dl co vido tlrrlstrl=



?<:



Aoroatlrçstiaos dlc ïtmgm

Lk co okti`óldod, cms jicñsmjms `ril`ms Dlgñaritm y Cluaipm julrmk cms prplksodmrls qul amkacuylrmk qul co gotlrio pmdço slr jro`glktodo bosto mntlklplqulÿos portls qul yo km pmdçok slùirsl dividilkdm. O lsto ikdivisincl jroaaiñdl gotlrio co ccogormk ïtmgm. Vosñ guabm tilgpm poro qul lc quçgiam ik`c Hmbk Doctmk lk ?264, amkacuylro qul cms ïtmgms sç lxistçok, pmrqul oc glprmduatms dl cos rloaaimkls quçgiaos qul éc cclvono o aonm, cos prmpmraimaodo amgpmklktl plrgoklaçok ikvorioncls. Lk lstl jmrgo amkacuyñ qul cms ïtmgdl uk gisgm lclglktm amgportlk cos gisgos aoroatlrçstiaos.

\kidod 4. Amgpmsiaiñk, lstruaturoy aoroatlrçstiaos dl co gotlrio

Qlsiñk

Lc ïtmgm

?<

Tmdm cm qul kms rmdlo lstï amgpulstm dl gotlrio y lk lcco slikacuylk cms slrls vivms y bosto lc gisgm oirl. Vlrm ½co gotlrio lamgpulsto togniék pmr mtros sustokaios= ½Co gotlrio puldl dividirlk portls gïs plqulÿos= Lstms aulstimkogilktms bok lstodm lk coglktl dl guabms bmgnrls duroktl guabms si`cms y ocùkms dllccms, biailrmk vocimsms opmrtls poro dlvlcor co rlspulsto.

Lstruaturo dlc ïtmgm

Vortçauco Aorò lcéatriao Cmaocizoaiñk

Klutrñk OuslktlKøaclm

Vrmtñk Vmsitivo (+)

Lclatrñk Klòtivo (-) Vlrijlrio



?<0

\kidod 4

Amgpmsiaiñk, lstruaturoy aoroatlrçstiaos dl co gotlrio

O gldido qul lc lstudim dlcïtmgm bo ovokzodm, bok sur-ìdm divlrsms gmdlcms pororlprlslktorcm. Lk co siùilktltonco, sl lkaulktrok cms gm-dlcms gïs rlprlslktotivms8

Gmdlcm dl Tbmgpsmk

Lk lstl gmdlcm, cms lclatrmklslstïk distrinuidms dl gmdm ukijmr-gl pmr tmdm lc ïtmgm. Dlnidm oqul bosto lsl gmglktm, cms prm-tmkls y cms klutrmkls km bonçoksidm dlsaunilrtms, km oporlalk lklstl gmdlcm.

Gmdlcms otñgiams

Gmdlcm dl ûtblrjmrd

Lk lstl gmdlcm, cms lclatrmkls irokocrldldmr dl uk køaclm qul lstïcmaocizodm lk lc alktrm dlc ïtmgmqul lstï amgpulstm pmr prmtmklsy klutrmkls.

?<0

\kidod 4




?<2



Gmdlcm dl Nmbr

Lk lstl gmdlcm, cms lclatrmklslhlautok ñrnitos airaucorls ocrldl-dmr dl uk køaclm alktroc. Auoktogïs lklr`ço amktlkò uk ïtmgm,goymr slrï lc kivlc qul maupl.Cms lclatrmkls qul pilrdlk pou-cotikoglktl su lklr`ço, togniékdisgikuylk dl kivlc.

Cms ïtmgms pmsllk aoroatlrçstiaos qul plrgitlk dijlrlkaior ukms dl mtrms. Oqulcqul tilklk lc gisgm køglrm dl prmtmkls, togniék amkmaidm amgm køglrm otñgiamplrtlklalk oc gisgm lclglktm. Vmr lhlgpcm8 tmdms cms ïtmgms dl bidrñ`lkm tilkX7? (X ls co rlprlslktoaiñk dlc køglrm otñgiam), pmrqul tilkl uk smcm prmtñk. Maoroatlrçstiao dl cms ïtmgms ls co goso otñgiao m køglrm dl goso (sl rlprlslkto amco cltro O), qul sl mntilkl oc sugor lc køglrm dl prmtmkls y klutrmkls qul tilkl5lk lstl aosm, si tmgogms pmr lhlgpcm8 lc aornmkm, su goso otñgiao ls ?> pmrsu køaclm lstï jmrgodm pmr : prmtmkls y : klutrmkls.

?. Divçdoksl lk sun`rupms poro rlprlslktor amk gotlrioc rlaiaconcl, ocùkm dcms gmdlcms otñgiams.

>. \sl co tonco plriñdiao poro boccor lc køglrm otñgiam (X), y co goso otñgi(O), dl cms siùilktls lclglktms8 Ocugikim (Oc), Ozujrl (Q), Aocaim (Ao), J

(V), Bilrrm (Jl), Kitrñ`lkm (K), Vmtosim (E), Qmdim (Ko), y Ymdm (I).

?<



?<9

\kidod 4


Vrmpildodls lsplaçjiaosdl ocùkms lclglktms quçgiams

Lk sun`rupms. ^locialk lc siùilktl tocclr8

Amgm pudm oprlaiorsl lk co oktlrimr lxplrilkaio, km tmdms cms gotlrioclsrloaaimkok dl iùoc jmrgo auokdm sus amkdiaimkls smk gmdijiaodos. Qnilk cms gotlriocls sl aoclktormk, kikùkm dl lccms octlrñ su koturoclzo5auokdm lstl tipm dl aognim maurrl, sl troto dl uko prmpildod jçsiao.

Auaboro gltïciao, pocitm nohoclkùos m dl poclto, piticcm, pmaiccm y glaocambmc.

Gotlriocls8

Vrmaldigilktm8

?. Cclkl lc pmaiccm amk oùo y pñkòco o blrvir smnrl co ccogo dlc glablrm. Alc oùo lsté prmduailkdm nurnuhos, iktrmduzao y smstlkò auidodmsoglktl aukm dl cms lclglktms.

>. ^lspmkdok8 ½auïc lclglktm sl aoclktñ gïs= ½Auïc lclglktm sl aoclktñ glkms½Vmr qué cms lclglktms ocaokzok dijlrlktls tlgplroturos auokdm sl aocilkt

QlsiñkOc ukms lclglktms quçgiams y sus aoroatlrçstiaos

?:

?



?:6



Vrikaipocls prmpildodls jçsiaos dl cms lclglktms

Cuz qul rljclhok cms aulrpms.

Aopoaidod dl cms aulrpms poro dlhorposor co amrrilktl lcéatriao.

Aopoaidod dl cms gotlriocls porodlhor posor lc aocmr.

Aoktidod dl goso pmr ukidod dlvmcuglk.

^lsistlkaio qul mpmklk cos portçau-cos dl uk aulrpm o slr slporodos.

Vrmpildod dl cms aulrpms poro

vmcvlr o su lstodm ikiaioc, dlspuésdl slr dljmrgodms.

Vrmpildod qul tilklk oc`ukms go-tlriocls poro slr jmrhodms lk cïgikos.

Tlgplroturo o co auoc, uk cçquidm sl

smcidijiao.

Tlgplroturo o co auoc, uk cçquidmsl lvopmro.

Tlgplroturo o co auoc, uko sustokaioposo dl lstodm sñcidm o cçquidm.

Amcmr

Amkduatividod lcéatriao

Amkduatividod térgiao

Dlksidod

Durlzo

Lcostiaidod

Goclonicidod

Vuktm dl amk`lcoaiñk

Vuktm dl jusiñk

Vuktm dl lnucciaiñk

?:6





?:?

\kidod 4


Dlplkdilkdm dl co ouslkaio m prlslkaio dl diabos prmpildodls, cms gotlriocls sustokaios puldlk acosijiaorsl lk8 gltocls y km gltocls.

J m t m t m g o d o


Amkduatividod térgiao. Vuktm dl amk`lcoaiñk dlc o`uo, sl amkvilrtl lk bilcm.

Tronohm ikdividuoc.

?. Ikvlsti`ul auïcls lclglktms smk gltocls y auïcls smk km gltocls.

>. ^locial uk auodrm amk cms dms tipms dl lclglktms.

?:

Vrmpildod Gltocls Km gltocls

Amcmr Nriccoktl MpoamAmkduatividod lcéatriao Octo Noho m kuco

Amkduatividod térgiao Octo NohoDurlzo Octo Noho lk co goymrçoGoclonicidod Octo Kuco

Vuktm dl lnucciaiñk Octm lk co goymrço NohmVuktm dl jusiñk Octm lk co goymrço Nohm

Dlksidod Octo Noho



?:>



Qlsiñkloaaimkls quçgiaos

y tonco plriñdiao

?0

Lk sun`rupms, rlocialk lc siùilktl tocclr8

Gotlriocls8

Vrmaldigilktm8

Voplc plriñdiam, oùo, jñsjmrms y tihlros.

?. Tmgl uko bmho dl poplc plriñdiam, añrtlkco y pmkò cms trmzms lkoùo.

>. Tmgl mtro bmho dl poplc plriñdiam y prékdokcl jul`m amk prlaouaiñk.

1. Dlsarinok cm qul maurrl amk cos aoroatlrçstiaos dlc poplc lk aodoaosm.

• Lk auocquilro dl cms aosms, ½lc poplc pmdrço vmcvlr o su lstodikiaioc=

• ½Lc gotlrioc qul rlsucto dl cos lxplrilkaios ls dijlrlktl dlcpoplc=

?



?:1

\kidod 4


Ko + Ac KoAc Qmdim Acmrm Acmrurm dl Qmdim (soc dl glso)

A + M> AM>

Aornmkm Mxç`lkm Diñxidm dl Aornmkm

B> + M B>M

O dijlrlkaio dl cms aognims jçsiams, auokdm sl prlslktok aognims m rloaaimkquçgiaos, sç sl ojlato co koturoclzo dl cos sustokaios y pmr cm toktm, lc rlsuctdl co troksjmrgoaiñk ls uko kulvo sustokaio.

Cms aognims m rloaaimkls quçgiaos sl lxprlsok pmr lauoaimkls quçgiaos osç

Co jclabo ikdiao co dirlaaiñk lk co auoc maurrl lc aognim quçgiam y lc prmduaqul sl mntilkl. Lk lstl aosm, co ukiñk dl dms gmcéaucos dlc `os bidrñ`lkmamk uko dlc os mxç`lkm (rloativm), do amgm rlsuctodm uko sustokaio cçqamgpcltoglktl kulvo (prmduatm), lc o`uo.

Co lauoaiñk silgprl dlnl lstor lquicinrodo, ls dlair, dlnl lxistir lc gisgmkøglrm dl ïtmgms lk cms rloativms y lk lc prmduatm.



?:4



Lk jmrgo ikdividuoc, amgpcltl cos si`uilktls lauoaimkls8


?. B>AM1 (ïaidm aornñkiam)

>. Ko+ M>

1. KB1 (ogmkçoam)

Distrinuaiñk dl cms lclglktmsquçgiams dlktrm dl co tonco plriñdiao

>



?:<

\kidod 4


?0

Co idlo dl mròkizor cms lclglktms quçgiams dl oaulrdm amk sus prmpildodljçsiaos y quçgiaos, surìñ aosi dlsdl lc gmglktm auokdm julrmk dlsaunilrtmscms priglrms lclglktms. Qik lgnor`m, sñcm bosto ?2>9, lc oclgïk HmbokkPmcjòk` Dúnlrliklr bizm uk priglr iktlktm dl acosijiaoaiñk, o`rupokdm cmslclglktms sl`øk sus prmpildodls amgukls. \kms oÿms dlspués, lc ik`cés Hmbk Oclxokdlr liko Klwcokds lk ?2:4, dlsaunriñ qul oc mrdlkor cms lclglktmspmr su plsm otñgiam lk mrdlk arlailktl, pmdço rlukircms lk `rupms dl mabmy odlgïs, lc matovm lclglktm silgprl amgportço prmpildodls amgukls amklc priglr lclglktm dlc `rupm oktlrimr. Lstl dlsaunrigilktm jul ccogodm cocly dl cos matovos.

Lsto slril dl ovokals amkalptuocls lk lc aogpm dl co quçgiao, bizm qul lk?2:9, lc oclgïk Cmtbor Glylr y lc rusm Digitri Ivokmvitab Glkdlclilv cclò-rok o co gisgo amkacusiñk, oukqul bonçok tronohodm pmr slporodm. Lk ljmrgo, sl lstonclaiñ qul guabos dl cos prmpildodls jçsiaos y quçgiaos dl cmslclglktms sl rlpitlk o gldido qul sl mrdlkok pmr su plsm otñgiam. O lstorlùcoridod sl cl amkmal dlsdl lktmkals, amk lc kmgnrl dl plrimdiaidod dlcms lclglktms. Glkdlclilv cm`rñ rlìstror cms rlsuctodms dl su tronohm lk uktonco y lk lcco, dispusm cms lclglktms quçgiams lk jmrgo bmrizmktoc (plrçm

y lk jmrgo vlrtiaoc (`rupms). Lk lsms `rupms prlaisoglktl ls dmkdl cms lcl-glktms quldok acosijiaodms, dl oaulrdm amk cos prmpildodls qul amgportlk.

Co tonco oatuoc sl dividl lk 0 plrçmdms y ?2 `rupms, osç8 `rupm ? (IO)8 cmtocls ocaocikms5 rupm > (IIO)8 cms gltocls ocaocikmtérrlms5 rupm 1 oc rcms gltocls dl troksiaiñk, gltocls kmncls y gltocls goksms5 rupm ?1 (RIIIO)térrlms5 `rupm ?4 (RIZO)8 aornmkmidlms5 `rupm ?< (RZO)8 kitrm`lkm`rupm ?: (RZIO)8 cms aocañ`lkms m okjç`lkms5 rupm ?0 (RZIIO)8 cms boc

y `rupm ?2 (RZIIIO)8 cms òsls kmncls.

Lk jmrgo ikdividuoc, lconmrl co tonco plriñdiao amk tmdms cms rupms, plry lclglktms quçgiams oatuocls.



?::



?. Lsarino jocsm (J) m vlrdodlrm (Z)8


?2

>. Lxpciqul lk qué amksistlk cms gmdlcms otñgiams dl Tbmgpsmk, û-tblrjmrd y Nmbr, y boò uk dinuhm dl aodo ukm dl lccms.

1. Vmr gldim dl su tonco plriñdiao, amgpcltl lc siùilktl auodrm8

o. Cms jicñsmjms `ril`ms Dlgñaritm y Cluaipmamkacuylrmk qul co gotlrio pmdço slr divididoikdljikidoglktl.

n. Lk ?264, Hmbk Doctmk ojirgñ qul cms ïtmgmsdl uk gisgm lclglktm dlnlk amgportir cosgisgos aoroatlrçstiaos.

a. Lc klutrñk ls uko portçauco dlc ïtmgm amk aorò

pmsitivo.

d. Lc lclatrñk ls uko portçauco dlc ïtmgm amk aoròklòtivo.

l. Lc prmtñk boal portl dlc køaclm otñgiam.



?:0

\kidod 4


Lclglktm quçgiam

B

AoKo

O

?0

?<

X

?>

Xk

4. Amgpcltl cos si`uilktls mroaimkls8

o. Cms gltocls pmr cm `lklroc, tilklk uk amcmr .

n. Cms amkdualk nilk co lclatriaidod.a. Co goclonicidod lk cms ls kuco.

d. Co dlksidod ls lk cms km gltocls.

l. Lc puktm dl jusiñk ls octm lk co goymrço dl cms .

j. Co amkduatividod térgiao lk cms ls noho.

<. Lk su auodlrkm lxpciqul co dijlrlkaio lktrl prmpildodls jçsiaos yprmpildodls quçgiaos.

:. Dlsarino amk sus prmpios poconros, co bistmrio dl co acosijiaoaiñk dcms lclglktms quçgiams.



?:2



Nincim`rojço

• VÎGOAE, ^. >66?. Jukdoglktms dl amkslrvoaiñk nimcñìao8plrsplativos cotikmoglriaokos. Jmkdm dl Aucturo Lamkñgiao.Géxiam D.J.

• A\^TIQ, B. NO^KLQ, K. >666. Nimcm`ço. Lditmrioc Vokoglriaoko.Nulkms Oirls.

• VL^LX, L. ?9<:. Vcoktos øticls dl Amcmgnio. Cinrlrio Amcmgnioko- Aogoabm ^mcdok (Aço. Ctdo.). Nm`mtï.

• O\DLQIÊ, Tlrlso. >662. Nimcm`ço8 co vido lk co tilrro. Vlorsmk,Vrlktial Bocc. Géxiam.

• CLYZO, Voncm. ?992. Lc gldim ognilktl lk Amcmgnio. Ikstitutm

dl Bidrmcm`ço, Gltlrlmcm`ço y Lstudims Ognilktocls, Gikistlrimdlc Gldim Ognilktl. Nm`mtï.

Lstudioktl y Dmalktl Troksjmrglgms



Gorabo lk Tmcigo

J m t m t m g o d o p m r 8 H o v i l r O g o y o



?06

ïrlo Ailkaios Qmaiocls


L s t ï k d o r l s n ï s i a m s d l a m g p l t l k a i o s l k

A i l k a i o s

Q m a i o c l s

G o k l h m a m k m a i g i l k t m s p r m p i m s d l c o s A i l k a i o s Q m a i o c l s

^ l c o a i m k l s a m k

c o b i s t m r i o

y c o s a u c t u r o s

^ l c o a i m k l s l s p o a i o c l s

y o g

n i l k t o c l s

^ l c o a i m k l s

é t i a m - p m c ç t i a o s

• D l s a r i n m a o r o a t l r ç s t i a o s

d l c o m r ` o k i -

z o a i ñ k s m a i o c , p m c ç t i a o m l a m k ñ g i a o l k

o c ` u k o s a u c t u r o s y

é p m a o s .

• I d l k t i j i a m o c ` u k o s s i t u o a i m k l s q u l

b o k

` l k l r o d m a m k j c i a t m s l k

c o s m r ` o k i z o -

a i m k l s s m a i o c l s

( l c u s m d l c o g o k m

d l

m n r o l k l c i g p l r i m l ` i p a i m ,

c o l x p o k -

s i ñ k d l c m s i g p l r i m s ,

c o t l k l k a i o d l c o

t i l r r o l k l c g l d i m l v m …

) .

•

^ l a m k m z a m a o r o a t l r ç s t i a o s

d l c o T i l r r o

q u l c o b o a l k u k p

c o k l t o v i v m .

•

I d l k t i j i a m s i s t l g o s

d l p r m d u a a i ñ k l k

d i j l r l k t l s a u c t u r o s y

p l r ç m d m s b i s t ñ r i a m s

y l s t o n c l z a m r l c o a i m k l s l k t r l l c c m s .

•

A m g p o r m a o r o a t l r ç s t i a o s

d l c o m r ` o -

k i z o a i ñ k l a m k ñ g i a o

( t l k l k a i o d l c o

t i l r r o , u s m

d l c o g o k m

d l m n r o ,

t i p m s d l

l x p c m t o a i ñ k ) d l c o s a m c m k i o s l s p o ÿ m c o s ,

p m r t u ` u l s o s l

i k ` c l s o s l k

O g

é r i a o .

^ l a m k m z a m y v o -

c m r m c o p r l s l k a i o

d l d i v l r s m s c l ` o -

d m s a u c t u r o c l s

d l

d i j l r l k t l s é p m a o s

y r l ` i m k l s p o r o l c

d l s o r r m c c m d l c o

b u g o k i d o d .

O k o c i z m a ñ g m

d i -

j l r l k t l s a u c t u r o s

p r m d u a l k , t r o k s -

j m r g o k y

d i s t r i -

n u y l k r l a u r s m s ,

n i l k l s y s l r v i -

a i m s d l o a u l r d m

a m k c o s a o r o a t l -

r ç s t i a o s j ç s i a o s d l c

l k t m r k m .

A m g p l t l k a i o s

½ O q u é

q u l r l g m s

c c l ` o r =

J o a t m r l s d l m r ` o k i z o a

i ñ k

½ A ñ g m

d l g u l s t r m

c m o p r l k d i d m =



?0?



•

I d l k t i j i a m k m r g o s l k o

c ` u k o s d l c o s a u c t u -

r o s y é p m a o s l s t u d i o d o s y

c o s a m g p o r m a m k

o c ` u k o s k m r g o s v i ` l k t l s l k

A m c m g

n i o .

•

^ l a m k m z a m y

d l s a r i n m

d i j l r l k t l s j m r g o s

q u l b o o s u g

i d m c o d l g m a r o a i o o

t r o v é s d l

c o b i s t m r i o .

•

A m g p o r m y l x p c i a m a o g

n i m s l k

c o d i v i s i ñ k

p m c ç t i a o d l A m c m g

n i o y

O g

é r i a o l k

d i j l -

r l k t l s é p m a o s .

L s t ï k d o r l s

n ï s i a m s d l a m g p l

t l k a i o s l k

A i l k a i o s Q m a i o c l s

( a m k t i k u o a i ñ k )

^ l c o a i m k l s a m k

c o b i s t m r i o

y c o a u c t u r o

^ l c o a i m k l s l s p o a i o c l s

y o g

n i l k t o c l s

^ l c o a i m k l s é t i a m - p m c ç t i a o s

•

J m r g u c m p r l ` u k t o s o a l r a o d l

b l a b m s p m c ç t i a m s , l a m k ñ g

i a m s s m a i o c l s y a u c t u r o c l s .

•

V c o k t l m a m k h l t u r o s q u l r l s p m k d o k p r m v i s i m k o c g l k t l l s t o s p r l ` u k t o s .

•

^ l a m c l a t m y r l ` i s t r m s i s t l g ï t

i a o g l k t l

i k j m r g o a i ñ k q u l m n t l k ` m

d l d i j l r l k t l s j u l k t l s ( m r o c l s , l s a r i t o s ,

i a m k m ` r ï -

j i a o s , v i r t u o c l s …

) .

•

I d l k t i j i a m c o s a o r o a t l r ç s t i a o s n

ï s i a o s d l c m s d m a u g l k t m s q u l u

t i c i z m ( q u é t i p m d l d m a u g l k t m l s , q u i é k

l s l c o u t m r ,

o q u i é k l s t ï

d i r i ` i d m , d l q u é

b o n c o . . . ) .

•

A c o s i j i a m a m r r l a t o g l k t l

c o s j u l k t l s q u l u t i c i z m p r i g o r i o s , s l a u k d o r i o s , m r o c l s , l s a r i t o s ,

i a m k m ` r ï j i a o s …

) .

•

^ l a m k m z a m q u l

c m s j l k ñ g l k m s l s t u d i o d m s p u l d l k m n s l r v o r s l

d l s d l d i v l r s m s p u k t m s

d l v i s t o .

•

I d l k t i j i a m y

t l k ` m l k a u l k t o

c m s d i v l r s m s o s p l a t m s q u l

b o a l k p o r t l

d l c m s j l k ñ g l k m s q u l l s t u d i m

( u n i a o a i ñ k

` l m ` r ï j i a o , l v m c u a i ñ k

b i s t ñ r i a o , m r ` o k i z o a i ñ k p m c ç t i a o , l a m k ñ g

i a o , s m a i o c y a u c t u r o c …

) .

•

^ l a m k m z a m y r l s p l t m

c o s d i j l r l k t l s p m s t u r o s

j r l k t l o

c m s j l k ñ g l k m s s m a i o c l s .

•

V o r t i a i p m l k

d l n o t l s y

d i s a u s i m k l s 8 o s u g m u k o p m s i a i ñ k ,

c o a m k j r m k t m ,

c o d l j i l k d m y s m y a o p o z

d l g m d i j i a o r g

i s

p m s t u r o s a u o k d m r l a m k m z a m g o y m r p l s m l k

c m s o r ` u g l k t m s d l m t r o s p l r s m k o s .

•

O s u g m u k o p m s i a i ñ k a r ç t i a o j r l k t l o s i t u o a i m k l s d l

d i s a r i g i k o a i ñ k

( l t k i o , ` é k l r m . . . ) y

p r m p m k ` m j m r g o s d l a o g

n i o r c o s .

•

O s u g m u k o p m s i a i ñ k a r ç t i a o

j r l k t l o c d l t l r i m r m

d l c g l d i m o g

n i l k t l y p o r t i a i p m l k s u p r m t l a a

i ñ k .

^ l a m k m z a m o c ` u k m s

d l c m s s i s t l g o s p m c ç -

t i a m s q u l s l l s t o n c l -

a i l r m k l k

d i j l r l k t l s

é p m a o s y a u c t u r o s y

c o s

p r i k a i p o c l s i d l o s q u l

n u s a o k c l ` i t i g o r c m s .

J o a t m r l s d l m r ` o k i z o a i ñ k

½ A ñ g m

d l g u l s t r m

c m o p r l k d i d m =

G l o p r m x i g m o c

a m k m a i g

i l k t m

a m g m a i l k

t ç j i a m ( o )

s m a i o c

D l s o r r m

c c m a m g p r m g

i s m s

p l r s m k o c l s y s m a i o c l s

A m g p l t l k a i o s

½ O q u é

q u l r l g m s

c c l ` o r =



?0>



Çkdia l\kidod ?. Co tilrro y co smaildod trodiaimkoc ?01

Qlsiñk ?. Ikdoòaiñk y mròkizoaiñk dl co ikjmrgoaiñk ?01 Qlsiñk >. Co tilrro y co smaildod trodiaimkoc ? ?00 Qlsiñk 1. Co tilrro y co smaildod trodiaimkoc > ?24 Qlsiñk 4. Gokms o co mnro ?9?

\kidod >. Lc sulÿm dl co dlgmaroaio ?94

Qlsiñk <. ^lcoaimkls amk nosl lk prlùktos ?94 Qlsiñk :. Co lamkmgço dlc diklrm ? ?9: Qlsiñk 0. Co lamkmgço dlc diklrm > >?: Qlsiñk 2. Co lamkmgço dlc diklrm 1 >>0

Qlsiñk 9. Lc koaigilktm dlc Lstodm >1?Qlsiñk ?6.^lvmcuaiñk jrokalso >1:

Qlsiñk ??. Co idlo dl co cinlrtod y co iùocdod >4<Qlsiñk ?>.Gokms o co mnro ><>

\kidod 1. Co bistmrio dl gi amgukidod ><1

Qlsiñk ?1.Boalr prlùktos ><1Qlsiñk ?4.^lvisiñk dl dmauglktms >:6

\kidod 4. Amkmzaogms gïs smnrl kulstrm pcoklto >:4

Qlsiñk ?<.Aoroatlrçstiaos dlc pcoklto Tilrro >:4Qlsiñk ?:. Cms amktiklktls >0?

Qlsiñk ?0.Lamkmgço y cms sistlgos dl prmduaaiñk >22

\kidod <. Ñròkms dl amktrmc y glaokisgmsdl portiaipoaiñk aiudodoko >91

Qlsiñk ?2.Ñròkms dl amktrmc >91



?01 Co tilrroy co smaildod trodiaimkoc

\kidod ?

Cm priglrm ls rlocizor cos prlùktos, poro lstm ls klalsorim sonlr lxoatoglktl smncm qul vogms o prlùktor. Dlnlgms lktmkals dljikir lc qué vogms o prlùktoruko aivicizoaiñk, uko trinu, uk pulncm, uk norrim, uko jogicio, uko plrsmko5 sl uniao y auocls smk cms cçgitls dl lso uniaoaiñk, pmr lhlgpcm8 uk poçs, ukdod, m uk pulncm qul cigitok pmr tmdms cms puktms aordikocls amk mtrms tqul maupo dltlrgikodo aoktidod dl lspoaim lk lc tlrritmrim5 togniék ls klalsorim

idlktijiaor qué ls cm qul qulrlgms sonlr smnrl lsm qul qulrlgms amkmalr.

Amkmalr kulstrm gldim ls pmsincl auokdmkms prlùktogms pmr éc, plrm poro boalr-cm ls klalsorim mròkizor co ikjmrgoaiñkqul lkamktrogms. Lk lstl priglr aopçtucmrlocizorlgms prlùktos y mròkizorlgms coikjmrgoaiñk, dl toc goklro qul amktlstorkulstros prlùktos slo oøk gïs jïaic.

Qlsiñk ?

Ikdo oaiñk y mrokizoaiñk dl co ikjmrgoaiñk

\kidod ?. Co tilrro y co smaildod trodiaimkoc

J m t m s o r a b i v m s


J m t m s o r a b i v m s T r o k s j m r g l g m s



?04



\ko vlz boyogms dljikidm lstos prlùktos dlnlgms prlpororkms poro amglkzor o jmrgucor kulvos prlùktos qul oyudorïk o amktlstor co prlùkto qul blgms jmrgucodm qul amrrlspmkdl o cm qul qulrlgms sonlr smnrl co aiudod, lc pulncm, co amgukidco plrsmko…, lta. Lstos prlùktos kms oyudorïk o mròkizor co ikjmrgoaiñk amguko lsplail dl aohmkls dmkdl uordogms ikjmrgoaiñk smnrl uk smcm –mnhltm‗,

qul dijlrlkaiogms poro pmdlr lkamktror y uticizor dl goklro gïs rïpido.Voro pmdlr lktlkdlr glhmr vogms o vlr lc siùilktl lhlgpcm8

Voro ikdoòr smnrl uk tlgo lsplaç am ls klalso -rim oamtor co girodo, alktror co plrsplativo amgmcm borçogms oc tmgor uko jmtm, diriìlkdm kulstrmiktlrés smnrl cms osplatms nïsiams dl kulstrmiktlrrmòktl.

Osç, poro pmdlr pcoktlor co prlùkto y lkamktror co rlspulsto dlnl boalr cm qikdiaogms otrïs8

•

½_ué quilrl sonlr= Lc usm dlc aosti`m.• ½Auïkdm= Lk lc priglr si`cm dl co ldod gldio. ( obç cigito lc tilgpm smnrlauoc quilrl ikvlstiòr5 lstonclal uk auïkdm).

• ½Dñkdl= Lk co aiudod dl Vorçs.

Osç, co prlùkto quldorço dl co siùilktl jmrgo8 ½Auïc jul lc usm qul sl cl dim octi`m lk Vorçs lk lc priglr si`cm dl co ldod gldio= Dl lsto jmrgo cigito co prlùkty lvito mntlklr dlgosiodo ikjmrgoaiñk qul cl slrï guy dijçaic goklhor.

\ko plrsmko sl iktlrlso pmr sonlr smnrl lc usm qul sl cl do oc aosti`m lk coldod gldio, plrm sl cl prlslkto uk prmnclgo poro cm qul bosto obmro ls smcmuko aurimsidod, co ldod gldio aunrl vorims si`cms, oprmxigodoglktl aikam

odiaimkocglktl Lurmpo, dmkdl sl prlslktñ co ldod gldio, sl lxtilkdl lk?6´1<9.1<2 eg auodrodms y gøctipcls poçsls qul poro co épmao dl co ldodgldio sl lkamktronok divididms pmr rlikms.



?0< Co tilrroy co smaildod trodiaimkoc

\kidod ?

Lk sun`rupms dl auotrm plrsmkos y tlkilkdm lk aulkto lc tlgo onmrdodm prlvglktl, vogms o boalr uko rljclxiñk smnrl co tilrro amgm rlaursm lamkñgiam.Lc tlgo ls lktmkals co tilrro, y smnrl lcco sl puldlk okocizor gøctipcls osplatmsu pmslsiñk, lc usm, lc tipm dl auctivms, su distrinuaiñk `lm`rïjiao, su riqulzo, Vlrm lsto oaotividod vogms o prlùktorkms dl goklro lsplaijiao pmr co pmslsiñkco jmrgo lk qul sl tronoho.

Amgpcltl cms lspoaims qul oporlalk o amktikuoaiñk8

?. Cos prlùktos smk8

• ½Qmnrl qué sl quilrl sonlr=

• ½Lk qué épmao m tilgpm= (sl rlamgilkdo qul sl boò dlktrm dlcos `lklroaimkls rlailktls, puldl slr dlsdl cms onulcms bosto cokulstro)

•

½Dñkdl= (amktlstlgms dlktrm dl cms cçgitls lspoaiocls dl kulstroamgukidod)

• Co prlùkto quldo lktmkals osç8

?



?0:



>. Cos prlùktos amk cos qul sl puldl lgplzor co ikdoòaiñk puldlk slronilrtos poro prmpiaior uk amkmaigilktm lklroc dl co prmnclgïtiao pmr cqul sl prlùkto. Cos prlùktos onilrtos smk cos qul plrgitlk o quilk slprlùkto lxtlkdlrsl lk su rlspulsto, pmr lhlgpcm8 ½_ué rlaulrdo smnrl

co jmrgo dl tronohm lk cms aogpms boal uko déaodo lk co zmko ruroc dLc Lspikoc, Tmcigo= Lsarino cos prlùktos o amktikuoaiñk.

?. Amk nosl lk co oatividod oktlrimr, aodo ukm dl cms iktl`roktls dlc `rupm bcos prlùktos o pmr cm glkms trls plrsmkos qul tlkòk amkmaigilktm smnrtlgo, lc tilgpm y lc lspoaim pmr lc qul sl prlùkto.

>. Okmtl cos rlspulstos y smaiocçalcos lk acosl tlkilkdm amgm rlquisitmprlslktoaiñk cm siùilktl8

1. Vmr øctigm, amgporlk co ikjmrgoaiñk rlsugiékdmco lk uk auodrm8

4. Jikocglktl lconmrlk uk tlxtm, aulktm, aokaiñk, pmlsço m lksoym lk qul boncsmnrl cm qul lkamktrormk oc prlùktorsl pmr co tilrro, su pmslsiñk y jmrgo dl tro

lk su amgukidod. Qmaiocial amk sus amgpoÿlrms lk pclkorio lc tronohm rloci

?

Kmgnrl y prmjlsiñk u mjiaim dl quilk amktlstñ cos prlùktos, lcpmr qué pmsll ikjmrgoaiñk smnrl lc tilgpm y lc tlgo pmr lc qulsl prlùkto, y pmr øctigm sl korro cm qul lsto plrsmko kms amktñ.

Tlgos pmr cmsqul sl prlùktok Qigicitudlslk cos rlspulstos Dijlrlkaioslk cos rlspulstos




\kidod ?

Oc jikoc dl co dlaodlkaio dlc igplrim rmgokm Lurmpo quldñsuglrìdo lk co ikalrtidugnrl dl km slr `mnlrkodo pmr co

pox rmgoko (poz rmgoko) qul òroktizoro co mròkizoaiñky amglraim poaçjiam lktrl cms divlrsms tlrritmrims. Ikiailktmkals uko épmao cclko dl amkjrmktoaimkls orgodos ydmgikodo pmr co arllkaio rlciìmso. Ls lk lstl tilgpm dmkdlco pmslsiñk dl co tilrro aognio dl lstor o dispmsiaiñk dl ukslÿmr boalkdodm qul sl dldiaono o co odgikistroaiñk dl cotilrro o uk slÿmr jludoc dilstrm lk lc lhlraiaim dl co ùlrro.

Zivir lk lc aogpm y tronohor co tilrro ls co gïs vilho jmrgo dllamkmgço mròkizodo qul amkmal co bugokidod, dlsdl cmstilgpms gos oktiùms jul co o`riaucturo cm qul plrgitiñ ocbmgnrl prmvllrsl dl cms gïs lclglktocls rlaursms poro susmnrl-vivlkaio y prm`rlsor bosto cçgitls iksmsplabodms. Vlrmlk lsl prmalsm dl mròkizoaiñk y tlakijiaoaiñk (ovokal) dl coo`riaucturo qul sl gokijlstono lk uko arlailktl prmduaaiñksl prlslktñ uk plrimdm dl clktm dlsorrmccm prmduativm, lstlplrimdm ls amkmaidm amgm co «ldod gldioµ.

Jul ccogodm osç pmr cms bistmriodmrls gmdlrkms qul cm amsidlronok amgm uk plrimdm dl lstokaogilktm, si`cms qulsl plrdilrmk lktrl co ldod acïsiao dl cms `rokdls igplrimsy lc lspclkdmr dl co ldod gmdlrko.

Co ldod gldio sl dlsorrmccñ lk Lurmpo lktrl cms si`cms dl Zoc RZ, sl lkaulktro aoroatlrizodo pmr lclglktms pmcçtiams,aucturocls y lamkñgiams amgm lc prldmgikm dl co i`clsio yco kmnclzo lk co odgikistroaiñk dlc pmdlr, uk julrtl slktidmtrodiaimkoc lk cos rlcoaimkls smaiocls y co tilrro amgm gokjlstoaiñk y mri`lk dl co riqulzo y lc prlstiìm.

Qlsiñk >

Co tilrro y co smaildod trodiaimkoc ?


\kidod ?



?02



Co bistmrio ukivlrsoc ls uko smco, plrm lk otlkaiñk o cms `rokdlsoamktlaigilktms maurridms lk lc gukdm, y poro joaicitor su usm, bosidm dividido armkmcñìaoglktl lk auotrm ldodls8

?. Ldod Oktiùo8sl ikiaio amk co jmrgoaiñk dl cos aucturos mrilkto-cls (boal oprmxigodoglktl :.666 oÿms) y jikocizo amk co aoçdo

dlc Igplrim mgokm dl Maaidlktl pmr cos Ikvosimkls Nïrnoros,boaio lc oÿm 40: dlspués dl Aristm. Amgprlkdl lc lstudim dlcos Aucturos Mrilktocls y Maaidlktocls.

>. Ldod Gldio8togniék ccogodo lc Gldimlvm. Ql dlsorrmcco dlsdllc oÿm 40: d. A. bosto ?.4<1 (Qi`cm RZ), oÿm lk qul co aiudoddl Amkstoktikmpco ls tmgodo pmr cms turams gobmgltokms,oamktlaigilktm qul mriìko co aoçdo dlc Igplrim ^mgokm dl

Mrilktl m Igplrim Nizoktikm.1. Ldod Gmdlrko8amgilkzo o portir dl ?4<1 y tlrgiko lc oÿm

dl ?.029, oÿm lk qul lstocco co ^lvmcuaiñk Jrokalso. Ocùkmsbistmriodmrls amksidlrok qul co Ldod Gmdlrko sl ikiaio lc oÿm?49>, oÿm dlc dlsaunrigilktm dl Ogériao.

4. Ldod Amktlgpmrïklo8sl ikiaio lc oÿm ?.029 (^lvmcuaiñk

Jrokalso), prmcmk`ïkdmsl bosto kulstrms dços. Ocùkos amrrilktls ikacuylk co bistmrio dlc tilgpm prlslktl, dlsdlco slùkdo ùlrro gukdioc bosto kulstrms dços.




\kidod ?

Co I`clsio y co kmnclzo

Lk co ldod gldio co pmsiaiñk smaioc qul maupono aodo ikdividum lstono dltlrgipmr co jogicio dmkdl koailsl y co trodiaiñk dl co gisgo, si co jogicio sl lkamktdlktrm dl co aopo dl co kmnclzo lc ikdividum plrtlklalrço pmr silgprl o lcco, si kdlktrm dl co aopo pmnrl plrgoklalrço ikogmvincl. Qlr kmncl si`kijiaono tlklr uvçkaucm dl sok`rl amk co acosl qul pmr lclaaiñk dl Dims lstono dlstikodo o mnlpmsllr riqulzos, tilrro y tlklr lhéraitms, tmdms cms lclglktms klalsorims poro lc lhlrdl pmdlr lk lsl plrimdm bistñriam.

Lk cms ikiaims dl co Ldod Gldio, amkmaidms amgm co épmmsauro cms hljls `lrgokms, cçdlrls trinocls, jmrgormk cmsrlikms lrgïkiams y amkstituylrmk gmkorquços blrlditorios.

Lsto oristmaroaio dl rokdls prmpiltorims amkjmrgñ cos pmtlkaios lurmpllk lc amgilkzm dl co Ldod Msauro8

Jrokams

Mstrm`mdms

Zisi`mdms

Zïkdocms

Distiktos trinus `lrgokoslktrl lccos cms

Qohmkls y Cmgnordms

Ok`cmsohmklsAlctos

Goìorls

Lscovms

Nizoktikms

Mauponok co goymr portl dl co oatuoc Jrokaio y

portls dl Oclgokio o cm cor`m dlc îk.Lc kmrtl dl Itocio, Quizo y cms Nocaokls.

Lspoÿo y Vmrtuòc.

Kmrmlstl dl Ïjriao, Qiaicio y lc sur dl Itocio.

Itocio.

Ik`cotlrro.@ocls, Ircokdo, Lsamaio y Nritokio.

Buk`rço.

Vmcmkio y lc mlstl dl ûsio.

Turquço, Voclstiko, Lìptm, Qirio y `rok portl dl cmsNocaokls, ikacuido @rlaio.



?26



Duroktl cms si`cms pmstlrimrls, bunm ocùkms aognims8

Z kdocms8 dlrrmtodms y sustituidms pmr cms nizoktikms.

Zisi`mdms8 dlrrmtodms y sustituidms pmr cms jrokams lk Jrokaio y pmr cmgusucgokls lk Lspoÿo y Vmrtuòc.

Mstrm`mdms8otoaodms y jikocglktl onsmrnidms pmr cms cmgnordms (Itocioy nizoktikms (cms Nocaokls).

Co I`clsio pmr su portl lro co lkaoròdo dl hustijiaor lc mrdlk smaioc quligplrono lk oqulcco épmao. Voro cm`ror lstm sl dldiaono o prmpoòr lk copmncoaiñk co idlo dl qul co vmcuktod diviko bonço dlarltodm co mròkizoaiñdl co smaildod toc y amgm sl prlslktono. Osç auocquilr iktlktm dl gmdijiaorm amktrorior lc mrdlk lro gokijlstoaiñk dl plaodm y mnro dlc dioncm. Voroòroktizor lstm goktu-vm uk lstriatm amktrmcdlc amkmaigilktm quldlpmsitono lk `rokdlsnincimtlaos uniaodos lkcos nobços qul smcm pm-dçok cllr ukms auoktms5otlrrmrizono o cms arl-ylktls amk co oglkozodlc ikjilrkm, m cms opo-aiùono amk co prmglsodl uk poroçsm dlspuésdl co gulrtl.

Co I`clsio

Ikjilrkm dl co Diviko Amgldio dl Doktl Oci`bilri.



?2? Co tilrroy co smaildod trodiaimkoc

\kidod ?

Co ùlrro y co vimclkaio amgm rlaursm lamkñgiam

Co jukaiñk dl cms nlccotmrls m aonocclrms dlktrm dlc sistlgo jludoc sl lkamclìtigodo pmr uko idlmcm`ço amgøk, co i`clsio, uko jmrgo dl lxpcmtoaiñk lamao, lc jludocisgm, uko igo`lk smaioc dl prlstiìm, «aonocclrmsµ, y co ikjculkaivimclkaio lk co jmrgo dl rlportir lc pmdlr qul bmy ls lhlraidm pmr lc Lstodm.

Lk cms ikiaims dl oqulcco épmao co hurisdiaaiñk dl Lurmpo sl lkamktrono lk rlikms, diriìdms gçkigoglktl dlsdl lc aosticcm pmr lc smnlrokm, (dlsdl dmksl lgokonok co dirlatrials dl co pcusvocço, lxpcmtoaiñk dl co prmduaaiñk o`rçco normkço, lc amkdodm y lc prikaipodm5 lc pmdlr km sl lkamktrono alktrojoaicitokdm cos jrmktlros suplrpulstos y sik kik`øk alktrm dl amgpltlkaio amgø

Co acosl kmncl lhlraço lc poplc dl prmtlatmro dlc mrdlk smaioc o co vlz qul sl stono lk co lxpcmtoaiñk jludoc dl co tilrro y dlc bmgnrl. \ko glktocidod aonocclrlsdl «aonocclrmµ, auym dlnlr sl alktro lk co dljlkso dlc gukdm aristiokm, cclkmguhlrls y bmgnrls dénicls qul sirvlk dl tlcñk dl jmkdm poro su voclktço. Dl oco igo`lk tok dijukdido lk kulstrms tilgpms dlc aonocclrm dmtodm dl virtudlsjmrgocidod y aopoaidod ùlrrlro.

Co vimclkaio oc gisgm tilgpm sirvl amgm jmrgo ikdisplksoncl dl amkslrvor y lxdir co tilrro. Qituoaiñk qul boal cos jrmktlros gñvicls, troksitmrios. Cms tronohdl lccos odquilrlk amgprmgisms gicitorls, dl dljlkso, amk lc slÿmr dulÿm dl lcclk amktroprlstoaiñk oc dlrlabm dl usujruatuorcos, auctivorcos y mntlklr prmvdl lccos. Co aopoaidod gicitor ls uko jmrgo dl ikaidlkaio lk cos aiudodls auokamgilkzok o surìr amgm alktrms ikaipilktls dl amglraim5 lktrl goymr aopoaid

dl lhlralr co julrzo gïs sl ls rlspltodm pmr cms slÿmrls jludocls.


\kidod ?

Jludm8pmraiñk dl tilrro dmgikodo pmr uk slÿmr jludoc divididoy rlportido o cms aogplsikms y sønditms poro qul tronohorok lklcco.



?2>



Lc Igplrim Nizoktikm, lc Lgirotm dl Añrdmno y lc Aocijotm Onotido (Onnosç) julrmk `rokdls pmtlkaios pmcçtiaos dl coldod gldio8

Lc Igplrim Nizoktikm8koal oc dividirsl lc Igplrim ^mgokm(19<), lro lc Igplrim mgokm dl Mrilktl bosto ?.4<1 auokdmsu lspclkdmrmso aopitoc, Nizokaim m Amkstoktikmpco aoyñ lkpmdlr dl cms Turams Mtmgokms.

Lc Lgirotm dl Añrdmno8cms gusucgokls sl tmgormk amkguabo joaicidod co Vlkçksuco Inériao (0??-0?2), cms mnlrkoktlsgusucgokls rlainilrmk dlc Aocijo dl Dogosam lc tçtucm dl Zocç m Lgir, rlsidilkdm lk Añrdmno (aiudod lspoÿmco bmy). Lk lcoÿm 001 dlspués dl iktriòs y cuabos pmr lc pmdlr Ond oc-ôbgok I sl ikdlplkdizo dl dogosam y sl prmacogo Lgir. Qusualsmr Ond oc-ôbgok II mròkizo lc lgirotm ikdlplkdilktlamk lc kmgnrogilktm dl Zisirls, amk ikdlplkdlkaio pmcçtiaoy odgikistrotivo, gïs km rlciìmso, puls slùçok silkdmgusucgokls.

Lc Aocijotm Onosido (Onnosç)8 slùkdo dikostço dl aocijos (0<6-

?><2), dlspués dl cms Mglyos. Troscodormk lc alktrm dl suIgplrim o No`dod (Iroe), rlstourormk co trodiaiñk gusucgoko.Borøk oc-ôsbid cclvñ o No`dod o su gïxigm dlsorrmccm, lk su`mnilrkm sl amksmcidñ co gokujoaturo dl tlcos amgm co sldoy lc amglraim lktrl mrilktl y maaidlktl.




\kidod ?

>

Amgpcltl cms siùilktls lsqulgos dl amkalptms8

Co tilrro y co smaildodtrodiaimkoc Co tilrro odgikistrodo pmr

boalkdodm dilstrm lklc lhlraiaim dl co ùlrro

1. Lkaoròdo dl hustijiaorlc mrdlk smaioc

Økiao ikstituaiñk lurmplo amk aorïatlrukivlrsoc lk co ldod gldio

Vlrçmdm dllstokaogilktm aucturoc

aoroatlrizodopmr

lclglktms pmcçtiams, aucturoclsy lamkñgiams amgm Vrldmgikim dl co I`clsio

>.

?.



?24



T m g o d m

d l w w w . m g

l r i q u l . k l t

Igo`lk dl cos tilrros dlc jludm.

Cos aopos smaiocls lkaoròdos dlc tronohm, conmrotmrllkamktronok maupodos pmr pmnrls, aogplsikms y lsacovmquilkls poro smnrlvivir lk uk gukdm dl vimclkaio y dmgi-kodm pmr co pmslsiñk dl co tilrro, mjrlaçok sus slrviaims oslÿmrls jludocls o aognim dl co mpmrtukidod dl smnrlviviamk lc tronohm lk lc jludm dlc slÿmr.

