OFTALMOLOGIA

PROGRAMA TEOR/CO

Tema l. EXPLORACION OFTALMOLOGICA. Evaluación de reflejos. Oftalmoscopia directa e indirecta. Tonometría. Exploración del ángulo, iridocorneal. Cultivos y biopsias conjuntivales. Angiografia fluoresceínica. Electroretinografia.

Tema 2. ANEJOS OCULARES l. PARPADOS. Anomalías congénitas. Entropio~ ectropion. Anomalias relacionadas con las pestañas. Heridas. Tumores . .Plastias

· palpebrales.

Tema 3. ANEJOS OCULARES 11. MEMB.RANA NICTITANTE Y CONJUNTIVA. Foliculitis. Luxación de la glándula lagrimal accesoria. Eversión, inversión. Tumores. Conjuntivitis. Simblefaron. ·

Tema 4. ANEJOS OCULARES 111. APARATO LAGRIMAL. Anomalías congénitas de drenaje. Dacriocistorrinostomía. Conjuntivorrinostomía. Déficit de secreción lagrimal. Queratoconjuntivitis seca. Transposición del conducto parotídeo.

Tema 5. CORNEA Y ESCLEROTICA. Recuerdo anatómico. Anomalías congénitas. Queratitis específicas e inespecí:ficas. Ulceras d~ córnea y desceme~o~eles. Distrofias y degeneraciones comeales. Tumores. Vendajes protectores de la córnea. Estafilomas y . .

tumores esclerales.

Tema 6. UVEA. Afecciones congénitas de la úvea. Procesos inflamat~rios en perro y gato. Tumores.

Tema 7. GLAUCOMA. Etiología. Tratamiento de urgencia y conservador, trabeculecto~ iridectomía periférica, ciclocrioterapia.

Tema 8. CRISTALINO. Catarata; etiología, evolución y tratamiento. Esclerosis . lenticUlar. Luxación d'e cristalino. " ' · · . . · · ··

- • • • ll

Tema 9. VITREO y ·éoROIDES. Anomalias congénitas. Degene~iones; Uv.eitis posteriores. · · · · · • ·

o.

Tema 10. RETINA. Fondo de ojo norÍnal. Atrofia progresiva de retina. Desprendiriúento de retina.

Tema 11. ORBITA Y GLOBO. Traumatismos. Absceso retrobwbar, celulitis orbitaria. Prolapso de globo. Enucleació~ Evisceración, Exenteración. Orbitotofi:úa.

~ ----------------------------------------------

qz

. o

·'

PROGRAMA PRACTICO

Prácticas programadas:

... Introducción a la cirugía oftálmica ................ 1 h.

- J;:xploración oftalmológicá ............................. 2 h.

- Pr~~t.iéas clíni~ (~onsult~. y cirugías) ........... 8 h. . .

Vídeos:

-e irug~ de la catarata ............................. :........ 1 h. .. C. ' d la' ' - rrugta e cornea ........................................... l h.

Seminarios:

D. ' . d:&: ial d l "O' . " 2 h. - tagD.Oshco uerenc e ~o roJO .............. .

OBJETIVOS

Al final del curso el alumno debe:

* Conocer las técnicas de diagnóstico aplicadas en oftalmología veterinaria.

* Iniciarse en el empleo de las técnicas de diagnOstico más comunes y asequibles a cualquier clínico veterinario.

* Conocer las patologías oculares más frecuentes, sintomatolog~ diagnOstico y tratamiento.

. .

* Conocer las técnicas quirúrgicas_ oftálmicas más ·frecuentes, S'-lS indicaCiones y

pronósticO de las mismas. ·

o .

TUTOR/AS

-. Teresa Peña: Martes 10-11 h. y Jueves 9-1 O h.

-·Félix García: Martes 8-1 O h. , ·

2

. '

'· ' ) ,

METODO DE EVALUACION

\

La asistencia a todo el programa práctico .es ~bligatoria. §i el alwnno !Íene mM d.e uk falta al mismo, deberá realizar un examen práctico eliminatorio para poder present~ ­al teórico. Los alumnos que no hayan realizado las prácticas clínicas no podrán_ . ·· examinarse del teórico.

