producción y distribución de fotoasimilados en la vid durante el periodo de maduración

7/31/2019 Produccin y distribucin de Fotoasimilados en la Vid durante el periodo de Maduracin

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]KAZM\SADND U@IATCKACN DM GND\ADMSC]MIN TCKACN S]UM\A@\ DM AKHMKAM\@S NH\K@G@S

U\@D]CCAK Q DAST\AL]CAK DM J@T@NSAGAIND@S MK

IN ZAD "Zataszakajm|n I+! D]\NKTM MI UM\A@D@ DM

GND]\NCAK+

CNGLA@S MK IN \MSU]MSTN J@T@SAKTTACN N IN I]_ DM

INS B@ONS U@\ JNCT@\MS LA@IHAC@S) NGLAMKTNIMS Q

C]IT]\NIMS

TMSAS D@CT@\NI

UNT\ACAN SKCBM_ DM GAH]MI

AKHMKAM\N NH\K@GN

GND\AD


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DMUN\T MCKAN

MSC]MIN TCKACN S]UM\A@\ M AKHMKAM\@S NH\K@G@S

"]KAZM\SADND U@IATCKACN DM GND\AD!

U\@D]CCAK Q DA J@T@NSAGAIND@S

CNGLA@S M N IN I]_

DM INS B@ONS U@\ JNCT@\MS LA@IHAC@S)

NGLAMKTNIMS Q C]IT]\NIMS

TMSAS D@CT@\NI

UNT\ACAN SKCBM_ DM GAH]MI

Akhmkam|n Nh|k`gn

O@S \NGK IASSN\\NH]M HN\CN'H]TA\\M_

D`ct`| Akhmkam|` Nh|k`g`

GND\AD)


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O@S \NGK IASSN\\NH]M HN\CN'H]TA\\M_) D`ct`| Akhmkam|` Nh|k`gÙ|`jms`| Tat}in| dm ]kazm|sadnd dmi Dmun|tngmkt` dm U|`d}ccak Zmhmtni? Jat`tmckan

m in ]kazm|sadnd Uìatckacn dm Gnd|ad)

M\TA ACN?

tmno` ga

tn dm }k t|nlno` `|ahakni dm akzmstahncak) ~}m |mkm

d`s i

` ~}m nja|g` mk Gnd|ad) n 2 dm O}ka` dm d`s gai samtm) un|n ~}m c`kstm n i`smjmct`s u`|t}k`s+

Jd`+ O`s \ngk Iassn||nh}m Hn|cn'H}ta||m+

qd

C J

^}m mi t|nlno` u|msmktnd` u`| UNT\ACAN SKCBM_ DM GAH]MI) Akhmkam|nNh|k`gn u`| in ]kazm|sadnd Uìatckacn dm Gnd|ad) ~}m iimzn u`| tt}iÙ\@D]CCAK Q DAST\AL]CAK DM J@T@NSAGAIND@S MK IN ZAD "Zataszakajm|n I+! D]\NKTM MI UM\A@D@ DM GND]\NCAK+ CNGLA@S MK IN\MSU]MSTN J@T@SAKTTACN N IN I]_ DM INS B@ONS U@\ JNCT@\MSLA@IHAC@S) NGLAMKTNIMS Q C]IT]\NIMS bn sad` |mniandn ktmh|ngmk

l da|mccak) mk mi Dmun|tngmkt` dm U|`d}ccak Zmhmtni? Jat`tmckan) dm in Msc}minTckacn S}um|a`| dm Akhmkam|`s Nh|k`g`s dm in ]kazm|sadnd Uìatckacn dm Gnd|ad+

C`ksadm|nkd` ~}m sm t|n

t` `s |m~}asat s mstnlimcad`s mk mi \D =:


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C`k t`d` ga cn|a`) n t`dns ins um|s`kns ~}m gm ~}am|mk q bnk mstnd` o}kt` n gd}|nktm mstn dajacai mtnun+ Msum|` |mc`gumksn|`s c`k mi gasg` mkt}sansg` c`k mi ~}m

gm bnlas nu`qnd`+


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Iastn dm nl|mzant}|ns

IASTN DM NL\MZANT]\NS

N? Tnsn dm nsagaincak dm C@< "gìg'

Tmgu|nkaii`!M? Mru`sacak dm in bòn mrtm|kn

MKZ? Mkzm|`Mn? Mjacamkcan dm in nls`|cakMa? Mjacamkcan dm in aktm|cmucakMTc? Mznu`t|nksua|ncak dmi zamd` "gg!MT`? Mznu`t|nksua|ncak dm |mjm|mkcan "gg!J? Ji`|ncakHDD? Aktmh|ni t|gacn mjacn "lnsm >5C! "h|`xakh dmh|mm dnqs! mk +dn h|nd`dn+hs? C`kd}ctnkcan mst`gtacn da}|kn "ggì B!F? C`mjacamktm dm mrtakcakF? Zni`| dmi UN\ ni ~}m sm `ltamkm in gatnd dm in j`t`sktmsas gragn "gìg'!G Buu? Gntm|an smcn dm bòns u|akcaunims "h+sn|gamkt`'>!G U|`d}ctazn? Gntm|an smcn dm i`s |hnk`s u|`d}ctaz`s "h+sn|gamkt`'> q h+g'!G Zmhmtntazn? Gntm|an smcn dm i`s |hnk`s zmhmtntaz`s "h+sn|gamkt`'> q h+g'


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Iastn dm nl|mzant}|ns

UN\? \ndancak j`t`sakttacngmktm nctazn akcadmktm "g`ig'55 lnqns "h!\


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NH\NDMCAGAMKT@S

Mstm t|nlno` ms mi |ms}itnd` dm cnsa smas n`s c`gun|tad`s c`k mi Dmun|tngmkt`

dm U|`d}ccak Zmhmtni? Jat`tmckan dm in Msc}min Tckacn S}um|a`| dm Akhmkam|`s

Nh|k`g`s dm in ]kazm|sadnd Uìatckacn dm Gnd|ad+ I`s itag`s c}nt|`) dasj|}tnkd` dm

}kn lmcn'c`kt|nt` dm in ]kazm|sadnd Uìatckacn dm Gnd|ad un|n in |mniancak dm mstn

tmsas d`ct`|ni) ~}m bn jncaiatnd` ga j`|gncak q u`| in ~}m ~}am|` mru|msn| ga

nh|ndmcagamkt`+

Un|tm dm mstm t|nlno` sm bn dmsn||ìind` mk in Msc}min Tckacn S}um|a`| dm

Akhmkam|`s Nh|k`g`s dm in ]kazm|sadnd Uìatckacn dm Gnd|ad+ In `t|n un|tm sm bn

dmsn||ìind` mk mi Cmkt|` dm T|nksjm|mkcan Tmckìhacn Zatazakcìn Mi S`c`||` dm in

C`g}kadnd dm Gnd|ad) dmkt|` dmi c`kzmka` mstnlimcad` mkt|m in ]kazm|sadnd Uìatckacn

dm Gnd|ad q mi Akstat}t` Gnd|aim` dm Dmsn||ìi` \}|ni) Nh|n|a` q Niagmktn|a`+ N

nglns akstat}ca`kms nh|ndmc` s}s gmda`s q nq}dn `j|mcad`s+

Mstm t|nlno` sm bn dmsn||ìind` mk in Ctmd|n dm Zatac}it}|n) d`kdm i`s cnsa smas

n`s sm gm nun|mcmk c`g` t`dn }kn zadn) qn ~}m s} um|s`kniadnd q s} t|nlno` s`k tnims

~}m ms dajacai k` zaza| aktmksngmktm cndn }k` dm mst`s n`s+ U`| mii`) bn sahkajacnd` }kn

mtnun g}q agu`|tnktm mk ga zadn) tnkt` dmsdm }k u}kt` dm zastn u|`jmsa`kni c`g` dmsdm

}k u}kt` dm zastn um|s`kni+ Q u`| t`d` i` l}mk` ~}m mst` bn s}u}mst`) ~}am|` dn|`s ins

h|ncans n t`d`s z`s`t|`s) ~}m bnlmas j`|gnd` un|tm dm mstm h|nk h|}u` ` jngaian dm

mkng`|nd`s dm in zatac}it}|n+

Msumcanigmktm ~}am|` mru|msn| ga gs sakcm|n h|ntat}d n O`s \ngk

Iassn||nh}m) c}q` hmka` q um|s`kniadnd samgu|m gm bn dnd` j}m|ns mk cndn g`gmkt`

c`gun|tad`+ U`| bnlm| sad` }k momgui` n smh}a| q) s`l|mt`d`) u`| mi mk`|gm nu`q` ~}m

samgu|m hmkm|`s` gm bn `j|mcad`+ U`| t`dns ins admns q ins mksmnkns ~}m mk mstm

t|nlno` sm |mu|`d}cmk) q u`| t`dns n~}miins ~}m dmsn||ìi` mk ga t|nlno` dan|a`+ U`| s}

mkt}sansg`+ G}cbns h|ncans) O`s \ngk+


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H|ncans n Uain| Lnmn) u`| t`d` mi nu`q` q i`s c`ksmo`s ~}m bm |mcalad` un|n in

minl`|ncak dm stm d`c}gmkt`+ U`| s}s admns) s} mkj`~}m) s} j}m|n) s} c`gunn) s}

hmkm|`sadnd) s} nq}dn) s} mkt}sansg`+ G}cbns h|ncans) Uain|+

G}cbns) g}cbns h|ncans n t`d`s gas c`gunm|`s dm t|nlno` u`|~}m) sak

z`s`t|`s) in t`gn dm dnt`s q in msc|at}|n dm mstm d`c}gmkt` k` u`d|nk bnlm| sad`+ N in

Lmh`) n Nkn) n Onza) n Nkhmi) n Cn|gmk) u`| c`gun|ta| in aktmksadnd dm i`s u|agm|`s

n`s q mstn| n ga ind` mk i`s sah}amktms+ N Umd|`) O`tn) \}lk u`| s} j|msc}|n) s}

mkt}sansg`) s} hmkm|`sadnd) s} h|ncan) s} cn|a`) u`| sm| aknh`tnlims+ N \`sn) n Nkn) n

In}|n) u`| s} ngastnd) s} i`c}|n) u`| c|mm| mk g) u`| mstn| nb+ N K`m) n Gm|a) n Gn|a`)

n Gn|an) n Gn|tn) u`| s} nq}dn) s} c`gunn) i`s |nt`s c`gun|tad`s+ N Omss) n Asnnc) n

I}s) n C|astakn) n Zact`|an) n C}||`) u`| s} nq}dn) s} h|ncan) s} cn|a`+ N i`s cbac`s dm

u|ctacns) u`| s} h|nk nq}dn q s} j|msc}|n mk i`s in|h`s zm|nk`s+ N Gnatm u`| s}

hmkm|`sadnd+ Q n Sm|ha`) Q}sm) Mk|a) Onza) @scn|) Sn|n) Gn|akn) Gnacn) Dnzad) u`| s}

c`gunn q cn|a` mk in |mctn jakni+ @s nh|ndmc` t`d` i` l}mk` ~}m bnlmas t|nad` n ga

zadn q n ga t|nlno`+

N Zacmktm S`ts) n Cnsaga|` Hn|cn u`| s} cn|a`+

N \`gk) n Cn|i`s dm Nkd|s) n in hmktm dm in jakcn Mi S`c`||`) u`| in nq}dn

~}m gm bnlmas dnd`+

Q jaknigmktm n ga jngaian+ N gas und|ms u`| s} msj}m|`) u`| nq}dn|gm) u`|

~}m|m|gm+ N ga ~}m|adsagn bm|gnkn u`| mstn| samgu|m n ga ind`) u`| nq}dn|gm tnkt`+

N Unf`) u`| mstn| samgu|m n ga ind`) u`| s} ng`|) u`| s} nq}dn+ N Unkd`|n) in nimh|n dm

ga cnsn+ N Unc` q Uni`gn u`| nc`ksmon|gm) u`| u|m`c}um|sm+ N Dngamk) u`| s} cn|a`+

C`kscamktm dm ~}m gm dmo` n nih}amk mk mi taktm|`) uad` dasc}iuns) q bnh`

mrtmksaz` mi nh|ndmcagamkt` n t`d`s i`s ~}m bnlmas bmcb` u`salim mstm t|nlno`+


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kdacm dm c`ktmkad`s

KDACM DM C@KTMKAD@S

CNUT]I@ A? AKT\@D]CCAK HMKM\NI N IN U\@D]CCAK Q

DAST\AL]CAK DM J@T@NSAGAIND@S MK IN ZAD "Zatas zakajm|n I+! D]\NKTM

MI UM\A@D@ DM GND]\NCAK+++3

>+>+ AKT\@D]CCAK HMKM\NI3

>+>+>+ BAUTMSAS DM UN\TADN Q @LOMTAZ@S UINKTMND@S+++>+:

>++ I@CNIA_NCAK Q CN\NCTM\STACNS DM C]ITAZ@+>:

>++>+ MKSNQ@ C@K CNLM\KMT SN]ZAHK@K+>:

>++8

>+++


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kdacm dm c`ktmkad`s


11/466

kdacm dm c`ktmkad`s

3+>+>++>+3+ \NDANCAK AKTM\CMUTNDN Q \NDANCAK NLS@\LADN

+++1:

3+>+>+4+ C@MJACAMKTMS DMI LNINKCM DM \NDANCAK+++18

3+>+>+=+ MJMCT@ DM IN N\^]ATMCT]\N DM IN C]LAM\TN

ZMHMTNI MK IN NLS@\CAK DM IN \NDANCAK I]GAK@SN+12

3+>+>+:+ MJMCT@ DMI \HAGMK BD\AC@ MK IN NLS@\CAK DM IN

\NDANCAK I]GAK@SN>55

3+>+5++ DAST\AL]CAK DM IN I]_ MK IN C]LAM\TN ZMHMTNI+>54

3+>+3+ GAC\@CIAGN I]GAK@S@ Q JASA@I@HN+++>58

3+>+3+>+ IN J@T@SKTMSAS++>58

3+>+3+51

3+>+3+3+ IN T\NKSUA\NCAK++>51

3+>5

3++ CN\NCTM\STACNS HMKM\NIMS++>>5

3+>

3+>>

3+

3+4

3+3+ \MS]ITND@S Q DASC]SAK+++>>8

3+3+>+ LNINKCM DM \NDANCAK? UN\>>8

3+3+>+>+ C]\ZNS DM MZ@I]CAK DAN\AN++>>8

3+3+>+>+>+ MJMCT@ DM IN DASU@KALAIADND BD\ACN++>+++ MJMCT@ DM IN HM@GMT\N>3>

3+3+>++3+ C@MJACAMKTMS>34

3+3+3:

3+3++ TMGU\NKAII@>323+3+


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kdacm dm c`ktmkad`s

3+3+4:

3+3+41

3+3+=5

3+4+ \MS]GMK+++++>=3

CNUT]I@ AZ? \MSU]MSTN J@T@SAKTTACN DM INS B@ONS N IN I]_?