Lxistçok dms tipms dl tronohodmrls, cms cinrls y cms kmscms priglrms gldioktl uk oaulrdm dl ccogodm nlkljiaiug,qul amksistço lk lc mjrlaigilktm dl slrviaims o aognim dluk jludm poro lxpcmtor, lstms slrviaims ikacuçok odlgïdl uk pmralktohl dl su tronohm lc oaulrdm dl prmtlaaiñkoc slÿmr jludoc. Lk lc aosm dl cms km cinrls lc dmgikus llc lkaoròdm dl rlùcor su tronohm, sik lgnor`m oc slr lcslÿmr jludoc uk ùlrrlrm gïs qul uk boalkdodm tuvmqul glhmror co situoaiñk dl cms lsacovms poro òroktizoronostlaigilktm lstoncl dl su aosticcm y su lhéraitm.

Qlsiñk 1

Co tilrro y co smaildod trodiaimkoc >

Co jmrgo dl tronohm

Tmgodm dl Pieipldio

stroaiñk dl aogplsikms dlc si`cm RIZ.

?24





?2< Co tilrroy co smaildod trodiaimkoc

\kidod ?

Lk cms si`cms RII y RII amk co amksmcidoaiñk dl co nurùlsço lc sonlr tilklsalkorim, cos ukivlrsidodls. Lk cms gmkostlrims, amk su lstriato y mròkizdo vido, sl lstudiono, sl auctivono, sl mrono. Qus nincimtlaos ùordonok lcsonlr, ikacusm boaçok troduaaimkls dl cinrms acïsiams. Ql prmduaçok rlgldim gldiaoglktms, vikms y amgido. Julrmk bmspitocls.

Lk co ldod gldio sl jukdormk lk cos aiudodls cos ukivlrsidodls dl Mxjmrd,

Aognrid`l (Ik`cotlrro), co dl Vorçs, Vopuo y Vroò (Ablamscmvoquio), Qogokao (Lspoÿo), Nmcmkio (Itocio). Ql lstudiono lc rupm dl rogïtiao, rltñriay cñìao ( ccogodos triuviug) y lc rupm dl oritgétiao, lmgltrço, ostrmkmgçoy gøsiao (ccogodos auotriviug). Lstos siltl disaipcikos sl amkmaçok amgm csiltl ailkaios cinlrocls.

Co lsamcïstiao amk Qoktm Tmgïs dl Oquikm rltmgo lc lstudim dl co cñìaoco jicmsmjço, lk lc si`cm RI.

Oukqul prldmgikonok cos idlos ailktçjiaos dl Oristñtlcls bunm uk `rok ik-tlraognim dl idlos. Ql arlço, sl`øk cms pmstucodms oristmtéciams, qul co Tillro lc alktrm dlc ukivlrsm, lstono rmdlodo pmr mtrms pcokltos y lc Qmc qìronok lk ukos lsjlros aristocikos y troksporlktls, qul prmduaçok gøsiao(Tlmrço `lmaéktriao). Ql arlço, odlgïs, qul co Tilrro y cms slrls bugokms slamgpmkço dl auotrm lclglktms jukdoglktocls8 jul`m, oirl, oùo y tilrro, cmsauocls dltlrgikonok cms auotrm bugmrls m lgmaimkls dlc bmgnrl8 nicis ogo-ricco (amcériam), nicis kl`ro (glcokañciam), sok`rl (ocl`rl) y jclgo (jclgïtiam) y

plrsmkocidod dlplkdço dlc lquicinrim m co suprlgoaço dl ukm u mtrm bugmLk lc si`cm RIII sl dlstoao lc ailktçjiam Ik`cés m`lcim Noamk y lc lsaritmr ItoDoktl (?>:<-?1>?), su mnro prlslkto uko sçktlsis dl co aucturo gldilvoc.Lstl dlsorrmccm lk Itocio prlporo co rlvmcuaiñk iktlclatuoc qul sl rlocizo lcms siùilktls si`cms8 lc ^lkoaigilktm.



?2:



Igo`lk dl uk huiaim lk co Ikquisiaiñk.

?2:



Co odgikistroaiñk dl hustiaio

Dlktrm dl lstl sistlgo amkstruidm smnrl co trodiaiñk dl co jogicio, co i`clsio julrzo gicitor, co odgikistroaiñk dl hustiaio ls amkslaulkaio dl co mròkizoaiñk

primridodls dlktrm dl cm qul amksidlronok amgm hustm, virtumsm m nulkm, tmdm lk añgm sl gokijlstono, co prulno, co vlrdod.

Co hurisdiaaiñk dl cms slÿmrls jludocls lro smnrl tmdms cms vosoccms qul tronosus tilrros, `rok portl dl su pmdlr amksistço prlaisoglktl lk lc lhlraiaim dl pmdlr hudiaioc smnrl lso aopo dl co pmncoaiñk o su slrviaim.

Lk aosm dl co maurrlkaio dl oc`øk blabm qul sl pudilsl amksidlror amgm dlcidlktrm dl co smaildod, co vlrdod dlnlrço slr gokijilsto gldioktl prulno diviko,dlktrm dl uk amgnotl si lxistçok amktrodiatmrls, smgltiékdmsl o uko prulno gic

`rmso u mrdocço lk aosm dl km slr uko dis-puto lktrl oausodmr y oausodm. Co priglrosl prlslktono dlktrm dl aonocclrms qul lkamgnotl sl disputonok co vlrdod, oqulc qulvlkzo ls quilk triukjo lk co amktrodiaaiñk.

Co slùkdo amksistço lk co opciaoaiñk dluko prulno qul lk aosm dl slr suplrodolro gokijlstoaiñk lxprlso dl co ikmalkaio.

Lhlgpcm dl cos prulnos onsurdos nusaodospmr cos mrdocços pmdlgms slÿocor co damgprmnor si lc oùo, sçgnmcm dl purlzo,oalptono oc oausodm m cm rlabozono5 osçtlkço qul gmrir obmòdm poro pmdlr dl-gmstror su ikmalkaio, yo qul si sl socvonosu aucpo slrço prmnodo pmrqul lc oùo cmrlabozono. M amgm lk ocùkos rlìmklsdl Jrokaio dmkdl sl boaço aogikor oc oau-sodm dl oslsikotm smnrl co nroso ordilktly si posodms dilz dços amktikuono amk coblridos plrdço lc prmalsm.




\kidod ?

Mtrms joatmrls qul sl ikamrpmrormk amk lc tilgpm julrmk lc dlc rlspocdm dl tly jicioaimkls qul cl plrgitilrok oc oausodm dljlkdlrsl oktl su amktrodiatmr. Osçplsm dlc prlsti`im jogicior m lc dl cms dlacoroktls lro uk lclglktm dltlrgikoktporo triukjor lk uk amkjciatm. Cm qul boaço qul prlvoclailro lc pmdlrmsm ogipmdlrmsms smnrl lc dénic ogi`m dl dénicls.

Co i`clsio o trovés dl co Qokto Ikquisiaiñk sl amkvirtiñ lk uk rljlrlktl dl kulstamkalpaiñk dl co hustiaio gldilvoc qul rlaurrl oc dlrlabm dl gulrtl smnrl oqul-ccms qul amktrorçlk cms prlsupulstms dlc mrdlk jludoc. Lsplaiocisto lk rlivikdikdividum o trovés dlc dmcmr.

Auodrm sikñptiam dlc jludocisgm


\kidod ?



?22



J m t m t m g o d o


Ouùstm (1? o.A.-?4).

Auokdm aoyñ lc Igplrim mgokm dl Maaidlktl,lk lc oÿm 40: d. dl A., co vido dl cms lurmplmsaogniñ, cos kulvos prïatiaos smaiocls biailrmkqul co smaildod siktilro qul sl vivço uko kulvoépmao. Aogniñ co ukidod pmcçtiao qul ukijiañLurmpo pmr guabms si`cms8 Lc igplrim qul mr-òkizono tmdm, bosto co vido amtidioko amk sulstruaturo smaioc, amk sus clyls. Yo km lrok smcmrmgokms cms idlocls dl co amgukidod, obmro coaucturo rilò togniék tlkço su lspoaim, co gitoddlc oktiùm igplrim.

Cos aucturos `rilòs y rmgokos bonçok lxistidmlk co vido dl cos amgukidodls lurmplos, obmro sl ikacuçok cos prïatiaos

aucturocls dl cms divlrsms pulncms `lrgïkiams, cos trinus «nïrnorosµ qulamglkzormk o amkvivir amk cms `rlam-rmgokms.

Co lspirituocidod aogniñ rodiaocglktl, yo km lxistço uko amrtl dl dimsls amkslktigilktms bugokms y aopriabmsms qul oyudonok m otoaonok o cms «gmrtoclsµ o aognim dl rituocls y soarijiaims. Obmro co jiùro dlc Dims podrl, dDims økiam, lc disaursm dl plrdñk, ogmr y sugisiñk dl co trodiaiñk aristioko,

amk tmdo co lstruaturo dl co i`clsio aotñciao, lklrñ uk aognim jukdoglktoc,smnrl tmdm lk lso aoktidod dl rituocls qul lxistço poro aodo dims m dimso`ril`ms, amgm co amkstruaaiñk y goktlkigilktm dl sus tlgpcms, cms jlstlhms,cos jlabos dl ùordor, lta. Aogniñ co vido amtidioko y cos amkalpaimkls dlclspçritu dl cms bmgnrls y guhlrls lurmplms.




\kidod ?

Yo blgms glkaimkodm lc mri`lk dlc kmgnrl ldod gldio amgm jmrgo dl dlsarinico amkhuòaiñk trodiaimkoc dl co tilrro mri`lk dl riqulzo, uko gmroc aristiokprlslkto oc gukdm msaurm y dlsamkmaidm, y co igpmrtokaio dodo o co julrzoorgos.

Lstos aoroatlrçstiaos boalk qul lk kulstrm diorim vivir sl tilkdok o uticizor cprlsiñk gldilvoc poro dlsarinir uk blabm m amgpmrtogilktm trodiaimkoc prigim –posodm dl gmdo‗. Osç, co guhlr auokdm ls sunlstigodo y rlclòdo pmr lc lssl cl dial lk ocùkos maosimkls qul sl amgpmrto dl jmrgo gldilvoc, yo qul lk lsltilgpm co guhlr sl goktlkço sunmrdikodo oc bmgnrl. Cm gisgm auokdm sl rlau

oc usm dl co vimclkaio dlsgldido porosmgltlr oc mtrm sl cl opciao amgm odhltivm aocijiaotivm8 «bmgnrl gldilvocµ.

Lsto épmao togniék ls uticizodo poropmdlr lktlkdlr jmrgos dl mròkizo-aiñk dl kulstro smaildod, pmr lhlg-pcm co lkamgilkdo dl co amcmkio bosidm amksidlrodo pmr ocùkms bistmrio-dmrls amgm uko jmrgo dl lxpcmtoaiñkjludoc, lk dmkdl uk slÿmr mjrlalprmtlaaiñk y sl oprmpio dl tlrritmrimsy plrsmkos poro pmklrcos o su slrvi-aim. Qituoaiñk qul amgm vigms lk lcaiacm < jul prlaisoglktl cm qul bizmlc rly dl Lspoÿo amk cms tlrritmrims lk Ogériao o trovés dl co lkamgilkdo.

Oc gisgm tilgpm sl prlslktok ailrtmsros`ms prmpims dl co `lktl qul viviñ lk oqulcco épmao amgm virtudls. Lhlgpc

½_ué ls co ldod gldio poro kmsmtrms=

lstm ls co dlsaripaiñk qul sl boal dl uk bmgnrl qul sl amgpmrto dl jmrgo otlktoy qul pmsll nulkos goklros poro diriìrsl o cms mtrms amgm «aonocclrmµ. Cmsualdl amk lc térgikm dl «dogoµ poro rljlrirsl o uko guhlr amk odlgokls y

amgpmrtogilktm disarltm y lduaodm.

\k lkamglkdlrm onuso dl uk ikdim.



?96



Togniék ls nulkm tlklr lk aulkto qul ouk bmy lxistlk gmkorquços lk ocùkmspoçsls lurmplms, amgm Ik`cotlrro y Lspoÿo, poçsls qul amcmkizormk cms tlrritKmrtlogériao y Qurogériao. Cos auocls amkvivlk amk uk sistlgo dlgmarïtiam pqul maupok uk cuòr distiktm dlc qul maupormk lk oqulccms tilgpms. Lk co oatuoaugpclk uko jukaiñk signñciao y dl oatividod dipcmgïtiao prikaipocglktl.

Lstms smk tok smcm ukms lhlgpcms dl añgm plrgoklal lk co aucturo amktlgpmrco idlo gldilvoc dlc gukdm, sik lgnor`m ls klalsorim rlamrdor cms tlgos lstudio-dms poro boalr uk lhlraiaim amgporotivm qul kms sirvo poro ogpcior co amgprldlc gukdm lk qul vivigms. Lstl lhlraiaim sl borï dlktrm dl cms prikaipocls rosàoroatlrçstiams dl co ldod gldio qul kms plrgitirï boalr uko girodo dl co jmrgolk qul sl mròkizo co smaildod, dl sus dijlrlkaios y sigicitudls amk lsl plrimdm qusl prlslkto distoktl y dlsamkmaidm.

^locial uk gopo amkalptuoc lk lc qul dlsorrmccl cos aoroatlrçstiaos gïs rlclvoktldl co ldod gldio. Lk pclkorio lxpmkò o sus amgpoÿlrms lc gopo amkalptuolconmrodm.

1

Jmtms tmgodos dl Pieipldio

^likm \kidm y Lspoÿo8 gmkorquços qul amkvivlk amk uk sistlgo dlgmarïtiam.

Isonlc II, ^liko dlc ^likm \kidm l Ircokdodlc Kmrtl y Hogls @mrdmk Nrmwk, priglr

gikistrm dlc ^likm \kidm l Ircokdo dlc Kmrtl.

Huok Aorcms I y Qmjço dl @rlaio, ^lyls dl Lspoÿoy Goriokm ohmy, prlsidlktl dl Lspoÿo.




\kidod ?

?. Cm priglrm qul vogms o boalr ls nusaor lc mri`lk dl kulstro pmsiaiñksmaioc dltlrgikodo pmr co jogicio o co qul plrtlklalgms. Voro lstm vogmso rlocizor uk ïrnmc `lklocñìam qul dlsarino dlsdl lc oktlposodm gïsoktiùm qul amkmzaogms oc gïs rlailktl ovlriùokdm pmr co maupoaiñkm prmjlsiñk qul tuvm aodo ukm dl lccms. \k ïrnmc `lklocñìam ls co`rïjiao qul rlprlslkto cos divlrsos `lklroaimkls dl uko gisgo jogicio,dlsdl uk trmkam amgøk qul rlprlslkto o cms oktlposodms gïs oktiùmsbosto cms gïs rlailktls dl podrls o bihms. O amktikuoaiñk mnslrvlgmslc siùilktl ïrnmc lklocñìam amgm uk lhlgpcm.

Qlsiñk 4

Gokms o co mnro

Cm priglrm qul vlrlgms ls co pmslsiñk dl cotilrro lk kulstros rlìmkls, amk lc lhlraiaim qulrlocizogms lk lc priglr aopçtucm5 vlogms dl quéjmrgo co pmslsiñk dl co tilrro sl rlcoaimko amk cojmrgo dl tronohm qul sl dlslgplÿo lk lcco.

Zigms qul co pmslsiñk dl co tilrro y dl cms aucti-vms dlplkdl lk co ldod gldio dl co amkdiaiñksmaioc qul sl lkaulktro dltlrgikodo pmr co auko,ls dlair pmr co jogicio o co qul sl plrtlklzao, osç amgm pmr lc lhlraiaim dl co julrzo.

Vortogms dlc supulstm mnvim dl qul km vivigmslk co ldod gldio, plrm vogms o nusaor ailrtossigicitudls amk lcco, poro lsm vogms o mnslrvorcos aousos dlc pmdlr dlc slÿmr jludoc m dl cmsprmpiltorims dl co tilrro amgporïkdmcms amk cmsprmpiltorims dl co tilrro bmy.



?9>



>. \ko vlz rlocizodm lc ïrnmc `lklocñìam, rlspmkdo cos siùilktls prl-ùktos.

• ½Gi jogicio ls ikgi`roktl m silgprl bo vividm lk lstl tlrritmrim=• ½Auïc ls co oatividod lamkñgiao qul bo dlsormccodm gi jogicio=,

nohm qué amkdiaimkls=•

Qi ½su jogicio bo aogniodm dl oatividod lamkñgiao ½qué joatmrlsbok ikjcuidm lk lsl aognim=• ½Vuldm dlair qul co oatividod lamkñgiao dl gi jogicio sl lk-

aulktro dltlrgikodo pmr koaigilktm=, ½pmr qué=• ½Co `lktl qul ls dulÿo dl cos tilrros lk gi rlìñk prmaldl dl

cos gisgos jogicios qul silgprl cos bok pmslçdm=

1. ½_ué sigicitudls y dijlrlkaios lkamktrogms lk co lconmroaiñk dlc ïrnmc`lklocñìam y cos rlspulstos dl cos prlùktos=

4. ½_ué poplc tilkl co julrzo lk co pmslsiñk dl co tilrro lk gi rlìñk=

<. ½Cms lgpclodms dlc aogpm lk gi rlìñk tilklk ocùko pmsinicidod dlkl`maior sus amkdiaimkls conmrocls m km tilklk octlrkotivo= Lxpciquco rlspulsto.

ïrnmc `lklocñìam




\kidod ?

O portir dlc ïrnmc `lklocñìam lconmrodm lk acosl, rlocial uko dlsaripaiñk d

ros`ms dl co plrsmkocidod (aoroatlrçstiaos plrsmkocls, bonicidodls) dl cms joqul amkmzao y rlspmkdo cos siùilktls prlùktos8

?. ½Tlk`m ocùkos dl lsos aoroatlrçstiaos=>. ½Lsos aoroatlrçstiaos tilklk ocùko ikjculkaio smnrl co oatividod lamkñgia

bo dlsorrmccodm gi jogicio=1. ½Gl ùsto co oatividod lamkñgiao qul rlocizm oatuocglktl=4. ½O qué gl ùstorço dldiaorgl=

<. ½_ué lstmy boailkdm poro cm`rorcm= ½Añgm puldm glhmror=

4

?. Co prlùkto dl lsto oatividod ls pmr lc poplc qul tilkl co rlciìñk lklc mrdlkogilktm smaioc lk lc qul vivigms. Cos prlùktos ùço smk cosiùilktls (puldlk o`rlòr mtros qul amksidlrlk igpmrtoktls)8• ½Co rlciìñk qul slùigms hustijiao lc sujrigilktm=• ½Amgm lxpciao y huzò gi rlciìñk cos dijlrlkaios smaiocls=• ½Co jikocidod dl co rlciìñk dl co qul smgms jilcls sl lkaulktro lk

lstl gukdm m lk mtrm dlspués dl co gulrtl=• ½_ué oaaimkls smaiocls smk oprmnodos pmr kulstro rlciìñk=• ½_ué oaaimkls smaiocls smk amksidlrodos amgm plaodm m ikamrrladlktrm dl kulstro rlciìñk=

>. \ko vlz amktlstodos cos prlùktos ùço, rlspmkdo dl jmrgo lsarito coprlùkto prikaipoc8 ½auïc ls lc poplc dl co rlciìñk dlktrm dlc mrdlko-gilktm smaioc oatuoc=

1. ^locial uk auodrm amkalptuoc lk lc qul dlsarino co mròkizoaiñk smaioqul sl prlslkto lk co amgukidod.

Co rlciìñk silgprl bo lstodm prlslktl lk co koaiñk amcmgnioko, plrm vlço-gms qul co rlciìñk lk co ldod gldio igpldço o cms bonitoktls aulstimkor mprmtlstor pmr cos amkdiaimkls smaiocls lk cos qul vivço.



?94



^lspmkdlr cos siùilktls prlùktos tlkilkdm lk aulkto si sl gl boalko gç amgm ikdividum, smcm ym5 o gç amgm portl dl co amgukido`rupm5 o gç amgm portl dlc Lstodm, amgm aiudodokm5 o gç amgm dl co lamkmgço, amgm tronohodmr.

• ½Auïc ls gi idlo plrsmkoc dl cinlrtod=

• ½Auïc ls co idlo lk gi amgukidod dl cinlrtod=

• ½Auïc ls co idlo dlktrm dlc Lstodm dl co cinlrtod=

• ½Auïc ls co idlo dl cinlrtod dlktrm dl co oatividod lamkñgiao=

?.

>.

1.

\ko vlz rlspmkdidos cos prlùktos, lk sun`rupms disauto si lstosdijlrlktls idlos dl cinlrtod sl rlocizok dl jmrgo rloc. Voro lstm tlkòlk aulkto si ustld y su amgukidod vivlk, tronohok m sl rlcoaimkok lklc aogpm m lk alktrms urnokms8 pulncms, aiudodls, aoslrçms... lta.

Tlkilkdm amgm uço cos prlùktos y lc lhlraiaim rupoc smnrl co cinlpcoktll pmr sun`rupms prlùktos rlsplatm oc amkalptm dl iùocdod

^lspñkdocos y rlocial lc gisgm lhlraiaim.

\kidod >. Lc sulÿm dl co dlgmaroaio

Qlsiñk <

lcoaimkls amk nosl lk prl uktos

?



?9< Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

4. Tlkilkdm lk aulkto qul lk cos divlrsos rlìmkls dl Amcmgnio ls pmsinclkamktror gøsiao qul dlsarino co vido dl cos amgukidodls, lsauablaokaimkls amk sus amgpoÿlrms smnrl cos divlrsos jmrgos lk qulprlslkto lc amkalptm dl iùocdod, puldl slr lktrl bmgnrls y guhlrls,lktrl acosls, lktrl ikdividums…, lta. Disauto smnrl lc amktlkidm d

cos aokaimkls y tmgl kmto dl cos prikaipocls mnslrvoaimkls qulboòk oc rlsplatm.

Lconmrl uk dinuhm qul, poro ustld, rlprlslktl cms amkalptms dl cinlrtod l iùocdLk pclkorio lxpmkò cms dinuhms o sus amgpoÿlrms.

<

Lhlgpcm dl añgm lkamktror co bistmrio dlktrm dl co gø-siao puldl slr co aokaiñk dl Hml Orrmym –Co rlnlciñk‗qul bonco smnrl co lsacovitud y dl cos rlcoaimkls lktrl

bmgnrls y guhlrls. Mtro aokaiñk nostoktl pmpucor ls–Zékdlgl o tu kmvio‗, lk qul lc bmgnrl sl prlslktoamgm lc hljl dl co aoso y co guhlr boalkdmso, slrvic yonklòdo oc goridm amgm lc idloc dl guhlr, qul –kmsocò ki boncl amk co vlaiko‗ amgm dial co aokaiñk.



?9:



–Voro lxprlsor lc aorïatlr onsmcutoglktl dikïgiam dllstl gukdm km boy sçgnmcm gïs acorm qul lc diklrm…auokdm éstl km sl gulvo dlho dl slr diklrm lk lc slktidmprmpim dl co poconro… co jukaiñk dlc diklrm ls joaicitor lcgmvigilktm‗.

Qigglc

Toc y amgm maurrl lk lc rlstm dlcgukdm, cos aiudodls lk kulstrm poçsamkstituylk uko kulvo jmrgo dl mrò-kizoaiñk dl co lamkmgço, dl co pmcçtiaoy dl co aucturo. Cos aiudodls, m køaclmsurnokms, smk cms lspoaims dl iktlroa-aiñk gïs dikïgiams, cuòrls dmkdl lciktlraognim aucturoc y lamkñgiam sl

boal prlslktl, dmkdl co odgikistro-aiñk y cos ikstituaimkls sl lkaulktrokuniaodos. Lstm km sur`l amgm aopriabmdl kulstrms `mnlrkoktls m amgm ukoigpmsiaiñk dl cms bonitoktls dl co aiu-dod, smk sus gisgos aoroatlrçstiaos cosqul boalk pmsincl lsto jukaimkocidod.

Qlsiñk :

Co lamkmgço dlc diklrm ?

Cos aiudodls

J m t m A r i s t ñ n o c J l r k o k d m V é r l z

J m t m t m g o d o p m r H o v i l r

O g o y o

Vorqul Guriccm Tmrm, Inoùé

Nm`mtï, Amcmgnio.



?90 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

gikistrotivm, amgm alktrm dl amglraim ydl kl`maioaiñk, m ikdustrioc.

Yo lk co ldod acïsiao m oktiùo, ^mgo y@rlaio, mnslrvogms amgm sl prlslktormko`cmglroaimkls urnokos dlrivodos dlc ik-jcuhm amglraioc qul dmgikono oc gor gl-ditlrrïklm. Aiudodls qul oc gisgm tilgpmsmstlkçok uko mròkizoaiñk odgikistrotivoy aucturoc dlrivodo dl co klalsidod dlrlùcor rlaursms y co amkvivlkaio smaioc dlsus bonitoktls.

Osç, oc iùoc qul lk co ldod oktiùo lk lcplrçmdm amkmaidm amgm lc rlkoaigilktm,qul ls ccogodm osç pmr rltmgor cos idlosacïsiaos, co aiudod rloporlal amk lstosaoroatlrçstiaos jukaimkocls8 co dl slr ukocmaocidod dl glraodm pmr gldim dl coauoc sus bonitoktls sl onostlalk dl cmsnilkls klalsorims poro su sunsistlkaio y codl slr uk alktrm odgikistrotivm dmkdl cmsbonitoktls dl uk tlrritmrim sl rløklk lkamrpmroaimkls lstotocls poro rlsmcvlr cmsamkjciatms prmpims dl co vido lk amgukidod.

Lc Vortlkñk lk Otlkos, @rlaio.

J m t m t m g o d o


Cos aiudodls tilklk dms aoroatlrçstiaos prikaipocls, dl usm ylstruaturoc. Lstruaturoc auokdm rlspmkdl o co o`cmglroaiñk dlamkstruaaimkls, vivilkdos y ldijiaims qul sl distrinuylk sl`øk sujukaimkocidod5 lkamktrogms lktmkals uko divisiñk pmr slatmrlsdlktrm dl co gisgo aiudod, puldlk slr odgikistrotivms, ikdus-triocls, amglraiocls, m rlsidlkaiocls. Qu usm m jukaimkocidod, lsdlgoraodm rlsplatm oc rlstm dlc tlrritmrim, nilk amgm alktrm od-

Amcislm mgokm

J m t m t m g o d o


?90 Lc sulÿmdl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >



?92



^lkoalr ls lc oatm dl vmcvlr o co vidouk sistlgo, uk slùkdm koaigilktmdl uk mròkisgm, m blabm yo maurri-dm lk lc posodm. Lc rlkoaigilktm lkco bistmrio ls co épmao dlc rltmrkm dlidlos oktiùos, jmrgos dl mròkizo-aiñk y uko lstétiao qul yo sl bonço

dodm lk co okti`óldod. Ls togniék lconokdmkm dl co ldod msauro dmkdllc bmgnrl bonço «gulrtmµ o aousodl co trodiaiñk jludoc y co rlciìñk.

Lc rlkoaigilktm amgilkzo lk lc si`cmRIZ lk Itocio, gïs lxoatoglktl lk cosaiudodls dl Zilko y Jcmrlkaio, cul`msl lxtilkdl pmr Lurmpo lk cms si`cmsRZ y RZI. Ls smnrl tmdm uk aognimdl glktocidod lk qul pousodoglk-tl sl onokdmko co idlo prmvidlkaioc(vmcuktod diviko) qul cm `mnilrkotmdm pmr co pmsinicidod dl amktrmroaimkoc dl co pmcçtiao, co lamkmgçy co amkvivlkaio.

J m t m t m g o d o


Nosçciao dl Qok Cmrlkzm , uko dl cos goymrlsi`clsios dl Jcmrlkaio, Itocio. Mnro dlc orquitlatm

Jicippm Nruklcclsabi, rlocizodo lktrl ?4>> y ?406,jul lkaoròdo pmr co jogicio dl cms Gédiai.

Lstl dinuhm sl bo amkvlrtidm lk uk outéktiam sçgnmcmyo qul rlam`l vorios dl cos idlos acovls dlc plksogilk-tm rlkoalktisto8 lc bmgnrl gldido dl tmdos cos amsos,co nlcclzo ohustodo o aïkmkls, lquicinrim y prmpmraiñk.

Bmgnrl dl Zitruvim dl Clmkordm do Zikai.

Co aiudod rlkoalktisto8Lstodm y lgprlso amglraioc

?92





?99 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Lk cos aiudodls rlkoalktistos, prmduatm dl uk amglraim jcuidm dl glraokaçosaopos smaiocls qul dmgikok lsto oatividod smk cos qul vok o odquirir y goktlkpmdlr pmcçtiam. Vuls ls `roaios o co pmslsiñk dlc pmdlr lamkñgiam qul poòrïlhéraitms y pmdrïk lhlralr ikjculkaio lk co odgikistroaiñk pmcçtiao y odgikistrqul dlsdl lsl gmglktm sl amkalktro lk cos aiudodls. \ko dl cos jogicios, plrtlkl-ailktls o lsto aopo dl nurùlsls, qul goktuvm lc pmdlr lk co aiudod dl Jcmrlkaio,

Itocio jul co dl cms Gédiais, qul dmgikñ pmr vorios `lklroaimkls.Co aiudod rlkoalktisto ls togniék uk alktrm aucturoc qul oprmvlabokdm su ikjamglraioc sl kutrl dl kulvos prmpulstos lstétiaos dl Mrilktl, dl Lurmpo y dl Ïjriaoo trovés dlc gor Glditlrrïklm, y sl amkvilrtl lk lc cuòr dl rlsidlkaio dl kuglrm-sms ortistos qul sl smstilklk `roaios oc po`m qul rlainlk lk amgplksoaiñk pmr smnros. Cos aiudodls sl amkvilrtlk osç lk alktrm dl iktlraognim amglraioc, pmcy aucturoc dmkdl co pmncoaiñk oaudl o kl`maior, arlor m amktlgpcor, osç amg

oaaldlr o co hustiaio qul gldil lk sus prmnclgos.Vlrm co aiudod ls prmduatm o su vlz dlc prldmgikim dlc diklrm lk co vido lamkdl cos plrsmkos dl oqulcco épmao. \ko igpmrtokaio qul supmkl uk aognim dl glktocidod qul boò pmsincl co odquisiaiñk y goktlkigilktm dl co riqulzo gldioktl pcokijiaoaiñk y mròkizoaiñk dl co ikvlrsiñk dl cos julrzos prmduativos5 dl tocsl nusao goktlklr co pmsinicidod dl òkokaio y disgikuir co pmsinicidod dl pédo. Voro lktlkdlr lstm ls klalsorim vlr co jmrgos lk qul lc sistlgo lamkñgiam sl

mròkizo poro sotisjoalr co klalsidod dl òkokaio.

Lc –Koaigilktm dl Zlkus‗, dl Qokdrm Nmttialcci. Lk lc rlkoaigilktm sl rltmgok,amk uko kulvo girodo, cms gitms dlc plrçmdm Acïsiam lk @rlaio y ^mgo.



>66



Cm priglrm ls lc aognim dl co jmrgo lk qul lc tronohm ls odmptodm lk co

smaildod5 dl uk slrviaim nosodm lk co dlplkdlkaio dl co trodiaiñk kmniciorio(kmncl) qul lxi`l oc silrvm cloctod o su slÿmr, y dl co i`clsio qul goktilkloc aogplsikm smgltidm pmr co jl, sl poso o uk tronohm osocoriodm lk qulcos portls, lgpclodm y lgpclodmr, nusaok co gïxigo vlktoho mnhltivo, cogoymr amkslauaiñk dl diklrm.

Lktmkals dl co mròkizoaiñk dl cms ortlsokms qul dmgikono lk co ldodgldio, dmkdl co prmduaaiñk sl lkamktrono cigitodo pmr iktlrlsls amguklsqul igpldçok co smnrlprmduaaiñk y tlakijiaoaiñk dl cos conmrls, sl poso oco mròkizoaiñk lgprlsorioc dmkdl lc aopitocisto, dulÿm dlc diklrm, lhlralco jukaiñk dl mròkizodmr. Cms ortlsokms dlspmhodms dl cms gldims dprmduaaiñk, sus tocclrls, blrrogilktos, gotlrio prigo, sl vlk mnciòdmso vlkdlr co gokm dl mnro o cms lgprlsorims, cms auocls lxpcmtorïk susamkmaigilktms dl jmrgo pcokijiaodo y prm`rlsivo.

Lc tronohm

@rlgim8 ls uko mròkizoaiñk dl plrsmkos quldlslgplÿok uko gisgo oatividod prmjlsimkoc,lk co ldod gldio amkjmrgodo pmr ortlsokms

dl uko gisgo lsplaiocidod, zopotlrms, aorpik-tlrms, sostrls… lta, nusaono dms mnhltivmsjukdoglktocls8 amktrmcor lc tronohm dlktrmdl co aiudod y mntlklr lc gmkmpmcim dl co prm-duaaiñk boaio lc lxtlrimr.



>6? Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Co lamkmgço y co pmcçtiao

\ko vlz amkslùidm lc pmdlr lamkñgiam pmr cms kulvms lgprlsorims,

sl otoaok dl jmrgo dirlato cms priviclìms trodiaimkocls dl co kmnclzo y ci`clsio, amgm maurriñ lk lc rlikm dl Jldlriam II lk co Noho Itocio, Qiaicio. Dlstl gmdm co gmkorquço dlc oktiùm réìglk huktm amk cms aritlrims dlLstodm gmdlrkm dok posm o co kulvo rlocidod smaioc, prmduatm dlc dlsrrmccm lamkñgiam gmkltorim.

Dl co gisgo goklro cms aritlrims dl ljiailkaio y ljiaoaio prmpims dl coglktocidod roaimkoc nurùlso sl opmdlrok dlc Lstodm jcmrlktikm, dl lsto

goklro co pmcçtiao odquilrl uk aorïatlr lgiklktlglktl odgikistrotivmdmkdl co hustiaio, co ùlrro y co smaildod smk vistos amk aritlrims dl pcokaoaiñk lamkñgiao. Lstm jiho uko `rok dijlrlkaio amk lc nurùés qul bonçolxistidm bosto lktmkals yo qul smcm cl iktlrlsono goktlklr uko pmsiaiñkdl amgmdidod dlktrm dlc nur`m5 pmr lc amktrorim lc nurùés pmslldmr dlpmdlr pmcçtiam sl ikslrto dl toc jmrgo lk lc Lstodm qul boal dl co pmcçtiauko jmrgo dl lxpoksiñk dl sus kl`maims. Lhlgpcm dl lstm smk cos ùlrrosqul sl ikiaiok poro amkslùir lc amktrmc dl cms pulrtms dl Visso y Civmrk

vitocls poro lxtlkdlr lc pmdlr amglraioc dl Jcmrlkaio lk Itocio.

I g o ` l k

t m g o d o


Gopo dl uniaoaiñk dl Itocio lk Lurmpo y ocùkos dl cos prikaipocls aiudodls dl Itocio.



>6>



:

?. Oalrao dl co outmro8 Ciso Hordikl ls prmjlsmro dl Lstudims smnrl lc ^lkoaigilktm lk lc _ullk Goryokd Plstjilcd Amccl`l, dl co \kivlrsidod dl Cmkdrls. Ls outmro, lktrl mtros guabos punciaoaimkls,dl Pmrcdcy @mmds8 O Klw Bistmry mj tbl ^lkoissokal.Giarmsmjt ® Lkaorto ® >660.

>6>



^løkosl amk sus amgpoÿlrms lk sun`rupms, rlocialk co claturo y boòk uk rlsuglkdlc siùilktl lksoym8

^lkoaigilktm y amksugisgmVmr Ciso Hordikl

?

Lc térgikm rlkoaigilktm sl uticizo jukdoglktocglktl poro dlsarinir lcplrçmdm lk lc qul tuvm cuòr uk lsplatoaucor jcmrlaigilktm dl co vidoortçstiao l iktlclatuoc lk Lurmpo. Lc rlkoaigilktm, qul sl ikiaiñ lk Itociooktls dl ?466, amk lc tilgpm sl jul prmpoòkdm boaio Oclgokio, Jrok-aio, Ik`cotlrro, Lspoÿo, cms Voçsls Nohms, Vmcmkio y ûsio. Dl oaulrdamk cms tlstigmkims amkvlkaimkocls, cms lruditms y ortistos igpciaodms

lsto vlrdodlro rlsurrlaaiñk aucturoc ospironok o lgucor cms cm`rms dl cos`rokdls aivicizoaimkls dl co okti`óldod, @rlaio y mgo. Cms ikkmvodmrlsdl tmdms cms aogpms arlotivms gmdlcormk sus mnros smnrl lhlgpcms dljro`glktms dl co blrlkaio acïsiao qul bok smnrlvividm bosto kulstrmsdços amgm, pmr lhlgpcm, mnros citlrorios, trotodms jicmsñjiams y ailktçjiarlstms dl pikturos gurocls m dl vosihos, lstotuos y ldijiaims. Lstms ortistos liktlclatuocls arlçok pmdlr amkstruir uko outéktiao aivicizoaiñk «bugokoµlk Lurmpo o slglhokzo dl co idlo qul lccms tlkçok dl cos aivicizoaimkls



>61 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

«bugokosµ dl @rlaio y ^mgo. Vmr lsto rozñk, lktrl mtros, cms prmjlsm-rls dl cotçk y `ril`m qul igportçok lsto rlvitocizodo gmrocidod acïsiaorlainilrmk co dlkmgikoaiñk dl «bugokistosµ.

Qik lgnor`m, lstms aognims lstétiams y amkalptuocls kukao pmdrçokbonlr maurridm sik lc dlsorrmccm y co lxpoksiñk dlc amglraim iktlr-koaimkoc pmr vço tlrrlstrl y gorçtigo. Diabm amglraim dim cuòr ocarlaigilktm dl kulvms y prñsplrms glraodms dl ortçaucms dl cuhm. Cmsamglraioktls y cms nokqulrms sl oprmpiormk toktm dl cos idlos amgmdl cms glraodms kulvms y diriìlrmk su girodo boaio lc lxtlrimr, lkdirlaaiñk o Osio y oc Kulvm Gukdm (co Ogériao rlaiék dlsaunilrto). Co

nøsquldo dl riqulzos y kulvos mpmrtukidodls dl kl`maim amktrinuyño amkjiùror uko smaildod aodo vlz gïs onilrto o co ikkmvoaiñk y o coovlkturo lk tmdos cos joaltos dl co vido, uko smaildod lk co qul, yodlsdl lc prmpim ikstoktl dl su oporiaiñk, sur`çok ïvidms amgprodmrlsporo cms prmduatms dlc kulvm ortl y sonlr. Jogicios amgm cms Gldiailk Jcmrlkaio, qul sl bonçok lkriqulaidm `roaios o lstos kulvos mpmr-tukidodls dl kl`maim, sl amkvirtilrmk iùocglktl lk lgpldlrkidmsamksugidmrls dl auocquilr mnhltm kmvldmsm y lxñtiam. Vriglrmamgm nokqulrms glraokticls y dlspués amgm amksugidmrls, co jo-gicio Gldiai amkjiùrñ cms ùstms lurmplms lk lc ortl y co citlroturo.Ls aurimsm qul julrok cos ikkmvoaimkls km klalsorioglktl rlcoaim-kodos amk co okti`óldod cos rlspmksoncls lk `rok portl dl diabmrlkoaigilktm lurmplm.

Ikkmvoaimkls dlaisivos8 co igprlkto, co pñcvmro y co nrøhucogo`kétiao

Lc jicñsmjm y ailktçjiam ik`cés dlc si`cm RZI, Jrokais Noamk, ojirgono qtrls dlsaunrigilktms tlakmcñìams, o sonlr, co igprlkto, co pñcvmro y conrøhuco go`kétiao, bonçok gmdijiaodm co joz dlc gukdm oc bonlr blabmpmsincl lsto kulvo lro dlc ortl y dlc sonlr.

>61 Lc sulÿmdl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >



>64



Lc priglr cinrm igprlsm oporlaiñ lk Ocl-gokio boaio ?4<6 y prmktm igpmrtoktlsalktrms dl igprlsiñk sl lstonclailrmk lkVorçs, Zlklaio, Nosiclo y Ognlrls. Lc ig-poatm dl co igprlkto smnrl lc plksogilk-tm y cos idlos lurmplms jul gïs ikgldiotmqul prm`rlsivm. Lk glkms dl :6 oÿms oportir dl co igpcoktoaiñk dl co tlakmcm`ço

dl co igprlkto, lditmrls dl tmdo Lurmpobonçok punciaodm cos mnros acïsiaos dl cocitlroturo y jicmsmjço `rilòs y rmgokos, coNincio y tmdo uko slril dl cinrms vlrkï-aucms, dlsdl nocodos dl uko smco pïìkobosto pokjcltms pmcégiams y kmvlcosamkaupisalktls. O glkudm uko ldiaiñkamkstono dl gïs dl ?.666 ampios. Cms

cinrms lk cos dijlrlktls clkùos vlrkïaucoslurmplos, aodo uko dl lccos amgportidopmr cms bonitoktls dl uko dltlrgikodo rlìñk, prmktm tuvilrmk uk ogpcimpønciam clatmr qul nusaono ojokmsoglktl kulvms tçtucms. Lstms cinrms lroamglraiocizodms dl jmrgo oativo pmr cinrlrms auyos rldls dl distrinuaiñk sllxtlkdçok dlsdl Cmkdrls bosto Gmsaø. O portir dlc si`cm RZI, co prmgmaiñkcclvodo o aonm duroktl co jlrio okuoc dlc cinrm lk co aiudod oclgoko dlJrokejurt sl amkvirtiñ lk lc gétmdm bonituoc dl cokzogilktm dl cos kulvosldiaimkls lk uk glraodm vmroz dl clatmrls. Lk lc vlrokm dl ?<11, lc sonimbugokisto Lrosgm dl mttlrdog sl disaucpono oktl uk ogi`m pmr km pmdlrlkviorcl uko ampio dl uk cinrm dl rlailktl punciaoaiñk. Lrosgm lsarinço8«Lc cinrm vim co cuz duroktl co Jlrio dl Jrokejurt lsto prigovlro. Tl lkviorçouko ampio amk lstl glksohlrm si pudilro pmklrcl co gokm lkaigo o uklhlgpcor, plrm km gl quldo kikùkm. Lc lditmr dial qul cos lxistlkaios slo`mtormk tmtocglktl lk Jrokejurt lk lc pcozm dl trls bmrosµ.

Co igprlkto

Igprlkto dlc si`cm RZ.

>64





>6< Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Cms amglraioktls y cms aopitokls dl noram cclvormk amksi`m cinrms o Ogédlc Kmrtl y Ogériao dlc Qur, oc mtrm codm dlc aonm dl Nulko Lsplrokzojriaokm bosto co Ikdio l ikacusm gïs occï. Tmdm ikdividum dldiaodm amglraim m o cms kl`maims klalsitono pmsllr uko ailrto jmrgoaiñk porosoaor odlcoktl su kl`maim5 co kmnclzo, pmr lc amktrorim, oplkos slktçklalsidod dl cllr. Osç puls, cms cinrms igprlsms amk cms kulvms aoroatlrlsaursivms y rmgokms biailrmk airaucor cos idlos ikkmvodmros pmr tmdgukdm y amktrinuylrmk kmtonclglktl oc dlsorrmccm dl cms kulvms gmvgilktms iktlclatuocls amgm lc bugokisgm (lc lstudim lk prmjukdidod dlcos mnros suplrvivilktls dl co okti`óldod). Cms cinrms igprlsms dlsaunrilrmkcms tlsmrms dl cos aucturos `rilò y rmgoko o tmdo uko kulvo `lklroaiñk.

@roaios o cms cinrms, auocquilr aucturo pmdço prmpoòrsl dl uko goklrgïs rïpido y ogpcio dl cm qul kukao oktls bonço sidm pmsincl.

Co igprlkto amktrinuyñ, odlgïs, o prmgmvlr lc clvoktogilktm rlciìmsmamkmaidm amgm co ljmrgo. Gortçk Cutlrm, uk soalrdmtl prmjlsmr dl co \kivlrsidod dl Pittlknlr`, lk Oclgokio, prmgmaimkñ su kulvo visiñk rodiaocdlc aristiokisgm rljmrgodm uticizokdm norotms pokjcltms igprlsms icustrodamk otrlvidms `ronodms sotçriams. Lstms pokjcltms, distrinuidms ogpciogl

lktrl cms kulvms glraodms gosivms dl clatmrls, biailrmk glcco lk co igoì-koaiñk dlc pønciam icustrodm y smaovormk lc pmdlrdl co I`clsio aotñciao. Lk?<>6, duroktl uko visitoo co aiudod dl Amcmkio, lc ortisto oclgïk Oc-nlrtm Durlrm amgprñ uk pokjcltm cutlrokmdl rlailktl punciaoaiñk amk lc tlxtm dl cooglkozo dl lxamgukiñk pmr portl dl coI`clsio aotñciao titucodm co «Amkdlko dlCutlrmµ. Co igprlsiñk plrgitiñ o Durl-rm portiaipor dirlatoglktl lk uko arisislaclsiïstiao iktlrkoaimkoc. Y, oc iùoc qulmtrms guabms bmgnrls y guhlrls qulsl amkvirtilrmk oc cutlrokisgm, Durlrmpudm jmrhorsl su prmpio idlo siùilkdm cmsdlnotls punciaodms lk cltro igprlso. Gortçk Cutlrm

>6< Lc sulÿmdl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >



>6:



Qi co igprlkto gmdijiañ co ko-turoclzo dlc dlnotl iktlclatuoc,co pñcvmro octlrñ co koturoclzodl co oatividod néciao. Boaiojikocls dlc si`cm RZ cms aoÿmklsy cos orgos dl jul`m dl tlakm-cm`ço ovokzodo amkstituçok ukoòroktço dl suplrimridod lk lc

aogpm dl notocco. Cms suplrao-ÿmkls, amgm sl dlkmgikonoko cms dl goymr togoÿm, plrgitilrmk amkquistor cos aiudodls oguroccodosglhmr jmrtijiaodos. Cos julrzos dlc suctïk mtmgokm Glbglt II julrmk aopo-als dl onrir uko nrlabo lk co tripcl gurocco, supulstoglktl igplkltroncl,dl Amkstoktikmpco (lk co oatuocidod, Lstognuc) oc dispmklr dl cms rlaur-sms jikokailrms klalsorims poro odquirir cms aoÿmkls bøkòrms gïssmjistiaodms y km osç sus vlaikms lurmplms. Lk ?4<1, Glbglt

II amkquistñ lsto pcozo dl igpmrtokaio lstrotéìao quloatuono dl pulrtm dl posm lktrl Mrilktl y Maaidlktl.Co aoçdo dl Amkstoktikmpco supusm lc ikiaim dluko lro dl amkjrmktoaiñk amgpltitivo lktrllc Igplrim mtmgokm gusucgïk lk Osioy Ïjriao y lc Igplrim aotñciam dl cmsBonsnur`m lk Lurmpo. Déao-dos gïs tordl, cms glhmrlsaoÿmkls dl cms gmkoraoslspoÿmcls lxpucsormk ocms gusucgokls dlcsur dl Lspoÿo.

Co pñcvmro

>6:





>60 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Co øctigo dl cos trls tlakmcm`ços lkukaiodos pmr Noamk, co nrøhuco gokétiao, plrgitiñ o cms kovlòktls lurmplms amkmalr amk goymr prlai-siñk su pmsiaiñk lk lc gopo sik oyudo dl rljlrlkaios visuocls tlrrlstrls,cm qul rlsucto vitoc lk gor onilrtm. Amk co nrøhuco, cms lxpcmrodmamglraiocls pmdçok oclhorsl dl co amsto lurmplo, lvitor cms lkaulktrmsamk cos kovls vlcmals y bmsticls dl co jmrgidoncl orgodo turao y pmklrrugnm boaio lc mlstl o trovés dlc maéokm Otcïktiam boaio Ogériao. Qikco nrøhuco, cms pmrtuùlsls kukao bunilrok lgprlkdidm co plci`rmso

sik`coduro lk dirlaaiñk sur siùilkdm co amsto ojriaoko y airaukkovlòrlc aonm dl Nulko Lsplrokzo bosto cclòr o co Ikdio, cos iscosdl cos Lsplaios (Gmcuaos), y jikocglktl o Hopñk yAbiko lk Mrilktl. O glkudm lxistço uko amm-

plroaiñk lktrl lstos kulvos tlakmcm`ços. Lktrlco guctitud dl tlxtms igprlsms lk lc si`cmRZI sl lkamktrono uko slril dl cinrms quloyudonok o cms kovlòktls o iktlrprltor

lc amgpmrtogilktm lrrïtiam dl co nrøhucoauokdm sus lgnoraoaimkls aruzonok lclauodmr posokdm dl uk blgisjlrim oc

mtrm. Lktlkdlr co dirlaaiñk lkqul ukm sl dlspcozono

rlsuctono arçtiam lkcos oùos prmalcm-sos dl co ruto dlcaonm dl NulkoLsplrokzo.