El examen teórico constará de preguntas cortas en número proporcional a las clases impartidas por cada profesor, necesitando un seis sobre diez para poder superar la asignatura.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

LIBROS

- Kirk N. Gelatt. "Veterinary Ophthalmology'' Secorid Edition. Lea & Febiger .. Phillldelphia. 1991.

- Slatter. "Fundamentals ofVeterinary Ophthalmology'' Second EditioiL WJJ.- . Saunders Company. Philadelphia. ' 1990.

- Slatter. "Textbook ofSmall Animal Surgery". Second Edition. Volurnt: 2. Section 10. W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia. 1993.

o

- Lloyd C. Helper: "Magrane's CaniJle Ophthalmology''. Fourth Edition. Lea & F ebiger. Philadelphia. 1989.

- Lavach. "Large Animal Ophthalmology''. The C.V. Mosby Company. St. Louis. 1990.

- l. Walde; E.H. Scbaffer; RG. Kóstlin. "Atlas d~ Oftalmología Canina y Felina". Grass Ediciones. Barcelona. 1990.

- K.C. Barnett. "Atlas de Oftalmología Veterinaria". Grass Ediciones. Barcelona. 1992.

- Kerry L. Ketring; Mary B. Glaze. "Atlas ofFeline Ophthalmology''. Veterinary Learning Systems. Trenton, New Jersey. 1994.

- Simon M. Petersen-Jones & Sheila M. Crispin. "ManUal of Small Animal Ophthalmology". British Small Animal Veterinary AssOciation. 1994.

- Glenn.A. Severin. "Severin's Veterinary Ophthalmology Notes". Third Edition. 1995. Fort Collins. Colorado.

. •

. ·" .

. •

. ·.

- K.N. Gelatt & J.P. Gelatt. "Handbook ofSmall Animal Opthalmic Surgery" .

YOL 1: Extraocular Procedures. 1994

VOL 2: Corneal .and Intraocular Procedures. 1995.

· Edi. Pergamo. N.Y.

REVISTAS

- K.C. Barnett; Rossdale and Janette F. Wade. "Equine Ophthalmology U" Equit)e Veterinary Journal. Supplement 10. R. & W. Publications. Newmarleet'Ltd. Sept~mber ·

1990. .

- Practique Médicale & Chirugicle de 1' Animal de Compagnie. "Ophtalmologie du Chat" N° Especial. CNVP A. Paris. 1992.

- "Optalmologie chez les Carnivores Domestiques" Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire.

Ecole d' Alfort. Paris. 1989.

- Progress in Veterinary & Comparative Ophthalmology. Veterinary Practice Publishing Company Publication. Santa Barbara California. Aparición trimestral.

APPENDIX 1 GLOSSARY

Abiatrophy: premature degeneration of a tissue after it has reached maturity

Accommodation: the adjustment of the eye for seeing different distances: produced by change in shape of lens. especially anterior surface.

,\corea: no pupil. salid iris

Adnexa: appendages of the eye (eyetids. COf!junctiva. glands of the eye, and orbital co~tents¡

AJbinism: absence of pigment on a congenital basis

Amaurosis: blindness of unknown etiology without discoverable lesions

Amblyopia: reduced vision in an eye that appears normal at examination

Amblyopia ex anopsia: uncorrectable blurred vis ion due to disuse of the eye with no organic defect

Ametropía: imperfection in the refractive power of the eye so images are not brought into focus on the retina (hyperopia. myopia. or astigmatism)

Ancorea: no pupil. solid iris

Aniridia: absence of the iris

Anisocoria: difference in size of the pupils

Anisometropia: difference in refractive error of the eyes

Ankyloblepharon: adhesion between the ciliary edges of the eyelids (normal at birth in dog and cat)

Anophthalmos: absence of an eye

Anterior chamber: space in the eye filled with aqueous; bounded in front by the cornea, behind by the iris and lens. and peripherally by the filtrati~n angle

Anterior segment: the anterior portion of the globe (cornea, iris and anterior sclera)

Aphakia: ahsence oflens .

