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Quito - EcuadorRepublica del Salvador y MoscúTel: (+593) 958863841 E-mail: [email protected] site: www.derechosyjusticia.org

Quito - EcuadorAv. Gral. Eloy Alfaro y 6 de Diciembre, Edi�cio Monasterio Plaza Piso 10Tel: (02) 333-2526E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.ciudadaniaydesarrollo.org

LA ELECCIÓN DE JUECES DE LA CORTE CONSTITUCIONAL EN ECUADOR:LOS DESAFÍOS DE UNA DESIGNACIÓN CLAVE PARA LA TRANSICIÓN DEMOCRÁTICA

El cambio en la justicia constitucional estuvo acompañado de la inclusión de diversos mecanismos de protección de derechos humanos, como las acciones de protección, extraordinaria de protección, la acción por incumplimiento, de acceso a la información pública, de habeas data y habeas corpus, y la acción por omisión. Se esperaba que la inclusión de estas acciones, sumado al cambio de la máxima autoridad en materia constitucional, ayudarían a construir un verdadero Estado de derecho y de justicia en el país.

No obstante, desde el inicio de su gestión, la Corte Constitucional (en adelante, “la CC”) dejó mucho que desear. Partiendo de que los miembros del Tribunal Constitucional de Transición se autodenominaron como la Primera Corte Constitucional y empezaron a ejercer sus funciones en esa calidad, pese a haber tenido varios cuestionamientos sobre la legalidad y legitimidad de esa acción. Además, varios miem-bros de la CC fueron cuestionados por su cercanía al régimen del entonces presidente Rafael Correa. En más de una ocasión, se les acusó de dar paso a las iniciativas anticonstitucionales del correísmo; por ejemplo, al negarse a declarar inconstitucionales varias normas de la Ley Orgánica de Comunicación y

Asimismo, el tiempo excesivo en la tramitación de casos emblemáticos, especialmente aquellos relacio-nados con el alcance del ejercicio de derechos fundamentales, generó severas críticas en la gestión de

Finalmente, la existencia de denuncias sobre posibles actos de corrupción dentro de la CC desacreditó progresivamente su imagen y generaron dudas sobre la independencia e imparcialidad de su gestión. En 2017, y con la llegada al poder del presidente Lenin Moreno, se inició en Ecuador un proceso de transición y regreso a la democracia. Este proceso se originó con una consulta popular llevada a cabo el 4 de febrero de 2018, en la que el pueblo ecuatoriano decidió nombrar un Consejo de Participación Ciudadana y Control Social Transitorio (en adelante, “el CPCCS (T)”), para evaluar y eventualmente desti-tuir a los integrantes de diversos órganos de control. Desde abril de 2018 se iniciaron los procesos de evaluación, que obtuvieron como resultado la remoción de las autoridades del Consejo de la Judicatura, el Consejo Nacional Electoral, la Defensoría del Pueblo, la Fiscalía General, la Superintendencia de Compañías, entre otros. En mayo el CPCCS(T) anunció que iniciaría un proceso de evaluación contra los nueve jueces de la Corte Constitucional en funciones, que terminó con su destitución el 1 de septiem-bre de 2018. El 26 de septiembre de 2018, el CPCCS (T) emitió un reglamento para el proceso de desig-nación de los nuevos jueces que integrarán la nueva CC. El objetivo del presente documento es explicar los mecanismos disponibles en la Constitución ecuato-riana para la designación de los integrantes de la CC y contrastarla con las disposiciones aprobadas por el CPCCS (T). Además, se pretende dejar sentados los estándares internacionales en materia de independencia judicial que deben regir los procesos de designación de jueces de altas cortes y las obligaciones internacionales que tiene el Ecuador, al ser parte de diferentes instrumentos internaciona-les en la materia. Aspiramos que este documento pueda contribuir a que el proceso de selección de los jueces de la Corte Constitucional ecuatoriana sea realizado de manera objetiva y rigurosa, observando los estándares internacionales aplicables y contribuyendo a la construcción de una justicia constitucional que sea verdaderamente independiente e imparcial.

INTRODUCCIÓN

n 2008 Ecuador vivió un proceso de reinstitucionalización democrática, a partir de la entrada en vigor de una nueva constitución. Esta carta fundamental se caracterizó por reconocer un catálogo amplio de derechos humanos y por establecer mecanismos judiciales idóneos y efectivos para su plena tutela. Entre los principales cambios instaurados a partir de la Constitución de 2008, estuvo

la creación de una Corte Constitucional, que reemplazaría al entonces existente Tribunal Constitucional. En su Art. 429, estableció que “(…) La Corte Constitucional es el máximo órgano de control, interpreta-ción constitucional y de administración de justicia en esta materia” .

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1. ANTECEDENTES DESDE 2008 A 2018 SOBRE LA CREACIÓN, EVALUACIÓN Y CESE DE LA CORTE CONSTITUCIONAL

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2. MARCO JURÍDICO QUE REGULA EL PROCESO DE SELECCIÓN Y/O RENOVACIÓN DE LOS JUECES DE LA CORTE CONSTITUCIONAL EN ECUADOR

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III. LOS ESTÁNDARES INTERNACIONALES: ¿CÓMO DEBEN SER ELEGIDOS LOS JUECES DE LA CORTE CONSTITUCIONAL DEL ECUADOR DE ACUERDO CON EL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL?

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IV. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES

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