Co nrøhuco


\kidod >



>62



Lc iktlrés dl cms amksugidmrls pmr ortçaucms lxñtiams dl tmdm tipm y dcms mrç`lkls gïs disporls ouglktñ dl jmrgo lsplatoaucor oc ogpciorsllc rodim dl oaaiñk dlc amglraim lurmplm. Dlsdl gldiodms bosto jikoclsdlc si`cm RZ, lk qul co glhmr tlakmcm`ço dl kovlòaiñk y cos glhmrlslgnoraoaimkls ogpciormk cms bmrizmktls lurmplms, sl ikiaiñ uk lkérìampcok dl ikvlrsimkls dl ikvlstiòaiñk y lxpcmroaiñk dl co `lm`rojço y cosmpmrtukidodls dl kl`maim. Amgm amkslaulkaio dl lstos lxpldiaimklsdl lxpcmroaiñk sl julrmk lstonclailkdm lk tmdm lc gukdm kulvos nosls

dl amglraim y kulvms pulrtms dl otroqul dmkdl cos lgnoraoaimkls pu-dilrok rlpmklr sus prmvisimkls duroktl sus cor`ms viohls. Cms lgprlsorimspmrtuùlsls sunvlkaimkormk o uko slril dl lxpcmrodmrls qul pusilrmkrugnm sur dlsdl Cisnmo pmr co amsto maaidlktoc dl Ïjriao lk nusao dlrutos octlrkotivos boaio cms riams yoaigilktms ourçjlrms alktrmojriaokmLk lstms viohls dlsaunrilrmk cms orabipiéco`ms dl cos Ozmrls y Godliroy o jikocls dlc si`cm RZ bonçok cclòdm bosto Qilrro Clmko y co amsto `kloko dl Ïjriao

Qik lgnor`m, guabms dl lstms kulvms ortçaucms sl jonriaonok lk rlìmklsgïs prñxigos o Lurmpo y lk ocùkms aosms ikacusm lk co prmpio LurmpoAuokdm Amkstoktikmpco aoyñ lk pmdlr dl cms gusucgokls lk ?4<1,Glbglt II otrohm amgukidodls dl ojogodms ortlsokms o co aiudod poroamkvlrtirco lk lc alktrm gukdioc dl prmduaaiñk dl ortçaucms dl cuhm.Auokdm cms rlyls bispokms Jlrkokdm II dl Oro`ñk l Isonlc I dl Aosticcolxpucsormk priglrm o cms hudçms y dlspués o cms gobmgltokms dlc sur dlLspoÿo lk ?49>, cms ortlsokms dl ortçaucms osiïtiams u «mrilktoclsµ, amglktmkals sl cls dlkmgikono (ùorkiaimklrço, lkauodlrkoaiñk, icustroaiñkdl gokusaritms, tocco dl pildros prlaimsos y amrocls), sl lstonclailrmk lk zmkos gïs tmclroktls lk lc kmrtl dl Lurmpo. Ognlrls y Ogstlrdog slukilrmk o cos aiudodls dl Nruslcos y Nruhos amgm alktrms glraokticls dljonriaoaiñk y amglraim. Lktrl toktm, lc gukdm mtmgokm sl lxpokdiñ gïsoccï dl Amkstoktikmpco boaio lc sur dl Lurmpo. Lk co déaodo dl ?<16, lc

Kulvms glraodms dl ortçaucms lxñtiams

>62





>69 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Igplrim mtmgokm `mnlrkodm pmr lc suctïk Qmcigïk Ilc Go`kçjiam onoraono dlsdl No`dod, lk lc surmlstlosiïtiam, bosto cos guroccos dl Zilko, lk Oustrio. Y, amklc glalkoz`m dl Qmcigïk, co jonriaoaiñk dl ortçaucmsdl cuhm lk Lurmpo jul dlsorrmccïkdmsl o gldido qulcms bïnicls ortlsokms sl inok dlspcozokdm amk lcIgplrim lk lxpoksiñk.

Boaio lc si`cm RZI, cms amksugidmrls lurmplmsdl tocls ortçaucms sl bocconok lk amkdiaimklsdl poòr `rokdls sugos dl diklrm pmr lc

priviclìm dl pmsllr y boalr mstlktoaiñkdl mnhltms rorms y pmam amgukls prm-aldlktls dl cos clhokos tilrros dl Osio y Ogériao. Cms acilktls pmtlkaiocls o vlalssl vlçok mnciòdms o odlcoktor aoktidodlskmtoncls dl diklrm poro cos lxpldiaimkls dlrlamkmaigilktm o tlrritmrims qul tmdovço kmbonçok sidm lxpmciodms pmr cms o`lktls dl cos

pmdlrmsos koaimkls glraokticls8 lspoÿmcls,pmrtuùlsls y bmcokdlsls. Lk co déaodo dl?426, pmr lhlgpcm, uk `rupm dl amglraioktlsdl co aiudod ik`clso dl Nristmc jikokaiñ vorioslxpldiaimkls poro dlsaunrir co «Isco dl Nrosic.µAuokdm, lk ?49>, Aristñnoc Amcñk kovl`ñ rug-nm mlstl boaio cos Ikdios Mrilktocls, cm bizm pmrgmtivms jukdoglktocglktl amglraiocls. Cms éxitms

pmrtuùlsls oc kovlòr boaio lc lstl nmrdlokdm lcaonm dl Nulko Lsplrokzo `lklrormk uko lkmrglprlsiñk amglraioc poro dlsaunrir uko ruto lquivoclktly octlrkotivo qul, dl goklro okïcmò, amktrorrlstosllc amktrmc mtmgokm smnrl lc trïjiam tlrrlstrl dlsdl coIkdio bosto Lurmpo. Amcñk, lk kmgnrl dl Lspoÿo,pusm prmo lk nusao dl diabo ruto.


\kidod >



>?6



Co igprlkto, co nrøhuco y co pñcvmro lrok tlakmcm`ços qul vilrmk co cuz Osio plrm qul pmstlrimrglktl julrmk odoptodos lk Lurmpo. Lstos ikkm-voaimkls rlprlslktonok sñcm uko portl dlc iktlksm amglraim dl kulvostlakmcm`ços y ortçaucms dl cuhm lktrl Osio y Lurmpo. Duroktl lc si`cm cos kulvos drmòs, lsplaios, sldos, mnros dl ortl y vorildodls nmtïkiaoslxñtiaos sñcm lstonok oc ocaokal dl cos plrsmkos lxtrlgodoglktl riaos,pmr cm `lklroc oristñarotos. Vlrm lk lc si`cm RZI, lstms ortçaucms yo lrooaalsincls o cos acosls amglraioktls qul sl bonçok lkriqulaidm amk lckl`maim dl tocls prmduatms.

Co arlailktl dispmkinicidod dl cms mnhltms igpmrtodms dl julro dl Lurmpojmglktñ lktrl cms riams trodiaimkocls y cms kulvms riams cm qul gïs tordlsl dim lk ccogor ‒amksugm icustrl’. Cms prçkaipls, co kmnclzo y cms rianokqulrms glraokticls amgpltçok lktrl sç boailkdm mstlktoaiñk dl mnhltmslxquisitms y lxñtiams. Dlsdl cinrms icustrodms o pikturos, dlsdl orgos dljul`m o hmyos oktiùos, tmdm sl amkvirtiñ lk mnhltm dl amclaaimkisgm. Camstmsms ortçaucms gmdlrkms jonriaodms amk téakiaos ortlsokocls mritocls, amgm topials, orgoduros odmrkodos, nrmaodms, dogosquikodms yaonoccms puro sok`rl, lrok mnhltm dl amclaaimkisgm y lxbiniaiñk, oc iùoqul mtrms guabms si`kms dl riqulzo y prlstiìm. O glkudm, auokdm cmsriams y jogmsms sl boaçok rltrotor, lk co pikturo sl ikacuçok togniék susgïs prlaiodos pmslsimkls.

Lc oksio pmr cms mnhltms lxñtiams octlrñ lk `rok gldido cms bmòrls dcms riams lurmplms. Voro pmdlr aunrir lsto kulvo dlgokdo sl trohlrmko Lurmpo ortçjials lxtrokhlrms y golstrms ortlsokms poro qul jonriaoslkortçaucms dl cuhm gïs alrao dl aoso. Tlhldmrls dl sldo, gltocistos, ocjo-rlrms y alrogistos, ariodmrls dl aonoccms y mrjlnrls dl pildros prlaimsos,amroc, pcoto y mrm lstonclailrmk sus kl`maims lk cos aiudodls lurmplosoctlrokdm co amgpmsiaiñk étkiao dl diabos urnls. Odlgïs, cms lurm-

Icustrls amksugidmrls

>?6





>?? Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

plms dlsorrmccormk ukoailrto ojiaiñk pmr cos lsplaioslxñtiaos prmaldlktls dl uctrogor,

tocls amgm co pigilkto y co kulzgmsaodo. Y gïs tordl ikvlktormk kul-

vos ikstituaimkls smaiocls, amgm cms aojés,dmkdl sonmrlonok cos kmvldmsos y amstmsos nlnidos8 lc aojé, lc té y labmamcotl. Amk lc tilgpm lstms aojés sl amkvlrtirçok o vlals lk alktrmsdl oìtoaiñk pmcçtiao.

Cos plrsmkos qul amgpronok y vlkdçok lstms kulvms ortçaucms dl gmdo slbiailrmk lkmrglglktl riams. Lk lc si`cm RIZ, co jogicio Gldiai dl Jcmrlkaio,qul lrok nokqulrms glraokticls, soctormk o uk priglr pcokm dl kmtmrildodpønciao pmr su dmgikim smnrl lc amglraim gukdioc dl ortçaucms dl cuh(pildros prlaimsos, nrmaodms y lsplaios). Qu amktrmc smnrl cms glraodmy cos pmcçtiaos iktlrkoaimkocls lstono nosodm lk uk sistlgo dl amguki-aoaimkls iktlrkoaimkocls (cms glksohlrms ur`lktls trokspmrtonok giclsdl aortos) y lk uko amgpclho rld dl rlamìdo dl ikjmrgoaiñk. Cms lspçosdl cms Gédiai lk auocquilr pulrtm dlc gukdm ikjmrgonok dl cms prlaimscmaocls y dl cos prlvisimkls dl dlgokdo pmr portl dl cms amksugidmrls.Cms Gldiai mnlrkonok co Jcmrlkaio rlpunciaoko y lhlraçok uk amktrmc sprlaldlktls smnrl cms lstodms itociokms y gïs tordl smnrl Lurmpo prlstokdm`rokdls aoktidodls dl diklrm o mtrms `mnlrkoktls y prçkaipls. Ocùkms

>?? Lc sulÿmdl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >



>?>



Hoemn Ju``lr, jul lc nokqulrm y amglraioktl gïs riamy amkmaidm dl Lurmpo lk su tilgpm, prlstñ oc juturmlgplrodmr Goxigiciokm I sugos lkmrgls dl diklrm

poro jikokaior cos ùlrros y amksmcidor lc tlrritmrim dl cmsBonsnur`m.

>?>



Gédiai ikacusm cclòrmko slr lclìdms popos. Lk`rok gldido, cms Gldiainosormk su prlstiìm lkco ikvlrsiñk dl uko portlkmtoncl dl sus nlkljiaimslk tmdm cm qul pudilrorloczor su lstotus smaioc,amgm pocoaims, auodrmsdl cms piktmrls gïs jo-gmsms m uko lspcékdi-

do nincimtlao dl cinrmsrorms ampiodms o gokm.Qu jmrtuko cls plrgitiñvikaucorsl pmr co vço dlcgotrigmkim amk jogicioskmncls y boaio lc si`cm RZIsus mrç`lkls amgm am-glraioktls bonçok aoçdm

amkvlkilktlglktl lk lcmcvidm.

Lk lc kmrtl, cos jogicios dl nokqulrms iùocglktl prñsplros dl cms Ju``lry cms Plcslr sunvlkaimkormk cos ospiroaimkls igplriocls dl cms Bonsnur`m. Hoemn Ju``lr prlstñ oc juturm lgplrodmr Goxigiciokm I sugos lkmrglsporo jikokaior cos ùlrros qul bonrçok dl amksmcidor lc tlrritmrim dl cmsBonsnur`m. O aognim, Goxigiciokm mtmr`ñ o co jogicio Ju``lr dlrlabmsdl lxacusividod smnrl cos rlktoncls gikos dl amnrl y pcoto lk co zmkooustrioao dlc Tirmc. Cms Ju``lr glhmrormk co prmduatividod dl cos gikosikarlglktokdm osç su jmrtuko. Oc amkvlrtirsl Goxigiciokm lk lgplrodmrdlc Qoarm Igplrim ^mgokm @lrgïkiam lk ?491, sus klalsidodls jikok-ailros ouglktormk y sl vim mnciòdm o rlkl`maior sus préstogms nokaorimsamk cms Ju``lr. Lk lsto kulvo kl`maioaiñk, Hoemn Ju``lr rlainiñ cms dl-rlabms smnrl cos gikos dl cms Bonsnur`m lk Buk`rço. Amk uk gmkmpmcim



>?1 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

aosi tmtoc smnrl cos gikos dl pcoto lurmplos, cms Ju``lr pmdçok amktrmclc prlaim dl co pcoto lk lc glraodm onilrtm.

Auocquilr ostm dl cms Bonsnur`m dlnço lstor outmrizodm pmr cms Ju``qul cls bonçok prlstodm lc diklrm, pmr cm qul cms nokqulrms togniéklhlrailrmk uko kmtoncl ikjculkaio smnrl lc glraodm dl ortl lurmplm.Cms Ju``lr jikokaiormk mnros dl lkaor`m, tocls amgm co mpuclkto slrildl topials Cms Bmkmrls, dl Viltlr Amlael vok Olcst, qul amkglgmro-no co amrmkoaiñk lk ?<>6 dlc lgplrodmr dlc Qoarm Igplrim ^mgokm,Aorcms Z.

Lc nokam dl cms Ju``lr odlcoktñ tmdm lc diklrm klalsorim poro lc dislÿmy co pmstlrimr amkjlaaiñk dl cms topials, poòkdm toktm co gokm dl mnramgm cms gotlriocls. \ko vlz tlrgikodms cms topials, cms Ju``lr oatuormkamgm iktlrgldiorims, vlkdiékdmslcms oc lgplrodmr Aorcms. Éstl ljlatuñlc onmkm o cms Ju``lr amk lc bonituoc poòré. Cms Plcslr sunvlkaimkormuko slril iùocglktl lsplatoaucor dl ?> topials lk bmkmr dl co amkquistodl Tøklz lk ?<1< pmr lc lgplrodmr Aorcms Z. Amkjlaaimkodms lk Nru-slcos, cms topials quldormk jikocizodms lk ?<<4. Co glkaimkodo slril sl

lxbiniñ oc pønciam pmr priglrovlz duroktl cos kupaios dlcbihm dl Aorcms Z, lc togniék rlylspoÿmc Jlcipl II, amk co rlikoik`clso Gorço I Tudmr. Co nmdo,alclnrodo lk Cmkdrls lk hucimdl ?<<4, amkstituyñ uko jonu-cmso lxoctoaiñk dl co riqulzo, dlcos ociokzos pmcçtiaos y dlc pmdlr.

Lsaudm dl co jogicio Ju``lr.

>?1 Lc sulÿmdl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >



>?4



Boaio lc si`cm RZII, co oatividod amglraioc bonço pulstm oc ocaokal dauocquilro qul dispusilro dl sujiailktl aopoaidod odquisitivo uko ògolxtromrdikorioglktl ogpcio dl ortçaucms igpmrtodms. Gïs occï dlc dlslmsmaioc y lamkñgiam dl mnhltms nlccms y pmam amgukls, lk guabms slktidmco nøsquldo pmr cm lxñtiam lstigucono co aurimsidod iktlclatuoc. Lc iktlrépmr lc oprlkdizohl, lsplaiocglktl smnrl co koturoclzo jul lk ouglktmo gldido qul aodo vlz gïs plrsmkos sl prlùktonok pmr sus prikaipimsnïsiams. Lc ovokal dlc sonlr, smnrl tmdm dl cos ailkaios koturocls, igpucsñlk øctigo ikstokaio cm qul sl amkmal oatuocglktl pmr co rlvmcuaiñk ailk-tçjiao. Y osç sl prmduhlrmk cms ovokals iktlclatuocls dlktrm dlc amktlxtmdl co rlvmcuaiñk dl cms amksugidmrls ikiaiodo duroktl lc rlkoaigilktm.

Jrokais Noamk, ukm dl cms pimklrms dl co ailkaio gmdlrko, rlainiñ co ik-jculkaio dl lsto ogpcioaiñk dl bmrizmktls. Lk sus auodlrkms dl kmtos, dmk-dl rlìstrono cms dotms ailktçjiams, amglktono cms ljlatms lstigucoktls dlcaojé turam, co kulz dlc nltlc ikdio y lc tonoam y sl gmstrono lsplaiocglktliktlrlsodm lk cms jïrgoams lxtrokhlrms tocls amgm lc pmcvm dl aoktïrido,cms norrms aurotivms dl Clgkms, co amrtlzo dl co aoklco y cms korañtiam O gldiodms dlc si`cm RZII sl auctivonok lk cms hordikls nmtïkiams dl Lu

rmpo `rok aoktidod dlpcoktos prmaldlktls dl Ogériao dlc Kmrtl y dlcQur, Ïjriao y Osio. Cmsgldiaoglktms lconm-rodms o portir dl lstospcoktos sl amglraiocizo-nok o lclvodms prlaimsamgm rlgldims porolkjlrgldodls qul inokdlsdl co `mto bosto colpiclpsio. Co gmxonus-tiñk (co amgnustiñk dl

Dlsdl lc rlkoaigilktm o co icustroaiñk

>?4





>?< Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

bilrnos lsplaiocls smnrl co pilc)y co oaupukturo prmaldlktls dl Osio julrmk iktrmduaidos pmr ocl-kms lurmplms qul bonçok viohodmcoròglktl poro ikvlstiòr susopciaoaimkls.

Cms odlcoktms lk co ostrmkmgçoy cos gotlgïtiaos lstonok çkti-goglktl ciòdms o co arlailktlamgpclhidod dl co kovlòaiñk

vikaucodo oc amglraim dl coròsdistokaios, cos lxpcmroaimkls lknusao dl kulvos glraokaços y cosamkquistos gicitorls. Lk Ik`cotlrro, Hmkos Gmmrl, hljl dlc MrdkokalMjjial, opmrtñ jmkdms gicitorls poro co amkstruaaiñk dlc Mnslrvotmrim llk @rllkwiab, ikouùrodm lk ?:0<. Cms ostrñkmgms ik`clsls amgpltçokamk sus bmgñkigms dlc Mnslrvotmrim loc lk Vorçs poro amkslùir qul sus

kovçms pmslylrok co tlakmcm`ço gïs ovokzodo y, pmr amksiùilktl, tuvilrovlktoho lk cos notoccos kovocls. Cos lxtromrdikorios amktrinuaimkls gotgïtiaos dl Isooa Klwtmk o co ostrmkmgço lstonok çktigoglktl vikaucodoso cos oatividodls dl su amclò gïs hmvlk Ldgukd Boccly, qul tronohonoamgm aopitïk dl kovçm, oslsmr gicitor y lgprlsorim.

Lk lc si`cm RZIII, cms iktlrlsls dl cms lurmplms pmr lc ortl, co ailkaio y aucturo sl bonçok lxtlkdidm y ouglktodm bosto ikvodir `rok portl dlcgukdm, y lktmkals lc rlkoaigilktm dlhñ posm o co Icustroaiñk. Lk uk acigoprldmgikoktlglktl dl lxpoksiñk `lm`rïjiao, dl dlsaunrigilktms y dlovokals ailktçjiams, lc pmdlrçm igplrioc dl Lurmpo plrgoklaiñ çktigo-glktl osmaiodm o co plrspiaoaio amglraioc y oc lspçritu amglraioc. Oukqullc rlkoaigilktm amglkzñ amgm uk iktlktm pmr lgucor cms cm`rms dl cosoktiùos @rlaio y ^mgo, lc ogpcim lspçritu ikkmvodmr y lgprlsorioc cclvño Lurmpo guabm gïs clhms qul sus oktlposodms acïsiams.

>?< Lc sulÿmdl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >



>?:



Qlsiñk 0

Co lamkmgço dlc diklrm >

Voro oroktizor co mròkizoaiñk roaimkoc, prldlaincl, amktrmconcl, auoktijiaontoncl lk øctigm térgikm, lro klalsorim aognior co jmrgo lk qul sl amgprlkdço y

vivço lc gukdm. Lk priglro ikstokaio lc mrdlk dlc gukdm, dl co koturoclzo y dlsmaildod lk `lklroc km pmdrço goktlklrsl lk co msauridod dl cms amkvlktms, klalsorim soaorcms rïpidoglktl dl lsl lstodm trodiaimkoc qul igpldço vlr co jmrgamgm jukaimkono, sus dltlrgikoaimkls, boalrcms amktrmconcls. Voro lstm co aiprlstñ dl jmrgo go`kçjiao8 gldço y lxpciaono dl jmrgo aousoc lc jukaimkogilktm dco koturoclzo, lk lsl gmglktm co ailkaio jul uk gmdlcm uticizodm lk co mròkizoadl co lamkmgço y co smaildod.

Lk lsl gmglktm bistñriam co ailkaio dmgiko co arllkaio dl uk gukdm mròkizodm qls pmsincl amktrmcor o vmcuktod, co pmsinicidod slùro qul nrikdo lc slktigilkdmgikim dl co koturoclzo y dl cms mtrms gldioktl co opciaoaiñk dl téakiaos qul namk rlpltir dl jmrgo lxoato. Co lstodçstiao, co amktonicidod, co gldiaiñk dl rilsy prmnonicidodls sl boalk klalsorims poro cclvor o aonm cms prmpñsitms dl dm

Lstl gukdm auoktijiaoncl dlstoao pmr co mròkizoaiñk dlc tilgpm, lc ikdividumporo sç gisgm, yo kukao gïs poro co amgukidod, su vido ls amrto y co amkslauadl co riqulzo km puldl slr amkslaulkaio dl co blrlkaio dl uko aodlko dl `lklro-aimkls qul cl oktlaldlk5 ls klalsorim qul su tilgpm cm dldiqul oc tronohm y qukm pilrdo dl éc uk smcm gikutm. –Lc tilgpm ls diklrm‗, rlzo lc vilhm odoìm. aotldrocls dl cos aiudodls amgilkzo o boalrsl prlslktl lc rlcmh amgm uko jmrgdl rlamrdor, km yo co giso m co alclnroaiñk rlciìmso, sikm lc posm dlc tilgpmbonitoktls qul amk lc tmqul dl cos aogpokos oalclrok su posm lk su klalsidod dl–km plrdlr uk smcm gikutm‗.

^ljclximklgms8 ½qué tok igpmrtoktl ls lc goklhm dlc tilgpm lk kulstro vidodiorio=

Co aiudod8 co téakiao y lc tilgpm



>?0 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Lxpoksiñk pmr Lurmpo

Tmrrl ika c ikodo dl V iso, I to c io.

T m r r l L i j j l c . V o r ç s , J r o ka i o .

Co j mr to cl zo dl O el r sbus, Mscm, Kmr ul ` o .



>?2



Co aiudod oktiùo lro dmgikodo pmr plrsmkos cinrls dldiaodos oc auctivm didlos y dlc maim, osç amgm dl co ùlrro. Lstos plrsmkos sl smstlkçok dlc trorlocizodm pmr cms lsacovms lk cos boailkdos dl prmpildod dl cms cinrls. aiudod y lc aogpm, cm urnokm y cm ruroc km sl mpmklk lk co ldod oktiùo,aiudod sl odgikistro sl disautl y sl tmgok dlaisimkls, lk lc aogpm sl vivl y slprmdualk cms lclglktms poro co vido. Lc aiudodokm dl lso épmao ls uk prmpillgiklktlglktl ruroc.

Cos amkstruaaimkls dl cos aiudodls oktiùos amkstituçok gmkuglktms y ldijipønciams qul slrvçok poro rlkdir trinutm o sus trodiaimkls y dimsls. Oc iùocuòrls dl igpmrtokaio poro co pmcçtiao y co mròkizoaiñk dl cms aiudodokmprikaipocglktl jmrtijiaoaimkls qul slrvçok dl prmtlaaiñk o co pmncoaiñk pmr cmco ikjculkaio pmcçtiao sl lkamktrono dltlrgikodo pmr lc opmrtl gicitor qul pudiboalrsl oc lhéraitm, lk lstm øctigm sl porlalk nostoktl o cos aiudodls gldilvocls

Qu jmrgo dl oaugucoaiñk dl riqulzos sl boaio o trovés dlc usm dl co julrzo.

Dijlrlkaios lktrl cos aiudodlsoktiùo, gldilvoc y rlkoalktisto

Lc Vortlkñk, tlgpcm `ril`m situodm lk co Oarñpmcis dl Otlkos, @rlaio, dldiaodm o Otlklo,dimso prmtlatmro dl co aiudod. Ls lc gmkuglktm gïs igpmrtoktl dl co aivicizoaiñk `rilò oktiùo

y sl cl amksidlro amgm uko dl cos gïs nlccos mnros orquitlatñkiaos dl co bugokidod.

>?2





>?9 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Lk co ldod gldio co aiudod sl lkaulktro dmgikodo pmr cos blrgokdodls gicitorl(amkiurotim) qul sl prmdualk poro pmdlr prmtl`lrsl gutuoglktl, osç amgm ukjmrgo dl usurpor lc pmdlr gldioktl co julrzo. Dlktrm dl co aiudod gldilvoc lcrlamkmaigilktm dl sus bonitoktls lstono dltlrgikodm pmr co portiaipoaiñk lklclaaiñk dl cms iktl`roktls dl cos ikstituaimkls hudiaiocls y co plrtlklkaio o oc`dl cms `rlgims dl ortlsokms dlktrm dl co aiudod, poro cm auoc dlnço slr prmpidl aoso dlktrm dl co aiudod y plrtlklalr o ocùkm dl cms `rlgims dl ortlsokms.

Co aiudod gldilvoc sirvl lktmkals amgm uk alktrm dl amglraim dl cms prmduqul smk lconmrodms pmr cms ortlsokms, osç amgm dl co amgpro y vlkto dl coaiñk o`rçamco qul ls troçdo poro odquirir cms lclglktms lconmrodms lk co aiuslrï dl lso aiudod gldilvoc dl dmkdl socò co kulvo acosl smaioc qul amgilkzo opmdlrorsl dl cms gldims dl prmduaaiñk, gldioktl lc osalksm dlktrm dlc sistlgamglraioc, lso acosl smaioc ls co nurùlsço. Osç, lk co octo ldod gldio, gitod dlc

RIZ y priglro gitod dlc si`cm RZ, uk tlkdlrm qul amglraio dl jmrgo cmaoc sl dldoc amglraim pmr gor amk lc diklrm y cos glraokaços qul cl lktrlònok ocùkms kporo ir o vlkdlrcms o Zlklaio y cul`m vmcvlr y distrinuir cos òkokaios mntlkidquilkls cl bonçok jikokaiodm co lgprlso.

Dl lsto goklro ls pmsincl lkamktror lk cos aiudodls oktiùo y gldilvoc co igpmtokaio dodo oc cikohl y o co julrzo amgm rlaursm dl co aiudod poro òroktizornrlvivlkaio. Cms `rupms dl plrsmkos sl jukdoglktok smnrl cms gisgms dms puk

cm gicitor y co cloctod trodiaimkoc.

J m t m t m g o d o


Aiudod gldilvoc dl Aoraosmko, Jrokaio

>?9 Lc sulÿmdl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >



>>6



Lk co aiudod rlkoalktisto cos aopos qul sl smgltilrmk o cms iktlrlsls trodiaimkoamgilkzok o rlvlcorsl lk nusao dl rlamkmaigilktm dlktrm dl co smaildod, y hukamk co lamkmgço sl prmylato lc koaigilktm dl uk kulvm mrdlkogilktm nosodmco lsplaiocizoaiñk dl cos plrsmkos, lstm supmkl uko divisiñk nosodo lk co prmjlyo km pmr co plrtlklkaio o uko jogicio m lstoglktm lsplaçjiam.

Lktmkals pmdlgms lkamktror qul lc lhéraitm poso dl slr uko goso dl bmgnrls ukido su slÿmr amgm hljl ulrrlrm y amk lc auoc sl uordo uk vçkaucm dl cloctod plrso slr diriìdms pmr uk `lklroc qul o su vlz sirvl o cos plrsmkos qul cl poòk poprmtl`lrcos, lstm igpciao uko mròkizoaiñk roaimkoc oc iktlrimr dlc lhéraitm nosco uticizoaiñk dl lhéraitms glralkorims amktrotodms pmr co aiudod.

Qik lgnor`m lro klalsorim goktlklr co pmsinicidod dl dljlkso dl cos aiudodlsamk oc`m gïs qul lc po`m oc lhéraitm, osç amgilkzok o mjrlalrcls o cms aonoco pmsinicidod dl ikjculkaio y rlamkmaigilktm dlktrm dl co aiudod, y cms smplrtlklailktls o sus lhéraitms puldlk `mzor dlc rlamkmaigilktm aiudodokm.

Lk sçktlsis, co aiudod qul sl lxpokdl pmr Lurmpo ls oqulcco qul nosodo lk mrdkogilktm roaimkoc lktonco vçkaucms amktroatuocls poro òroktizor co pmsiniamglraim uticizokdm oc Lstodm amgm lgprlso lxpoksivo dl su pmdlr lamkñgi\ko aiudod dmgikodo pmr uk kulvm tipm dl acosl smaioc, co nurùlsço.

J m t m t m g o d o


Nosçciao dl Qok Vldrm, lk lc Zotiaokm.

>>6





>>? Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Nurùlsço

Lsto poconro tilkl trls amkkmtoaimkls dlrivodos dlc jukaimkogilktm dl co aiudcm lamkñgiam, cm pmcçtiam y cm aucturoc8Lk priglr térgikm boal rljlrlkaio o dltlrgikodos acosls smaiocls aoroatlrizodos pmiktlrlsls lamkñgiams, prikaipocglktl lc dl co amkslauaiñk dlc diklrm. Vmdlgmlkamktror lk su koaigilktm o cms ortlsokms, cms amglraioktls, cms mnrlrms…

Lk slùkdm cuòr, sl puldl vlr lc térgikm lk slktidm pmcçtiam8 amgm uko jmdl rlamkmaigilktm dl cms aiudodokms amk dlrlabms pmcçtiams dlktrm dl co

amgm vigms lstms lstonok dltlrgikodms lk prikaipim pmr co plrtlklkaio o `rlgimlc lhlraiaim dl uko prmjlsiñk, co portiaipoaiñk dlktrm dlc lhlraitm y co pmslsiaoso dlktrm dl co aiudod.

Lk øctigm cuòr boal rljlrlkaio o uko aopo smaioc qul pmsll uko dltlrgikodo jmgoaiñk oaodégiao, uk kivlc dl vido gïs octm pmr pmsllr cms gldims dl prmduaay uk prlstiìm smaioc. Jrlktl o lstm cos mtros aopos oporlalk amgm amktrodiatdl obç co dlkmgikoaiñk dl prmcltoriodm amgm co aopo qul sl cl mpmkl pmr qul dlsorrmcco cos conmrls dl tronohm.



>>>



Lc pmdlr dl cms mtmgokms sl nosono, odlgïs dl uk lhéraitm nilk lstruaturodmgokdm dlc Quctïk y dlc usm dl orticclrço, lk uko lamkmgço sñcido nosodo lk lglraim, co o`riaucturo y co plsao. Aodo oÿm, sl rlocizonok aorovokos dlsdl Co Gamk lsplaios, sldo, pildros prlaimsos y plrcos5 julrmk prmvlldmrls dl Maaidlktl dprmduatms amgm8 godlros, lsplaios, ocquitrïk, ocugnrl, topials, oc`mdñk, lktrl mtr

Co rlciìñk rlprlslktono mtrm alktrm dl pmdlr. Ql amkstruylrmk glzquitos y godrozlc Quctïk amktrmcono lc lhlraiaim dl co vido rlciìmso iscïgiao. Tmdos cos tlkiscïgiaos sl ukijiaormk poro lstor oc slrviaim dlc Quctïk y dl co @ulrro Qokto.

Voro amgprlkdlr co igpmrtokaio dlc igplrim dl mrilk-tl, pmr qué cm`rñ lxpokdir su tlrritmrim, pmr qué co tmgodl Nizokaim m Amkstoktikmpco si`kijiañ lc ikiaim dl co

gmdlrkidod y lc jik dl co ldod gldio ls klalsorimamgprlkdlr su amgpclhidod8

Tlkço uko mròkizoaiñk smaioc y pmcçtiao lstruaturododl co siùilktl goklro8

• Qmaioc8co pmncoaiñk sl dividço lk dms ñrdlkls8cms oselri, quilkls portiaiponok lk lc mnilrkm,lhéraitm y soalrdmaim, y cms rloyo, ortlsokms,amglraioktls y aogplsikms, lrok cms gïs ku-glrmsms.

• Vmcçtiao8lc gokdm suplrimr lstono o aor`m dlcQuctïk5 lc slùkdm gokdm lro dlc `rok visir,quilk `lklrocglktl lro lc bihm goymr dlc suc-

tïk. Éstl y sus amconmrodmrls rlocizonok torlosodgikistrotivos y goklhonok lc amkslhm igplrioc.



>>1 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

\k pmam dl bistmrio...

Cms mtmgokms cclòrmk o Okotmcio amgmportl dl co aoktidod dl trinus dl turamsqul julrmk dlspcozodms pmr co ikvo-siñk dl cms gmk`mcls boaio lc si`cmRIII. Lc kmgnrl dlc igplrim sl dlnlo Msgïk quilk cm`rñ co cinlroaiñkdl cms gmk`mcls l ikiaiñ co lxpok-siñk dlc igplrim.

Mrbok, bihm dl Msgïk, jmrtoclaiñlc lstodm y amkquistñ dms aiudodlsnizoktikos amk cm qul ikiaiñ co tmgodl lstl Igplrim dl Mrilktl. Lk ?1:? Odriokñpmcis sl amkvirtiñ lk co aopitocdlc Igplrim.

Co aoçdo dlc Igplrim Nizoktikm si`kijiañ lcjik dl co Ldod Gldio5 lc otoqul oc IgplrimNizoktikm lro togniék dl aorïatlr rlciìmsm, yoqul éstl igpucsono lc aristiokisgm5 cms mtmgokms, proatiaoktls dlc Iscog, quoaonor amk cos amrrilktls aristiokos y okor tlrritmrim poro osç lxpokdir lc Iscodl co aoçdo dl Amkstoktikmpco, ésto sl amkvirtiñ lk Lstognuc.

Lc prikaipim dlc jik dlc Igplrim Mtmgokm sl do amk co ccogodo «dlrrmto lk Clqul maurriñ lk ?<0?. \ko ociokzo dl poçsls aotñciams mnlrkodms pmr Jlcipl II, ldljikitivoglktl co lxpoksiñk mtmgoko. Dl obç lk odlcoktl lc igplrim amgilkzo suclkto dlaodlkaio.

Auokdm cclò co Vriglro @ulrro Gukdioc, cms mtmgokms qul yo bonço plramktrmc dl guabos dl sus prmvikaios, sl ukilrmk o Oclgokio y co Tripcl Ociokz

cm qul plrdilrmk co ùlrro y sl dlsiktl`rormk dljikitivoglktl.

Lsaudm Igplrim Mtmgokm.



>>4



Cos aiudodls smk lc mri`lk dl co jmrgo dl mròkizoaiñkdl cm qul gïs odlcoktl sl amkmalrï amgm lc Lstodmgmdlrkm. Ls pmr lsm qul vogms o mnslrvor co goklrolk qul cos aiudodls bok lvmcuaimkodm lk kulstrm poçs.

Cm priglrm qul vlçogms lro co jmrgo lk qul cos aiudodlssl mròkizok dlplkdilkdm dl uk kivlc dl jukaimkocidodqul sirvl oc sistlgo lktlrm dlktrm dlc auoc sl lkaulktro,lkamktrogms lktmkals aiudodls amglraiocls, pulrtm,odgikistrotivos, ikdustriocls, dl iùoc jmrgo ls pmsincllkamktror lso gisgo divisiñk dlktrm dl co aiudod.

0

?. O amktikuoaiñk sl prlslktok jmtms dl aiudodls dl Amcmgnio qul sl aoroatlrizopmr slrvir o dltlrgikodms prmpñsitms dlktrm dlc poçs lktlrm. Jrlktl o aodjmtm`rojço dlsarino lc tipm dl jukaimkocidod qul cl ls osi`kodo.

Nulkovlkturo, Zoccl dlc Aouao.





>>< Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

J m t m A r i s t ñ n o c J l r k o k d m

V é r l z

Gldlccçk, Oktimquio.

J m t m t m g o d o


Aøauto, Kmrtl dl Qoktokdlr.

_uindñ, Abmañ.





>>:




V é r l z

Ino`ué, Tmcigo.


V é r l z

Nm`mtï, Aukdikogorao.

>. O amktikuoaiñk rlocial uk gopo tlkilkdm lk aulkto cms puktms aordikocls co aiudod m køaclm urnokm dlc qul su amgukidod boal usm.

\niqul lk lc gopo cos zmkos qul prlstok oc`ukms slrviaims amgm amglraimalktrms odgikistrotivms, alktrms jikokailrms, zmkos ikdustriocls.

1. \ko vlz sl boyok dlsorrmccodm cms lhlraiaims oktlrimrls lk pclkorio, disausmnrl cos sigicitudls y dijlrlkaios lktrl co aiudod rlkoalktisto y co aiudogmdlrko amcmgnioko.

Tmgl kmto dl cos prikaipocls amkacusimkls.



>>0 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Cms gmk`mcls julrmk trinus kñgodos qul sl dldiaormk o co okodlrço lk coslxtlksos ccokuros dl Osio Alktroc. Lc igplrim gmk`mc sur`iñ y sl lxtlkdiñpmr Abiko, Osio glkmr y Lurmpo Mrilktoc lktrl cms si`cms RII y RIII . Co lxpoksiñk dlc Igplrim Gmk`mc dlplkdiñ, lk `rok portl, dl uk kuglrmsmy nilk odilstrodm lhéraitm. Ikiaiocglktl cms gmk`mcls amkquistormk lc kmrdl Abiko, dmkdl oprlkdilrmk co téakiao dlc osldim o pcozos. Lstl igplrimjul lc gïs lxtlksm y togniék lc gïs amrtm qul hogïs boyo lxistidm.

Qlsiñk 2

Co lamkmgço dlc diklrm 1

I g o ` l k

t m g o d o


Lxpoksiñk dlc Igplrim Gmk`mc.

Igplrim Gmk`mc, ?4<9 - ?4:6

IgplrimLstodms Trinutorims



>>2



Lk ??:0 koaiñ lc bihm dl Ylsu`li, Tlguhik. _uilk o cms trlal oÿms sualdiñ o su podrl, lc auoc lro hljl dl uko lxtlkso zmko lktrl lc rçm Ogur y co Gurocco Abiko, y lkvlklkodm. Tlguhik rlainiñ dl su godrl, uko rok lkslÿokzo «tu økiao amgpoÿçols tu smgnroµ, co auoc slrço dl `rok igpmrtokaio lk su vido. Duroktl cms siùitls vliktl oÿms, sl lsjmrzñ poro boalr voclr su outmridod jrlktl o quilkls bonçousurpodm lc pulstm dl su podrl. Dlspués dl smgltlr, pmr priglro vlz, o tmdos cotrinus dl cms gmk`mcls jul lclìdm amgm @lk`bis Ebok, qul si`kijiao «lc goymr

cms `mnlrkoktls, lgplrodmr dl tmdms cms bmgnrlsµ.

@lk`bis Ebok, nosodm lk co arllkaio dl qul sñcm puldl bonlr uk lgplrodmr porotmdms cms bmgnrls, dlnço pmr cm toktm smgltlr o su outmridod o tmdms cms cms prltlkdilktls oc igplrim slr ohustiaiodms. Lc lgplrodmr ls lclìdm pmr lc amkdl hljls dl cos bmrdos.

@lkìs Ebok, rlsuctñ slr uk bïnic pmcçtiam y guy plrsistlktl lk sus lgprlsos, oscm`rñ ukir o tmdos cos trinus dl gmk`mcls lk lc oÿm ?.>6:. Yo lk lc oÿm ?>62 trlsailktms gic bmgnrls amk cms auïcls lgprlkdiñ su amkquisto dl Abiko. Amkqutñ Osio Alktroc y portl dl Lurmpo. Ccl`ñ o Vlrsio, lc Aïuaosm y o cos lstlpos r

Cuabos iktlrkos cl plrgitilrmk amkquistor usio, bostocms tlrritmrims dlc rçm Dkilplr (?.>>1).

@lk`bis Ebok cm`rñ amkquistor lc goymr igplrim lkco bistmrio dl co tilrro, ukijiaokdm tmdo Osio lk uplrimdm dl rlcotivo poz. Dlspués dl su gulrtl lk?>>0, su bihm blrldñ uk igplrim lkmrgl, qul sllxtlkdço dlsdl lc rçm Dkilplr bosto lc sur dl Abikoy dlsdl lc @mcjm Vérsiam bosto lc Maéokm Ïrtiam.prmalsm dl sualsiñk dl @lk`bis Ebok tros su gulrtlplrgitiñ o cms rusms dilz oÿms dl poz bosto qul cosbmrdos rl`rlsormk nohm lc gokdm dl Notu Ebok, kiltm

dl @lk`bis.

Tlguhik, @lk`bis Ebok (lc goymr dl cms `mnlrkoktls, lgplrodmrdl tmdms cms bmgnrls).

I g o ` l k

t m g o d o


^ltrotm dl @lk`bis Ebok.



>>9 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Dlaodlkaio dlc igplrim gmk`mc

Lk `lklroc cms prikaipocls prmnclgosdlc igplrim gmk`mc julrmk cms gis-gms qul sulclk prlslktorsl lk cosamkquistos rlocizodos pmr pulncmskñgodos. \ko vlz qul dmgikok ukotilrro y sl lstonclalk lk lcco amgmamkquistodmrls, soclk dl su lclglk-tm, pilrdlk su plrsmkocidod y bostosmk vucklroncls o rlsuctor aucturizodmpmr cms pulncms amkquistodms. Cos djlrlktls rlìmkls dlc igplrim gmk`mciktlktormk igpmklr sus lstruaturosnurmarïtiaos y bosto sus rlciìmkls sm-

nrl cos mtros rlìmkls. Lc nudisgm, lccogokisgm y lc Iscog cm`rormk odlptmslktrl cms gmk`mcls sl`øk sl oslktoroklk Abiko m lk co portl gïs maaidlktocdlc igplrim. Co igpmrtokaio dl cmsgmk`mcls dlarlaiñ bosto dlsoporlalrduroktl cms si`cms RIZ prikaipims dlRZ. \ko slril dl dlrrmtos jrlktl o cmsrusms y sus klòtivos o amktikuor po-òkdm igpulstms, tlrgikormk amk codmgikoaiñk gmk`mco, pmr gïs qul suigpmrtokaio jul tlgpmrocglktl rlkm-vodo pmr cos aogpoÿos dl Toglrcïk.

J m t m

t m g o d o


Lstotuo dl Toglrcïk,lk \znleistïk.



>16



Oatuocidod

2

J m t m t m g o d o


Ldijiaims lk \cooknootor, Gmk`mcio.

^locial uk gopo amkalptuoc lk lc qul rlsoctl cos aoroatlrçstiaos dlc igplrim gmk`m

(ikacuylkdm su ltopodl dlodlkaio) dl co oatuoc Gmk`mcio.

Co pmncoaiñk oatuoc dl gmk`mcls sl lstigo lk uk giccñk dl plrsmkos, dislgikodos p

co goymr portl dlc surlstl osiïtiam y lc Osio mrilktoc, lk lsplaioc Abiko, Hopñk, ZiltAmrlo, Qinlrio y pmr supulstm Gmk`mcio. @rok portl dl lccms tmdovço smk koukqul proatiaok co o`riaucturo. Lc òkodm, lk portiaucor mvlhos, aonoccms, aoaonros, smk prmpildod privodo, plrm co tilrro ls prmpildod amclativo dl co trinu

Co oatuoc Gmk`mcio sl jmrgñ auokdm lk ?9>? co rlìñk dl Gmk`mcio lxtlrimr sl svñ, amk oyudo dl ûsio. Jul prmtlìdo pmr co \kiñk Qmviétiao yo qul lstonclaiñk `mnilrkm amgukisto lk ?9>4, y co dljlkdiñ dl co ikvosiñk hopmklso o Gmk`mci

?9<2 sl ociklñ vmcuktorioglktl o ûsio, tros co slporoaiñk abikm-smviétiao. Lk ?sl dlstituyñ lc `mnilrkm amgukisto y dlsdl ?99> tilkl uk `mnilrkm porcoglktorim.

Co mtro portl dl Gmk`mcio, Gmk`mcio Iktlrimr jmrgo uk lstodm outñkmgm dlkAbiko. Lc `rupm étkiam dmgikoktl lk lsto rlìñk ls co étkio bok. Lc `mnilrkm abprmgulvl lc idimgo gmk`mc y lstïk lxlktms (lxacuçdms) dl co pmcçtiao qul mncms abikms o tlklr uk smcm bihm.



>1? Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Co julrzo y lc Lstodm

Bosto obmro blgms blabm ékjosis lk cos amkdiaimkls smaiocls y lamkñgiaooktlaldilrmk o cm qul lk co oatuocidod amkmalgms amgm Lstodm. Qik lgnorklalsorim qul amglkalgms o dor igpmrtokaio o co goklro amgm sl mròkizo smaildod poro dor mri`lk oc koaigilktm dlc Lstodm toc y amgm cm amkmalgms bo

Blgms diabm qul co aiudod ls lc alktrm dl amglraim y dl odgikistroaiñk dl cmtlrritmrims, dmkdl lc diklrm sl amkvilrtl lk julktl dl gmvicidod y riqulzo. Vllstl gmvigilktm smcm sl amksmcido amk co maupoaiñk dl co acosl smaioc lglco nurùlsço, dlc Lstodm y dl co prmtlaaiñk qul lstl cl pudilro mjrlalr.

Osç koal cm qul bmy lk dço amkmalgms amgm lc Lstodm onsmcutisto, surìdmRIZ. Onsmcutm, puls sl prlslkto lk mpmsiaiñk o cm qul lk co ldod gldio sl amkamgm co divisiñk dlc tlrritmrim lk uk sik køglrm dl jludms o aor`m dl slÿmrls lhéraitms prmpims qul plrgoklaçok lk uko ùlrro amkstoktl, igpidilkdm lc trïksidl cos plrsmkos y dl glraokaços, boailkdm iklstoncl co prmpildod. Togniék pmr sl mpmkl o co visiñk dlgmarïtiao qul pmsllgms bmy dlc lstodm, dmkdl lc pmdllkaulktro lk uk lquicinrim dl julrzos y sl lvito lc onusm dl pmdlr. Ls osç amgmdlaidl pmr portl dl cos acosls lglr`lktls mtmròr lc mnilrkm dlc tlrritmrim o uk sikdividum, o uk smcm bmgnrl, ccogodm smnlrokm, qul mstlktorï lc pmdlr smrlstm dl cms slÿmrls lvitokdm co amkjrmktoaiñk amk nosl lk lc lhlraiaim dl co

Osç, lc smnlrokm ls lc lkaoròdm dl igpmklr co clòcidod gldioktl lc usm dljulrzo5 co disaipciko y lc augpcigilktm dl co cly smcm sl boal pmsincl si lxistlpodo qul cl boò augpcir. \ko lspodo lk gokms dl uk bmgnrl qul rlprlslkto lcLstodm, qul ls lc Lstodm. Ls lc quilk diato cos clyls, cos boal augpcir plrm o cpuldl vimcorcos, cos clyls km sl opciaok o sç gisgm y sç o tmdms cms osmaiobok aldidm su julrzo poro qul éc co lhlrzo smnrl cms qul km quilrok augpcir co

Dl toc goklro lc amktrotm smnrl lc qul sl smstilkl co lxistlkaio dlc Lstodm ti

Cuis RIZ dl Jrokaio, quilk dihm co jrosl8–Lc lstodm smy ym‗,

acoro dlsaripaiñk dlc onsmcutisgm.

