upv-me-eie recomendaciones para la estructuración de documentos recepcionales 2011

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9

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8/ Wciyh bl yhklgge÷o lglkå`egl ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// <4

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7

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}hy{eohogel" glbeklk u }yhgewe÷o/



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8

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4

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6

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1

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glwc kh |xh bl bew{l kh yhdhyhogelw whl hq{howl c eogbxul xol tlyehklk kh dxho{hw" hw



5

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i/ < Ge{l keyhg{l

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gco c{yc" blw hw}hgedeglgecohw lo{hyecyhw }xhkho tlyely ho dxoge÷o kh bl dhgal u bcw

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k/; L gco{eoxlge÷o wh }yhwho{lo yhgc`hoklgecohw u hjh`}bcw }cy {e}c kh ciyl



<<

k/;/< Beiyc

Wh eoegel hwgyeiehokc hb }ye`hy l}hbbekc khb lx{cy whfxekc kh xol gc`l u bl!w%

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L}hbbekcw" L/ L/ !Lüc%/ [à{xbc/ kce: qq/qqqqqqqq

L}hbbekcw" L/ L/ !Hk/%/ !Lüc%/ [à{xbc/ Gexklk: Hke{cyelb/

L}hbbekcw" L/ L/ !Gccyk/%/ !Lüc%/ [à{xbc/ Gexklk: Hke{cyelb/

Hjh`}bcw:

Glw{hbbw" @/ !<554l%/ Bl hyl kh bl eodcy`lge÷o/ Hgcoc`àl" wcgehklk u gxb{xyl/ Tcb/ </ Bl

wcgehklk yhk / @åqegc: Wefbc QQE/-------/ !<554i%/ Bl hyl kh bl eodcy`lge÷o/ Hgcoc`àl" wcgehklk u gxb{xyl/ Tcb/ 9/ Hb }ckhy

kh bl ekho{eklk / @åqegc: Wefbc QQE/

------- u Albb" ]/ !<55;%/ Blw {hgo÷}cbew khb `xokc/ Bl dcy`lge÷o kh bcw gc`}bhjcw

eokxw{yelbhw khb wefbc QQE / @lkyek: Lbelozl Hke{cyelb/

------- u Ae`loho" ]/ !9==7%/ Hb Hw{lkc khb iehohw{ly u bl wcgehklk kh eodcy`lge÷o/

@lkyek: Lbelozl/

Galào" Y/" @ly{àohz" @/" Jìgc`h" O/" Lgcw{l" C/ u Ycwlbhw" C/ !9==<%/ Kh`lokl"hw{xkelo{hw u hbhgge÷o/ @åqegc: Xoethyweklk Thylgyxzlol/

Algneof" E/ !Gc`}/% !<518%/ Yhtcbxgecohw geho{àdeglw/ @åqegc: DGH/



<9

Bezlylzc" K/ !9==6%/ Hb hw}lgec búkegc/ Weì÷begl eodlo{eb lo{h bl {hbhtewe÷o/ @åqegc: WH]-

KF[TH/

W{yxon" V/" u Iblogc" H/ I/ !<565%/ Bcw hbh`ho{cw khb hw{ebc/ Oxhtl Ucyn: @lgèbblo/

k/;/9 Gl}à{xbc ho beiyc

Wh hwgyeih }ye`hyc hb l}hbbekc khb lx{cy" whfxekc kh xol gc`l u blw eoegelb!hw% kh wx!w%

ocìyh!w%" whfxekl!w% kh xo }xo{c/ Khw}xåw" hb lüc kh bl hkege÷o h`}bhlkl ho{yh

}lyåo{hwew" whfxekl kh xo }xo{c/ Bxhfc" hb {à{xbc khb gl}à{xbc c ly{àgxbc whfxekc kh

}xo{c/ Bxhfc bl }lbliyl Ho u hb ocìyh khb lx{cy ho hb èw`c dcy`l{c !}ye`hy

l}hbbekc whfxekc kh bl eoegelb" ho{yh }lyåo{hwew wh hw}hgedegl we hw hke{cy" gc`}eblkcy c

gccykeolkcy" whfxekc kh }xo{c%" l gco{eoxlge÷o hb {à{xbc khb beiyc ho gxywetlw" whfxekc

kh blw }ìfeolw khb gl}à{xbc ho{yh }lyåo{hwew u xo }xo{c> bxhfc wh hwgyeih bl gexklk"

whfxekl kh kcw }xo{cw" u }cy úb{e`c" bl hke{cyelb/

Dcy`lw fhohylbhw }lyl gl}à{xbcw ho beiycw:

L}hbbekcw" L/ L/ u L}hbbekcw" I/ I/ !Lüc%/ [à{xbc khb gl}à{xbc c bl ho{ylkl/ Ho L}hbbekcw" L/

L/ !Hk/%" [à{xbc khb beiyc !}}/ qq-qq%/ Gexklk: Hke{cyelb/L}hbbekcw" L/ L/ $ L}hbbekcw" I/ I/ !Lüc%/ [à{xbc khb gl}à{xbc c ho{ylkl/ Ho L}hbbekcw" L/

