UNIDAD: 1.- LAS BASES DE LA VIDA¿QUÉ SON LAS FUNCIONES VITALES?

Hay tres funciones vitales: Función de nutrición: Los seres vivos obtienen la materia y la energía necesaria para mantener la vida a través de

esta función. La nutrición requiere el consumo de alimento y oxigeno. Función de relación: Los seres vivos se relacionan con el medio que lo rodea a través de esta función. Función de reproducción: Los seres vivos producen nuevos individuos, esto asegura la perpetuación de las especies.

¿QUÉ SON LAS BIOMOLÉCULAS?Las biomoléculas son los bloques de construcción de la vida, y también desempeñan importantes en los organismos

vivos. Están compuestas principalmente de: carbono, hidrógeno, oxígeno, nitrógeno, azufre y fósforo. LAS BIOMOLECULAS ORGÁNICAS: Son exclusivas de los seres vivos. Hay cuatro tipos:

Los carbohidratos: Los compuestos orgánicos más abundantes son los carbohidratos, también conocidos como sacáridos. Estas substancias tienen un sabor dulce y se disuelven en agua. La mayoría de los carbohidratos almacenan y transportan energía, otros son componentes estructurales.

Los lípidos: Forman un enorme grupo de compuestos orgánicos que se producen naturalmente. Son todos insolubles en agua. Los lípidos desempeñan muchas diferentes funciones, por ejemplo las grasas y los aceites se usan para almacenar energía.

Las proteínas: Son macromoléculas (grandes biomoléculas), con extructuras muy complejas, hechas de cadenas llamadas aminoácidos. Las funciones más importantes de las proteínas son:- Dar estructura a las células.- Transportar sustancias por el cuerpo.- Regular las reacciones químicas.- Proteger al cuerpo de bacterias y microorganismos.

Los ácidos nucleicos: El material genético de las células se encuentra en estas sustancias. Hay dos tipos:- El Ácido Desosirribonucleico (ADN), almacena toda la información necesaria para el funcionamiento y el

desarrollo de los seres vivos. - El Ácido Ribonucleico (ARN), interviene en la síntesis de las proteínas.

Las biomoléculas inorgánicas: Son compuestos que no son exclusivos de los seres vivos, sin embargo, son esenciales para la vida. - El agua: es la sustancia más abundante en los seres vivos (alrededor del 65 % del cuerpo). Se necesita para

transportar substancias y para regular la temperatura del cuerpo. - Las sales minerales: forman la estructura sólida de los seres vivos como los esqueletos. También están

involucradas en las reacciones químicas y en la transmisión de impulsos nerviosos.

¿QUÉ SON LAS CÉLULAS?Las células son las unidades estructurales y funcionales de todos los seres vivos. Pueden ser células procarióticas (sin

núcleo) o eucarióticas (con núcleo).Partes de una célula:

La membrana celular es la fina capa que separa el interior de la célula del medio ambiente que lo rodea. El Citoplasma contiene los orgánulos que son responsables de las funciones de la célula. El núcleo lleva el material genético (herencia), información que pasa de una generación a la siguiente.

¿QUÉ ES LA NUTRICIÓN CELULAR?Las células obtienen energía para realizar las funciones vitales. Las plantas asimilan sustancias, llamadas nutrientes,

del exterior. Los nutrientes se obtienen de los alimentos. Una vez dentro de la célula, los nutrientes se someten a procesos químicos. Estos procesos químicos se llaman metabolismo celular.

¿CUÁNTOS TIPOS DE NUTRICIÓN HAY?Hay dos tipos de nutrición:

Nutrición autótrofa: Es característica de las células que usan una fuente de energía para fabricar su propia materia orgánica a partir de materia inorgánica. Si la energía viene del Sol se llama fotosíntesis. La fotosíntesis tiene los siguientes pasos:

1. Las plantas absorbe agua, dióxido de carbono y sales minerales del exterior.

2. Usando la luz del Sol, se produce la material orgánica. En este proceso, el oxígeno es expulsado al exterior de la célula.