Qlsiñk 9

Lc koaigilktm dlc Lstodm



>1>



Amktroatuocisgm m amktrotm8 boal rljlrlkaio oc oaulrdmdl osmaioaiñk qul ukl o uk pulncm amk sus `mnlrkoktls

y lktrl lccms gisgms, lc auoc sl lkaulktro prlaldidmpmr co dl kiaiñk dl ukms térgikms, amgprmgisms, qulkm puldlk rmgplrsl sik qul co mnciòaiñk dl cos portlssl vlo octlrodo m disulcto. Lxalptm qul lc aognim slodl amgøk oaulrdm.

–Cms poatms qul km dlsaoksoklk co lspodo km smk gïs qul po-conros, sik julrzo poro prmtl`lr oc bmgnrl, lk gmdm ocùkm. Vmr amksiùilktl, o plsor dl cos cl-

yls dl koturoclzo (qul aodo ukmmnslrvo auokdm tilkl co vmcuktod dl mnslrvorcos, auokdm puldlboalrcm dl gmdm slùrm) si kmsl bo ikstituidm uk pmdlr m km ls

sujailktlglktl `rokdl poro kuls -tro slùridod, aodo ukm jorï toksñcm, y pmdrï boalrcm clòcglktl,smnrl su prmpio julrzo y goÿo,

poro prmtl`lrsl amktro cms dlgïsbmgnrls‗.

(Tbmgos Bmnnls)

dms aoros5 co priglro lcamktrotm lktrl lc smnl-rokm y lc cms bonitoktlsdlc tlrritmrim, lk qul lc

pulncm aldl su aopoaidoddl lhlraiaim dl co julrzooc smnlrokm qul co lhlralpmr lccms amk lc amgprm-gism dl goktlklr co poz,y pmr mtrm codm, plrm dljmrgo amgpclglktorio,lc amktrotm lxistlktl lktrl

cos plrsmkos qul sl amg-prmgltlk o km lhlralr cojulrzo lktrl lccos. Dl tocgoklro co mnciòaiñk dlcsmnlrokm ls co dl òrokti- zor co poz y co dlc pulncmco dl km lhlralr co julrzo.

Obmro nilk, ½dl qué go-



>11 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

klro sl rlcoaimko lc Lstodm onsmcutisto amk lc réìglklamkñgiam qul blgms dlsaritm oktlrimrglktl= Vuls lsoslùridod lkaoròdo poro slr igportido pmr lc smnlrokmtilkl co gisiñk dl goktlklr co prmpildod, òroktizorcoy nrikdor co slùridod poro lvitor qul ocùilk, uk slÿmr

jludoc pmr lhlgpcm, boò usm dl co julrzo y orrlnotlco prmpildod o su pmslldmr mriìkoc. Co prmpildod lslktmkals uko jmrgo dl oroktizor co suplrvivlkaio porocm auoc sl boal klalsorim lc Lstodm.

Lk aosm amktrorim lc Lstodm, sik lk lsl pmdlr dligpmklr co cly, ls uk Lstodm dénic, aosi iklxistlktl yaorlktl dl tmdo clìtigidod. Vuls ls roaios o co julrzoqul boal augpcir co cly, y si lsto km sl augpcl slrltmrko o uko suplrvivlkaio nosodo lk lc gïs julrtl,lk co amkjrmktoaiñk y co ùlrro amkstoktl.

Lk uko poconro, lc Lstodm oporlal lk priglr cuòramgm oqulc qul gmkmpmcizo co vimclkaio dlktrm dl cosmaildod. Ls prmduatm dl uk amktrotm lk qul cms slÿm-rls, aoksodms dl co vimclkaio y co iklstonicidod aldlksu lhlraiaim oc Lstodm amk lc økiam jik dl amkslrvor copoz, y osç pmdlr dldiaor sus vidos oc dlsorrmccm dl coskulvos oatividodls lamkñgiaos.


\kidod >



>14



Lc Lstodm y co lamkmgço

Qçktlsis8–Lc prçkaipl km vl co klalsidod dl pmklr pmr lsaritm co kulvo Amkstituaco gmkorquço ls uko ikstituaiñk dlgosiodm prïatiao, poro prmaldlr osç. Lc prçktilkl lk sus gokms lc ikstruglktm rloc y ljlativm dlc pmdlr, tilkl lc lhéraitm plrgo-klktl, qul jmrgo co Amkstituaiñk ljlativo dl lsto smaildod, y éc gisgm y cms qul rmdlok dok lxprlsiñk, okdokdm lc tilgpm, o lsto idlo, auokdm osi`kok o su poçskmgnrl dl Lstodm gicitor‗ (Cosoccl Jlrdikod).

Dlktrm dl lsl gisgm Lstodm, lk qul lc rly oauguco co julrzo dl co smaildod smclk éc y lk lc oporotm gicitor y nurmarïtiam qul igpciao lc amktrmc dl co smaild`lklro uko rlcoaiñk dl dlplkdlkaio qul amksistl lk co pmsinicidod dl slr lc prikaipocamksugidmr dl cms prmduatms qul sl `lklrok lk co ikdustrio y lc amglraim.

Lk auoktm oc Lstodm qul amksugl dl oaulrdm o su jukaimkogilktm pmdlgms amktror amgm aosm lsplaioc lc dl Ik`cotlrro, lk qul su lhéraitm jukaimkono amprmtlaaiñk osç amgm dl lstçgucm poro cos koailktls ikdustrios dl orgos, ukijmrgnorams dl ùlrro… lta. Cm auoc sl dlsorrmccono dl jmrgo poroclco o co disalxiìdo o cms lhéraitms glralkorims, qul amk lc usm dl ukijmrgls y co ikstituaimcizoaiñk dl uko disaipciko gicitor sl boaçok guabm gïs amktrmconcls. Co ikdusidlrørìao togniék vlkdrï o slr maupodo pmr co mptigizoaiñk dl cms lhéraitms co amkstruaaiñk dl aoÿmkls y orgoglktm, gulstro dlc ovokal dl co ailkaio y croaimkocizoaiñk dlc amgnotl.

Odlgïs lsms lhéraitms qul viohonok o kul-vms tlrritmrims poro ogpcior cos jrmktlroamglraiocls klalsitorçok prmvisimkls prm-vlçdos pmr cms amglraioktls. Qik lgnor`m lsklalsorim oacoror qul lc lhéraitm, amgm yocm bonçogms oacorodm oktls, km lro julktldl oaugucoaiñk puls augpcço uk poplc dlprmtlaaiñk o co prmpildod y o co cly. Odl-gïs qul lstos klalsidodls julrmk aunilrtospmr lc Lstodm gisgm amk nosl lk uk sistlgodl outmonostlaigilktm, tlkilkdm su prmpiosjïnriaos poro sotisjoalr cos klalsidodls gi-

citorls. Lstm sl prlslktñ bosto lc si`cm RZII.–Co rmkdo dl kmabl‗ dlc piktmr bmcokdés ^lgnrokdt.

>14





>1< Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

O portir dl cms amktlkidms dlsorrmccodms lk co slsiñk, rlspmkdo cos siùilktls pr

?. ½_ué ls lc Lstodm=

>. ½Auïcls smk cos aoroatlrçstiaos dlc Lstodm=

9

Vmr mtrm codm lk cos gisgos aiudodls dmkdl lc amglraim sirviñ amgm lhl `lkldl su koaigilktm, amglkzñ o smstlklrsl amk nosl lk cms rlaursms dl cms jukakorims lstotocls qul òstonok sus socorims lk co amgpro dl nilkls mjrlaidms pmamglraioktls cmaocls.

Lk Jrokaio cms nilkls suktumsms julrmk lc prikaipoc igpucsm o co ikdustrio glraim, lsto vlz dlsdl lc prmpim rly qul òstono gïs dl dilz giccmkls dl cinros ocoÿm duroktl lc si`cm RZI lk lsms prmduatms. Cms prikaipocls prmduatms qulstl lsplatoaucor òstm lk nilkls dl cuhm, julrmk lc aojé y lc abmamcotl o kivlamglraim y huktm o lccms co ikdustrio dl cos gldios (si`cm RZI) co rmpo ncqul prmpiaiñ lc dlsorrmccm dl co ikdustrio dlc pcokabodm lk lc si`cm RZII, cdl çkdi`m, smgnriccos y co pmralcoko. @ostm qul sl goktlkdrço bosto lc si`cm

Cuhms y amkalktroaiñk dl pmdlr qul vlkdrçok o slr uko dl cos aousos dl co rlvaiñk jrokalso lk ?029. Nosto amk rlamrdor lc mstlktmsm òstm lk rmpo y smgqul boaço co lspmso dl Cuis RZI, Gorço Oktmkilto, quilk gilktros lc pulncm jrootrovlsono co plmr dl co arisis lk co bistmrio lcco amktikuono òstokdm `rokdldodls dl diklrm lk rmpo y hmyos.

Lc dlrlabm roaimkoc dlc Lstodm

–Ccl`ñ uk gmglktm, sik lgnor`m, lk lc qul cms prm`rlsms dl cms kl`maims bugolk lc qul cms bmgnrls dlhormk dl amksidlror amgm uko klalsidod koturoc qul `mnlrkoktls julslk uk pmdlr ikdlplkdilktl, amk uk iktlrés mpulstm oc suym. Cporlaiñ glhmr qul cms divlrsms goìstrodms dlc Lstodm julslk sus cuòrtlkilktdlclòdms rlvmaoncls o su ùstm…Cm qul obmro sl lxi`ço lro qul sus `mnlrkolstuvilrok idlktijiaodms amk lc pulncm, qul su iktlrés y su vmcuktod julrok lc ikty co vmcuktod dl co koaiñk‗ (Qtuort Gicc ?2<9).

>1< Lc sulÿmdl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >



>1:



Amk co cclòdo dl amgpciaodos rlcoaimkls amglraiocls sl boaklalsorio co lconmroaiñk dl uk sistlgo kmrgotivm qul oroktial colstonicidod dl cos rlcoaimkls plrsmkocls, lamkñgiaos y pmcçtiaos. prmalsm sur`l amgm amkslaulkaio dl cos rlvmcuaimkls nurùlsodlc si`cm RZIII lk qul lc igpucsm dl co kulvo acosl smaioc dmgikovl lk co vimclkaio co jmrgo dl odquirir kulvms dlrlabms qul boòkpmsincl lc prmalsm dl oaugucoaiñk dl aopitoc.

Lc Huroglktm dlc Hul`m dl co plcmto ls uk amgprmgism dl ukiñk prlslktodm lc >6 dl hukimdl ?029 lktrl cms <00 diputodms dlc tlralr lstodm poro km slpororsl bosto dmtor o Jrokaiodl uko Amkstituaiñk, boailkdm jrlktl o cos prlsimkls dlc rly Cuis RZI.

Qlsiñk ?6

lvmcuaiñk jrokalso

Co rlvmcuaiñk jrokalso ls uk bitm, blabm dl rok rlclvokaio, lk co bistmrio gmdllk qul cos amkdiaimkls smaiocls dl Jrokaio plrgitlk co rlvmcuaiñk dl cm qul amkmaidm amgm lc tlralr Lstodm. Dl toc goklro co divisiñk smaioc lxistlktl oktiùm réìglk, dmgikodm pmr co kmnclzo y lc aclrm, økiaos aopos smaiocl

priviclìms pmcçtiams y lamkñgiams, prikaipocglktl rljclhodms lk co pmslsi



>10 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

tilrros, y lc rlstm dl co pmncoaiñk amkjmrgodo pmraogplsikms, ortlsokms, nur`ulsls, amglraioktlsy glraodlrls. Vrlslkto cos amkdiaimkls klalsoriosporo qul lstms slatmrls dl co pmncoaiñk qul dmgi-kok lc sistlgo prmduativm y su distrinuaiñk osugokdljikitivoglktl lc pmdlr lk amktro dl co trodiaiñksuktuorio qul bonço quldodm dl co ldod gldio.

Aopitoc8 lclglktms klalsorims poro co prmduaaiñk dlnilkls gotlriocls. Lk lstl aosm sl aulktok cos gotlriosprigos, cos blrrogilktos, lc diklrm y co gokm dl mnro.

Koaiñk8 jmrgo lk qul sl idlkti ao o cms bonitoktls dluk tlrritmrim qul amgportlk uko trodiaiñk aucturoc amgøk.Lstl térgikm rllgpcozo lk co rlvmcuaiñk jrokalso oc dl

sønditms, idlktidod qul sl rlamkmaço amk rljlrlkaio ocrly –sønditm dlc rly dl Jrokaio‗.

Tmgo dl co Nosticco,?4 dl hucim dl ?029.

Oauorlco piktodo lk ?029pmr Hlok-Vilrrl Bmuåc.

Lk lc alktrm sl mnslrvo codltlkaiñk dlc ocaocdl, lc

gorqués dl Coukoy.



>12



Goxigicilk dl ^mnlspilrrl

Ls osç, amgm nohm cos amkdiaimkls smaiocls sus-aitodos pmr uko acosl mnlrkoktl cclko dl cuhmsqul dlhono gmrir o sus sønditms dl bognrl,sik qul iktlrvikilro dl goklro ljlativo poroamrrlìrcm5 co dicopidoaiñk dl rlaursms y lcdistokaiogilktm lktrl cms sønditms y lc rly, coaopo dl co pmncoaiñk amk goymrls priviclìms,co nurùlsço, oprmvlaborï poro dlrrmaor o ukréìglk qul mnstoaucizono lc dlsorrmccm lamkñ-giam smnrl lc qul sl sustlkto. Lstos cigitoaimklsportlk dlsdl co jocto dl portiaipoaiñk pmcçtiaolk lc goklhm dlc Lstodm, co igpmsiaiñk dlrlstriaaimkls oc goklhm dl cos gotlrios prigosgldioktl lc priviclìm mtmròdm o co kmnclzo yoc aclrm dl co pmslsiñk dl cos tilrros, cos rlstria-aimkls dl gmvicidod igpulstos pmr co amrmko bosto lc dlsprlaim qul gokijlstonokkmncls pmr cm km kmncls. Odlgïs ls klalsorim amktor amk lc ikarlglktm dlc prlaipok, y co soturoaiñk dl igpulstms qul amktrinuçok o co gislrio dlc pulncm.

Qik lgnor`m, lstm smcm ls uko tlmrço dl cm qul maurriñ lk lc oÿm dl ?029 y sl lxtlkdiñ bosto ?091 lk qul yo jirgodo co amkstituaiñk dl ?09? dlsoporlaldljikitivoglktl cms priviclìms kmniciorims (dl cms kmncls). Lk mpmsiaiñklxistlk mtrms lstudimsms, cinlrocls lk su goymrço, qul mpikok qul cm qul gmco rlvmcuaiñk jul cos idlos dl cinlrtod prmpu`kodos pmr jicñsmjms icustrodmamkjrmktonok amk co pmsturo trodiaimkoc dl cos dlsiùocdodls smaiocls yo lxp\km dl lccms ls lc rlamkmaidm Lgokulc Qilyâs, y gïs rlailktlglktl Ocnlrt Qmnmuquilkls amksidlrok qul co rlvmcuaiñk jrokalso jul prmduatm dl co ukiñk lktrjukaimkorims, jicñsmjms y lsaritmrls prmaldlktls dl distiktos acosls qul sl ukilk pms dl co amkslauaiñk dl uk kulvm sistlgo lstotoc, lc cinlroc-dlgmarïtiam.

Lc plksogilktm icustrodm ls lktmkals uk rljlrlktl iklcudincl poro co amgprlsiñk dl cm qul maurriñ5 lc gmvigilktm icustrodm ls prmduatm dlc prldmgikiuk lspçritu ailktçjiam qul onokdmkono co arllkaio lk co dltlrgikoaiñk divikdl cms blabms y odmptono uko pmsturo roaimkoc poro lxpciaorcm5 togniégmvigilktm lk qul lc bmgnrl ls vistm amgm lc dulÿm dl su dlstikm, lc auosl prlslkto mptigisto, lk amktikum dlsorrmccm, qul ovokzo boaio lc prm`rlsmjmrgo iklcudincl.



>19 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Lstl plksogilktm sl vl rljclhodm acoroglktl lk uk acïsiam dl co citlroturo amgm–Cms gislroncls‗ lk lc auoc su outmr, Zçatmr Bu`m, kms gulstro uko smaildod smdmgikodo pmr co pmnrlzo y lc dlcitm, uko smaildod lk qul cms kiÿms smk onodms pmr sus podrls y sl vlk mnciòdms o glkdiòr m o rmnor, uko smaildod lk qcly ls opciaodo dl jmrgo ikhusto, gldioktl lc dmcmr y co bugiccoaiñk. Zçatmr

sl lxprlso osç dlc pmrvlkir8

Cos poconros oukqul lsaritos tilgpm dlspués dl co rlvmcuaiñk jrokalso gulstrogoklro lk qul ls amkalnidm lc juturm poro cms bmgnrls dl lso épmao8 priglrm, amuko jmrgo dl amktikum prm`rlsm y lk slùkdm cuòr lk mpmsiaiñk o co trodiaiñkkodo pmr co kmnclzo. \k aognim, uk prm`rlsm ocaokzodm gldioktl lc usm dl co r

Kmto8oc triukjor co rlvmcuaiñk jrokalso tmdms cms sçgnmcms y amgpmrtogi

réìglk kmniciorim lrok alksurodms pmr lc `rulsm dl co pmncoaiñk. Lstm igpodmpaiñk dl uk kulvm clkùohl lktrl cos plrsmkos qul sik distikaiñk ocùko sl gonok aiudodokm, cos vlkios osç amgm tmdms cms lstms dl amrtlsço prmpimsl tmrkormk iksmpmrtoncls y dl goc ùstm.

–Kmsmtrms cms qul arllgms ½qué pmdlgms tlglr=Km boy rltrmalsm lk cos idlos, amgm km cm boy lk cms rçms.Vlrm rljclximklk cms qul km quilrlk lc pmrvlkir8 diailkdm km oc prm`rlsm,ls lc pmrvlkir cm qul amkdlkok, sikm o lccms gisgms. Ql arlok uko lkjlrgldodsmgnrço5 sl ikmaucok lc goc dl cm posodm. Km boy gïs goklro dl klòrsl oslr goÿoko8 gmrir‗ (Zçatmr Bu`m8 Cms gislroncls).

Co cinlrtod ùiokdm oc pulncm.Auodrm dl Lu`âkl Dlcoarmix

piktodm lk ?216.



>46



Lc dlrlabm

Huriamksuctm8 amkmaldmr dlc dlrlabm rmgokm qul lxprl-sono su mpikiñk smnrl amgm dlnço slr iktlrprltodo co cly,lk lc aosm dlc amrpus iuris aivicis dl Hustikiokm sl dltlr-gikñ qul co mpikiñk qul gïs plsono lro co dl Vopikiokmlk lc gmglktm dl iktlrprltor co cly, y lk aosm dl dudo compikiñk dl co goymrço dl cms hurisamksuctms rlamkmaidmslro co qul igpmkço co iktlrprltoaiñk.

Amgm yo blgms diabm otrïs lc

rlkoaigilktm ls uko vulcto ocposodm dl cos aivicizoaimkls acï-siaos dlc auoc sl kutrl lc kulvmbmgnrl. Lc dlrlabm amgm lc ortlrltmgo cms pmstucodms rmgokms.Lc dlrlabm rmgokm lk su øctigoy gïs mròkizodo josl ls prmdua-tm dl co sistlgotizoaiñk blabopmr lc lgplrodmr Hustikiokmquilk mròkizñ cos clyls rmgokosy o sus hurisamksuctms lk vorioskmvlcos, cinrms dl clyls qul lrokaitodos lk aosms dl opciaoaiñkdl co cly.

J m t m t m g o d o d l

P i e i p l d i o

Co rlprlslktoaiñk dl co Dimso Hustiaio gulstro o co dimso

lquipodo amk trls sçgnmcms dlc Dlrlabm8 Co lspodo sig-nmcizo lc pmdlr amlraitivm dlc lstodm, cos plsos signmcizoklc lquicinrim lktrl cms dlrlabms dl cms citiòktls, y co vlkdosmnrl cms mhms rlprlslkto co igporaiocidod.



>4? Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

>4? Lc sulÿmdl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Ls klalsorim tlklr lk aulkto qul lc dlrlabm rmgokm rl`coglktono `rok portldl co vido lamkñgiao dl cos plrsmkos, dlsdl co prmpildod, cms préstogmscikdlrms, bosto co dljikiaiñk dl lspoaims pønciams distikùiékdmcms dl cmdms. \k dlrlabm osç ls prlaisoglktl cm qul nusaono lc kulvm mrdlk lamkñgiamqul igplrono lk lc gukdm, lc auoc nosono su jukaimkogilktm lk co pmsinicid

dl prlvlr m vlr amk oktiaipoaiñk cos oaaimkls y sualsms qul pudilrok maurdl òroktizor lc po`m, dl amkslrvor co prmpildod y pmdlr rlocizor kl`maimtroksoaaimkls amk lc rlspocdm dl co cly.

Lk co ldod gldio lc dlrlabm `lrgïkiam, osç amgm lc rmgokm, nosono su juaimkogilktm lk co rlaitoaiñk dl jmrgucos qul lk aosm dl slr lquivmaododltlrgikonok co plrdido dlc prmalsm. Yo lk lc kulvm Lstodm lc prmalsmroaimkocizo amk co arloaiñk dl co jiùro dl cms onmòdms qul distikùl cosiñk dl cms oktiùms sl`corls qul lhlraçok dl dljlksmrls lk uk sistlgo gïìamdl rlaitoaiñk. Lc opmym obmro ls lc dlrlabm gotlrioc, lsaritm, qul dltlrgikco cly8 amktilkl co clòcidod, iclòcidod m dlcitm dl cms oatms dl cms aiuy lc Lstodm.

Lk auoktm oc Lstodm8 amk co idlo dl co amkstituaiñk amgm cly jukdoglkùço tmdos sus oatividodls lktro lk uk mrdlk dl clòcidod, auym amgprmgls rlspltor y boalr augpcir. Qus oatuoaimkls y prmaldigilktms smk dl pønciamkmaigilktm òroktizokdm o co pmncoaiñk co slùridod dl sonlr añgm ojrlktl y dlktrm dlc Lstodm. Co cly ls lktmkals co jmrgo lk qul lc pulncm, kuljmrgo dl ccogor o co goso dl plrsmkos, mntilkl co prmtlaaiñk dlc Lstodm òroktço dlc rlspltm.

Voro lstm co pmncoaiñk, qul nohm lc `mnilrkm dlc rly lro amksidlrodo sønditms, amk gïs dlnlrls qul dlrlabms, lktro o slr dlkmgikodo amgm aiu-dodokms y aiudodokos. Lstm maosimko uk aognim sustokaioc lk co goklrosl lktoncok cos rlcoaimkls lktrl `mnlrkoktls y `mnlrkodms, yo qul lstl kulvtçtucm dl aiudodokms cm qul boal ls rlamkmalrcms amgm osmaiodms iùococ Lstodm.

Lk auoktm o co opciaoaiñk dl co hustiaio sl onokdmkok cos prïatiaos dl ty goctrotm pønciam dl jmrgo `roduoc, nusaokdm aodo vlz gïs uko opciaorozmkoncl dl co hustiaio, lstm ls gïs lsplaiocizodo. \k lhlgpcm dl lccm ls quloporotm uticizodm poro co dlaopitoaiñk duroktl co rlvmcuaiñk jrokalso, co



>4>



tiko, jul lc ikvlktm dl uk gédiam qul òroktizono lc gçkigm dl sujrigilktm oclhlautodm. Vrmalsm qul slrço amktikuodm pmr outmrls amgm Jrokaisam Atlñriam qul ikjcuyl dl goklro dirlato lk kulstrm sistlgo plkoc, quilk pidlco bugokizoaiñk dl co plko osç amgm co igpcoktoaiñk dl uk prmalsm qul cclvòroktizor qul co dlaisiñk tmgodo lsté lk amrrlspmkdlkaio amk co vlrdod, poro

auoc pidl co igporaiocidod dlc hulz, lc dlrlabm o co dljlkso, co acoridod pmsilsarito, dl cm qul ls dlcitm, lc dlnidm prmalsm, lktrl mtrms, tmdm cm qul lk kupoçs bmy òroktizo cms dlrlabms dl co plrsmko auokdm ls oausodo.

Osç lc dlrlabm, su lsarituro m pmsitivizoaiñk òroktizok lc jukaimkogilktmsistlgo lstotoc dlktrm dl ukms cçgitls qul igpidlk lc onusm dlc pmdlr oc auosl vlço lxpulstm duroktl lc Lstodm Onsmcutisto, lk qul lc smnlrokm igpmkçcly plrm km sl lkamktrono mnciòdm o augpcirco. Lc Lstodm lk lsto kulvopo sl lkaulktro smgltidm pmr co mnciòaiñk qul cl igpmkl co cly, cly qul lprmduatm dlc amkslksm dmkdl cms aiudodokms aldlk portl dl su cinlrtod pco òroktço dlc smstlkigilktm dlc gisgm.

>4>





>41 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Lk sçktlsis lc Lstodm qul sur`l dl cms drïs-tiams aognims lk co smaildod puldl aoroa-tlrizorsl dl co siùilktl jmrgo8

?. –Lc Lstodm ls co o`rupoaiñk dl jogiciosy sus pmslsimkls amgukls mnlrkodospmr uk pmdlr dl gokdm sl`øk co ro-

zñk‗ (Nmdikm).>. Lc Lstodm gmdlrkm ls amkslaulkaio dl

co slporoaiñk dl co I`clsio y lc Lstodmqul sl oclho dl co hlrorquço dlc popo.

1. Co rlprlslktotividod pmcçtiao orù-glktodo pmr Bmnnls ls acovl lk su

smstlkigilktm dlc Lstodm8 lk qul cmsbmgnrls lk lhlraiaim dl su vmcuktodpuldlk dor pmdlr o mtrm poro qul cmsrlprlslktl o tmdms.

4. Lc amkalptm dl cinlrtod orùglktodmpmr ^musslou lk qul lc bmgnrl ocmnldlalr co cly sl mnldlzao o sç gis-gm ls dltlrgikoktl poro co amblsiñklktrl lc iktlrés dlc Lstodm y lc ikdivi-dum-aiudodokm amk nosl lk co cly.



>44



Lhlraiaim amgporotivm.Blgms vistm co jmrgo lk qul lc Lstodm sur`l amgm amkslaulkaio dl gøctipcls joatmrls smaiocls, prikaipocglktl lamkñgiams y pmcçtia Obmro, vlogms co goklro lk qul jukaimko kulstrm Lstodm y amgm sl boal prlslkporo kmsmtrms8

?. Amkjmrglk sun`rupms y rlocialk uko lkaulsto, qul tlkò gçkigo ?6% dlco pmncoaiñk dl lkaulstodms. Ikdoqulk smnrl co plralpaiñk qul tilklk cmiktl`roktls dl co amgukidod smnrl lc Lstodm. Voro rlocizor cos prlùktos tlklk aulkto co ikjmrgoaiñk prlslktodo y uticial cms siùilktls tipms dl prlùkto8

o. Vrlùktos alrrodos smk cos qul sl prlslktok oc lkaulstodm co pmsiniciddl amktlstor sç m km, jocsm m vlrdodlrm, gocm m nulkm, lta. Lhlgpcsiùilktl lkukaiodm amktlstl sç m km8 ‗Lc usm dl cos ikstituaimkls dlc Lls jrlaulktl amgm jmrgo dl smcuaimkor cms prmnclgos qul sl prlslktoklk su amgukidod.‗

n. Vrlùktos amk mpaiñk gøctipcl smk oqulccos qul pcoktlok vori

pmsinicidodls lkuglrodos dl cos auocls lc lkaulstodm lsam`l uko dl lccosLhlgpcm8 co ikstituaiñk lstotoc qul gïs jovmrlal o su amgukidod ls8 Ocaocdço n) Huzòdm, a) Mjiaiko dl gldim ognilktl.

a. Hlrorquizodmros8 smk oqulccos prlùktos qul pcoktlok vorios mpaiqul pcoktlok vorios mpaimkls qul lc lkaulstodm dlnl mròkizor dl ? o <silkdm ? cm gïs igpmrtoktl y < cm glkms igpmrtoktl. Lhlgpcm8 mròkcos siùilktls ikstituaimkls dl ? o 4 lk qul ukm ls co ikstituaiñk qul gïsuticizo su amgukidod y 4 co glkms usodo pmr su amgukidod8 Ocaoc

pmciaço, mjiaiko dl gldim ognilktl, huzòdm.>. ^locialk uk amktlm dl cos prlùktos mròkizïkdmcos dl goymr o glkmr

lsarinok cms rlsuctodms lxpciaïkdmcms amk sus prmpios poconros.

1. Boòk uko smaiocizoaiñk lk lc `rupm amgpcltm y okmtlk cos rlspulstos.

4. Lconmrlk uko aortlclro qul punciqulk lk lc plriñdiam guroc poro amktor o

amgukidod cm qul sl lkamktrñ lk co lkaulsto.

?6



>4< Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Co iùocdod

Amgm yo blgms vistm cos idlos qul gmtivormk co jukdoaiñk dlc Lstodm gmjulrmk co cinlrtod y co iùocdod. ½Vlrm qué ls co iùocdod= ½Co iùocdodbmgm`lklidod= ½Boy lspoaim poro co dijlrlkaio lk lc lhlraiaim dlc dlrlabmiùocdod=

Co gmtivoaiñk dl co rlvmcuaiñk jrokalso jul lcigikor cos dijlrlkaios igpulstos co smaildod kmniciorio5 sik lgnor`m lstos dijlrlkaios sl nosonok prikaipocglktuko hustijiaoaiñk diviko dl co smaildod. Cms kmncls sl amksidlronok o sç gisgmdlsalkdilktls dl co divikidod, dl toc jmrgo lc dlrlabm tlkio uk sustlktm tlmcñìamQl dlaço lktmkals qul su amkdiaiñk ls-plaioc cls mtmròno priviclìms y cls lxigçodl mnciòaimkls, osç, lhlraçok lc dlrlabmdl prmpildod smnrl co tilrro mauponok lklxacusividod cms pulstms pønciams y co clykm cms mnciòno dl co gisgo goklro amgmoc rlstm dl co pmncoaiñk.

Oc triukjor co ^lvmcuaiñk Jrokalso slprmgucòrmk cms dlrlabms dlc bmgnrl ydlc aiudodokm qul sl jukdoglktonok lkuko amkalpaiñk koturoc dlc slr bugokm,ls dlair, sl rlamkmaço co joauctod poro lclhlraiaim dl cms dlrlabms lk uko amkdi-aiñk koturoc amgøk o tmdms cms bmgnrls.Vmdlgms lkamktror lk lc priglr ortçaucmcms amkalptms qul kms maupok8

Ortçaucm priglrm. Cms bmgnrls ko-alk y plrgoklalk

cinrls l iùocls lkdlrlabms. Cos dis-tikaimkls smaioclssñcm puldlk juk-dorsl lk co uticidodamgøk.

Qlsiñk ??

Co idlo dl co cinlrtod y co i uocdod



>4:



Co tlmrço ius-koturocisto jukdoglkto lc lhlraiaim dl cms dlrlabms nosodo lk uko amkoktlrimr oc rlamkmaigilktm dlc gisgm, dl toc goklro qul su prlmaupoaiñk ls co dl sustltor cms porïgltrms dl hustiaio. \ko hustiaio qul ls suplrimr o tmdm mrdlkogilktm hurçqul lk su amkalpaiñk dlnl slr jukdoglktm dl co cly gisgo, pmr qul dl km slr osç co clyslrï amksidlrodo amgm ikhusto. Ls pmr lstm qul cls jul jïaic o cms rlvmcuaimkorims

qul lc réìglk slÿmrioc tlkço uk aorïatlr dl ikhustiaio.Cms dlrlabms dlc bmgnrl jmrgok portl dl co bistmrio dl cms dlrlabms bugokms, cms oporlalk lk co bistmrio amgm cms dlrlabms dl priglro lklroaiñk. Qmk amkmaidms oslr cms dlrlabms rlamkmaidms o cms ikdividums dl co lsplail bugoko amgm osmaiodmLstodm, ls dlair, lk lstms dlrlabms sl cls rlamkmalk cms dlrlabms pmcçtiams o cms ikd

Vmdlgms dlair qul ls o trovés dl lstms dlrlabms qul lc ikdividum oaaldl oc Lstodm sus gøctipcls gokijlstoaimkls8 amgm odgikistrodmr dl hustiaio, odgikistrodmr dl cmkls pønciams, amgm lstoglktm dl portiaipoaiñk…lta. Lc amkalptm qul glhmr siktltizamkalptm dl iùocdod lk lstl plrimdm ls lktmkals lc dl aiudodokm.

Lc amkalptm dl aiudodokm igpciao lc lhlraiaim dl dlrlabms pmcçtiams, pønciams, qurlamkmaidms amgm portl dl uko amgukidod pmcçtiao8 uk Lstodm dlktrm dlc auoc pmblabm dl slr bugokm, koturoc m odmptodm m koaimkocizodm sl cl rlamkmal co pmdl portiaipoaiñk y lc lhlraiaim dlktrm dlc mrdlk hurçdiam lstotoc. Oc gisgm tilgpmamktrol mnciòaimkls poro amk lc gisgm.

Lk térgikms bistñriams lc lhlraiaim dl co iùocdod oktl co cly, smsték `lklroc dl co smy lc Lstodm, igpciañ lc smgltigilktm o co cly sik lxalpaiñk ocùko, ikacusm pmr cmskoktls. Yo lk co rlvmcuaiñk sl prlslktok aosms lk qul lcaugpcigilktm dl co plko km amkaldl nlkljiaims oc kmnclm oc acéri`m (jukaimkorim dl co i`clsio) lccms qul oktls slprlslktonok ikgukls m oportl dl co smaildod smk huz-òdms lk iùocdod dl amkdiaimkls.

Cm gisgm maurrl amk lc lhlraiaim dl cms aor`ms pø-nciams qul sl onrlk o co goso dl cos plrsmkos siktlklr amgm rlquisitm prlvim lc glkaimkodm dlrlabmkmniciorim qul goktlkço rlstrikìdo co pmsinicidod dlsu lhlraiaim o uko gikmrço dl co pmncoaiñk.

Dlhogms onilrto cos prlùktos qul sl pcoktlormk oc ikiaim amgmuk lhlraiaim dl rljclxiñk.



>40 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Amgm amkalptm aopitoc dl co rlvmcuaiñk jrokalso y dl co vido dl co bugokidodtilgpms oktiùms ls klalsorim prlùktorkms pmr lc vlrdodlrm ocaokal dl co cinllk uk Lstodm qul sl uço pmr clyls, qul igpmklk cigitoaimkls o su lhlraiaim. Osçprlùktos qul sur`lk dlsdl lc slktidm amgøk puldlk slr8 ½Qlr cinrl ls boalr tmdmcm qul gl pcoal= ½Co cinlrtod igpciao co igpmsiaiñk dl cçgitls= ½Ls sujiailktl rlamkmaigilktm dl co cinlrtod lk co cly poro qul puldo lhlralr ym co cinlrtod=cinlrtod ls amgpotincl amk co mnldilkaio=

Voro amktikuor amk cms orùglktms qul sl lxpusilrmk gïs orrino ls klalsordltlklrkms lk lc rlamkmaigilktm pmcçtiam dl cos plrsmkos, ½qué lhlraiaim

cinlrtod bo`m auokdm gl ls rlamkmaido co pmsinicidod dl portiaipoalk co vido pønciao=

Lk priglr cuòr lc lhlraiaim dl co cinlrtod lk lsl slktidm ls pmsinc`roaios o cms mtrms, o co vido lk amgukidod. Osç lsl tipm dl c

tod km puldl slr lktlkdido amgm ouslkaio dl amkstriaaiñk, uklhlraiaim pclkm dl co ikdividuocidod lk lc qul lc ikdividum pulddlsboalrsl dl co dlplkdlkaio jrlktl o mtros plrsmkos. Vuls

co cinlrtod pmcçtiao smcm tilkl vocidlz lk gldido qul sl boal portl dl uk rupm,

nilk slo co jogicio, co smaildod aivic mlc Lstodm.

Qupmkl lktmkals qul co titucori-dod dl dlrlabms qul rlamkmallc `rupm smaioc lxi`l o su vlz comnciòaiñk dl augpcir amk ocù-kos mnciòaimkls.

Co cinlrtod

Lstotuo dl co Cinlrtod. Kulvo Ymre, Lstodms \kidms.



>42



\ko amkslaulkaio qul yo bonço sidm trotodo pmr Bmnnls oc boncor dl lsos mòaimkls amgm aodlkos ortijiaiocls ccogodos clyls aivicls y togniék pmr Cmadljikir co cinlrtod pmr co lxistlkaio dl cos clyls, ls dlair lk lstl aosm sik clyls kbonrço cinlrtod.

Lstl priglr oalraogilktm kms cclvo o igoìkor uko cinlrtod onsmcuto lk qul tmdpuldlk boalr cm qul cls pcoal.

½_ué maurrirço= Co tlmrço dlc Lstodm rlspmkdl qul tlrgikorço pmr igpmklrcly dl co julrzo lk qul lc økiam vlrdodlroglktl cinrl slrço lc diatodmr, cms mtrmtlrgikorçok pmr tlklr gmglktms dl cinlrtod, puls co ikslùridod tlrgikorço pmrigpmklrsl. Odlgïs, amgm amkslaulkaio dl lccm lc dlrlabm o co iùocdod socdrdogkijiaodm.

Osç, si lktlkdlgms lc lhlraiaim dl co cinlrtod pmcçtiao amgm co mpmrtukidportiaipor lk cos dlaisimkls dlc `rupm oc qul plrtlklzaogms lk usm lxacusivm kulstro vmcuktod, lk lstl aosm lc Lstodm, pmdlgms dltlrgikor qul cms lspoaidmkdl lhlralgms co cinlrtod smk cms dl lclaaiñk dl rlprlslktoktls, portiaipoaiñkpmcçtiao, y portiaipoaiñk dirlato dlktrm dlc Lstodm. Nilk dlsdl co dlstikoaiñkcms rlaursms lk nlkljiaim dl co smaildod, nilk dlktrm dl co lclaaiñk dl cms dlstik

dlc `rupm smaioc.

Cinlrtod klòtivo y cinlrtod pmsitivo

_uldo lktmkals uko dudo ½añgm ls pmsincl co rlcoaiñk lktrl co cinlrtod dlc ikdividsmnrl sç gisgm y co cly qul cm `mnilrko= Jrlktl o lsto prlùkto lxistlk dms tlmrqul co rlspmkdlk dlsdl co lxistlkaio dl co cly8 lc lhlraiaim dl co cinlrtod klòtivolc lhlraiaim dl co cinlrtod pmsitivo.

Co cinlrtod klòtivo ls prmduatm dl co ikdlplkdlkaio qul lc ikdividum, aiudodokm plrsmko pmsll rlsplatm oc Lstodm, osç oatøo km lk amktro m lk amrrlspmkamk co cly, sikm lk su lhlraiaim dl co vmcuktod, su cinlrtod co rlocizo gmvié

dlktrm dl cm qul co cly km prmbçnl. Lsto jmrgo dl cinlrtod ls amkmaido a



>49 Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

cinlrtod dlc Lstodm. Dlc Lstodm puls igpciao lc rlamkmaigilktm dlc ikdivpmr julro dlc Lstodm. Osç sl rlamkmal amgm klalsorim lc igpmklr cçgitls odlr lstotoc, uko tlmrço tçpiaoglktl cinlroc. Tlkdlkaio qul silgprl dljilkdl cocinlrtod ikdividuoc, dl prmpildod, dl lxprlsiñk amk uk slktidm lsplaçjiaoglktlamkñgiam.

Co cinlrtod klòtivo sl prmpmkl amgmuko jmrgo dl prmtl`lr oc ikdividumdl co iktroksi`lkaio qul puldok cclòro lhlralr cms `mnlrkoktls. Yo qul slrlamkmal qul si lc pmdlr dlc Lstodmls icigitodm tlrgiko pmr amkvlrtirsllk uk outmritorisgm qul troks`rldl cos

cinlrtodls ikdividuocls. Ls gïs co cinlr-tod sl prlslkto lk goymr gldido lkauoktm gïs slo co aoktidod dl blabmskm prmbinidms.

\k lhlgpcm qul pmdlgms lkamktror lkco rlocizoaiñk dl co cinlrtod klòtivo ls copmsinicidod dl lsam`lr uk tipm dl amcmr

dl aonlccm, dl añgm dlamror co aoso



Kmto8 Co cinlrtod ikdivi-duoc, klòtivo, sl rlocizolk co privoaidod dl coplrsmko amktrorio o co pø-nciao qul sl rlocizo amk y`roaios o co plrtlklkaio ouk rupm smaioc. Qi km auocslrço lc slktidm dl boalrpønciaos mpaimkls dl mr-òkizoaiñk qul smcm clamkailrklk oc ikdividum.



><6



dmkdl vivm, l ikacusm dl mròkizor gi tilgpm amgm glhmr gl porlzao, silgprl yauokdm km sl lkaulktrlk prmbinidms ki rl`coglktodms pmr co cly.

Co cinlrtod pmsitivo nusao co rlocizoaiñk dlc ikdividum dlktrm, y `roaios oc mgilktm hurçdiam qul sl amrrlspmkdl amk co prmpio vmcuktod ikdividuoc. Vrmp

qul portl dl co igpmrtokaio qul tilkl poro co rlocizoaiñk dl co plrsmko co prmtlaaiqul sl cl do amk co amksi`koaiñk lxpciaito dl sus dlrlabms. Lc ikdividum km pulktmkals lclìr si oktls lc sistlgo hurçdiam km cm pmkl lk pmsiaiñk dl lclìr. Vlkgms lk qul si lc dlrlabm dl osmaioaiñk y dl rlukiñk km tlkdrçogms co pmsiniciddl lxistlkaio dl sikdiaotms, osmaioaimkls dl aogplsikms, dl hñvlkls, dl gikmrçoétkiaos…lta., km tlkdrçok òroktço ocùko poro mròkizorsl.

Cm gisgm amk lc dlrlabm dl co cinlrtod plrsmkoc, lc auoc prmtl`l lxpcçaitoglkt

aopoaidod ikdividuoc dlc ikdividum poro tmgor dlaisimkls smnrl su plrsmkocamkailkaio y rlciìñk. Y pmr øctigm co pmsinicidod dl lxprlsiñk km pmdrço rlodl iùoc goklro si km sl lkamktroro amksi`kodm lc dlrlabm o su lhlraiaim.

Vmdlgms vlr co goklro lk qul co cinlrtod dlc ikdividum sl rlcoaimko amk uk sistkmrgotivm qul cl nrikdo prmtlaaiñk y co pmsinicidod dl lhlraiaim dl dlrlabms amslr ikdividuoc. Lstl tipm dl cinlrtod ls amkmaido amgm co cinlrtod dl Lstodm, prlocizo dlktrm y `roaios oc Lstodm qul rlocizo co cly.

Lk sçktlsis, pmdlgms vlr qul cms amkalptms dl cinlrtod y lc dl iùocdod surìdmcos rlvmcuaimkls dlc si`cm RZIII smk gutuoglktl dlplkdilktls, yo qul co cinlrtls rlamkmaido o tmdms cms ikdividums pmr iùoc pmr su aorïatlr koturoc. Y oco iùocdod km puldl slr lhlraido sik lc rlspocdm dl co iùocdod puls ls lcco co òroktizo co prmtlaaiñk dl tmdms jrlktl oc pmsincl onusm dl cms gïs pmdlrmquilkls ikjrik`lk co cly.

Jmtm tmgodo pmr8 Hovilr Ogoyo



><? Lc sulÿm

dl co dlgmaroaio

\kidod >

Vmsincls arçtiaos

Cos arçtiaos y aulstimkogilktms qul sl bok rlocizodm oc térgikm dl cinlrtod

iùocdod dlktrm dl cms prlsupulstms dlc Lstodm smk8

• Co cinlrtod pmcçtiao km sl rlocizo pmr qul co `rok goymrço dl cmaiudodokms km sl lkaulktrok dlnidoglktl prlporodms poro sulhlraiaim, pmr cm toktm su vmcuktod sl lhlral amk co lxistlkaio dl ci`kmrokaio.

• Co cinlrtod klòtivo plrgitl co pmsinicidod qul plrsmkos amkiktlkaimkls l`mçstos, lxacusivoglktl privodos onuslk dl coiklxistlkaio dl co prmbiniaiñk poro boalr doÿm o co goymrço. Lh8 ukikdustrioc qul ogporodm lk co jocto dl amktrmc clòc toco uk nmsqudlhokdm o co pmncoaiñk sik uk gldim ognilktl sokm y rlaursmsbçdriams.

•

Co cinlrtod pmsitivo tlrgiko pmr slr uk glrm jmrgocisgm puls cosamkdiaimkls rlocls igpidlk su lhlraiaim ljlativm. Lh8 Nosodm lk cocinlrtod dl trïksitm pmr lc tlrritmrim koaimkoc uk aiudodokm puldllsplror lc nus lk lc tlrgikoc dl trokspmrtls sik qul pmr lccm slogmclstodm5 sik lgnor`m lc trïksitm y lc onmrdohl dlc nus smcm lspmsincl si aulkto amk lc diklrm poro co amgpro dlc posohl.

??

Lconmrl dms aortlcls lk cms qul sl rlsoctl co igpmrtokaio dl co cinlrtod y co iù

Véùlcms lk uk cuòr pønciam dl su norrim m vlrldo.



><>



Co cinlrtod

?. Divçdoksl lk `rupms porls dl gçkigm slis plrsmkos y rlocialk cosiùilktl oatividod8

Lconmrlk uk tonclrm divididm lk aosiccos (qul jukaimkorïk amgm ruto poro cos jiao co goklro dl uk porqués), jiabos y dodms5 pmkòk uk kmgnrlk amgøk oc hul`m.Cul`m, amkjmrglk porlhos y lk uk poplc lsarinok cos rl`cos dlc hul`m qul oaonokdl noutizor, tlkilkdm auidodm qul sus amktrikaoktls cos amkmzaok.

\ko vlz blabm lstm, rløkoksl cms slis y aulktlk cos kmrgos qul bok ikvlktodmtlkilkdm auidodm dl km dlair cos qul amksidlrlk puldlk igpldir qul lc `rupm dldms òkl lc hul`m.

^locialk uko portido y oc jikoc disautok smnrl co goklro lk qul sl dlsorrmcco lc hul`mCul`m ukijiqulk cos rl`cos y osl`ørlksl dl qul tmdms cos amkmzaok y oc jikoc disautsmnrl co dijlrlkaio lktrl lstl hul`m y lc oktlrimr.

^locialk uko pclkorio lk qul sl trotl dl rlspmkdlr cos prlùktos pcoktlodos lk coslsiñk oktlrimr8 ½Qlr cinrl ls boalr tmdm cm qul gl pcoal= ½Co cinlrtod igpciaoigpmsiaiñk dl cçgitls= ½Ls sujiailktl amk lc rlamkmaigilktm dl co cinlrtod lk co clyporo qul puldo lhlralr ym co cinlrtod= ½Co cinlrtod ls amgpotincl amk co mnldilkaio

Qlsiñk ?>

Gokms o co mnro

>. Lk cms gisgms sun`rupms qul tronohormk lk co oatividod oktlrimr, arllkuk sçgnmcm qul rlprlslktl co cinlrtod, tlkilkdm lk aulkto co ikjmrgoaiñkqul sl cls sugikistrñ y cos amkacusimkls dl co disausiñk.

1. Lxpmkòk lc sçgnmcm o sus amgpoÿlrms y lxpciqulk su si`kijiaodm.



><1 Co bistmrio

dl gi amgukidod

\kidod 1

Vcoktlor prlùktos smnrl kmsmtrms y kulstrm lktmrkm rlsuctocùkos maosimkls uk lhlraiaim nostoktl displkdimsm, puls togms tok oamstugnrodms o vivir amgm vivigms qul mcvidoprlùktorkms lc pmr qué ls qul cm boalgms dl co goklro amgm

cm boalgms.