L/ !Hk/%" [à{xbc khb beiyc !}}/ qq-qq%/ Gexklk: Hke{cyelb/ Yhgx}hylkc kh

a{{}:##vvv/qqqqqq

L}hbbekcw" L/ L/ $ L}hbbekcw" I/ I/ !Lüc%/ [à{xbc khb gl}à{xbc c ho{ylkl/ Ho L}hbbekcw" L/

L/ !Hk/%" [à{xbc khb beiyc !}}/ qq-qq%/ Gexklk: Hke{cyelb/ kce: Qqqqqqqq

Hjh`}bcw:



<7

Ixhodeb" Y/O/ !<558%/ Acyezco{h }cw{-`ckhyoc u gcodefxylge÷o wcgelb/ Ho Kh Lbil" L/

!Gccyk/%" ]cw{`ckhyoeklk u hkxglge÷o !}}/ <<-46%/ @åqegc: ]lek÷w/

Ixy{co" G/ !9==9%/ Xoethywe{u [ylowdcy`l{eco: ]ye`lyu ]l{avluw {c Xoethywe{u

Lx{cocù" lok Lgaehth`ho{/ Ho Iyeo{" W/ !Hke{cy%" [ah Dx{xyh cd {ah Ge{u cd

Eo{hbbhg{: [ah Galofeof L`hyeglo Xoethywe{u !}}/ 799-7;9%/ W{lodcyk" GL: W{lodcyk

Xoethywe{u ]yhww/

@lbkcolkc-@lbkcolkc" L/ !9==7%/ Cyfloew`cw Eo{hyolgecolbhw l }ly{ey kh <55= ho

@åqegc/ Ho Kxgceof" ]/ !Gccyk/%" Wxjh{cw" lg{cyhw u }ycghwcw kh dcy`lge÷o" [c`c E:

Dcy`lge÷o }lyl bl eothw{eflge÷o bcw lglkåègcw ho @åqegc / Lg{cyhw u

cyfloezlgecohw !}}/747-;<9%/ @åqegc: GC@EH-Fyx}c Ekhcfyl`l Hke{cyhw/

Yhgx}hylkc kh 2a{{}:##vvv/gcèh/cyf/`q#t7#}cy{lb#3bf0hw-

@Q$wg0=7$wi0=9 ? !9 kh lfcw{c kh 9==5%/

k/;/7 Ly{àgxbc ho yhtew{l

Wh gcowefol kh bl wefxeho{h dcy`l: }ye`hyc hb l}hbbekc khb lx{cy" whfxekc kh xol gc`l>

bxhfc" blw eoegelb!hw% kh wx!w% ocìyh!w% whfxekl!w% kh xo }xo{c/ Ho whfxekl" hb lüc kh

bl hkege÷o h`}bhlkl ho{yh }lyåo{hwew" whfxekl kh xo }xo{c> bxhfc" hb {à{xbc khb ly{àgxbc"

whfxekc kh xo }xo{c/ Khw}xåw" hb {à{xbc kh bl yhtew{l ho gxywetlw" whfxekc kh gc`l" hboú`hyc kh tcbx`ho gcowxb{lkc" hb oú`hyc gcyyhw}cokeho{h lb {c`c ho{yh }lyåo{hwew

u kcw }xo{cw" whfxekcw khb oú`hyc kh blw }ìfeolw khb ly{àgxbc kh eoegec l deo/ Ho hb glwc

kh yhtew{lw ho bàohl" wh eogbxuh {lìeåo wx gckedeglge÷o hbhg{y÷oegl we l}lyhgh:

Dcy`l fhohylb }lyl ly{àgxbc ho yhtew{l:

L}hbbekcw" L/ L/" L}hbbekcw" I/ I/ u L}hbbekcw" G/ G/ !Dhgal%/ [à{xbc khb ly{àgxbc/ [à{xbc kh bl }xibeglge÷o" tcbx`ho" oú`hyc" qq-qq/ kce: qq/qqqqqqq

http://www.comie.org.mx/v3/portal/?lg=es-MX&sc=03&sb=02






<;

Hjh`}bcw:

Lozxyhw" [/ !9=<<%/ Hb beiyc kh {hq{c fyl{xe{c ho bl lg{xlbeklk/ Bcfycw u yh{cw kh xo

}ycfyl`l geogxho{holyec/ Yhtew{l @hqeglol kh Eothw{eflge÷o Hkxgl{etl <4" ;5"

747-711/

Glyw{hoho" B/ B/ !<559%/ Wcgelb lok h`c{ecolb }l{{hyow eo lkxb{acck: Wx}}cy{ dcy

wcgech`c{ecolb whbhg{ete{u {ahcyu/ ]wugacbcfu lok Lfeof" 6" 77<‗771/

kce:<=/<=76#=119-656;/6/7/77<

CGKH/ !<55;%/ ]cbà{eglw olgecolbhw kh gehogel u {hgocbcfàl/ @åqegc: Whgyh{lyàl kh