Aphakic crescent: a ·visible crescent between the iris and leos equator due to subluxation of the lens

Aqueous flare: Tyndall effect.observed in the anterior chamber with a beam of light when excessive protein is present ih the anterior aqueous

Aqueous hunio.r: clear, watery' fluid which fills the anterior and poste~or chamber

Asteroid hyalosis: spherical and stellate calcium lipid opacities in normal vitreous; significance unknown

:\.stigmatism: refractive error which prevents the light rays from corning to a single focus on the retina because of different degrees of refraction in the various meridians of the cornea

499

Bergineistet''s papilla: a remnant ot the hyaloid artery in the center of the opuc disc

Binocular vision: the ability to use the ·two eyes simultaneously to focus on the same object. and to fuse th two images into a single image e

Biomicroscope (süt lamp): an instrument providing magnification and well-focused illurnination for examinati of the anterior segment and hyaloid face 011

" Blephaiitis: inflan;1mati,on·of r'he eyelids .

Blepharochalasis: redundancy of the upper lid skin

Blepharophimosis: narrowing of the slit between the eyes

Blepharopl~ty: plastic surgery of the eyelids "

'' Blepharospasm: spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle

Blepharostenosis: inability to open eye to the normal extent

Blind spot: .. blank .. area in the visual field corresponding to me light rays ¡hat cmne to focus on the optic nerve

Blood-aqueaus barrier: functional barrier between the vascular system and the aqueous

Bulbar conjuñctiva: conjunctiva over the globe

Bullous keratitis: the formation of vesicles (bullae) on or in the cornea

Buphthalmos: enlargement of the eye due to glaucoma

Canal of Schlemm: a circular modified venous structure at the junction of the cornea and sclera. seen in primares

Canaliculus: small tear drainage tube in inner aspect of upper and lower lids leading from the puncta to the lacrimal sac

Canthoplasty: a plastic operation on the canthus

Canthorrhaphy: closing the palpebral fissure at either canthus

Canthotomy: incision of the canthus

Ca~tl\us: the angle at either end of the eyelid aperture. specified as outer or temporal and inner or nasal

Caruncle: a small piece of skin at the medial canthus from which hairs often protrude

Cataract! opacity of lens of eye. or its cagsule. or both .

Cataract, \'lorgagni~n: a hypermature. partially liquefied cataract o

• ~halazion: chronic inflarnmatory granuloma or distention of a tarsal gland; sometimes called interna! hordeolum

Chemosis:. edema of the conjunctiva

China eye: a form of heterochromia: blue wall eye

500

Ct

Cl -;;

Ci

Cil

Cil

Clf

Co

Co

Co

Co

Ce

Co

Co

Ce

e

Co

Co

C<

C<

Cr

Cl

e~

C:

Chorioretinitis: intlammation of the reúna and c~oroid

Choroid: the vas~ular. intermed:at~ coat whi~h ~urnished no"urishment of the retina and vitreous body

Ciliary body: that portion of the uve al tract between the iris and. the choroid; it consists of ciliar)' proc~sses and the ciliary muscle · . • · ·

Ciliary injection: hyperemia of the subconjunctival (citial-y¡ vessels

Cilium: eyelash ( cilia pl. ¡

Cloquet's canal: poten tia! space passing through the middle of .the vitreous from the optic disc to· the lens; the hyaloid canal ·

Collyrium: eye wash

Coloboma: a congenital fissure or cleft of any part of the eye o.r eyelid. Typical colob9ma is due to incomplete closure of the -fetal fissure . Atypical coloboma: any notch or defect not associated with the fetal fissure .

Cones and rods: two kinds of retina! receptor cells; eones are concerned with visual acuity and color discrimination: rods with peripheral vision and vision under decreased illumination

Conjunctiva: the mucous membrane lining the back of the lids (palpebral) and the front of the eye (bulbar), except for the cornea ·

Conjunctivitis: inflammation of the conjunctiva • ,

Consensual reflex: indirect reflex; the response of the pupil of an eye wheil a light is directed into the other eye

Conus: a cone: in human ophthalmolo_gy .. ít refers toa myopic créscent around the optic nerve; the term has been applied to a hyperretle:tive ring around the optic disk of dogs and cats

Corectopia: displacement of the pupil from its nonnal position

Cornea: transparent portion of the outer coat of the eyebali forrning the anterior wall of the aqueous chamber

Corneal graft (keratoplasty): operation to restore vision by replacing a section of opaque cornea with transparent cornea