Osç, poro pmdlr ikiaior lc dlsorrmccm dl lstl aopçtucm vogms o pcoktlor uko psmnrl kulstro amgukidod qul slo susalptincl dl amktlstorsl dl jmrgo bistñriaoplrm qul kms distokail dl cm qul vivigms obmro, pmr lhlgpcm8 ½_uiékls ikiaco oatividod dl o`riaucturo dl aoaom qul sl rlocizo lk Qoktokdlr= ½Auïc ls lc my usm dl cos trodiaimkls gusiaocls dl Istgiko= ½Añgm sl jmrgñ co osmaioaiaogplsikms lk Koriÿm=

Vcoktllk lktmkals co prlùkto. Y trotlk dlrlspmkdlrco amk cos mnslrvoaimkls qul slcls prmpmklk o amktikuoaiñk. Km mcvidlkrltmgor cms amkalptms oprlkdidms bosto obm-ro. Ls pmsincl qul co prlùkto aognil lk lctrosaursm dl cms lhlraiaims, osç qul aodo vlz

qul amksidlrlk gmdijçqulkco poro òrokti- zor uko rlspulsto guabm gïs odlauodo. Cojmrgo lk qul sl pcoktll co prlùkto puldlaognior plrm lc mnhltm dl co prlùkto km. Yo qul si aogniogms dl tlgo o ikvlstiòrkm pmdrlgms ovokzor y dorlgms vulctos lkaçraucms.



\kidod 1. Co bistmrio dl gi amgukidod

Qlsiñk

Boalr prl uktos

?1



><4





Cos julktls lk co bistmrio smk gøctipcls, slpuldlk acosijiaor amk rlcoaiñk o co alraokçoqul tilklk oc tlgo dl lstudim m pmr susauocidodls portiaucorls. Yo lk lc gñducmslxtm mnslrvogms amgm cms bistmriodmrls slcos ik`lkiormk poro rlspmkdlr cos prlùktos,biailrmk usm dl mnhltms qul lkamktrormklktlrrodms lk co tilrro, lsaritms dl plrsmkosqul vivilrmk lk lso épmao, cos pikturos qulrlocizonok rlprlslktokdm cm qul maurrço, lclstudim dl cos aopos qul quldok oc rlocizoruk bulam lk co tilrro, ikacusm pmr co gøsiaoy cms ldijiaims.

Tmdos lsos julktls dl co bistmrio plrgitlkdlsaunrir prmalsms, aogikms qul siùiñ lcbmgnrl lk su lgplÿm dl smnrlvivir, dl smÿorl igoìkor uk gukdm5 plrm togniék dl cojmrgo lk qul sotisjoal sus klalsidodls, co goklro lk qul sl mròkizo lk lc tlrritmrimporo amkvivir amk cms mtrms.

O amktikuoaiñk vogms o uticizor ukojulktl qul plrgitl rlamkmalr cm gïslclglktoc dlc slr bugokm8 vivl lk uktlrritmrim dlc qul sl ociglkto, disjrutoy odlaøo poro su suplrvivlkaio. \kojulktl qul puldl slr aotocmòdo amgmdl priglr mrdlk pmr co alraokço oc tlgo

y amgm julktl lm`rïjiao pmr sus aoroatl-rçstiaos. Cul`m slùirlgms amk cos julktlsdmauglktocls dirlatos l ikdirlatos5 cul`mtlrgikorlgms amk cos julktls mrocls, qulsmk amksidlrodos amgm dirlatos.

Borlgms lsplaioc ékjosis lk lstos pmrslr cos qul smclgms tlklr o dispmsiaiñk

dl jmrgo jïaic.



><:



O amktikuoaiñk aitogms uk lhlgpcm qul kms puldo slrvir dl uçoporo co rlocizoaiñk dl kulstrm lhlraiaim, blabm pmr lc `lñ`rojmMcivlr Dmcjus8

Lk cms Okdls iktlrtrmpiaocls puldlk distikùirsl trls amkhuktms8

?. Oc kmrtl dlc kudm dl Vostm, oc sur dl Amcmgnio, co amrdicclrosl dividl lk trls rogocls qul tilklk vikaucoaiñk amk Ogériao

Alktroc y cos Okticcos, amk ocùkos smcuaimkls dl amktikuidod,rogocls slporodms pmr cms `rokdls voccls glridiokms dlcGo`doclko, Aouao y Votço. Ql amgprulno, o co vlz, lc dénicpmralktohl dl tlrritmrims pmr lkaigo dl 1.>66 g., lc `rokdlsorrmccm dlc sistlgo dl plkdilktls, co lxistlkaio dl `rokdlsvoccls prmjukdms y onriòdms, pmr amksiùilktl rlcotivoglktlslams lk co portl noho dl cos vlrtilktls slrrokos amk ril`m,y julrtl aunilrto vl`ltoc (slcvos dl octuro, dlsiùocglktldlsjmrlstodos).

>. Lk lc Lauodmr y kmrtl dlc Vlrø, cms Okdls, rlcotivoglktlok`mstms (?<6 o ><6 eg dl okabm) prlslktok dmssunamkhuktms8 lc dlc kmrtl, amk uko slril dl aulkaos gldiosjcokqulodos, oc lstl y mlstl, pmr vmcaokls dl gïs dl <.666g. dl octuro5 lc dlc sur, amk aulkaos, `lklrocglktl slaos,

slporodos pmr rogocls, glsltos slaos y nislatodos, gilktrosqul smnrl cms dms jcokams dl co amrdicclro amgilkzo ooporlalr co dijlrlkaio lktrl lc mlstl slam y lc jrlktl mrilktocogozñkiam bøgldm…



><0 Co bistmrio

dl gi amgukidod

\kidod 1

LK CMQ ØCTIGMQ ?<6 oÿms, ls dlair, oprmxigodoglktl dlsdllc lstonclaigilktm dl cms kulvms Lstodms, amk co dlsoporiaiñk dlcIgplrim Lspoÿmc dl Ogériao, cms Okdls km tilklk lc gisgm poplclk co vido dl cms dijlrlktls poçsls okdikms.

Lk tmdo su lxtlksiñk lc blabm prikaipoc ls lc julrtl arlaigilktmdlgm`rïjiam, oamgpoÿodm pmr lc arlaigilktm urnokm. Lc Lstodmikdlplkdilktl dl Kulvo @rokodo, qul lk ?22< posñ o slr co ^l-pønciao dl Amcmgnio, lk lc gmglktm dl su Ikdlplkdlkaio bonçorlauplrodm co aijro dl pmncoaiñk dl jikls dl co épmao ikgldiotoo co Amcmkio, ls dlair ocrldldmr dl uk giccñk dl bonitoktls. Qiklgnor`m, su amgpmsiaiñk lstono prmjukdoglktl gmdijiaodo8 copmncoaiñk outñatmko bonço posodm o slr gikmritorio. Bonço rupmsigpmrtoktls dl lspoÿmcls lk cos aiudodls amgm lk cms aogpmsdl pism jrçm y tlgpcodm, dmkdl sl lstonclailrmk cms aogplsikmsaostlccokms lk lc si`cm RZIII. Vmncoaiñk kl`ro lsacovo lk cos bo-ailkdos aïcidos m lk co amsto amk køaclms dl kl`rms aigorrmkls.Co pmncoaiñk sl tripciañ lk lc si`cm RIR. Qu ouglktm sl oalclro lklc si`cm RR5 lk trls `lklroaimkls, dl oquç o 26 oÿms, co pmncoaiñkslrï siltl o mabm vlals goymr.

Oc rlocizor lc lhlraiaim dlnlgms tlklr lk aulkto qul pmdlgmsiktl`ror cms amkmaigilktms qul tlk`ogms rlsplatm oc lspoaim qullstogms dlsarinilkdm, boalr iktlrprltoaiñk l iktl`ror co ikjmr-goaiñk qul blgms goklhodm lk cms dijlrlktls aiacms, amkalptmsamgm lspoaim, tlrritmrim, ammrdlkodo, puktm aordikoc, gmktoÿo,dlprlsiñk puldlk slr rltmgodms lk co mnslrvoaiñk jçsiao dl kuls-trm lspoaim. Oc gisgm tilgpm pmdlgms iktl`ror cms amkalptmsqul kms oyudok o amgprlkdlr glhmr cos mr`okizoaimkls smaiocls,trinu, acok, smaildod, aivicizoaiñk, lamkmgço, aucturo, aivicizoaiñksmk dl rok uticidod. Voro lstm pmdlgms dlvmcvlrkms o cos aorticcosdl aiacms oktlrimrls.



><2



Lhlraiaim dl dlsaripaiñk dl claturo.

?. Boò uko cisto dl cos poconros qul km agprlkdo m amkmzao y nusqul si`kijiaodm.Cul`m, dljçkocos amk sus prmpios poconros.

>. ^lspmkdo cos siùilktls prlùktos8

•

½Qmnrl qué lspoaims bonco co claturo=• ½Añgm smk lsms lspoaims=

• ½Auïcls smk cms plrimdms lk cms qul dividl co lvmcuaiñk dlc tlrritLkugérlcms lk aodo ukm dl lccms.

• ½_ué prlùkto pmdrçogms rlspmkdlr amk co ikjmrgoaiñk qul sl km

prlslkto dl aodo ukm dl cms tlrritmrims dlsaritms=

1. Lk cms sun`rupms disautok smnrl cos goklros lk qul lsto dlsaripaiñk puldl sluticizodo poro co rlocizoaiñk dl co dlsaripaiñk dlc tlrritmrim dl co amgukid

4. Mnslrvl cos jmtm`rojços dl Abmañ y Koriÿm qul oporlalk lk co pïìko siùilkDlsarino pmr lsaritm cm qul vl, lstonclailkdm co rlcoaiñk qul boy lktrl c

mnhltms qul mnslrvo lk ognos jmtm`rojços.

<. Cul`m dl dlsarinir cos jmtm`rojços, amgporl co dijlrlkaio lktrl cos dmdlsaripaimkls. Okñtlcos oc jikoc.

:. Disauto amk sus amgpoÿlrms lc tipm qué prlùktos puldlk rlspmkdlrsl amcm mnslrvodm lk cos jmtm`rojços y okñtlcos.

?1



><9 Co bistmrio

dl gi amgukidod

\kidod 1

Lk lsto mpmrtukidod sl borï co dlsaripaiñk dlc tlrritmrim dl co amgukidodamk cms amkalptms prmpulstms oc ikiaim dl co slsiñk, (poisohl urnokm, y urnokm ruroc), osç amgm co iktl`roaiñk dl cms amkalptms qul puldok iktl`rorsl dl cms vistms lk cms dijlrlktls aiacms. Ikacusm slrï dl `rok oyudo porlc oprlkdizohl lc qul ïc dlsarinir aoroatlrçstiaos dlc gldim ognilktl, sliktl`rl cms amkmaigilktms qul sl bok odquiridms lk gotlrios amgm nimcm`ço

^locialk lktmkals co dlsaripaiñk dlc poisohl lm`rïjiam dmkdl sl lkaulktrouniaodo su amgukidod okmtokdm cos aoroatlrçstiaos gïs igpmrtoktls.

Oc jikocizor lc lhlraiaim dl dlsaripaiñk lk cms `rupms dl tronohm, amktrosdlsaripaimkls qul plrgitok sonlr lk qué gldido co dlsaripaiñk oyudo orlspmkdlr co prl`ukto qul rlocizormk smnrl co amgukidod.



>:6



Lk co ikvlstiòaiñk bistñriao lxistl uko julktl qul sirvlporo pmdlr lkamktror ikjmrgoaiñk vocimso smnrl cmsblabms qul sl prltlkdlk ikvlstiòr. O amktikuoaiñkborlgms uko slril dl lhlraiaims qul sirvlk poro sonlr dlqué goklro ls pmsincl boalr usm dl cos julktls lsaritos.

Julktls dirlatos

Lk priglr cuòr, tlklgms qul amksidlror cms dmauglktms qul sl lk-aulktrok lk kulstro aoso, oqulccms qul oamgpoÿok co vido dl tmdm slrbugokm dlsdl qul koal, arlal, sl rlprmdual y gulrl. Boy dmauglk-tms pønciams qul rlìstrok tmdo co vido dl cos plrsmkos, lk priglr cuòrlc rlìstrm aivic dl koaigilktm, lk lc oporlalk cms dotms lslkaiocls dlco plrsmko8 su kmgnrl amgpcltm, jlabo y cuòr dl koaigilktm, kmg-nrls dl cms podrls dlc bmspitoc dmkdl koaiñ…lta, gïs odlcoktl, si lsoplrsmko amktrol gotrigmkim, rlìstrorï lsl oatm.

Voro lc aosm dl cms nilkls, lkamktrogms qul lxistlk dmauglktms qul

rlìstrok cos plrsmkos qul bok sidm dulÿos dl kulstro aoso, pmr quéaoktidod dl diklrm cm vlkdilrmk, o quiék y auïkdm. Lsl dmauglktmls cm qul sl amkmal amgm lc Alrtijiaodm dl Trodiaiñk y Cinlrtod,qul sl puldl lkamktror lk co Mjiaiko dl Ikstruglktms Vønciams, cosauocls sl lkaulktrok rlportidos pmr tmdm lc tlrritmrim koaimkoc. Y mtrms dmauglktms amgm cos lsarituros dl prldims puldlk nrikdorikjmrgoaiñk, pmr lhlgpcm dl cms cçgitls y dlsaripaimkls dl cms nilklsamgm aosos y jikaos.

Dmauglktms pønciams

Qlsiñk ?4

lvisiñk dl dmauglktms



>:? Co bistmrio

dl gi amgukidod

\kidod 1

Togniék ls pmsincl tlklr o co gokm dmauglktms prmpims dl co vido dltmdm slr bugokm, cms auocls aulktok co vido y plriplaios dl co plrsmko. Osç, pmdlgms nusaor lk cms noøcls dl cms rlaulrdms dl kulstrms podrlsy onulcms poro pmdlr oaaldlr o dmauglktms qul pmr slr rlaulrdms dlcposodm dl kulstro jogicio sirvlk poro sonlr uk pmam gïs dl lcco y dl suvido. Cms dmauglktms qul pmdlgms lkamktror puldlk slr aortos qulamktlkòk odlgïs dl ikjmrgoaiñk smnrl co vido lgmaimkoc dl kulstrmslrls qulridms togniék puldlk slrvirkms poro amktlstor prlùktos dlkulstro prlùkto bistñriao.

Togniék ls pmsincl lkamktror lk lstms tipms dl dmauglktms jmtm`rojçosqul kms oyudlk o amgprlkdlr cos jmrgos dl vido dl kulstrms oktlpo-sodms5 su rmpo, co jmrgo lk qul sl vlçok, amgm sl mròkizonok poro cosjmtms, tmdm lstm kms sirvl poro pmdlr amktlstor dl jmrgo gïs alraoko

kulstro prlùkto.

Qi lk kulstro rlìñk lxistlk y bok lxistidm gldims dl amgukiaoaiñkamgm plriñdiams y rlvistos, pmdlgms diriìrkms o cos blglrmtlaos dlkulstros nincimtlaos l ikdoòr pmr plriñdiams qul bonclk smnrl lc tlgopmr lc auoc lstogms ikvlstiòkdm, poro lstm ls klalsorim tlklr lk aulktoqul cms plriñdiams amgm cos rlvistos sl lditok lk oÿms y lk køglrms5pmr lhlgpcm8 oÿm ?902, køglrm :, m pmr co jlabo lk qul sl pønciao8?¸ dl lklrm dlc oÿm ?902.

Dmauglktms privodms

Vunciaoaimkls plriñdiaos



>:>



Cos ikstituaimkls pønciaos togniék smk uko vocimso julktl dl dmau-glktms qul oyudok lk co conmr dl co ikvlstiòaiñk bistñriao. Voro lccmls klalsorim tlklr lk aulkto co conmr dl aodo uko dl lccos, osç amgm comnciòaiñk dl ocùkos dl lccos dl sugikistror dmauglktms o auocquilraiudodokm qul cms smciaitl. \k nulk lhlgpcm smk cos ocaocdços qul dlnlktlklr o dispmsiaiñk dlc pønciam lk `lklroc dmauglktms qul igpciqulkco distrinuaiñk dlc òstm pønciam, sus prmylatms, dlarltms y oaulrdms,oc iùoc qul tmdms cms lstudims qul tilklk qul rlocizor poro odlcoktoruko conmr odgikistrotivo ljiailktl.

Cos ikstituaimkls pønciaos

Cms mnhltms puldlk slr clçdms dlktrm dl co ikvlstiòaiñk bistñriao poro

prmpmraimkor ikjmrgoaiñk smnrl téakiaos, usms y si`kijiaodms smaioclsVmr lhlgpcm, oc mnslrvor uko goquiko dl bicor dl cms oÿms <6 ñ 06 lkcms aogpms amcmgniokms pmdlgms vlr amgm lsto gïquiko lro prmdu-aido pmr lc ortlsokm cmaoc, qul cms prikaipocls gotlriocls amk cms qullstono lconmrodo lrok godlro y uk gçkigm dl gltoc. Togniék qul coprmpucsiñk qul co boaço gmvlr lro dodo pmr co plrsmko qul co uticizoroy qul su glaokisgm y jukaimkogilktm lrok lkslÿodms dl `lklroaiñklk `lklroaiñk.

Oc cllr cms dmauglktms, cms mnhltms y dlgïs julktls, puldlk slr lstudims,cinrms y dlgïs smnrl lc tlgo qul lstogms ikvlstiòkdm ls klalsorimtlklr lk aulkto qul co claturo qul boògms dl lccms ls dlsdl lc obmro,osç qul ls igplrotivm qul km aoiògms lk vocmroaimkls dl rlabozm mojikidod qul kms igpidok vlr cms blabms amgm sl prlslktormk poroquilkls cms vivilrmk.

Cms mnhltms



>:1 Co bistmrio

dl gi amgukidod

\kidod 1

?4

Co julktl mroc

?. Lc `rupm dlnl rlocizor uko cisto dl dmauglktms dl cms qul puldo boalr uporo pmdlr rlspmkdlr co prlùkto.

>. Distrinuyok cos torlos poro amksuctorcms y osl`ørlksl dl tmgor opuktls dikjmrgoaiñk qul amksiòk.

1. \ko vlz amkslùido co ikjmrgoaiñk rløkoksl lk `rupms y amgportok co ikjm

goaiñk qul bok lkamktrodm.

Lsto ls co julktl dirlato pmr lxalclkaio, sl oalraoo cms prmto`mkistos dl co bistmrio dl jmrgo ikgl-dioto, cls iktlrrmò pmr su lxplrilkaio y plrgitlamgprmnor dijlrlkaios lktrl cms dmauglktms y covido dl quilkls boncok.

Voro boalr usm dl lsto julktl ls klalsorim posorpmr vorios ltopos qul plrgitlk prmjukdizor lk coikjmrgoaiñk qul sl prltlkdl lkamktror. Lk priglrcuòr, ikiaior pmr boalr ikdoòaimkls amk prlùktos `cm-nocls qul plrgitok oalraorsl o co lxplrilkaio dl cos plrsmkosdl toc goklro qul sus rlspulstos slok cm gïs dlslkvulctos pmsincls y osç mntlklikjmrgoaiñk poro rlocizor prlùktos qul oroktialk goymr prmjukdidod lk lc jutur

Amk co ikjmrgoaiñk qul sl bo lkamktrodm lk cms dmauglktms, gïs cos lktrlviqul sl cm`rlk rlocizor ls pmsincl posor o uk siùilktl kivlc y ls lc dl boalr lktrl-vistos qul sl jmaocialk lk tlgos qul sl amksidlrlk dl goymr rlclvokaio poro dorrlspulsto o cos prlùktos.

Ls klalsorim tlklr lk aulkto qul oc trotor amk plrsmkos, ikacuir lk lc okïcisis dlikjmrgoaiñk qul sl boò dlspués, km sñcm cm qul dialk, togniék sus `lstms, tmy oatitudls jrlktl o co prlùktok y añgm cm boalk. Odlgïs, rlamrdlgms qul amklc posm dlc tilgpm cos plrsmkos rlsi`kijiaok sus lxplrilkaios y boalk vocmroaimmnslrvoaimkls m ogpcioaimkls dl cms blabms, dlsdl su plrsplativo oatuoc.



>:4



Co Tilrro ls lc tlralr pcoklto portilkdm dlc smc boaio lc lxtlrimdlc sistlgo smcor. Dlsdl Gortl sl mnslrvo amgm uk puktm ozucpïcidm amk uko otgñsjlro qul ikacuyl kunls ncokaos y lk plr-goklktl oatividod.

Co Tilrro pmsll uko goso dl <.92 x ?.6>4 e`, uk diïgltrm prmgldim dl ?>.046 egy uk rodim lauotmrioc dl :.102.?4 eg. Oukqul co jmrgo dl co Tilrro sl osugl amgmrldmkdo poro mròkizor co gocco dl ammrdlkodos y cos prmylaaimkls aortm`rïjirlocidod ls uk pmam distikto. Ql lkaulktro ci`lroglktl oabotodo boaio cms pmconmgnodo boaio lc lauodmr. Lc kmgnrl ailktçjiam poro co jmrgo dl co Tilrro ls lm

Co Tilrro sl gulvl ocrldldmr dlc smcdlsarinilkdm uko mrnito lcçptiao auymrlamrridm sl amgpclto lk 1:< dços, <bmros, 4: gikutms y 4: slùkdms. Olstl gmvigilktm cm ccogogms trosco-aiñk. Co Tilrro ìro smnrl su prmpimlhl lk uk plrimdm dl >1 bmros, <:gikutms y 4 slùkdm. Lstl gmvi-gilktm sl ccogo rmtoaiñk, y plrgitlco sualsiñk dl cms dços y cos kmabls.

Aoroatlrçstiaos ostrmkñgiaos dl co Tilrro

\kidod 4. Amkmzaogms gïs smnrl kulstrm pcoklto

Qlsiñk

Aoroatlrçstiaos dlc pcoklto Tilrro

?<



>:< Amkmzaogms gïssmnrl kulstro pcoklto

\kidod 4

Boal ukms 4.< niccmkls dl oÿms, co Tilrro lro uko goso dl osls y sustokaios cçqqul sl lkamktronok o tlgplroturos suplrimrls o cms <.666 `rodms alktç`rodms. Lgoso irono y co goso sl mròkizono sl`øk su plsm8 cms lclglktms gïs plsodms, amlc kçqulc y lc bilrrm, sl amkalktrormk lk lc alktrm, gilktros qul cms lclglktms glkplsodms amgm lc bidrñ`lkm, lc diñxidm dl aornmkm y lc vopmr dl oùo sl uniapoucotikoglktl, boaio co portl lxtlrko dlc pcoklto. Vmam o pmam, co suplrjiail Tilrro amglkzñ o lkjriorsl y smcidijiaorsl bosto amkstruir uko amrtlzo sñcido, gilqul lk lc iktlrimr cos octos tlgplroturos y rloaaimkls tlrgmkuaclorls goktuvilrmcms lclglktms lk lstodm cçquidm. Vmstlrimrglktl sl amkjmrgñ co bidrmsjlro yclcoglktl, co vido amglkzñ o lvmcuaimkor y o troksjmrgor clktoglktl co dikïgidl kulstrm pcoklto.

Co pmraiñk dlc pcoklto qul sl lkaulktro nohm co suplrjiail dl co amrtlzo tlrrlssl dlkmgiko iktlrimr dl co Tilrro. Ql bo pmdidm lstonclalr qul lstï amgpulsto pm

aopos qul sl lkvulcvlk sualsivoglktl o portir dl uk køaclm. Lstl amkmaigilktm snoso lk cms siùilktls osplatms8

• Co mnslrvoaiñk dl rmaos oktiùos.• Lc okïcisis dl cms òsls y gotlriocls lxpldidms pmr cms vmcaokls, cms

prmpmraimkok dotms rlcoaimkodms amk co amgpmsiaiñk quçgiao.• Co mnslrvoaiñk dl jlkñglkms sçsgiams amgm tlgncmrls y tlrrlgmtms.• Co amgporoaiñk lktrl co amgpmsiaiñk dlc smc y cms dlgïs pcokltos

sistlgo smcor.

½Añgm ls lc iktlrimr dl co Tilrro=

Mri`lk dlc pcoklto



>::



Køaclm iktlrkm8 lsjlrmidl amgpulstm pmrbilrrm y kçqulc lk lstodm sñcidm, o plsordl qul cos tlgplroturos smk guy octos. Lckøaclm iktlrkm tilkl uk rodim dl ukms ?.>66eg, oprmxigodoglktl, y su suplrjiaildlsaokso o <.?<6 eg nohm lc kivlc dlc gor.

Køaclm lxtlrkm8 ls co aopo qul aunrl lckøaclm iktlrkm y sl lkaulktro amgpulstopmr bilrrm y kçqulc lk lstodm cçquidm. Lcokabm dl lsto aopo ls dl >.><6 eg y sllkaulktro lk uko prmjukdidod dl >.966eg nohm lc kivlc dlc gor.

Køaclm ikjlrimr8 ls co aopo qul lkvulcvl lc køaclm lxtlrkm. Lsto amgpulsto pmrñxidm dl bilrrm, go`klsim y sçcial lk lstodm sñcidm, jmrgokdm uko aopo dl >.eg dl lsplsmr y dlsaokso o :06 eg nohm lc kivlc dlc gor.

Goktm suplrimr8 ls co aopo qul lkvulcvl lc goktm ikjlrimr. Lsto aopo gidl :06 egdl lsplsmr, sl lkaulktro dividido lk dms slaaimkls8

• Co ostlkmsjlro, lk co portl ikjlrimr, amgpulsto pmr uk gotlrioc visamsporlaidm o co gilc, qul sl amkmal amk lc kmgnrl dl covo y qul lglr`lo co suplrjiail pmr gldim dl cos `riltos, o trovés dl cms vmcaokls.

• Co slaaiñk suplrimr dlc goktm suplrimr sl lkaulktro dirlatoglktl nohmco amrtlzo tlrrlstrl. Lstï amgpulsto pmr cms gisgms lclglktms qulamkjmrgok co covo, plrm lk lstodm sñcidm.

Lstruaturo Iktlrko dl co Tilrro



>:0 Amkmzaogms gïssmnrl kulstro pcoklto

\kidod 4

Ls co pmraiñk sñcido gïs lxtlrimrdlc pcoklto, amkjmrgodo pmr lccçgitl suplrimr dlc goktm suplrimry co amrtlzo tlrrlstrl. Co amrtlzoamkjmrgo cms amktiklktls y cmsmaéokms. Ql lkaulktro jro`glkto-do lk pcoaos tlatñkiaos qul orgokuko lsplail dl rmgplaonlzos lktmdm lc cmnm tlrrïqulm. Oc dlsaok-sor smnrl co ostlkmsjlro, gotlriocvisamsm plrm jcuidm, lstos pcoaos slpuldlk gmvlr. Co citmsjlro ls uksistlgo lk amktikøm gmvigilktm.

Co amrtlzo ls co aopo sñcido lxtlrimr dlc pcoklto y lkvulcvl oc goktm suplrimokabm ls vorioncl8 vo dlsdl cms < eg, lk cos zmkos malïkiaos, bosto cms 46 eg zmkos amktiklktocls. Ql lkaulktro amkjmrgodo pmr vorims lclglktms amgm sicñxidms, amgpulstms dl ozujrl, aornmkm y socls, lktrl mtrms. Co amrtlzo sl divdms8 co amktiklktoc y co malïkiao. Lktrl cos prikaipocls aopos iktlrkos dl cosl prlslktok amktoatms. Lstms amktoatms sl cls dlkmgiko disamktikuidodls. cçklos dl amktoatm km smk pcokos, sikm qul prlslktok jmrgos porlaidos o cm

y gmktoÿos qul amkmalgms.

Co citmsjlro

Co amrtlzo



>:2



Ls lc tilgpm qul sl bo dlgmrodm co citmsjlro lk dlsorrmccorsl bosto su lstodm oatugidl pmr plrimdms dl giccmkls dl oÿms, lk uko lsaoco qul sl ccogo tilgpm `lmcñìy sl lstonclalk ukos divisimkls tlgpmrocls ccogodos lros `lmcñìaos, qul portlk dcms divlrsms prmalsms dl lvmcuaiñk dl co vido. Voro rlauplror co ikjmrgoaiñk lros lmcñìaos, cms ailktçjiams bok rlamìdm jñsicls lk cos distiktos aopos dl co c

Cos rmaos amkstituylk lc amgpmklktl jukdoglktoc dl co citmsjlro (lsjlro dl pildrQu amkjmrgoaiñk puldl tmgor dlsdl dços bosto giccmkls dl oÿms. Cos rmaos slsijiaok lk trls `rupms8 ç`los, gltogñrjiaos y sldiglktorios. Ç`klos8 smk lc rlsuctodm dlc lkjriogilktm dl co covo. Auokdm lstl lkjriogilktsualdl lk co suplrjiail dl co amrtlzo pmr jlkñglkm dl vucaokisgm, sl amkjmrgokcos rmaos ç`los lxtrusivos. Auokdm co covo sl lkjrço dlktrm dl co amrtlzo, sl jm

rmaos ç`los iktrusivos.Qldiglktorios8 sl mriìkok auokdm lc vilktm, co ccuvio y cms rçms orrokaok dl coplqulÿms jro`glktms dl giklrocls, cms trokspmrtok y dlpmsitok lk co`ms u maéokduroktl gicls dl giccmkls dl oÿms. Lstms jro`glktms m sldiglktms jmrgok aopos ailktms dl gltrms, cos auocls pmr prlsiñk sl amgpoatok.

Gltogñrjiaos8cos rmaos ç`los y sldiglktorios lk co amrtlzo, aogniok auokdm smsmgltidos o `rok prlsiñk y aocmr. Lstl prmalsm do mri`lk o cos gltogñrjiaos.

Ç`klo Qldiglktorio Gltogñrjiao

½O qué ccogogms tilgpm `lmcñìam=



>:9 Amkmzaogms gïssmnrl kulstro pcoklto

\kidod 4

Cos jmrgos smk guy voriodos. Vuldlk slr amrdicclros, voccls, dlprlsimkls, ccokaoÿmkls, y lstïk mriìkodos pmr prmalsms iktlrkms y lxtlrkms. Cms gïs igpmrtoktl

Lc diostrmjisgm8 prmalsm pmr lc auoc cos julrzos iktlrkos dl co citmsjlro dljmrcms ncmquls dl co amrtlzo, dokdm amgm rlsuctodm cms rlcilvls lclvodms ydlprigidms, amgm voccls. Oc pclòrsl sl rmgpl lc ncmqul y mriìkok cm qul sl amamgm joccos.

Lc vucaokisgm8prmalsm pmr lc auoc lc gotlrioc ccogodm covo, ocaokzo co suptlrrlstrl y jmrgo gmktoÿos. Vuldl `lklrorsl `rokdls dlpñsitms, y lk maosimkls

gmktoÿos, cos auocls amkmalgms amgm vmcaokls.

Qmk cos divisimkls dl co citmsjlro qul dlsaokso smnrl uko portl visamso, co ostlLstm plrgitl qul lstos pcoaos plrgoklzaok lk amktikum gmvigilktm lktrl sç, prmalsqul amglkzñ boal ><6 giccmkls dl oÿms amk co rupturo dl uk suplramktiklkccogodm Vok`lo. Cms amktoatms lktrl cos pcoaos tlatñkiaos dltlrgikok cms siùlvlktms8

Vrmalsm dl vucaokisgm8 qul igpciao lrupaimkls y gmvigilktms dl tilrro. @rok portldl cos jmrgos dl co amrtlzo tlrrlstrl, Vmr lhlgpcm, co Amrdicclro dl cms Okdls dl co jmrgoaiñk dl gmktoÿos pmr pclògilktm dl co aopo dl rmaos sldiglktorioCos distokaios lktrl cms amktiklktls8 dl oaulrdm amk lc gmvigilktm dl cos pccms amktiklktls sl oalraok m sl oclhok.

Vcoaos tlatñkiaos

Co amrtlzo y sus gøctipcls jmrgos



>06



Qmk cms ljlatms qul `lklro lc oùo, lc vilktm y co vido smnrl cos rmaos dl co ay puldlk slr dl dms tipms8

• Dl`rodoaimkocls8amksistlk lk lc dlsòstl dl cms gotlriocls dl co suplrjiaildl co amrtlzo y sl prlslktok auokdm cos amrrilktls dl oùo orrokaok gotlriom portçaucos dl cos amrdicclros, cm qul do mri`lk o voccls y òròktos. Lcdlsprlkdl portçaucos dl cos rmaos. Cos mcos dlc gor mcplok cos rmaos dl cocos dlsòstok y jmrgok cms oaokticodms.

• O`rodoaimkocls8amksistlk lk lc dlpñsitm dl cms gotlriocls lk dltlrgikodmscuòrls y sl prlslktok auokdm cos amrrilktls dl oùo dlpmsitok cms gotlriocqul orrokaok, smnrl pcokiails m lk cos dlslgnmaoduros dl cms rçms, jmrgopcoyos y dlctos (dlpmsitm dl orlko lk cos dlslgnmaoduros lk jmrgo dl onokiam

Vrmalsms lxtlrkms

?<

Amgpcltl cms siùilktls lsqulgos8

?.

>.

Aoroatlrçstiaos ostrmkñgiaos dl co Tilrro

Lstruaturo iktlrko dl co Tilrro Amrtlzo

Xmko dl troksiaiñk

Køaclm iktlrkm



>0? Amkmzaogms gïssmnrl kulstro pcoklto

\kidod 4

Quplrjiail

Km. oprmxigodmdl bonitoktls

lk >66:

Cçgitls

^lìmkls dl Ogériao Alktroc

Amkmzaogms Ogériao

Ogériao AlktrocQu lxtlksiñk tlrritmrioc oprmxigodo ls dl <16,242 eicñgltrmsauodrodms.

Lk co oatuocidod, co pmncoaiñk dl Alktrmogériao y lc orabipiéco`dl cos Okticcos sugo ukms :0 giccmkls dl bonitoktls, amkalktrodmslk cos tilrros nohos dl co amsto dlc Voaçjiam y lk cos vlrtilktls dlcos tilrros octos, blabm qul prmdual `rokdls amktrostls lk codlksidod dl co pmncoaiñk. Osç, lk cos tilrros nohos dlc Aorinl,Kiaoroùo ocnlrò sñcm 11 bon./eg>, lk aognim, lk cos iscosokticcokos puldlk dorsl amk joaicidod dlksidodls guy lclvodos,

amgm lk Nornodms, amk :60 bon./eg>

.Ql lxtilkdl dlsdl @uotlgoco y Nlcial pmr lc kmrtl bosto Vokogïpmr lc sur, y dlsdl co amsto dlc Voaçjiam pmr lc mlstl bosto Nornodpmr lc lstl, ikacuylkdm lc orabipiéco`m dl cos Okticcos.

Alktrmogériao sl dividl lk dms portls8 amktiklktoc l iksucor.

Coportl amktiklktoc lstï dividido lk 0 poçsls qul smk8 Nlcial,@uotlgoco, Lc Qocvodmr, Bmkduros, Kiaoroùo, Amsto îaoVokogï.

Coportl iksucorlstï amkstituido pmr plqulÿos iscos qul jmrgokuk oram qul amgilkzo jrlktl o co plkçksuco dl Yuaotïk y tlrgikoklk Zlklzulco5 lstl orabipiéco`m sl dividl lk Okticcos Goymrls y Okticcos Glkmrls.

Qlsiñk ?:

Cms amktiklktls



>0>



^lcilvl

Alktrmogériao ls goymritorioglktl uko rlìñk gmktoÿmso ylsaorpodo. Ésto rlìñk amktilkl vorims kivlcls gmktoÿmsms ukidmso cos lstruaturos dl Ogériao dlc Kmrtl y dlc Qur, y pmr lstordmgikodm pmr dms sistlgos `lmcñìams, ls ukm dl cms `rokdlslhls vmcaïkiams dl co Tilrro.

Aulkto amk ukms :6 vmcaokls lk lc iktlrimr (aosi tmdms opoòdmsy 1? smnrl co amsto dlc Voaçjiam (co goymrço oativms)5 ocùkmlclvok o gïs dl 4.666 g smnrl lc kivlc dlc gor.

Co suplrjiail tlrrlstrl osailkdl onruptoglktl dlsdl co rlìñkamstlro dlc maéokm Voaçjiam o cos arlstos dl cos gmktoÿos, ydlsailkdl `roduocglktl lk co rlìñk qul sl lxtilkdl o cm cor`mdlc gor Aorinl.

Acigos

Ogériao Alktroc tilkl uko ogpcio ògo dl acigos. Guabosrlìmkls sl boccok dlktrm dlc trñpiam. Qik lgnor`m, lk oqulccmscuòrls dl rlcilvl irrlùcor, lc dlsalksm dl tlgplroturo `lklro

distiktos zmkos acigïtiaos lktrl puktms uniaodms o tok sñcm 16ñ <6 Eg.

Lstos vorioaimkls dl tlgplroturo, prmvmaodos pmr co octitud,sulclk tlklr cuòr lk co portl amktiklktoc dl Alktrmogériao. Cosiscos dlc Aorinl lstïk suhltos o ikjculkaios acigïtiaos ci`lroglktldistiktos, qul ikaidlk lk co lxistlkaio dl acigos aïcidms lk cosiscos y cos amstos dl Ogériao Alktroc.

• Cos Okticcos Goymrls amgprlkdlk cms poçsls dl Auno, Boitç,^lpønciao Dmgikiaoko, Vulrtm îam y Hogoiao.

• Cos Okticcos Glkmrls lstïk jmrgodos pmr iscos gïs plqulÿos,

y ocùkos dl cos gïs kmtoncls smk8 cos Iscos Zçr`lkls, Isco@uodocupl, Gortikiao, Okùico, Qok Zialktl, @rokodo, Oktiùo y Nornudo, Nornodms, Dmgikiao y Trikidod yTmno`m.



>01 Amkmzaogms gïssmnrl kulstro pcoklto

\kidod 4

Vrikaipoclsrçms

Co rld bidrm`rïjiao dl lsto rlìñk lstï amgpulsto pmr alrao dlgic rçms qul dlslgnmaok lk dms rokdls vlrtilktls8 lc poaçjiamy lc aorinl. Cms dlc Voaçjiam smk dl amrtm rlamrridm y lsaosaoudoc. Cms dlc Aorinl, lk aognim, smk gïs cor`ms, dl goymr

aoudoc l ikacusm, ocùkms dl lccms, kovlòncls. \cøo (Bmkduros)qul sl mriìko lk co silrro Mpotmrm y dlslgnmao lk lc mcjm dlBmkduros. Cmkìtud oprmxigodo8 1?6 Eg. Oùïk (Bmkduros),qul koal lk cos jocdos dl co silrro dl Qucoam y dlslgnmao lklc aorinl. Cmkìtud ?90 Eg. Amam (Bmkduros), qul lk ukmdl sus trogms sirvl dl jrmktlro lktrl Bmkduros y Kiaoroùoy dlslgnmao lk co amsto aorinlÿo. Cmkìtud8 0<6 Eg. Aoutm(Auno), qul koal lk co Qilrro Golstro y dlslgnmao lk lc `mcjm

dl @uoaokoyonm. Cmkìtud8 >4? Eg. Xozo (Auno), qul koallk cms ocrldldmrls dl co aiudod dl Vcoaltos y dlslgnmao lklc gor Aorinl. Cmkìtud8 ?4< Eg. @rokdl dl Cmçso (Vulrtmîam), qul koal lk co silrro dl Aoyly y dlslgnmao lk lc Aorinl.Cmkìtud8 44 Eg. Yoqul (^lpønciao Dmgikiaoko), qul koal lkcos prmxigidodls dlc Viam Duortl y dlslgnmao lk co Nobço dlGmktl Aristi. Cmkìtud8 >9: Eg.

@rupms étkiamsCo pmncoaiñk dl Ogériao Alktroc lstï amgpulsto prikaipocglktlpmr oglrikdims y glstizms, gilktros qul lk cos iscos dlc Aorinlprldmgikok cms kl`rms.

^lciìmkls

Co rlciìñk aotñciao ls co prldmgikoktl, oukqul lk cos øctigosdéaodos sl bok iktrmduaidm amk julrzo divlrsos i`clsioslvok`éciaos amk sldl lk Lstodms \kidms. Odlgïs sl prlslktolc prmtlstoktisgm, y rlciìmkls ojriaokos lk uk nohm pmralktohl.

Aivicizoaimklsgiclkorios

Cmsgoyos smk uk pulncm qul sl uniao `lm`rïjiaoglktl lklc sur dl cm qul bmy ls Géxiam y lc kmrtl dl Ogériao Alktroc.Ls lsplaiocglktl igpmrtoktl su prlslkaio l ikjculkaio lk cmstlrritmrims dl cos oatuocls @uotlgoco y Nlcial, amk uko riaobistmrio dl ukms 1.666 oÿms. Cms oktiùms goyos julrmk uko dlcos aucturos glsmoglriaokos prlamcmgnikos.



>04



Vrikaipoclsprmduatms

Aojé8prikaipoc auctivm lk Lc Qocvodmr, @uotlgoco, Vulrtm îamAuno, Boitç, Qoktm Dmgik`m, Amsto iao, Bmkduros y Kiaoroùo Oquç sl bok plrjlaaimkodm cos téakiaos dl prmduaaiñk, odlgïscms vmcaokls lkriqulalk lc sulcm amk alkizos qul jovmrlalk lstlauctivm.

Aoaom8ls lc slùkdm prmduatm lk igpmrtokaio lk ^lpønciaoDmgikiaoko, Amsto îao, Boitç y Auno.

Vc tokm8jul uk auctivm prldmgikoktl lk lc Aorinl y cos Okticcos.@uotlgoco lro rok prmduatmr, plrm oc koaimkocizorsl cos lgprlsoskmrtloglriaokos qul amktrmconok lstl gmkmauctivm, lc mnilrkmigpucsm mtrms auctivms amgm oc`mdñk y aouabm. Oatuocglkcms gos dlstoaodms dl lsto ïrlo smk8 Boitç, Vokogï, ^lpønciaoDmgikiaoko, Hogoiao y Vulrtm îam, y su prikaipoc glraodm lsLstodms \kidms Oglriaokms.

Aoÿo8 sl mntilkl lk Auno, ^lpønciao Dmgikiaoko, Boitç, Hogoiao, Vulrtm iam, Nornodms, lta. Tilkl rok igpmrtokaio, pulsco zmko dlc Aorinl y Alktrmogériao maupo uk cuòr dlstoaodmlk co prmduaaiñk gukdioc (14%).

Tonoam8 lk ^lpønciao Dmgikiaoko, Auno y Vulrtm îam.Amglraim km tok igpmrtoktl amgm lk cms oktlrimrls.

Lamkmgço

Co o`riaucturo ls co nosl dl co lamkmgço dl Alktrmogériao,pmr cm qul gïs dl cms dms tlraims dl co pmncoaiñk tronoho lklcco. Tilkl `rok igpmrtokaio co o`riaucturo «dl pcoktoaiñkµ,amk amslabos amgm lc aojé, co aoÿo dl ozøaor, cms nokokms ylc oc`mdñk. Co lxpcmtoaiñk dl cms nmsquls lstï rlcotivoglktlcmaocizodo5 godlros trmpiaocls amgm co aomno y lc aldrm slxpcmtok lk @uotlgoco, Nlcial y Kiaoroùo. Cms rlaursmsgiklrocls smk gmdlstms lk lsto rlìñk, dlstoaokdm cms yoai-gilktms dl nouxito lk Co Lspoÿmco y Hogoiao (lstl øctigm lstlralr prmduatmr gukdioc). Lk ocùkms poçsls aorinlÿms, amgmVulrtm îam y Hogoiao, lc turisgm bo amkstituidm su prikaipocjulktl dl divisos.



>0< Amkmzaogms gïssmnrl kulstro pcoklto

\kidod 4

Ogériao dlc Qur

Quplrjiail ?0.206.>?2 Eg>. Lstï rlportidm lk ?> poçsls, silkdm Nrosic lcgïs lxtlksm.

1:<.>66.666 bonitoktls.Km.oprmxigodm dlbonitoktlslk >66:

CçgitlsKmrtl8Maéokm Otcïktiam y Alktrmogériao.Lstl8Maéokm Otcïktiam.Qur8Gor dlc Qamtio, Oktïrtido.Mlstl8Maéokm Voaçjiam.

^lìmkls dl Ogériao dlc Qur

Vriglro rlìñk jisim`r jiao8 vilhm lsaudm dl Nrosicio y cmsgoaizms dl cos @uyokos y Voto`mkio.

Qlùkdo rlìñk jisim`r jiao8co Amrdicclro dl cms Okdls qul sllxtilkdl o cm cor`m dl co amsto maaidlktoc y otrovilso lc amktiklktl.

Tlralro rlìñk jisim`r jiao8 Aulkao dlc Ogozmkos y co Vcoto5pmr dmkdl otrovilsok cms sistlgos jcuviocls.

^lcilvl

Co Amrdicclro dl cms Okdls ls dl mri`lk tlatñkiam y surìñ pmr lcclvoktogilktm dl co pcoao dl Kozao5 tilkl piams dl gïs dl :.666g y lk lcco sl lkaulktrok `rokdls vmcaokls, klvodms y coùkos.Lc piam gïs octm ls lc Oamkaoùo (:.9:6 g).

Lc Lsaudm dl Nrosicio maupo gïs dl uk tlraim dlc amktiklktl y lsco lstruaturo gïs oktiùo, amk dlpñsitms sldiglktorims gorikms.

Lk lklroc lc rlcilvl prlslkto gmktoÿos, ccokuros, voccls y aulkaosdl `rokdls rçms5 sl lkaulktro co slcvo gïs `rokdl dlc gukdm,co Qlcvo Ogozñkiao.

Tilkl vorios iscos lk co rlìñk iksucor, lktrl cos qul sl dlstoaok cosIscos ocïpo`ms dl mri`lk vmcaïkiam, cos auocls amktilklk lsplailsdl jouko y jcmro økiaos lk lc gukdm.



>0:



Vrlslkto vorildod dl acigos ikjcuidms pmr cos gosos dl oirl yco prlslkaio dl co Amrdicclro dl cms Okdls, qul oatøo amgmnorrlro. Cms acigos vok dlsdl jrçm amktiklktoc bosto aocurmsmbøgldm y ïridm5 lc acigo bøgldm y trmpiaoc maurrl lk slcvos(Abmañ y Ogozmkos), ïridm lk dlsilrtms amgm lc dl Otoaogo,

jrçm amktiklktoc lk co Voto`mkio.

Acigos

Vrikaipocls rçms

Lc prikaipoc rçm ls lc Ogozmkos, amk uko aulkao qul rlam`lvorims rçms dl Amcmgnio, Zlklzulco, Vlrø, Lauodmr, Nmcivio, Nroy cos @uyokos. Togniék sl lkaulktro co aulkao dlc ^çm Mrikmam(Amcmgnio, Zlklzulco) y lc ^çm Vorokï ( Voroùoy, Or`lktiko) qulsmk lxtlksms y dlslgnmaok lk lc Otcïktiam5 lc ^çm Go`doclko(Amcmgnio), çm Qom Jrokaisam (Nrosic), çm Amcmrodm y çm(Or`lktiko) smk rçms qul otrovilsok lstms poçsls.

Co pmncoaiñk Quroglriaoko lstï amkstituido pmr cms dlsalkdilktlsdl 1 `rokdls `rupms étkiams y su glstizohl8 oglrikdims (qulamkstituylrmk cms bonitoktls outñatmkms dl Ogériao)5 lurmplms(dl mri`lk lspoÿmc, pmrtuùés, itociokm y bmcokdés smnrl tmdmy ojriaokms kl`rms dlsalkdilktls dl lsacovms.

@rupms étkiams

Ikaos qul dmgikormk tmdm lc tlrritmrim dlsdl Lauodmr y Vlrøbosto Nmcivio y Abicl.

Lc aotmciaisgm ls co rlciìñk dl co Ogériao dlc Qur.


^lciìmkls


Lamkmgço

Co prikaipoc julktl dl lgpclm ls co o`riaucturo, cms rlaursmsgiklrms y amgnustincls jñsicls lstïk distrinuidms dl jmrgoirrlùcor. Dlnidm o co klalsidod dl igpucsor co gokujoaturo yglhmror co ikjrolstruaturo, cms mnilrkms rlainilrmk prlstogms dlcnokam gukdioc lk cos déaodos dl cms oÿms :6 y 06, lc rlsuctodm

ls uko oaugucoaiñk dl dludos qul toc vlz kukao slrïk socdodos.Nrosic y Or`lktiko, dmgikok lc osplatm lamkñgiam dl co rlìñk,gilktros Abicl prlslkto uk nulk arlaigilktm.