JNCT@\MS AKT\KSMC@S Q MRT\KSMC@S>:+ AKT\@D]CCAK+>:14

4++>+ C]\ZNS DM \MSU]MSTN N IN I]_+++>1:

4+


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kdacm dm c`ktmkad`s

4+3+>+>+ MJMCT@ DM IN TMGUM\NT]\N J@IAN\++>

4+3+>++3+ MJMCT@ DM IN B]GMDND \MINTAZN++


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kdacm dm c`ktmkad`s

=+>+3+ NC]G]INCAK DM GNTM\AN SMCN MK I@S \HNK@S

\MK@ZNLIMS++++++3>+4+ G@DMI@S DM IN NC]G]INCAK DM GNTM\AN SMCN+++3>=

=+>+=+ J@\GNS DM NCT]N\ UN\N G@DAJACN\ INS \MINCA@KMS

J]MKTM'S]GADM\@+++3>8

=+


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kdacm dm tnlins

KDACM DM TNLINS

Tnlin >++? Cn|nctm|stacns mdnjìhacns dm in un|cmin dm mksnq` dm Cnlm|kmt

Sn}zahk`k++>:

Tnlin >++11=!++

Tnlin >+

s}um|jacam jìan| t`tni) un|n cndn t|ntngamkt` q n` dm mst}da`) mk mkzm|` q

gnd}|ncak+ Nkiasas dm in zn|ankn dm i`s zni`|ms gmda`s dm cndn mstnd` jmkìhac`

q n` smhk in d`sas dm |amh` "/? u5+5=+ K` sm smnink ins gmdans c`k smun|ncak k`sahkajacntazn!+++=1

Tnlin in `kn akjm|a`|) IIKs mk in `kn s}um|a`|!) - dm |ncag`s aktm|k`s "-\nc ak!) - dm

bòns aktm|kns "-B ak) "a! mk in `kn akjm|a`| q "s! mk in `kn s}um|a`| dmi cnkùq!)

un|n cndn t|ntngamkt` q n` dm mst}da`) mk mkzm|` q gnd}|ncak+ Nkiasas dm in

zn|ankn dm i`s zni`|ms gmda`s dm cndn mstnd` jmkìhac` q n` smhk in d`sas dm

|amh` "k` sm smnink ins gmdans c`k smun|ncak k` sahkajacntazn!++=2


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kdacm dm tnlins

Tnlin

in t`tni) un|n cndn t|ntngamkt` q n` dm mst}da`) mk mkzm|` q gnd}|ncak+ Nkiasas dm

in zn|ankn dm i`s zni`|ms gmda`s dm cndn mstnd` jmkìhac` q n` smhk in d`sas dm

|amh` "/? u5+5=+ K` sm smnink ins gmdans c`k smun|ncak k` sahkajacntazn!::

Tnlin

in `kn akjm|a`|) IIKs mk in `kn s}um|a`|!) - dm |ncag`s aktm|k`s "-\nc ak!) - dm

bòns aktm|kns "-B ak) "a! mk in `kn akjm|a`| q "s! mk in `kn s}um|a`|!) un|n cndn

t|ntngamkt` q n` dm mst}da`) mk mkzm|` q gnd}|ncak+ Nkiasas dm in zn|ankn dm i`s

zni`|ms gmda`s dm cndn mstnd` jmkìhac` q n` smhk in d`sas dm |amh` "k` sm

smnink ins gmdans c`k smun|ncak k` sahkajacntazn) q c`k }kn imt|n ins dajm|mkcans

sahkajacntazns n u5+5=! +:8

Tnlin +? Zni`|ms dmi kdacm dm |mn jìan| "INA) g

lninkcms dm |ndancak UN\+ Zni`|ms gmda`s un|n i`s d`s t|ntngamkt`s dm |amh` mk

Tmgu|nkaii` "


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kdacm dm tnlins

mi c`mjacamktm dm mrtakcak) Fd+ Zni`|ms gmda`s un|n i`s d`s t|ntngamkt`s dm |amh` mk

Tmgu|nkaii` "!) zni`| dmi

un| ni ~}m sm `ltamkm in gatnd dm in j`t`sktmsas gragn "f) gì g'< s'>! q u}kt` dm

snt}|ncak n in i} "As) gì g'< s'>! dm ins bòns u|akcaunims q dm nktacaund` dm in

zn|amdnd Cnlm|kmt Sn}zahk`k "! q b}gmdnd |mintazn "B\)

-!) dm cndn sat}ncak t|gacn+ Gnd}|ncak dm !) zni`| dm UN\ ni ~}m sm

`ltamkm in gatnd dm Ngr "f) gìg'

mst`gtacn gragn "Hsgr) ggì+g'


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kdacm dm tnlins

"B\) -!) c`kd}ctnkcan mst`gtacn gragn "Hsgr) gg`i+g'! q b}gmdnd |mintazn

"B\) -!) dm cndn zn|amdnd+ I`s dnt`s j}m|`k t`gnd`s mk ins gnd}|nca`kms dm !) zni`| dm UN\ ni ~}m sm




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kdacm dm tnlins

Tnlin 4+>4+? Zni`|ms dmi kdacm dm uinst`c|`k` "IUA!) u`tmkcani bd|ac` jìan| "j) GUn!) K'

tmstm|) s}um|jacam dm in bòn "|mn) cg! q b}gmdnd |mintazn "B\) -!) dm ins bòns

dm Cnlm|kmt Sn}zahk`k mrtm|kns mk ins t|ms u`saca`kms+ Gnd}|nca`kms dm !) zni`| dm UN\ ni ~}m sm




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kdacm dm tnlins

q dmi djacat dm u|msak dm znu`| "DUZ) fUn! dm cndn sat}ncak bah|`gt|acn+ Bòns

u|akcaunims dm Cnlm|kmt Sn}zahk`k+ Gnd}|nca`kms dm !) zni`| dm UN\ ni ~}m sm

`ltamkm in gatnd dm Ngr "f) gìg')>

GUn) c}nkd` B\ ms B\ki q B\i+ Nkiasas dm in zn|ankn? ks q /? k` sahkajacntaz` q

sahkajacntaz` ni u 5)5=+!) in |msua|ncak `sc}|n "\d) gì C@!) q mi |mkdagamkt` c}ktac` ") -! dm ins bòns u|akcaunims dm Cnlm|kmt

Sn}zahk`k "CS! q dm Tmgu|nkaii` "TU!) lno` jL q B\I) un|n cndn sat}ncak t|gacn+

Nkiasas dm in zn|ankn? ks) / q //? k` sahkajacntaz` q ni u 5)5= q u 5)5>55 gì+g'


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kdacm dm tnlins

+5 GUn ` j L 9 '>+> GUn) mk d`s

sat}nca`kms t|gacns? n! TjL & B\KI q l! TjN & B\I+ Sm g}mst|nk ins dajm|mkcans

hi`lnims dm ins bau|l`ins t|nksj`|gndns q dm ins |mctns NUN\ mk mi aktm|zni` dm

UN\ dm 5'>55 g`i+g'


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kdacm dm tnlins

`ltamkm in gatnd dm Ngr "f) g`ig'55 g`i+g'


24/466

kdacm dm tnlins

q dmi djacat dm u|msak dm znu`| "DUZ) fUn!) dm b`ons u|akcaunims dm Cnlm|kmt

Sn}zahk`k dm cndn u`sacak mk cndn sat}ncak t|gacn mst}dandn+ Gnd}|nca`kms dm

55 g`i+g'


25/466

kdacm dm tnlins


26/466

kdacm dm tnlins

Tnlin 4+=4+? Zni`|ms gmda`s dm j`t`sktmsas gragn "Ngr) g`i C@!) u}kt` dm

snt}|ncak q dm c`gumksncak n in i} "As q Ac) g`i+g' q h+g'

sahkajacntaz` q sahkajacntaz` ni u 5)5=+334

Tnlin =+:+? Zni`|ms gmda`s dm in u|`d}ccak dm la`gnsn mk i`s |hnk`s |mk`znlims q s}

|mun|t`) mru|msndn mk ums` dm gntm|an smcn u`| ugunk` gmda` dm Tmgu|nkaii`

"h|ng`s+ ugunk`'>!) dm i`s d`s t|ntngamkt`s dm |amh` "djacat g`dm|nd` q smzm|`)

DG q DS! d}|nktm mi n`


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kdacm dm tnlins

tnii`s dm kamt` "G tk) h!) dm |ncag`s "G |nc) h!) gntm|an smcn t`tni u|`d}cadn "GS

t`tni) h+sn|gamkt`'> q h+g'

Tnlin =+:+? Zni`|ms gmda`s dm in u|`d}ccak dm la`gnsn mk i`s |hnk`s |mk`znlims)

mru|msndn mk ums` dm gntm|an smcn u`| }k ugunk` gmda` dm Cnlm|kmt Sn}zahk`k

"h+ugunk`'>!) dm i`s d`s t|ntngamkt`s dm |amh` "djacat g`dm|nd` 'DG' q smzm|` '

DS'! d}|nktm mi n` q h+g'

sahkajacntaz` ni u 5)5= q u 5)5>) |msumctazngmktm+345

Tnlin =+2+? Zni`|ms gmda`s dm in u|`d}ccak hi`lni dm la`gnsn mk |hnk`s |mk`znlims)

mru|msndn mk ums` dm gntm|an smcn u`| sn|gamkt` "hsn|g'>! q u`| s}um|jacam "h+g'

dm in zn|+ Tmgu|nkaii` dm i`s d`s t|ntngamkt`s dm |amh` q n`s+ Nkiasas dm in

zn|ankn un|n i`s dnt`s mru|msnd`s u`| sn|gamkt`? ks) /? k` sahkajacntaz` q

sahkajacntaz` ni u 5)5=) |msumctazngmktm+34=

Tnlin =+1+? Zni`|ms gmda`s dm in u|`d}ccak hi`lni dm la`gnsn mk |hnk`s |mk`znlims)

mru|msndn mk ums` gmda` dm gntm|an smcn u`| sn|gamkt` "h+ sn|g'>! q u`| s}um|jacam

dm s}mi` "h+g'

sahkajacntaz` q sahkajacntaz` ni u 5)5= q u 5)5>) |msumctazngmktm+34:

Tnlin =+>5+? kdacm dm \nzn "ums` dm in zmkdaganums` dm in gndm|n dm u`dn) \nzn!)

|mkdagamkt` "fh+g'


28/466

kdacm dm jah}|ns

KDACM DM JAH]\NS

Jah}|n >+>+? Mzì}cak nk}ni dm ins tmgum|nt}|ns gmdans "T) C!) b}gmdnd |mintazn "B\) -!)

u|mcauatnca`kms "U) gg!) mznu`t|nksua|ncak dm |mjm|mkcan "MT5) gg+dn'>!) |ndancaksìn| "\nd+sìn|) GO+g'< q x+g' dm nl|ai

"HDD) h|nd`+dn! un|n i`s n`s

Jah}|n ! q jah}|n dm dast|al}cak u`|cmkt}ni "-! dmi |mn jìan| dmi u|akcauni mk ins

`kns s}um|a`|ms) gmdans m akjm|a`|ms dmi ugunk` mk u`sacak zm|tacni "h|jac` dm

cì}gkns nuaindn |mu|msmktnkd` mi - |msumct` dmi t`tni) un|n cndn `kn!+ Tngn`


29/466

kdacm dm jah}|ns

gmda` dm in bòn u|akcauni "B+U! dm cndn }kn dm ins `kns "h|jac` dm ln||ns

b`|a`ktnims) cg

|amh` mk mkzm|` "MKZ! q mk gnd}|ncak "GND!++:3

Jah}|n zni`|ms nk}nims dm ins d`sas dm |amh` mk mkzm|` "MKZ! q mk gnd}|ncak "GND!+:121!++1=

Jah}|n 3+>3

Jah}|n 3+3+ Ms~}mgn dm in uinktn dmi zamd` d`kdm ins ln||ns b`|a`ktnims sm cì`cnk mk in

danh`kni q dmi kh}i` ~}m j`|gnk c`k in dastnkcan |mni dm in cniim dmi zamd`>>4

Jah}|n 3+4+ Cì`cncak dmi smks`| u}kt}ni dm un| s`l|m in bòn mk in gmdan dmi gac|`ciagn

i}gak`s`) smhk akdacn Scbkmadm| ">121!>>=

Jah}|n 3+=+? Mzì}cak dan|an dm in |ndancak UN\ t|nksgatadn "\t!) nls`|ladn u`| mi s}mi`

"\n "s!!) |mjimondn u`| mi s}mi` "\| "s!! q u`| mi c`ko}kt` s}mi`'uinktn "\| "su!! un|n mi

t|ntngamkt` DG "c}nd|nd`s |miimk`s q ikmn c`ktak}n! q DS "c|c}i`s znc`s q ikmns

dasc`ktak}ns!) mk mi mkzm|` dm Tmgu|nkaii` mi dn 1

Jah}|n 3+:+? Mzì}cak dan|an dm in |ndancak UN\ t|nksgatadn "\t!) nls`|ladn u`| mi s}mi`

"\n "s!!) |mjimondn u`| mi s}mi` "\| "s!! q u`| mi c`ko}kt` s}mi`'uinktn "\| "su!! un|n mi

t|ntngamkt` DG "c}nd|nd`s |miimk`s q ikmn c`ktak}n! q DS "c|c}i`s znc`s q ikmns

dasc`ktak}ns!) mk in gatnd dm in gnd}|ncak dm Tmgu|nkaii`) mi dn


31/466

kdacm dm jah}|ns

Jah}|n 3+1+? Mzì}cak dan|an dm in |ndancak UN\ nls`|ladn "\n!) aktm|cmutndn "\at!)

nls`|ladn u`| in cn|n Mstm "\n M! q u`| in cn|n @mstm "\n @! un|n mi t|ntngamkt` DG

"c}nd|nd`s |miimk`s q ikmn c`ktak}n! q DG "c|c}i`s znc`s q ikmns dasc`ktak}ns!)

mk gatnd dm gnd}|ncak dm Tmgu|nkaii` mi dn

nls`|ladn) \n6 mru|msndn mk gì+g'

Sn}zahk`k mk in gnd}|ncak dm 35

Jah}|n 3+>3+? \mincak mkt|m mi u`|cmktnom dm |ndancak UN\ nls`|ladn |msumct` n in

akcadmktm "- \n \a! c`k in hm`gmt|n dmi zamd`) INA q SN "g

lninkcms dm mkzm|` q gnd}|ncak |mniand`s s`l|m Tmgu|nkaii` mk + Cndn u}kt` ms mi zni`| gmda` un|n cndn d`sas dm |amh` mk cndn }kn

dm ins zn|amdndms? Fd q INA+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>3:Jah}|n 3+>=+? Dast|al}cak dm j|mc}mkcans gmdans u`| aktm|zni`s dm UN\ "5'>5) >5'>55) >55'

>555 q gs dm >555 gìg'


32/466

kdacm dm jah}|ns

dasc|agaknd`s n t|ms `kns dmi cnkùq ">) `kn akjm|a`|6

Jah}|n 3+>8+? Dast|al}cak dm j|mc}mkcans |mintazns dm akcadmkcan dm |ndancak UN\ s`l|m ins

bòns dmi ugunk` gmda` dm Tmgu|nkaii`) n i` in|h` dmi dn+ In |ndancak sìn| sm

nknian u`| aktm|zni`s dm UN\ q i`s zni`|ms) |msumct` ni t`tni dm g}mst|ns dm cndn

tau` dm bòn) s`k dasc|agaknd`s n t|ms nit}|ns "kazmims! mk in c}lam|tn zmhmtni ">) `kn

akjm|a`|6

Jah}|n 3+>2+? Dast|al}cak dm j|mc}mkcans gmdans u`| aktm|zni`s dm UN\ "5'>5) >5'>55) >55'

>555 q gs dm >555 gìg'


33/466

kdacm dm jah}|ns

Jah}|n 3+

akji}mkcan dm in aktmksadnd i}gak`sn "UN\! s`l|m in j`t`sktmsas kmtn "N! dm in bòn+

In c}|zn dm g`dmiancak c`||msu`kdm n }k no}stm gmdanktm }kn j}kcak dm tau`

bau|lìn |mctnkh}in|+ Tmgu|nkaii`) :4

Jah}|n 4+4 dns)

tgo! s`l|m in tmgum|nt}|n utagn un|n in j`t`sktmsas gragn "Ngr! mk bòns

nd}itns dmi tnii` u|akcauni "`) IUA ; >5! q smc}kdn|ans ") bòns lnsnims dm tnii`s dm

kamt`s!+ "dm|mcbn!? Akji}mkcan dm in tmgum|nt}|n jìan| q dm in aktmksadnd dm

ai}gakncak "UN\? 5) =5) >55) 555 q >=55 gìg'5! d}|nktm i`s mstnd`s

jmkìhac`s >='3>+ Dmsuinngamkt` dmi utag` t|gac` un|n Ngr "akdacnd` u`|

jimcbns! smhk n}gmktn in aktmksadnd i}gkacn+ Cbnssmins) U}iiq+ >118+ _}jjm|mq

"855 gì+g'

ni ums` j|msc` "h! q mi |mn jìan| "cg

Jah}|n 4+! dm ins bòns u|akcaunims "Bu! q dm kamt` "Bk!) dm u`sacak gmdan) q Tj G) j N

q B\KI+ Sm g}mst|nk i`s c`mjacamktms dm dmtm|gakncak "\

baum|liac`s) q ins dajm|mkcans hi`lnims dm ins c}|zns NUN\ t|nksj`|gndns q dm ins

|mctns NUN\ mkt|m 5'>55 gì+g')>GUn+ Sm g}mst|nk i`s c`mjacamktms dm dmtm|gakncak "\

q ins dajm|mkcans hi`lnims dm ins c}|zns NUN\ t|nksj`|gndns q dm ins |mctns NUN\

mkt|m 5'>55 gì+g'


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kdacm dm jah}|ns

t|nksj`|gndns q dm ins |mctns NUN\ mkt|m 5'>55 gì+g')> GUn q B\935-) c`k Tj

G "a~}am|dn) Tj G! q Tj N "dm|mcbn) Tj N! dm i`s czs+ Cnlm|kmt Sn}zahk`k "CS) ! q

Tmgu|nkaii` "TU) ! mk gnd}|ncak+ Sm g}mst|nk i`s c`mjacamktms dm dmtm|gakncak

"\

Jah}|n 4+3! dm ins bòns u|akcaunims dm u`sacak gmdan) Tj G) j L q B\I) c}nkd` stn ms

mrtm|kn "M! ` aktm|kn "A!+ Sm g}mst|nk i`s c`mjacamktms dm dmtm|gakncak "\

no}stms baum|liac`s) q ins dajm|mkcans hi`lnims dm ins c}|zns NUN\ t|nksj`|gndns q

dm ins |mctns NUN\ mkt|m 5'>55 gì+g'55 gì+g'55 gì+g'

)5 GUn) c}nkd`?

"! Tj G & B\KI) "! Tj N & B\I) q "/! Tj L & B\KI+ Sm g}mst|nk i`s c`mjacamktms dm

dmtm|gakncak "\) k` sahkajacntaz`! ++


39/466

kdacm dm jah}|ns

Jah}|n 4+43+? C}|zns dm |mu}mstn j`t`sakttacn "N) gì C@! n in i} "UN\) gì+g'

55 gì+g'55 gì+g'55 gì+g'>


40/466

kdacm dm jah}|ns

Jah}|n =+=+? G`dmi` dm in nc}g}incak dm la`gnsn mk ins un|tms |mk`znlims mk c}nt|`

um|a`d`s dmi dmsn||`ii` dm in zad) mru|msndn stn c`g` in tnsn dm nc}g}incak dm

gntm|an smcn "h+cmun'>+h|nd`+dn'>!+ Saua`|n) 8

Jah}|n =+:+? Mz`i}cak dm in nc}g}incak dm gntm|an smcn mk ins un|tms |mk`znlims d}|nktm

ins dajm|mktms mtnuns dmi c|mcagamkt` dm in lnqn dm in zn|+ Tmgu|nkaii` mk j}kcak dm

i`s h|nd`s dns nc}g}ind`s) mk sahkajacncak dm i`s gasg`s "//? u 5+5>! ++3=>

Jah}|n =+1+? \minca`kms iakmnims mkt|m i`s h|nd`s+dn "HDD! dmi um|a`d` dm gnd}|ncak dm

i`s gasg`s "/ q //? u 5+5= q u 5+5>! +++3=3

Jah}|n =+>5+? \minca`kms iakmnims mkt|m in gntm|an smcn nc}g}indn mk i`s |ncag`s q in

nc}g}indn mk i`s tnii`s u|akcaunims) mru|msndns nglns u`| sn|gamkt` "h+sn|gamkt`'>!

un|n i`s d`s t|ntngamkt`s dm |amh` q i`s d`s um|a`d`s dm gnd}|ncak dm Tmgu|nkaii`

"a~}am|dn) DG q DS)


41/466

kdacm dm jah}|ns

Jah}|n =+>>+? \minca`kms iakmnims mkt|m in gntm|an smcn t`tni nc}g}indn "h+sn|gamkt`'>! q mi

|mn j`ian| "g! q mi

|mn j`ian| jakni "g!+3:1

Jah}|n =+>8+? \mctns dm |mh|msak mkt|m i`s ums`s j|msc`s dmi |ncag` "h|ncag`! q dm in lnqn

"u>55l) h>55 lnqns! un|n i`s d`s t|ntngamkt`s dm |amh` "DG q DS! q n`s mk

Tmgu|nkaii` "a~}am|dn)


42/466

kdacm dm jah}|ns

t|ntngamkt`s dm |amh` q i`s d`s um|a`d`s dm gnd}|ncak mk Tmgu|nkaii` "a~}am|dn)

DG q DS)


43/466

\ms}gmk

\MS]GMK

Mk mstm t|nlno` sm bn mst}dand` mi c`gu`|tngamkt` nh|`kgac` q mc`jasaìhac` dm

in zad mk }kn mtnun tnk dmcasazn c`g` in gnd}|ncak+ In gnd}|ncak dm in lnqn dmumkdm

dm in s}um|jacam jìan| dasu`kalim q dm in j}kca`kniadnd dm dacbns bòns) dmumkdm dmi

gac|`ciagn mk mi ~}m t|nlnonk ins bòns q gnd}|nk i`s |ncag`s) q dm ins t|nsi`cnca`kms ~}m

sm da|ahmk bncan i`s |ncag`s+

Mkt|m `t|`s jnct`|ms) in zn|amdnd q mi |amh` u}mdmk akt|`d}ca| g`dajacnca`kms mk in

mzì}cak dmi dmsn||ìi` dm in lnqn) q u`| i` tnkt`) mk in gnd}|ncak jakni dm in gasgn+

Mk ciagns gmdatm||km`s ciad`s) in mtnun dm gnd}|ncak s}mim u|msmktn| um|a`d`s

dm mimzndns tmgum|nt}|ns) j}m|tms ai}gaknca`kms) q lnons b}gmdndms |mintazns+ N mstn

j}m|tm dmgnkdn ntg`sj|acn bnq ~}m nnda| in |md}cadn ui}za`gmt|n dmi um|a`d` mstazni) q

t`d` mii` |mum|c}tm mk in nctazadnd q dmsn||ìi` dm in cmun+

Un|n c`k`cm| i`s jnct`|ms ~}m c`kdaca`knk in gnd}|ncak dm in lnqn dmsdm mi u}kt`

dm zastn dm in nctazadnd q dmsn||ìi` dm in cmun) mi t|nlno` s}u}s` in cn|nctm|ancak dm in

s}um|jacam jìan|) dmi gac|`ciagn i}gak`s`) dm in mzì}cak dm in gntm|an smcn mk i`s

|hnk`s zmhmtntaz`s q u|`d}ctaz`s) q dm in nctazadnd j`t`sakttacn mk mi um|a`d` dm

c|mcagamkt` dm in lnqn+

C`k mstm `lomtaz`) sm mstnlimcam|`k d`s mksnq`s sat}nd`s ngl`s mk in C`g}kadnd

dm Gnd|ad) }k` dm mii`s s`l|m in zn|amdnd Tmgu|nkaii` "=1= g6 45


44/466

\ms}gmk

Mk i`s d`s n`s dm mst}da`) in tmgum|nt}|n gmdan nk}ni j}m sagain| n in tmgum|nt}|n

gmdan |mhast|ndn mk in sm|am dm 35 n`s) >4C mk Tmgu|nkaii` q >3C mk Cnlm|kmt

Sn}zahk`k+ Mk Tmgu|nkaii` in tmgum|nt}|n gmdan j}m dm


45/466

\ms}gmk

}k` dm i`s c`kdaca`knktms gs agu`|tnktms dm in j`t`sktmsas+ N gmdadn ~}m n}gmktn in

aktmksadnd i}gak`sn) n}gmktn in tnsn j`t`sakttacn bnstn ~}m sm nicnkn in snt}|ncak+ stm

c`gu`|tngamkt` u}mdm sm| |mu|msmktnd` gmdanktm c}|zns dm |mh|msak ~}m |minca`knk in

nsagaincak j`t`sakttacn q in i}) miahamkd` un|n mii` in bau|lìn |mctnkh}in| u`| |msumtn|

mi smktad` laìhac` dm dacb` c`gu`|tngamkt`+ N un|ta| dm mstns c}|zns sm `lt}z`?

j`t`sktmsas gragn) |msua|ncak `sc}|n) u}kt` dm c`gumksncak n in i}) u}kt` dm

snt}|ncak n in i} q |mkdagamkt` c}ktac`+ Dm ins gmdadns dm aktm|cngla` hnsm`s` sm

`lt}z` in c`kd}ctnkcan mst`gtacn gragn mk |mincak n in i}+

Qn ~}m in j`t`sktmsas q in c`kd}ctnkcan mst`gtacn dm in zad mstk c`kdaca`knd`s

u`| jnct`|ms nglamktnims "aktmksadnd i}gak`sn) tmgum|nt}|n) b}gmdnd ntg`sj|acn) in

niagmktncak bd|acn! q laìhac`s "mdnd jìan|) tau` dm bòn) nutat}d zn|amtni) nciagntncak

n in i}! sm |mnian|`k c}|zns un|n mzni}n| cndn }k` dm i`s jnct`|ms) t`gnkd` c`g` bòn dm

|mjm|mkcan in bòn u|akcauni dm in zn|amdnd sat}ndn mrtm|a`|gmktm mk }kn u`sacak gmdan dm

}k sastmgn dm u`saca`kngamkt` zm|tacni dm i`s ugunk`s+

I`s |ms}itnd`s `ltmkad`s u}mdmk mst|}ct}|n|sm mk c`gu`|tngamkt`s j`t`sakttac`s

mk c`kdaca`kms utagns "k` iagatnktms dm in j`t`sktmsas! q c`gu`|tngamkt`s j`t`sakttac`s

mk c`kdaca`kms dm mst|s nglamktni+

D}|nktm in gnd}|ncak) in c`kdacak jìan| utagn mkhi`l? tmgum|nt}|ns mkt|m )5 GUn) b}gmdndms |mintazns dmi nglamktm

gnq`|ms n :5-+ In i`cniancak mrtm|a`| dm in bòn j}m tnglak }k c`kdaca`knktm utag`

c`g` i` g`st| s} nctazadnd j`t`sakttacn q s} gac|`ciagn i}gak`s`+

Mk mstns c`kdaca`kms) ins bòns dm ins `kns s}um|a`|ms dm ZSU sm c`gu`|tn|`kgmo`| ~}m ins bòns gs akjm|a`|ms) c`k gnq`|ms j`t`sktmsas gragns q u}kt`s dm

snt}|ncak+ Ins bòns s}um|a`|ms sm zam|`k jnz`|mcadns u`| s} gmk`| mdnd q gnq`|

aktm|cmucak dm UN\ u`| mkcagn dm >55 gìg) q g`st|n|`k i`s u|agm|`s skt`gns

dm smkmscmkcan+

U`| `t|` ind`) k` b}l` dmsn||ìi` dm s}um|jacam jìan| dm nktacaund`s d}|nktm ingnd}|ncak) q ins bòns dm kamt` g`st|n|`k }k c`gu`|tngamkt` j`t`sakttac` sagain| ni dm


46/466

\ms}gmk

ins b`ons u|akcaunims) c`k i` ~}m o}hn|`k }k unumi agu`|tnktm mk in u|`d}ctazadnd hi`lni dm

in cmun+

Mk c}nkt` ni mst|s nglamktni) ms bnlat}ni mkc`kt|n| mk in gnd}|ncak mst|s

bd|ac`) mst|s t|gac` q mst|s bah|`gt|ac`+ T`d`s mii`s njmctn|`k kmhntazngmktm n in

|msu}mstn j`t`sakttacn n in i} dm ins b`ons+

Mi mst|s t|gac` u`| mkcagn dm 3


47/466

\ms}gmk

nc}g}incak dm gntm|an smcn mk gnd}|ncak) n in gntm|an smcn jakni) ni m~}aial|a`

zmhmtntazù|`d}ctaz`) n in mzì}cak dmi ums` q dm in nc}g}incak dm ncn|ms dm in lnqn)

ka ni ums` jakni dm in lnqn+ U`| `t|` ind`) |md}o` in s}um|jacam jìan| t|nksua|nt`|an d}|nktm

in gnd}|ncak ta|nkd` bòns akjm|a`|ms smkmscmktms+

U`| s} ind`) Cnlm|kmt Sn}zahk`k j}m gs smksalim ni n}gmkt` dm in d`sas dm nh}n

samkd` jnz`|mcadn in tnsn dm nc}g}incak dm gntm|an smcn mk gnd}|ncak) in gntm|an smcn

jakni) mi zah`|) in mzì}cak dmi ums` q dm in nc}g}incak dm ncn|ms mk in lnqn) ns c`g`

mi ums` jakni dm in lnqn q s} agu`|tnkcan |mintazn |msumct` dm in dm i`s |nsu`kms mk mi ums`

jakni dmi |ncag`+

Dm i`s |ms}itnd`s dm ins dajm|mktms u`saca`kms "s}um|a`|) gmdan) akjm|a`|! q tau`s dm

bòns "u|akcauni q dm kamt`! sm `lsm|z ~}m) n umsn| dm ~}m t`dns ins bòns iimhnk ni um|a`d`

dm gnd}|ncak dm in lnqn c`k }kn mdnd nd}itn) q ~}m ins dajm|mkcans u`| dacbn mdnd sm znk

nc`|tnkd` mk mi t|nksc}|s` dm in gnd}|ncak) ins bòns s}um|a`|ms q ins bòns dm i`s

nktacaund`s j`t`saktmtank gmo`| mk c`kdaca`kms dm mst|s nglamktni+

Mk nglamktms smc`s) ins bòns dm ins `kns akjm|a`|ms t}zam|`k }k c`gu`|tngamkt`

j`t`sakttac` sagain| ni ~}m u|msmktn|`k mk c`kdaca`kms utagns+ Sak mgln|h`) ins bòns dm

in `kn gmdan q s}um|a`| |md}om|`k s} j`t`sktmsas gragn) dm j`|gn aktmksn mk in `kn

gmdan u`| cam||m dm mst`gns) q dm j`|gn iahm|n mk in `kn s}um|a`| u`| jnct`|ms k`

mst`gtac`s qn ~}m in num|t}|n mst`gtacn |msu`kda u`satazngmktm ni gnq`| djacat dm

u|msak dm znu`|+

C}nkd` n in sm~}n dmi nglamktm sm im }ka mi mst|s bd|ac` dm in bòn) sm `lsm|z

~}m in |mh}incak mst`gtacn dm ins bòns s}um|a`|ms j}m |mintazngmktm gmk`s aktmksn ~}min dm ins bòns akjm|a`|ms+ Mi gmo`| c`gu`|tngamkt` j`t`sakttac` nktm mstns d`s sat}nca`kms

sm i`cnia mk ins `kns s}um|a`|ms) c`k j`t`sktmsas q c`kd}ctnkcan mst`gtacn n snt}|ncak

q u}kt`s dm snt}|ncak gs mimznd`s+

I`s kamt`s sm c`gu`|tn|`k gmo`| ~}m ins bòns u|akcaunims mk nglamktms smc`s c`k

` sak mst|s bd|ac`) mrbalamkd` in gasgn |mh}incak mst`gtacn i`s d`s tau`s dm bòns+


48/466

NLST\NCT

Tbm nag `j tbas x`|f xns t` st}dq tbm nh|`k`gacni nkd mcùbqsaì`hacni |msu`ksm

`j tbm zakmqn|d ak s}cb n c|atacni ubnsm ns |aumkakh+ Lm||q |aumkakh dmumkds `k tbm

nznainlim imnj n|mn nkd tbm j}kcta`kniatq `j tbm imnzms) at nis` dmumkds `k tbm gac|`ciagntm

xbm|m tbm imnzms n|m x`|fakh nkd tbm ci}stm| n|m |aumkakh) nkd jakniiq `k tbm t|nksi`cnta`ks

tbnt n|m lmakh bmndmd t`xn|ds t` tbm ci}stm|+

Ng`kh `tbm| jnct`|s) zn|amtq nkd a||ahnta`k cnk l|akh ak g`dajacnta`ks t` tbm lm||q

mzì}ta`k) nkd tbm|mj`|m t` tbm jakni |aumkakh+

Ak xn|g gmdatm||nkmnk ciagntms) tbm |aumkakh ubnsm }s}niiq sb`xs um|a`ds `j bahbtmgum|nt}|ms) st|`kh iahbt nkd i`x |mintazm b}gadatq+ T` tbas st|`kh ntg`subm|ac dmgnkd

xm g}st ndd tbm i`x ui}za`gmt|q `j tbm s}ggm| um|a`d) l`tb `j tbmg `}tc`gm ak tbm

nctazatq nkd dmzmiùgmkt `j tbm zakmqn|d+

Ak `|dm| t` fk`x tbm jnct`|s akzìzmd `k lm||q |aumkakh) nctazatq nkd dmzmiùgmkt

`j tbm zakm) tbas x`|f tn|hmtmd tbm imnj n|mn cbn|nctm|anta`k) iahbts gac|`ciagntm) d|q

gnttm| un|tata`kakh ak zmhmtntazm nkd u|`d}ctazm `|hnks) nkd tbm ub`t`sqktbmtac imnjnctazatq d}|akh tbm lm||q h|`xakh um|a`d+

Xatb tbas nag tx` t|anis xm|m cn||amd }u) l`tb i`cntmd ak C`g}kadnd dm Gnd|ad) tbm

ja|st `km xatb Tmgu|nkaii` zn|amtq "=1=g6 45


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lmtxmmk zm|nas`k nkd bn|zmst ak


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~}nkt}g qamid+ J|`g tbm hns mrcbnkhm gmns}|mgmkts xm `ltnakmd tbm gnragni st`gntni

c`kd}ctnkcm ak |minta`k t` iahbt+

Fk`xakh tbnt ub`t`sqktbmsas nkd st`gntni c`kd}ctnkcm `j tbm zakmqn|d n|m

c`kdata`kmd lq mkza|`kgmktni jnct`|s "iahbt aktmksatq) tmgum|nt}|m) ntg`subm|ac b}gadatq)

xntm| s}uuiq! nkd laì`hacni jnct`|s "imnj nhm) imnj tqum) zn|amtq) iahbt ncciagntaakh!)

c}|zms xm|m cn||amd `}t ak `|dm| t` gnfm nk mzni}nta`k `j mncb jnct`|+ Tbm imnj |mjm|mkcm

xns nk mrtm|kni gnak imnj `j tbm zn|amtq i`cntmd ak n gad u`sata`k `j n zm|tacni sb``t

u`sata`kmd sqstmg+

Tbm |ms}its `ltnakmd cnk lm st|}ct}|md akt` tx` h|`}us? ub`t`sqktbmtac lmbnza`}|s

}kdm| ùtagni c`kdata`ks "k` iagat t` ub`t`sqktbmsas! nkd ub`t`sqktbmtac lmbnza`}|s }kdm|

mkza|`kgmktni st|mss c`kdata`ks+

D}|akh |aumkakh) ùtagni imnj c`kdata`ks xm|m nt `}| t|nais? tmgum|nt}|ms xatbak )5 GUn+ @utagni nglamkt |mintazm b}gadatq xns bahbm| tbnk

:5-+ Tbm mrtm|kni i`cnta`k `j tbm imnj xns nis` nk ùtagni c`kdata`k ns ats ub`t`sqktbmtac

nctazatq nkd iahbt gac|`ciagntm sb`xmd+

]kdm| tbmsm c`kdata`ks) imnzms j|`g tbm }uum| `kms `j cnkùq lmbnzmd lmttm| tbnk

imnzms ak i`xm| `kms+ ]uum| imnzms bnd bahbm| gnragni ub`t`sqktbmsas nkd iahbt

snt}|nta`k uàkts+ ]uum| imnzms xm|m jnz`}|md lq ats sb`|t nhm nkd ats g`|m aktm|cmuta`k `j

UN\ nl`zm >55 gì+g'


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Tmgum|nt}|ms nl`zm 3


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Ng`kh tbm |ms}its `ltnakmd j`| tbm dajjm|mkt u`sata`ks "}uum|) gaddim nkd i`xm|!

nkd imnj tqums "gnak nkd intm|ni imnj! at xns `lsm|zmd tbnt }uum| gnak nkd intm|ni imnzms

gnfm n bahbm| ub`t`sqktbmsas }kdm| mkza|`kgmktni st|mss c`kdata`ks+

]kdm| d|q c`kdata`ks) ub`t`sqktbmtac lmbnza`}| `j i`xm| imnzms xns sagain| t` tbnt

ak ùtagni c`kdata`ks+ Xbm|mns gaddim nkd }uum| imnzms dmc|mnsmd ats gnragni

ub`t`sqktbmsas }kdm| d|q c`kdata`ks) aktmksazmiq ak tbm gaddim `km `j cnkùq "ci`sakh

st`gns! nkd iahbtiq ak tbm }uum| `km "k`k st`gntni jnct`|s) ns st`gns ùmkmd g`|m ak

bahbm| xntm| znu`}| dmjacat!+

Xbmk imnj xntm| st|mss xns nddmd t` tbm d|q mkza|`kgmktni) tbm st`gntni |mh}inta`k

`j tbm }uum| imnzms xns |mintazmiq imss aktmksm tbnk ak tbm i`xm| imnzms+ Tbm lmst

ub`t`sqktbmtacni lmbnza`}| }kdm| ntg`sjm|ac gàst}|m st|mss nkd imnj xntm| st|mss xns

i`cntmd ak tbm }uum| n|mn) xatb bahbm| ub`t`sqktbmsas) st`gntni c`kd}ctnkcm ak snt}|nta`k)

nkd ub`t`saktmtbac iahbt snt}|nta`k uàkt+

Tbm intm|ni imnzms lmbnzm lmttm| tbnk tbm gnak imnzms ak d|q mkza|`kgmkts xatb `|

xatb`}t xntm| st|mss) sb`xakh tbm sngm st`gntni |mh}inta`k l`tb imnj tqums+


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CNUT]I@ A?

AKT\@D]CCAK HMKM\NI N IN U\@D]CCAK Q DAST\AL]CAK DM

J@T@NSAGAIND@S MK IN ZAD "Zatas zakajm|n I+! D]\NKTM MI

UM\A@D@ DM GND]\NCAK+

>+>+ AKT\@D]CCAK HMKM\NI+++3

>+>+>+ BAUTMSAS DM UN\TADN Q @LOMTAZ@S UINKTMND@S+>+:

>+3+ MST\]CT]\N DM IN TMSAS+


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55/466

Akt|`d}ccak Hmkm|ni

CNUT]I@ A? AKT\@D]CCAK HMKM\NI N IN U\@D]CCAK Q

DAST\AL]CAK DM J@T@NSAGAIND@S MK IN ZAD "Zatas zakajm|n I+!

D]\NKTM MI UM\A@D@ DM GND]\NCAK+

N c`ktak}ncak sm znk n mru`km| i`s nsumct`s gs |mimznktms dm in u|`d}ccak q

dast|al}cak dm j`t`nsagaind`s mk in zad) tmgn ca|c}kdnktm dmi u|msmktm t|nlno`+ Sm

mru`kmk n g`d` dm |ms}gmk j}kdngmktniastn q j`|gntaz` un|n ~}m mi imct`| sm jngaian|acm

q satm mk mi c`ktmrt` dm in tmsas) q sm jncaiatm in u`stm|a`| imct}|n dm i`s |mstnktms cnut}i`s)

mk i`s ~}m dacb`s nsumct`s sm|k |mjm|mkcand`s mk s} dmladn j`|gn+

>+>+ AKT\@D]CCAK HMKM\NIH|nk un|tm dm i`s zamd`s dm }zn dm zakajacncak sm satnk mk `kns gmdatm||kmns)

`kns d`kdm mi um|a`d` dm gnd}|ncak dm in lnqn ms smc`) ciad`) q dm h|nk `jm|tn

i}gkacn) q d`kdm i`s mst|msms bd|ac`s) t|gac`s m bah|`gt|ac`s s`k g}q j|mc}mktms+

G}cb`s dm mst`s zamd`s sm nc`hmk n in nuiacncak dm |amh`s dmjacatn|a`s c`kt|ìnd`s)

d`kdm sm |mmguinn gmk`s nh}n dm in ~}m u`tmkcanigmktm t|nksua|n in uinktn) c`ksah}amkd`

c`k mii` nb`||` dm nh}n) akc|mgmkt` dmi |mkdagamkt` q |md}cca`kms dm ins aktm|zmkca`kms

mk zm|dm) |msumtnkd` ins cn|nctm|stacns c}niatntazns dmi g`st`+ Sa lamk) in nuiacncak dm

nh}n dm |amh` gatahn dacb`s mst|msms) mk mi t|nksc}|s` dmi dn) mi nglamktm u}mdm iimhn| n

sm| tnk mrahmktm) mk |ndancak) tmgum|nt}|n q djacat dm snt}|ncak) ~}m s}s mjmct`s sm

gnkajamstnk n c`|t`) gmda` ` in|h` uin`+

Mi lninkcm bd|ac` ms }k jnct`| g}q agu`|tnktm un|n mi dmsn||ìi` dm i`s |ncag`s)

sak mgln|h`) in akji}mkcan dm in j`t`sktmsas q dmi s}gakast|` dm nsagaind`s ms

dmtm|gaknktm+ T`d`s i`s u|`d}ct`s ~}m sm `ltamkmk dm in zatac}it}|n s}|hmk n un|ta| dm in

j`t`sktmsas+ Ins bòns jaonk C@< dm in ntgsjm|n ~}m) c`k in mkm|hn dmi sì q mi nh}n dmi

s}mi`) |mniank in j`t`sktmsas+ Mstm ncn|) u|`d}ct` dm in jaoncak dmi C@


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Akt|`d}ccak Hmkm|ni

Dmkt|` dm i`s jnct`|ms ciagtac`s dmstncnk in i}) in tmgum|nt}|n q mi nh}n

dasu`kalim un|n in uinktn+ Mst`s jnct`|ms u}mdmk sm| g`dajacnd`s mk h|nk gmdadn u`| mi

zatac}it`| gnkau}inkd` dazm|s`s jnct`|ms dm c}itaz`? mi sastmgn dm u`dn q c`kd}ccak) in

`|amktncak dm ins jains) mi msuncangamkt` mkt|m cmuns q mkt|m jains) in }taiancak dm

sastmgns dm |amh`) mkt|m `t|ns) qn ~}m mstns dmcasa`kms um|gatmk gnkau}in| i`s gac|`ciagns

i}gak`s`) t|gac` m bah|`gt|ac` dmi cnkùq+

In i} sìn| ms }k` dm i`s jnct`|ms gs agu`|tnktms ~}m njmctnk n in cnuncadnd

j`t`sakttacn dm in zan+ Ms in mkm|hn ~}m um|gatm n||nkcn| mi nun|nt` j`t`sakttac`+ Sak

mgln|h`) k` t`dn in |ndancak sìn| ms tai un|n in j`t`sktmsas) si` }kn un|tm u}mdm sm|

}taiandn u`| mi nun|nt` j`t`sakttac`) dm j`|gn ~}m in mkm|hn dm i`s j`t`kms akcadmktms

u}mdn sm| c`kzm|tadn mk mkm|hn ~}gacn+ N mstn un|tm sm im c`k`cm c`g` UN\ "\ndancak

J`t`sakttacngmktm Nctazn! q k`|gnigmktm sm ncmutn ~}m mst mkt|m i`khat}dms dm `kdn dm

455'855 kg+

In s}um|jacam jìan| |mu|msmktn in s}um|jacam dm aktm|cngla` mkt|m in uinktn q mi

gmda` n|m` q) u`| tnkt`) in aktmksadnd q cniadnd dm mst`s aktm|cngla`s dmumkdm| dm miin+

Qn ~}m ins bòns s`k ins }kadndms j}kca`knims dm in j`t`sktmsas) s} mjacamkcan mk in

cnutncak q in }taiancak dm in mkm|hn sìn| sm| dmtm|gaknktm un|n in u|`d}ctazadnd+

Ndmgs) ins bòns sm mkc}mkt|nk dmkt|` dm in u`lincak ~}m c`kstat}qm in s}um|jacam jìan|

dm t`d` mi cnkùq+ In dasu`sacak dm in s}um|jacam jìan|) mst` ms) tngn` dmi cnkùq q

dmksadnd) msunca` `c}und`) |atg`s dm j`|gncak dm in s}um|jacam jìan|) dmsn||ìi` q

d}|ncak) ms g}q agu`|tnktm u`|~}m dmtm|gakn in aktm|cmucak q nls`|cak dm in |ndancak

sìn| u`| mi c}itaz` q s} dast|al}cak mkt|m ins bòns akdazad}nims+ Mi msunca` ~}m mrastm mk

mi aktm|a`| q i`s ni|mdmd`|ms akgmdant`s dmi cnkùq) u|msmktn| }kns c`kdaca`kms

nglamktnims) ` i` ~}m ms i` gasg`) }k gac|`ciagn) ~}m dajam|m dmi gms`ciagn mk in gmdadn~}m ms g`dajacnd` u`| i`s mimgmkt`s ~}m i` c`kj`|gnk+ Mi cnkùq c`kdaca`kn mi

gac|`ciagn dm in uinktn njmctnkd` s`l|mt`d` n in |ndancak) mznu`|ncak q zmi`cadnd dmi

zamkt`) q mk gmk`| gmdadn) n in b}gmdnd q n in tmgum|nt}|n+ Mstns c`kdaca`kms

gac|`ciagtacns akji}qmk mk nsumct`s tnk agu`|tnktms dm in jasaì`hn dm in uinktn c`g` in

j`t`sktmsas) in |msua|ncak) mi u`tmkcani bd|ac` jìan|) mi c|mcagamkt` dm i`s ugunk`s q

lnqns) akacancak ji`|ni q in gnd}|ncak+

4


57/466

Akt|`d}ccak Hmkm|ni

In aktmksadnd dm i} ~}m um|gatm zni`|ms dm j`t`sktmsas gragn sm dmk`gakn

u}kt` dm snt}|ncak n in i}+ Mst j}m|tmgmktm akji}mkcandn u`| ins c`kdaca`kms dmi

nglamktm i}gkac` lno` ins ~}m c|mcmk ins bòns) dm gnkm|n ~}m) ins bòns ~}m sm

dmsn||ìink mk nglamktms s`gl|mnd`s u|msmktnk zni`|ms gs lno`s dm snt}|ncak ~}m ins

~}m i` bncmk mk nglamktms t`tnigmktm sìmnd`s+ ]kn cmun c`k }k cnkùq g}q dmks`)

u|msmktn| zn|ans cnuns dm bòns q sì` }kn un|tm dm s}s bòns mstn|k mru}mstns

da|mctngmktm n in |ndancak sìn| d}|nktm mi dn+

]kn bòn dm zad dm h|`s`| gmda` |mjimon }k u`c` gs dmi >5-) t|nksgatmk }k >5-

q nls`|lmk mi 25- |mstnktm dmi UN\+ In |ndancak nls`|ladn) n s} zm) sah}m t|ms cngak`s

dajm|mktms? dm in akcadmktm) mi


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Akt|`d}ccak Hmkm|ni

u`| i`s b}mc`s dm in c}lam|tn zmhmtni) um|gatm c`kt|n||mstn| ins u|dadns dmladns n in

|msua|ncak+

Ins bòns q i`s j|}t`s sat}nd`s mk in un|tm mrtm|a`| dm in c}lam|tn) sm cniamktnk ni

nls`|lm| in |ndancak sìn| da|mctn) nktm i` c}ni u|msmktnk gmcnkasg`s dm |mj|ahm|ncak u`|

c`kzmccak'c`kd}ccak q u`| t|nksua|ncak+ U`| i` tnkt`) mi gac|`ciagn i}gak`s` njmctn ni

gac|`ciagn t|gac` dmi cnkùq+ In tmgum|nt}|n dm ins bòns mru}mstns ni sì u}mdm sm|

s}um|a`| n in ntg`sj|acn) u}damkd` sm| gs agu`|tnktms mstns dajm|mkcans sa mrastm djacat

bd|ac`) u`| in jnitn dm |mj|ahm|ncak ~}m s}u`km in t|nksua|ncak+ Mk cngla`) mk ins bòns

dmi aktm|a`| dmi cnkùq) in tmgum|nt}|n u}mdm lnon| |msumct` ni nglamktm) qn ~}m gnktamkmk

cam|t`s kazmims dm t|nksua|ncak um|` k` nls`|lmk cni`| dmi sì+ I` gasg` `c}||m c`k i`s

|ncag`s) mrtm|k`s ` aktm|k`s) n}k~}m ins u|dadns dm nh}n u`| ins imktacmins dm ins lnqns

s`k gmk`s agu`|tnktms+

Cndn u|`cms` zatni u|msmktn }kn tmgum|nt}|n utagn dm j}kca`kngamkt`) q }k`s

igatms dm tmgum|nt}|n) dm g`d` ~}m sa sm s`l|munsnk dasgak}qm s} |mkdagamkt`+ Qn ~}m mi

c|mcagamkt` q mi dmsn||ìi` ms in c`ko}kcak dm g}cb`s u|`cms`s) mrasta| }k aktm|zni` dm

tmgum|nt}|ns ~}m um|gatnk) ni gasg` tamgu`) }k c`||mct` lninkcm q }k utag`

|mkdagamkt` dm i`s gmtnlìasg`s nknliac` q cntnliac`+ U`| `t|` ind`) dmlmk dn|sm

tnglak ins u|mgasns t|gacns kmcmsn|ans mi c|mcagamkt` q in c`kj`|gncak dm i`s |hnk`s

zmhmtntaz`s q u|`d}ctaz`s) qn ~}m in tmgum|nt}|n ms mi jnct`| nglamktni gs agu`|tnktm mk

mi c`kt|ì dmi c|mcagamkt` dmi tnii` q dm in s}um|jacam jìan|) njmctn ni c|mcagamkt` dm in

lnqn) n in t|nsi`cncak dm i`s nsagaind`s) q n in c`gu`sacak c}niatntazn dmi g`st`+

In dasu`kalaiadnd dm nh}n n i` in|h` dmi caci` akji}qm) dm g`d` dmcasaz`) mk in

cnuncadnd j`t`sakttacn dm in uinktn q mk s} |msu}mstn n in zn|ancak dm ins c`kdaca`kmsnglamktnims+ Ms }k jnct`| dmtm|gaknktm un|n mi dmsn||ìi` |ndac}in|) q mst` tamkm }kn h|nk

agu`|tnkcan mk mi c|mcagamkt` dmi c}itaz`) mk mi dmsn||ìi`) mk mi |mkdagamkt` u`tmkcani+

Hmkm|nigmktm) mk ins `kns gmdatm||kmns) ins iagatnca`kms ni dmsn||ìi` zmhmtntaz`

c`gamknk mk ji`|ncak) c}nkd` i`s c`ktmkad`s dm nh}n mk mi s}mi` k` sntasjncmk ins

c`kdaca`kms dm gragn dmgnkdn q s}um|jacam jìan| nicnkndns+ Ins uinktns u|msmktnk

gmcnkasg`s dm |msastmkcan n in sm~}n n t|nzs dm u|`cms`s g`|jìhac`s q jasaìhac`s)

:


59/466

Akt|`d}ccak Hmkm|ni

u`| momgui`) dasgak}qmk in mi`khncak dmi ugunk` u|akcauni q mi c|mcagamkt` dm in bòn)

i` ~}m sm |mjimon| mk in s}um|jacam jìan| t`tni dmsn||ìindn+

U`| `t|n un|tm) mi nh}n ms }k` dm i`s |mnctaz`s dm in |mnccak j`t`sakttacn ~}m) n in

zm) o}mhn }k unumi agu`|tnktm mk in |mh}incak mst`gtacn q mk in bad|ntncak dm ins bòns

nctazns+ Dmi nh}n nls`|ladn u`| ins |ncms q ~}m n t|nzs dmi c`ktak}` s}mi`'uinktn'

ntgsjm|n iimhn n ins bòns) sì` }k >- sm c`glakn c`k mi C@< ntg`sj|ac` mk in |mnccak

j`t`sakttacn+ Mi 11- |mstnktm sm uam|dm u`| t|nksua|ncak+ Sa in dmgnkdn mznu`|ntazn dm in

ntgsjm|n s}um|n mi s}gakast|` dm nh}n n t|nzs dm ins |ncms) sm u|`d}ca| }k djacat

bd|ac` mk in bòn+ Sa mstm mst|s jìan|) gmdad` c`g` u`tmkcani bd|ac` jìan|) s}um|n i`s '

>)5 GUn) i`s mst`gns mguamnk n cm||n|sm q in j`t`sktmsas sm j|mkn+ Sa bnq s}jacamktm nh}n

mk mi s}mi`) in uinktn u`d| |mc}um|n| s} mstnd` bd|ac` jìan|) u|akcaunigmktm u`| in k`cbm

c}nkd` in dmgnkdn mznu`|ntazn ms gmk`| q i`s mst`gns um|gnkmcmk cm||nd`s u`| in jnitn

dm i}+ Sa k` j}msm ns) i`s mst`gns u}mdmk s}j|a| }k dn` |mzm|salim ~}m |mtn|dmk in

|mc}um|ncak dm s} j}kca`kniadnd q u`| tnkt` in nctazncak dm in j`t`sktmsas+ Mk mstn

|msu}mstn mst akzì}c|ndn }kn b`|g`kn ~}m tamkm agu`|tnkcan mk mi c`kt|ì mst`gtac`) mi

cad` nlscsac` "NLN!+ Mk i`s caci`s dm dmsbad|ntncak q |mc}um|ncak dm in t}|hmkcan

cmi}in| sm saktmtan) nigncmkn) q dmh|ndn NLN+ Mk }kn lnondn dmi u`tmkcani bd|ac` cmi}in|)

sm u}mdm ialm|n| mstm NLN ~}m sm t|nksu`|tn bnstn ins ci}ins `ci}sazns) g}q smksalims ni

NLN) c}qn |mnccak ms mi cam||m mst`gtac` q in u|dadn dm t}|hmkcan+

@t|`s jnct`|ms ~}m njmctnk n in j`t`sktmsas s`k aktm|k`s n in uinktn+ Dmkt|` dm i`s

jnct`|ms akt|ksmc`s mstk ins cn|nctm|stacns mst`gtacns q in cnuncadnd dmi u|`cms`

j`t`sakttacùm| sm) ins |minca`kms j}mktm n s}gadm|`) q in mdnd jìan|+

Ins bòns tamkmk }kn cnuncadnd dm jaon| C@< iagatndn) dmlad` n in |msastmkcan ~}mù`km n s} daj}sak dmsdm i`s mst`gns bnstn mi ci`|ùinst`) samkd` in |msastmkcan mst`gtacn

in gs agu`|tnktm+

Lno` c`kdaca`kms jnz`|nlims) ins bòns hmkm|nigmktm n}gmktnk s} cnuncadnd dm

j`t`saktmtan| c}nkd` n}gmktn in dmgnkdn dm s}s u|`d}ct`s) dmkt|` dm ins iagatnca`kms

hmktacns dm in uinktn+ U`| `t|n un|tm) in nc}g}incak dm ncn|ms mk in bòn) j|mkn in

j`t`sktmsas+ Sm t|ntn dm }kn |mt|`niagmktncak u`satazn ` kmhntazn "mjmct` dm i`s s}gadm|`su`sataz` ` kmhntaz`! q mk miin sm lnsn in iingndn |mincak j}mktm's}gadm|`+ Mstns d`s

8


60/466

Akt|`d}ccak Hmkm|ni

jah}|ns s`k in lnsm un|n mktmkdm| i`s g`zagamkt`s dm i`s j`t`nsagaind`s mk in uinktn? ins

j}mktms u|`d}cmk) n t|nzs dm in j`t`sktmsas) gs cn|l`bad|nt`s dm i` ~}m kmcmsatnk q

mru`|tnk msm mrcmdmktm n `t|ns `kns6 q i`s s}gadm|`s agu`|tnk u|`d}ct`s dmsdm `t|ns

`kns dmi ugunk` un|n sntasjncm| s}s kmcmsadndms dm nsagaind`s+ Ins bòns s`k ins

u|akcaunims j}mktms) sak mgln|h`) mk dmtm|gaknd`s g`gmkt`s dmi caci`) ins s}stnkcans dm

|msm|zn nigncmkndns mk i`s tmoad`s im`s`s znk n t`gn| mi gasg` unumi+ U`| i` tnkt`) ins

|minca`kms j}mktm n s}gadm|` mru|msnk i`s aktm|cngla`s mkt|m i`s |hnk`s u|`d}ct`|ms q i`s

c`ks}gad`|ms) q sm u}mdm nsmgmon| n }k ji}o` dm dmtm|gakndns s}stnkcans) mkt|m }kn j}mktm

q }k s}gadm|`) n jnz`| dm h|ndamktms dm c`kcmkt|ncak) d`kdm mrastmk }k c`ko}kt` dm

|msastmkcans n i` in|h` dmi cngak`+

@t|` jnct`| agu`|tnktm ms in mdnd dm in bòn+ In nctazadnd j`t`sakttacn ~}m g}mst|n

}kn bòn mk s} dmsn||ìi`) sah}m }kn c}|zn sahgàdni+ Nicnkn s} gragn nctazadnd

j`t`sakttacn c}nkd` nicnkn s} tngn` jakni+ Mstm grag` sm gnktamkm < ` 3 smgnkns) t|ns

ins c}nims dmc|mcm h|nd}nigmktm bnstn s} smkmscmkcan+ Mi t|nksu`|tm dm i`s j`t`nsagaind`s)

dmsdm ins bòns mrunkdadns) sah}m mi gasg` g`dmi` dm s} nctazadnd j`t`sakttacn+ In bòn

o`zmk ms s}gadm|` bnstn ~}m nicnkn }k tm|ca` ` in gatnd dm s} tngn` dmjakataz`) dmsu}s

unsn n sm| j}mktm q c`kt|al}qm ni c|mcagamkt` hi`lni dm in cmun+

I`s cn|l`bad|nt`s u|`d}cad`s mk in j`t`sktmsas s`k }taiand`s un|n j`|gn| k}mz`s

tmoad`s q mst|}ct}|ns) q gnktmkm| ins mrastmktms) t`d` i` c}ni sm t|nd}cm mk in j`|gncak q

nc}g}incak dm gntm|an smcn zmhmtntazn q u|`d}ctazn+ Gamkt|ns in u|`d}ctazadnd t`tni dm

gntm|an smcn dmumkdm dm in j`t`sktmsas hi`lni dm in cmun) in gntm|an smcn nc}g}indn mk }k

dmtm|gaknd` |hnk` dmumkdm dmi zì}gmk dm nsagaind`s da|ahad`s bncan mi dmsn||ìi` dm

dacb` |hnk`+ I}mh` bnq d`s nsumct`s n c`ksadm|n|? in j`t`sktmsas hi`lni q in t|nsi`cncak

dm i`s j`t`nsagaind`s+

I`s g`zagamkt`s dm j`t`nsagaind`s mkt|m i`s dajm|mktms |hnk`s dmi ugunk`

zn|nk n i` in|h` dmi caci`) un|nimingmktm n c`g` zn|nk ins j}m|ns dm ins j}mktms q dm i`s

s}gadm|`s) mk mi t|nksc}|s` dm s} dmsn||ìi` zmhmtntaz` q |mu|`d}ctaz`+ Ins u|agm|ns < ` 3

smgnkns t|ns mi dmsl`||m sm cn|nctm|ank u`| mi g`zagamkt` dm ins s}stnkcans dm |msm|zn dm

i`s mimgmkt`s um|gnkmktms bncan mi ugunk` q bncan s} uacm mk c|mcagamkt`+ Ins k}mzns

bòns k` mru`|tn|k bnstn nicnkn| }k tm|ca` ` in gatnd dm s} tngn` dmjakataz`+ D}|nktm inji`|ncak) i`s ugunk`s tamkmk s}jacamktms bòns mrtmkdadns q cmsn in t|nsi`cncak dm i`s

2


61/466

Akt|`d}ccak Hmkm|ni

j`t`nsagaind`s dmsdm i`s |hnk`s dm |msm|zn+ Ni u|akcaua` dm sm| nd}itn) in bòn t|nksu`|tn

s}s nsagaind`s bncan mi uacm dmi l|`tm) um|` n gmdadn ~}m lnong`s dm |nkh` mk mi

ugunk`) mru`|tn mk ngl`s smktad`s+ Bnstn mi c}nond`) ins akji`|mscmkcans s`k s}gadm|`s

g}q dlaims q k` akji}qmk mk mi t|nksu`|tm dm i`s nsagaind`s) sak mgln|h`) n un|ta| dmi

c}nond` q bnstn mkzm|` mrastmk u|akcaunigmktm t|ms s}gadm|`s? mi uacm dmi ugunk`) i`s

|ncag`s q ins un|tms um|gnkmktms+ Ni uacm i` niagmktnk ins bòns s}um|a`|ms6 n i`s

|ncag`s) ins bòns dmi ugunk` q ins |msm|zns6 q t`d` mi ugunk` nu`|tn |msm|zns n i`s

mimgmkt`s um|gnkmktms+ N un|ta| dmi mkzm|`) q d}|nktm t`dn in mtnun dm gnd}|ncak dm ins

lnqns) i`s |ncag`s s`k i`s u|akcaunims s}gadm|`s) samkd` gmk`s agu`|tnktms i`s kamt`s) mi

dmsn||ìi` dmi u|akcauni q in nc}g}incak dm |msm|zns+ Dmsu}s dm in zmkdagan) i`s

nsagaind`s s`k t|nksu`|tnd`s j}m|n dmi sn|gamkt` bncan in gndm|n zamon q |ncms+ Mstm ms }k

um|a`d` dm agu`|tnktm c|mcagamkt` |ndac}in|+

In j}m|n dm i`s |ncag`s c`g` s}gadm|`s sm mruiacn n t|nzs dmi dmsn||ìi` dm s}s

lnqns) mk mi ~}m sm dastakh}mk t|ms um|`d`s+ Mk in Jnsm A) in dazasak cmi}in| ms g}q

aktmksn) dm gnkm|n ~}m ins lnqns c|mcmk u`| u|ìajm|ncak q nin|hngamkt`+ Ni jakni dm mstm

um|a`d`) in lnqn nicnkn mi 45':5- dm s} tngn` dmjakataz`+ Mk in Jnsm AA) mi c|mcagamkt`

mst gs ` gmk`s |nimktand`) q ins umuatns nd~}am|mk s} c`kstat}cak dmjakatazn)

nicnknkd` s} gnd}|m jasaìhacn+ In lnqn) d}|nktm mstns d`s jnsms) ms zm|dm) ci`|`jiacn+

Sak mgln|h`) ni jakni dm in jnsm AA) mi c`ktmkad` mk ci`|`jain q ins tnsns dm j`t`sktmsas q

|msua|ncak dmc|mcmk) bnstn ~}m ni jakni) mk mi mkzm|`) in lnqn uam|dm s} cn|ctm| ci`|`jiac`

q nd~}am|m in cì`|ncak cn|nctm|stacn dm in zn|amdnd) q sm |mnk}dn mi c|mcagamkt` dm in

lnqn+ T|ns mi mkzm|`) mi |ncag` tamkm }kn h|nk j}m|n c`g` s}gadm|` qn ~}m in

nc}g}incak dm gntm|an smcn n}gmktn bnstn c}nt|` zmcms q) mk cngla`) mrastm }kn um~}mn

zn|ancak mk i`s `t|`s |hnk`s dm in zan+ Mi mkzm|` dmtm|gakn mi akaca` dm in gnd}|ncak)

` Jnsm AAA+ Ms }k um|a`d` d`kdm in lnqn sm dmsn||ìin |uadngmktm dmlad`) u|akcaunigmktm)n in nc}g}incak mk s} aktm|a`| dm nh}n q dm i`s ncn|ms u|`cmdmktms dm ins j}mktms+

U`| i` tnkt`) mk in nc}g}incak dm gntm|an smcn mk in uinktn mktm|n) sm dastakh}mk

d`s um|a`d`s dm c|mcagamkt`? }k` mkt|m dmsl`||m q ji`|ncak q `t|` mkt|m c}nond` q

gnd}|ncak6 q d`s um|a`d`s d`kdm mi c|mcagamkt` ms gs imkt`? }k` d}|nktm in ji`|ncak q

`t|` ni jakni dmi um|a`d` zmhmtntaz`+ In nc}g}incak dm gntm|an smcn dmi cnkùq ms

smgmonktm n in nc}g}incak dm gntm|an smcn mk |ncag`s) dmg`st|nkd` in agu`|tnkcan dmikgm|` dm |ncag`s s`l|m in u|`d}ctazadnd dm ins cmuns+

1


62/466

Akt|`d}ccak Hmkm|ni

Sa lamk ms cam|t` ~}m in u|`d}ccak dm }zn dmumkdm dm jnct`|ms qn dmjakad`s mk mi

caci` u|msmktm "gn|c` dm uinktncak) akd}ccak ji`|ni) |msm|zns nc}g}indns mk mi caci`

nktm|a`|) cn|hn)!) in mtnun dm gnd}|ncak ms dmcasazn un|n in mru|msak dm in

u`tmkcaniadnd u|`d}ctazn ~}m }kn zn|amdnd u|msmktn mk }k gmda` dnd`+ Mk mstn mtnun) ms

dmtm|gaknktm in nctazadnd j`t`sakttacn dm ins bòns q ins |minca`kms j}mktm n s}gadm|`+ Dm

tni j`|gn ~}m) sa in c`glakncak dm mst`s c`kdaca`knktms k` ms jnz`|nlim) sm u}mdm um|dm|

un|tm dm in u`tmkcaniadnd u|`d}ctazn) u`| momgui`) dmlad` n smkmscmkcans jìan|ms u|mc`cms

` n in u|msmkcan dm j}m|tms s}gadm|`s dajm|mktms dm i`s |ncag`s+

U`| i` tnkt`) un|n }kn c`||mctn gnd}|ncak dm in }zn) mk cnktadnd q c`gu`sacak dm

g`st`) in c}lam|tn zmhmtni dmlm|n dmsn||ìin| |uadngmktm s} s}um|jacam jìan| bnstn

nicnkn| i`s zni`|ms utag`s q m~}aial|nd`s) ~}m mzatmk c`gumtmkcans mkt|m c|mcagamkt`

zmhmtntaz` q gnd}|ncak dm ins lnqns+ ]kn cmun m~}aial|ndn ms n~}miin ~}m u|msmktn }kn

nctazadnd dm ins j}mktms tni ~}m um|gatm nicnkn| in u|`d}ctazadnd u`tmkcani c`k in cniadnd

dmsmndn q ~}m nsmh}|n }kn c`||mctn gnd}|ncak dm ins un|tms um|gnkmktms im`sns)

|msu`ksnlims dmi dmsn||ìi` q in jm|taiadnd dmi sah}amktm n`+ U`| `t|` ind`) sm| agu`|tnktm

~}m in s}um|jacam jìan| smn snkn q mjacamktm d}|nktm in mtnun dm gnd}|ncak) mzatnkd`

smkmscmkcans u|mc`cms ~}m c`gu|`gmtnk in gnd}|ncak+

In d}|ncak dmi um|a`d` dm nc}g}incak dm sì}t`s mk i`s |ncag`s dmumkdm| dm in

s}um|jacam jìan| j`t`sakttacngmktm dasu`kalim un|n }kn cnktadnd dm c`smcbn dmtm|gakndn)

dm in i`khmzadnd j`t`sakttacn dm dacbn s}um|jacam jìan| "dmi tamgu` mk mi ~}m in cnuncadnd

j`t`sakttacn dm in s}um|jacam jìan| um|gnkmcn c`k kazmims ndmc}nd`s nktms dm mkt|n| mk

smkmscmkcan!) dm in j}m|n dm i`s |ncag`s c`g` s}gadm|`s q dmi kazmi dm c`gumtmkcan c`k

`t|`s s}gadm|`sc`ks}gad`|ms u`tmkcanims "uacms zmhmtntaz`s mk c|mcagamkt`) mimgmkt`s

mst|}ct}|nims!) dmi gac|`ciagn jìan| msumcanigmktm mi i}gak`s`) t|gac` m bah|`gt|ac` ni` in|h` dmi um|a`d`+ C}nkt` gs cm|cnk`s mstk mst`s c`kdaca`knktms dm in sat}ncak

utagn) gs aktmksn sm| in nc}g}incak mk in lnqn+

H|nk un|tm dm ins zn|amdndms dm zad un|n zakajacncak) mk Msunn) mstk c`kd}cadns

c`k sastmgns zm|tacnims) d`kdm i`s ugunk`s sm cì`cnk j`|gnkd` }k un|nimimuumd`) q

d`kdm i`s |ncag`s sm satnk mk ins `kns gs akjm|a`|ms q mru}mstns+ Mst`s cnkùan

dmsn||ìink }kn s}um|jacam jìan| ~}m mst gs ` gmk`s da|mctngmktm mru}mstn n in|ndancak sìn| n g}q mimznd` UN\+ Mi |mst` dm ins bòns sm mkc}mkt|nk mk mi aktm|a`| dmi

>5


63/466

Akt|`d}ccak Hmkm|ni

cnkùq) c`k gac|`ciagns dm |ndancak daj}sn q hìums dm i} `) mk cns`s mrt|mg`s) si`

c`k |ndancak daj}sn) q k` c`kt|al}a|k mrcmsazngmktm n in j`t`sktmsas hi`lni dm in cmun+

U`| mii`) mk k}mst|`s sastmgns dm c`kd}ccak zm|tacnims) ms agu`|tnktm c`k`cm| ~}

bòns s`k ins u|akcaunims |msu`ksnlims dm in nsagaincak hi`lni dm in cmun q ~} j|nccak dm

in s}um|jacam jìan| dmsn||ìindn u}mdm sm| c`ksadm|ndn un|sat` dmlad` n in |msu}mstn

j`t`sakttacn ~}m g}mst|nk j|mktm ni gac|`ciagn i}gak`s`) t|gac` m bah|`gt|ac` ni ~}m

mstk s`gmtadns) q dndns s}s cn|nctm|stacns akt|ksmcns+ Mstm c`k`cagamkt` jncaiatn| in

t`gn dm dmcasa`kms |n`kndn) mk t|gak`s dm ùtagancak) |msumct` ni sastmgn dm

c`kd}ccak q `t|ns ùm|nca`kms dm c}itaz` ~}m njmctmk ni dmsn||ìi` q gac|`ciagn jìan|+

Dnd` mi unumi j}kdngmktni ~}m ins bòns tamkmk mk in nc}g}incak dm ncn|ms u`|

in lnqn) mstm t|nlno` u|mtmkdm cn|nctm|an| in s}um|jacam jìan| dmi zamd` q dmi ugunk` mk

in mtnun dm gnd}|ncak) tnkt` mk cnktadnd c`g` mk s} dasu`sacak mk mi msunca` q tamgu`)

mst` ms) s} mru`sacak n in |ndancak sìn| da|mctn q s} u`|`sadnd+ U`| `t|n un|tm) ms

aktm|msnktm c`k`cm| cn|nctm|stacns g`|jìhacns dmi ugunk`) tnims c`g` mi tau` dm bòns

~}m i` c`gu`kmk q s}s dajm|mktms mdndms) in u|msmkcan dm s}gadm|`s '|ncag`s) nktacaund`s)

uacm zmhmtntaz` m akci}s` bòns aktm|kns') un|n akjm|a| i`s u`salims mjmct`s s`l|m in

gnd}|ncak dm s}s |ncag`s q i`s g`zagamkt`s dm nsagaind`s+

N jak dm mst}dan| in akji}mkcan dm i`s jnct`|ms ciagtac`s q jasaìhac`s s`l|m mi

c`gu`|tngamkt` jasaìhac` jìan| mk cngu`) sm gada in |msu}mstn dm in j`t`sktmsas

nun|mktm q dm in c`kd}ctnkcan mst`gtacn nktm mi akc|mgmkt` un}intak` dm in mkm|hn

i}gak`sn) q mi gac|`ciagn i}gak`s` dmi c`ko}kt` dm bòns dmi cnkùq+ Sm miahmk mstns

|msu}mstns NUN\ q HsUN\ q mstm gac|`ciagn u`|~}m in i} sìn| ms }k` dm i`s jnct`|ms

gs agu`|tnktms ~}m njmctnk ni aktm|cngla` hnsm`s` dm in zan+

In mstagncak dm dm in j`t`sktmsas kmtn gadamkd` i`s aktm|cngla`s hnsm`s`s n kazmi

dm bòn) n}k~}m ms }kn tckacn ziadn) u|msmktn }kn sm|am dm iagatnca`kms c}nkd` sm

mrt|nuìnk i`s |ms}itnd`s n t`dn in uinktn) qn ~}m) mk in nsagaincak kmtn) aktm|zamkmk

k}gm|`s`s nsumct`s? ins dajm|mkcans dm mdnd mk ins bòns) s} c`ktmkad` mk ci`|`jain) in

|msua|ncak dm i`s tmoad`s zmhmtntaz`s q |mu|`d}ctaz`s) mst|s latac`s ` nlatac`s q

zn|anca`kms ndaca`knims dmladns n dajm|mkcans dmkt|` dm in uinktn ` mkt|m uinktns c`g`c`ksmc}mkcan dm in cn|hn mk |ncag`s) dm in u|`ragadnd dm s}gadm|`s dm cn|l`bad|nt`s q dm

>>


64/466

Akt|`d}ccak Hmkm|ni

|minca`kms j}mktms}gadm|` dastaktns+ U`| mii`) sm |mnian|`k gmdadns dmi aktm|cngla`

hnsm`s`) n t|nzs dm c}|zns dm i}) mk }k nguia` nlnkac` dm c`kdaca`kms nglamktnims q

laìhacns) ins gs |mu|msmktntazns dmi cnkùq dm i`s zamd`s gmdatm||km`s mk in mtnun dm

gnd}|ncak+ Mstns gmdadns sm c`guimgmktn|`k c`k in c}nktajacncak dm in gntm|an smcn

nc}g}indn mk i`s dastakt`s |hnk`s |mk`znlims dm in cmun) d}|nktm in mtnun dm gnd}|ncak)

qn ~}m ms }kn bm||ngamktn ~}m um|gatm c}nktajacn| mi lninkcm hi`lni mkt|m in j`t`sktmsas

l|}tn q in |msua|ncak dmi c`ko}kt` dm in cmun+

>+>+>+ BAUTMSAS DM UN\TADN Q @LOMTAZ@S UINKTMND@S

K}mst|n zatac}it}|n nct}ni) s`l|m t`d` n~}miin ~}m sm dmsn||ìin mk ciagns

gmdatm||km`s'ciad`s) n gmk}d` sm mkj|mktn n gnd}|nca`kms dm in }zn dmsm~}aial|ndns)

samkd` mstn sat}ncak cndn zm gs |mc}||mktm dndns ins mrumctntazns ~}m uinktmn mi cngla`

ciagtac`+ U`| mii`) sm dmlm| |mc`ksadm|n| g}cb`s dm i`s nsumct`s dm in c`kd}ccak q

gnkmo` dmi zamd`) ~}m bnstn nb`|n sm c`ksadm|nlnk nu|ùand`s+

T|nlno`s u|mza`s bnk u}mst` dm gnkajamst` ~}m in gnd}|ncak sncn|agt|acn dm in

}zn dmumkdm dm jnct`|ms dm u|`d}ccak tnims c`g` in s}um|jacam jìan| t`tni "msumcanigmktm

in dmi ugunk` d`kdm sm mkc}mkt|m mi |ncag` q in mru}mstn n in |ndancak da|mctn!) dm in

u|`d}ccak j`t`sakttacn dm nsagaind`s q dm s} |mun|t` mkt|m |hnk`s u|`d}ct`|ms qc`ks}gad`|ms) q mk gmk`| gmdadn) dm in g`zaiancak dm |msm|zns+

Sa tmkmg`s mk c}mktn ~}m i`s ncn|ms dm in }zn u|`cmdmk mk u|agm|n akstnkcan dm

in j`t`sktmsas) ms ihac` c`ksadm|n| in i} q in s}um|jacam jìan| c`g` c`kdaca`knktms

lsac`s dm in gnd}|ncak+ Ns) u`| i` tnkt`) sa mrastam|n }k dmsm~}aial|a` mkt|m in s}um|jacam

jìan| q mi |mkdagamkt`) ` mkt|m st`s q mi gac|`ciagn i}gak`s`) sm|n u|`lnlim ~}m in

gnd}|ncak dm in }zn k` j}m|n c`guimtn? c`ktmkad`s mk ncn|ms aks}jacamktms u`|mrcmsaz`s |mkdagamkt`s ` ng`kt`kngamkt`s dm bòns q` |ncag`s) ncadm nitn u`| nit`s

|mkdagamkt`s ` lnon u`| mrcmsazn mru`sacak i}gak`sn) mtc+

Mk mstm smktad`) in gnd}|ncak ms mi um|a`d` gs c`gu|`gmtad`) mi gs dmcasaz`+

@lzangmktm stn ms }kn mtnun c`kdaca`kndn u`| ins nktm|a`|ms qn ~}m mk miins sm dmsn||ìin

q c`guimtn in s}um|jacam jìan| "c}qn nctazadnd j`t`sakttacn dmumkdm dm in mdnd q in

nciagntncak nicnkndn u`| ins bòns c`k nktm|a`|adnd!) sm jaknian in dajm|mkcancak dm ins

akji`|mscmkcans) q sm mstnlimcm mi m~}aial|a`? c|mcagamkt` zmhmtntaz`'c|mcagamkt`

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65/466

Akt|`d}ccak Hmkm|ni

u|`d}ctaz`'nglamktm+ K` `lstnktm) mk in zad q ni akaca` dm in mtnun dm gnd}|ncak) in

mc}ncak dmi m~}aial|a` tamkm }k t|gak` dmtm|gaknd` ~}m ms in cnktadnd dm }zn) q d`s

akdmtm|gaknd`s ~}m s`k mi c|mcagamkt` zmhmtntaz` q mi nglamktm+

N un|ta| dmi mkzm|`) in nctazadnd j`t`sakttacn zn mkcngakndn n sntasjncm| ins

kmcmsadndms dm i`s |ncag`s) c}qn j}m|n c`g` s}gadm|`s ms g}q aktmksn q si` u}mdm

zm|sm c`gu|`gmtadn u`| in j}m|n dm uacms zmhmtntaz`s mk nctaz` c|mcagamkt`+ Sa tmkmg`s

mk c}mktn ~}m ins tmgum|nt}|ns q mi |hagmk dm u|mcauatnca`kms dm in zatac}it}|n

gmdatm||kmn satnk in un|ndn zmhmtntazn nktms dmi mkzm|`) nznindn u`| i`s dmsu}ktms

c}nkd` sm c`guimtn mi dmsn||ìi` dmi cnkùq) in j`|gn dm nct}n| s`l|m in gnd}|ncak ms n

t|nzs dm in d}|ncak q in aktmksadnd dm in nc}g}incak dm nsagaind`s mk in lnqn+

Mst}da`s |mniand`s mk zad bnk c`kci}ad` ~}m in d}|ncak dmi um|a`d` dm

nc}g}incak dmumkdm dm in s}um|jacam jìan| j`t`sakttacngmktm dasu`kalim un|n }kn

cnktadnd dm c`smcbn dmtm|gakndn6 dm in i`khmzadnd dm dacbn s}um|jacam jìan| "dmi tamgu`

mk mi ~}m in cnuncadnd j`t`sakttacn dm in s}um|jacam jìan| um|gnkmcn c`k kazmims

ndmc}nd`s nktms dm mkt|n| mk smkmscmkcan!6 dm in j}m|n dm i`s |ncag`s c`g` s}gadm|`s q

dmi kazmi dm c`gumtmkcan c`k `t|`s s}gadm|`s u`tmkcanims6 dmi gac|`ciagn jìan|)

msumcanigmktm mi i}gak`s`) t|gac` m bah|`gt|ac`6 dm in |msua|ncak q dm in

j`t`||msua|ncak6 q dm in g`zaiancak dm |msm|zns+

U`| `t|` ind`) q n}k~}m in i} ms mi jnct`| gs dmtm|gaknktm dm in j`t`sktmsas)

mrastmk `t|`s jnct`|ms ~}m g`d}ink in |msu}mstn j`t`sakttacn jìan|) tnkt` akt|ksmc`s c`g`

mrt|ksmc`s n in uinktn+ Mkt|m i`s u|agm|`s mst in hmktacn) in mdnd jìan|) in u`sacak dm in

bòn mk mi ugunk` q mk mi cnkùq) q mi mstnd` bd|ac` dm in uinktn+ Mkt|m i`s jnct`|ms

mrt|ksmc`s dmstncnk in tmgum|nt}|n) in b}gmdnd |mintazn q mi djacat dm u|msak dm znu`|+

C`k`cm| cg` sm u|`d}cmk i`s j`t`nsagaind`s q cg` sm dast|al}qmk bncan i`s

|ncag`s mk mi t|nksc}|s` dm in gnd}|ncak) k`s nq}dn| n gnkau}in| ins c`kdaca`kms mk ins

~}m t|nlnonk ins bòns q gnd}|nk ins lnqns bncan }kn sat}ncak dm m~}aial|a`+ M~}aial|a` k`

si` mkt|m mi c|mcagamkt` zmhmtntaz` q u|`d}ctaz`) sak` tnglak c`k ins c`kdaca`kms

nglamktnims q c}it}|nims) c`k ins cn|nctm|stacns dmi tkdmg zn|amdnd'unt|k) q c`k i`s

`lomtaz`s c}niatntaz`s dm in }zn+

>3


66/466

Akt|`d}ccak Hmkm|ni

U`| t`d` mii`) sm uinktm in sah}amktm bautmsas dm un|tadn? sa c}nktajacng`s i`s

mjmct`s dm i`s c`kdaca`knktms mrt|ksmc`s m akt|ksmc`s s`l|m in j`t`sktmsas mk mi um|a`d`

dm gnd}|ncak) u`d|mg`s uinkajacn| g`dajacnca`kms dm c}itaz` ~}m u|`z`~}mk cngla`s

jnz`|nlims mk miin q) u`| i` tnkt`) mk in u|`d}ctazadnd dm in cmun q mk in gnd}|ncak dm in

lnqn+

Dacbns g`dajacnca`kms sm s}stmktn|k mk ins bm||ngamktns ~}m tamkm in zatac}it}|n q

s`l|m in lnsm dm }kn akj`|gncak c`guimtn q `lomtazn+ U`| mii`) sm uinktmn }kn smh}kdn

bautmsas dm|azndn dm in u|agm|n? sa mi unumi dmi nh}n ms j}kdngmktni mk in nctazadnd

j`t`sakttacn) ns c`g` mk mi t|nksu`|tm dm s}stnkcans) mk mi c|mcagamkt`) q mk in

t|nksua|ncak6 q mi |amh` um|gatm gnkau}in| mi mstnd` bd|ac` dm in cmun mk ciagns

gmdatm||km`s6 mkt`kcms) }kn hmstak |n`kndn dmi |amh` u`d| u|`z`cn| cngla`s

jnz`|nlims mk in j`t`sktmsas) mk in u|`d}ctazadnd dm in cmun q mk in gnd}|ncak dm in lnqn+

Ms dmca|) mi |amh` sm| }kn dm ins bm||ngamktns j}kdngmktnims un|n nicnkn| k}mzns

c`kdaca`kms dm t|nlno` un|n bòns q |ncag`s mk mstm gn|c` ~}m uinktmn mi cngla`

ciagtac`+

C`k`cadns ins gitauims aktm|ncca`kms ~}m mrastmk mkt|m t`d`s i`s jnct`|ms ~}m

njmctnk n in u|`d}ctazadnd mk c`kdaca`kms dm cngu`) sm| kmcmsn|a` c`k`cm| in s}um|jacam

jìan|) in nls`|cak q dast|al}cak i}gak`sn) ins |minca`kms j}mktms}gadm|`) q ins

c`kdaca`kms dm c}itaz` mk ins ~}m sm |mnian in j`t`sktmsas d}|nktm mi um|a`d` dm

gnd}|ncak) ns c`g` mi mstnd` mk mi ~}m sm iimhn n mstm um|a`d`+

U`| itag`) k` bnq ~}m ìzadn| ~}m ins zn|amdndms u|msmktnk }kn nutat}d akt|ksmcn

dm ndnutncak n }k`s gmda`s dmtm|gaknd`s+ U`| mii`) sm dmcadm |mnian| mi gasg` tau` dm

t|nlno` s`l|m d`s zn|amdndms dajm|mktms q c}qn u|msmkcan mk in zatac}it}|n dm `knsgmdatm||kmns'ciadns ms agu`|tnktm? Tmgu|nkaii` q Cnlm|kmt Sn}zahk`k+ U`| }k ind`) sm

c|mm ~}m Tmgu|nkaii` u|`cmdm dmi k`|tm dm Msunn) q ~}m Cnlm|kmt Sn}zahk`k ms

`|ahakn|a` dm in `kn l`|dmimsn dm J|nkcan+ U`| `t|` ind`) mk in `kn dm mst}da`) mi caci` dm

Cnlm|kmt Sn}zahk`k ms gs in|h` ~}m mi dm Tmgu|nkaii`) samkd` Tmgu|nkaii` gs u|mc`

mk s} dmsl`||m q gnd}|ncak+

>4


67/466

Akt|`d}ccak Hmkm|ni

Dm mstn j`|gn) mi `lomtaz` dm mstm t|nlno` ms u|`j}kdan| mk mi c`k`cagamkt` dm in

u|`d}ctazadnd dm in cmun d}|nktm in gnd}|ncak) i` ~}m uinktmn }k c`k`cagamkt` gs

u|`j}kd` dm?

Ins cn|nctm|stacns hm`gt|acns dm sastmgns ZSU mk mi um|a`d` dm gnd}|ncak dm

in lnqn+

In nls`|cak dm in |ndancak ~}m `jm|tn mi gmda`) q mi gac|`ciagn i}gak`s` dmi

cnkùq+

In nctazadnd j`t`sakttacn dm ins bòns u|msmktms mk mi cnkùq d}|nktm mi um|a`d`

dm gnd}|ncak) mk mi msunca`) mk mi tamgu` q mk ins c`kdaca`kms ~}m sm u|msmktnk mk

cngu`? akji}mkcan dm i`s jnct`|ms ciagtac`s q jasaìhac`s+

In u|`d}ccak q nc}g}incak dm gntm|an smcn mk i`s |hnk`s |mk`znlims dm in zad

d}|nktm in mtnun dm gnd}|ncak? t|nsi`cnca`kms dm nsagaind`s mkt|m bòns q |ncag`s

d}|nktm in mtnun dm gnd}|ncak+

Mi unumi dmi nh}n dm |amh`) dmkt|` dm i`s |amh`s dmjacatn|a`s c`kt|ìnd`s) mk in

u|`d}ccak dm nsagaind`s q mk s} dast|al}cak+

U`| itag`) stm ms }k t|nlno` nlam|t`) qn ~}m s} gmt`dì`hn q s}s |ms}itnd`s u}mdmk

sm| }taiand`s mk mi j}t}|` un|n in g`dmiancak dmi c`gu`|tngamkt` dm in zad d}|nktm in

mtnun dm gnd}|ncak+

>=


68/466

Gntm|ani q Gt`d`s Hmkm|ni+

>+++ I@CNIA_NCAK Q CN\NCTM\STACNS DM C]ITAZ@

Mi t|nlno` mrum|agmktni sm iimz n cnl` mk d`s i`cnianca`kms q zn|amdndms

dastaktns) dmsn||ìikd`sm in un|tm mrum|agmktni dm cngu` s`l|m in zn|amdnd Cnlm|kmt

Sn}zahk`k mk }kn un|cmin mrum|agmktni dm in C`g}kadnd dm Gnd|ad mk mi Cmkt|`

Zatazakcìn Mi S`c`||`) um|tmkmcamktm ni Akstat}t` dm Tmckì`hn q Dmsn||ìi` Nh|n|a`

dm in C`ksmom|n dm Gmda` Nglamktm6 q s`l|m in zn|amdnd Tmgu|nkaii` mk }kn un|cmin

mrum|agmktni dm in ]kazm|sadnd Uìatckacn dm Gnd|ad sat}ndn mk i`s Cngu`s dm

u|ctacns dm in Msc}min Tckacn S}um|a`| dm Akhmkam|`s Nh|k`g`s+

>++>+ MKSNQ@ C@K CNLM\KMT SN]ZAHK@K

Mi zamd` mrum|agmktni sm i`cnian mkt|m i`s t|gak`s g}kacaunims dm Lmig`ktm

dm Tno`) Cìgmkn| dm @|mon q Znidminh}kn) samkd` s}s c``|dmkndns hm`h|jacns 45 2

K`|tm q 3 111) n }k gn|c` dm +> g "3:3:

cmunsbn+!) c`k jains `|amktndns K`|tm'S}| m akom|tndn s`l|m S@4+ Mi sastmgn dmj`|gncak j}m mk c`|dk \`qnt }kaintm|ni) dm 5+2 g dm nit}|n dm t|`kc` q u`dnd` n

u}ihn|ms dm d`s qmgns zastns) dmonkd` }kn cn|hn akacani dm >< n >4 qmgns u`| cmun ~}m

i}mh` sm no}st mk u`dn mk zm|dm un|n ~}m k` mrcmdamsm in cn|hn u|mzastn+ In c`kd}ccak

dm i`s ugunk`s j}m zm|tacni mk msunidm|n+

Mi gntm|ani `|ahakni dmi tm||mk` mk mi ~}m sm }lacn mi mksnq` s`k gn|hns q cnians6

mi d|mknom ms l}mk` q in umd|mh`sadnd) i`s nji`|ngamkt`s |`c`s`s q in sniakadnds}um|jacani s`k k}i`s6 in un|cmin sm satn ni jakni dm }kn indm|n) samkd` ins umkdamktms

akjm|a`|ms ni >-+

Ins cn|nctm|stacns jsacns q ~}gacns dmi s}mi` sm dmtniink mk in tnlin >++ Mk in

gasgn sm |mc`hm in dmsc|aucak dm i`s b`|a`ktms dmi um|jai dmi s}mi` bnstn >85 cg dm

u|`j}kdadnd) s} cinsajacncak smhk mi gt`d` ]SDN ">112!) ns c`g` s} nkiasas

tmrt}|ni) mi c`ktmkad` mk gntm|an `|hkacn) in c`kd}ctazadnd mict|acn) mi uB) mi

c`ktmkad` mk cnian nctazn) i`s cnta`kms mrt|nlims q in cnuncadnd dm aktm|cngla`

>:


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cntakac`+ K` bnq iagatnca`kms mdjacns jsacns ka ~}gacns u`| ins c}nims u}mdn zm|sm

njmctnd` nihk t|ntngamkt`+

Tnlin >++? Cn|nctm|stacns mdnj`ihacns dm in un|cmin dm mksnq`+

U| j}kdadnd "cg! B`|a`ktm hmk|ac` Cinsajacncak "]SDN) >112!5'>2 Nu

>2'45 N>> 2)= 5)=345 ' :< 5)=1 5)>> 2)4 5)44

:< ' 25 5):3 5)>< 2): )5>25 ' >85 5)3= 5)1)=1 >)4 5)> )=1 >445 ' :< 5)3= 8 85 5)3 > >)4 5)== >4)8: 5

T`dns ins tckacns dm c}itaz` "nl`knd`) t|ntngamkt` jat`snkatn|a`) gnktmkagamkt`

dmi s}mi`) mtc+! bnk sad` nuiacndns u`| ah}ni mk t`dn in un|cmin mrum|agmktni q samgu|m

ntmkdamkd` n }k c`||mct` c}itaz` dmi zamd`+ Mi gnktmkagamkt` dmi s}mi` sm |mnia

gmdanktm }k c`kt|`i dm in c}lam|tn knt}|ni u`| dmsl|`nd`+

>++8


70/466


Ins cmuns dmi mksnq` sm uinktn|`k mk >115) n }k gn|c` dm < r >+< g "4>::

cmunsbn!) c`k `|amktncak K`|tm'S}|) m akom|tndns s`l|m \acbtm|'>>5+ Mi sastmgn dm

c`kd}ccak j}m mk c`|dk \`qnt d`lim) dm 5+: g dm nit}|n dm t|`kc` q dmonkd` }kn cn|hn

akacani dm >4 qmgns u`| cmun) ~}m i}mh` sm no}st mk u`dn mk zm|dm+ In c`kd}ccak dm

i`s ugunk`s j}m zm|tacni mk msunidm|n) dmsn||`iinkd` }k cnk`uq dm }k`s >>='>35 cg dm

nit}|n+

Ins cn|nctm|stacns jsacns q ~}gacns dmi s}mi` dmi zamd` mrum|agmktni sm

dmtniink mk in tnlin >+55h!Cn nctazn

"-!

5 ' 35 cg 8)= >4)21 >= J|nkc`'N|mk`s` >)3> 3)>5 cg >8)4 1)=3 2)3> N|mk`s`'J|nkc` 8)4 >=)8= = 2)= 5)3:

:5 ' >>5 cg 2: 44):< 38)=4 5)1> 2)3 5)3=8 >4'o}k >:= >8> >+


74/466

T "C!

5

=

>5

>=

5

=

>5

>=

5

=5

>55

>=5

:55

>255


75/466


ii}zans |mhast|ndns mk :>4

h|nd`s+dn q sm |mhast|nk >:1 gg dm ii}zans q 843 gg dm mznu`t|nksua|ncak u`tmkcani+

Mk 35 dns) d`kdm sm nc}g}ink >+


76/466


Mkt|m l|`tncak q zmkdagan dm 2< dns) sm nc}g}ink >14 dns) d`kdm sm nc}g}ink >823 h|nd`s+dn) sm

|mhast|nk 8:+1 gg dm ii}zans mjmctazns q 1+++ DASM@ Q DASU@SATAZ@ MRUM\AGMKTNI

Mi dasu`sataz` mrum|agmktni hmkm|ni c`||msu`kdm n }k dasm` mk li`~}ms ni nn|)

t|ms mk in un|cmin dm Cnlm|kmt Sn}zahk`k q c}nt|` mk in dm Tmgu|nkaii`+ S`k un|cmins

dasmndns c`k }k sastmgn dm |amh` u`| h`tm` ~}m um|gatm zn|an| in d`sas dm nh}n n t|nzs

dm ziz}ins dm cam||m akdazad}nims+ I`s t|ntngamkt`s ~}m sm mstnlimcmk sm lnsnk mk d`s

kazmims dm |amh` dmjacatn|a`? djacat g`dm|nd` "DG! q djacat smzm|` "DS!+

Mk Cnlm|kmt Sn}zahk`k) cndn li`~}m c`ktamkm >3 jains dm >< cmuns+ Cndn }k` dm

i`s t|ntngamkt`s sm nuiacn mk cndn li`~}m n 4 = jains c`ktah}ns) nct}nkd` c`g` l`|dms

ins jains intm|nims ns c`g` ins d`s cmuns mrt|mgns dm ins jains cmkt|nims+ Si` sm t`gn|`k

dnt`s mk ins


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in uinktn) mst` ms) }k u`|cmktnom dm in mznu`t|nksua|ncak dmi c}itaz` dm |mjm|mkcan "MT5!

iingndn c`mjacamktm dm c}itaz` "fc!+

In d`sas dm |amh` n nuiacn| "\! sm dmtm|gakn) c`k um|a`dacadnd smgnkni) n un|ta|

dm in MT5 dm in smgnkn nktm|a`|) |mstnkd` in u|mcauatncak mjmctazn "Um!) sa in b}lamsm) q

c`||ahamkd` mi |ms}itnd` c`k in mjacamkcan dmi sastmgn dm |amh` "15-!?