Corpora nigra (granula iridica): irregular oval bodies oó the dorsal and/or ventral pupillary edges of the iris . o

Cotton wool spots: a microinfarct causing acute edema of the nerve fiber !ayer of the retina .<cytoiQ. body)

Couching: an ancient surgical procedure of dislocating the lens from its optical axis

Cryotherapy: localized tissue destruction.by freezi~g

Cul-de-sac: thé'.area where the conjunctival layers covering ~he lower lid and the third eyelid meet - - • Q

Cyclitic membrane: organized exudate seen as a tni.nsverse meirtbrane covering the vitreous as a result of uveitis or following cataract surgery

Cyclitis: intlammation of the ciliary body

501

J

. .

Cyclocryotherapy: localized destruction of parts of the ciliary body by freezing

Cyclodialysis: the establishment of communication between the anterior chambe'r and the suprach . · d ¡· orotdaJ. space tn or er to re teve intraocular pressure ·

Cycloplegia: paralysis of the ciliary muscle. resulting in loss o.f accommodation

Cycloplegic: a drug that temporarily puts the éiliary muscle at rest. paralyzes accommodation. and dilates the pupil

Dacryoadenitis: intlammation of the lacrimal gland

Dacryocystitis: intlammation of the lacrimal sac

Dacryostenosis: atresia of the lacrimal duct

Dark adaptation: the ability of the retina and pupil to adjust to d~creased illumination

Decussation: referring to the crossin2 of nerve fibers or tracts from one side of the hervous system to the opposite side. The optic chiasm is the crossing of sorne fibers of the optic nerve.to the opposite side of the brain.

Dellen: a slight cornea! depression due to local drying

Dermoid: a congenital tumor (choristoma) consisting of skin and its dermal appendages

Descemetocele: protrusion of Descemet' s membrane through the tloor of an u leer

Diopter: the unit in which the refracting strength of a leos is designed

Diplopía: seeing one object as ·two; double vision

Distichiasis: the presence of two separate rows of cilia on one lid; the aberrant row usual! y originates from the tarsal ( meibomian) glands

Districhiasis: more than one cilia growing out of a follicle

Dyscoria: abnonnally shaped pupil

Dysgenesis: defective development; malfprmation of an organ or structure .• .

. . D~wlasia: defective development of a spe~ifi,c tiS'sue within an organ

Dystrop.hy: defective Ór faulty nutrition .·

.. Ectasia: dilatation: distention

Ectropion: an eversion or tuming out of the eyelid

Electroretinography: the recording o.f the changes in electric potential in the retina after light stimulation

Emmetropia: the refractive co~dition of the normal eye at rest so that- the image of distant objects (parallel . · l ight rays l is brought to a focus on the retina

502

Er

Et

En

Ep

E

Ev

Es

Ex

Fa

Fa

Fk

FU

Flo

Fe

Fo

Fu

Fu

Gl

Gl

Gl

Enophthalmiiis: inflammation of the inner structures of the ~ye

Enophthalmos: abnormal recession of the eye into the orbit

Entropioo: a turning inward of the eyelid

Enucleation: removal of the eyeball after the eye muscles and optic nerve have been severed

Epilation: removal of hair (cilia)

Epiphora: pathologic overtlow of tears

Episcleritis: localized intlamrnation of the superficial tissues of the sclera

Esophoria: a tendency of the eyes to turn inward

Esotropia: a manifest inward deviation of the eyes (trossed eyes)

Evisceration: removal of the conten ... of the eye with retention of the sclera and sometimes the cornea

Exe~teration: removal of the eyeball and all soft tissues within the bony orbit including lids

Exophoria: a tendency of the e y es to turn outward

Exophthalmos: abnormal protrusion of the eyeball; proptosis

Exotro~ia: a manifest outward deviation of one or both eyes; divergent strabismus, walleye

Facet: a depression on the surface of the cornea lined with epithelium

Farsightedness: see hyperopia

Field of vision: the en tire area which can be seen without shifting the gaze

Filtration angle: iridocorneal angle

Floaters: small particles in the vitreous

Fornix: the junction of the palpebral and bulbar co_njunctivas

Fovea: small depressionTn the· m~cula adapteá for most aci.lte vision in man . . . .