Guabms prmduatms o`rçamcos smk prmduaidms lk Qudogériaoamgm lc goçz, lc aojé, y bmrtocizos. Lc òkodm nmvikm, prlslktllc Or`lktiko y \ruùoy, cms plals y gorisams, lk Vlrø, Lauodmr,Abicl. Lk auoktm o co giklrço, sl prlslkto lc amnrl lk Abicl, lcpltrñclm lk Zlklzulco, Amcmgnio, Lauodmr y Nrosic.




\kidod 4

Aunrl uk ïrlo dl oprmxigodoglktl >1.426.666 eg¾, oprmxi-godoglktl lc 4,2% dl co suplrjiail dlc pcoklto.Quplrjiail

Km. oprmxigodmdl bonitoktls

lk >66:Qu pmncoaiñk lstigodo ls dl gïs dl <?4.:66.666 bonitoktls.

Ogériao dlc Kmrtl(mKmrtlogériao) ls uk sunamktiklktlqul jmrgo portl dl Ogériao, situodm lk lc blgisjlrim kmrtl, yaosi pmr amgpcltm lk lc blgisjlrim maaidlktoc. Cigito oc kmrtlamk lc Maéokm @coaioc Ïrtiam, oc lstl amk lc maéokm Otcïkti

oc surlstl amk lc Gor Aorinl y oc sur y oc mlstl amk lc MaéokmVoaçjiam. Oc surlstl lstï ukidm amk Alktrmogériao pmr lc istgmdl Tlbuoktlpla.

Cçgitls

Kmrtlogériao sl puldl dividir lk aikam igpmrtoktls rlìmklsjisim`rïjiaos.

Co gitod mrilktoc dl Aokodï, oc iùoc qul co goymr portl dl@rmlkcokdio y portl dl cms lstodms dl Gikklsmto, Pisamksik,Giabiòk y Kulvo Ymre, lk Lstodms \kidms, smk portl dlclsaudmAokodilksl (m goaizm Courlktiokm), uko rlìñk glsltorioamgpulsto pmr oktiùos rmaos aristocikos, amk sulcms pmnrls aunilrto pmr dlksms nmsquls oc sur.

Co slùkdo rlìñk ls coccokuro amstlroqul sl lxtilkdl pmr cogoymr portl dlc lstl dl Lstodms \kidms y Géxiam.

Lk Lstodms \kidms co ccokuro amstlro cigito oc mlstl amk uko tlralrlìñk, qul amgprlkdl uko amrdicclro gmktoÿmso rlcotivoglktllstrlabo, jmrgodo lk lslkaio pmr cms gmktls Opocoabls.

Co auorto rlìñk onorao co portl alktroc dlc amktiklktl, dlsdl lcsur dl Aokodï bosto lc surmlstl dl Tlxos, y gulstro uko lxtlkso

^lìmklsdl Ogériaodlc Kmrtl

Ogériao dlc Kmrtl



>02



^lìmklsdl Ogériaodlc Kmrtl

ccokuro qul bo lxplriglktodm plrçmdms octlrkms dl ikglrsiñkpmr dlnohm dlc gor y dl lglr`lkaio, cm qul bo dltlrgikodm qullsté aunilrto pmr aopos dl rmaos sldiglktorios bosto uko `rokprmjukdidod. Km ls uko ccokuro ikiktlrrugpido, puls amgprlkdl

tlrrlkms mkducodms l ikacusm oaaidlktodms, amgm co glsltodl cms Mzore. Co portl maaidlktoc onorao cos ccogodos @rokdlsCcokuros, qul sl lclvok boaio cos gmktoÿos ^mamsos.

Co quikto y gïs maaidlktoc rlìñk dl Kmrtlogériao, qul sllxtilkdl pmr `rok portl dl Géxiam, prlslkto uko ikdisautincloatividod mrm`ékiao5 su rlailktl bistmrio `lmcñìao lstï dljikidopmr cms gmvigilktms dl co amrtlzo y co oatividod vmcaïkiao.

Cos goymrls octitudls smk8 GaEikcly (:.?91 g), Mrizmno mAitcotépltc (<.041 g), Pbitkly (4.4?2 g) y Lcnlrt (4.199 g).Lk Géxiam dlstoao co amrdicclro dl Qilrro Godrl. Ql troto dl uksistlgo gmktoÿmsm qul rmdlo o co octipcokiail glxiaoko. Lstïjmrgodm pmr co silrro Godrl maaidlktoc (?.466 Eg.), co silrroGodrl mrilktoc (066 Eg.) y co silrro Godrl dlc Qur (?.>66 Eg.).

Co vl`ltoaiñk y lc acigo lk Kmrtlogériao ls guy voriodm,pmdlgms lkamktror co goymr portl dl cms acigos dlc gukdm, ytmdms cms qul plrtlklalk o cos cotitudls gldios y octos. Vmr lckmrtl cigito amk cos tilrros dlc Ïrtiam y pmr lc sur amk Géxiam,oc`m clhms dl cos slcvos bøgldos dlc alktrm dl Ogériao.

• Acigo dl tukdro.• Acigo dl cms nmsquls nmrlocls.• Acigo amktiklktoc bøgldm.• Acigo slam dl cos cotitudls gldios.• Acigo gorçtigm dl co amsto mlstl.• Acigo glditlrrïklm.• Acigo suntrmpiaoc slam.• Acigo gmkzñkiam y dl cms vilktms ocisims dlc citmroc.

^lcilvl

Acigos




\kidod 4

Vrikaipocls rçms

Lk Ogériao dlc Kmrtl kms lkamktrogms amk uko `rok aulkaobidrm`rïjiao qul dmgiko lc alktrm dlc poçs8 co aulkao dlc Gi-sisipi-Gisuri-Mbçm (<.906 Eg.). Lstms smk cms rçms gïs `rokddl Kmrtlogériao. Aurimsoglktl km boy gïs `rokdls aulkaos,

oukqul sç dlstoaok ocùkms rçms. Oc kmrtl kms lkamktrogms amk cms rçms Yueñk (1.?2< Eg) Goaelkzil (4.>4? Eg), y oc sur amk lc rçm @rokdl (1.616 Eg)y lc Amcmrodm (>.114 Eg). Lstos, huktm amk co dlc rçm Amnio (>.116 Eg), smk cos aulkaos bidrm`rïjiaos gïs `rokdls dlKmrtlogériao.

Aonl dlstoaor qul cms rçms qul dlslgnmaok lk lc Ïrtiam smk guykuglrmsms y aoudocmsms, oukqul guabm gïs amrtms.

Co kmrtloglriaoko ls uko smaildod dl ikgi`roktls, dmkdl sllkaulktrok rlprlslktodos tmdos cos rozos y plrsmkos dl tmdms cmspoçsls dlc gukdm. Co rozo dmgikoktl ls co ncokao ok`cmsohmkoslùido dl cms kl`rms, cotikms, abikms, lta. Cms ikdims kotivms saosi uko aurimsidod. Lsto divlrsidod ls julktl dl arlotividod,plrm togniék dl amkjciatms smaiocls y roaiocls pmr portl dl cogoymrço dmgikoktl.

Lc potlktl roaisgm dl co pmncoaiñk sl puldl vlr lk lc octm pmr-alktohl dl km ncokams lktrl cms tronohodmrls pmr aulkto ohlkoglkms auocijiaodms y cms gorìkodms.

@rupms étkiams

Cos rlciìñk gïs dijukdido ls lc aristiokisgm qul ls co i`clsio amkgïs odlptms lk aodo ukm dl cms trls poçsls, oukqul lk Lstodms\kidms cos i`clsios prmtlstoktls tilklk gïs gilgnrms lk amkhuktmqul co Aotñciao.

Lk Lstodms \kidms, y Géxiam lxistlk vorims køaclms igpmrtoktlsdl hudoçsgm, iscogisgm, i`clsio mrtmdmxo, nudisgm, amkjuaiokigm, gmrgmkisgm lta.

^lciìmkls



>26



Lk lc osplatm o`rçamco smnrlsoclk lc goçz y co smho. Cos jrutosbmrtocizos lk Aocijmrkio, y cms açtriams lk Jcmrido. Co ikdusòkodlro togniék ls julrtl lk lsto rlìñk.

Cms amgnustincls jñsicls, amgm lc aornñk sl lkaulktrok lk cms Opocoabls. Lc pltrñclm y lc os lk Ocoseo, Tlxos, @mcjm dl Géxiamy lc mlstl dl Aokodï.

Co lamkmgço dl LL.\\. y Aokodï ls dl tipm aopitocisto cinlroc,lk dmkdl pmdlgms lkamktror tmdm tipm dl lgprlsos dl tmdmscms togoÿms, dlsdl cos `rokdls guctikoaimkocls qul onoraoktmdm lc gukdm, bosto cos plqulÿos lgprlsos qul smcuaimkokco lamkmgço dl uko jogicio. Lxistlk amgpoÿços dl gldiokmtogoÿm qul tronohok poro sç gisgos m poro cos `rokdls gucti-koaimkocls.

Lc slatmr lgprlsorioc lstï guy nilk lstruaturodm y co smaildodamksugl cms prmduatms qul jonriao. Co goymr portl dl co pmnco-aiñk tronoho pmr aulkto ohlko y lk `lklroc lc aognim dl tronohmls jïaic y ïìc.

Co gmvicidod dlc glraodm dl tronohm ls guy rokdl cm qul diji-aucto co mròkizoaiñk dl osmaioaimkls dl mnrlrms. Cms sikdiaotmlstïk mròkizodms pmr slatmrls dl oatividod y jrlaulktlglktlsmk amktrmcodms pmr cms lgprlsorims. Lc sikdiaocisgm dl acooplkos lstï mròkizodm.


Lamkmgço

Cmsgoyos smk uk pulncm qul sl uniañ `lm`rïjiaoglktl lk lcsur dl cm qul bmy ls Géxiam y lc kmrtl dl Ogériao Alktroc.

Cmsoztlaos, o dijlrlkaio dl cos dlgïs aivicizoaimkls dl Gl-

smogériao, ikiaiormk oc`m tordl su osalksm aucturoc, prmnonclglktl boaio lc oÿm ?1>< od. dl A., auokdm sl lstonclailrmk lklc Co`m dl Tlxamam, lk lc auoc ikiaiormk co amkstruaaiñk dl coaiudod dl Tlkmabtitcïk, bmy aiudod dl Géxiam.





\kidod 4

Amkmzaogms Malokço

Quplrjiail

Malokçols uk amktiklktl iksucor dl co Tilrro, amkstituido pmr

Oustrocio, Vopøo-Kulvo @uiklo y Kulvo Xlcokdo, osç amgm cmorabipiéco`ms amrocikms y vmcaïkiams dl Giarmklsio, VmciklsGlcoklsio, distrinuidos pmr lc Maéokm Voaçjiam. Amgøkglktllc amkhuktm sl amksidlro uk amktiklktl. Y odlgïs amk ukolxtlksiñk dl 9.662.4<2 Eg. ls lc amktiklktl gïs plqulÿmdlc pcoklto.

Lsto rlìñk ls co glkms pmncodo dlc gukdm (si lxalptuogms co Oktïrtido) amk oprmxigodoglktl <1.666.666 dl bonitoktls.

Km. oprmxigodmdl bonitoktlslk >66:

Cçgitls

^lìmkls dlMalokço

Lstï cigitodo co Malokço8 oc K.L. y Q. pmr lc Maéokm VoaçjiamM. pmr lc gor dl cos Ikdios, qul ls su dlplkdlkaio5 lc lstrlabmdl Gocoao y lc jikoc dl co Abiko.

Ql dividl co Malokço lk Gocosio, Glcotilsio, Giarmklsio y Vm-tiklsio. CoGocosioamgprlkdl8 cos iscos dl co Qmkdo, Aéclnls,Gmcuaos y Nmrklm, plrtlklailkdm tmdos o Bmcokdo, glkms Nmrklm, qul plrtlklal togniék oc ^likm \kidm.

CoGlcoklsio lstï jmrgodo pmr Oustrocio, qul ls co goymr iscodlc gukdm, y sus dlplkdlkaios, y Ziti m Jihi qul plrtlklalk oc

^likm \kidm5 Kulvo Aocldmkio, Cloctod, &, dl Jrokaio5 KulvosBénridos, Qokto Aruz, Kulvo Nrltoÿo, &., y Orabipiéco`m dlNisgorae plrtlklailktls o Oclgokio y oc ^likm \kidm, y KulvoIk`cotlrro qul plrtlklal o Bmcokdo, Oclgokio y lc likm \kidm.

CoGiarmklsio, sl amgpmkl dl cos iscos dl Goòccokls, Votlms,Goriokos, Aormcikos, Guc`rovls, Gorsbocc, plrtlklailktls tmdoso Oclgokio.



>2>



^lìmkls dlMalokço

Clkùos

^lcilvl

Acigos

Vrikaipocls rçms

@rupms étkiams

Y pmr øctigm coVmciklsio, qul lstï jmrgodo, amgm su kmgnrlcm ikdiao, pmr guctitud dl iscos lk køglrm qul poso dl 166, yuk køglrm ikaocauconcl dl iscmtls5 cos prikaipocls smk8 cos iscos Tmkò, Amme, Lccial, @icnlrt, plrtlklailktls tmdos oc likm \kidm,cos dl Qogmo qul plrtlklal o cms Lstodms \kidms y Oclgokio5 cosdl Tobitç, Vmgmtø, Gorqulsos, Tunuoy, plrtlklailktls o Jrokaioy Qïkdwiab m Bowoi o cms Lstodms \kidms.

Co clkùo gïs boncodo ls lc ik`cés, slùidm dlc jrokaés, y lk oc-ùkos iscos prikaipocglktl plrtlklailktls o co smnlrokço abiclkosl bonco lc lspoÿmc amgm lk co Isco dl Vosauo.

Cos clkùos ikdç`lkos sl bok amkslrvodm lk sus dijlrlktls ylsplaiocglktl nmkitms dioclatms, ocùkms lstïk ocaokzokdm rokigpmrtokaio amgm lc gomrç, lk Kulvo Xlcokdo.

Lk Malokço km boy `rokdls lclvoaimkls cos goymrls smk8 Hoyo(<.6>9 g) y Picblig (4.:91 g).

Tilkl lc acigo prmpim dl co zmko tñrrido, plrm, tlgpcodm pmr cosnrisos dlc gor5 lk co portl mrilktoc smpcok cms vilktms ocisims yco maaidlktoc cclòk cms gmkzmkls dlc gor dl co Ikdio.

Togpmam boy rokdls rçms. Cms økiams dl ailrto igpmrtokaio ls lcGurroy (1.0?2 Eg.), lc Dorcik` (>.01: Eg.) y lc Gurrugnid``l(?.:96 Eg.).

Co pmncoaiñk ls bltlrm`éklo, yo qul sl boccok cms dlsalkdilktlsdl lurmplms amgm cms nritïkiams y mtros ikgi`roaimkls lurmplos,cms ikdç`lkos plrtlklailktls o dijlrlktls rogos amgm cms pmci-klsims, glcoklsims, giarmklsims, popøls lta. cms glstizms, y ukogikmrço dl kl`rms y gucotms.




\kidod 4

^lciìmkls

Lamkmgço / Vrikaipoclsprmduatms


Vrldmgiko lc prmtlstoktisgm, slùidm dlc aotmciaisgm, amgmtogniék cms ritms y arllkaios dl cms ikdç`lkos. O lccms togniékcls usto kodor, cm amksidlrok uk ritm pmrqul dialk qul Dims vivllk lc gor y oc kodor, éc kodo lktrl lccms.

Malokço tilkl uko lamkmgço prldmgikoktlglktl o`rçamco. Lcacigo ls idloc poro auctivms trmpiaocls. Lc prikaipoc prmduatm dl iscos ls co ampro, géduco dlc amam, togniék co aoÿo dl ozøaor, lcaojé, co voikicco, cms alrlocls, lk lsplaioc lc tri`m, ïrnmcls jrutocldl acigo bøgldm, nokokos y okokï.

Co òkodlrço bo prmsplrodm lk Oustrocio y Kulvo Xlcokdo. Lpriglrm dl lstms poçsls pmsll lc goymr stmae gukdioc dl okodmmvikm y ls lc prikaipoc lxpmrtodmr dl coko.

Co plsao sl bo dlsorrmccodm amk prljlrlkaio lk cos iscos amrocikodmkdl amkstituyl co nosl dl co ociglktoaiñk5 odlgïs dl plsaodm,sl mntilklk gmcusams, aok`rlhms y tmrtuòs.

Cos mstros plrcçjlros amkstituylk mtro oatividod igpmrtoktl lk

lstl amktiklktl.Cms giklrocls qul sl lxtrolk smk lc mrm, pcoto, pcmgm, lstoÿm,aika, tuk`stlkm, kçqulc, bilrrm, armgm y amnoctm.

Lk Bowoii prmsplrok lc turisgm y co ikdustrio ozuaorlro y amkslr-vo5 lk cos dlgïs iscos smcm sl prmdualk ortlsokços8 bicokdlrçosocjorlrços, aokostms y lstlros.

Cms priglrms pmncodmrls dl lsto zmko julrmk slrls bugokmsgmdlrkms prmaldlktls dlc surlstl dl Osio. Cms ikdç`lkos ous-trociokms (m onmrç`lkls oustrociokms) smk cms priglrms bonitodlc amktiklktl oustrociokm y sus iscos odyoalktls, y amktikøokvivilkdm duroktl co amcmkizoaiñk lurmplo. Lc térgikm ikacuydivlrsms tipms dl ikdç`lkos qul sl amkmalk kmrgocglktl amgmonmrç`lkls.



>24



Co otgñsjlro

(Aopos dl co otgñsjlro)

Ls uko lkvmcturo qul sl goktilkl ukido oc pcoklto pmr ljlatm dl co cly dl co`rovldod. Aosi tmdms cms pcokltos dlc sistlgo smcor tilklk otgñsjlro, plrm cotlrrlstrl ls co gïs roro dlc sistlgo. Ql lkaulktro amgpulsto pmr bidrñ`lkm(02%) y lc mxç`lkm (>?%). Co lstruaturo dl co otgñsjlro km ls bmgm`éklo, sikm qul prlslkto vorioaiñklk su amgpmsiaiñk quçgiao y lk su tlgplroturo, dl oaulrdm amk co octuro8

Trmpmsjlro8 ls co aopo gïs noho dl co otgñsjlro, lk co qul sl prlslktokjlkñglkms gltlmrmcñìams amgm cos kunls, co ccuvio m prlaipitoaimkls ycms vilktms, lktrl mtrms. Lsto aopo cclò o gldir ?6 eg smnrl cms pmcms y eg smnrl lc lauodmr. Co tlgplroturo dlsailkdl o gldido qul ouglkto coocturo, o rozñk dl :,4 `rodms alktç`rodms pmr ? eg, lk prmgldim. Lk lstoaopo sl amkalktro lc vopmr dl oùo.

Lstrotmsjlro8 aopo suplrimr o co trmpmsjlro y sl lkaulktro lktrl ?2 eg y

cms <6 eg dl octuro. Km boy prlslkaio dlc vopmr dl oùo. Co tlgplroturoprlslkto uko ikvlrsiñk, ls dlair, qul ouglkto amk co octuro, cm auoc `lklroqul cos amrrilktls dl oirl sl prlslktlk dl jmrgo bmrizmktoc, poroclcos o cosuplrjiail dl co tilrro. Vmr lstm, cms ovimkls puldlk viohor amk goymr visincidod y trokquicidod. Lc mzmkm (M1) ls uk prmduatm koturoc qul rlsucto dl cooaaiñk dl cms royms uctrovimclto smnrl cos gmcéaucos dl mxç`lkm.

>24





>2< Amkmzaogms gïssmnrl kulstro pcoklto

\kidod 4

Gmvigilktm dl co otgñsjlro

Co iktlroaaiñk lktrl co cuz smcor, co suplrjiail tlrrlstrl (amktiklktl u maéokmy co otgñsjlro `lklrok co tlgplroturo, co prlsiñk otgmsjériao , cms vilktms yco bugldod.

Tlgplroturo8 co lklr`ço qul irrodio lc smc cclò o co Tilrro lk jmrgo dl cuzvisincl y cms royms uctrovimclto (\Z). Co goymrço dl royms \Z sl quldok co lstrotmsjlro, gilktros qul portl dl co cuz visincl cclò o co suplrjiail. Cosuplrjiail troksjmrgo lso lklr`ço onsmrnido lk lklr`ço aocñriao, co cinlro prm-pmraimkokdm aocmr y, oc irrodiorsl boaio lc lspoaim, aocilkto co otgñsjlr`rodm dl goymr m glkmr tlgplroturo lk co otgñsjlro cm dltlrgikok joatmrls`lm`rïjiams amgm lc rlcilvl, co octitud, cms vilktms, y co bugokidod, lktrl mtr

Tlrgmsjlro8sl lkaulktro pmr lkaigo dl cms 26 eg dl octuro ylk lcco co tlgplroturo sl ikarlglkto dl -?66 ¶A bosto 966¶A, ocms 1<6 eg. Lsto aopo plrgitl cos amgukiaoaimkls dl cms slrlsbugokms vço mkdos dl rodim. Boal qul cos mkdos lgitidos kmsl lsaoplk oc lspoaim, sikm qul vulcvok o co suplrjiail.

Imkmsjlro8sl lkaulktro lktrl cms <6 eg y cms 26 eg dl octuro,y occç co tlgplroturo vulcvl o disgikuir amk co octuro bosto cclòro cms ?66 ¶A.

Co igpmrtokaio dlc mzmkm rodiao lk su aopoaidod dlonsmrnlr co rodioaiñk uctrovimclto prmvlkilktl dlc smc,cm auoc tilkl ljlatm lk co distrinuaiñk dlc aocmr lk cootgñsjlro, amgm lk co cclòdo dl cms royms uctrovimclto oco suplrjiail dl co Tilrro.

>2< Amkmzaogms g ssmnrl kulstro pcoklto

\kidod 4



>2:



Co prlsiñk otgmsjériao8 lc oirl qul amgpmkl co otgñsjlro tilkl uko gosoqul, oc lstor otroçdo pmr co julrzo dl co `rovldod boaio lc alktrm dlc pcokltolhlral uko prlsiñk smnrl co suplrjiail. Co prlsiñk ouglkto auokdm lc oirl lsjrçm y cos portçaucos qul cm amkjmrgok lstïk guy huktos. Co prlsiñk disgiku

auokdm lc oirl sl aocilkto y cos portçaucos sl oclhok.Cms vilktms8 lc oirl sl gulvl pmr aognims dl prlsiñk. Lc oirl dl uko zmkodl noho prlsiñk tilkdl o lclvorsl m o dlspcozorsl, gilktros qul lk zmkosdl octo prlsiñk tilkdl o ovokzor smnrl cos zmkos dl noho prlsiñk, `lklrokdmamrrilktls bmrizmktocls ccogodos vilktms. Qmk dl vorios acosls8

Cms vilktms pcokltorims smk cms gmvigilktms dl oirl qul ojlatok o ogpcio zmkos dlc pcoklto. Ql tilkl dijlrlktls amrrilktls dl vilktms pcokltorims8

• Cms vilktms ocisims viohok lk dirlaaiñk mrilktl-maaidlktl boaio co zmko lautmrioc, lkamktrïkdmsl lk uko jrokho ccogodo zmko dl amkvlr`lkaio lauotmrio

• Cms vilktms dlc mlstl tilklk dirlaaiñk maaidlktl-mrilktl y vok dl uko zmko dl noho prlsiñk qul amikaidl amk lc jrlktl pmcor.

• Cms vilktms pmcorls dlc lstl prmvilklk dl cms pmcms y sl dlspcozok lslktidm kmrmrilktl y maaidlktl.

Lc oùo lk co otgñsjlro8mtro amkslaulkaio dl co iktlroaaiñk lktrl lc smc,co suplrjiail dlc pcoklto y co otgñsjlro ls co prlslkaio dlc oùo lk lsto øcti-go. Lk co portl noho dl co otgñsjlro sl uniao uko `rok aoktidod dl vopmr dloùo, y pmr lsto rozñk occç sl prlslktok jlkñglkms gltlmrmcñìams amgm cobugldod, cos kunls, y co prlaipitoaiñk.

Co bugldod8 co otgñsjlro pmsll co aopoaidod poro rltlklr y trokspmrtorvopmr dl oùo. Co aoktidod dl vopmr qul sl amkalktro lk lc oirl sl ccogo

bugldod y ls lc vopmr qul pmdlgms slktir lk co pilc.Cos kunls y prlaipitoaimkls8auokdm co otgñsjlro sl lkjrço lc vopmr dl oùosl amkdlkso y plrgitl lc aognim dlc lstodm dlc oùo, dl oslmsm o ciquidm. Cms`rupms plqulÿos mtos m aristocls lk susplksiñk jmrgok cos kunls. Cos mtos ycms aristocls sl amgilkzok o ukir lk uk jlkñglkm ccogodm amoclsalkaio, bostoqul lc plsm dl cos portçaucos ls dlgosiodm poro goktlklrsl lk susplksiñk ylstos sl prlaipitok lk jmrgo dl ccuvio, `rokizm m kilvl.




\kidod 4

Ls co jmrgo dl dlsarinir lc amgpmrtogilktm dl co otgñsjlro lk uk cuòr m rlìñlsplaçjiao, duroktl uk tilgpm dltlrgikodm. Lk lc pcoklto sl lkaulktrok auotrmjrokhos acigïtiaos, qul sl osmaiok o dltlrgikodms lamsistlgos.

Acigos dl co Tilrro

?. Boò uk cistodm dl oatividodls amtidiokos qul ojlatlk co otgñsjlro, dirlato

ikdirlatoglktl.

>. ^løkosl amk sus amgpoÿlrms lk sun`rupms, lsamhok ukm dl cms tlgos prlslktodlk cos claturos oktlrimrls y rlocialk uko sçktlsis. ^laulrdlk dltlrgikor co idlo

prikaipoc, cos idlos slaukdorios y uko amkacusiñk poro su lxpmsiaiñk.

Vrmnclgo Añgm ojlato okulstro rlìñk

Octlrkotivosdl smcuaiñk

Amgprmgismplrsmkoc

?:

• Xmko lauotmrioc(>6¶ kmrtl o >6¶ sur)8 sl prlslktok prlaipitoaimkls tmdmlc oÿm, plrm sl prlslktok épmaos dl pmaos prlaipitoaimkls y plrimdmguy bøgldms duroktl lc oÿm. Cms lamsistlgos rlcoaimkodms smk co slclauotmrioc, co slcvo dl gmktoÿo, cos sonokos lauotmriocls, cms nmsqulkilncos y cms pïrogms.

• Xmko trmpiaoc(>6¶ o 46¶ kmrtl y >6¶ o 46¶ sur)8 sl aoroatlrizo pmr tlklroctos prlsimkls y lsaoso bugldod. O lcco sl osmaiok cms lamsistlgos ddlsilrtms y lstlpos.

• Xmko dl cotitudls gldio m zmko tlgpcodo(46¶ o :6¶ kmrtl y 46¶ o :6¶sur)8 sl prlslktok auotrm lstoaimkls8 vlrokm, ikvilrkm, mtmÿm y prigovl

• Xmko pmcor(:6¶ o 96¶ kmrtl y :6¶ o 96¶ sur)8 sl goklho tlgplroturos guynohos duroktl tmdm lc oÿm dl 6¶. Cos prlaipitoaimkls smk guy lsaosos ydo lk jmrgo dl kilvl.



>22



Cms lamkmgistos sl maupok dl lstudior lc amgpmrtogilktm dl cmslrls bugokms jrlktl o co lxi`lkaio dl sotisjoalr sus klalsidodlsgotlriocls, dodm qul cms rlaursms lxistlktls lk co koturoclzo y lk csmaildod gisgo smk lsaosms. Tmdm slr bugokm dlnl sotisjoalr ukgçkigm dl klalsidodls poro sl`uir vivilkdm y osl`uror lc sustlktmdl su jogicio. Vlrm km tmdo co tilrro dispmkincl lk co koturoclzonulko poro slr slgnrodo y mntlklr dl lcco uk ociglktm.

>. www.lugld.klt/aurslamk/?. Qistlgos lamkñgiams dl co bugokidod.

Vrmduaaiñk dl nilkls y slrviaims

Co rlcoaiñk lktrl cms slrls bugokms qul plrgitl co prmduaaiñk dl nilkls y slrvi-

aims qul aoroatlrizok o uko smaildod lk uk gmglktm dltlrgikodm. Lamkmgistooktrmpñcm`ms, bistmriodmrls, lktrl mtrms, sl bok pulstm o giror cos aoroatlrçstcos smaildodls qul bok cm`rodm distiktms kivlcls dl prmduaaiñk y dl sotisjoaaiñcos klalsidodls dl sus ikdividums.

Gmdm dl prmduaaiñk

Ls co rlcoaiñk qul sl lstonclal lktrl cms slrls bugokms dl lso smaildod qul boalpmsincl co prmduaaiñk dl nilkls y slrviaims dl uko jmrgo dltlrgikodo. Lstos rlcaimkls km smk smcm lamkñgiaos, sikm togniék smaiocls.

Qlsiñk ?0

Lamkmgço y cms sistlgos dl prmduaaiñk >




\kidod 4

Qistlgo dl prmduaaiñk

Cos téakiaos ortlsokocls smk cms tronohms rloci-zodms tmtoc m poraiocglktl o gokm qul rlquilrlkdlstrlzo gokuoc poro lconmror mnhltms jukaimkocls

y dlamrotivms.

Dlc amkhuktm dl rlcoaimkls aucturocls, smaiocls, rlci`imsos y pmcçtiaos lktrlbugokms, qul dltlrgikok lc gmdm dl prmduaaiñk lk uko smaildod, rlsucto lc sistlgo dl prmduaaiñk lamkñgiao.

Joatmrls dl prmduaaiñk

Aodo oatm dl prmduaaiñk ls, oc gisgm tilgpm, uk oatm dl oprmpioaiñk dl co kroclzo, y diabo oatividod sl cclvo o aonm amgnikokdm lktrl sç trls tipms dl joadl prmduaaiñk8

• ^laursms koturocls, amgm co tilrro, lk lc aosm dl uk o`riauctmr, y lc olk lc aosm dl uk plsaodmr.

• Cms gldims dl tronohm, m blrrogilktos l ikstruglktms dl cms qul lc sbugokm sl sirvl poro mntlklr jrutms o portir dl cms rlaursms koturocls

• Lc tronohm gisgm, ls dlair, co oatividod bugoko qul plrgitl mntlklr jrutmdl co koturoclzo amk co oyudo dl cms gldims oktls kmgnrodms.



>96



Qistlgo lamkñgiamAivicizoaiñk

Qistlgos dl prmduatividod lk co okti`óldod1

1. www.gitorloklt.amg/bistukiv?.btg. Tlxtms smnrl cos oktiùos aivicizoaimkls.

Vriglrmspmncodmrls

Qunsistlkaio8duroktl gicls dl oÿms sl dldiaormk o co aozo dlokigocls y o co rlamclaaiñk dl jrutms, amk blrrogilktos rudi-glktorios qul pmam o pmam julrmk pucilkdm. Lsto jmrgo dl vidodltlrgikono qul cos plrsmkos tuvilrok qul gmvlrsl dl uk cuòro mtrm poro lkamktror kulvos julktls dl sustlktm.

Boal ukms mabm gic giccmkls dl oÿms co situoaiñk sujriñ uk drïstiamaognim. Lc slr bugokm dlsaunriñ qul slgnrokdm lk co tilrro cos

slgiccos dl cms jrutms qul amgço, pmdço mntlklr ukms kulvms. Ossl dlsaunriñ co o`riaucturo. Dlhormk dl slr kñgodos poro ikstocorsllk uk cuòr, co o`riaucturo cls dim co pmsinicidod dl oaugucor nilklsgotlriocls, iùocglktl, ikiaiormk co dmglstiaoaiñk dl okigocls. Lcslr bugokm pudm dldiaor gïs tilgpm o mtros oatividodls amgmlc ortl y co rlciìñk.

Lc surìgilktm dl kulvos oatividodls amgm co o`riaucturo, co aozo,co rlciìñk, co ocjorlrço y co gltocurìo, sl dlsorrmccñ co rlportiaiñkdl cos torlos. Lstm trohm gïs aocidod y ljiailkaio lk co prmduaaiñkdl cms nilkls klalsorims poro co amgukidod. Cos pmncoaimklsarlailrmk dl trinus o ocdlos.

Quglr

1<66 o.A. Zoccl dlGlsmpmtogio

(Iroe)

Co priglro `rok aivicizoaiñk amkmaido. Dlsorrmccormk uko o`riaucturo guy prmduativo, amkvirtiékdmcm lk uk sitim dl `rokdlsamkalktroaimkls bugokos, igpmrtoktls mnros dl orquitlaturo, yriaos gokijlstoaimkls rlciìmsos, citlrorios y ortçstiaos. Lc amktrmco dirlaaiñk dl cms tronohms o`rçamcos lrok lhlraidms pmr uko acodl soalrdmtls y ùlrrlrms.

Mtrm opmrtl dl cms suglrims poro cos aivicizoaimkls pmstlrimrljul co ikvlkaiñk dl co lsarituro. Lc sistlgo dl prmduaaiñk dl cmssuglrims sl nosono lk lc goktlkigilktm dl uko hlrorquço.




\kidod 4


Co lsacovitud

Cms `ril`msgor

Glditlrr klm

oÿm 266 o.A.y lc >66 d.A.

Lc igplrimrmgokm

Co gokm dl lsacovo bo sidm uticizodo pmr guabos smaildodlso cm cor`m dlc tilgpm y lk tmdm lc gukdm. Toc vlz, amk co

lxalpaiñk dlc igplrim rmgokm, kik`øk sistlgo lamkñgiamdlplkdiñ prigorioglktl dl co prmduaaiñk blabo pmr lsacovms.\suocglktl, éstms jmrgonok portl dl co ukidod dl prmduaaiñkdmgéstiao. Bok augpcidm uk poplc igpmrtoktl dlktrm dlcsistlgo dl prmduaaiñk, tlkçok dijlrlktls jukaimkls dlktrmdlc sistlgo smaioc y lc `rodm dl privoaiñk dl sus dlrlabms lrodlsi`uoc.

Julrmk ikiaiocglktl o`riauctmrls, plrm cos pmnrls amkdiaimklsdlc tlrrlkm dmkdl sl lstonclailrmk julrmk iksujiailktls porosotisjoalr cos klalsidodls dl su pmncoaiñk. Co alraokço oc gor,sus lxalclktls pulrtms koturocls y cos iscos airaukdoktls, cms cclvño dlsorrmccor uko oatividod amglraioc amk mtrms pulncms l ikiaico amcmkizoaiñk poro rlsmcvlr su prmnclgo dl smnrlpmncoaiñkLc amglraim plrgitiñ qul aodo rl`iñk sl dldiaoro o prmduaircm qul gïs vlktohmsm cl rlsuctono, troylkdm dl mtros amcmkiocms prmduatms qul km prmduaço. Ql arlo lc diklrm lk gmkldogltïciao, su jukaiñk jul co dl slrvir dl gldim dl iktlraognimlktrl dms prmduatms.

Vulncm dl o`riauctmrls qul slgnronok sus prmduatms lk

plqulÿos prmpildodls. Co nosl dl co lamkmgço lro lc dlrlabmo co prmpildod. Lc amglraim maupono uk poplc slaukdorim y sugoklhm sl dlhono lk gokms dl lxtrokhlrms, acosls ikjlrimrls ylsacovms. Co lsacovitud lro portl ikdisplksoncl dlc sistlgo dlprmduaaiñk, cms lsacovms lrok uticizodms poro rlocizor cos conmo`rçamcos y tronohms gïs durms, y goktlkidms amk cm ikdisplksonporo su sunsistlkaio.



>9>



?0


Mtrosaivicizoaimkls

ïronls8 co nosl dl co prmduaaiñk lamkñgiao lro lc amglraim,oatividod çktigoglktl rlcoaimkodo amk sus arllkaios rlciìmsos.Lxistço uk lkmrgl rlspltm pmr co maupoaiñk, puls Gobmgo,prmjlto jukdodmr dlc iscogisgm, bonço sidm glraodlr. Ql igpucsmuko `rok oatividod amglraioc lktrl Lurmpo y Osio.

Abiko oktiùo8 aosi sik rlcoaiñk amk mtros aivicizoaimkls, cm`rñuk kivlc dl dlsorrmccm lamkñgiam l ikkmvoaiñk igpmrtoktl.Cms prmduatms dl co smrprlkdlktl ortlsokço abiko lstono, siklgnor`m, dlstikodms oc usm dlc mnilrkm, dl co amrtl y cms dulÿmsdl cos tilrros. Tmdms cms osplatms y mjiaims dlc sistlgo lamkñgiamglraodlrls, rld dl trokspmrtls, amnrm dl igpulstms, bïniclsortlsokms, lstonok dlstikodms o surtir dl lxquisitms nilkls o cosacosls priviclìodos.

Ikdio8 nohm lc sistlgos dl aostos sl cm`rñ qul uk ljlativmdlsorrmccm dldiaodm oc goktlkigilktm dl cms riams y pmdlrmsms

Lconmrl uko tonco sçktlsis dl cms sistlgos dl prmduaaiñk dl su rlìñk. Vrlslktl tronohm lk pclkorio.

O`rçamco

Dlsaripaiñk Osplatm

Giklrm y amgnustincls8 gltocurìo,pltrñclm, aornñk, òs, lta.

Ortlsokoc

Qlrviaims8 jikokailrms, lduaotivms

Amglraim



>91 ñròkms dl amktrmc y glaokisgmsdl portiaipoai k aiudodoko

\kidod <

Bonclgms dl cms ñròkms dl amktrmc8 tlklgms o co Amktro@lklroc dl co lpønciao y Lc Gikistlrim Vønciam, amkjmrgodmco Vrmaurodurço @lklroc dl co Koaiñk y co Dljlksmrço dlc Vu

Lk lc ïgnitm gukiaipoc lxistlk cos amktrocmrços gukiaipocls y portoglktocls lk ocùkos zmkos lsplaçjiaos. Lc rlprlslktoktl dlc gikistlrim pøncilk cms gukiaipims ls lc Vlrsmklrm.

Lhlral lc amktrmc jisaoc, qul ls uko jukaiñk pønciao lkaogikodo o viìcor co `jisaoc dl co odgikistroaiñk y dl cms portiaucorls m lktidodls qul goklhlk jmkdmnilkls dl co Koaiñk.

Aoroatlrçstiaos dlc amktrmc jisaoc

Qlclativm8km sl cl ljlatøo o tmdos cos lktidodls dlc Lstodm, dlnidm o co go`kitdlc gisgm. O plsor dl qul tmdos smk susalptincls dl slr amktrmcodos, co slclaadl qué lktidodls dlnlk slr viìcodos dlplkdlrï dl co pmcçtiaos trozodos lk gotlriodl amktrmc jisaoc poro uk plrçmdm dltlrgikodm.

Vmstlrimr8 lc amktrmc sl ljlatøo augpcidm lc oÿm jisaoc, km duroktl su lhlauaiñ

Jikokailrm8lc amktrmc ikacuyl uk okïcisis dltoccodm dl cos jikokzos dl co lgp

amktrmcodo.

Amktrocmrço @lklroc dl co ^lpønciao

\kidod <. Ñr okms dl amktrmc y glaokisgmsdl portiaipoaiñk aiudodoko

Qlsiñk ?2

Ñr okms dl amktrmc



>94



Dl lstiñk8lc amktrmc km sñcm viìco qul km boyo bonidm pérdidos, sikm qul olvocøo co `lstiñk, amk giros o prmtl`lr lc lrorim pønciam m ikarlglktorcm.

Dl rlsuctodms8 Lc lhlraiaim dl amktrmc ikdoò smnrl cos mplroaimkls lhlautodsmnrl cms rlsuctodms mntlkidms, amk giros o dltlrgikor rlspmksonicidodls pm

dlaisimkls qul ikvmcuarlk lc prlsupulstm dl co Koaiñk.

Cms prikaipims rlatmrls dlc amktrmc saoc smk8 co l ailk-aio, co lamkmgço, co lquidod y co vocmroaiñk dl amstmsognilktocls. Lc k øctigm dlc amktrmc saoc ls qul lcodgikistrodmr dl diklrms pønciams oatøl dl goklro qulkm sl prlslktl dltriglktm lk lc lrorim plrm sl goktlkò

uk ritgm dl dlsorrmccm ammrdikodm y smstlkincl.

Vrmaurodurço @lklroc dl co Koaiñk

Jukaimkls8• Ziìcor lc augpcigilktm dl co Amkstituaiñk, cos clyls, cos dlaisimk

hudiaiocls y cms oatms odgikistrotivms.• Vrmtl`lr cms dlrlabms bugokms lk ammrdikoaiñk amk lc Dljlksmr d

Vulncm.• Dljlkdlr cms iktlrlsls dl co smaildod, amclativms y dlc gldim ognilktl,

lk lsplaioc.• Zlcor pmr lc lhlraiaim dici`lktl y ljiailktl dl cos jukaimkls odgikistrotivo•

Lhlralr viìcokaio suplrimr dl co amkduato mjiaioc dl quilkls dlslgplÿlkjukaimkls pønciaos.• Iktlrvlkir lk cms prmalsms auokdm ls klalsorim, lk dljlkso dlc mrdlk

hurçdiam, dl cms dlrlabms y òroktços jukdoglktocls.• ^lkdir aulkto okuoc dl conmr oc Amk`rlsm.• Vrlslktor prmylatms dl cly dl su amgpltlkaio.• Co Vrmaurodurço tlkdrï otrinuaimkls dl Vmciaço hudiaioc y pmdrï iktlr

cos oaaimkls qul amksidlrl klalsorios.



>9< ñròkms dl amktrmc y glaokisgmsdl portiaipoai k aiudodoko

\kidod <

Co Dljlksmrço vlco pmr co prmgmaiñk, lhlraiaim y divucòaiñk dl cms dlrlabmkms. Aulkto amk outmkmgço odgikistrotivo y prlsupulstoc.

Lc dljlksmr ls lclìdm pmr co Aïgoro dl ^lprlslktoktls poro uk plrimdm dl auotroÿms dl tlrko lconmrodo pmr lc Vrlsidlktl dl co lpønciao. Dlktrm dl sus jukaimsl lkaulktrok8 (Cly >4/?99>).

• Mrilktor l ikstruir o cms bonitoktls dlc tlrritmrim koaimkoc lk lc lhlraidljlkso dl sus dlrlabms oktl cos outmridodls amgpltlktls.

•

Divucòr cms dlrlabms bugokms• Ikvmaor lc dlrlabm dl bonlos amrpus (prmtlaaiñk oc dltlkidm iclòglktl (ortçaucm 16 co Amkstituaiñk Vmcçtiao) l iktlrpmklr cos oaaimtutlcos plrtiklktls sik dlsamkmalr cos dlgïs dlrlabms qul cl osistlk ociktlrlsodm.

• Iktlrpmklr oaaimkls pmpucorls lk cms osuktms dl su amgpltlkaio.• Vrlslktor prmylatms dl cly lk osuktms dl su amgpltlkaio.• ^lkdir ikjmrgls oc Amk`rlsm dlc augpcigilktm dl sus jukaimkls.

Lc amktrmc aiudodokm

Ls uko jiùro qul amktlgpco co Amkstituaiñk Vmcçtiao dl ?99?. Qu prmpñsitmalktivor co portiaipoaiñk aiudodoko lk cms dijlrlktls kivlcls dl dlaisiñk dlc Lstoboailkdm dl lcco uko blrrogilkto ikdisplksoncl poro jmrtoclalr cms prmalsmsgmarïtiams lk cos ikstituaimkls pønciaos. Lk mtros poconros, lc amktrmc aiudbo prlvistm amgm uk glaokisgm o trovés dlc auoc sl amktrinuyl o dlgmarotizodijlrlktls lktidodls dl co odgikistroaiñk pønciao y amgm uk ikstruglktm klalsorimporo prmgmvlr l igpucsor co dlgmaroaio portiaipotivo.

Obmro vlogms ocùkms glaokisgms gldioktl cms auocls cms aiudodokms pu

iktlroatuor amk cms jukaimkorims pønciams y lhlralr amktrmc smnrl su `lstiñk

Dljlksmrço dlc Vulncm



>9:



Dlrlabm dl pltiaiñk

Lk co oatuocidod lxistlk cms siùilktls dlrlabms dl pltiaiñk8

• _ulhos, gldioktl cos auocls sl pmklk lk amkmaigilktmdl cos outmridodls rlsplativos cos amkduatos irrlùcorlsdl jukaimkorims pønciams m privodms o quilkls sl cls boodhudiaodm co prlstoaiñk dl uk slrviaim pønciam.

• ^lacogms, o trovés dl cms auocls sl kmtijiao o cos outmridodlsdl co susplksiñk ikhustijiaodo m dl co prlstoaiñk iksujiailktldl uk slrviaim pønciam.

• Gokijlstoaimkls, qul sirvlk poro boalr cclòr o cosoutmridodls co mpikiñk dlc pltiaimkorim smnrl uko gotlriodl oatuoaiñk odgikistrotivo.

• Vltiaimkls dl ikjmrgoaiñk, gldioktl cos auocls sl clssmciaito o cos outmridodls qul dlk o amkmalr añgm bokoatuodm lk divlrsms aosms, qul plrgitok lxogikordmauglktms qul sl lkaulktrok lk uko mjiaiko pønciao,y/m qul lxpidok ampio dl éstms.

Tmdo plrsmko tilkl dlrlabm o prlslktor pltiaimkls rlspltumsos o cos outmridodls pgmtivms dl iktlrés `lklroc m portiaucor y o mntlklr prmkto rlsmcuaiñk. Ls ukcms dlrlabms jukdoglktocls, y lstï amkso`rodm lk lc ortçaucm >1 dl co Amkstitu

Lsto smciaitud puldl prlslktorsl dirlatoglktl m o trovés dl uk opmdlrodm, vlrnocglktl m pmr lsaritm, y cos aousos qul co oglritok puldlk rlspmkdlr o uk iktlrésdl aorïatlr lklroc m portiaucor. Ocùkos aoroatlrçstiaos dlc dlrlabm dl pltiaiñk smqul dlnl slr rlsulctm lk uk copsm dl tilgpm nrlvl, qul lc Lstodm lstï mnciòdm orlsmcvlrcm dl goklro iklxausoncl, y qul sñcm co cly jiho térgikm poro rlsmcv

pltiaimkls.




\kidod <

4. www.okdi.amg.am/AZisincls/ona/pldo`]amkstituaimk.btgc

^lquisitms qul dlnlk cclkorsl lk uk dlrlabm dl pltiaiñk

Lstï amkso`rodo lk lc ortçaucm 2: dl co Amkstituaiñk, qul dial8 «Tmdo plrsmko oaaiñk dl tutlco poro rlacogor oktl cms hulals, lk tmdm gmglktm y cu`or, gldiokuk prmaldigilktm prljlrlktl y sugorim, pmr sç gisgo m pmr quilk oatøl o su kmgnrco prmtlaaiñk ikgldioto dl sus dlrlabms amkstituaimkocls jukdoglktocls, auokquilro qul éstms rlsuctlk vucklrodms m oglkozodms pmr co oaaiñk m co mgisauocquilr outmridod pønciao.

Lc joccm, qul slrï dl ikgldiotm augpcigilktm pmdrï igpu`korsl oktl lc hulz amgpltlktl y, lk tmdm aosm, éstl cm rlgitirï o co Amrtl Amkstituaimkoc poro su lvlrlvisiñk.

Co oaaiñk dl tutlco sñcm ls prmaldlktl auokdm lc ojlatodm km dispmk`o dl gldim dl dljlkso hudiaioc socvm qul oqulcco sl uticial amgm glaokisgm troksitporo lvitor uk plrhuiaim irrlgldioncl.

Cos qulhos, rlacogms y gokijlstoaimkls dlnlk slr rlsulctms lk uk pcozm gïxigm quikal dços bïnicls5 cos pltiaimkls dl ikjmrgoaiñk, pmr su portl, dlnlk slr rlsulctlk dilz.

Lc dlrlabm dl pltiaiñk km sñcm sirvl poro smciaitudls rlspltumsos o outmridodnciaos, sikm qul odiaimkocglktl sl pmdrïk prlslktor oktl lktidodls privodos. \kmdl cms aosms gïs jrlaulktls, lk cms qul co amgukidod lhlral lc dlrlabm dl pltiaiñkls pmr cms slrviaims pønciams.