Hkxglge÷o ]úibegl u Cyfloezlge÷o }lyl bl Gcc}hylge÷o u hb Khwlyycbbc

Hgco÷ègc/

]c}nhve{z" [/ !9==;%/ [ah Lbgahù cd {ah @l{ah`l{egw Gxyyegxbx`: Eowgye}{ecow lok

{ah Dliyegl{eco cd {ah Gaebk/ L`hyeglo Hkxgl{eco Yhwhlyga Jcxyolb " W}yeof ;<" <"

7-7;/

Yckyàfxhz F÷`hz" Y/ !9===%/ Bl yhdcy`l kh bl hkxglge÷o wx}hyecy/ Whülw khb khil{h

eo{hyolgecolb l deo kh wefbc/ Yhtew{l Hbhg{y÷oegl kh Eothw{eflge÷o Hkxgl{etl" 9" <"

2a{{}:##yhkeh/xlig/`q#tcb9oc<#gco{hoekc-yckfc/a{`b? !9 kh `luc kh 9==1%/

k/;/; [hwew

Blw {hwew wh yhdehyho kh `lohyl wh`hjlo{h l bcw beiycw/ Wh eogbxuh lkh`ìw bl

khocèolge÷o kh [hwew kh beghogel{xyl" [hwew kh `lhw{yàl c [hwew kh kcg{cylkc" whfúo

hb glwc/ Hjh`}bc:

Zl`xkec" G/ !9==;%/ Hb }l}hb kh bl hwgye{xyl lbdliå{egl ho bl gcow{yxgge÷o khb kl{c cylb/

[hwew kh kcg{cylkc" @åqegc: Gcbhfec kh @åqegc" Gho{yc kh Hw{xkecw Beofòàw{egcw uBe{hylyecw/



<8

k/;/8 ]cohogel

Bl }cohogel wh gcowefol gc`c ly{àgxbc ho beiyc" w÷bc |xh wh lfyhfl bl bhuhokl ]cohogel

}yhwho{lkl ho" whfxekl khb ocìyh khb htho{c" hb bxfly u bl dhgal/ We dxh }yhwho{lkl ho

`h`cyelw hke{lklw" e`}yhwl c ho dcy`l{c kefe{lb" bcw kl{cw wh lfyhflo wefxehokc blw

yhgc`hoklgecohw }yhwho{lklw/ Hjh`}bcw:

Fxhyyl" @/ E/ !9==4%/ Why kh bl ilokl" why hw{xkelo{h c why {yliljlkcy/ J÷thohw u

hwgxhbl" xol yhblge÷o gc`}bhjl/ ]cohogel }yhwho{lkl ho hb QE We`}cwec

Eo{hyl`hyegloc kh Eothw{eflge÷o H{ocfyìdegl ho Hkxglge÷o: Ixhocw Leyhw" 9=-9;

dhiyhyc/

[yhteüc Y/ H/ !9==1%/ Wcgehklkhw kh eodcy`lge÷o u gcocgeèho{c: geygxblge÷o u

tlgelèho{c kh wefoedeglkcw ho hkxglge÷o/ Ho @h`cyelw kh bl Gcodhyhogel

Eo{hyolgecolb ho [hgocbcfàl h Eooctlge÷o Hkxgl{etl YHKEEHO ―=6 !}}/ <=<-<<;%/

@åqegc: GYO-XOHWGC" XLOB/

k/;/4 Dxho{hw }hyeckàw{eglw

Blw dxho{hw }hyeckàw{eglw wh yhdehyho kh `lohyl wh`hjlo{h l bcw beiycw" }ye`hyc hbl}hbbekc khb lx{cy" whfxekc kh xol gc`l> bxhfc" bl!w% eoegelb!hw% kh wx!w% ocìyh!w%

whfxekl!w% kh xo }xo{c/ Ho whfxekl" hb lüc ho{yh }lyåo{hwew" whfxekc kh xo }xo{c>

bxhfc" hb {à{xbc khb ly{àgxbc" whfxekc kh xol gc`l> khw}xåw" hb {à{xbc kh bl dxho{h ho

gxywetlw" whfxekc kh xo }xo{c/ Deolb`ho{h hb bxfly" xol gc`l u bl dhgal whfxekl kh

}xo{c/

Yckyàfxhz" @/ u Flygàl ]ly{ekl" J/ G/ !9==4%/ Wxw{e{xuh Fxloljxl{c beiycw kh }ye`hyc khwhgxoklyel gco fxàlw kh hw{xkec" Bl Jcyolkl/ @åqegc" 9< kh lfcw{c/



<4

k/;/6 Kcgx`ho{cw" ly{àgxbcw c dxho{hw }ycghkho{hw kh Eo{hyoh{

Blw yhdhyhogelw l }xibeglgecohw kew}coeibhw ho Eo{hyoh{" khiho eogbxey" lkh`ìw kh bl

eodcy`lge÷o fhohylb !lx{cy" dhgal" {à{xbc%" hb }yc{cgcbc u bl keyhgge÷o hbhg{y÷oegl

gc`}bh{l ho{yh }lyåo{hwew lofxblyhw 2 ?" whfxekl kh bl úb{e`l dhgal ho |xh wh gcowxb{÷

bl }ìfeol" hwgye{l ho{yh }lyåo{hwew ! %/ Hjh`}bcw:

Kh bl ]hül" F/ !<555%/ Ohv Iycnhyw" Ohv H{aoege{ehw: Eokefhocxw Eo{hbbhg{xlbw" OFCw

lok {ah Ohcbeihylb W{l{h eo @hqegc/ ]cohogel }yhwho{lkl ho bl Gcodhyhogh co {ah

8={a Looethywlyu cd @logahw{hy Lo{ayc}cbcfu : @logahw{hy" XN"

2a{{}:##bhw</`lo/lg/xn#wl#@lo55]cbLo{a]l}hyw#Fxebbhy`c(9=kh(9=bl(9=]

hol/a{`? !99 kh lfcw{c kh 9==;%/

Nho{" Y/ !<554%/ [ah Vcybk Ilon lok XOHWGC co Aefahy Hkxgl{eco" Eo{hyol{ecolb

Aefahy Hkxgl{eco/ Kcgx`ho{c kh {yliljc eoåke{c"

2a{{}:##bloeg/x{hqlw/hkx#}ycjhg{#blwl58#nho{/a{`b? !9= kh dhiyhyc kh 9==1%/

8/ Wciyh bl yhklgge÷o lglkå`egl

l% Wh hte{lyìo bcw gl`iecw eojxw{edeglkcw kh {eh`}c c `ckc thyilb" lwà gc`c kh

}hywcol fyl`l{eglb" }cy hjh`}bc:

Ho bxfly kh:

Hb cijh{etc wh gx`}bh klkc |xh blw geygxow{logelw khb `hkec dxhyco

}yc}egelw/

Wh hwgyeih:

http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/lasa95/kent.html

http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/lasa95/kent.html



<6

Hb cijh{etc wh gx`}be÷ klkc |xh blw geygxow{logelw khb `hkec dxhyco

}yc}egelw/

Ho bxfly kh:

Ocw }lyhge÷ e`}cy{lo{h eoklfly l dcokc wciyh hw{h lw}hg{c" }cy bc gxlb"

yhwcbtà glìely hb hw|xh`l kh eo{hythoge÷o gco hb |xh ul wh gco{lil/

Wh hwgyeih:

Ocw }lyhge÷ e`}cy{lo{h eoklfly l dcokc wciyh hw{h lw}hg{c" }cy bc gxlb"

yhwcbte`cw glìely hb hw|xh`l kh eo{hythoge÷o gco hb |xh ul

gco{ìil`cw/

i% Whyì ohghwlyec gcowxb{ly {åyèocw ho keggecolyecw }lyl thyedegly wxw

wefoedeglkcw u who{ekcw ho bxfly kh lwxèy bcw |xh wh ‒gyhh‐ |xh {ehoho" }xhw blw

kethywlw lgh}gecohw yh|xehyho xwcw hw}hgàdegcw" oc eokewgyeèolkcw !}cy

hjh`}bc: gcobbhtly" kly" oethb"․%/

- Hw{h dho÷`hoc wh kl weh`}yh ho gc`xoeklkhw gco hw{cw ylwfcw !`hjcy: wh

}yhwho{l" cgxyyh" wxghkh" wh `loedehw{l"․%/

- Bl lgx`xblge÷o kh hw{cw dlg{cyhw gcobbhtl l bl }åykekl kh ekho{eklk !hbthyic gcobbhtly {ehoh tlyelw lgh}gecohw> oc wefoedegl ‒gcokxgey l‐%/

- L oethb kh yhwxb{lkcw" }xhkh khgeywh |xh hb }ycfyl`l }xhkh gcowekhylywh

hqe{cwc !`hjcy: Yhw}hg{c l bcw yhwxb{lkcw"․%/

- [lo{c l oethb kh h`}yhwlw gc`c kh }ycdhwecolbhw" hqew{ho }yc}xhw{lw kh

eoegel{etlw eo`hkel{lw !`hjcy: [lo{c ho{yh blw h`}yhwlw gc`c ho{yh bcw

}ycdhwecolbhw"․%

- Wh {yl{l kh xo lgxhykc l oethb eo{hyolgecolb !`hjcy: xo lgxhykceo{hyolgecolb%/

Hb xwc kh hw{h lofbegew`c !co bhthb % oc hw gcyyhg{c gxlokc }ehykh gxlb|xehyl



<1

kh hw{lw ocgecohw: ‒lb{xyl‐ x ‒cykho jhyìy|xegc" ylofc" gl{hfcyàl‐/ Lwà" gco

dyhgxhogel wh h`}bhl eolkhgxlkl`ho{h gco bcw who{ekcw kh ‒yhw}hg{c l‐" ‒ho

hb ììe{c kh‐" ‒ho{yh‐ c" we`}bh`ho{h" ‒ho‐/

g% Whyì ohghwlyec tlbhywh kh {åyèocw }yhgewcw }lyl wxw{e{xey bcw |xh yhwxb{ho tlfcw"

l`}becw c lìefxcw" }lyl bc gxlb wh yhgcèhokl hb xwc kh weo÷oe`cw c dylwhw

h|xetlbho{hw !h eogbxwc" kh lo{÷oe`cw%/

- Hw xo fylo }ycfyl`l hb |xh alo }xhw{c ho `lygal !`hjcy: lkhgxlkc" `xu

ieho cyfloezlkc" h{g/%

- Hb }hydeb kh hw{cw eoketekxcw hw `xu hw}hgelb !`hjcy: {à}egc" }hgxbely"

kew{eo{etc" h{g/%- Ho bl ieibec{hgl gc`xoe{lyel wh {ylilj÷ kh `lohyl e`}yhwecolo{h ho }yc khb

lghytc !`hjcy: eo{howetl" eoeo{hyyx`}ekl" gcow{lo{h" h{g/%

k% Wh hte{lyìo blw dylwhw ahgalw" gcbc|xelbhw" blw }lbliylw ‒ilúb c gc`ckào‐ u bcw

tegecw khb bhofxljh !glgcdcoàl" }bhcolw`c" lìefòhklk" hq{ylojhyew`c"․%/

Hjh`}bcw:

- Bcw {yliljcw kh eothw{eflge÷o wciyh hkxglge÷o" }l{ycgeolkc }cy hw{l

eow{e{xge÷o" whyìo klkcw l gcocghy }y÷qe`l`ho{h l bl gc`xoeklk

lglkåègl lo{hw kh wx }xibeglge÷o !glgcdcoàl%/

- Dxh xol khgewe÷o {c`lkl whfúo hb gcowhowc fhohylb !}bhcolw`c%/

- Yhgeho{h`ho{h" wh alo e`}bh`ho{lkc }ycfyl`lw cyeho{lkcw l bl

whoweiebezlge÷o ly{àw{egl !hq{ylojhyew`c%/

h% Whyì }yhdhyeibh }yhwgeokey kh {åyèocw h ekhlw |xh" }cy why efxlbhw c weèblyhw"

eowew{lo ho ocgecohw ul yhdhyeklw/ Hjh`}bc: Hw dxokl`ho{lb |xh bcw }lkyhw



<5

gc`}yhoklo |xh `lhw{ycw u }lkyhw kh dl`ebel jxhflo xo }l}hb dxokl`ho{lb ho hb

khwlyycbbc kh bcw hkxglokcw/

* ]lyl gcowxb{ly kxklw yhdhyho{hw l cy{cfyldàl" xwc kh `luúwgxblw" xwc kh wefblw u

liyhtel{xylw" lgho{xlge÷o" weo÷oe`cw" ac`÷fyldcw u ac`÷dcocw" xwcw

}yh}cwegecolbhw gcyyhg{cw" ho{yh c{ycw {h`lw" thy `l{hyelb LOHQC/

Yhw}hg{c lb xwc kh bl }xo{xlge÷o:

l% Bl gc`l wh h`}bhl }lyl eokegly }lxwl iyhth/ Bcw xwcw `ìw gc`xohw wco:

Wh}lyly bcw hbh`ho{cw kh xol hox`hylge÷o" hqgh}{c lo{hw khb úb{e`c" }xhw

wxhbh lfyhflywh ‑u―/ Hjh`}bc: Bcw tlbcyhw hqew{ho ho hb gho{yc khb khwlyycbbc

wcgelb gc`c ocy`lw" fxàlw kh lgge÷o" deb{ycw kh }hygh}ge÷o" }yhdhyhogelw"

hq}hg{l{etlw" lw}eylgecohw" loahbcw" ekhlbhw u gye{hyecw kh jxegec/

Blw hox`hylgecohw }xhkho why kh cylgecohw gc`}bh{lw u {l`ieåo wh

wh}lylo }cy gc`l: ]lyl khwlyycbbly hb }ycuhg{c hw ohghwlyec l}begly

hogxhw{lw ho tlyecw whg{cyhw kh bl }ciblge÷o" lolbezly bl eodcy`lge÷o

gco{hoekl ho hb úb{e`c ghowc" gc`}lylybl gco bcw kl{cw kh blw hogxhw{lw"

eo{hy}yh{ly bcw yhwxb{lkcw u kewhüly xo eow{yx`ho{c yh}yhwho{lgecolb |xh

bcw `xhw{yh/

Hoblzly xol úb{e`l hq}yhwe÷o gco {ckl bl ekhl lo{hyecy u oc w÷bc gco bcw

hbh`ho{cw hox`hylkcw !ho hwcw glwcw wh hwgyeih gc`l lo{hw kh bl

gcojxoge÷o ‑u―%" }cy hjh`}bc: Wh yhtewlyco hw{lkàw{eglw" eodcy`hw u ghowcw" u

wh }ycghke÷ lb loìbewew gc`}lyl{etc/

]lyl eogbxey xol dylwh |xh yh}e{h hb wefoedeglkc kh bl hq}yhwe÷o lo{hyecy" }cy

hjh`}bc: Ocwc{ycw" gexklklocw kh hw{h }làw" khih`cw gbl`ly }cy xo lb{c l

bl tecbhogel/



9=

]lyl eowhy{ly xo gc`ho{lyec c hq}beglge÷o lkegecolb: Bcw lw}hg{cw

lo{hyecyhw" lkh`ìw kh bcw |xh wh hoxogelo ho whfxekl" wco hbh`ho{cw

iìwegcw ho gxlb|xehy hw{yxg{xyl kh hw{h {e}c/

]lyl eogbxey hq}yhwecohw kh hoblgh gc`c hw khgey" }cy gcowefxeho{h" oc

ciw{lo{h" lkh`ìw" ho }ye`hy bxfly" lwà gc`c }lbliylw |xh khoc{lo bl lg{e{xk

khb aliblo{h c hb }xo{c kh tew{l kh xol kewge}beol yhw}hg{c l bc |xh wh kegh"

gc`c hdhg{etl`ho{h" ol{xylb`ho{h" fhohylb`ho{h" {ågoegl`ho{h"

aew{÷yegl`ho{h/ Hjh`}bcw: Khw}xåw kh bl bhg{xyl kh hw{h beiyc" yhklg{lyh`cw

xo h}à{c`h" hw khgey" xo yhwx`ho/

[ågoegl`ho{h" hw{h lyfx`ho{c hw{ì `lb gcow{yxekc/

Gxlokc wh cè{h xo thyic" ho wx bxfly wh hwgyeih xol gc`l: Hb yhwx`ho

yhw}h{l blw }lbliylw khb lx{cy> bl wào{hwew" oc/

Gxlokc wh eoegel bl cylge÷o gco dylwhw |xh eokeglo geygxow{logelw kh

{eh`}c" bxfly" `ckc c wh eo{yckxgh xol gcokege÷o" hw{lw hq}yhwecohw wh

wh}lylo gco gc`l khb yhw{c kh bl cylge÷o/ ]cy hjh`}bc: Gxlokc wh |xehyh

hodl{ezly xol ekhl" }xhkho h`}bhlywh kethywcw yhgxywcw {e}cfyìdegcw․c" We

blw dxho{hw gcowxb{lklw wco tlyelklw u ox`hycwlw" bl bew{l kh yhdhyhogelw

}xhkh cyfloezlywh }cy {e}c kh kcgx`ho{c/

Hw gcothoeho{h yhgcykly |xh oc khih h`}bhlywh gc`l ho{yh hb wxjh{c

!yhdhyho{h% u bc |xh wh kegh kh åw{h !}yhkeglkc%" lxo|xh wh {yl{h kh xol ekhl

`xu blyfl" }cy hjh`}bc: Hb howluc |xh alibl wciyh bcw hdhg{cw wcgelbhw kh bl

gbcolge÷o !"% dxh }xibeglkc ho xol yhtew{l xoethywe{lyel> khih hbeèolywh bl

gc`l" }xhw hb wxjh{c hw ‒Hb howluc |xh alibl wciyh bcw hdhg{cw wcgelbhw kh bl

gbcolge÷o‐ u hb }yhkeglkc hw hb yhw{c/ We hb wxjh{c l}lyhgh wh}lylkc khb

}yhkeglkc }cy xol dylwh hq}begl{etl" hw{ì úb{e`l wh hwgyeieyì ho{yh gc`lw"

}cy hjh`}bc: Ho hw{h whèolyec wh lolbezlyìo" wciyh {ckc" howlucw khlx{cyhw gco{h`}cyìohcw kh alibl aew}lol/



9<

i% Bcw kcw }xo{cw wh x{ebezlo }lyl ge{ly {hq{xlb`ho{h xol hq}yhwe÷o c xo

}ìyyldc gc`}bh{c" }cy hjh`}bc: Kegac lx{cy }xo{xlbezl: ‒Oc l {ckcw bcw

fhoecw bhw tl `lb ho bl hwgxhbl/ Bc |xh }lyhgh why xol yhlbeklk hw |xh bl

`lucyàl kh bcw fylokhw {lbho{cw oc wh alo kew{eofxekc hw}hgelb`ho{h }cy

wxw hw{xkecw lglkåègcw‐/

[lìeåo wh h`}bhlo }lyl loxogely xol hox`hylge÷o c }lyl yhblgecoly

dylwhw weo h`}bhly oeofúo ohqc" gc`c ho hb glwc kh blw hq}beglgecohw c blw

gcowhgxhogelw kh bc kegac lo{hyecy`ho{h" }cy hjh`}bc: Hw{l l{eolkl

ciwhytlge÷o }xhkh ho{hokhywh {lìeåo gc`c bl yhthblge÷o kh xo wào{c`l:

bl hwgxhbl" glwe }cy wew{h`l" hw{ì `l{lokc bl e`lfeolge÷o eo{hbefho{h․c"