Fundus: the posterior 1ayers of the eye which can be seen with an opbthalmoscope ·

Fusion: coordinating tlte images re~eived by the two eyes into one image

Glands of MoD< sweat glands connected with the follicles of the eyelash

Glands of Zeis: modified sebaceous glands connected with the follicles of the eyelash

Glaucoma: increase in intraocular pressure

Gonioscopy: a technique of examining the iris-cornea! angle utilizing a special contact lens. magnifying device, and light source ·

503

Haws: !ay tern1 for the third eyelid

Hemeralopia: day blindness

Heqtianopia: loss of approximately one-half.of the visual field

Heterochromia irtdis: the irides or part of one iris has a different color

- Heterophoria: a tendency of the eyes to deviate

Heterotropia: a manifest deviation of the eye in auy direction in which binocular fixation is impossible; strabtsmus

Hippus: spontaneous rhythrnic movements of the pupil independent of illumination; iridokinesia

Hordeolum, externa! (stye): infection of the glands of Moll or Zeis

Hordeolum, interna!: tarsal gland infection

Horner's syndrome: sympathetic nerve paralysis with protrusion of the third eyelid. ptosis, miosis. and enophthalmus

Hyalitis: inflammation of the vitreous body

Hyaloid canal: potential space passing through the center of the vitreous from the optic disc to the lens; Cloquet's canal

Hydrophthalmus: marked enlargement of the eye from congenital glaucoma

Hyperopia, hypermetropia (farsightediless): a refractive error in which the focal _point of light rays from a distant object is behind the retina -

Hypertropia: elevation of one visual axis above the other

Hyphema: hemorrhage into the anterior charnber of the eye

Hypopyon: collection of pus in the anterior charnber

Hypotony: low intraocular tension

lnjection: congestion of conjunctival blood vessels

lnterstitial keratitis: deep keratitis, with involvement of alllayers of the cornea

lntumescent leos: swollen or enlarged lens

lridectomy: removal of a part of the iris

Iridencleisis: incarcenition of a portion of the iris in a wound of the limbus, either accidentally or as an operative procedure to effeci a displac~ment of the pupil, oras a filtering procedure for glaucoma

Iridocorneal angle: the angle between the iris and the cornea through which aqueous leaves the eye

. o 504

Irid

lrid.

lrid

(rid

(ris :

Iris

Ker

Ker

Ker

Ker

Ke1

Ka

Ka

Ker

Lac

l.al

Lq

LeB

Lec

Ler

1M

Let

Lin

Ly~

Ma

1 Ma

J

o

·,

Iridocyclitis: inflanvnation· of the iris and ciliary body

. .. . • •. o .. .. .

Iridocycütis,.J'ecurrent: .moon blinl:iness;_liquine periodic ophthalmia . . : . . .

Iridodialysis: separation of the base of the iris from the Ciliary body .

(ridodonesis: trembling of the iris with movement of the eye, indicating loss 0.f lens support

·(ris: colored.' circular membrane, suspeqded behind ·the cornea and immediately ahead of the lens. the most anteri~r part of the u vea ·

Iris .bombe ' : a condition in which the iris is bowed forward by the collection of aqueous between the iris and lens in total posterior synechia ·

Keratectomy: excision of various parts of the cornea

Keratic precipitates (KPs): clumps of leukocytes adhering to the cornea! epithelium. May have mutton fat or punctate appearance

Keratitis: cornea! 'inflammation

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca: dry cornea as a result of lacrimal gland deficiency

Keratoconus: cone,shaped cornea .

Keratoglobus: globe ~haped cornea

Keratomycosis:. fung~ infection of. the ~omea

KeratoplastY: plastic' surgery of the c·ornea; corneal-t¡ansplant

Lacrimal sac: the dilated area at the junction of the nasolacrimal duct and the canalicui..i

Lacrimation: production of tears

Lagophthalmos: inadequate lid closure

Lens: transparent body suspended in the anterior portian of the eyeball between the aqueous and vitreóus chambers . '

Lenticonus: conic bulging of the lens, either anterior or posterior

Lenticular intiunescencé: swollen lens

· Leukokoria: a white pupil reflex due t~ changes .behind the len& o

Leukoma: . á white opaque cornea! opacity; adherent leukoma - iris adhered to·corneal endothelium

Limbus: circular boundary between the cornea and sclera

' Lysozyme: an antibacterial enzyme found in tears

Macula: a small spot OF colored area; a m~erate cornea! scar; central area in human retina

Macula lutea: the small a vascular area·of the retina surrounding the fevea in man . .

505

o

Megalocomea: congenitally large cornea which may be confused with congenital glaucoma

Meibomian glands (tarsal glands): long sebaceous glands in the tarsal plate with openings on lid mar~

Mlcrophtbalmos: an abnonnally small eyeb~l-

Miosis: constricted pupil ·

Miotic: a medication causing the pupil to become small

Mittendorf's dot: opacity of the posterior lens capsule marlc.ing the site of hyaloid artery attachment

Morgagnian cataract: a hypennature. cortically liquified cataract in which the nucleus falls ventrally

Mydriasis: dilated pupil

Mydriatic: a medication causing the pupil to become large

Myopia: a refractive error in which the point of focus for rays of light from distant objects is in front of the retina (nearsightedness)

Nanophtbalmos: a congenital underdeveloped nonfunctional eye

NebuJa: slight haziness in cornea; grayish opacity of the cornea

Nyctalopia: night blindness

Nystagmus: an involuntary, rapid movement of the eyeball, either horizontal, rotary or vertical

Occlusion (pupiUary): closure of the pupil by an opaque membrane

Ocuiist: an old tenn for ophthalmologist

o.d.: oculus dexter. the right eye

Ophthalmologist: a doctor versed or expert in ophthalmology

Ophthalmoplegia: paralysis of the eye muscles; externa: paralysis of the extrinsic muscles; interna: paralysis of the intz:insic muscles; total (complete): paralysis of both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the eye

Optic disk: ophthalmoscopically visible portion of the optic nerve in the eyeball

Optic nerve: the nerve that carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain

Optometrist: ll nonmedical person trained in ihe ~easurement of refraction of the eye .·

· ó.s.: oculus sinister, left eye o

o.u.: oculi unitas, both eyes . --

Palpebral conjunctiva: conjunctiva on the inner surface of lids

Pannus: superficial vascularization of the cornea with infiltration of granulation tissue

506

pao

Psp

Pap

Pap

Per.

Pbo

Pbo

Phtl

Plp,

Plal

Poll

F

POIF

POIF

Poil

POIF

Pre

Pro

Pset.

Pter

Pto

IW

-.· Po~

Pui

Ref

Ref

j

panophthalmitis: intlammation involving al! coats of the eye

papilla: a round-white disk in the fundus medial to the posterior pol_e of the eye : the optic disk

papilledema: edema of the optic papilla (disk)

papillitis: intlammation of the optic papilla (disk)

Persistent ·pupillary membrane: web-like strands stretching across the pupil

Photophobia: abnormal sensitivity to and discomfort from light

Photopic: pertaining to vision in bright light

Phthisis bulbi: shrunken. fibrotic globe resulting from injury or interna! eye infection o

Pigmentary keratitis: the deposition of pigment into the cornea as a response to an irritating factor

Plasmoid aqueous: fibrin in the anterior chamber

Polycoria: more than one pupil

Postepor chamber: space filled with aqueous between the back of the iris and the front of the lens

Posterior segment: behind the iris

Posterior s~leral ectasia: underdevelopment of sclera

o · posterior syn~hia: attachment o't iris to lens capsule

Posterior uvea: choroid; posterior vascular tunic

Presbyopia: defect of vision in advancing age with loss of accommodation or recession of near point

Proptosis: forward displacement of the globe; exophthalmos

Pseudopterygium: a fold of bulbar conjunctiva attached to the cornea following a cornea! ulcer

Pterygium: triangular thickening of bulbar conjunctiva on the cornea with apex toward pupil

Ptosis: drooping of the upper eyelid

Punctate keratids: infl~átion of the cornea characterized by small areas of homogenous opacity

Pupil: the round hole in the center of the iris which corresponds to the lens aperture in the camera

Pupillary cysts: . black masses near the pupil that look much like the copra nigra in the horse

o

Refraction: 1) deviation in the course of rays of light in passing from one transparent medium into another of different density; 2) determination of refractive errors of the eye and correction by glasses