Aiudod, jlabo5Co lktidod m plrsmko(s) o quilk sl diri`lGlkaiñk dlc osuktm o trotor lk co pltiaiñk

Dl rlaurrirsl o uk opmdlrodm, lc pmdlrDmauglktms oklxms qul slok klalsorimsKmgnrl amgpcltm, jirgo dmauglktm dl idlktidod y dirlaaiñk dlc pltiaimkorim

Oaaiñk dl tutlco4



>92



Lk mtros poconros co prmtlaaiñk qul nrikdo co oaaiñk dl tutlco amksistl smciaimrdlk hudiaioc poro qul oquéc qul oglkozo cms dlrlabms jukdoglktocls mtrm adodokm oatøl m sl onstlkò dl boalrcm.

Dlrlabms jukdoglktocls

_ul prmtl`lko co plrsmko.

_ul pmtlkaiokco cinlrtod y lcdlsorrmccm dlplrsmkocidod

_ul plrgitlkportiaipor lk lcgoklhm dl cm

pønciam

Mtrms dlrlabmsprmtlìdms

pmr coT\TLCO

_ul pmsinicitoklc trotm hustmlk co rlcoaiñk

amk lc Lstodm

Lc dlrlabm o co socud, pmr lhlgpcm, puldl slr amksidlrodmy prlslktodm amgm jukdoglktoc si oc vimcorcm sl ojlato lcdlrlabm o co vido. Y auocquilr mtrm si su vimcoaiñk oglkozom pmkl lk plci`rm m vucklro uk dlrlabm m sl ojlato lcdlrlabm dl co vido.

Dlrlabm o co vido, o km slr smgltidm o dlsoporiaiñk jmr- zodo, o tmrturos, o trotms o m o plkos arulcls, ikbugokmsm dl`rodoktls5 o co di`kidod bugoko, o co iùocdod, o cocinlrtod, oc bmkmr, o co iktigidod, lktrl mtrms.

Oc cinrl dlsorrmccm dl co plrsmkocidod y o co cinlrtod dl amailkaio5 o co cinlrtod dl auctms, dl lxprlsiñk l ikjmrgoaiñk5cinrl dlspcozogilktm pmr lc tlrritmrim Amcmgniokm5 oc tronoy o co slùridod smaioc5 o lsam`lr uko prmjlsiñk u mjiaim.Lktrl mtrms.

Dlrlabm o lclìr y slr lclìdm5 o portiaipor oativoglktl lk

co pmcçtiao, boailkdm usm dl tmdos cos blrrogilktos prlvistoslk co Amkstituaiñk.

Dlrlabm dl pltiaiñk5 dlrlabm o co dljlkso y oc dlnidm prm-alsm5 o prlslktor bonlos amrpus (lk aosm dl slr dltlkidm yarllr qul co dltlkaiñk ls iclòc)5 o oplcor m amksuctor auoc-quilr slktlkaio hudiaioc. O co ikvimconicidod dlc dmgiaicimdlacoror amktro si gisgo m amktro sus porilktls alraokms5o km sujrir dlstilrrm, lktrl mtros.




\kidod <

Cms siùilktls smk cms rlquisitms klalsorims poro prlslktoruko oaaiñk dl tutlco8

• Qlÿocor co oaaiñk u mgisiñk qul oglkozo mvucklro lc dlrlabm5

• Ikdiaor lc dlrlabm qul sl amksidlro oglkozodmm vimcodm5

• Ikdiaor lc kmgnrl dl co outmridod pønciao, lc

ñròkm m lc portiaucor outmr dl co oglkozo m lco`rovim5

• Dor lc kmgnrl y lc cuòr dl rlsidlkaio dlcsmciaitoktl5

• Gokijlstor, nohm rovldod dl huroglktm, qul kmsl bo prlslktodm mtro smciaitud smnrl cms gisgmsblabms y dlrlabms. Lc pcozm poro qul lc hulz jocclsmnrl uko oaaiñk dl tutlco ls dl dilz dços.

½_ué smk cos oaaimkls pmpucorls=

Cos oaaimkls pmpucorls nusaok rlporor cms doÿms aousodms o cms dlrlabms l amclativms, smnrl tmdm auokdm lstms `lklrok uk ljlatm klòtivm lk co amkvismaioc.

Cos oaaimkls pmpucorls lstïk amkso`rodos lk lc ortçaucm 22 dl co Amkstituacly rlùcorï cos oaaimkls pmpucorls poro co prmtlaaiñk dl cms dlrlabms l iktlamclativms, rlcoaimkodms amk lc potrigmkim, lc lspoaim, co slùridod y co spønciao, co gmroc odgikistrotivo, lc ognilktl, co cinrl amgpltlkaio lamkñgiao

mtrms dl sigicor koturoclzo qul sl dljiklk lk lcco.



166



Oaaiñk dl augpcigilktm(Ortçaucm 20 dl co Amkstituaiñk)

½_ué sl klalsito poro iktlrpmklr oaaimkls pmpucorls=

?. Ikdiaor lc oatm u mgisiñk qul gmtivo co pltiaiñk.

>. Qlÿocor lc dlrlabm qul sl amksidlro vucklrodm m oglkozodm.

1. Vrlslktor lc kmgnrl dl co outmridod pønciao, si julrl pmsincl, m dlcñròkm outmr dl co oglkozo m o`rovim.

4. Dlsarinir cos airaukstokaios rlclvoktls poro prlslktor co smciaitud.

<. Dor kmgnrl y cuòr dl rlsidlkaio dlc smciaitoktl, qul oatøo pmrgldim dl opmdlrodm, poro su kmtijiaoaiñk.

:. Lktrlòr cos prulnos qul prltlkdl boalr voclr.

Lc ljlatm dl uk joccm pmsitivm pmr portl dl co outmridod hudiaioc ls qul o co ourlkulktl sl cl mrdlko lc augpcigilktm dlc dlnlr mgitidm. Lc hulz dlnl prmjlrir su

dlaisiñk dlktrm dl cms >6 dços bïnicls.

^lquisitms poro prlslktor uko oaaiñk dl augpcigilktm

• Kmgnrl• Idlktijiaoaiñk• Cuòr dl rlsidlkaio dl co plrsmko qul ikstouro co oaaiñk• Dltlrgikoaiñk dl co kmrgo amk julrzo gotlrioc dl co cly m oatm

odgikistrotivm ikaugpcidm•

Blabms dl ikaugpcigilktm• Outmridod qul aouso lc ikaugpcigilktm• Ampio dlc rlacogm blabm oktlrimrglktl• Vrulnos smciaitodos y opmrtodos



16? ñròkms dl amktrmc y glaokisgmsdl portiaipoai k aiudodoko

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?2

^løkosl amk sus amgpoÿlrms lk sun`rupms, lsamhok uk prmnclgo dl su amgukidy lcihok lc glaokisgm dl portiaipoaiñk aiudodoko qul cls plrgitl `lstimkor opmydlc Lstodm poro smcuaimkorcm, osi amgm lc mròkisgm dl Amktrmc oc auoopmym. Vrlslktlk su tronohm lk pclkorio.

Cos oaaimkls dl `rupm smk oqulccos qul smk iktlrpulstos pmr uk amkhuktm dsmkos, qul lstïk lk iùocdod dl amkdiaimkls amk rlsplatm o uko gisgo aouso qucls mriìkñ plrhuiaims ikdividuocls. Lstos oaaimkls smk prmaldlktls poro mntrlamkmaigilktm y po`m dl ikdlgkizoaiñk dl cms plrhuiaims aousodms.

Lc rlquisitm jukdoglktoc poro iktlrpmklr oaaimkls dl `rupm ls qul dlnl boalrcm `rupm km glkmr dl >6 plrsmkos, o trovés dl uk onmòdm, dlktrm dl cms dms oÿùilktls o co jlabo lk qul lc plrhuiaim jul aousodm m qul alsñ co oaaiñk qul cm ao

<. Auodlrkms dl Troksporlkaio. Køglrm >8 –Voro jmrtoclalr lc amktrmc aiudodokm lk Amcmgnio‗

Zlldurço aiudodoko<

Co vlldurço aiudodoko ls uko blrrogilkto dl viìcokaio y amktrmc dl co aiudodsmnrl lc Lstodm. Vlrgitl o co aiudodokço viìcor, amkmalr, gmkitmrlor, mpikor, pmnslrvoaimkls y pldir co rlkdiaiñk dl aulktos o cms slrvidmrls pønciams.

Co vlldurço sl lhlral amclativoglktl, y quilkls co lhlrzok dlnlk prlslktor mpmrtu-koglktl sus mnslrvoaimkls oktl cms mròkisgms amgpltlktls5 lc dlrlabm dl pltiaiñco oaaiñk dl tutlco, cos oaaimkls dl augpcigilktm y cos oaaimkls pmpucorls (...) yglaokisgms dl portiaipoaiñk aiudodoko amgm co oudilkaio pønciao, smk òroktdlrlabms amkstituaimkocls qul, oc joaicitor su mplroaiñk, cl dok vionicidod o co v

Oaaiñk dl `rupm



16>



Nincim`rojço

Ldod Gldio• Okdlrsmk, Vlrry (?909). Troksiaimkls dl co Okti`óldod oc Jludocisgm.

Godrid8 Qi`cm RRI.• Duny, @lmr`ls (?90:). @ulrrlrms y Aogplsikms. Dlsorrmccm ikiaioc dl

co lamkmgço lurmplo (<66-?>66). Trmtto.• Jmurquik, @uy (?900). Qlÿmrçm y jludocisgm lk co ldod gldio. Godrid8

LDOJ.• @icsmk, Étilkkl (>660). Co jicmsmjço lk co Ldod Gldio8 dlsdl cms mrç`lkls

potrçstiams bosto lc jik dlc si`cm RIZ. vlrsiñk lspoÿmco dl Orslkim Voaimsy Qocvodmr Aonocclrm. Godrid8 @rldms.

• Cl @mjj, Hoaquls (>660). Co Ldod Gldio lxpciaodo o cms hñvlkls.Noralcmko8 Voidñs.

• Bllrs, Hoaquls (>666). Co ikvlkaiñk dl co Ldod Gldio. Trmtto.• Bictmk, ^mdkly (ld., ortçaucms dl Gourial Dmnn, Eorc Vmcokyi, ^. B.

Towkly, Vouc Qwllzy, Emboabirm Toeobosbi, Abristmpblr Bicc, @lmr`lsCljlnvrl, @iuciokm Vrmaoaai, Lria Bmnsnowg y Hmbk Glrrik`tmk)(?90:, ?900 lk lspoÿmc). Co troksiaiñk dlc jludocisgm oc aopitocisgm.Noralcmko8 Arçtiao.

• Buizikò, Hmbok (>66:). Lc mtmÿm dl co Ldod Gldio. Tmrrl dl @myokls.• Vlrkmud, éìkl (?92:). ½_ué ls co Ldod Gldio= Goìstlrim Lspoÿmc.• Virlkkl, Blkri. Gobmgo Y Aorcmgo`km. Godrid8 Ociokzo.• ^mgokm, û`ìlrm y Tlklkti, Ocnlrtm (?90?). Cms jukdoglktms dlc

gukdm gmdlrkm. Ldod Gldio tordço, lkoaigilktm, ljmrgo. Godrid,Qi`cm RRI.

• Zocdlñk Noruqul, Hucim y @oraço dl Amrtïzor, Hmsé Ïk`lc, lk Jlrkïkdlz Ïcvorlz, Gokulc5 Ovicés Jlrkïkdlz, Giùlc y Lspodos Nur`ms, Gokulc(dirs.) (?92:). @rok Bistmrio \kivlrsoc (vmcøglkls ??, ?> y ?1).Noralcmko8 Acun Iktlrkoaimkoc dlc Cinrm.



161



^lkoaigilktm• Cñplz Viÿlrm, Hmsé Gorço Ult. oc.W8 Diaaimkorim bistñriam dl co ailk

gmdlrko lk Lspoÿo, Noralcmko, ?921,• Co ailkaio y co téakiao lk lc dlsaunrigilktm dl Ogériao (?94<), pmr

Hucim ^ly Vostmr, lk co Nincimtlao Zirtuoc Giùlc dl Alrvoktls

Ldod Gmdlrko• Okdlrsmk, Vlrry (?909). Lc Lstodm onsmcutisto. Godrid, Qi`cm RRI.• Oraikilòs, @lrgïk (?929). Ogériao lk Lurmpo. Nm`mtï, Vcoklto.• Orils, Vbicippl y D\NY, @lmr`ls (?99>). Bistmrio dl co vido privodo.

Godrid, Tourus.• No`ø, Qlrìm (?9<>). Lstruaturo smaioc dl co amcmkio. Nulkms Oirls, Otlklm• Nroudlc, Jlrkokd (?924). Aivicizoaiñk gotlrioc, lamkmgço y aopitocisgm,

si`cms RZ-RZIII. Godrid, Ociokzo.• Aéspldls dlc Aosticcm, @uicclrgm. Ogériao bispïkiao 8 (?49>-?292) lk co

slril Bistmrio dl Lspoÿo (diriìdo pmr Gokulc Tuÿñk dl Coro). LditmriocConmr, Noralcmko ?922.

• Amrvisilr, Okdré (?92>). Bistmrio Gmdlrko. Noralcmko, Conmr.•

Duny, @lmr`ls (?99<). Otcos Bistñriam,. Godrid, Dlnotl.• Jlrkïkdlz Ïcvorlz, Gokulc5 Ovicés Jlrkïkdlz, Giùlc y Lspodos Nur`ms,Gokulc (dirs.) (?92:). @rok Bistmrio \kivlrsoc (vmcøglkls RIZ oc RZIII).Noralcmko, Acun Iktlrkoaimkoc dlc Cinrm.

• ^mgokm, û`ìlrm y Tlklkti, Ocnlrtm (?90?). Cms jukdoglktms dlcgukdm gmdlrkm. Ldod Gldio tordço, lkoaigilktm, ljmrgo. Godrid,Qi`cm RRI.

• Pocclrstlik, Iggokulc (?909). Lc gmdlrkm sistlgo gukdioc. Co o`ri-aucturo aopitocisto y cms mrç`lkls dl co lamkmgço-gukdm lurmplo lk lcsi`cm RZI. Godrid, Qi`cm RRI.

• Pocclrstlik, Iggokulc (?924). Lc gmdlrkm sistlgo gukdioc II. Lc glr-aokticisgm y co amksmcidoaiñk dl co lamkmgço-gukdm lurmplo, ?:66-?0<6. Godrid, Qi`cm RRI.

• Gmuskilr, ^mcokd (?904). Cms si`cms RZI y RZII. Lc prm`rlsm dl co aivcizoaiñk lurmplo y co dlaodlkaio dl Mrilktl (?49>-?0?<). Noralcmko,Dlstikm.



164



• Trlvmr ^mplr, Bu`b (dir.) (?922). Co épmao dl co Lxpoksiñk (Lurmpo ylc gukdm dlsdl ?<<9 bosto ?::6). Godrid, Ociokzo.

• Zicor, Vilrrl (?9:9). Mrm y gmkldos lk co bistmrio (?4<6-?9>6). Noral-

cmko, Orilc.

Mròkisgms dl amktrmc

• Alpldo Lspikmso, Gokulc Hmsé. Iktrmduaaiñk o co Amkstituaiñk dl ?99?8boaio uk kulvm amkstituaimkocisgm. Nm`mtï8 Vrlsidlkaio dl co ^lpønciao,Amkslhlrço poro lc Dlsorrmccm dl co Amkstituaiñk, ?991.

•

Cclros dl co Julktl y Goralc Tokòrijl Tmrrls. Amkstituaiñk pmcçtiao dlAmcmgnio8 mri`lk, lvmcuaiñk y vi`lkaio. ?ª ld. Gldlccçk8 Nincimtlao Hu-rçdiao Diel8 Vmktijiaio \kivlrsidod Hovlrioko8 Ldiaimkls msoristos, ?99:.

• Guÿmz \rinl, Gokulc Oktmkim. Aïtldros poro co dlgmaroaio8 pmr cmsaogikms dlc amkstituylktl prigorim. >. Ld. Gldlccçk, ?996.

• ôgçrlz Quïrlz, Hlsøs. Cms dlrlabms bugokms lk co Amkstituaiñk amcmg-nioko dl ?99?. Nm`mtï8 \kivlrsidod Koaimkoc dl Amcmgnio, Joauctoddl Dlrlabm, Ailkaios Vmcçtiaos y Qmaiocls, ?991.

• Tmrm Cmplro, Ocnlrtm. Vrikaipims jukdoglktocls dl co Amkstituaiñk Vmcçtiao dl co lpønciao dl Amcmgnio, ?99?. Gldlccçk, Amcmgnio8 LditmriocC\VO, ?99>.

• Zidoc Vlrdmgm, Hoigl. Oprmxigoaiñk arçtiao o co Amkstituaiñk dl ?99?8amglktorims y tlxtm. Qoktojé dl Nm`mtï, D.A.8 Aïgoro dl Amglraim dlNm`mtï, ?99?.

Lk co wln8

• Lkaorto, lkaiacmpldio dl Giarmsmjt.• www.wieipldio.amg• www.Iaoritm.amg• www.`lmaitils.amg• www.concoo.diìtoc.amg



16:


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Lstïkdorls nïsiams dl amgpltlkaios lk Gotlgïtiaos

Lhl ortiaucodmr prikaipoc

Vlksogilktm kugériamy sistlgos kugériams

Amblrlkaio bmrizmktoc dl plksogilktmsy sistlgos gotlgïtiams

Opmyo oc plksogilktm kugériam lk…Lc gmglktm dl idlktijiaor, dlsarinir, acosijiaor, prldlairy amgporor lk mnhltms tridiglksimkocls dlsdl dijlrlk-tls pmsiaimkls y vistos, jiùros y aulrpms `lklrodms pmramrtls rlatms m troksvlrsocls, rlcoaimkïkdmcms amk susprmpildodls y opciaokdm troksjmrgoaimkls (troscoaimkls,rmtoaimkls, rljclximkls) y bmgmtlaios (ogpcioaimkls mrlduaaimkls), qul cl plrgitl oc lstudioktl cmaocizor pmrlhlgpcm mnhltms lk sistlgos dl rlprlslktoaiñk aortlsiokoy `lm`rïjiao lktrl mtrms.

Opmyo lc plksogilktm kugériam lk…Co uticizoaiñk dl téakiaos y blrrogilktos poro co amks-truaaiñk dl jiùros pcokos ikacuylkdm joatmrls lsaocorls(disl m dl goqultos, gopos), qul cl plrgito oc lstu-dioktl aocaucor ïrlos y vmcøglkls rlcoaimkokdm distiktosukidodls lk co gldiaiñk dl uko gisgo go`kitud.

Opmyo lc plksogilktm kugériam lk…Co rlprlslktoaiñk, amgporoaiñk, dlsaripaiñk l iktlr-

prltoaiñk dl dotms prmvlkilktls dl dijlrlktls julktls(prlkso, rodim, tlclvisiñk, iktlrklt, lxplriglktms,amksuctos, lktrlvistos, lkaulstos), boailkdm usm dl cmslclglktms amkalptuocls dlc plksogilktm oclotmrim(gldio, gldioko, gmdo), gmdlcms (dio`rogos dl ïrnmc,airaucorls, norro), cm`rokdm osç prldlair y hustijiaor cmsrozmkogilktms y cos amkacusimkls o cos auocls bo cclòdmlc lstudioktl.

Opmyo lc plksogilktm kugériam lk …Lc gmglktm dl rlamkmalr uk amkhuktm dl vocmrls amk

aoktidodls vorioncls (qul puldlk slr ciklocls m dl prm-pmraiñk dirlato m ikvlrso poro amktlxtms oritgétiams y`lmgétriams) y rlprlslktoaimkls (dio`rogos, lxprlsimklsvlrnocls lklrocizodos, toncos, rïjiaos aortlsiokos amgmpmr lhlgpcm dl puktms, amktikuos, jmrgodos pmr sl`glk-tms, lktrl mtrms), qul cl plrgitlk oc lstudioktl okocizorprmpildodls dl amrrlcoaiñk pmsitivo y klòtivo, boailkdmusm dl gétmdms ikjmrgocls (lksoym y lrrmr, amgpcl-glktoaiñk), `lklrokdm lk lc lstudioktl rlcoaimkls dldlplkdlkaio lktrl distiktms amktlxtms (lamkñgiam, lcsmaioc, lc ailktçjiam).

Vlksogilktmlspoaioc ysistlgos`lmgétriams.

Vlksogilktmgétriam ysistlgos dlgldidos

Vlksogilktmoclotmrim ysistlgos dl dotms

Vlksogilktmvorioaimkocy sistlgosoc`lnroiams yokocçtiams

Duroktl tmdm lc Aiacm 1,lc lstudioktl pmtlkaiorïco aopoaidod dl uticizorcms køglrms roaimkoclslk sus distiktos lxprlsim-kls (jroaaimkls, rozmkls,dlaigocls, pmralktohls),prmpildodls (troksitivo,sigétriao), y mplroaimklslktrl lccms (amkgutotivo,osmaiotivo, iùocdod, dls-iùocdod, odiaiñk, sus-troaaiñk, guctipciaoaiñk,divisiñk y pmtlkaioaiñk), hustijiaokdm osç cms prm-aldigilktms oritgétiamsy cos blrrogilktos (aocau-codmros, amgputodmrls,`rïjiaos), qul uticizo pororlsmcvlr uk prmnclgo lksituoaimkls divlrsos dlamktlm.



160


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Ç k d i a l

\kidod ?. Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrms lktlrms 162

Qlsiñk ?. Iktrmduaaiñk o cms køglrms lktlrms 162 Qlsiñk >. Qugo dl lktlrms 1?6 Qlsiñk 1. Guctipciaoaiñk dl lktlrms 1?4

\kidod >. Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrms roaimkocls 1?9

Qlsiñk 4. Iktrmduaaiñk o cms køglrms roaimkocls 1?9Qlsiñk <. Lquivoclkaios dl køglrms roaimkocls 1>?

Qlsiñk :. Qugo y rlsto dl køglrms roaimkocls 1>1 Qlsiñk 0. Guctipciaoaiñk y divisiñk dl roaimkocls 1>: Qlsiñk 2. Lxpmklkaioaiñk lk cms køglrms roaimkocls 116 Qlsiñk 9. Tronohlgms amk cms køglrms dlaigocls 114

\kidod 1. Vrmpmraimkls y sus opciaoaimkls 110

Qlsiñk ?6. ^ozmkls y prmpmraimkls 110

Qlsiñk ??. Zorioncls dirlatoglktl prmpmraimkoclsl ikvlrsoglktl prmpmraimkocls 14?Qlsiñk ?>. Vmralktohl 149

Qlsiñk ?1. ^lportms prmpmraimkocls 142 Qlsiñk ?4. Tosos 1<? Qlsiñk ?<. ^l`co dl 1 1<4

\kidod 4. Iktrmduaaiñk o co `lmgltrço dlc pcokm aortlsiokm 1<2

Qlsiñk ?:. ½_ué ls lc pcokm aortlsiokm= 1<2 Qlsiñk ?0. Troscoaiñk y rljclxiñk lk lc pcokm aortlsiokm 1:6 Qlsiñk ?2. Lhls dl sigltrço 1:1

\kidod <. Vrikaipims dl lstodçstiao 1:0

Qlsiñk ?9. Amkalptms nïsiams 1:0 Qlsiñk >6. Gldidos dlsariptivos 1:9

Qlsiñk >?. Toncos dl jrlaulkaio 10?



162


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Qlsiñk ?

Iktrmduaaiñk o cms køglrms lktlrms

\kidod ?. Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrms lktlrms

Cms køglrms lktlrms koalk dl co klalsidod dl rlprlslktor aokti-dodls klòtivos.

Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrms lktlrms ls co amkjmrgoaiñk dl cmsglrms koturocls, lc alrm, y cms koturocls amk lc si`km klòtivmco siùilktl goklro8

Osç8

X+ 7 {?, >, 1, 4, <, …}(Amkhuktm dl cms køglrms koturocls)

y

X 7 {-?, ->, -1, -4, -<, …}(Amkhuktm dl cms koturocls amk lc si`km klòtivm)

Oc amkhuktm X cm dlkmgikorlgms lcamkhuktm dl cms køglrms lktlrms.

X 7 X \{6}\ X +

mX 7 {…, -1, ->, -?, 6, ?, >, 1…}



169 Lc amkhuktmdl cms køglrms lktlrms

\kidod ?

?Duroaiñk8 > bmros

^lprlslktl cms si`uilktls lktlrms lk co rlato8

Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrms lktlrms sl rlprlslkto lk co rlato kugériao dl co si`uiljmrgo8

?. -<

>. 1

1. -?6

4. >4

<. -?

:. -1<

0. 2



1?6


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Qlsiñk >

Qugo dl lktlrms

Voro co sugo dl lktlrms uticizogms cos mplroaimkls yo amkmaidl sugo y rlsto lk koturocls amk cos siùilktls rl`cos.

Co sugo dl dms køglrms lktlrms amk lc gisgm si`km, ls co sugodl cms køglrms dlhokdm lc gisgm si`km.

Lhlgpcm8

->+ (-4)7 -: y >+ 4 7 :

Co sugo dl dms køglrms lktlrms amk si`km amktrorim, ls co rlsto dlc køglrm goamk lc køglrm glkmr, dlhokdm oc jikocizor co mplroaiñk lc si`km dlc køglrm go

Lhlgpcm8

->+ 4 7 > (4 ls lc køglrm goymr) y

>+ (-4)7 -4 (4 ls lc køglrm goymr y tilkl si`km klòtivm)

^locial cos siùilktls sugos dl lktlrms.

?. <1+ 01>. (-?20)+ <01. ?.1<>+ (-21<)

4. (-:02)+ 0<>

?



1?? Lc amkhuktmdl cms køglrms lktlrms

\kidod ?

o + n 7 a

dmkdla, togniék plrtlklal o X.

Lhlgpcm8

->+ <7 1 5 ->, < y 1 smk lktlrms.

Odlgïs co sugo augpcl amk ailrtos prmpildodls8

Vrmpildod Acousurotivo

Voro tmdmo, n plrtlklailktls o X sl tilkl qul8


o + n 7 n + o

Lhlgpcm8

->+ <7 1 y <+ (->)7 1

Vrmpildod Amkgutotivo

Voro tmdmo, n, a plrtlklailktls o X sl augpcl qul8

Vrmpildod Osmaiotivo

(o + n)+ a 7 o + (n + a)



1?>


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Lhlgpcm8

(1+ (->))+ (-4)7 ? + (-4)7 -1

y

1 + (->+ (-4))7 1 + (-:) 7 -1

Voro tmdm køglrm o plrtlklailktl o X, sl augpcl qul8

o + 6 7 6 + o 7 o

Lhlgpcm8

-1 + 6 7 -1 y 6+ (-1)7 -1

Vrmpildod Gmducotivo

Voro tmdm køglrmo plrtlklailktl o X, lxistl uk køglrm n toc qul sl augpcl qul8

o + n 7 n + o 7 6

Lhlgpcm8

Lc ikvlrsm dl > ls -> yo qul >+ (->)7 6

Vrmpildod Ikvlrtivo



1?1 Lc amkhuktmdl cms køglrms lktlrms

\kidod ?

>Duroaiñk8 > bmros

?. ^locial cos siùilktls mplroaimkls amk lktlrms8

o. <.14<+ (->1.4<<)

n. >1+ (-14)+ (->2)

a. ?66 + (-?66)+ 1<+ (-0<)

d. ?>.41>+ 1.<4>+ (-?.41>)+ 1<4+ (-1.<4>)+ (-0.266)+ (-><4)

>. Huok cl prmpmkl uk hul`m o Vldrm qul amksistl lk cm siùilktl8 Huok cuko gmkldo, si lk co gmkldo socl aoro Huok cl poòrï o Vldrm $>.666 y si lgmkldo socl slccm, Vldrm cl poòrï o Huok $?.<66. Ql rlocizok ?6 cokzogidl co gmkldo y cms rlsuctodms lk su mrdlk julrmk8 aoro, slccm, slccm, aoraoro, aoro, slccm, aoro, aoro.

Oc jikocizor cms dilz cokzogilktms ½Huok okorï diklrm=, Qi ls osç ½auïkLk aosm amktrorim ½auïktm plrdiñ=

^locial cos siùilktls mplroaimkls lktrl køglrms lktlrms8

?. 1:4 + (->4)+ (->1)+ 1: + ?>

>. >4+ 0 + (-29)+ 29 + (-0)+ 4>+ (->4)+ (-4>)

>



1?4


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Co guctipciaoaiñk dl lktlrms jukaimko amgpcltoglktl iùoc o coguctipciaoaiñk dl cms koturocls, sñcm qul dlnlgms tlklr lk aulktoco siùilktl cly dl si`kms8

Qlsiñk 1

Guctipciaoaiñk dl lktlrms

^locial cos siùilktls mplroaimkls lktrl køglrms lktlrms8

?. ->2x1<>. -9 x-?>1. ?6 x->44. ?> x<

<. -4 x-1>

+ x + 7 +

+ x 7x + 7x 7 +

Lhlgpcm8

> x < 7 ?6

> x-<7 -?6-> x < 7 -?6-> x-<7 ?6

?



1?< Lc amkhuktmdl cms køglrms lktlrms

\kidod ?

Odlgïs co guctipciaoaiñk augpcl amk ailrtos prmpildodls8


Vrmpildod Acousurotivo


Vrmpildod Amkgutotivo

Vrmpildod Osmaiotivo

Voro tmdmo, n, a plrtlklailktls o X sl augpcl8

(o x n) x a 7 o x (n x a)

Lhlgpcm8

-<x0 7 -1< y 0x-<7 -1<

o x n 7 n x o

Dmkdla togniék plrtlklal o X.

Lhlgpcm8

-<x-0 7 1< dmkdl -<, -0 y 1< smk lktlrms.

o x n 7 a



1?:


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Lhlgpcm8

(>x<)x-1 7 ?6 x-1 7 -16 y >x(<x-1)7 >x(-?<)7 -16

Lhlgpcm8

-0 x? 7 ? x-0 7 -0

Vrmpildod Gmducotivo

Voro tmdmo, n, a plrtlklailktls o X sl augpcl qul8

Vrmpildod Distrinutivo

^locial cos si`uilktls mplroaimkls lktrl lktlrms8

?. >x(4+ (-<))>. -1 x4 x-0

1. -? x (<+ (-2)+ :)

Voro tmdm o plrtlklailktl o X sl tilkl qul8

o x? 7 ? x o 7 o

o x (n + a) 7 (o x n) + (n x a)

>



1?0 Lc amkhuktmdl cms køglrms lktlrms

\kidod ?

?. Voro ljlatuor co mplroaiñk8 (>+ (-:))x ((-0)+ 9)

Ql siùilrmk cms siùilktls posms8

Vosm ?

(>+ (-:))x ((-0)+ 9) 7 ((>+ (-:))x -0)+ ((>+ (-:))x9)

Vosm >

((>+ (-:))x -0)+ ((>+ (-:))x9) 7 (>x-0)+ (-: x -0)+ (>x9)+ (-: x9) 7 (-?4)+ 4>+ ?2 + (-<4) 7 -2

½_ué prmpildodls dl co guctipciaoaiñk sl usormk lk lc posm ? y >=

>. ^locial cos siùilktls mplroaimkls dl køglrms lktlrms y lsplaijiqul cos prmpildodls uticizodos lk aodo ukm dl lccms.

o. ->x-<x0 x-?4

n. >1x( ?>+ (-?<)

a. ->x(>‑ 0)x1 x(-0+ 1)

1Duroaiñk8 > bmros



1?2


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

\k dço jrçm sl silktl gïs jrçm auokdm smpco lcvilktm. Vmr lhlgpcm, uk vilktm dl <6 eg/b mao-simko qul uko tlgplroturo dl >6¶A sl silktoamgm dl ?6¶A.

Co tlgplroturo amk vilktm blcodm ikdiao quétoktm jrçm sl silktl. Lc si`uilktl auodrm gulstrocos tlgplroturos rlocls y amk vilktm blcodm lk ukdço dl ikvilrkm lk aiudodls dl Lstodms \kidms.

?. ½Auïc aiudod tuvm co tlgplroturo rloc gïs octo= ½Añgm cm sonl=

>. Dinuhl uk tlrgñgltrm vlrtiaoc y gorqul lk éc cos dilz tlgplroturos.

1. ½Auïc tlgplroturo lro co gïs jrço= Y auïc co gïs aocilktl=

4. ½Auïc aiudod tuvm lsl dço co tlgplroturo gïs octo dl vilktm blcodmBlclko m Idobm= ½Auïc tlgplroturo lstuvm gïs oclhodo dl 6¶A=lxpciqul su rlspulsto.

Aiudod Amdy Qt. Vouc Blclko Idobm Ely Plst

Tlgplroturo ->4¶A -?<¶A ->:¶A -?0¶A >>¶Arloc

Tlgplroturo -1?¶A ->1¶A -14¶A ->4¶A -<2¶Aamk vilktm blcodm



1?9 Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrmsroaimkocls

\kidod >

Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrms roaimkocls, ls amkjmrgodm pmr caimkls y divisimkls dl køglrms lktlrms. Osç qul rlprlslktogms lcamkhuktm dl cms køglrms roaimkocls dl co siùilktl jmrgo8

\kidod >. Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrms roaimkocls

Qlsiñk 4

Iktrmduaaiñk o cms køglrms roaimkocls

Cms roaimkocls sl puldlk lsarinir amgm jroaaimkorims pmsitivms y klòtivmsgocls klòtivms y pmsitivms.

o_ 7 { 8o ∂ X∂ n ∂ X {6}} n

Lhlgpcm8

Cms roaimkocls sl puldlk rlprlslktor lk co rlato kugériao amgm sl gulstro o amktikuoaiñk.

> ?:45 - 5 -6,20:<5 16,><5 -25 920

1 >1



1>6


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

4Duroaiñk8 > bmros

^locial cos si`uilktls divisimkls lktrl lktlrms y lxpréslco lk jmrgo dl jroaaimkoriy lk jmrgo dlaigoc8

?. -1<4ð <

>. -?.><6ð -?6

1. -2<0ð >6

4. 4<9ð -1

<. 1<4ð 1

\niqul cms si`uilktls køglrms lk uko gisgo rlato8

?. 1

>. -1,0

?>1.<

4. -6,1

-<<.>

?



1>? Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrmsroaimkocls

\kidod >

Cos lquivoclkaios dl køglrms roaimkocls kms dial qul pmdlgmrlprlslktor auocquilr køglrm roaimkoc lk su jmrgo jroaaimkorioctlrokdm dl co gisgo jmrgo lc kuglrodmr y lc dlkmgikodmr.

Cms roaimkocls lquivoclktls sl puldlk boccor dl cos si`uilktls jmrgo

Qigpcijiaokdm8toc auoc cm boaçogms amk cms køglrms jroaaimkorims.

Qigpcijiqul cms si`uilktls roaimkocls8

Qlsiñk <

Lquivoclkaios dl køglrms roaimkocls

19?.?2

:6>.-24

-?1>1.

-1:

Lhlgpcm8

?6 <- ls lquivoclktl o -: 1

?



1>>


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Octlrokdm lc kuglrodmr y dlkmgikodmr8 guctipciaokdm lc kuglrodmr ydlkmgikodmr pmr lc gisgm køglrm.

<Duroaiñk8 > bmros

?. Boccl 1 lxprlsimkls lquivoclktls poro cms siùilktls roaimkocls8

>0o. -

?>

>4n.?4

<a. -4

1<d. -

06

4l. ->4

j. >6

>. Tlkilkdm lk aulkto co jroaaiñk ?9/?1rlocial cos siùilktls mplroaimkls y diòsi mntilkl rlcoaimkls lquivoclktls.

o. Qugor ?? lk lc kuglrodmr y dlkmgikodmr.

n. ^lstor ? toktm lk lc kuglrodmr y dlkmgikodmr.

Lhlgpcm8

< < x 1 ?<- ls lquivoclktl o - 7 -1 1 x 1 9



1>1 Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrmsroaimkocls

\kidod >

Voro sugor m rlstor køglrms roaimkocls, boccogms lc gçkigamgøk gøctipcm dl cms dlkmgikodmrls y boccogms lxprlsimlquivoclktls dl roaimkocls dl toc jmrgo qul pmdogms sugorjroaaimkls bmgm`éklos.

Qlsiñk :

Qugo y rlsto dl køglrms roaimkocls

Lhlgpcm8

1 9 + -< ?6

Vosm ?8

G.A.G (<, ?6)7 ?6

Vosm >8

1 : 7 < ?6

Vosm 18

1 9 : 9 1 + - 7 + - 7 -< ?6 ?6 ?6 ?6



1>4


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Odlgïs co sugo augpcl amk cos si`uilktls prmpildodls8

?. Acousurotivo>. Amkgutotivo1. Osmaiotivo4. Gmducotivo<. Ikvlrtivo

^locial cos si`uilktls mplroaimkls dl sugo m rlsto lktrl roaimkocls.

? <?. - + -4 ?4

1 ?1>. - + < 2

0 ?1. ‑ -9 :

1 ?? ?04. - + + -< 4 ?6

4 < ><.?< : :

0 <:. ->6 :

?



1>< Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrmsroaimkocls

\kidod >

?. Dlsarino dl co glhmr goklro pmsincl, aodo uko dl cos prmpildodls dl co sugdl roaimkocls.

>. ^locial cos si`uilktls mplroaimkls lktrl roaimkocls.

1 <o. + -?1 >:

?< :1n. ‑ ?: :4

4 0 1?a. 9 : <4

4 9 9d. - + -< 4 ?6

4 9 9l. - + -< 4 ?6

2 ?>j. ‑ ?6 >6

:Duroaiñk8 > bmros



1>:


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Voro guctipciaor dms køglrms roaimkocls lk su jmrgo jroaaimkoguctipciaogms kuglrodmr amk kuglrodmr y dlkmgikodmr amkdlkmgikodmr y tlklgms lk aulkto co si`uilktl cly dl si`kms.

^locial cos si`uilktls guctipciaoaimkls dl roaimkocls, (km mcvidl sigpcijiaor pmsincl)8

Qlsiñk 0

Guctipciaoaiñk y divisiñk dl roaimkocls

4?. x -><

0 1>. - x

9 ?4

+ x + 7 ++ x 7

x+ 7x 7 +

0 1 >?- x 7 -< 2 46

Lhlgpcm8

?




\kidod >

Odlgïs co guctipciaoaiñk dl roaimkocls tilkl cos si`uilktls prmpildodls8

?. Boccl lc ikvlrsm guctipciaotivm dl cms si`uilktls roaimkocls8

>o. -?1

n. 0

?? ?61. x -?6 ??

>> ?64. x < 1

?. Acousurotivo>. Amkgutotivo1. Osmaiotivo4. Gmducotivo<. Ikvlrtivo:. Distrinutivo

Vrmpildodls dl co guctipciaoaiñk dl køglrms roaimkocls8

>



1>2


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

>. ^locial co siùilktl mplroaiñk amk roaimkocls.

? ? < x - + 4 1 >

Lk co divisiñk dl køglrms roaimkocls cm qul boalgms ls iktlraognior lc kuglrodmy lc dlkmgikodmr dlc slùkdm térgikm dl co divisiñk y guctipciaogms.

0Duroaiñk8 > bmros

?. Dlsarino aodo uko dl cos prmpildodls dl co guctipciaoaiñk dl roaimkocls.

>. ^locial cos siùilktls mplroaimkls lktrl roaimkocls km mcvidl sigpcijiaor lk aqul slo pmsincl.

Co divisiñk togniék tilkl su cly dl si`kms8

? > ? 1 1 ð - 7 x - 7 -4 1 4 > 2

Lhlgpcm8

+ ð + 7 ++ ð 7

ð + 7ð 7 +




\kidod >

> ?4o. - x < 9

0 4 ?6n. - x - x -2 < ?4

> 4 ?>a. - ð - ð 9 1 1

?14d. ð >:?1

1 ? <l. - x - ‑ 4 1 >

? < >j. ð - x 4 2 ><

? < 1`. - ð + -4 2 ?:

->b. <9



116


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Co lxpmklkaioaiñk ls uko goklro dl dlsarinir uko guctipciao-aiñk dl uk roaimkoc vorios vlals pmr sç gisgm. Qi o ls uk køglrmroaimkoc tlklgms qul8

Qlsiñk 2

Lxpmklkaioaiñk lk cms køglrms roaimkocls.

Lk uk roaimkoc, lc lxpmklktl sl rlportl lk lc kuglrodmr y lc dlkmgikodmr. Osç dljikigms8 sloko, n ∂ X amkn 6 yk ∂ K, lktmkals tlklgms.

ok 7 o x o x o x(k vlals o ) Dmkdl8

o 7 noslk 7 lxpmklktl

o k ok 7

n n k

Lhlgpcm8

? 1-

1



11? Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrmsroaimkocls

\kidod >

Co lxpmklkaioaiñk odlgïs augpcl amk ailrtos prmpildodls8

?. o6 7 ?, o 6

>. o?

7 ?

1. o k x og 7 ok + g

?4. o ‑k 7 o k

ok

<. 7 o k ‑ g

og

:. (ok)g 7 ok xg

0. (o x n)k 7 ok x nk

2. (o ð n)k

7 ok

ð nk

? ? ? 7 - x - x -1 1 1

? x? x? 7 - 1 x1 x1

?1 7 -

11

? 7 ->0



11>


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

?. \ticial cos prmpildodls dl cms lxpmklktls poro rlocizor cos si`uilktls mplroaimk

>41?<?.

>44>1

4 >0 4 1<>. x

?0 ?0

>1. -

<

?.4>1 146

4. -> x 1<4ð -?9

^locial cos si`uilktls mplroaimkls amk cms køglrms roaimkocls, uticizokdm cos pdodls dl co lxpmklkaioaiñk8

2Duroaiñk8 > bmros

?

12

?<?<

?<



111 Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrmsroaimkocls

\kidod >

> : > 1 > ?>o. - x x

< < <

n.

>? 1 >? > 42 ?>a. x - ð

42 42 >?

>1 x>< ? ?4 1d. x

>?? >

?1

l. (>x1<)‑> ð >> x14

>. ^locial cos si`uilktls mplroaimkls lktrl køglrms roaimkocls8

1 > 4 1 1 4

o. + ‑> < 4

4 < > ? 1 > n. + ð ‑< : 4 2

<1<1

><

?:

0



114


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Tmdm køglrm dlaigoc sl puldl lxprlsor amgm uk køglrm roaimkocjroaaimkorim, amrrilkdm co amgo lc køglrm dl aosiccos sujiailkporo qul yo km boyok gïs dlaigocls y dividilkdm pmr uk gøctipcmdl ?6 qul amktlkò lc gisgm køglrm dl alrms toc amgm cuòrlsgmvigms lk cms dlaigocls.

Qlsiñk 9

Tronohlgms amk cms køglrms dlaigocls

?. Obmro rlocialgms cos siùilktls mplroaimkls amk roaimkocls lk su jmrgo dlaiKm mcvidlgms lxprlsor co rlspulsto lk jmrgo dl dlaigoc.

o. -6,?>1+ 6,6>n. -6,?>x<a. ?>,?44ð ?> + 6,>x6,<d. -1,>4+ <?4,02 <66,>>

>. \ticial uko aocaucodmro y ljlatøl cos siùilktls divisimkls.

o. ? ð :n. >ð 1a. 2 ð 0

d. ½Ql puldlk posor cms oktlrimrls dlaigocls o su lxprlsiñk lk jroaaimkorim

9Duroaiñk8 > bmros

>>< 9>,><7 7?66 4

Lhlgpcm8



11< Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrmsroaimkocls

\kidod >

: 4 0o. + +9 9 2

< : > 9n. ‑ + ‑1 0 1 ?6

< 1 :a. + ‑9 0 9

< 1 : 1 >?d. x + ‑ ‑1 : 0 2 9

l. ?,>1‑ 2,:9

j. >,>2+ :,92 ‑ 1,:<

`. (>,1:)> + >,?<‑ :,>1

b. Qi sl trolk ?2,1: eicms dl soc y sl glzacokamk 4:,>2 eicms dl boriko ½auïc ls lc plsmjikoc dl co glzaco=

i. 1,>2ð >,:

h. ?,>: x :,12

?. ^lsulcvo cms si`uilktls lhlraiaims8

1

< >



11:


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

>. ^lsulcvo cms si`uilktls lhlraiaims8

Amktikuoaiñk

o. < ‑ : + 9

n. -9 ‑ : + ?> + 1< ‑ <2

a. >< + ?1 ‑ 02 + :< ‑ >

2d. : < + ‑ ?>> 4

46l. : x -1 + 2 x 0 + x <

4

>< ?>j. + 1 4

`. 0 x ‑ 1: + ?2 7 1

>4 1: ?4 :b. + + ‑ 7 ?> x : 0 1

:: ?> > i. + <‑ <2 ‑ + (-9x2)11 :



110 Vrmpmraimklsy sus opciaoaimkls

\kidod 1

Qlsiñk ?6

ozmkls y prmpmraimkls

\kidod 1. Vrmpmraimkls y sus opciaoaimkls

Aorcms y Huok sl prlporok poro co gldio gorotñk dl Nm`mtï. Aorlamrrl oc dço ?6 eicñgltrms y Huok ?< eicñgltrms poro su prlporoa½Auïc ls co rozñk lktrl cos distokaios rlamrridos dl Aorcms y Huok

?6 > 7 ?< 1

^ozñk

Dms køglrms sl dialk qul lstïk lk rozñk auokdm cms pm-dlgms lsarinir amgm uko jroaaiñk roaimkoc.

Co rozñk dl dms køglrmso y n sl lsarinl amgm8

o

n

Dmkdlo sl ccogo oktlaldlktl yn sl ccogo amkslaulktl.

Lhlgpcm8



112


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

?. Boccl co rozñk dl cos vlktos lktrl dm o Gorço ($466.666) y dm o Hucio ($?66

>. Lk lc gopo boy dms puktms amkmaidms auyo distokaio ls dl ?6 alktçgltrmslc tlrrlkm co distokaio lktrl lstms dms puktms ls dl <66 gltrms (<6.666 alktgltrms), ½auïc ls co lsaoco=

1. Lk uk hul`m dl aosikm sl opmstormk $>66.666, y sl `okormk $166.666. ½ls co rozñk dlc prlgim qul mjrlal lc aosikm lk lc hul`m=

4. Dltlrgikl co rozñk lktrl cms acilktls slgokocls dl dms tocclrls dl aorrms si, lcpriglrm rlainl < acilktls y lc sl`ukdm ><.

Vrmpmraimkls

\ko prmpmraiñk ls co rlcoaiñk dl lquivoclkaio qul lxistl lktrl dms rozmkls. Osç dms rozmkls y , smk uko prmpmraiñk si sl augpcl qul8

o x d 7 a x n

on

ad

: ?2Cos rozmkls y ½smk prmpmraimkls=0 >?

Qç yo qul :x>? 7 ?>: y ?2 x0 7 ?>:.

Lhlgpcm8

?




\kidod 1

?. Diò lktrl cos siùilktls porls dl rozmkls, auïcls smk prmpmraimkls.

> ?:o. ,< >6

: 0>n. ,4 42

< ?6a. ,0 ?4

o.>

?n.1

4a.2

>d.:

2l.?:

4j.4

<6`.?66

?b.

?

>. ^lcoaimkl cos siùilktls rozmkls, dl jmrgo toc qul mntlkò 2 prmpmraimkl

?

>



146


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

?6Duroaiñk8 > bmros

?. Huok cclvo uk o m amk uko lgprlso dl trokspmrtl. Lc amktodmr cl dial qrozñk lktrl cm qul lc òko y cm qul cl poò o sus lgpclodms ls dl 1 o >. Qi cqul òko smk $<6.666.666 y cm qul cl do o sus lgpclodms smk $46.666.66½Ls amrrlato co ojirgoaiñk dlc amktodmr=

>. Vldrm vo o dms aosikms poro amgporor cos rozmkls lktrl lc prlgim y cm todm lk uk gisgm Hul`m. Lk lc aosikm ? dialk qul co rozñk lktrl cm òkody cm opmstodm lk lc hul`m ls dl 4 o 1 y lk lc aosikm > cl dialk qul pmr ao$?>6.666 qul opulstl òko $?:6.666. ½Cos rozmkls lktrl cms dms aosikms sprmpmraimkls=

1. Ql tilklk dms pmzms pltrmclrms. Lc priglrm prmdual ?.666.666 dl norriclspltrñclm oc o m. Lc slùkdm prmdual 226.666 norricls dl pltrñclm oc o m. ls co rozñk lktrl cms norricls dl pltrñclm dlc slùkdm pmzm amk lc priglr pm

4. Boccl auïcls dl cos siùilktls porls dl rozmkls smk prmpmraimkls.

?1 19d. ,?> 1:

9 2l. ,2 9

16.666 ?2o. ,46.666 >4

0 2?n. ,9 >?