Hogco{ylyco tlyecw `loxwgye{cw eoåke{cw: xoc kh @co{lefoh" c{yc kh

Dlylklu u xo {hyghyc kh Heow{heo/

g% Hb }xo{c u gc`l eokegl xol }lxwl `hocy |xh bl |xh e`}begl hb }xo{c u

whfxekc> `xgalw thghw hw }cweibh eo{hyglìelybcw" whfúo hb {e}c kh {hq{c/ Hw

ú{eb ho bcw glwcw ho |xh wh khwhh wh}lyly cylgecohw kcokh oc wh al hwgye{c

oeofúo ohqc: Bhhy oc hw w÷bc khgckedegly xo {hq{c" weoc yhke`howecolybc gco

xo oxhtc who{ekc> bhhy hw yh-gyhly" yh-hblicyly u" }cy bc èw`c" yhgyhlywh u

khbhe{lywh/

[lìeåo yhwxb{l ú{eb }lyl wh}lyly cylgecohw ho blw |xh alu xol

hox`hylge÷o" kho{yc kh blw gxlbhw ul wh alo h`}bhlkc gc`lw" }cy hjh`}bc:

Bl }cå{egl wxyfh ho bl Fyhgel gbìwegl> bcw hw{xkecw fyl`l{eglbhw" {lìeåo> ho

glìec" bl }wegcbcfàl hw xol kewge}beol kh yhgeho{h khwlyycbbc/

Wh xwl lkh`ìw }lyl eo{yckxgey ekhlw gc`}bh{lw !gco thyic gcojxflkc%"

lo{hw kh ohqcw gc`c }hyc" lxo|xh" weo hìlyfc" }cy gcowefxeho{h u" wciyh

{ckc" gxlokc bcw }hyeckcw |xh wh hw{ìo hwgyeiehokc wco hq{howcw" }cyhjh`}bc: Blw xoethyweklkhw alo ahgac {ckc wx hwdxhyzc }lyl gcowhfxey

yhgxywcw |xh l}cuho bl eothw{eflge÷o> weo hìlyfc" wh al ci{hoekc }cgc/



99

k% Hb }xo{c u whfxekc wh x{ebezl gxlokc wh al {hyèolkc kh hq}yhwly xol ekhl"

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gblwhw: }xo{c u whfxekc u }xo{c u l}ly{h/ Hb }ye`hyc weyth }lyl wh}lyly

cylgecohw kho{yc kh xo èw`c }ìyyldc" hw khgey" wh {yl{l kh cylgecohw

hw{yhgal`ho{h yhblgecolklw" }cy hjh`}bc: Hw e`}cy{lo{h hodl{ezly |xh

oxhw{yl gxb{xyl {hgocb÷fegl u geho{àdegl hw }yhglyel/ Xol {e}cbcfàl hblicylkl

hw}hgàdegl`ho{h }lyl ciwhytlybl `xhw{yl |xh bl gehogel u bl {hgocbcfàl wco

gcowekhylklw gc`c xo `hkec |xh luxkl lb acìyh/ Ho glìec" hb }xo{c u

l}ly{h wh h`}bhl }lyl wh}lyly kcw }ìyyldcw kew{eo{cw c }lyl gcogbxey xo

{hq{c/

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h% Bcw }xo{cw wxw}howetcw wco ú{ebhw gxlokc wh ge{l w÷bc hb eoegec kh xol

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howhülkc l }hywhfxey u l liylzly bl tey{xk u bl }yxkhogel" weoc |xh ocw al

fylilkc bl khyetlge÷o u bl h{e`cbcfàl ̂ ․P‐/

d% Bcw wefocw kh eo{hyycflge÷o weytho }lyl eo{yckxgey hoxogelkcw

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yhblgecoly hwlw kcw ekhlw {lo kew{eo{lw3

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xol gcowekhylge÷o lo{hw" }xhkh why xol dylwh gcokegecolb" xo tcgl{etc" h{g/"

}cy hjh`}bc: We lgh}{l`cw |xh {ckcw wc`cw ‒{yliljlkcyhw‐ u

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97

Ho bcw glwcw ho |xh wh }yhwho{lo kcw c {yhw }yhfxo{lw eokh}hokeho{hw" glkl

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`luúwgxblw lb gcèhozc kh l glkl xol" }cy hjh`}bc: ³\xå hw bc |xh

khwhl`cw bcw `hqeglocw ho xo wew{h`l wcgelb u hgco÷ègc3 ³\xå tlbcyhw u

lo{etlbcyhw ocw glylg{hyezlo3 ³G÷`c glìelo hw{lw }hygh}gecohw ho bcw {yhw

bxw{ycw3 Weo hìlyfc" {lìeåo hw }cweibh wh}lyly hw{cw hoxogelkcw gco

gc`lw u" ho hwh glwc" oc wh h`}bhlo blw `luúwgxblw" hqgh}{c ho bl }ye`hyl

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hw{lw }hygh}gecohw ho bcw {yhw bxw{ycw3

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gcocghy % al wekc khw{hyylkc kh wxw teklw/

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wxw}howetcw" }lyl eokegly |xh wh al wx}yeèkc }ly{h kh bl ge{l !ho hw{h

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http://www.inee.edu.mx/



9;

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oc hw yhgc`hoklibh> hw `hjcy khgey Bcw oeücw u blw oeülw |xh․

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!∙%" u hb fxeco c fxeco gcy{c !-%> hb }ye`hyc hw ú{eb ho bcw wefxeho{hw glwcw:

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kh blw `ìw yhgeho{hw }yxhilw HQGLBH u ]EWL ‗xol kh`cw{ylge÷o `ìw khb

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glxwlw khb }ycibh`l" {cklw hbblw htekho{hw }hyc l bl thz efocylklw

wew{h`ì{egl`ho{h/ ]cy wx}xhw{c" ho bxfly kh fxecohw }xhkho h`}bhlywh

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fhohylb`ho{h" gco hb hw{ebc kh |xeho hwgyeih/ Wxhbh why `ìw lgh}{lkc hb

h`}bhc khb fxeco }lyl hb xwc khwgye{c lyyeil/

]lyl whülbly blw kew{eo{lw eo{hythogecohw ho bl yh}yckxgge÷o hwgye{l kh xo

keìbcfc" }cy hjh`}bc:



98

‗³Gxìb hw wx }ycdhwe÷o3

‗Wcu lo{yc}÷bcfc/

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bcw wefxeho{hw glwcw:

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gc`}xhw{c: {h÷yegc-}yìg{egc" {ågoegc-lkèoew{yl{etc" howhülozl-

l}yhokezljh/

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we`}bhw !‑․―%/ Wco ú{ebhw ho bcw wefxeho{hw glwcw:

]lyl {ylowgyeiey xol ge{l {hq{xlb: Gc`c ieho khgàl Lbdcowc Yhuhw: ‒Olkl

}xhkh whyocw ljhoc" weoc bc |xh efocyl`cw‐/

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x{ebezlo fxecohw }lyl hoghyyly wx gc`ho{lyec u blw gcèbblw oc wh

eo{hyyx`}ho" }cy hjh`}bc: ‒Bl úoegl `lohyl kh why }ycthgacwl`ho{h

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xoethywlb" }xhw oxogl bl }ly{h wh ho{hoke÷ weo hb {ckc‐/

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yhdhyhogelw ah`hycfyìdeglw" lxkecfyìdeglw" h{g/ kh xo {yliljc/

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hodl{ezlybl }cy lbfxol ylz÷o/ Hjh`}bc: Hb {åyèoc ‒eowxdegeho{h‐ ho hw{lw

}yxhilw" wh eo{hy}yh{l gc`c․



94

Blw gcèbblw we`}bhw wh xwlo }lyl ge{ly xol }lbliyl c xol hq}yhwe÷o kho{yc

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`xgacw ah`cw hwgxgalkc ho bliecw kh }ycdhwecoew{lw u dx{xycw

}ycdhwecoew{lw: ‒Bl ldey`lge÷o gc`úo |xh wh hwgxgal ho bcw gxywcw kh

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hwgyeiey―/ Ho hb dcokc" hw{c bl`ho{libh`ho{h yhthbl gxìo bhjcw hw{l`cw kh

xol gc`}yhowe÷o gyà{egl kh bc |xh hw hw{xkely u kh bc |xh hw howhüly‐/

4/ Wciyh bcw l}ly{lkcw khb kcgx`ho{c

Xo kcgx`ho{c yhgh}gecolb gcow{l kh ox`hycwcw l}ly{lkcw> l|xà wh bew{lo w÷bc bcw `ìw

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l% Wciyh bl }cy{lkl

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khiljc khb {à{xbc u lbeohlkc l bl khyhgal !ho bl }ye`hyl acjl%/

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96

h% Eo{yckxgge÷o/ Bl hq{howe÷o u hb gco{hoekc kh åw{l tlyàlo whfúo hb {e}c kh hw{xkec c

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xo {à{xbc lb lohqc" }cy hjh`}bc:

Lohqc <

Ho{yhtew{lw

Lohqc 9@l}lw



91

6/ @l{hyelbhw kh l}cuc

L]L/ !9==5%/ ]xibegl{eco @loxlb cd {ah L`hyeglo ]wugacbcfeglb Lwwcgel{eco/ XWL:

L`hyeglo ]wugacbcfeglb Lwwcgel{eco/ Weq{a Hke{eco

@xofàl Zl{lyleo" E/ !9==5%/ Bàohlw u }hydebhw kh bl eothw{eflge÷o u bl hwgye{xyl / @åqegc:

XL@/

[ah ilwegw cd L]L W{ubh: 2a{{}:##vvv/l}lw{ubh/cyf#bhlyo#{x{cyelbw#ilwegw-

{x{cyelb/lw}q?/

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95

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