anabolismoa
TRANSCRIPT
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METABOLISMOA
• Zeluletan gertatzen diren erreakzio kimikoen multzoa da.
• Hauen helburua zelulak behar dituen materialak (osagaiak eta beste konposatuak, entzimak adibidez) eta energia sortzea da.
• Prozesu hauek entzimek katalizatzen dituzte.
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Metabolismo-motak
ANABOLISMOA:
• Prozesu hauetan energia gastatzen da, sintesi-erreakzioak direlako.
• Adibideak: Fotosintesia, Proteinen sintesia, ...
• Hau da makromolekula konplexuak sortzeko bidea, molekula sinpleetatik abiatuz.
A + B + ENERGIA AB
KATABOLISMOA:
• Honela deitzen zaio molekula konplexuak molekula sinple bihurtzeari.
• Prozesu hauetan energia sortzen da, degradazio-erreakzioak direlako.
• Adibideak: Glukolisia, Arnasketa zelularra, Hartzidura, ...
AB A + B + ENERGIA
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B3 bitamina
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B2 bitamina
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LANDAREAK, ALGAK, ZENBAIT BAKTERIO
ZENBAIT BAKTERIO
ANIMALIAK, ONDDOAK, PROTOZOOAK,
ZENBAIT BAKTERIO
FOTOSINTESIA
KIMIOSINTESIA
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Kanpo- mintza
Barne- mintza
Grana
Estromakotilakoidea edo lamela
Estroma6 Gune tilakoidala
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ZITOSOLA
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GUNE TILAKOIDALA
GUNE TILAKOIDALA
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ARGI FASEA
• Argia behar duen fasea da, prozesu fotokimikoa da.
• Kloroplastoen tilakoide-mintzetan gertatzen da, bertan baitaude pigmentu fotosintetikoak: klorofilak, xantofilak, karotenoak...
• Pigmentu horiek bildurik daude, I. Fotosistema eta II. Fotosistema eratuz
• Uraren fotolisia edo ur-molekularen haustura gertatzen da (Hill-en erreakzioa):
H2O + Argi-energia ½ O2 + 2 e- + 2 H+
• ADParen fotofosforilazioa gertatzen da, ATP sortuz:
ADP + Pi ATP + H2O
• NADP+-aren fotoerredukzioa gertatuko da, NADPH + H+ sortuz:
NADP+ + 2 H+ + 2 e- NADPH + H+
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II.
FS
I.
FS
H+
H+
Zit
b6/f
680 nm700 nm
ATPasa
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GUNE TILAKOIDALA
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ESTROMA
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Zit b6/f ATP asa
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GUNE TILAKOIDALA
Zit b6/f ATP asa
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+ H+
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I.
FS
H+
H+
700 nm
Zit
B6/fATP
asa
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ILUNPEKO FASEA (CALVIN-en ZIKLOA)
• Argirik ez du behar, horrek, ordea, ez du ilunpetan gertatu behar duenik esan nahi.
• Karbonoa, CO2 eran, finkatzeko erreakzio-multzoa da.
• Materia ez-organikoaren erredukzioa gertatzen da, CO2 glukosa edo beste molekula organiko sinple bihurtuz.
• Erreakzio horiek kloroplastoaren estroman gertatzen dira.
• Ziklo konplexu horretan molekula desberdinek hartzen dute parte: triosek, tetrosek, pentosek, hexosek...
• Zikloaren hasieran erribulosa-1-5 difosfatoak (pentosa) CO2-rekin erreakzionatuko du 6 C-ko konposatu ezegonkorra emateko, berehala 3 C-ko bi konposatu emanez.
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MELVIN
CALVIN
1911-1997
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C6H12O6
Argi fasean sortuak
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Nola eragiten du argi-intentsitateak?
Foto
sin
tesi-
tasa
argi-intentsitatea
Pigmentu argi-hartzaileen asetasun maila
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Nola eragiten du tenperaturak fotosintesian?
Foto
sin
tesi-
tasa
tenperatura
Foto
sin
tesi-
tasa
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Nola eragiten du CO2-aren kontzentrazioak?
F
oto
sin
tesi-
tasa
CO2-ren kontzentrazioa
mmmmmmggggggggggggggggggggggggg
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Nola eragiten du O2-aren kontzentrazioak?
O2-ren kontzentrazioa
Foto
sin
tesi-
tasa
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Zenbait bakterio H2S erabiltzen dute kimiosintesian.
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HUMEROAK
Hondo ozeanikoen zenbait aldetan
H2S isuriak gertatzen dira.
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Bakterio kimiosintetikoek H2S erabiltzen dute molekula organikoen sintesirako. Bakterio horiek beste organismo askoren elikagaiak dira.
Ekosistema horrek ez du zuzeneko ezta zeharkako menpekotasunik eguzki-argiarekiko.