4<6 ?a. ,96 <



14? Vrmpmraimklsy sus opciaoaimkls

\kidod 1

Zorioncls dirlatoglktl prmpmraimkocls

Dms vorioncls z y w sl dial qul smk dirlatoglktl prmpmraimkocsi sl augpcl qul8

z 7 e w

Voro tmdm z, w, y dmkdle ls jihm y cm dlkmgikogms amgm amkstoktl dl prmpmrakocidod.

Qlsiñk ??

Zorioncls dirlatoglktl prmpmraimkoclsl ikvlrsoglktl prmpmraimkocls

½Éstos vorioncls smk dirlatoglktl prmpmraimkocls=

Køglrm dl aohos Vo`m

?6 $?>6.666>6 $>46.66616 $1:6.666

?6 >6 16 ?Qç yo qul 7 7 7 ?>6.666 >46.666 1:6.666 ?>.666

Lhlgpcm8

O amktikuoaiñk oporlal co rlcoaiñk lktrl køglrm dl aohos vlkdidodl gorticcms y lc diklrm rlainidm pmr lccos lk co tilkdo dl dmk Vl



14>


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

?. Huok vlkdl clabl dl pulrto o pulrto. Lk co go oko vlkdl lk prmgldim >6nmtlccos dl clabl o $16.666. Vmr co tordl vlkdl ?6 nmtlccos o $?<.666 y pmkmabl vlkdl ?< nmtlccos o $>6.666. ½Cos vorioncls aoktidod dl clabl y vlklk aodo uko dl cos ltopos dlc dço smk dirlatoglktl prmpmraimkocls=

>. Qi co amkstoktl dl prmpmraimkocidod dl co rozñk dl cos vorioncls køglrtronohodmrls y køglrm dl aogisltos prmduaidos o co slgoko ls dms trlalovm

½Auïktos aogisltos prmduairïk o co slgoko ?: tronohodmrls=

Zorioncls ikvlrsoglktl prmpmraimkocls

Dms vorionclsw, z sl dialk ikvlrsoglktl prmpmraimkocls si oc guctipciaorcos lc rlsutodm ls e amkstoktl.

w x z 7 e

Y oe co ccogogms amkstoktl dl prmpmraimkocidod ikvlrso.

Lhlgpcm8

Cos vorioncls køglrm dl tronohodmrls y glsls tronohodms smk ikvsoglktl prmpmraimkocls. Girlgms co si`uilktl tonco8

?




\kidod 1

??Duroaiñk8 > bmros

> ?.6661 ?.<664 >.666< >.<66: 1.6660 1.<662 4.6669 4.<66

?6 <.666

Køglrm dl gokzokos Amstm oaugucodm

Ql`øk cms si`uilktls auodrms, di`o si cos vorioncls o amksidlror smk dirlatoglikvlrsoglktl prmpmraimkocls y boccl co amkstoktl dl prmpmraimkocidod m am

dl prmpmraimkocidod ikvlrso lk aodo aosm.

?.

Køglrm dl tronohodmrls Glsls tronohodms

?6 ?>

>6 :

16 4

Lstos dms vorioncls smk ikvlrsoglktl prmpmraimkocls yo qul ?6 x ?> 7 ?>6, >6 x?>6, 16 x 4 7 ?>6.



144


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

1.

?66 ?

>66 >

166 1466 4

Køglrm dl bmhosdl uk auodlrkm

Lsplsmr dlc auodlrkmlk ag

> ?<.666

4 0.<66

2 1.0<6

?< >.666

Køglrmdl plrsmkos

Diklrm qul pmkl aodo plrsmko poroamgpror uk pltoam dl alrvlzo

>. Køglrm dl citrms Vlsm dlc o`uo lk rogms

? ?.666

> >.666

1 1.6664 4.666

< <.666

: :.666

4.



14< Vrmpmraimklsy sus opciaoaimkls

\kidod 1

Lc pmralktohl ls uko pmraiñk dl uko aoktidod tmtoc qul sl rlprlslkto amk lc sçgnmcm %. Auokdm lsarinigms uk pmralktohl dl aoktidod x cm dlsarinigms amgm8

xx% 7

?66

Voro soaor lc pmralktohl dl uko aoktidod guctipciaogms co aoktidod pmr co jrqul vigms oktlrimrglktl poro lc pmralktohl.

Qoqul lc pmralktohl qul amrrlspmkdl dl aodo ukm dl cms si`uilktls lhlraiaims.

?. >6% dl 06.666

>. 4<% dl 2:6.666

Qlsiñk

Vmralktohl

?>

Lhlgpcm8

½Auïktm ls lc 46% dl >66=

4646%x>667 x >667 26?66

?



14:


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

1. 06% dl ?.666.>66

4. :<% dl >.666

<. >% dl <66

:. 92% dl 0.<66

0. >>% dl 146.666

2. ?6% dl ?6

9. <6% dl <6

?6. 11% dl <66

Lkaulktrl lc pmralktohl dodm qul lxistl lktrl co aoktidod tmtoc y uko portl dl lcclk cms si`uilktls lhlraiaims8

?. 46.666 dl 26.666

>. 4<.666 dl ?26.666

1. 166 dl ?.>66

4. <6 dl <66

<. >6 dl 266

>




\kidod 1

?. Huok òko uk sulcdm dl $:<6.666 glksuocls amgm nmdlùlrm lk co pcoklcéatriao dl co aiudod. O éc pmr slr uk lgpclodm clòc, cl dlsaulktok lc >6dl su sulcdm pmr amkalptm dl8 socud, plksiñk y rltljulktl. ½Auïc ls lc tmtodiklrm qul cl dlsaulktok o Huok=

>. Aogico tilkl $?.666.666 qul sl òkñ lk uk abokal, y quilrl rlportircm dl cosiùilktl goklro8

• Lc ><% dlc prlgim quilrl dïrslcm o su gogï.

• Lc >6% o su lspmsm, y

• Lc ?6% o su bihm Huok.

½Auïc ls co aoktidod dlc prlgim qul cl amrrlspmkdl o aodo ukm y auïktmquldo o Aogico dlspués dl co rlportiaiñk=

1. Aorcms tilkl qul poòr cms slrviaims qul smk8

• $46.666 dlc oùo

•

$?<.666 dlc òs • $16.666 dl cuz

½_ué pmralktohl amrrlspmkdl aodo slrviaim dlc tmtoc poòdm pmr cms sl

?>Duroaiñk8 > bmros



142


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Cms rlportms prmpmraimkocls, ls uko jmrgo dl rlportir uko ailraoktidod dlplkdilkdm dlc pmralktohl dl co aoktidod qul sl rlocizolk uk tronohm pmr aodo plrsmko.

Voro boccor cms rlportms prmpmraimkocls, boccogms co rozñkaoktidod tronohodo y co aoktidod tmtoc poro aodo plrsmko m joy dlspués cm guctipciaogms pmr lc tmtoc qul tmao rlportir.

Qlsiñk ?1

lportms prmpmraimkocls

Huok tronoho >/< dlc tilgpm tmtoc dlstikodm oc tronohm cul`rlainl8

> x <66.6667 >66.666<

Voro Huok8

Aorcms y Huok Viktok uko aoso. Vmr lc tronohm cls po`orïk $<6si Huok tronoho duroktl > slgokos y Aorcms 1 slgokos. Vrmpmraim

glktl ½auïktm cl amrrlspmkdl o aodo ukm dl lccms=

^lspulsto

Lhlgpcm8




\kidod 1

?. Auïktm cl amrrlspmkdl prmpmraimkocglktl o Jlrkokdo, Kotocio y Gortçksmaims dl uko amgpo ço qul lklrñ $16.666.666 lk lc øctigm o m, si Jlrkoktilkl lc <6% dl cos oaaimkls, Kotocio lc 16% y Gortçk lc >6%.

>. Lktrl trls ogi`os Ïk`lco, Votriaio y Gñkiao amgprormk uk nmcltm y sl okoruko cmtlrço dl $?<.666.666, si dlc nmcltm qul vocço $?6.666 Ïk`lco pusm $?.Votriaio $4.<66 y Gñkiao 4.<66, ½auïktm diklrm dlc prlgim cl amrrlspmkaodo uko=

1. Trls blrgokms dl ?<, ?2 y ?0 o ms, rlsplativoglktl, blrldok <66 blatïrlos.Qu podrl lk lc tlstoglktm diatñ qul dlnçok slr rlportidos prmpmraimkocglkto su ldod, ½auïktos blatïrlos cl amrrlspmkdlk o aodo ukm=

4. Huok amgl lc dmncl qul Vldrm y Vldrm lc dmncl qul Cuis, qul silgprl amuko pmraiñk dl co tmrto qul trol 0 pmraimkls. Qi bmy amgprormk >? postlpmccm ½auïktms postlcls amglrï aodo ukm, si cm boalk lk cos gisgos praimkls=

Aorcms tronoho 1/< dlc tilgpm tmtoc dlstikodm oc tronohm curlainl8

1 x <66.6667 166.666<

Voro Aorcms8

?



1<6


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

?. Gorço oktls dl gmrirsl quilrl rlportir tmdms sus nilkls lktrl su jogicio. O su bihGorço cl dlho su aoso lk Aorto`lko, y dms aorrms tmdm pmr vocmr dl $4<6.66 O su bihm Huok cl dlho co jikao dl co glso qul tilkl uk vocmr dl $066.666.6 O su biho Hucioko cl dlho su oportoglktm dl Nm`mtï y uko aogimklto, tmdvocmr dl $<66.666.666. O sus dms kiltms Huok y Vldrm, cls dlho lkaoròlgprlso tlxtic qul si co vlkdilrok tlkdrço uk vocmr dl $1<6.666.666.

½Auïc jul lc rlportm pmralktuoc qul cl amrrlspmkdiñ o aodo ukm dl sus jociorls=

>. Lk uko lgprlso dl slùridod, dl rlocizok turkms diorims dl viìcokaio pmr gldimdl uk airauitm alrrodm. Huok, Vldrm y Cuis dlnlk gmkitmrlor cos aïgorosco lgprlso y `ronor tmdm cm qul sualdl lk lcco. Huok rlocizo lc turkm dl 0o.g. o >866 p.g. Vldrm rlocizo lc turkm amrrlspmkdilktl dl >866 p.g. o ?686

p.g. y Cuis rlocizo lc turkm dl ?6866 p.g. o 0866 o.g. Qi co lgprlso poò pm>4 bmros dl tronohm $9:.666. Vrmpmraimkocglktl ½auïktm cl amrrlspmkdl o Huok, Vldrm y Cuis=

1. Aorcms tilkl $>6.666 poro rlportir diorioglktl lktrl sus bihms poro cos mkadlc amclìm. O su bihm gïs rokdl Huok cl do co pmraiñk gïs rokdl qul amrpmkdl o 46% dl cms $>6.666. O sus bihm Vldrm y Gorço cls amrrlspmkdl o

ukm, lc ><% dl cms $>6.666. Y o su biho gïs plqul o Ymcokdo, cl amrrlspmlc ?<% dl cms $>6.666. ½Auïktm cl amrrlspmkdl o aodo bihm=, ½ls vïcidrlportiaiñk=

4. Odriïk, tilkl uk tlrrlkm dl >.666 blatïrlos poro silgnro. Qi lc 16% dl cosblatïrlos smk poro silgnro dl popo, lc 4<% poro yuao y lc ><% poro goçz½Auïktos blatïrlos dl popo, yuao y goçz slrïk slgnrodos=




1<? Vrmpmraimklsy sus opciaoaimkls

\kidod 1

Cos tosos rlprlslktok pmralktuocglktl uko rozñk lktrl dms vo-rioncls, kmrgocglktl co tmtocidod amk uko portl dl lcco. Cos tosl puldlk dividir lk dms acosls8

Toso sigpcl

^lprlslkto uk pmralktohl amkstoktl dl uk vocmr ikiaioc.

Qlsiñk ?4

Tosos

?. Qi cos pmncoaimkls dl rokos arlalk o uko toso dl <% glksuoc dl su pmncoikiaioc. ½Auïktos rokos bonrïk oc aonm dl < glsls lk uk lstokqul qul ikiaioglktl tilkl <6 rokos=

>. Gorço pidl prlstodm o uk nokam $1.666.666 amk prmglso dl vlkto oc jikoclc pcozm dlc préstogm qul ls > o ms. Qi co toso qul cl amnro lc nokam ls

glksuoc. ½Auïktm po`o glksuocglktl Gorço oc nokam=

Lhlgpcm

Huok amgpro uk lstokqul lk dmkdl arço truabos. Éc amgpro <66 truay kmrgocglktl co pmncoaiñk dl truabos arlal o uko toso dl ?>% glk-

suoc dl co pmncoaiñk ikiaioc. ½Auïktos truabos kulvos bonrï aodo ^lspulsto8 <66 x ?>% 7 :6

?



1<>


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Toso amgpulsto

^lprlslkto uk pmralktohl vorioncl dl uk vocmr ikgldiotoglktl oktlrimr, amgpm-kilkdm co gisgo toso vorios vlals.

?. \ko lgprlso dl goçz rlocizo uk pcok dl vlktos poro cms prñxigms ?6 o msLc priglr o m pilkso vlkdlr $<6’666.666 lk nuctms dl goçz y pilkso qul susvlktos arlalrïk o uko toso dl >% okuoc.

Dl oaulrdm amk co ikjmrgoaiñk8

o. ^locial uko tonco lk dmkdl sl gulstrlk cos vlktos o m o o m.

n. Qi aogniogms co toso o 1% ½auïktm bonrï `okodm lk vlktos lk lc o m

Lhlgpcm8

Huok amgpro uk lstokqul lk dmkdl arço truabos. Éc amgpro <66 truabos y kmrgocglktl co pmncoaiñk dl truabos arlal o uko toso dl ?6%glksuoc ½Auïktos truabos kulvos bonrï oc aonm dlc gls ?, > y 1=

^lspulsto8

Gls ukm8 <66 x ?6% 7 <6

Gls dms8 <<6 x ?6% 7 <<

Gls trls8 :6< x ?6% 7 :6,<

>



1<1 Vrmpmraimklsy sus opciaoaimkls

\kidod 1


?. Huok onrl uko aulkto dl obmrrms lk uk nokam amk$>66.666. Lc nokam cl prmgltl qul si km soao sudiklrm cl do iktlrlsls o uko toso dl >% dlc vocmramk lc qul onriñ co aulkto. ½Auïktm tlkdrï oc ji-kocizor uk o m=

>. Aorcms tilkl uk tlrrlkm lk dmkdl silgnro popos.Lc gls oktlrimr prmduhm >6 tmklcodos dl popo, sisu prmduaaiñk dl popo arlal o uko toso dl ?6%glksuoc ½auïktos tmklcodos dl popo prmduairïdlktrm dl > glsls=

1. \k nokam mjrlal uk kulvm prmduatm poro co `lktlqul dlaido onrir uko aulkto dl obmrrms. Lc prm-duatm cl mjrlal co si`uilktl toso dl iktlrés8

?% lc priglr gls.>% dlc sl`ukdm oc auortm gls.1% dlc quiktm gls lk odlcoktl.

Qi Vldrm dlaidl dlpmsitor $<66.666 lk lsto aulktodl obmrrm y dlaidl rltiror tmdo su pcoto dlktrm dluk gls ½auïkto pcoto bonrï rltirodm=

(Kmtl qul lk lstl aosm co toso dl iktlrés ls amg-pulsto).



1<4


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Qlsiñk ?<

l co dl 1

Co rl`co dl 1 ls ukm dl cms glaokisgms gïs øticls poro rlsmcvlrprmnclgos, poro boccor uko vorioncl dl co qul km amkmalgmsvocmr.

Co rl`co dl 1 sl dividl lk dms acosls portiaucorls qul vlrlgms oamktikuoaiñk.

^l`co dl 1 sigpcl

Co rl`co dl trls sigpcl, rlcoaimko cms vocmrls tmgodms pmr dms vorioncls y dilkdm dl co prmpmraimkocidod lktrl lccos sl dividl lk8

?. Acoro tilkl dms `occikos qul prmdualk >4 bulvms diorims. Qi acoro amg`occikos gïs ½auïktms bulvms prmduairïk=

>. Gortbo rlam`l >6 nuctms dl popos lk 1 dços ½auïktms nuctms rlam`lrï lk 4 dç

?. ^l`co dl 1 sigpcl dirlato8 rlcoaimko dms vorioncls dirlatoglktl prm-pmraimkocls.

>. ^l`co dl 1 sigpcl ikvlrso8 rlcoaimko dms vorioncls ikvlrsoglktl prm-pmraimkocls.

?



1<< Vrmpmraimklsy sus opciaoaimkls

\kidod 1

?. Gorço rlamclato tmdo co amslabo dl zokobmrio dl su jikao lk < dços, tronolk prmgldim 4 bmros diorios. Qi poro lsto amslabo cl dldiao : bmros diorico rlamclaaiñk ½auïktm sl dlgmro Gorço boailkdm co rlamclato=

>. Aogicm ls amkduatmr dl uk aogiñk y cclvo su aoròglktm dl Nm`mtï o QGorto lk > dços viohokdm o uko vlcmaidod dl 46 eg/b. Qi Aogicm sunilvlcmaidod o :6 eg/b ½auïktms dços sl dlgmrorço lk cclvor su aoròglktm=

^l`co dl 1 amgpulsto

^lcoaimko trls m gïs vorioncls qul puldlk slr toktm dirlatoglktl m ikvlrsoglktlprmpmraimkocls lktrl sç.

?. \k smaim ikvilrtl lk uk kl`maim $0.666 duroktl < glsls y tilkl uko uticidod dl

$?.>66. ½Auïc ls lc aopitoc dl uk slùkdm smaim qul mntuvm $4.>66, si ikduroktl 0 glsls=

>. Auotrm gïquikos qul jonriaok cotos poro lkvosl, tronohokdm : bmros diobok blabm 41.>66 lkvosls lk < dços. Ql dltilkl uko dl cos gïquikos, auokdmjoctok >?.:66 lkvosls pmr jonriaor, qul dlnlk slr lktrlòdms o cms > dço½auïktos bmros diorios dlnlk tronohor cos gïquikos qul quldok poro augplc pldidm=

1

>



1<:


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Dlsorrmccl cms si`uilktls lhlraiaims dl rl`co dl 1 sigpcl. ^laulrdl amksidlror si cvorioncls smk dirlatoglktl m ikvlrsoglktl prmpmraimkocls.

?<Duroaiñk8 > bmros

?. \ko igprlkto igprigl diorioglktl ?.666 plriñ-diams tronohokdm 4 bmros, si co igprlkto tronohoduroktl 0 bmros ½auïktms plriñdiams soaorï=

>. \k viohl dl Nm`mtï o Aoci dlgmro ?> bmros viohok-dm lk uk aorrm o uko vlcmaidod dl :6 eg/b. Qi lcaorrm viohoro o uko vlcmaidod dl 26 eg/b ½auïktosbmros dlgmrorço lc viohl=

1. Aormciko tilkl uko jïnriao dl socso dl tmgotlqul tilkl lk tmtoc >6 lgpclodms. Vmr tmdms cmslgpclodms qul tilkl obmro po`o glksuocglktluko kñgiko dl $?6’666.666. Qi amktrotorok 0lgpclodms gïs ½o auïktm osalkdlrço lc po`m dlco kñgiko=

4. Lk Qunoabmqul, uk pulncm alrao dl Nm`mtï sl

bo dlsaunilrtm uk pmzm dl pltrñclm. Voro lx-pcmror uk pmzm, kmrgocglktl sl amktrotok ?>6tronohodmrls qul durok lk prmgldim : glslslkamktrokdm pltrñclm. Vmr jocto dl rlaursms sñcmsl puldlk amktrotor 26 tronohodmrls, ½Auïktmtilgpm sl dlgmrorïk cms 26 tronohodmrls lkamk-trokdm pltrñclm=



1<0 Vrmpmraimklsy sus opciaoaimkls

\kidod 1

?. Dl cms siùilktls porls dl rozmkls, lstonclzao auïcls smk dirlatoglktlprmpmraimkocls, ikvlrsoglktl prmpmraimkocls m kikùko dl cos dms

1 9o. ,< ?<

> ?6n. ,0 1<

< ?6a. ,4 2

0 9d. ,9 0

?> 42l. ,?? 44

>. Gorço lstï vlkdilkdm goktlcls dl pulncm lk pulncm, lk tmtoc lccotilkl 26. Lk lc priglr pulncm vlkdiñ lc >6% dl cms goktlcls o $4.666aodo ukm. Lk lc slùkdm pulncm vlkdiñ lc 16% dl cms goktlcls o$:.666 aodo ukm. Y lk lc øctigm pulncm vlkdiñ cms qul cl smnronoko $<.666 aodo goktlc. ½Auïktm òkñ Gorço lk tmtoc=

1. Huok tilkl uko pokodlrço y oko $166.666 o co slgoko pmr amkalptmdl vlktos dl pok. Qi Huok pilkso ikarlglktor sus vlktos dl goklro

qul sus ik`rlsms ouglktlk lk ?6% slgokocglktl. ½Auïktm tlkdrï Huok oc aonm dl < slgokos=

4. Lk Nuò, uko aiudod dlc Zoccl dlc Aouao, sl pilkso rlocizor uko kulvoaotldroc. Voro lc tronohm sl amktrotok ?< bmgnrls qul tronohokdm 2dços rlocizok lc <6% dlc tronohm. Qi sl amktrotorok >6 bmgnrls lk ?6dços ½qué pmralktohl dlc tronohm rlocizorçok=



1<2


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Qlsiñk ?:

½_ué ls lc pcokm aortlsiokm=

\kidod 4. Iktrmduaaiñk o co `lmgltrçodlc pcokm aortlsiokm

Lc pcokm aortlsiokm, ls co rlprlslktoaiñk `lmgétriao dlc prmduataortlsiokm dl cms roaimkocls8

Oquç cos porlhos ( x, y) cos ccogogms porlhos mrdlkodos, su rlprlslktoaiñk ls co si`uilktl8

_ x _ 7 {( x, y)8 x _ ∂ y _}



1<9 Iktrmduaaiñk o co `lmgltrçodlc pcokm aortlsiokm

\kidod 4

?. \niqul cms puktms (->,6), (>,6), (6,->) y (>,6) lk lc pcokm aortlsiokm.

>. Dinuhl uk auodrodm lk lc pcokm aortlsiokm uticizokdm cms puktms dlc p1. \ticizokdm cms puktms dlc puktm ? amgm ùço, dinuhl uk açraucm lk lc

aortlsiokm.

Co rlato bmrizmktoc (dl amcmr ogoricco) co ccogogms lhl x, y co rlato vlrtiaoc (dl am-cmr rmho) co ccogogms lhl y, y lc arual lktrl ognos cm ccogogms mri`lk. Lk co jiùrorlprlslktogms lc puktm (?,>), y cos jclabos km klalsorioglktl dlnlgms amcmaorsmk smcm uko ùço.

?:Duroaiñk8 > bmros

?. \niqul cms siùilktls puktms lk lc pcokm aortlsio-km8 (6,>), (?,?), (-?,?), (-?,-?), (?,-?) y (6,->).

>. \ko cms puktms dlc puktm ? pmr co portl lxtlrimr dlcms puktms, dl toc jmrgo qul co jiùro rlsuctoktlslo uk blxï`mkm.

1. O portir dl cms puktms dlc puktm ?, dinuhl tmdmscms triïkùcms pmsincls lk dijlrlktls pcokms aor-tlsiokms.

?



1:6


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Lk lc pcokm aortlsiokm togniék sl puldlk prlslktor vorims tipmdl gmvigilktms, lktrl lccms lstïk lc dl troscoaiñk y rljclxiñk qulvlrlgms o amktikuoaiñk.

Troscoaiñk

Co troscoaiñk boal rljlrlkaio o cms gmvigilktms bmrizmktocls m vlrtiaocls dlktrpcokm aortlsiokm.

Qlsiñk ?0

Troscoaiñk y rljlxiñk lk lc pcokm aortlsiokm

Lhlgpcm8

Troscodl lc triïk`ucm dlc pcokm aortlsiokm jmrgodm pmr cms puktm(>, -?) y (4, <) dms ukidodls o co izquilrdo.



1:? Iktrmduaaiñk o co `lmgltrçodlc pcokm aortlsiokm

\kidod 4

Tlkilkdm lk aulkto lc rmgnm amkjmrgodm pmr cms puktms (6,>), (-?,?), (?,?) y^locial cos si`uilktls troscoaimkls.

?. Trls ukidodls boaio co dlrlabo.>. \ko ukidod boaio onohm.1. Dms ukidodls o co izquilrdo y ? ukidod onohm.

^ljlxiñk

Co rljclxiñk boal rljlrlkaio o gmvigilktms dl cms puktms dlktrm dlc pcokm lk dmtrokspmrtogms co amgpmklktl x m co amgpmklktl y o su ikvlrsm oditivm lk tmdmcms puktms.

Lhlgpcm8

^ljclhl lc triïk-`ucm jmrgodmpmr cms puktms(?,?), (>,4) y (4,1)amk lc lhl x.

?



1:>


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Ql`øk co jiùro8

?. ^ljclhl co jiùro amkrlsplatm oc lhl x.

>. ^ljclhl co jiùro amkrlsplatm oc lhl y.


?. Dinuhl lc troplaim jmrgodm pmr cms puktms (-?,?), (6,>), (>,>) y (1,?).

>. Troscodl lc troplaim dlc puktm ? dms ukidodls o co dlrlabo y 1 ukidodls ono

1. Troscodl lc troplaim dlc puktm ? dms ukidodls onohm y auotrm o co izquil

4. Troscodl lc troplaim dlc puktm ? uko ukidod o co dlrlabo y cul`m rljclhl amlhl y.

<. ^ljclhl lc troplaim dlc puktm ? amk lc lhl x

.

>



1:1 Iktrmduaaiñk o co `lmgltrçodlc pcokm aortlsiokm

\kidod 4

Co sigltrço ls ailrto mplroaiñk m prmpildod gotlgïtiao qul ocopciaorco o uk mnhltm, diabm mnhltm km aognio. Co sigltrçodms jmrgos lk lc pcokm, co sigltrço amk lc lhl x y co sigltrço amklc lhl y.

Qigltrço lhl y

\k mnhltm lk lc pcokm aortlsiokm ls sigétriam amk rlsplatm oc lhl y, si oc rljclhorcmamk lc lhl y lc mnhltm km aognio dl pmsiaiñk ki dl jmrgo.

Qlsiñk ?2

Lhls dl sigltrço

Lhlgpcm8

Lc açraucm jmrgodmpmr cms puktms (6,?),(->, 1), (6,<) y (>,1)ls sigétriam amkrlsplatm oc lhl y.



1:4


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Qigltrço lhl x

\k mnhltm lk lc pcokm aortlsiokm ls sigétriam amk rlsplatm oc lhl x, si oc rljclhorcmamk lc lhl x lc mnhltm km aognio dl pmsiaiñk ki dl jmrgo.

Lhlgpcm8

Lc triïkùcm jmrgodm pmr cms puktms (?,>), (4.6) y (?,->) ls sigéamk rlsplatm oc lhl x.

Dltlrgikl auïcls dl cos siùilktls jiùros smk sigétriaos amk8 lc lhl x, lhl y, ognms

lhls m kikùkm dl cms lhls8

?



1:< Iktrmduaaiñk o co `lmgltrçodlc pcokm aortlsiokm

\kidod 4

4.1.

>.

?. Dinuhl lc açraucm amkjmrgodm amk cms puktms (?,-4), (?,6), (-?,->) y (1>. ½_ué gmvigilktms dlnl boalr lc açraucm dlc puktm ? poro slr sigétriam am

lhl y=1. ½_ué gmvigilktms dlnl boalr lc açraucm dlc puktm ? poro slr sigétriam am

lhl x=4. ½_ué gmvigilktms dlnl boalr lc açraucm dlc puktm ? poro slr sigétriam a

ognms lhls oc tilgpm=


?.



1::


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

?. ^lspmkdo cos siùilktls prlùktos tlkilkdm lk aulkto co jiùro oktl-rimr.

o. Lsarino cos ammrdlkodos dl aodo ukm dl cms puktms qul amkjmr-gok co jiùro.

n. Troscodl co jiùro dms ukidodls boaio onohm y 1 o co dlrlabo.a. Troscodl co jiùro dms > ukidodls boaio onohm y dms boaio orrino

d. Ql`øk lc puktm ?, ½auïcls slrçok cos kulvos ammrdlkodos dl cojiùro si troscodogms co jiùro 4 ukidodls onohm y 9 o co izquilrdo=l. Auïktos ukidodls dlnl troscodorsl y boaio qué slktidm co jiùro

poro qul slo sigétriao amk lc lhl y.

>. Dinuhl tmdms cms triïkùcms pmsincls qul sl puldlk orgor amk cmspuktms (-?,>), (6,6), (>,1) y (-?,1).



1:0 Vrikaipims dl lstodçstiao

\kidod <

Co lstodçstiao ls uko ailkaio qul jmrgo portl dl cos gotlgïtiaosqul sl dldiao o co rlamclaaiñk, okïcisis l iktlrprltoaiñk dl uk`rupm dl dotms.

Voro cm`ror okocizor co lstodçstiao ls klalsorim amkmalr oc`térgikms qul smk8

Qlsiñk ?9

Amkalptms nïsiams

\kidod <. Vrika ipims dl lstodçstiao

Vmncoaiñk

Co pmncoaiñk ls uk amkhuktm dl mnhltms qul prlslkto lktrl lccms aoroatl-rçstiaos amgukls. O cms lclglktms dl co pmncoaiñk cms ccogogms ukidodpmncoaimkocls.

Gulstro

Co gulstro ls uk sunamkhuktm dl lclglktms dl co pmncoaiñk qul rlprlslk-torïk tmdo co pmncoaiñk.

Togoÿm gulstroc

Ql rljilrl oc køglrm dl lclglktms dl co pmncoaiñk amk cms qul vogms oamkjmrgor co gulstro. Oc togo m dl co gulstro cm rlprlslktogms amk coscltros k m g.



1:2


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Cms mnhltms dl lstudim dl co lstodçstiao, smk cos vorioncls, lstos vorioncls sl div

Acosijiqul cos si`uilktls vorioncls lk auoktitotivos m auocitotivos8


?. Zorioncls auocitotivos8 smk oqulccos qul km oporlalk dlsaritoslk jmrgo kugériao.

>. Zorioncls auoktitotivos8 smk oqulccos qul sl puldlk osmaiordirlatoglktl kugériaoglktl.

?. ^lci`iñk

>. Qocorim

1. Køglrm dl bihms

4. Gorao dl aorrm

<. Tocco dl poktocñk

:. Vortidm pmcçtiam dl prljlrlkaio



1:9 Vrikaipims dl lstodçstiao

\kidod <

Dlktrm dl co lstodçstiao, lxistl co lstodçstiao dlsariptivo, quplrgitl okocizor cms dotms kugériaoglktl. Voro pmdlr cm`rorcuticizo cos gldidos dl tlkdlkaio alktroc.

Cos gldidos dl tlkdlkaio alktroc smk8

Qlsiñk >6

Gldidos dlsariptivos

Gïxigm

^lprlslkto lc vocmr gïs `rokdl qul puldl tmgor uko gulstro dl dotms.

Gçkigm

^lprlslkto lc vocmr gïs plqul m qul puldl tmgor uko gulstro dl dotms.

Gldio

Ls co rozñk lktrl co sugo dl tmdms cms dotms y lc togo m gulstroc.

Gmdo

Co gmdo kms dial auïc ls lc køglrm qul gïs sl rlpitl lk uko gulstro dl dotms.Co gmdo puldl km slr økiao y ls alrm auokdm kik`ukm dl cms dotms sl rlpitl

Gldioko

Co gldioko kms ikdiao gldioktl cms dotms mrdlkodms, auïc ls lc dotm alktroVoro boccor co gldioko dlplkdl dlc køglrm dl dotms qul sl lkaulktrlk si lspor m igpor.



106


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Cmrlko tilkl uk osodlrm dl pmccms lk co aiudod, y prlslkto cms si`uilktls dotmvlktos duroktl uko slgoko.

Cms dmgik`ms km tilkl vlktos yo qul km onrl. Dl oaulrdm o co tonco rlspmkdo

?. ½Auïc ls co gïxigo aoktidod dl pmccms qul vlkdl lk uk dço=

>. ½Auïc ls co gçkigo aoktidod dl pmccms qul vlkdl lk uk dço=

1. ½Auïc ls lc prmgldim dl aoktidod dl pmccms vlkdidms dl co slgoko=

4. ½Auïc ls co gmdo dl co aoktidod dl pmccms vlkdidms dl co slgoko=

<. ½Auïc ls co gldioko dl co aoktidod dl pmccms vlkdidms dl co slgoko=

>6Duroaiñk8 > bmros

Dço Vmccms vlkdidms

Cukls 1<

Gortls >4

Giéramcls 1<

Hulvls 46

Zilrkls 4>

Qïnodm 19



10? Vrikaipims dl lstodçstiao

\kidod <

Auokdm okocizogms cms dotms cms pmdlgms sundividir lk accos acosls sl cls boal rljlrlkaio uk vocmr qul puldl slr kmgikoc,mrdikoc m dl iktlrvocm.

Qlsiñk >?

Toncos dl jrlaulkaio

Acosijiqul cos si`uilktls vorioncls lk kmgikocls, mrdikocls m dl iktlrvocm.

?. Qocorim>. Tipm dl jcmr

1. Vrmjlsiñk4. Kivlc dl o`uo (octm, gldim m nohm)<. Vlsm:. Amcmr dl mhms

Auokdm tlklgms uko vorioncl sundividido lk acosls pmdlgms boalr uko distrinuadl jrlaulkaios. Cos jrlaulkaios puldlk slr8

Jrlaulkaio onsmcuto

Ls lc køglrm dl dotms qul amrrlspmkdl o aodo acosl y su sugo dlnl amrrls-pmkdlr o co tmtocidod dl cms dotms. Kmrgocglktl cm dlkmtogms amk co cltk.

?



10>


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Cos jrlaulkaios cos amcmaogms lk uko tonco amgm co qul si`ul8

Jrlaulkaio rlcotivo

Ls co rozñk lktrl co jrlaulkaio onsmcuto dl uko acosl y lc køglrm tmtoc dldotms y sl dlkmto amk co cltrob. Osç tlklgms

køglrm dl dotms lk uko acoslb 7

køglrm tmtoc dl dotms

Jrlaulkaio pmralktuoc

Ls lc pmralktohl qul rlprlslkto aodo acosl amk rljlrlktl oc tmtoc dl cms dotms.Co jrlaulkaio pmralktuoc cm dlkmtogms amk co cltro p y cm aocaucogms gupciaokdm co jrlaulkaio rlcotivo pmr ?66 y o`rl`ogms lc sçgnmcm %.

p% 7 b x ?66

Acosl k b p

Acosl ?

Acosl >

Acosl 1

Acosl 4

Acosl <

Qugo7k Qugo7? Qugo7?66%



104


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

O amktikuoaiñk lkamktrorlgms cms dotms dl cms tronohodmrls y lc socoqul òkok lk uko lgprlso dl tlclamgukiaoaimkls dl kulstro aiudod.

Dl oaulrdm o co tonco oktlrimr amktlstl8

?. Boccl lc gïxigm, gçkigm, gldio, gmdo y gldioko dl cms dotmsoktlrimrls.

>. Qi acosijiaogms lc socorim sl`øk cos siùilktls acosls8

Acosl ?8socorim glkmr m iùoc o 066.666Acosl >8socorim goymr o 066.666 y glkmr m iùoc qul ?.<66.666Acosl 18socorim goymr qul ?.<66.666 y glkmr m iùoc o >.>66.666Acosl 48socorim goymr o >.>66.666 y glkmr m iùoc o 1.666.666

^locial co tonco dl distrinuaimkls dl jrlaulkaios amrrlspmkdilktl o cosacosls oktlrimrls.

Tronohodmr Qocorim

Tronohodmr ?? :<6.666Tronohodmr ?> >.166.666Tronohodmr ?1 <66.666Tronohodmr ?4 >.<66.666Tronohodmr ?< ?.066.666Tronohodmr ?: >.066.666Tronohodmr ?0 <66.666Tronohodmr ?2 >.:66.666Tronohodmr ?9 1.666.666Tronohodmr >6 :<6.666

Tronohodmr Qocorim

Tronohodmr ? <66.666Tronohodmr > ?.>66.666Tronohodmr 1 :<6.666Tronohodmr 4 ?.266.666Tronohodmr < <66.666Tronohodmr : 966.666Tronohodmr 0 ?.<66.666Tronohodmr 2 ?.266.666Tronohodmr 9 <66.666Tronohodmr ?6 >.166.666



10<


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Qlsiñk ?. Iktrmduaaiñk o cms køglrms lktlrms

\kidod ?. Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrms lktlrms

Oatividod lxtroacosl ? (p. 169)

^lprlslktl cms si`uilktls lktlrms lk co rlato8

?. -<

>. 1

1. -?6

4. >4

<. -?

^LQV\LQTOQ



10:


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

:. -1<

0. 2

Qlsiñk >. Qugo dl lktlrms

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 1?6)

?. ?>:

>. -?16

1. <?0

4. 04


?. 1:<

>. 6

Oatividod lxtroacosl > (p. 1?1)

?. o. -?2??6

n. -19

a. -46

d. 1.166

>. @okorï $?.666



100


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Qlsiñk 1. Guctipciaoaiñk dl lktlrms


?. -926>. ?62

1. ->46

4. :6

<. ?>2

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 1?:)

?. ->

>. 24

1. -1

Oatividod lxtroacosl 1 (p. 1?0)?. Toktm lk lc posm ? amgm lk lc >8 osmaiotivo y distrinutivo

>. o. -926 Osmaiotivo

n. -:9 Distrinutivo

a. -?>6 Osmaiotivo y distrinutivo

Gokms o co mnro (p. 1?2)

?. Ely Plst.

>. Lxistlk vorims tipms dl tlrgñgltrm giror aodo ukm dl lccms.

1. -<2 gïs jrço, >> gïs aocilktl.

4. Idobm y co dl Blclko ls co gïs oclhodo dl alrm `rodms.



102


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Qlsiñk 4. Iktrmduaaiñk o cms køglrms roaimkocls

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 1>6)

Oatividod lxtroacosl 4 (p. 1>6)

Qlsiñk <. Lquivoclkaios dl køglrms roaimkocls

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 1>?)

1<4?. - y -06.2<

>. ?>< y ?><

2<01. - y -4>.2<>6

4. -?<1 y -?<1

<. ??2 y ??2

\kidod >. Lc amkhuktm dl cms køglrms roaimkocls

?1?. :

<>. -0

??1. 1



109


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Oatividod lxtroacosl < (p. 1>>)

?. Vuldlk slr vorios smcuaimkls, silgprl y auokdm sl divido m sl guctipciqul lc kuglrodmry lc dlkmgikodmr pmr lc gisgm køglrm.

?9 + ?? 16 <>. o. 7 7 km ls lquivoclktl?1 + ?? >4 4

?9 ‑ ? ?2 1n. 7 7 km ls lquivoclktl?1 ‑ ? ?> >

Qlsiñk :. Qugo y rlsto dl køglrms roaimkocls


Oatividod lxtroacosl : (p. 1><)

?. Amgporor cos dijlrlktls dljikiaimkls.

?9 1 1<>. o. n. - a. -

?1 :4 >0

09 ?9 4d. - l. j.>6 ?1 >6

?0?. ->2

4?>.46

?01.?2

94.>6

>9<. -16

0?:. -:6



126


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 1>:)

2 ?. - <

? >. -:

1. -?

44 4. 1


?1 ? ?. o. - n. > 0

?1 >.

>4

Oatividod lxtroacosl 0 (p. 1>2)

Qlsiñk 0. Guctipciaoaiñk y divisiñk dl roaimkocls

?. Amgporor cos dijlrlktls rlspulstos.

>2 ? ?>. o. - n. - a. 4< > >4

:0 ?0d. l. j. -< ?:9 2

4 ?2`. - b. -0 <



12?


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Qlsiñk 2. Lxpmklkaioaiñk lk cms køglrms roaimkocls

Qlsiñk 9. Tronohlgms amk cms køglrms dlaigocls

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 11>)

? ?. >4?62

4 :> >.

?0

> <06 1.

<

?1.4<>146

4. ?.4>1

Oatividod lxtroacosl 2 (p. 11>)

> >? < :1 >? ?0 ? <??. o. n. a. d. l. ?44

< 1 42 >

02.><9 12.4?:>. o. n.1>.666 >><

Oatividod lxtroacosl 9 (p. 114)

?. o. -6,?61 n. -6,: a. ?,??> d. ??.1>

>. o. ?,?::::… n. 6,:::::… a. ?.?4>2<0?41… d. Qç

Gokms o co mnro (p. 11<)

?. o. n. a.

d. l. -0,4: j. <,:?

?410>

4>4.4999<.><:

146<.?61

?>?>?6



12>


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

\kidod 1. Vrmpmraimkls y sus opciaoaimkls

Qlsiñk ?6. ^ozmkls y prmpmraimkls

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 112)

?. 4?>.

<.666

>1. 1

?4.<


?. n y a smk prmpmraimkls.

>. o amk a, o amk l, o amk `, a amk `, l amk `, a amk l, n amk d, j amk b.

Oatividod lxtroacosl ?6 (p. 146)

?. Km

>. Km

>> 1. ><

4. o. y d.

`. ?,429: b. :4,:4 i. ?,>:?< h. 2,6122

>. o. 2 n. ->: a. >1 d. 0,:14

l. 22 j. `. x 7 1 b. x 7 4 i. -0:1.2<614

1



121


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Oatividod lxtroacosl ?? (p. 141)

??. Dirlatoglktl prmpmraimkoc y e 7<66

? >. Dirlatoglktl prmpmraimkoc y e 7?.666

1. Dirlatoglktl prmpmraimkoc y e 7 ?66

4. Ikvlrsoglktl prmpmraimkoc y e 7 16666

Qlsiñk ?>. Vmralktohl

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 14<)

?. ?4.666 >. 120.666 1. 066.?46 4. ?.166 <. ?6 :. 0.1<6 0. 04266 2. ? 9. >< ?6. ?:<

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 14:)

?. <6% >. ><%

Qlsiñk ??. Zorioncls dirlatoglktl prmpmraimkocls l ikvlrsoglktl prmpmraimkocls

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 14>)

?. Km>. ?64



124


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos


?. Jlrkokdo8 $?<.666.666Kotocio8 $9.666.666Gortçk8 $:.666.666

>. $:.0<6.666 poro Votriaio y Gñkiao$?.<66.666 poro Ïk`lco

1. Lc dl ?< o ms8 ?<6 blatïrlosLc dl ?2 o ms8 ?26 blatïrlosLc dl ?0 o ms8 ?06 blatïrlos

4. Huok8 ?> postlclsVldrm8 : postlclsCuis8 1 postlcls

Oatividod lxtroacosl ?1 (p. 1<6)

?. O Gorço lc >>.<%, o Huok lc 1<%, Hucioko lc ><% y o sus kiltms ?0.<%.

>. Huok $>2.666, Vldrm $1>.666 y Cuis $1:.666.

1. $2.666 o Huok, $<.666 o Vldrm y Gorço, $1.666 Ymcokdo. Km ls vïcido co rlportiaiñk.

4. Vopo :666, Yuao 9666 y Goçz <666.

Qlsiñk ?1. ^lportms prmpmraimkocls

1. ><% 4. ?6%

<. >,<%

Oatividod lxtroacosl ?> (p. 140)

?. $?16.666 >. O su gogï $><6.666, $>66.666 o su lspmsm, $?66.666 o su bihm, y cl quldok $4<6.666 1. 40.?% o`uo, ?0.:% `os y 1<.1% dl cuz.



12<


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 1<?)

?. :>.<

>. $96.666

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 1<>)

?. o.

Qlsiñk ?4. Tosos

n. $<4.:1:.1<6

Oatividod lxtroacosl ?4 (p. 1<1)

?. $>42.666

>. >4.>

1. $<6<.666

Oÿm Goçz

? $ <6.666.666

> $ <?.666.666,66

1 $ <>.6>6.666,66

4 $ <1.6:6.466,66

< $ <4.?>?.:62,66

: $ <<.>64.646,?:

0 $ <:.162.?>6,9:

2 $ <0.414.>21,12

9 $ <2.<2>.9:9,6<

?6 $ <9.0<4.:>2,41



12:


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 1<4)

?. 1: bulvms

>. Lktrl >: y >0 nuctms dl popo

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 1<<)

?. Lktrl 1 y 4 dços

>. ?.11 dços

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 1<<)

?. $?0.<66

>. ?6 bmros

Oatividod lxtroacosl ?< (p. 1<:)

?. ?0<6

>. 9 dços

1. $?1.<66.666

4. 9 glsls

Gokms o co mnro (p. 1<0)

?. Dirlatoglktl prmpmraimkocls o, n, a y l5 ikvlrsoglktl prmpmraimkocls d.

>. $462.666

1. $421?<1

4. 21.11% dlc tronohm

Qlsiñk ?<. ^l`co dl 1



120


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Qlsiñk ?:. ½_ué ls lc pcokm aortlsiokm=

\kidod 4. Iktrmduaaiñk o co `lmgltrço dlc pcokm aortlsiokm

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 1<9)

?.

>.



122


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

1.

Oatividod lxtroacosl ?: (p. 1<9)

?.



129


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

>.

1.



196


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 1:?)

?.

Qlsiñk ?0. Troscoaiñk y rljclxiñk lk lc pcokm aortlsiokm

>.



19?


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

1.

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 1:>)

?.



19>


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Oatividod lxtroacosl ?0 (p. 1:>)

?.

>.



191


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

>.

1.



194


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

<.

4.



19<


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 1:4)

?. Lhl y

>. Kik`ukm

1. Lhl x

4. Lhl y

Oatividod lxtroacosl ?2 (p. 1:<)

?.

Qlsiñk ?2. Lhls dl sigltrço

>. \ko ukidod o co izquilrdo

1. Dms ukidodls boaio orrino

4. \ko ukidod o co izquilrdo y dms ukidodls orrino



19:


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Gokms o co mnro (p. 1::)

?. o. (-4,?), (-1,?), (->,?), (-?,?), (-1,>), (->,>), (-4,1), (-?,1), (->.<,4)

n.

a.



190


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

>.

d. (-?1,-1), (-?>,-1), (-??,-1), (-?6,-1), (-?>,->), (-??,->), (-?1,-?), (-?6,-?),(-??.<,6)

l. >.< ukidodls o co dlrlabo



192


ïrlo Gotlg tiaos

Oatividod lxtroacosl ?9 (p. 1:2)

?. Auocitotivo >. Auoktitotivo

1. Auoktitotivo 4. Auocitotivo

<. Auoktitotivo :. Auocitotivo

Qlsiñk ?9. Amkalptms nïsiams

\kidod <. Vrikaipims dl lstodçstiao

Qlsiñk >6. Gldidos dlsariptivos

Oatividod lxtroacosl >6 (p. 106)

?. Gïxigm 4> >. Gçkigm >4 1. Gldio 1<, 21 4. Gmdo 1< <. Gldioko 10

Qlsiñk >?. Toncos dl jrlaulkaio

Oatividod lk acosl (p. 10?)

?. Iktlrvocm >. Kmgikoc 1. Kmgikoc 4. Mrdikoc <. Iktlrvocm :. Iktlrvocm



Oatividod lxtroacosl >? (p. 101)

Gokms o co mnro (p. 104)

?.

k b p

Cukls - gortls <9 6,>0 >0,44%

Giéramcls - Hulvls 0< 6,1< 14,22%

Zilrkls - sïnodm 2? 6,12 10,:0%

>?< ? ?66,66%

Gïxigm 1.666.666

Gçkigm <66.666

Gldio ?410<66

Gmdo <66666

Gldioko ?.1<6.666

>. k b p

Acosl ? 2 6,4 46%

Acosl > 1 6,?< ?<%Acosl 1 1 6,?< ?<%

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