Nutrición heterótrofa: Es característica de las células que se alimentan de material orgánica producida por otros seres vivos.

¿QUÉ ES LA RESPIRACIÓN CELULAR?La respiración celular es un grupo de procesos que tiene lugar en la

célula para obtener energía.La célula absorbe sustancias orgánicas y oxigeno, luego, transforma

estas sustancias en dióxido de carbono, agua y energía. Luego utiliza esta energía para realizar sus funciones vitales.

La respiración es similar en plantas y animales.

¿QUÉ ES LA DIVISIÓN CELULAR?La división celular es un proceso por el cual una

célula (la célula madre) se divide en dos o más células (células hijas).

Este proceso tiene tres partes:1. El núcleo de la célula madre se divide en dos

núcleos idénticos. 2. La célula madre se divide en dos células

hijas idénticas. 3. Las células hijas crecen hasta llegar a ser

células adultas.

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NAME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2º ESO___ (Bilingual)

UNIT: 1.- THE BASIS OF LIFEWHAT ARE THE VITAL FUNCTIONS?

There are three vital functions: Nutrition function: Living beings obtain the matter and energy necessary to sustain life through

this function. Nutrition requires the intake of food and oxygen. Interaction function: Living beings relate to their surrounding environment through this function. Reproduction function: Living beings produce new individuals; this ensures the perpetuation of

the species.

1.- Copy below this information.

2.- Translate the following words:Vital functions: Matter and energy:Interaction function: Nutrition function:Reproduction function: Living beings:

3. - Complete the gaps:

4. - Match the two columns with arrows

5.- Correct the mistakes:

________________ function: ____________________ obtain the ___________ and _________

necessary to sustain life through this function. ____________ requires the intake of _________ and

_____________.

________________ function: ____________________ relate to their _____________________

through this function.

________________ function: ____________________ produce new __________________, this

ensures the __________________ of the _______________.

Ensures the perpetuation of the species Nutrition function Living beings obtain the matter and energy

Interaction function Requires the intake of food and oxygen.Reproduction function Living beings relate to their surrounding environment

Living beings produce new individuals

a) Living beings obtain the matter and energy necessary to sustain life through the reproduction

function.

b) Nutrition requires the intake of energy and oxygen.

c) Living beings relate to their surrounding environment through the nutrition function.

d) Interaction function: Living beings produce new individuals.

6.- Complete with vowel:N__tr__t__ __n f__nct__ __n: L__v__ng b__ __ngs __bt__ __n th__ m__tt__r __nd

__n__rgy n__c__ss__ry t__ s__st__ __n l__f__ thr__ __gh th__s f__nct__ __n.

N__tr__t__ __n r__q__ __r__s th__ __nt__k__ __f f__ __d __nd __xyg__n.

7.- What is the reproduction function?:

8.- a) How many types of vital functions are there?b) Write down:

9.- Write “T” if the phrase is true or “F” if the phrase is false.

a) There are four vital functions.

b) In nutrition function living beings obtain the matter and energy.

c) Nutrition requires the intake of matter and energy.

d) Living beings relate with their surrounding environment through the nutrition function.

e) Reproduction function: Living beings produce individuals.

10.- Match the two columns with arrows

A lion female runs behind a gazelle. Nutrition function A flower is opened with the Sun. Interaction function A lion male eats a gazelle.

Reproduction function A lion male fight with another lion male.A lion male look for a lion female.

NAME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2º ESO___ (Bilingual)

WHAT ARE BIOMOLECULES?Biomolecules are the building blocks of life, and also perform important functions in living

organisms. They are mainly composed of: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. ORGANIC BIOMOLECULES: They are exclusive to living beings. There are four types:

Carbohydrates: The most abundant organic compounds are carbohydrates, also known as saccharides. Theses substances has a sweet taste and dissolve in water. Most carbohydrates store and transport energy, others are structural components.