\ 7 "Fc MT` ' Um! >5+1

I`s c`mjacamktms dm c}itaz` dmi djacat g`dm|nd` "DG! q dmi djacat smzm|` "DS!

j}m|`k? 5)4 q 5)< |msumctazngmktm mk Tmgu|nkaii`6 q mk Cnlm|kmt Sn}zahk`k sm

g`dajacn|`k mk za|t}d dm ins cn|nctm|stacns ciagtacns dmi n`+ Mk 2> mk 13 mk


78/466


mk tngn` h}asnktm "dn


79/466


Mi cnut}i` AA nb`kdn mk ins cn|nctm|stacns hm`gt|acns dm sastmgns ZSU mk mi

um|a`d` dm gnd}|ncak dm in lnqn+ Dnd` mi unumi j}kdngmktni ~}m ins bòns tamkmk mk in

nc}g}incak dm ncn|ms u`| in lnqn) sm cn|nctm|a in s}um|jacam jìan| dmi zamd` q dmi

ugunk` mk gnd}|ncak) tnkt` mk cnktadnd c`g` mk dasu`sacak mk mi msunca` q tamgu`

"dm mkzm|` n gnd}|ncak!+ Ins cn|nctm|stacns g`|jìhacns dmi ugunk`) tnims c`g` mi

tau` dm bòns ~}m i` c`gu`kmk q s}s dajm|mktms mdndms) in u|msmkcan dm s}gadm|`s '

|ncag`s) nktacaund`s) uacm zmhmtntaz` m akci}s` bòns aktm|kns') njmctn|k n in cnuncadnd

u`tmkcani dmi gasg` un|n nsmh}|n| in c`||mctn gnd}|ncak dm s}s |ncag s q c`kdaca`kn|

i`s g`zagamkt`s dm nsagaind`s+ T`d` mii` bncm aktm|msnktm mi mst}da` u`|gmk`|and` dm

in n|~}atmct}|n dmi cnkùq q dm in g`|jì`hn dm i`s ugunk`s ~}m i` c`kj`|gnk+

Mi cnut}i` AAA zm|sn s`l|m in nls`|cak dm in |ndancak ~}m `jm|tn mk gmda` u`|

mi cnkùq) q dmi gac|`ciagn i}gak`s` mk mi gasg`+ In i} sìn| ms }k` dm i`s jnct`|ms

gs agu`|tnktms ~}m njmctnk n in cnuncadnd j`t`sakttacn dm in zan) ms dmca|) n s}

u|`d}ctazadnd+ U`| `t|` ind`) in aktmksadnd i}gak`sn akji}qm mk ins c`kdaca`kms t|gacns

m bah|`gt|acns dm ins bòns q u`| c`ksah}amktm dm in c}lam|tn zmhmtni dm in cmun+ Mstm

gac|`ciagn dmi cnkùq i}gak`s`) t|gac` m bah|`gt|ac`' g`d}in| in |msu}mstn

jasaìhacn dm ins bòns+ U`| mii`) ms agu`|tnktm cn|nctm|an| mi lninkcm dm |ndancak

j`t`sakttacngmktm nctazn "UN\! q mi gac|`ciagn i}gak`s` dm in cmun ` dmi zamd`+

Mi cnut}i` AZ |mjimon mi c`gu`|tngamkt` j`t`sakttac` dm in bòn mk mi um|a`d`

dm gnd}|ncak+ In j`t`sktmsas q in c`kd}ctnkcan mst`gtacn dm in zad mstk

c`kdaca`knd`s u`| }k c`ko}kt` dm jnct`|ms nglamktnims "aktmksadnd i}gak`sn)

tmgum|nt}|n) b}gmdnd ntg`sj|acn) in niagmktncak bd|acn! q laìhac`s "mdnd jìan|)

tau` dm bòn) nutat}d zn|amtni) nciagntncak n in i}! ~}m u|msmktnk }kn j}m|tm zn|anlaiadnd

msunca`'tmgu`|ni+ N jak dm mst}dan| in akji}mkcan dm i`s jnct`|ms ciagtac`s q jasaìhac`ss`l|m mi c`gu`|tngamkt` j`t`sakttac` dm ins bòns dm zadms dmsn||ìindns mk cngu`) sm

gada in |msu}mstn dm in j t`sktmsas kmtn q dm in c`kd}ctnkcan mst`gtacn nktm mi

akc|mgmkt` un}intak` dm in mkm|hn i}gak`sn d}|nktm in mtnun dm gnd}|ncak+ Sm miahmk

mstns |msu}mstns u`|~}m in i} sìn| ms }k` dm i`s jnct`|ms gs agu`|tnktms ~}m njmctnk

ni aktm|cngla` hnsm`s` dm in zan+

Mi cnut}i` Z t|ntn s`l|m in u|`d}ccak q nc}g}incak dm gntm|an smcn mk i`s|hnk`s |mk`znlims dm in zad d}|nktm in mtnun dm gnd}|ncak+ N t|nzs dmi u|`cms`


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j`t`sakttac`) in uinktn `ltamkm in mkm|hn q mi gntm|ani kmcmsn|a` un|n in la`sktmsas dm

s}s mst|}ct}|ns q mi gnktmkagamkt` dm s}s j}kca`kms zatnims+ Mi lninkcm hi`lni mkt|m mstn

j`t`sktmsas l|}tn q in |msua|ncak u}mdm sm| c}nktajacnd` n t|nzs dm in gmdadn dm in

gntm|an smcn nc}g}indn d}|nktm mi caci` zatni dm in uinktn+ Ins b`ons s`k ins j}mktms dm

nsagaind`s mk in gnd}|ncak dmlad` n s} nctazadnd j`t`sakttacn) q mi |mst` dm ins

mst|}ct}|ns dm in uinktn) ~}m i`s dmgnkdnk un|n s} }taiancak q nc}g}incak) s`k i`s

s}gadm|`s+ In nctazadnd j`t`sakttacn dm ins j}mktms q in j}m|n dm in dmgnkdn dm i`s

s}gadm|`s s`k lsac`s n in b`|n dm dmjaka| ins t|nsi`cnca`kms dm nsagaind`s mkt|m mstns

d`s jah}|ns) q u`| i` tnkt` n in b`|n dm mktmkdm| in dast|al}cak dm in gntm|an smcn

u|`d}cadn u`| in uinktn mk s} caci` zatni mkt|m s}s dajm|mktms |hnk`s+


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Jah}|n >+

L3

L+3+? Ms~}mgn dmi dasu`sataz` mrum|agmktni dm in un|cmin dm Tmgu|nkaii`+

L4

L3

L

DG DS

DG DS

K@\TM

S]\Cmuns c`kt|`i

Cmuns l`|dm

DG

DS

DS

DG

35


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CNUT]I@ AA

CN\NCTM\STACNS HM@GT\ACNS M KDACMS DM ZMHMTNCAK

MK ZSU UN\N CZS+ TMGU\NKAII@ Q CNLM\KMT SN]ZAHK@K+

+ AKT\@D]CCAK+3=


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Akt|`d}ccak? Cn|nctm|stacns hm`gt|acns m kdacms dm zmhmtncak

CNUT]I@ AA? CN\NCTM\STACNS HM@GT\ACNS M KDACMS DM

ZMHMTNCAK MK ZSU UN\N CZS+ TMGU\NKAII@ Q CNLM\KMT

SN]ZAHK@K+

+ AKT\@D]CCAK

In msunidm|n) m~}aznimktm ni t|gak` nkhi`snok zm|tacniiq sb``t u`sata`kmd

"ZSU!) ms }k sastmgn dm c`kd}ccak mk mi ~}m i`s l|`tms ~}m j`|gnk in c}lam|tn zmhmtni

s`k da|ahad`s mk smktad` nscmkdmktm q zm|tacni+ Mk mi c`|dk \`qnt) i`s |hnk`s dm

|mk`zncak s`k u}ihn|ms ~}m sm dast|al}qmk }kaj`|gmgmktm n i` in|h` dmi c`|dk+ In

cn|hn mk qmgns) dmondn mk in u`dn) q in cnuncadnd dm c|mcagamkt` dm i`s ugunk`s ~}ml|`tnk dm ins qmgns) dmjaka|k in cnktadnd q dast|al}cak) mk mi tamgu` q mk mi msunca`)

dm in s}um|jacam jìan|+

U`| sm| smdm dm in nctazadnd j`t`sakttacn) in s}um|jacam jìan| ~}m dmsn||ìin in zad

ms }k jnct`| dmtm|gaknktm dm s} cnuncadnd u|`d}ctazn+ In hm`gmt|n) ms dmca|) in j`|gn

dm in c}lam|tn zmhmtni q s} dmksadnd) znk n dmtm|gakn| in aktm|cmutncak q dast|al}cak dm

in |ndancak u`| in uinktn "Gnl|`}fmt ni+) >118l6 _}jjm|mq q G}|asam|) >11: q >1126

Scb}it >11=! q u`| i` tnkt` mi gac|`ciagn i}gak`s` dm ins bòns "Fntm|oa mt ni+) >114!

~}m c`kdaca`kn| in j`t`sktmsas "Sgn|t) >1836 Scb}it) >11=! q in t|nksua|ncak

"Gnl|`}f mt ni+) >118n!) q c`g` c`ksmc}mkcan in u|`d}ctazadnd "Scb}it) >11=!) mi

|mkdagamkt` q) o}kt` c`k mi gac|`ciagn dm |ncag`s) in cniadnd dm in c`smcbn "Sgn|t)

>1846 Cn|l`kkmn}) >11=6 catnd`s u`| Scb}it) >11=!+

Un|n }kn c`||mctn gnd}|ncak) mk cnktadnd q c`gu`sacak dm g`st` ndmc}nd`s)

in c}lam|tn zmhmtni dmlm|n dmsn||ìin| s} s}um|jacam jìan| |uadngmktm bnstn i`s zni`|ms

utag`s q m~}aial|nd`s q mzatn| c`gumtmkcans mkt|m c|mcagamkt` zmhmtntaz` q

gnd}|ncak dm ins lnqns+ Bnq ~}m u|`c}|n| ~}m in c}lam|tn zmhmtni smn snkn q mjacamktm

d}|nktm mi caci`) q s`l|mt`d` d}|nktm gnd}|ncak) mzatnkd` smkmscmkcans u|mc`cms ~}m

c`gu|`gmtnk in gnd}|ncak dm in lnqn+ In mimccak c`||mctn dm in dastnkcan mkt|m jains q

in nit}|n t`tni dm zmhmtncak mzatn| s`gl|mngamkt`s mrcmsaz`s mkt|m jains) ~}m njmctnk

u|akcaunigmktm n ins `kns akjm|a`|ms dm i`s ugunk`s d`kdm sm mkc}mkt|nk i`s |ncag`s

q ins qmgns dm |mk}mz`+ Mi sastmgn dm c`kd}ccak mimhad` dmlm jnz`|mcm| }k c`||mct`

3=


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gac|`ciagn dm |ncag`s) nc`|dm c`k ins c`kdaca`kms ciagtacns dm in `kn "mk `kns

zatcìns c`k cn|mkcans t|gacns q i}gak`sns ms nc`ksmonlim nitn mru`sacak) mk `kns

ciadns) mzatn| s`l|mmru`sacak!+

Cbngunhkì ">124! dacm ~}m in s}um|jacam jìan| dm }kn zmhmtncak msu`ktkmn `

c}itazndn ms dmi `|dmk dm < n 4 zmcms in dmi s}mi` q mk `cnsa`kms dm : n 2 zmcms+ \mqkam|

"128! q Cbngunhkì ">113! |mc`gamkdnk zni`|ms dm INA dm < g


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Ms agu`|tnktm cn|nctm|an| in dmksadnd dm in c}lam|tn zmhmtni qn ~}m stn akcadm

mk mi gac|`ciagn i}gak`s`) t|gac` m bah|`gt|ac` dm ins bòns q dm i`s |ncag`s+ U`|

}kn un|tm) dmumkdm| dm in dmksadnd dm sn|gamkt`s dmjakad`s mk in cn|hn dm u`dn+ ]k

c`||mct` gnkmo` dm in u`dn um|gata| msunca`s s}jacamktms un|n i`s ugunk`s

dmsn||ìind`s d}|nktm mi caci` q) u`| i` tnkt`) }kn dast|al}cak b`g`hkmn dmi jìinom+

U`stm|a`|gmktm) in cnuncadnd dm c|mcagamkt` dm in c`glakncak c}itazn|'u`|tnakom|t` sm|

in ~}m dmtm|gakn| in dmksadnd dm bòns q |ncag`s u|msmktms mk mi sastmgn dm

c`kd}ccak+ Un|n mzni}n| dacbn dmksadnd jìan| sm bnk dmjakad` dazm|s`s un|gmt|`s m

kdacms+ In |mincak INASN "Sgn|t mt ni+) >12=!) ~}m ms mi akzm|s` dmi kdacm jìan| "AJ!

u|ù}mst` u`| Cn|l`kkmn} ">125!) |mu|msmktn in un|tm gmdan dm s}um|jacam jìan| ~}m sm

lmkmjacan dm }kn uimkn mru`sacak n in i} s in|+ Mi kgm|` dm cnuns dm bòns "IIK) imnj

inqm| k}glm|! dm in c}lam|tn zmhmtni ms `t|` un|gmt|` dm dmksadnd ~}m mznin i`s

ng`kt`kngamkt`s jìan|ms q s`gl|mngamkt`s ~}m st`s u|`d}cmk mk bòns q |ncag`s+

Sgn|t q \`laks`k ">11>! |mc`gamkdnk dm > n >= c`g` zni`|ms utag`s dmi IIK) c`k

}k u`|cmktnom dm bòns aktm|a`|ms gmk`| dmi >5-+ Gaiim| q B`xmii ">112! |mc`gamkdnk

tnglak IIK dm >=) dacamkd` ~}m) c`k mstm zni`|) in c}lam|tn zmhmtni nicnkn s}

dmksadnd utagn sak b}mc`s+

Mi u|akcauni u|`cms` ~}m c`kt|ìn in u|`d}ccak dm gntm|an smcn mk ins uinktns)

akci}adns ins zans) ms in j`|gncak dm in s}um|jacam jìan| ni sm| in u|akcauni s}um|jacam

j`t`sakttacn "\nzn) >1>

i`s l|`tms+ Mi c|mcagamkt` nk}ni dm i`s l|`tms o}mhn }k agu`|tnktm unumi mk in

g`dmiancak dm ins uinktns dm bòn cnd}cn) tnkt` i`s g`dmi`s dakgac`s dm dmsn||ìi`

dm |mn jìan|) c`g` i`s dm nc}g}incak mstnca`kni dm cn|l`bad|nt`s n kazmi dm uinktn)

mstk dmtm|gaknd`s u`| dacb` c|mcagamkt` nk}ni dm i`s l|`tms "O`bks`k q Infs`) >12=6

Scb}it) >11114!+

In nc}g}incak dm gntm|an smcn ms) hmkm|nigmktm) u|ù`|ca`kni n in cnktadnd dm

i} aktm|cmutndn u`| in s}um|jacam jìan|) q in dast|al}cak dm i`s cn|l`bad|nt`s sm |ahm u`|

|minca`kms mkt|m j}mktms q s}gadm|`s+ In j}m|n dm i`s s}gadm|`s tamkm msumcani

agu`|tnkcan) q hmkm|nigmktm mst dmtm|gakndn u`| mi c|mcagamkt` u`tmkcani dmi |hnk`

s}gadm|` q in tnsn gragn dm nc}g}incak dm gntm|an smcn+

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U`| t`d` mii`) ms agu`|tnktm c}nktajacn| i`s mjmct`s dm ins c`kdaca`kms

nglamktnims s`l|m i`s g`dmi`s dm c|mcagamkt` dm i`s l|`tms) un|n |mc`k`cm| ins j}m|ns

dm i`s s}gadm|`s dm|azndns dm st`s+

I`s g`dmi`s ~}m bnk |ms}itnd` dm |minca`kn| mi |mn jìan| q mi mstnd`

jmkìhac`) bnk sad` g}cb`s q g}q zn|and`s mk c`guimoadnd+ I`s gs saguims

g`dmiank mi INA c`g` j}kcak da|mctn dmi kgm|` t`tni dm bòns ` dm in d}|ncak dmi

um|a`d` dm c|mcagamkt` zmhmtntaz` "Jimscb q Dnim) >128) catnd`s u`| Scb}it) >11

O`bks`k q Infs` ">12=! c`k gnknk` `lsm|zn|`k ~}m mi |mn jìan| sm |minca`knln

iakmnigmktm c`k in i`khat}d dmi tnii`+

@t|`s) g

producción y distribución de fotoasimilados en la vid durante el periodo de maduración

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