Refractive error (ametropía): a defect in the eye that preyents light rays from being brought to a single focus on the retina

507

Refractive media: the transparent partsof the eye having refractive power

Retina: innennost coat of the eye fonned of light-sensitive nerve elements

Retina detachment: the separation of the sensory retina from the retina pigment epitheiium

Retinal disinsertion: retina! dialysis at the ora ciliaris retinae in which the sensory retina is separ · h · al · · · h ¡· ated frorn t e reun ptgment eptt e tum ·

Retinal dysplasia: abnormal differcntiation of retina! layers

Retinitis pigmentos&: a hereditary degeneration and atrophy of the retina in man that is comparable to . . . al h . d generalized progresst ve reun atrop y tn ogs . .

Retinoschisis: a congenital cleft of the retina; a cleavage of retina! layers

Retinoscope: a de vice for the objecti ve determination of refractive error

Rheology: the gel-liquid state of the vitreous

Roots: Blepharo- lid Cor- P.Upil Dacryo - tear Hyal - vitreous Hyp - anterior charnber

. !ri do - iris Kerato - é.ornea Ophthalmo - eye Papilla - optic disk Phaco/Phako - lens

Rubeosis irides: abnonnal vascularization of the iris, usually associated with inflamrnation . . Sclera: the white part of the eye; a tough covering whicb, witb tbe cornea, comprises the connective tissue

iunic of the eye

Schimier tear test: a method of measuring tear production

Scotoma: a blind or partially blind area in the_visual field

Scotopic: pertaining to vision in the dark (poor light)

Seclusion of the pupil: annular posterior synecbia

· Sicca: dry · o

Slit lamp: a combination light and micro~ope for examinatión_ of t.l}e eye, p.rincipally the anterior segment

Staphyloma: a bulging defect of cornea or sclera wbich is lined wi~. uveal tissue

Strabismus ésquint, heterotropia): a manifest. deviation of the. eye in which bi~ocular fi'xation is impossible

Stye: infection of glands of Zies or Mol!; externá.I hordeolum

Subluxation of the lens: partiallens displacement

Sympathetic ophthalmia: inflamrnation in one eye following traumatic inflamrnation in the fellow eye occurring in man. Not observed in animals.

508

S

S

S

S

1

1

1

1

·. .l

1

'

,

Symblepharon: adhesion of one or both eyelids to the eyeball

Synchysis: a fluid conditiori of the vicreous ·.

Syncbysis.scintiUans: flashes of re.flectl!d light from cholesterol crystals floating in the vicreous . '

Synechia: any adhesion of the iris a. Anterior synechia - adhesion of iris to cornea b. Posterior synechia - adhesion of iris to lens

Syneresis: the process of liquification of the vitreous

Tapetum: · _fluorescent !ayer in the choroid in the dorsal fundus

Tarsorrhaphy: suturing the lids together

Tenon's capsuJe: a connective tissue sheath encircling the eyeball posteriorly

Tonography: test to determine the amount of fluid forced from the eye by a constant pressure during a constant period

Tonometry: measurement of intraocular pressure in mm Hg

Tricbiasis: the cilia follicle is normally placed but the direction of growth is toward the eye rather than away

U vea: entire vascular coat of the eyeball; iris, ciliary body and choroid a. Anterior uveal tract; iris and ciliary body b. Posterior uveal cract; choroid ·

UveitiS: inflammation of the mi~dle vascular coat of the eye

Vibrissae: stiff tactile hairs around the face of animals

Vitreous: transparent, colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material filling the eyeball behind the lens

Vitreous veils: faint, curtain-like opacities seen by focallight in the normal eye

W alleye: a. parti-colored blue with yellow or brown iris; a form of heterochromia; lateral strabismus

Watch eye: a parti-colored blue with yellow or brown iris; a form of heterochromia

Xeropbth.almla: · conjunctivitis with atrophy and drying, predi~posing to a dry and lusterless cornea

ZonuJes (ZonuJes of Zinn): the numerous fine tissue scrands (ligaments) which stretch fron1 the ciliary processes to the lens. equator (360") and ho.ld the lt:ns in place

Zonulolysls: lysis of the zonules, as with alpha-chymotrypsin, to facilitate removal of the lens in qtaract surgery in man

509