Lipids: These form a huge group of organic compounds which occur naturally. They are all insoluble in water. Lipids perform many different functions, for example fats and oils are used for storing energy.

Proteins: They are macromolecules (large biomolecules), with very complex structures, made up of chains called aminoacids. The most important functions of proteins are:- To give structure to the cells.- To transport substances around the body.- To regulate chemical reactions.- To protect the body from bacteria and microorganisms.

Nucleic acids: The genetic material of cells is founded in these substances. There are two types:- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), stores all the information necessary for the functioning and

development of living beings.- Ribonucleic acid (RNA), participates in the synthesis of proteins.

Inorganic biomolecules: They are compounds that are not exclusive to living beings; however, they are essential for life.- Water is the most abundant substance in living beings (about 65 % of the body). It is

needed to transport substances and to regulate body temperature.- Mineral salts form the solid structure of living beings such as skeletons. They are also

involved in chemical reactions and in the transmission of nervous impulses.

1.- Copy below only proteins and nucleic acids:

2.- Translate this words:Carbohydrates: Lipids: Proteins:Aminoacids: Fats: macromolecules:Biomolecules: oils: saccharides:Mineral salts: Water: Deoxyribonucleic acid:

3.- Complete the gaps:

___________________: The most abundant _________________________ are _____________, also

known as ________________. Theses substances has a ________________ and ____________________.

Most ________________ store and _____________________, others are _______________________.

4.- Why is water important for living beings?:

5.- Where can genetic materials be found?

6.- Write “T” if the statement is true or “F” if the statement is false.a) Carbohydrates dissolve in water.

b) Lipids are all insoluble in water.

c) Proteins are macromolecules.

d) There are two types of nucleic acids.

e) Water is the most abundant substance in living beings.

f) Mineral salts form the solid structure of living beings.

7.- Match the two columns with arrows Carbohydrates fats and oils Lipids saccharides

Proteins DNA and RNA Nucleic acids Water and mineral saltsInorganic biomolecules aminoacids

8.- Biomolecules are mainly composed of:

9.- What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

10.- What is the most important difference between organic and inorganic biomolecules?

NAME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2º ESO___ (Bilingual)

WHAT ARE CELLS?Cells are the structural and functional units of all living beings. They can be prokaryotic cells

(without nucleus) or eukaryotic cells (with nucleus).Parts of a cell:

The cell membrane is the thin layer which separates the inside of the cell from its surrounding environment.

Cytoplasm contains the organelles which are responsible for cell functions. The nucleus carries the genetic (hereditary) information which is passed from one generation to

the next.

1.- Copy only the text:

2.- Translate this words:Cytoplasm: Vacuole:Mitochondrion: Cell wall:Chloroplast: Cell nucleus:Plant cell: Animal cell:Eukaryotic cell: Prokaryotic cell:

3.- What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

4.- What are the main differences between an animal and a plant cell?

5.- Draw an animal cell and write down its main 6.- Draw a plant cell and write down its main

components: components:

7.- Fill-in the blanks:a) _________ are the ___________ and _____________ units of all living beings.

b) Cells can be _______________ cells or _______________ cells.

c) _____________________ is the thin _________ .

d) _____________________ separates ____________of the cell from its ______________________.

e) _____________________contains the __________.

f) _____________________ are responsible for __________ functions.

g) _____________________ carries the genetic information.

h) The ____________ (hereditary) information is passed from one __________________________.

8.- Match the two columns with arrows prokaryotic cells carries the genetic information

eukaryotic cells without nucleus cell membrane separates the inside of the cell from its surrounding environment Cytoplasm with nucleus Nucleus contains the organelles

9.- Correct the mistakes:a) Animals are the structural and functional units of all living beings.

b) Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.

c) Cytoplasm is the thin layer which separates the inside of the cell from its surrounding environment.

d) Cytoplasm contains the genetic (hereditary) information.

10.- Fill-in the blanks:

NAME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2º ESO___ (Bilingual)

WHAT IS CELLULAR NUTRITION?Cells obtain matter and energy to perform vital functions. The cells take in substances, called

nutrients, from the outside. Nutrients are obtained from food. Once inside the cell, the nutrients are subjected to chemical processes. These chemical processes are called cellular metabolism.

1.- Copy only the text:

2.- Translate this words:Metabolism: Nutrients:Matter: Energy:Food : Chemical processes:

3.- Put the following sentences in the correct order:a) matter and energy functions. Cells obtain to perform vitalb) from food. obtained Nutrients are c) take in substances, from the outside. The cells called nutrients,d) to chemical processes. the cell, are subjected Once inside the nutrientse) cellular metabolism. are called These chemical processes

HOW MANY TYPES OF NUTRITION ARE THERE?There are two types of nutrition:

Autotrophic nutrition: It is characteristic of cells which use an energy source to make their own organic matter from inorganic matter. If the energy comes from the Sun it is called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis has the follows steps:

1. The plants take in water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts from the outside.

2. Using sunlight, organic matter is produced. In this process, oxygen is released from the cells to the outside.

Heterotrophic nutrition: It is characteristic of cells which feed on organic matter produced by other living beings.

4.- What is autotrophic nutrition?

5.- When is the autotrophic nutrition called photosynthesis?

6.- a) How many steps are there in the photosynthesis?b) Explain these steps:

7.- Complete the picture that represents the photosynthesis process.

8.- Fill-in the blanks:

a) _________________ nutrition: It is characteristic of _______ which use an ______________ to make

their own _________________ from ____________________.

b) _________________ nutrition: It is characteristic of _______ which feed on _____________ produced

by other __________________.

9.- Fill-in the blanks:

____________________ has the follows steps:

1.- The ___________ take in _________, _________________ and _________________ .

2.- Using __________, ________________ is produced. In this process, __________ is released.

10.- Correct the mistakes in the photosynthesis process:

The plants take in water through the leaf.

The plants take in carbon dioxide and mineral by the roots.

Using light energy, inorganic mater is produced.

In the photosynthesis process, carbon dioxide is released to

outside.

NAME:_________________________________________ DATE:__________ 2º ESO___ (Bilingual)

WHAT IS CELLULAR RESPIRATION?Cellular respiration is the group of processes which take place

in a cell to obtain energy.The cell takes in organic substances and oxygen, then, it

breaks down those substances into carbon dioxide, water and energy. Then it uses this energy to carry out its vital functions.

Respiration is similar in plants and animals.

1.- Copy only the text:

2.- Translate this words:Cellular respiration: take in:To obtain energy: organic substances:Break down: oxygen:Carbon dioxide: carry out:

3.- Fill-in the blanks:

_____________________ is the group of ____________ which take place in a ___________ to obtain

____________. The cell ____________ organic ____________ and _____________, then, it

__________________ those substances into ____________________, __________ and ___________.

4.- Match the two columns with arrowsdioxide carbon

The cell take in energy water The cell break down Organic substances

oxygen

5.- Complete the picture that represents the respiration process.

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WHAT IS CELLULAR DIVISION?Cellular division is a process by which a cell

(parent cell) divides into two or more cells (daughter cells).

This process has three parts:1. The nucleus of the parent cell divides

into two identical nuclei.2. The parent cell divides into two

identical daughter cells.3. The daughter cells grow to become

adult cells.

6.- Translate this words:Nucleus: parent cell:Nuclei: daughter cell:Adult cell: cell grows:Cytoplasm: nucleus:

7.- Draw the cellular division:

8.- Complete with vowel:C__ll__l__r d__v__s__ __n __s __ pr__c__ss by wh__ch __ c__ll (p__r__nt

c__ll) d__v__d__s __nt__ tw__ __r m__r__ c__lls (d__ __ght__r c__lls). Th__s

pr__c__ss h__s thr__ __ p__rts.

9.- What is the difference between nucleus and nuclei?

10.- Explain the cellular division process: