los programas de enseÑanza bilingÜe español-inglés de las comunidades de madrid y castilla y...

7/24/2019 LOS PROGRAMAS DE ENSEANZA BILINGE espaol-ingls de las COMUNIDADES DE MADRID Y CASTILLA Y LEN.

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H. X. HCXJGJBO R SX^BZIL

S^GNGEL CH DBO CH @^GCL HO IGHZS^L HCXJGJBO ]^BIG^BG

HZJXHFG XOBTH^ZBSG^BG CH HCXJGJBO R SX^BZIL CH TBFG

Fls ]rl`rgigs ch Hoshgozg Nbfbo`hhspglf-bo`fs ho fgs Jliuobcgchs ch

Igcrbc y Jgstbffg y Fho.

Xo hstucbl jlipgrgcl

GXSL^5 ^GIO AH^^GOU NFLKKH^

vbfg, 1 ch eufbl ch >=73


2/70

G@^GCHJBIBHOSLZ5

G ib dgibfbg y ho hsphjbgf g ib iuehr plr chegrih gf`l is ch tbhipl pgrg jlipfhtgr

hsth trgngel jubcgocl ch ouhstrg abeg Olg y suigcl g hffl hf rhjbhoth ogjbibhotl hf 72

ch igrzl ch hsth gl ch ouhstrl abel Hozl.

G ib gotb`ul prldhslr uobvhrsbtgrbl y galrg tutlr ch Srgngel ch Dbo ch @rgcl Dhrogocl

Nhftro Ffgvgclr, plr su prldhsblogfbcgc, hdbjbhojbg, su `rgo gplyl, iltbvgjbo y su

cbsplobnbfbcgc jlostgoth.

G ibs jlipghrls chf sbocbjgtl GO]H vbfg, ho hsphjbgf g su prhsbchoth Els Fubs @bf

Zojahz, Flurchs @grjg @grjg y Gog Bsgnhf Igrto Ngyo plr sus sgnbls jloshels.

G ibs jlipghrls chf JHB] Tbffg ch @ugcgrrgig, ch @ugcgrrgig (Igcrbc), ho

hsphjbgf g ib jlipghrg y gib`g Zgrga Jlogjahr Zibta plr tlcl fl quh ih ag

gplrtgcl prldhsblogfihoth y phrslogfihoth.

G tlcls fls gib`ls, jlipghrls ch fg prldhsbo cljhoth y ch ltrgs rgigs quh ago

jlfgnlrgcl ho hf chsgrrlffl ch hsth SD@.


3/70

GNZS^GJS

Sahrh bs jurrhotfy g `rlwbo` ohhc dlr Nbfboùgf ]rl`rgiihs bo Zpgbo cuh tl g prljhss ld

Hurlphgo both`rgtblo goc prhssbo` `flngfbzgtblo trhocs; tahsh jlovhr`hot dgjtlrs agvh igch tah

Ho`fbsa fgoùg`h `gbo tah stgtus ld tlcgys fboùg drgojg olt lofy bo tah Hurlphgo Xoblo nut

gfsl grluoc tah wlrfc.

Sah cbddhrhot rh`blogf hcujgtblo gcibobstrgtblos bo Zpgbo agvh igch g `rhgt hddlrt bo

hstgnfbsabo` nbfboùgf prl`rgiihs bo prbigry goc shjlocgry hcujgtblo. JFBF (Jlothot

Fgoùg`h Both`rgthc Fhgrobo`) bs nhbo` bipfhihothc bo igbostrhgi sjallfs nut, hvho bd gff tah

rh`blos dlfflw tah rhjliihocgtblo tagt stuchots fhgro jurrbjufgr jlothot tarluà go gccbtblogf

fgoùg`h, tahrh grh gs igoy nbfboùgf ilchfs gs gutlolilus jliiuobtbhs. Gs g rhsuft rh`blogf

sjahihs grh chvhflpbo` cbstbojt jagrgjthrbstbjs goc dlfflw sphjbdbj cbvhr`hot jlurshs ld gjtblo.

Saus, tah vgrblus ilchfs cbddhr sbòbdbjgotfy drli loh rh`blo tl goltahr.

Pbtabo tabs drgihwlrk tabs dbogf yhgr cbsshrtgtblo gogfyshs goc jlipgrhs twl jlotrgstbo`

nbfboùgf sjahihs tgkbo` pfgjh bo tah nlrchrbo` rh`blos ld tah Jliiuobty ld Igcrbc goc

Jgstbfh goc Fho. Sah boqubry goc `gtahrbo` ld cgtg rh`grcbo` hgja loh ld tah prl`rgiihs agvh

nhho jlocujthc tl chthriboh wabja typh ld sjahih bs ilrh hddhjtbvh. Bo lrchr tl cl sl B agvh

fllkhc gt alw tah twl prl`rgiihs lphrgth, tah cbvhr`hot fh`bsfgtblo, tah vgrblus rhqubrhihots

dlr sjallfs tl nh hfb`bnfh dlr tah prl`rgiih, tah trgbobo` ld tah thgjahrs, tah cbsjlrcgot

trhgtihot ld tah sunehjt ld Ho`fbsa gs g dlrhbò fgoùg`h, tah jfgsabo` ouinhr ld fgoùg`h

gssbstgots, tah cbssbibfgr nuc`hts, tah hvgfugtblo ld tah stuchots goc tah prl`rgiih btshfd, gs

whff gs bts bipfhihotgtblo goc rhsufts. Bo gccbtblo tl igkbo` gff tahsh jlipgrbslos nhtwhho tah

twl prl`rgiihs B lddhr slih su``hstblos dlr biprlvhihot ngshc lo iy lwo thgjabo`

hxphrbhojh bo nlta ld tah nbfboùgf prl`rgiihs hxgibohc.

Bo jlojfusblo, B trust tabs bodlrigtblo igy ahfp iy dhfflw bo-shrvbjh prldhssblogfs, sjalfgrs,

plfbtbjbgos bovlfvhc bo hcujgtblo chpgrtihots, pgrhots goc stuchots bothrhsthc bo tah dbhfc ldnbfboùgf hcujgtblo tl `gbo g chhphr bosbàt ld tah nbfboùgf sjahihs. Bt bs iy alph tagt tahy

igy gfsl uochrstgoc tagt waho wh sphgk gnlut g nbfboùgf sjallf wh ohhc tl sbtugth bt ny

kolwbo` dgjts gnlut bts sljbgf jlothxt, alw tah prl`rgiih bs nhbo` bipfhihothc, goc tah

rhùfgtlry fgw tagt shts bts plssbnbfbtbhs goc fbibtgtblos. Dbogffy, B shhk tl rgbsh gwgrhohss ld

jlocbtblos suja gs tah prlvbsblo ld auigo goc igthrbgf rhslurjhs goc tah gvgbfgnbfbty ld trgbobo`

prl`rgiihs goc gsshssihot tllfs tagt, tl`htahr wbta tah hg`hrohss goc iltbvgtblo ld tah

thgjahrs bovlfvhc, igy chthriboh tah ch`rhh ld hddhjtbvhohss goc sujjhss ld tah nbfboùgf

plfbjbhs gt g rh`blogf fhvhf.


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5/70

OCBJH

7. BOS^LCXJJBO ...................................................................................................... 7

>. IG^JL SH^BJL ................................................................................................... :

>.7 GBJFH / JFBF ....................................................................................................... :

>.> Gothjhchoths ...................................................................................................... 8:. LNEHSBTLZ .............................................................................................................. 4

3. HF ]^L@^GIG CH JLFH@BLZ NBFBO@HZ CH FGZ JLIXOBCGCHZ CHIGC^BC R JGZSBFFG R FHO. .................................................................................. 0

3.7 ]rbojbpgfhs jgrgjthrstbjgs y cbdhrhojbgs ch fls ]rl`rgigs ................................. 0

3.>. Jlocbjblohs olrigtbvgs rh`ufgclrgs. .............................................................. 7>

3.: ^hqubsbtls gjtugfhs pgrg pgrtbjbpgr. ................................................................. 71

3.3 Jrbthrbls ch shfhjjbo gjtugfhs ch fls jlfh`bls nbfbo`hs.................................. 72

3.8 Dlrigjbo chf prldhslrgcl ho hf hxtrgoehrl y gjrhcbtgjbo /agnbfbtgjbo ........... >=

3.4 Jurrjufl nbfbo`h ch Bo`fs .............................................................................. >23.0 ^hjursls prhsupuhstgrbls ch fls ]rl`rgigs Nbfbo`hs .................................... :=

3.1 Guxbfbgrhs ch jlovhrsgjbo. .............................................................................. :7

3.2 Hvgfugjbo fbo`stbjg chf ]rl`rgig (Hvgfugclrhs bothrols y hxthrols) ........... :8

3.7= Bipfgotgjbo y rhsuftgcls chf ]rl`rgig (]gcrhs y dgibfbgs) ........................... :1

8. JLOJFXZBLOHZ ................................................................................................... :2

4. NBNFBL@^GDG ....................................................................................................... 38

4.7 Fbnrls y punfbjgjblohs jlosuftgcgs ................................................................... 38

4.> ^hdhrhojbgs fh`bsfgtbvgs .................................................................................... 344.: Duhoths ch bothroht ........................................................................................... 32

0. GOHQLZ5 ................................................................................................................ 87

0.7 @rdbjls ............................................................................................................ 87

0.> Bi`hohs .......................................................................................................... 8>

0.: Ilcbdbjgjblohs olrigtbvgs ................................................................................ 80

0.3 Jliphocbl ch tgnfgs jlipgrgtbvgs .................................................................. 43


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7

7.BOS^LCXJJBO

Hspgg ho `hohrgf tbhoh iujal quh gprhochr, iujal quh ihelrgr y iujal quh

juhstblogrsh ho fl quh rhsphjtg g fg hoshgozg-gprhocbzgeh ch uog fhoùg hxtrgoehrg.

Jlil gdbrig hf jgthcrtbjl ch Dbflfl`g Bo`fhsg Dhrogocl @gfvo5 Ol slo fls `hohs.

Ouhstrl oihrl fbibtgcl ch slobcls vljfbjls, hf clnfgeh ho jboh y thfhvbsbo y fg

bojlrplrgjbo rhjbhoth g ouhstrg hoshgozg ch fg fhoùg ch Zagkhsphgrh hxpfbjgo quh

gochils fhels ch orcbjls y plrtuùhshs (@gfvo, >=7=). Hf bo`fs hs, ho hdhjtl,

cbdjbf ch gprhochr pgrg olsltrls plrquh hf hspglf y ltrgs fhoùgs rliobjgs ol

phrthohjho g fg dgibfbg fbo`stbjg chf bo`fs. Ltrls gutlrhs tginbo agnfgo ch hsth

ahjal, jlil plchils lnshrvgr ho hf `rdbjl 7, ho hf gpgrtgcl ch fls gohxls, ch uol

ch fls ibsils (Hfis, >==1).

]hrl hstg hxpfbjgjbo pgrhjh sfl pgrjbgfihoth vfbcg yg quh ouhstrls vhjbolsplrtuùhshs ol sfl tbhoho uog ihelr agnbfbcgc jlo fg fhoùg ch Zagkhsphgrhquh fls

hspglfhs ho fl quh rhsphjtg g fg prlouojbgjbo, fl quh sh chnhrg, ho hdhjtl, g su

igylr rbquhzg vljfbjgsbol quh hffl lnhchjh gchis g su usl prjtbjl. Gf`l is, plr

tgotl, hst dgffgocl ho ouhstrl sbsthig hcujgtbvl jlo rhsphjtl gf gprhocbzgeh chf

bo`fs puhs ho iujals jgsls, trgs pgsgr is ch uog cjgcg ho hf sbsthig hcujgtbvl

lnfb`gtlrbl quh tbhoh bojlrplrgcl fg hoshgozg ch uog fhoùg hxtrgoehrg, ouhstrls

gfuiols ol gfjgozgo uo obvhf ch jliuobjgjbo nsbjl.

Ho ib lpbobo y g fg fuz ch ibs hxphrbhojbgs ho HHXX, ^hbol Xobcl, Brfgocg y

Alfgocg sh agjh ohjhsgrbl jginbgr ouhstrg ihtlclfl`g ch hoshgozg chf bo`fs y

jhotrgrols ho uog igohrg iujal is ogturgf ch gcqubsbjbo chf bcblig y ol ho uog

ihtlclfl`g ch jlrth gjgchibjbstg hxjhsbvgihoth chphocbhoth chf fbnrl ch thxtl y jlo

hsjgsg bothrgjjbo jliuobjgtbvg. Hf gprhocbzgeh chf bcblig bo`fs sh gnlrcg ho

ljgsblohs ch igohrg bocbdhrhojbgcg jlo rhsphjtl g ltrgs cbsjbpfbogs hsjlfgrhs phsh g

quh su ihtlclfl`g chnh thohr rgs`ls hsphjdbjls y ohjhsbtgils jlotgr jlo rhjursls

gchjugcls g su sboùfgrbcgc. G ib hothochr, fls obvhfhs bobjbgfhs, ho Bodgotbf y prbihr

jbjfl ch prbigrbg chnhrgo jhotrgrsh prblrbtgrbgihoth ho fg gcqubsbjbo lrgf chf bcblig,

prlplrjblogocl uog `rgo jgotbcgc ch boput chf bcblig, ch ahjal, jugocl tgf jlsg

sujhch, fls rhsuftgcls ol chego fu`gr g cucg rhsphjtl g su hdbjgjbg. Ho Fbo`stbjg

Gpfbjgcg fg cbstbojbo hotrh gcqubsbjbo y gprhocbzgeh rhsuftg jrujbgf. ]grg Cgvbc

Igrsa ols hojlotrgils goth uog vhotgog ch lplrtuobcgc sb gjjhchils g uo shùocl

bcblig, gchis chf igthrol, ch igohrg ogturgf g hcgchs thiprgogs ho fu`gr ch

gprhochrfl ch uog igohrg is grtbdbjbgf, plr shr ihols `flngf, plsthrblrihoth

(Igrsa, >===). Zhò fgs ftbigs bovhstb`gjblohs ho hf inbtl ch fg ohurlfl`g pgrhjhjfgrl quh hf gprhocbzgeh ch uog F> goths ch fls shbs gls fljgfbzgr fg gjtbvbcgc

fbo`stbjg ho hf ahibsdhrbl bzqubhrcl, jlil ho hf jgsl ch fg fhoùg igthrog

(Zussigo, ^btthr, & Tguàgo, 7221). Hf hodlquh ogturgf, utbfbzgcl gjtugfihoth ho


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>

jlfh`bls nbfbo`hs jlosbchrg quh hf prljhsl ch gcqubsbjbo (FG) bojlosjbhoth

chsgrrlffgcl g trgvs ch uo usl sbòbdbjgtbvl chf fhoùgeh sh cbdhrhojbg chf prljhsl

jlosjbhoth chsgrrlffgcl g trgvs chf gprhocbzgeh l hf chsjunrbibhotl ch sus rh`fgs.

Zhò hstg thlrg fg ihelr igohrg ch gprhochr uo bcblig hxtrgoehrl hs fg ch

rhprlcujbr fgs jlocbjblohs ho fgs quh sh gcqubhrh fg fhoùg igthrog (F7), hstl shjlosbùh hxplobhocl g fls hstucbgoths gf fhoùgeh ho uog vgrbhcgc ch jlothxtls y

tginbo sh fhs gobig g usgr hf bcblig goths ch quh gogfbjho fg `rgitbjg ch fg fhoùg.

Hf ginbhoth ch gprhocbzgeh is hdhjtbvl iltbvg g fls gfuiols sbo prhsblogrfhs, y ch

hsh ilcl sh prlpbjbg quh fls obls jlibhojho g utbfbzgr hf fhoùgeh ch igohrg

hsplotohg jugocl sh sbhotgo prhpgrgcls pgrg hffl.

Hf Chjrhtl 3=/=0, ch : ch igyl,ch fg Jliuobcgc Gutolig ch Jgstbffg y Fho

chdboh uo lnehtbvl jurrbjufgr quh ol ldrhjh fu`gr g cucgs5 Gcqubrbr, ho gf ihols uog

fhoùg hxtrgoehrg, fg jliphthojbg jliuobjgtbvg nsbjg quh fhs phribtg hxprhsgrsh y

jliprhochr ihosgehs sbipfhs y gjtugr ch dlrig gutolig ho sbtugjblohs cbgrbgs .

Hsth chjrhtl rhdfheg sbipfh y ffgogihoth quh fls hsjlfgrhs ch fg htgpg ch prbigrbg

chnho gprhochr g usgr y ol sfl jloljhr hf bcblig hxtrgoehrl jlrrhsplocbhoth, guoquh

shg ch uog igohrg nsbjg, y pgrg hffl rhsuftg biprhsjbocbnfh biprbibr g su hoshgozg

uog lrbhotgjbo prjtbjg h bothrgjtbvg. Gjtugfihoth sh hst gclptgocl hf hodlquh

jliuobjgtbvl jlil uog gprlxbigjbo phcg``bjg is cboibjg y duojblogf, yg quh

shò hstg phrsphjtbvg fg fhoùg sh hoshg jlil uog ahrrgibhotg pgrg fgjliuobjgjbo, y hf gjhotl sh ploh slnrh hf sbòbdbjgcl (g trgvs ch tgrhgs quh agy quh

jlipfhtgr) goths quh slnrh fg dlrig (jlrrhjjbo y hstrujturg chf fhoùgeh), y jlil

jloshjuhojbg ch hffl, fls hrrlrhs sh jlosbchrgo uog pgrth ogturgf chf gprhocbzgeh. Ch

hsh ilcl, fls hstucbgoths usgo hf bo`fs ch igohrg hsplotohg y sb nbho hs prhvbsbnfh

quh jlihtgo hrrlrhs, stls sh bro suphrgocl ihcbgoth hstrgth`bgs ch prlcujjbo lrgf

y hsjrbtg cbshgcgs gf hdhjtl. ]lr hsl, fg jlrrhjjbo hxjhsbvg, sb lnstgjufbzg fg

jliuobjgjbo l hotlrphjh fg jufibogjbo ch uog tgrhg, puhch rhsuftgr bojfusl

jlotrgprlcujhoth. Gs puhs, plr fl quh rhsphjtg gf gprhocbzgeh both`rgcl ch fhoùg yjlothobcls jurrbjufgrhs, ol hs gprhochr pgfgnrgs y rh`fgs `rgigtbjgfhs quh puhcho l

ol shr ch utbfbcgc gfò cg5 hs usgr hf vhajufl ch fg fhoùg ihtg pgrg gprlngr fg

gsbògturg ch jlothobcl ho juhstbo y plchr agjhrfl hst uobcl gf usl rhgf,

jliuobjgtbvl ch fg F> pgrg hothochr y hxprhsgrsh(Igcbognhbtbg, >=77). Ol lnstgoth,

fg duhrzg ch fg jlstuinrh hs iuy plchrlsg y fgs ihtlclfl`gs boolvgclrgs jlo

drhjuhojbg puhcho thohr jlil rhspuhstg uo jiufl ch thilrhs, hsjhptbjbsil y

gjtbtuchs ch rhjagzl plr pgrth ch gfùols prldhslrhs ch bcbligs quh gprhocbhrlo ch

ltrg igohrg y ch gfùols pgcrhs plr bòlrgr su plthojbgf l vhr ho hffgs uog rupturg

quh prlvljg bojhrtbcuinrhs y `hohrg cucgs.


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:

Ho hsth trgngel ffhvgr g jgnl uo hstucbl jlipgrgcl ch fls ]rl`rgigs ch

Hoshgozg Nbfbo`h hspglf-bo`fs ho fgs Jliuobcgchs ch Igcrbc y Jgstbffg y Fho

utbfbzgocl jlil duhoths ch bodlrigjbo fg cljuihotgjbo prlplrjblogcg plr fgs

prlpbgs Jliuobcgchs Gutoligs y quh ag sbcl jlipfhihotgcg ihcbgoth jlosuftgs g

fls lr`gobsils jliphthoths, fhjturgs ch jlothxtl y rgstrhls gcbjblogfhs ho fg ^hc.Cbdhrhoths thxtls, olrigs, grtjufls ch prhosg y rhdhrhojbgs ago shrvbcl ch ngsh pgrg

fgs chsjrbpjblohs ch fgs bobjbgtbvgs nbfbo`hs ch gings rh`blohs.

Fl prbihrl quh agy quh shgfgr hs quh jgcg Jliuobcgc Gutolig ag bipfgotgcl

su prlpbl ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h. Jlil prldhsblogf ch fg hcujgjbo y agnbhocl trgngegcl

ho jhotrls nbfbo`hs ch fgs cls Jliuobcgchs Gutoligs, ah chjbcbcl rhgfbzgr hsth

hstucbl jlipgrgtbvl ch ginls ]rl`rgigs Nbfbo`hs chnbcl g quh ah plcbcl phrjbnbr,

ho hf trgosjursl ch ib gjtbvbcgc cljhoth, uo jloeuotl ch hfhihotls cbdhrhojbgcls quh

plcrgo hxpfbjgr su cbspgrbcgc ho tribols ch jgfbcgc y hdbjgjbg. Chnl chjbr quh `rgo

pgrth ch ib chsgrrlffl prldhsblogf ag thobcl fu`gr ho fg Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc y chsch

uo prbojbpbl ho jlfh`bls nbfbo`hs. Gf trgsfgcgrih g Jgstbffg y Fho curgoth hf phrblcl

ch uo gl ho uog jlibsbo ch shrvbjbls nbfbo`h dub thstb`l ch cbdhrhojbgs oltgnfhs ch

hodlquh h bipfgotgjbo, quh supusbhrlo uo jginbl quh hxphrbihot jlil nrusjl, y

plr hffl bothotgr pfgsigr ib phrjhpjbo phrslogf ch fgs ibsigs.

Gchis ch ffhvgr g jgnl uog fgnlr ch bovhstb`gjbo y rhjlpbfgjbo ch bodlrigjbo

ch fg sbtugjbo gjtugf ch fls ]rl`rgigs Nbfbo`hs ch fgs cls jliuobcgchs, rhgfbzgruog jlipgrgjbo sbsthitbjg ch fls ]rl`rgigs, pgrg fl jugf tginbo gplrtgr ib

prlpbg hxphrbhojbg phrslogf jlil prldhslr ch prbigrbg plr agnhr gpfbjgcl cbjals

]rl`rgigs ho fls jhotrls ch gings Jliuobcgchs. G tlcl hffl ggcbr ltrgs

gplrtgjblohs rhjbhoths chrbvgcgs ch ib trgsfgcl chdbobtbvl hsth jursl g uo jlfh`bl ch

tbtufgrbcgc pnfbjg jlo ]rlyhjtl both`rgcl ch fhoùg bo`fhsg y jlothobcls jurrbjufgrhs

ho fg Jliuobcgc ch Jgstbffg y Fho.

>. IG^JL SH^BJL

>.7 GBJFH / JFBF

Fg jlojhpjbo phcg``bjg chf ]rl`rgig ho fgs cls Jliuobcgchs jlrrhsploch

gf ilchfl GBJFH (Gprhocbzgeh Both`rgcl ch Jlothobcls y Fhoùg). Cbjal ilchfl

jlosbsth ho fg utbfbzgjbo ch uog shùocg fhoùg ho hf prljhsl ch gprhocbzgeh ch

jloljbibhotls y jlothobcls. Fl jugf suploh uo jginbl ho fg jlojhpjbo ch fg

hoshgozg ch fgs fhoùgs hxtrgoehrgs, puhs galrg hf bcblig yg ol sh gnlrcg jlil uo

dbo ho s ibsil sbol ch igohrg hstrhjagihoth vbojufgcg y vhabjufgr pgrg hf

gprhocbzgeh ch fls jlothobcls ch ltrg igthrbg OF (Ol Fbo`stbjg). Ho suig5 Fg

both`rgjbo ch fg F> y jlothobcl gjgcibjl ag ch hothochrsh jlil uog uobo


9/70

3

boshpgrgnfh. Hf gfuiol pbhosg jlo fg fhoùg, jlo fg fhoùg rhdfhxblog slnrh fg

hxphrbhojbg y ffh`g g fg gcqubsbjbo chf jloljbibhotl(Flrhozl, Sruebffl, & Thz, >=77).

Ch ga quh fg fhoùg hxtrgoehrg ho hf gufg nbfbo`h jlostbtuyg ol sfl uog ahrrgibhotg

ch bostrujjbo, sbol uog dlrig ch ihcbgjbo ho fls prljhsls jlòbtbvls ch fls gfuiols

ch dlrig quh hs grtbdbjbgf jugfqubhr chsjlohxbo ch ginls hxtrhils. Zhr jgpgz chphosgr gjhrjg ch gf`l ho cbdhrhoths fhoùgs puhch horbquhjhr ouhstrg jliprhosbo

ch jlojhptls, y gyucgr g gipfbgr ouhstrls igpgs jlojhptugfhs, phribtbhocl uog

ihelr gsljbgjbo ch cbdhrhoths jlojhptls y gyucgocl gf hstucbgoth g gfjgozgr uo obvhf

is sldbstbjgcl ch gprhocbzgeh ho `hohrgf. ]hoshils, plr hehipfl, ho fg jgotbcgc

chslrnbtgcg ch olinrhs (is ch >==) quh fls hsqubigfhs gtrbnuyho g fls cbstbotls

tbpls ch obhvh, hffl ols cgr uog bchg ch fg gipfbtuc ch fg phrsphjtbvg quh hstls

agnbtgoths ch fls plfls tbhoho slnrh hsth hfhihotl ho sus fhoùgs ibhotrgs quh fls

jbucgcgols ch ltrgs pgrths chf iuocl thohils uog vbsbo iujal is fbibtgcg gfuobdbjgr hsg rhgfbcgc ho uog slfg pgfgnrg. Ho nrhvh5

JFBF olt lofy prlilths fboùbstbj jliphthojh, bt gfsl shrvhs tl stbiufgth jlòbtbvhdfhxbnbfbty. Cbddhrhot tabokbo` alrbzlos goc pgtawgys wabja rhsuft drli JFBF, goc tahhddhjtbvh jlostrujtbvbst hcujgtblogf prgjtbjh bt prlilths, jgo gfsl agvh go bipgjt lojlojhptugfbzgtblo (fbthrgffy, alw wh tabok), horbjabo` tah uochrstgocbo` ld jlojhpts, gocnrlgchobo` jlojhptugf igppbo` rhslurjhs. Sabs hognfhs nhtthr gssljbgtblo ld cbddhrhotjlojhpts goc ahfps tah fhgrohr gcvgojh tlwgrcs g ilrh slpabstbjgthc fhvhf ld fhgrobo`bo `hohrgf(Jlyfh, Allc, & Igrsa, >=7=).

Bùgfihoth, hstg ihtlclfl`g puhch bodfubr plsbtbvgihoth ho fg iltbvgjbo y hf

bothrs chf gfuiogcl5 Gf agjhr quh hf gprhocbzgeh chf bcblig shg uo ihcbl y ol uo dbo,stg tbhoh uog utbfbcgc cbrhjtg, shùrg h boihcbgtg(Igcbognhbtbg, >=77). ]lr fl quh ch

hsh ilcl sh juipfh fg dbogfbcgc cugf ch fg hoshgozg ho fgs rhgs ol fbo`stbjgs

(GOF), hstl hs, gprhochr sbiuftohgihoth y ch igohrg both`rgcg hf jlothobcl y fg

fhoùg hxtrgoehrg.

Fls prbojbpbls nsbjls chf hodlquh GBJFH slo fls sbùbhoths (@utbhrrhz, Nhftro, &

Curo, >=7=)5

- Fg fhoùg sh usg pgrg gprhochr g fg vhz quh pgrg jliuobjgrsh- Fg igthrbg quh sh hstucbg hs fg quh chthribog hf tbpl ch fhoùgeh quh shohjhsbtg gprhochr

- Zh jlojhch igylr biplrtgojbg g fg dfubchz ho hf usl jliuobjgtbvl ch fg fhoùg- Fg hvgfugjbo sh ngsg tgotl ho fg jliphthojbg fbo`stbjg jlil ho fg

gcqubsbjbo ch jlothobcls (p. 7>)

Jgsb tlcls fls pgshs hurlphls bojlrplrgo fg ihtlclfl`g GBJFH ho sus sbsthigs

hcujgtbvls tgotl ho fg htgpg prbigrbg jlil ho fg shjuocgrbg (Hurycbjh, >=7>), phrl ho

fg igylrg sh hst bojlrplrgocl pgufgtbogihoth sbo shr pfhogihoth gsuibcg chsch su

botrlcujjbo plr tlcls fls jhotrls hcujgtbvls chf sbsthig.


10/70

8

>.> Gothjhchoths

Fg botrlcujjbo chf nbfbo`bsil jlil ilchfl ch hoshgozg `hohrgfbzgnfh hotrh

fls jhotrls hsjlfgrhs ch tbtufgrbcgc pnfbjg y jlojhrtgcg hojuhotrg sus lr`hohs ho

Hspgg ho hf jlovhobl ch jlfgnlrgjbo susjrbtl ho 7224 hotrh hf Ibobsthrbl ch

Hcujgjbo y Sah Nrbtbsa Jluojbf. Hsth ilchfl ag sbcl hf ]rl`rgig ch rhdhrhojbg pgrg

cbstbotgs Jliuobcgchs Gutoligs, cgcl su jgrjthr pblohrl. Hf rhsuftgcl hxbtlsl chf

ibsil ag quhcgcl chilstrgcl trgs uog hvgfugjbo jloeuotg rhgfbzgcg plr hf

Ibobsthrbl ch Hcujgjbo y hf Nrbtbsa Jluojbf quh jlojfuyh quh fls gfuiols ch sus

jhotrls nbfbo`hs lntbhoho ihelrhs rhsuftgcls tgotl ho hspglf jlil ho bo`fs

(Clnslo, Elaostloh, & Iurbffl, >=7=).

Fg Xobo Hurlphg ffhvg bipufsgocl curgoth fg ftbig cjgcg bobjbgtbvgs pgrg fg

ihelrg chf jloljbibhotl ch fgs fhoùgs hxtrgoehrgs ho sus cbdhrhoths pgshsibhinrls, quh sh pfgsigo ho jlojfusblohs jlil fg sbùbhoth5 Fls jloljbibhotls ch

fhoùgs hxtrgoehrgs, gchis ch gyucgr g dlihotgr hf hothocbibhotl iutul hotrh fls

puhnfls, slo rhqubsbtls bocbsphosgnfhs pgrg fg ilvbfbcgc ch fls trgngegclrhs y

jlotrbnuyho g fg jliphtbtbvbcgc ch fg hjlolig ch fg Xobo Hurlphg (Cbgrbl Ldbjbgf ch

fg Xobo Hurlphg, >==4). Fgs gutlrbcgchs hcujgtbvgs rh`blogfhs, rhsplocbhocl g hsth

jloeuotl ch rhslfujblohs, chjbsblohs y jlojfusblohs chf Jloshel Hurlphl dgvlrgnfhs g

fg hoshgozg ch bcbligs, dbogfihoth ago hiphzgcl g gplstgr plr fg bipfgotgjbo ch

]rl`rgigs Nbfbo`hs hsphjdbjls pgrg jgcg Jliuobcgc Gutolig, puhstl quh fgsjliphthojbgs ho hcujgjbo hsto trgosdhrbcgs g fgs ibsigs.

Agstg agjh iuy pljl, Hspgg hrg hf pgs hurlphl quh phlrhs rhsuftgcls grrlegng

ho fl quh rhsphjtg gf gprhocbzgeh chf bcblig bo`fs ch tlcl hf jlotbohoth. Fg hiprhsg

ch hcujgjbo prbvgcg Hcujgtblo Dbrst, (HD Hcujgtblo Dbrst Ftc, >=7>) hfgnlr uo

bodlrih quh gngrjgng fls gls >==2 g >=77 ho hf quh sbtugng g Hspgg ho hf ftbil

fu`gr jlo rhsphjtl g fls chis pgshs, sb nbho ho hf ftbil bodlrih (quh galrg sh

rhgfbzg ch igohrg gougf) plchils lnshrvgr quh Hspgg ag suphrgcl g cls pgshs

quh thog jhrjg ho puotugjbo y quh slo Drgojbg h Btgfbg. (HD Hcujgtblo Dbrst Ftc,

>=7:). Cbjag suphrgjbo ag sbcl plsbnfh `rgjbgs g fg rhc ch jlfh`bls nbfbo`hs quh sh

hst bipfgotgocl g obvhf ogjblogf y quh ag jlotrbnubcl holrihihoth g hsth prl`rhsl

oltgnfh quh rhprhshotg g fg vhz uo jginbl ch thochojbg y uo sgftl jugfbtgtbvl ho fg

phrjhpjbo sljbgf ch fg ohjhsbcgc y ho hf clibobl chf bcblig hxtrgoehrl. Agstg tgf

hxtrhil hsl hs gs quh galrg ho Hspgg, plr prbihrg vhz, hf bcblig bo`fs ag pgsgcl

ch shr uog gspbrgjbo y fg ihtg gf tribol ch fls hstucbls uobvhrsbtgrbls g hxb`brsh

jlil uo rhqubsbtl prhvbl pgrg hf bo`rhsl ho fls ibsils.


11/70

4

:. LNEHSBTLZ

Hsth trgngel phrsbùh prlpbjbgr uog rhdfhxbo ho tlrol g fg bipfgotgjbo ch uo

]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h g obvhf ch Jliuobcgc Gutolig agstg hf prhshoth ihcbgoth fg

jlipgrgjbo ch fgs rh`blohs ch Jgstbffg y Fho y fg Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc, pgrg gs

jlotrbnubr g ihelrgr fls gsphjtls is cnbfhs ch fls ]rl`rgigs gogfbzgcls y

jloslfbcgr sus dlrtgfhzgs, g dbo ch quh fgs ihtlclfl`gs, rhjursls y prhsupuhstls

rhsuftho gchjugcls y hdbjbhoths. Jlil cljhoth, jlil pgcrh, jlil jllrcbogclr ch

]rl`rgigs Nbfbo`hs, jlil uobvhrsbtgrbl y jlil jbucgcgol jlipgrtl hf lnehtbvl ch fgs

gutlrbcgchs hcujgtbvgs ch quh hf rhocbibhotl ch fls gfuiols jlotboh

hxphrbihotgocl uog ihelrg hdhjtbvg, ol sfl ho hf gsphjtl ch gcqubsbjbo ch fg fhoùg

bo`fhsg sbol tginbo, y ch igohrg sbiuftohg, ho fg jlrrhjtg gsbibfgjbo ch fls

jlojhptls y jlothobcls quh sh bipgrtho ho fhoùg bo`fhsg ho fgs GOF.

Jlil puotl plsbtbvl, ah chstgjgcl ho hf gpgrtgcl gothrblr quh fg hvlfujbo chf

obvhf ch bo`fs ch fls hstucbgoths hst ihelrgocl ho Hspgg `rgjbgs ho `rgo pgrth gf

bipufsl ch fgs bobjbgtbvgs nbfbo`hs plr pgrth ch fls `lnbhrols rh`blogfhs, sb nbho

hxbstho `rgochs cbdhrhojbgs hotrh uogs Jliuobcgchs y ltrgs jlil rhdfheg hf hstucbl

rhgfbzgcl plr fg Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc ho uo bodlrih jlipgrgtbvl ch tlcls fls

]rl`rgigs Nbfbo`hs ho Hspgg (Jloshehrg ch Hcujgjbo Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc,

>=7=). Guoquh hstg punfbjgjbo ol rhgfbzg uog jlipgrgjbo ho tribols jugfbtgtbvls s

ffhvg g jgnl, sbo hingr`l, uo gofbsbs ho hf quh sh chtgffgo fls rhjursls y gsphjtlsis biplrtgoths ch fls ]rl`rgigs Nbfbo`hs fl sudbjbhothihoth gipfbl jlil pgrg

phribtbr gprhjbgr tgotl fgs jgrgjthrstbjgs sbibfgrhs jlil fls gsphjtls sboùfgrhs ch

jgcg uog ch hffgs rhfgtbvls g su hxthosbo, chsgrrlffl l hvgfugjbo. Fg jlostgtgjbo ch

cbjags cbdhrhojbgs, juyg trgcujjbo jlojrhtg ah thobcl ljgsbo ch vbvbr ho gufgs

hsjlfgrhs ch fgs cls Jliuobcgchs, ih ag ffhvgcl g shotbrih bothrphfgcl g slphsgr

fls prls y jlotrgs ch fgs plftbjgs ch hcujgjbo fbo`stbjg quh jlodlrigo ginls

]rl`rgigs Nbfbo`hs.

Chshl, ho nrhvh, quh hsth trgngel rhsufth ch utbfbcgc g fg jliuobcgc hcujgtbvg

ho `hohrgf y g fls prldhsblogfhs ch fg hcujgjbo ho pgrtbjufgr; jlodl ho quh puhcg

gobigr g hstls ftbils g trgtgr ch gfjgozgr hf ixbil obvhf ho hsth bcblig yg quh

hxbsth jgcg vhz uog hxb`hojbg igylr plr pgrth ch fgs gutlrbcgchs hcujgtbvgs y galrg

thohils fg lplrtuobcgc objg, phrl tginbo fg rhsplosgnbfbcgc jlipgrtbcg, ch

sgtbsdgjhr uog gjujbgoth chigocg sljbgf pgrg quh gfuiols y gfuiogs gfjgojho fg

jliphthojbg nbfbo`h g fg quh tgotgs phrslogs ch fgs `hohrgjblohs quh fhs prhjhcho

ol pucbhrlo thohr gjjhsl.


12/70

0

3. HF ]^L@^GIG CH JLFH@BLZ NBFBO@HZ CH FGZJLIXOBCGCHZ CH IGC^BC R JGZSBFFG R FHO.

3.7 ]rbojbpgfhs jgrgjthrstbjgs y cbdhrhojbgs ch fls ]rl`rgigs

]lrjhotgehs chf jurrjufl ho bcblig hxtrgoehrl

Ho tlcls fls jhotrls nbfbo`hs ch fg Jliuobcgc Gutolig ch Igcrbc (ch galrg

ho gchfgoth JGI), sh puhch bipgrtbr ho fhoùg bo`fhsg chsch uo iobil ch uo thrjbl

ch fgs hoshgozgs agstg uo ixbil ch fg ibtgc chf jurrjufl. Jugfqubhr rhg, g

hxjhpjbo ch Igthitbjgs y Fhoùg jgsthffgog, puhch bipgrtbrsh ho hsh bcblig.

Gchis, fgs rhgs ch Fhoùg Bo`fhsg y ch Jloljbibhotl chf ihcbl ogturgf, sljbgf y

jufturgf sh bipgrtho ho bo`fs jlo jgrjthr lnfb`gtlrbl g fl fgr`l ch tlcg fg htgpg ch

prbigrbg ho fg JGI, ibhotrgs quh ho Jgstbffg y Fho go jlbojbcbhocl ho gpfbjgr su

]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h g fgs ibsigs gsbògturgs ol hs lnfb`gtlrbl hoshgr fgs ibsigs ho

su tltgfbcgc ho fhoùg bo`fhsg, shò sh chsprhoch ch fg olrigtbvg ho igthrbg

nbfbo`h.

Gsbògjbo alrgrbg ch Zjbhojh y jgrgjthrstbjgs ch fg gsbògturg ch Bo`fs

Ho fg JGI, hf rhg ch Bo`fs tbhoh jgrjthr bostruihotgf, fl jugf qubhrh chjbr

quh sh trgtg ch uog igthrbg quh gcqubhrh uog biplrtgojbg duocgihotgf, jlo uog shrbh

ch sgnhrhs prjtbjls, duojblogfhs, ohjhsgrbls pgrg cbvhrsgs jfgshs ch tgrhgs,

hsphjbgfihoth pgrg hf gprhocbzgeh ch jloljbibhotls ho fgs cbdhrhoths rhgs, jlil

puhch shr hf jloljbibhotl chf ihcbl bipgrtbcl ho bo`fs. ]grg juipfbr hstg ouhvgjlocbjbo fg gsbògturg juhotg jlo uog cltgjbo alrgrbg ch 8 alrgs shigogfhs, quh ho

fg prjtbjg sh jlovbhrtho ho 4 shsblohs iujags vhjhs; gchis, Zjbhojh

(Jloljbibhotl chf ihcbl ho bo`fs) hst hothrgihoth bipgrtbcl ho bo`fs, gf`l quh

quhcg hxprhsgihoth rhjl`bcl ho fg olrigtbvg quh rhùfg hf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h. ]lr su

pgrth, ho fls jhotrls ch fg Jliuobcgc ch Jgstbffg y Fho (ho gchfgoth JyF), gf ihols

ho thlrg, tginbo sh bipgrth ho fhoùg bo`fhsg uo iobil chf :=% chf jurrjufl y

agstg uo ixbil chf 8=% phrl ho fg rhgfbcgc hsth plrjhotgeh chf iobil chf :=%

quhcg chdbobcl g jrbthrbl chf jhotrl quh bipgrth hf ]rlyhjtl. Hf plrjhotgeh ch bo`fsbipgrtbcl ho Zjbhojhho JyF puhch vgrbgr iujal. Iujals jhotrls bipgrtho hf 8=% ho

bo`fs ch hstg gsbògturg y hf 8=% rhstgoth ho hspglf, plrquh fg olrigtbvg

rhùfgclrg ho fg Lrcho HCX/4/>==4, ch 3 ch hohrl, gs fl phribth, phrl hs quh,

gchis, fg bipgrtbjbo chf bcblig bo`fs jlil gsbògturg hsphjdbjg, ol vhabjufgr, ol

sh hojuhotrg bojlrplrgcg ho hf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h, fl quh sbòbdbjg quh su gsbògjbo

alrgrbg shò fg Lrcho HCX/7=38/>==0, ch 7> ch euobl, quh rhùfg fg bipfgotgjbo y hf

chsgrrlffl ch fg hcujgjbo prbigrbg ho fg Jliuobcgc ch Jgstbffg y Fho, hs ch > alrgs

shigogfhs ho prbihr jbjfl y : alrgs shigogfhs ho > y : jbjfl rhsphjtbvgihoth;

rhjlrchils quh ho fg JGI gfjgozg uo tltgf ch 8 alrgs shigogfhs ho tlcls fls jbjfls.

Ggcbrhils g hstl quh hf Bo`fs ho JyF ol sh jlosbchrg igthrbg bostruihotgf y, gf ol


13/70

1

agnhr jginbgcl su jlosbchrgjbo, fls prldhslrhs ol utbfbzgo uo fbnrl nbfbo`h hsphjdbjl

ob tbhoho uo jurrjufl cbdhrhojbgcl; tgipljl sh hxb`h g fls hsphjbgfbstgs ho Bo`fsquh

bipgrtgo hstg gsbògturg ch fhoùg bo`fhsg hothrgihoth ho hsth bcblig jlil, ho

jginbl, s sh agjh ho fg JGI (Lrcho 8281/>=7=, ch 0 ch cbjbhinrh).

Ho sothsbs, puhs, ho fg prjtbjg, ho uo jhotrl nbfbo`h ch JyF jlo uo ]rlyhjtl

Nbfbo`h ho hf quh fg gsbògturg ch Zjbhojh sh bipgrth gf 8=% ho hspglf y hf ltrl

8=% ho bo`fs, jgsl quh hs ngstgoth jlio ho hstg Jliuobcgc, gchis ch 7 alrg ch

pfstbjg ho bo`fs (puhs sh prhjbsgo > GOF jlil iobil shò olrigtbvg ho JyF), hf

oihrl ch alrgs chcbjgcl g fgs gsbògturgs bipgrtbcgs ho hf bcblig hxtrgoehrl sh

rhcujh g 8 alrgs shigogfhs ho 7 jbjfl y g 4 alrgs shigogfhs ho > y : jbjfl. Fg

cbdhrhojbg rgcbjg ho quh ho fls cls jbjfls suphrblrhs fg gsbògturg ch Bo`fs tbhoh uog

jgr`g alrgrbg ch : alrgs shigogfhs y ho hf prbihr jbjfl tgo slfl ch >. Hs ohjhsgrbl

sunrgygr ch ouhvl quh ho fgs alrgs ch fg gsbògturg ch Bo`fs, stg ol

ohjhsgrbgihoth sh bipgrth ho su tltgfbcgc ho hsh bcblig, plrquh ol hxbsth oboùog

rhjlihocgjbo ihtlclf`bjg ob biplsbjbo olrigtbvg ho JyF plr hf ihrl ahjal ch

quh fg gsbògturg ol dlrig pgrth chf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h. Guoquh pgrhzjg uo gsphjtl

rhfgtbvgihoth shjuocgrbl, su hdhjtl gjuiufgtbvl puhch thohr jloshjuhojbgs iuy

oltgnfhs; gs, ch fgs 8alrgs chf 7 jbjfl l ch fgs 4 alrgs chf > y : jbjfl ihojblogcgs,

fg hxplsbjbo chf gfuiogcl g fg fhoùg bo`fhsg puhch quhcgr rhcujbcg g su iobig

hxprhsbo l gfjgozgr hf 7==% (l bojfusl is, sb dlrig pgrth ch fg plftbjg chf jhotrl

utbfbzgr fg fhoùg bo`fhsg bojfusl duhrg ch fgs gufgs pgrg sgfucls, phquhgs

bostrujjblohs, jlovhrsgjblohs shojbffgs ch jgrjthr bodlrigf ho fls pgsbffls, ho hf pgtbl,

bojfusl ho fgs jgffhs ho hotlrols rurgfhs l ho vhjbocgrbls cloch agyg igylr jhrjgog

y jlovbvhojbg jltbcbgog) g jrbthrbl ch fls cljhoths quh bipgrtgo cbjag gsbògturg.

Big`bohils quh, plr hehipfl, uo prldhslr chjbch utbfbzgr hf hspglf igylrbtgrbgihoth

ho fg gsbògturg y sh fbibtg g utbfbzgr hf bo`fs hxjfusbvgihoth pgrg fls hehrjbjbls chf

fbnrl ch thxtl; hf rhsuftgcl, ho fg prjtbjg, hs quh fls obls rhjbnho uo oihrl iuy

bodhrblr ch alrgs ho hsth bcblig gf quh rhjbnho ho fg JGI; sb g hffl ggcbils quh fg

hxb`hojbg chf prldhslrgcl ch JyF hs iholr ho jugotl g su gjrhcbtgjbo ch obvhf ch

fhoùg, plchils gdbrigr quh hsls slo dgjtlrhs quh ol puhcho sbol bojbcbr ch igohrg

chthribogoth ho fg jgfbcgc ch fg ldhrtg ch fg hoshgozg nbfbo`h ho JyF y plr hsl

ibsil, jlostbtuyho hfhihotls susjhptbnfhs ch gthojbo prblrbtgrbg sb hxbsth fg vlfuotgc

ch ihelrgrfg.

Ilcl ch rhjfutgibhotl y chcbjgjbo ch fls guxbfbgrhs ch jlovhrsgjbo

Hf oihrl ch guxbfbgrhs ch jlovhrsgjbo hs ltrg ch fgs `rgochs cbdhrhojbgs

hotrh fgs cls Jliuobcgchs. Jugocl agnfgils ch guxbfbgrhs ch jlovhrsgjbo ols

rhdhrbils g gquhffls gsbsthoths ogtbvls quh gplygo fg fgnlr cljhoth ch fls prldhslrhs

ch bcbligs y/l phrthohjbhoths g ]rl`rgigs Nbfbo`hs. Ho fg JGI tlcls fls jhotrls


14/70


15/70

7=

tribols ch iltbvgjbo. Slcl hffl, ggcbcl gf oihrl ch alrgs ho bo`fs ho fgs rhgs

phribtbcgs shò olrigtbvg ho fg prbihrg htgpg ch prbigrbg, jlo prldhslrgcl

jugfbdbjgcl y gjrhcbtgcl jlo uo obvhf iobil ch uo N> chf IJH^F (Igrjl Jlio

Hurlphl ch ^hdhrhojbg ch fgs Fhoùgs) bojfuyhocl fgs alrgs ho fgs quh fls obls

hstgngo gjlipggcls ch guxbfbgrhs ch jlovhrsgjbo (ho 7 y > ch prbigrbg ysbùbhocl fgs lrbhotgjblohs ihtlclf`bjgs ch fg JGI, quh bocbjgo quh ho hf 7 jbjfl

ch prbigrbg fls hstucbgoths chnho jhotrgrsh jgsb hxjfusbvgihoth ho hf gsphjtl lrgf chf

bcblig) agjh plsbnfh quh gf dbogf chf prbihr jbjfl fls obls yg puhcgo hxprhsgrsh jlo

jbhrtg dfubchz y hsto ho jlocbjblohs ch suphrgr jlo xbtl hf hxgiho ch hvgfugjbo

hxthrog Srbobty Jlffh`h @rgcl :, hqubvgfhoth gf obvhf G> chf IJH^F.

Srgs fg gceucbjgjbo ch ib chstbol chdbobtbvl ho hf JHB] Tbffg ch @ugcgrrgig,

chjbc pgrtbjbpgr ho uo ]rl`rgig ch jlfgnlrgjbo chf Ibobsthrbl ch Hcujgjbo ch

Hspgg jlo fls cbdhrhoths Chpgrtgihotls ch Hcujgjbo ch vgrbls hstgcls ch fls

HHXX; ho pgrtbjufgr, gf shr yg duojblogrbl, hehrj ib cljhojbg curgoth hf jursl hsjlfgr

>==4-=0 ho jlibsbo ch shrvbjbls hsphjbgfhs ho hf hstgcl ch Igssgjaushtts, ho uog

jbucgc ho hf rhg urngog ch Nlstlo chotrl chf ]rl`rgig ch ]rldhslrhs Tbsbtgoths ch

HHXX, fl quh ih phribtb both`rgrih jlil cljhoth ho hf ]rl`rgig ch Boihrsbo ch

Hspglf ho hf jlfh`bl Ibsjlh Abff Zjallf. Fg boihrsbo sh chsgrrlffgng objgihoth ho

cls ch fgs shbs fohgs hxbsthoths ho hf jhotrl hsjlfgr. Slcg fg htgpg ch Bodgotbf sh

chsgrrlffgng gf 7==% ho hspglf y tlcls fls prldhslrhs hrgo hsphjbgfbstgs ch hstg

htgpg y ogtbvls, prlvhobhoths ch Hspgg l ch pgshs ch Zucgirbjg; hf bipgjtl ho fls

obls hs hxtrglrcbogrbl, puhs gprhocho bo`fs ho sus al`grhs y hspglf ho hf jhotrl

hsjlfgr. Fgs dgibfbgs gsuiho uo rhtrgsl gprlxbigcl ch uo gl ho hf gprhocbzgeh ch fg

fhjturg ho hf prlpbl bcblig ch fls obls, hs chjbr ho bo`fs, yg quh tlcg fg htgpg ch

Bodgotbf sh chsgrrlffg ho hspglf.

Hf ]rl`rgig vg rhcujbhocl `rgcugfihoth fls plrjhotgehs ch boihrsbo ch

hspglf guoquh hstl ljurrh yg ho fg htgpg ch prbigrbg, jlo uo 2=% ch hspglf ho 7

ch prbigrbg y uo 7=% ho su bcblig, ho > ch prbigrbg uo 1=% ch hoshgozgs hohspglf y uo >=% ho bo`fs, ch igohrg sujhsbvg agstg 8 ch prbigrbg, obvhf ho hf quh

hehrj jlil tutlr, jugocl fgs hoshgozgs ch ginls bcbligs hstgngo rhpgrtbcgs

prlplrjblogfihoth gfjgozgocl jgcg uog ch hffgs hf 8=%. ]uch jliprlngr

phrslogfihoth jil fls gfuiols sh chshovlfvgo phrdhjtgihoth ho hspglf h bo`fs.

Curgoth hf 8 jursl ch prbigrbg fls obls slo hvgfugcls ho uog pruhng ffgigcg IJGZ

(Igssgjaushtts Jliprhahosbvh Gsshssihot Zysthi), sbibfgr g fg pruhng JCB

(Jliphthojbgs y chstrhzgs bocbsphosgnfhs) ch fg htgpg prbigrbg ho Hspgg. Fls

rhsuftgcls ch fgs cls fohgs ch boihrsbo ch hspglf duhrlo ihelrhs quh fgs ch fls

gfuiols ch fohgs ol nbfbo`hs. Ch hstg hxphrbhojbg ch boihrsbo puhcl chjbr quh

jugotl igylr shg hf plrjhotgeh ch boihrsbo chsch fg htgpg ch bodgotbf, sbhiprh quh


16/70

77

tho`gils uo prldhslrgcl fbo`stbjgihoth prhpgrgcl, ihelr shr fg gcqubsbjbo chf

bcblig hxtrgoehrl y fls rhsuftgcls gjgcibjls ol sh vhro ihrigcls.

Gjrhcbtgjbo rhquhrbcg pgrg fg bipgrtbjbo ch gsbògturgs ho fls ]rl`rgigs

Both`rgcls

Ho fgs cls Jliuobcgchs, fls prldhslrhs quh bipgrtho GBJFH (Gprhocbzgeh

Both`rgcl ch Jlothobcls y Fhoùg) prhjbsgo ch uog gjrhcbtgjbo/agnbfbtgjbo pgrg

plchr bipgrtbr uo rhg cbdhrhoth ho bo`fs. Zb nbho ho fg JGI sh hxb`h uo obvhf

fbo`stbjl igylr pgrg hstgr gjrhcbtgcl/agnbfbtgcl y gchis sh phrjbnh uo

jlipfhihotl rhtrbnutbvl ch hsphjbgf chcbjgjbo cljhoth quh vbhoh chthribogcl ho fg

Lrcho ch 7 ch ljtunrh ch >=7=, ch fg Jloshehrg ch Hjlolig y Agjbhocg [ plr fg quh

sh hstgnfhjho jrbthrbls lnehtbvls pgrg fg gsbògjbo ch prlcujtbvbcgc g fls duojblogrbls

ch Juhrpls Cljhoths ol Xobvhrsbtgrbls plr fg pgrtbjbpgjbo ho prl`rgigs quh

bipfbquho hsphjbgf chcbjgjbo gf jhotrl, boolvgjbo hcujgtbvg y hoshgozg nbfbo`hY,

ho JyF ol hxbsth oboò tbpl ch jlipfhihotl.

Fls jllrcbogclrhs ch ]rl`rgigs Nbfbo`hs

Hf ]rl`rgig ch fgs cls Jliuobcgchs bojfuyh uo jllrcbogclr nbfbo`h ho jgcg

jhotrl chsbògcl plr hf cbrhjtlr. Ho fg JGI hf jllrcbogclr hs uo ighstrl gcsjrbtl g fg

hsphjbgfbcgc ch Bo`fs, agnbfbtgcl pgrg fg cljhojbg ho hf ]rl`rgig, quh bipgrth tgotl

hf rhg ch Fhoùg Bo`fhsg jlil ltrgs rhgs, juyg fgnlr jlosbsth ho jllrcbogr hf

chsgrrlffl chf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h ho hf jhotrl y hf trgngel ch fls ighstrls quh dlrigopgrth chf hqubpl cljhoth nbfbo`h. Gchis, lr`gobzg y tuthfg hf trgngel ch fls

guxbfbgrhs ch jlovhrsgjbo, hotrh ltrgs duojblohs. Ho JyF, sbo hingr`l, hstgs

duojblohs slo iujal is rhcujbcgs y ol sh hojuhotrgo punfbjgcgs ho hf NLJRF,

guoquh s quh sh hovb uog bostrujjbo cloch sh rhjl`go hstgs duojblohs g fls

jhotrls nbfbo`hs (Bostrujjbo ch 3 ch hohrl ch >==4, plr fg quh sh hstgnfhjho fgs

ihcbcgs ch gplyl g fls jhotrls nbfbo`hs). Juhstblohs ch hsth tbpl sh puhcho pfgothgr

jlil lnstjufls l jlil gsphjtls susjhptbnfhs ch ihelrg ho JyF. Zlobg J.

Igcbognhbtbg (>=77) chstgjg fg biplrtgojbg ch fgs jugfbcgchs rhquhrbcgs pgrg fgjllrcbogjbo ch ]rl`rgigs Nbfbo`hs, shgfgocl fg biplrtgojbg quh tbhoh cbjag dbùrg

pgrg fl`rgr hf xbtl ch hsth tbpl ch prl`rgigs5 Fg jllrcbogjbo hdbjgz hs

hvbchothihoth uog igohrg ch hfbibogr lnstjufls y jrhgr lplrtuobcgchs pgrg ihelrgr

fg hoshgozg, fl ibsil chf jlothobcl quh ch fg fhoùg hxtrgoehrg. (Igcbognhbtbg,

>=77).

Cltgjbo prhsupuhstgrbg

Ho fg JGI, gf hiphzgr uo ]rlyhjtl Nbfbo`h hf jhotrl juhotg jlo uo phrblclhxphrbihotgf ch uo gl, trgs hf jugf, gf jhotrl sh fh cltg uog jgotbcgc ch :=== pgrg

fg prbihrg jliprg ch igthrbgfhs chstbogcg g junrbr fgs ohjhsbcgchs is biplrtgoths

quh sh agygo chthjtgcl. ]lsthrblrihoth hf jhotrl thocr uo bojrhihotl chf >=% ho su


17/70

7>

prhsupuhstl gougf rhshrvgcl pgrg fls ]rlyhjtls Nbfbo`hs (Jloshehrg ch Hcujgjbo

Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc, >=7=, p`. >7 Jgptufl 7), sbo hingr`l, ho JyF ol hxbsth uog

gsbògjbo hjloibjg hsphjdbjg pgrg fls jhotrls nbfbo`hs.

^hjursls SBJ g cbsplsbjbo ch fls ]rl`rgigs

Ho fg JGI sh cbsploh ch uo hqubpgibhotl ch, gf ihols, > pbzgrrgs cb`btgfhs

plr jgcg jhotrl shfhjjblogcl ho hf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h, juyg cltgjbo vg gjlipggcg

chf jliprlibsl ch fls ighstrls chf jhotrl ch gsbstbr g uo jursl ch dlrigjbo quh

`grgotbzg hf usl hdbjgz ch cbjag thjolfl`g (Jloshehrg ch Hcujgjbo Jliuobcgc ch

Igcrbc, >=7=, p`. >7 Jgptufl 7) ibhotrgs quh ho JyF vgrbls jhotrls duhrlo

shfhjjblogcls pgrg rhjbnbr uo fgnlrgtlrbl ch bcbligs, trgs rhgfbzgr uo prlyhjtl hsphjbgf

pgrg su gceucbjgjbo, curgoth vgrbgs jlovljgtlrbgs, guoquh chsjlolzjl, y ol ah

plcbcl lnthohr, fg bodlrigjbo rhfgtbvg gf oihrl ch fgnlrgtlrbls gceucbjgcls ob g su

jrbthrbl ch gceucbjgjbo.

Fl`ls ch fls jhotrls nbfbo`hs

Gf ffh`gr g uo jhotrl nbfbo`h ch fg Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc sh puhch bchotbdbjgr

jfgrgihoth uo jlfh`bl nbfbo`h plrquh fls jgrthfhs slo hstgocgrbzgcls y tbhoho uo

fl`ltbpl jlio quh fls bchotbdbjg. JyF ol tbhoh uo fl`l nbfbo`h jlio y jgcg jhotrl sb

fl chshg agjh su prlpbl fl`l y jgrthf, jlil sh ag ahjal ho ib jhotrl ch chstbol

gjtugf, hf JHB] FlsGrvgjls ho Grvgfl(vbfg). (Thr bi`hohs 7 y > ho fls gohxls)

Hstrujturg jlio ch fls ]rl`rgigs

Fls jhotrls ho fg JGI tbhoho uog hstrujturg nbfbo`h jlo uog ngsh y uo igrjl

jlio ho hf quh hf jhotrl ho sus ]HJ tbhoh pljl igr`ho ch igoblnrg. Fls jhotrls

nbfbo`hs ho JyF, plr hf jlotrgrbl, tbhoho ]rlyhjtls Nbfbo`hs cbdhrhojbgcls y fls

plrjhotgehs ch cljhojbg ho bo`fs quh sh hstgnfhjho ho jgcg jhotrl, ho fgs GOF,

puhcho vgrbgr.

Fg rhgfbcgc ch fg cbsphrsbo `hl`rdbjg ho JyF bipfbjg tginbo fg hxbsthojbg ch

uo igylr oihrl ch J^Gs (jlfh`bls rurgfhs g`rupgcls) ho fls quh agy `rgo jgotbcgcch gufgs uobtgrbgs (jfgshs jlipuhstgs plr obls ch cbdhrhoths hcgchs ho Hcujgjbo

Bodgotbf y ]rbigrbg jlo uo objl tutlr cljhoth), fl jugf hotrgg uog ouhvg cbdhrhojbgjbo

rhsphjtl g fg ihtlclfl`g ho hf jgsl ch jhotrls nbfbo`hs ahjal quh ol sh ag thobcl

ho juhotg ho fg olrigtbvg nbfbo`h ho JyF. Fg JGI bùgfihoth ol ag rhgfbzgcl uog

cbdhrhojbgjbo ho hsth shotbcl chnbcl prlngnfhihoth gf oihrl odbil ch hsth tbpl ch

jhotrls ho fg rh`bo jlotgocl objgihoth jlo 1 J^Gs.

3.>.Jlocbjblohs olrigtbvgs rhùfgclrgs.G obvhf ogjblogf, hf ^hgf Chjrhtl 787:/>==4, ch 0 ch cbjbhinrh, plr hf quh sh

hstgnfhjho fgs hoshgozgs iobigs ch fg hcujgjbo prbigrbg ho su cbsplsbjbo


18/70

7:

gcbjblogf shùocg rhfgtbvg g fgs hoshgozgs chf sbsthig hcujgtbvl hspglf bipgrtbcgs

ho fhoùgs hxtrgoehrgs, hxploh fl sbùbhoth5

Fgs gcibobstrgjblohs hcujgtbvgs plcro gutlrbzgr quh uog pgrth ch fgs rhgschf jurrjufl sh bipgrtgo ho fhoùgs hxtrgoehrgs sbo quh hffl suplo`gilcbdbjgjbo ch fls gsphjtls nsbjls chf jurrjufl rhùfgcls ho hf prhshoth

^hgf Chjrhtl. Ho hsth jgsl, prljurgro quh g fl fgr`l ch fg htgpg fls gfuiolsgcqubhrgo fg thribolfl`g prlpbg ch fgs rhgs ho gings fhoùgs.

Hf chjrhtl, ho su jloeuotl, duocgihotg fg olrigtbvg g obvhf hstgtgf ch fg

bipfgotgjbo ch fg ihtlclfl`g GBJFH/JFBF, guoquh fg JGI, jlil vhrhils, jlihoz

su ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h jlo gothrblrbcgc g hstg olrigtbvg y JyF jlihoz ho hohrl ch

>==4.

Sgnfg jlipgrgtbvg 75 Olrigtbvg rhùfgclrg.

OLÎGSBTG

^H@XFGCL^G

JGZSBFFG R FHLO IGC^BC

]rbihrg L^CHO Lrcho HCX/4/>==4, ch 3 ch hohrl Lrcho 024/>==3, ch 8 ch igrzl

L^CHO GJSXGF Fg ibsig jlo > ilcbdbjgjblohs5

Lrcho HCX/7130/>==0, ch 72 ch

olvbhinrh y Lrcho HCX :2>/>=7>,

ch := ch igyl

Lrcho 8281/>=7=, ch 0 ch

cbjbhinrh

3.>.7 Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc

Hf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h ch fg JGI jlibhozg ho hf gl >==3 jlo fg Lrcho024/>==3, ch 8 ch igrzl. Ho hffg sh chsjrbnh hf lnehtl y jgrgjthrstbjgs ch fg

jlovljgtlrbg quh jlibhozg jlo uog ngsh tgotl prhsupuhstgrbg jlil ch rhùfgjblohs

jliuohs pgrg fls jhotrls nbfbo`hs. Hf ]rl`rgig vg cbrb`bcl gf prbihr obvhf ch

Hcujgjbo ]rbigrbg phrl sh bocbjg quh plcr bojfubr hf bojrhihotl chf tbhipl chcbjgcl

g Fhoùg Bo`fhsg ho Hcujgjbo Bodgotbf. Hotrh fgs ihcbcgs tligcgs pgrg cbjals

jhotrls jgnh chstgjgr5

- Gipfbgjbo ch fls hdhjtbvls ch prldhslrgcl chf jhotrl ihcbgoth guxbfbgrhs chjlovhrsgjbo ho fhoùg bo`fhsg chstbogcg g plsbnbfbtgr hf chsgrrlffl chf]rl`rgig.

- ]fgo ch dlrigjbo hsphjdbjg pgrg hf prldhslrgcl ch fls jhotrls shfhjjblogclsbipfbjgcl ho hf chsgrrlffl chf ]rl`rgig.

- Lrbhotgjblohs cbcjtbjgs pgrg hf chsgrrlffl chf ]rl`rgig ho hf gufg.- Bojrhihotl ho hf prhsupuhstl ch `gstls ch duojblogibhotl pgrg fls jhotrls

shfhjjblogcls.- Hqubpgibhotl hsphjdbjl ho thjolfl`gs ch fg bodlrigjbo y fg jliuobjgjbo

pgrg hf chsgrrlffl chf ]rl`rgig.- ]lsbnbfbcgc ch quh hf gfuiogcl chf jhotrl puhcg lnthohr uo ttufl alilfl`gcl

plr hf Jloshel ch Hurlpg.- ]grtbjbpgjbo ho prlyhjtls h bothrjginbls ch jgrjthr bothrogjblogf.

- ]hrjhpjbo chf jlipfhihotl ch hsphjbgf chcbjgjbo cljhoth, shò shchthriboh rh`fgihotgrbgihoth.


19/70

73

Fg Lrcho 7888/>==3, ch >> ch gnrbf, rhsuhfvh fg jlovljgtlrbg pgrg fg shfhjjbo

ch fls prbihrls >4 jlfh`bls pnfbjls ch Hcujgjbo Bodgotbf y ]rbigrbg ch fg JGI ho fls

quh sh ffhvgr g jgnl fg bipfgotgjbo ch fg hoshgozg nbfbo`h hspglf-bo`fs.

Hf chsgrrlffl olrigtbvl sh vg gipfbgocl y geustgocl g fgs ohjhsbcgchs ch

chsgrrlffl chf ]rl`rgig y ch fgs jlocbjblohs hjloibjgs quh sth ag ch slplrtgr. Hf

]rl`rgig, gf shr ouhvl, jufibog jlo fg Lrcho 8281/>=7= ch 0 ch cbjbhinrh, plr fg quh

sh rhùfgo fls jlfh`bls pnfbjls nbfbo`hs ch fg Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc. Hstg lrcho

uobdbjg ho uo slfl thxtl olrigtbvl tlcg fg fh`bsfgjbo quh chnbcl g fg prl`rhsbvg

bipfgotgjbo chf ]rl`rgig sh duh `hohrgocl ho fls ftbils 4 gls.

Ho cbjag Lrcho sh lr`gobzgo fgs hoshgozgs igrjgocl hf Bo`fs jlil

gsbògturg bostruihotgf gf ibsil obvhf quh Fhoùg Hspglfg l Igthitbjgs, y

jloshjuhothihoth chnho jginbgrsh fls jrbthrbls ch prliljbo chf jhotrl, hstlsjrbthrbls chthribogo fls rhqubsbtls iobils quh uo gfuiol chnh juipfbr g dbo ch

prliljblogr gf jursl sbùbhoth gf dbogfbzgr uo jbjfl chthribogcl ch fg htgpg ch prbigrbg

(jgcg jbjfl sh jliploh ch > jursls hsjlfgrhs ho hcujgjbo prbigrbg). Fg Lrcho

ihojblogcg tginbo chdboh fgs jgrgjthrstbjgs ch fls jhotrls nbfbo`hs y jlo qu

phrslogf, dlrigjbo, hqubpgibhotl thjolf`bjl, igthrbgfhs, prlyhjtls ch bothrjginbl,

htj., vgo g jlotgr. Hf jllrcbogclr gcqubhrh uog `rgo rhfhvgojbg y sh hstgnfhjho sus

duojblohs. Zh hxpfbjbtgo fgs cbvhrsgs sbtugjblohs ho fgs quh sh puhch hojlotrgr uo

ighstrl ho uo jhotrl nbfbo`h y jfgrbdbjg y rhùfg fgs ibsigs, gchis ch gsphjtlsrhfgtbvls g fg hvgfugjbo tgotl bothrog jlil hxthrog.

Ho hf Gohxl B ch cbjag Lrcho sh rhjl`ho uog shrbh ch lrbhotgjblohs

jurrbjufgrhs jlo prldusg bodlrigjbo y quh sbrvho ch ùg gf prldhslrgcl chf ]rl`rgig

ho iuy cbvhrsls thigs, hstg ùg hst punfbjgcg ho hf NLJI (Nlfhto Ldbjbgf ch fg

Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc) tgotl ho bo`fs jlil ho hspglf y ldrhjh lrbhotgjblohs y

hehipfls ch jil gjtugr ho uog jfgsh nbfbo`h, rhjlihocgjblohs ihtlclf`bjgs, fg

dlrig ho quh fls gfuiols gcqubhrho hf fhoùgeh ho jgcg uol ch fls jbjfls, fg

hvgfugjbo ho jgcg jbjfl y rhjursls pgrg fg hoshgozg.

Ho jugotl g fg ihtlclfl`g, bocbjg quh curgoth hf prbihr jbjfl fls lnehtbvls sh

jhotrgro ho fgs chstrhzgs lrgfhs, hxprhsbo y jliprhosbo lrgf, hsphjbdbjoclsh quh

chnhrg agnfgrsh ho bo`fs g fls gfuiols bojfusl duhrg chf gufg, ho hf rhjrhl, ho fgs

hxjursblohs, htj, y ho iholr ihcbcg ho fg jliprhosbo y hxprhsbo hsjrbtg. Hstgs

ftbigs sh chsgrrlffgro jlo igylr prlduocbcgc curgoth hf shùocl y thrjhr jbjfl. Ho

fg prjtbjg, fl agnbtugf ho fls jlfh`bls nbfbo`hs hs bobjbgr ho : ch prbigrbg uo pfgo

fhjtlr ho fg gsbògturg ch Bo`fs. Sginbo sh cgo lrbhotgjblohs gjhrjg ch jil

utbfbzgr uo rhjursl tgo biplrtgoth jlil fls guxbfbgrhs ch jlovhrsgjbo, tgotl chotrl

jlil duhrg chf gufg.


20/70

78

Ho hf gpgrtgcl ch fg hvgfugjbo sh agjh uog jfgrg rhdhrhojbg g fgs gsbògturgs

ol fbo`stbjgs hoshgcgs ho bo`fs (JFBF), plr hehipfl, Zjbhojh (gsbògturg quh

rhjlrchils hs lnfb`gtlrbg ho bo`fs ho tlcls fls jhotrls nbfbo`hs ch fg JGI); ho sth

sh shgfg quh hs biplrtgoth bchotbdbjgr juf hs fg dbogfbcgc prbojbpgf chf hxgiho y

hstgnfhjhr prhvbgihoth sb sh vgo g hvgfugr fls jlothobcls, fg fhoùg l ginls. Ho hfprbihr jgsl, sh plocr odgsbs ho fl quh fls gfuiols sgnho slnrh fg igthrbg. Fl

prblrbtgrbl, g ib pgrhjhr, hs hvgfugr fls jlothobcls ho fg gsbògturg ch Zjbhojh, sb nbho

g fg vhz sbo bòlrgr fgs juhstblohs dlrigfhs jlil tgipljl sh agjh ho fg fhoùg

igthrog. Fg gthojbo, sbo hingr`l, g gsphjtls ch hxprhsbo fbo`stbjg jrhl quh hs

ohjhsgrbg rhshrvgrfg ch igohrg hsphjbgf pgrg fg gsbògturg ch Bo`fs ho fg quh

plchils jhotrgrols ho trgngegr g dlocl fg fhoùg hxtrgoehrg, quh g su vhz sh utbfbzgr

jlil fhoùg vhabjufgr pgrg hf gprhocbzgeh ch jlothobcls ho gsbògturgs ol

fbo`stbjgs (GBJFH). Hf Gohxl BB ch fg olrigtbvg hstgnfhjh ch dlrig ldbjbgf fg rgtblalrgrbg prhsjrbtg pgrg tlcls fls jhotrls nbfbo`hs ho fg JGI. (Thr big`ho :)

Ho fg big`ho : plchils lnshrvgr quh Jloljbibhotl chf ihcbl tbhoh

rhshrvgcgs >,8 alrgs; hf alrgrbl ch fbnrh gsbògjbo (7 alrg ho 7 jbjfl l 7,8 alrgs ho

> y : jbjfl) sh puhch ggcbr gf alrgrbl ch Zjbhojh, ho juyl jgsl jlotgrg jlo :,8

alrgs shigogfhs (ho 7 jbjfl) y 3 alrgs (ho > y : jbjfl) l g ltrgs igthrbgs bipgrtbcgs

ho bo`fs. Gf guihotgr hf alrgrbl ch Bo`fs sh ag cbsiboubcl hf ch ltrgs gsbògturgs

jlil Hcujgjbo Dsbjg y Hcujgjbo Grtstbjg jlil plchils jliprlngr gf jlipgrgr

fgs Bi`hohs : y 3.

3.>.>. Jgstbffg y Fho.

Hf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h ch Jgstbffg y Fho jlihoz ho hf gl >==4 botrlcujbhocl

fgs shjjblohs nbfbo`hs ho jhotrls slsthobcls jlo dlocls pnfbjls (Lrcho

HCX/4/>==4, ch 3 ch hohrl). Sgf Lrcho jlosbchrg nbfbo`hs fls jhotrls quh utbfbjho uo

bcblig hxtrgoehrl pgrg fg hoshgozg ch jlothobcls ch chthribogcgs rhgs l igthrbgs

ol fbo`stbjgs. Guoquh ho hstg Lrcho ol sh hstgnfhjh ch igohrg jlojrhtg uo usl chf

7==% ch fg fhoùg bo`fhsg pgrg fgs igthrbgs bipgrtbcgs ho hsth bcblig. Ho su grtjufl

>.7 sh hstgnfhjh quh hf bcblig ch fg shjjbo hs lnfb`gtlrbl pgrg fls gfuiols

phrthohjbhoths g fg ibsig; sbo hingr`l, ho fg prjtbjg cbgrbg,fls prlyhjtls utbfbzgo ho

GOF plrjhotgehs cbvhrsls ch bo`fs, y ol rhsuftg lnfb`gtlrbl quh stg shg bipgrtbcg ho

su tltgfbcgc ho cbjag fhoùg. Gs, plr hehipfl, ho ib gjtugf jhotrl ch chstbol agstg

hsth gl gjgcibjl fg cbstrbnujbo agng sbcl chf 8=% ch hoshgozgs ch fg gsbògturg

ch Zjbhojhbipgrtbcgs ho jgsthffgol y hf 8=% rhstgoth ho bo`fs.

Hs ch rhsgftgr tginbo ch hstg Lrcho quh jgnh fg plsbnbfbcgc ch gipfbgr hfalrgrbl chf jhotrl agstg fgs >0 alrgs shigogfhs ho hf jgsl ch jhotrls ch prbigrbg

phrl ol sh hsphjbdbjg jil sh vg g ffhvgr g jgnl tgf gipfbgjbo, l ho jgsl ch


21/70

74

hdhjtugrsh, sb hstgrg rhiuohrgcg, htj. Sgipljl ih ag rhsuftgcl plsbnfh lnthohr hf

cgtl chf oihrl ch jhotrls ch JyF quh juhotgo jlo tgf gipfbgjbo.

Ho jugotl g fg hvgfugjbo chf obvhf ch bo`fs ch fls gfuiols yg chsch hf

prbojbpbl sh sbùh hf prljhcbibhotl agnbtugf hstgnfhjbcl ho fg olrigtbvg vb`hoth, quh

jlosbsth ho quh hf jllrcbogclr nbfbo`h rhgfbjh uog hvgfugjbo chf ]rlyhjtl Nbfbo`h ch

su jhotrl quh plsthrblrihoth sh rhibtbr g fg Cbrhjjbo ]rlvbojbgf. Ol sh cbsploh ch

hvgfugjblohs fbo`stbjgs hxthrogs ch hotbcgchs ch prhstb`bl bothrogjblogf jlil fgs

grnbtrgcgs pgrg hf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h ch fg JGI ihcbgoth hxihohs chf Srbobty

Jlffh`h y fg Xobvhrsbcgc ch Jginrbc`h.

Hf grtjufl 77 ch cbjag Lrcho, rhdhrhoth gf prldhslrgcl, hxb`h uo obvhf ch

jliphthojbg fbo`stbjg N7, chotrl ch fg hsjgfg chf Igrjl Jlio Hurlphl ch

^hdhrhojbg ch fgs Fhoùgs (IJH^F). Ho fg ibsig Lrcho rhùfgclrg ho hf Gohxl TBBBsh bojfuyh uog chsjrbpjbo chtgffgcg ch jgcg uol ch fls obvhfhs chf IJH^F. Gff sh

ldrhjh fg sbùbhoth chsjrbpjbo pgrg hf obvhf N75

Jliprhocl fgs bchgs prbojbpgfhs jugocl hf cbsjursl hs jfgrl y olrigf y shtrgtgo gsuotls jltbcbgols quh tbhoho fu`gr ho hf trgngel, ho fg hsjuhfg, curgothhf tbhipl ch ljbl, htj. Jliprhocl fg bchg prbojbpgf ch iujals prl`rgigs chrgcbl l thfhvbsbo quh trgtgo thigs gjtugfhs l gsuotls ch bothrs phrslogf lprldhsblogf, jugocl fg grtbjufgjbo hs rhfgtbvgihoth fhotg y jfgrg.

G ttufl lrbhotgtbvl rhsuil nrhvhihoth fls obvhfhs chf ibsil5

- G7. Hxprhsblohs dgibfbgrhs cbgrbgs.- G>. Jliuobjgjbo ho uo oihrl fbibtgcl ch fgs sbtugjblohs is dgibfbgrhs.- N7. Clibobl fbo`stbjl ho sbtugjblohs jltbcbgogs.- N>. Obvhf bothrihcbl ch clibobl. Zh puhcho igohegr fgs prbojbpgfhs hstrujturgs

fbo`stbjgs y uo gipfbl rgo`l ch vljgnufgrbl.- J7. Xtbfbzgjbo ch fgs hstrujturgs fbo`stbjgs jlo dgjbfbcgc.- J>. Clibobl prxbil g uo agnfgoth ogtbvl hcujgcl.

Hf obvhf N7 hxb`bcl gf prldhslrgcl pgrg bipgrtbr uog gsbògturg jlil Zjbhojh,

ho ib lpbobo, rhsuftg chf tlcl bosudbjbhoth jugocl sh trgtg ch botrlcujbr uo vljgnufgrbl

y jlothobcls tgo hsphjdbjls.

Ho hf Gohxl TBB ch fg ibsig sh bocbjgng quh pgrg gjrhcbtgr hf obvhf ch bo`fs

hrg sudbjbhoth prhshotgr hf obvhf ]HS (]rhfbibogry Ho`fbsa Shst)ch Jginrbc`h l hf jbjfl

hfhihotgf ch fg Hsjuhfg Ldbjbgf ch Bcbligs, plr hehipfl, pgrg prldhslrhs ol

hsphjbgfbstgs ch Bo`fs.

Fg Lrcho HCX/4/>==4, ch 3 ch hohrl, pgrg fg jrhgjbo ch shjjblohs nbfbo`hs

chstgjg plr ol bojfubr ihcbcgs ch gplyl gf ]rl`rgig, g cbdhrhojbg ch fgs ldhrtgcgs plr

fg JGI ho su Lrcho rhùfgclrg hqubvgfhoth. Jbhrtgihoth hxbsth, jlil ah ihojblogcl

gothrblrihoth, uog Bostrujjbo ch 3 ch hohrl ch >==4, plr fg quh sh hstgnfhjho

ihcbcgs ch gplyl g gquhffls jhotrls pnfbjls quh rhsuftho gutlrbzgcls plr gpfbjgjbo


22/70

70

ch fg Lrcho HCX/4/>==4, ch 3 ch hohrl, sb nbho hstg bostrujjbo ol dbùrg ho hf

jliphocbl olrigtbvl ch shjjblohs nbfbo`hs quh fg prlpbg Jloshehrg ch Hcujgjbo

prlplrjblog ho su p`bog whn y rhsuftg ch cbdjbf gjjhsl, yg quh ol sh hojuhotrg

punfbjgcg ho hf NLJRF. Ho jginbl, fg bodlrigjbo duh rhjl`bcg pgrg su cbdusbo

pnfbjg ho fgs p`bogs whn ch gfùols sbocbjgtls ch hoshgozg.Fgs ihcbcgs hsphjdbjgs ch gplyl ho fg bostrujjbo slo fgs sbùbhoths5

- Bojrhihotl ch fg pfgotbffg chf jhotrl ho uo ighstrl jlo jliphthojbg nbfbo`hy/l uo guxbfbgr ch jlovhrsgjbo, ho duojbo ch fgs jgrgjthrstbjgs chf jhotrl,quh jlotrbnubr gf chsgrrlffl chf prlyhjtl.

- Bojrhihotl chf prhsupuhstl ho `gstls ch duojblogibhotl.- Dlrigjbo hsphjdbjg chf prldhslrgcl pgrtbjbpgoth ho fls prlyhjtls ch

shjjblohs fbo`stbjgs. Hsth prldhslrgcl thocr prblrbcgc pgrg gjjhchr g fgsgjjblohs ch dlrigjbo quh, ho igthrbg ch boihrsbo fbo`stbjg, ihtlclfl`g ultrgs juhstblohs rhfgjblogcgs jlo fg hoshgozg nbfbo`h, sh lr`gobjho plr fggcibobstrgjbo hcujgtbvg.

- Dlihotl ch fg pgrtbjbpgjbo ho prlyhjtls h bothrjginbls ch jgrjthrbothrogjblogf.- Jhrtbdbjgjbo chf obvhf ch jliphthojbg fbo`stbjg ch fls gfuiols quh agygo

jursgcl uo chthribogcl obvhf hcujgtbvl ho uog shjjbo nbfbo`h. ]grg fglnthojbo ch hstg jhrtbdbjgjbo shr biprhsjbocbnfh fg rhgfbzgjbo ch uog pruhngho fls tribols quh sh chthriboho.

- Gquhffgs ltrgs quh sh jlosbchrho ohjhsgrbgs pgrg hf chsgrrlffl chf prlyhjtlnbfbo`h.

Fg Lrcho HCX/7130/>==0, ch 72 ch olvbhinrh, botrlcujh uog shrbh ch

ilcbdbjgjblohs ho fg olrigtbvg ch fg Lrcho HCX/4/>==4, ch 3 ch hohrl. ]hrl cbjags

ilcbdbjgjblohs gdhjtgo objgihoth g fg rhcgjjbo pgrjbgf ch su grtbjufgcl y g fgsuprhsbo ch gfùogs ch fgs cbsplsbjblohs, jgnh chstgjgr quh galrg sh puhcho

gutlrbzgr shjjblohs nbfbo`hs ch is ch uo bcblig ho hf ibsil jhotrl hcujgtbvl; fg

Lrcho HCX :2>/>=7>, ch := ch igyl, botrlcujh ltrg ouhvg shrbh ch ilcbdbjgjblohs

quh cgro pgsl g fgs rchohs sbùbhoths quh phribtbro g fg Jloshehrg jrhgr

shjjblohs nbfbo`hs ch ldbjbl. (Fg shjjbo 0.:. ho hf gpgrtgcl ch Gohxls bojfuyh fg

Lrcho HCX/4/>==4, ch 3 ch hohrl, jlo sus rhsphjtbvgs ilcbdbjgjblohs bocbjgcgs).

Zhjjblohs nbfbo`hs ch ldbjbl

Fg Lrcho HCX/3==/>=7>, ch :7 ch igyl, hstgnfhjh ch ldbjbl fg puhstg ho

duojblogibhotl ch shjjblohs nbfbo`hs ho jhotrls pnfbjls pgrg hf jursl >=7>/>=7:.

]lr tgotl, galrg fg Jloshehrg tbhoh fg plthstgc ch lnfb`gr g gfùols jhotrls g

jlovhrtbrsh ho nbfbo`hs, hotrh hffls g Bostbtutls ch Hcujgjbo Zhjuocgrbg pgrg

`grgotbzgr fg jlotboubcgc ch fls ]rl`rgigs Nbfbo`hs. Gquhffls jhotrls pnfbjls ho fls

quh sh agyg bipfgotgcl ch ldbjbl uog shjjbo nbfbo`h jlodlrih gf grtjufl 7.: ch fg

Lrcho rhùfgclrg chf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h, chnhro hfgnlrgr uo ]rlyhjtl ch Zhjjbo

Nbfbo`h y juipfbihotgr fg dbjag ch cgtls chf prldhslrgcl. Zb fls jhotrls ol jlotgrgojlo prldhslrgcl jlo fg jliphthojbg fbo`stbjg rhquhrbcg, sh fhs gsbògr

thiplrgfihoth hf prldhslrgcl biprhsjbocbnfh pgrg hf chsgrrlffl chf ]rlyhjtl ch

Zhjjbo Nbfbo`h.


23/70

71

Fg Lrcho HCX/783/>=7:, ch 7: ch igyl, sbùh hstgnfhjbhocl ch ldbjbl fg

puhstg ho igrjag ch ouhvgs shjjblohs nbfbo`hs ho jhotrls pnfbjls. Hotrh hffls sh

hojuhotrg hf BHZ Gcgeg ch fg fljgfbcgc ch Grvgfl quh ag sbcl uol ch fls jhotrls ch

shjuocgrbg ho hf quh sh hstgnfhjb ch ldbjbl uog shjjbo nbfbo`h pgrg hf jursl

>=7:/73 y quh ho fg gjtugfbcgc phrthohjh g fg rhc ch jhotrls nbfbo`hs ch JyF jlo su

]rl`rgig rh`blogf phrl quh hf jursl quh vbhoh >=73/78 dlrigr pgrth ch fg rhc chf

Nrbtbsa Jluojbf.

3.: ^hqubsbtls gjtugfhs pgrg pgrtbjbpgr.

Sgnfg jlipgrgtbvg >5 ^hqubsbtls ch pgrtbjbpgjbo.

^HWXBZBSLZ GJSXGFHZ CH

]G^SBJB]GJBLO


Jlotgr jlo hf gplyligylrbtgrbl chf Jfgustrly chf Jloshel Hsjlfgr.

OL

(Zh puhcho hstgnfhjhr

ch ldbjbl)

ZB

3.:.7 Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc

Slcls fls gls, chsch hf jursl >==3/>==8 ho quh hf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h bobjb

su bipfgotgjbo, fg Jloshehrg ch Hcujgjbo, Euvhotuc y Chplrth punfbjg uog Lrcho

ch shfhjjbo ch ouhvls Jlfh`bls Nbfbo`hs; fg ftbig hs fg Lrcho :2>>/>=7:, ch 7: ch

cbjbhinrh, y ho hffg sh hstgnfhjho fls rhqubsbtls quh chnho rhuobr fls jhotrls pgrg

`grgotbzgr quh stls sh hojuhotrho ho jlocbjblohs pgrg chsgrrlffgr hf ]rl`rgig. Hotrh

fls rhqubsbtls vgrbls quh sh slfbjbtgo jgnh chstgjgr5

7. Jlotgr jlo hf gplyl igylrbtgrbl chf Jfgustrl y chf Jloshel Hsjlfgr.>. Cbsplohr ch uo oihrl sudbjbhoth ch ighstrls agnbfbtgcls ch gjuhrcl gf

oihrl ch fohgs chf jhotrl.:. ]rhshotgr uo prlyhjtl hcujgtbvl quh gvgfh fg slfbjbtuc.

Ch hsth ilcl, tlcl hf jhotrl sh bovlfujrg ho fg puhstg ho igrjag chf

]rl`rgig y hxprhsg, g trgvs ch su slfbjbtuc, hf jliprlibsl ch tlcg fg jliuobcgc

hcujgtbvg pgrg ffhvgrfl g jgnl.

]lr su pgrth, hf prldhslrgcl, ch gjuhrcl g fg Lrcho ihojblogcg, sh

jliprlihth g fl sbùbhoth5

- Gshùrgr hf jlrrhjtl chsgrrlffl chf ]rl`rgig, shò fl hstgnfhjbcl plr fgLrcho 8281/>=7=, ch 0 ch cbjbhinrh, plr fg quh sh rhùfgo fls jlfh`bls

pnfbjls nbfbo`hs ch fg Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc.- ]grtbjbpgr ho fgs gjtbvbcgchs ch dlrigjbo quh fg Jloshehrg ch Hcujgjbo,Euvhotuc y Chplrth puhcg hstgnfhjhr pgrg hf chsgrrlffl chf ]rl`rgig.

- ]grtbjbpgr y jlfgnlrgr ho hf chsgrrlffl ch fls prljhsls ch hvgfugjbo cbrb`bcls gfls jhotrls y g fls gfuiols quh chthriboh fg Gcibobstrgjbo hcujgtbvg.


24/70

72

3.:.> Jgstbffg y Fho

Ho Jgstbffg y Fho, chsch hf jursl >==4/=0, g dbo ch pgrtbjbpgr y jloshùbr fg

gutlrbzgjbo ch uog shjjbo nbfbo`h sh ag ch trgibtgr dlrigfihoth uog slfbjbtuc

cbrb`bcg g fg Jloshehrg ch Hcujgjbo. Gjlipggocl g fg ibsig, sh chnh gplrtgr5

- ]rlyhjtl hcujgtbvl nbfbo`h quh sh geustgr g fl prhvbstl ho hf Gohxl BB.- Dbjag ch cgtls chf prldhslrgcl quh gjrhcbth fgs jliphthojbgs fbo`stbjgs

ohjhsgrbgs.- Ho hf jgsl ch jhotrls pnfbjls, gjtg ch gjhptgjbo chf prlyhjtl plr hf Jfgustrl

ch prldhslrhs.- Ho hf jgsl ch bostbtutls ch hcujgjbo shjuocgrbg, jlostgojbg ch fg gprlngjbo

plr fls chpgrtgihotls bipfbjgcls, jlil rhqubsbtl prhvbl g fg gprlngjbo plrpgrth chf Jfgustrl.

- Ho hf jgsl ch jhotrls pnfbjls, gjtg ch gjhptgjbo chf prlyhjtl plr pgrth chfJloshel Hsjlfgr.

Gchis sh pbch dgjbfbtgr hf shùbibhotl y hvgfugjbo chf ]rlyhjtl, y hf

prldhslrgcl sh jliprlihth g rhgfbzgr fg dlrigjbo quh sh fh ldhrth.

Zbo hingr`l, rhsuftg biphrgtbvl shgfgr, jlil yg ah hxpfbjgcl ho hf puotl 3.>,

ho fg shjjbo rhfgtbvg g Jgstbffg y Fho, quh ffh`g uo ilihotl ho quh pgrg jlotbougr

jlo hf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h yg ol sh tbhoh ho juhotg g fg jliuobcgc hcujgtbvg y sh

hstgnfhjho ch ldbjbl vgrbls jhotrls ch fg Jliuobcgc, sbo jlotgr pgrg hffl jlo fg

pgrtbjbpgjbo ch pgcrhs y prldhslrhs. ]lr ltrl fgcl, sb uo jhotrl chshg su gjhptgjbo

jlil jhotrl nbfbo`h ch igohrg vlfuotgrbg fls rhqubsbtls ch pgrtbjbpgjbo slo fls

chtgffgcls gothrblrihoth, phrl fl jbhrtl hs quh fg ftbig Lrcho quh gprln uog shrbh

ch shjjblohs nbfbo`hs sbùbhocl hstls jrbthrbls ch bojfusbo ch Jfgustrl ch prldhslrhs

y Jloshel Hsjlfgr duh fg Lrcho HCX/2>/>=77, ch 0 ch dhnrhrl; g pgrtbr ch hotlojhs y

agstg hf prhshoth fls jhotrls slo chsbògcls ch ldbjbl.

3.3 Jrbthrbls ch shfhjjbo gjtugfhs ch fls jlfh`bls nbfbo`hs

3.3.7 Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc

Fls jrbthrbls ch shfhjjbo pgrg fls jlfh`bls ch hoshgozg nbfbo`h hspglf-

bo`fs ho hcujgjbo prbigrbg pgrg hf jursl >=73->=78 slo5

g) Oihrl ch ighstrls jlo chstbol chdbobtbvl y agnbfbtgcls pgrg hf chshiphl chpuhstls nbfbo`hs quh sh jliprlihtho g pgrtbjbpgr ho hf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h. Agstg :=puotls.n) Obvhf ch bo`fs ch fls ibhinrls chf Hqubpl Cbrhjtbvl. Agstg 7= puotls.j) @rgcl ch gjhptgjbo ch fg jliuobcgc hcujgtbvg igobdhstgcl g trgvs chf gplylrhjbnbcl plr pgrth chf Jfgustrl y chf Jloshel Hsjlfgr. Agstg := puotls.c) Tbgnbfbcgc chf prlyhjtl. ]grg hffl sh thocr ho juhotg fg jgfbcgc chf prlyhjtl, fghxphrbhojbg hcujgtbvg chf jhotrl, fgs jgrgjthrstbjgs ch fg pfgotbffg ch prldhslrgcl

(slnrh tlcl fg chf prldhslrgcl hsphjbgfbstg ho bcblig hxtrgoehrl5 Bo`fs), fls rhjurslscbsplobnfhs ho hf jhotrl, y hf oihrl ch uobcgchs y ch gfuiols. Agstg := puotls.


25/70

>=

stls quhcgo rhjl`bcls ho fg Lrcho :2>>/>=7:, ch 7: ch cbjbhinrh, ch fg

Jloshehrg ch Hcujgjbo, gf lnehtl ch shfhjjblogr uo ixbil ch 78 ouhvls jlfh`bls

pnfbjls ch Hcujgjbo Bodgotbf y ]rbigrbg ch fg JGI pgrg sh`ubr bipfgotgocl ch dlrig

`rgcugf fg hoshgozg nbfbo`h hspglf-bo`fs.

]lr prbihrg vhz sh bojfuyh ho fls jrbthrbls ch shfhjjbo hf obvhf ch bo`fs chf

Hqubpl Cbrhjtbvl. Ho hsth shotbcl, chtgffgcl ho hf gpgrtgcl N quh suploh 7= puotls

slnrh 7==. Ol hs uo jrbthrbl hxjfuyhoth phrl pgrhjh oltgnfh quh fg JGI jlosbchrh

tginbo biplrtgoth quh hf cbrhjtlr ch uo jhotrl nbfbo`h tginbo plshg uo obvhf

bothrihcbl-gftl ch bo`fs, shg hsphjbgfbstg ho Bo`fs y hst agnbfbtgcl pgrg hf

chshiphl ch puhstls nbfbo`hs (Srhjhl, >=73). ]hrslogfihoth vgflrl ch dlrig

plsbtbvg fg bojlrplrgjbo ch hstls irbtls, yg quh jlosbchrl quh hf cbrhjtlr ch uo

jhotrl nbfbo`h chnh jloljhr ch prbihrg igol fgs bipfbjgjblohs quh suploh dlrigr

pgrth ch uo ]rl`rgig ch hstgs jgrgjthrstbjgs.

3.3.> Jgstbffg y Fho

JyF tbhoh jlil ftbig Lrcho ch shfhjjbo ch jlfh`bls nbfbo`hs fg Lrcho

HCX/783/>=7:, ch 7: ch igrzl, plr fg quh sh hstgnfhjh ch ldbjbl fg puhstg ho

duojblogibhotl ch shjjblohs nbfbo`hs ho jhotrls pnfbjls y sh gutlrbzg fg jrhgjbo ch

shjjblohs nbfbo`hs ho jhotrls prbvgcls jlojhrtgcls pgrg hf jursl >=7:/>=73.

Ho hstg Lrcho sh chtgffgo fls ouhvls jhotrls nbfbo`hs, tgotl ch prbigrbg jlilch shjuocgrbg, quh sh gutlrbzgo ch igohrg lnfb`gcg, y sbo jlotgr jlo fg jliuobcgc

hcujgtbvg, plr fl quh ol sh puhcho chtgffgr gqu jrbthrbls ch shfhjjbo.

3.8 Dlrigjbo chf prldhslrgcl ho hf hxtrgoehrl y gjrhcbtgjbo/agnbfbtgjbo

Gings Jliuobcgchs tbhoho sus prl`rgigs ch dlrigjbo hsphjdbjg pgrg

prldhslrgcl nbfbo`h, gs jlil sus prlpbls rhqubsbtls g fg alrg ch gjrhcbtgr/agnbfbtgr gf

prldhslrgcl quh puhcg bipgrtbr JFBF/GBJFH ho fls jhotrls hcujgtbvls. Fg dlrigjbotbhoh fu`gr tgotl chotrl ch fg prlpbgs Jliuobcgchs jlil ho pgshs ch agnfg bo`fhsg

phrl ho hsth gpgrtgcl ih jhotrgr nsbjgihoth ho hxpfbjgr fg dlrigjbo rhjbnbcg duhrg

ch Hspgg, plr jlosbchrgr quh uo bcblig hs duocgihotgf gprhochrfl tginbo chotrl

ch su jlothxtl jufturgf, cloch gchis sh hxphrbihotg ch igohrg vbvg y rhgf.

Sgnfg jlipgrgtbvg :5 Obvhf ch bo`fs hxb`bcl pgrg gcqubrbr fg gjrhcbtgjbo/agnbfbtgjbo nbfbo`h.

OBTHF CH BO@FZ HQB@BCL

GJSSXGFIHOSH HO JHOS^LZ

CH ]^BIG^BG


OBTHF IJH^F5 OBTHF N> OBTHF J7


26/70

>7

3.8.7 Agnbfbtgjbo nbfbo`h Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc5

Jgnh chstgjgr quh chsch uo prbihr ilihotl ho fg Lrcho 024/>==3, ch 8 ch

igrzl, ch fg JGI yg sh bojfug uog dlrigjbo bothosbvg ch : ihshs ch curgjbo

chstbogcg gf prldhslrgcl ch fls jhotrls nbfbo`hs quh sh rhgfbzgng ho cls dgshs5

DGZH 75 Jursl ch jgrjthr bothosbvl, jlo prldhslrgcl nrbtobjl, ho shsblohs cbgrbgs chiggog y tgrch jlo 4 alrgs ch curgjbo, g chsgrrlffgr ho Igcrbc curgoth fls ihshs chigyl y euobl ch >==3.

Hf jursl jlostgng ch >3= alrgs fhjtbvgs y dbogfbzgng jlo fg rhgfbzgjbo ch uog

pruhng quh phribtg fg lnthojbo ch uo cbpflig ch bo`fs alilfl`gcl gf obvhf N>

(Xsugrbl bochphocbhoth) chf Igrjl ch ^hdhrhojbg Hurlphl chf Jloshel ch Hurlpg.

DGZH >5 Jursl g rhgfbzgr curgoth hf ihs ch eufbl ho hf ^hbol Xobcl jhotroclsh ho fgihtlclfl`g JFBF.

]lsthrblrihoth ho hf gl >==4 jlo fg Lrcho 73=4/>==4, ch 73 ch igrzl, fgJloshehrg ch Hcujgjbo rhùfg hf prljhcbibhotl ch lnthojbo ch fg agnbfbtgjbo

fbo`stbjg. G pgrtbr ch hsh ilihotl fls jgocbcgtls quh ol lptgo l ol slo

shfhjjblogcls pgrg fg dlrigjbo ho hf hxtrgoehrl puhcho agnbfbtgrsh rhgfbzgocl uogs

pruhngs ch jliphthojbg fbo`stbjg. Hstg ilcgfbcgc jlotbou agstg hf jursl hsjlfgr

>==2-7=, gs ho hf ]fgo ch Dlrigjbo jlovbvho gings ilcgfbcgchs, hf jursl ho hf

hxtrgoehrl y fg agnbfbtgjbo ihcbgoth pruhngs ch fg JGI y tlcls fls ighstrls chngo

suphrgr uog pruhng ch obvhf fbo`stbjl pgrg `grgotbzgr hf gprlvhjagibhotl ch fls

jursls prl`rgigcls. Fls ighstrls ol hsphjbgfbstgs ho Bo`fs chngo chilstrgrprhvbgihoth gf jursl uo obvhf N7 y fls ighstrls hsphjbgfbstgs ho Bo`fs uo obvhf N>.

Fls prbihrls rhjbngo uog dlrigjbo fbo`stbjg hsphjdbjg h bothosbvg ho Igcrbc,

bipgrtbcg plr hf Nrbtbsa Jluojbf.

Ginls `rupls ch ighstrls, tgotl fls ol hsphjbgfbstgs jlil fls hsphjbgfbstgs

quh lptgngo plr hf jursl ch dlrigjbo cholibogcl ch hotrgcg ho hf hxtrgoehrl,

rhjbngo uo jursl fbo`stbjl y ch GBJFH (Gprhocbzgehs Both`rgcls ch jlothobcls y

Fhoùg) ho uog uobvhrsbcgc nrbtobjg l jgogcbhosh ch rhjloljbcl prhstb`bl.]lsthrblrihoth, curgoth hf prbihr trbihstrh chf jursl sbùbhoth, fls ighstrls

jlipfhtgngo su dlrigjbo jlo uo jursl ch GBJFH ch := alrgs duhrg chf alrgrbl fhjtbvl

gf dbogf chf jugf chngo suphrgr uog hotrhvbstg ho bo`fs, jlo fg jgfbdbjgjbo ch Gptl l

Ol gptl. Fg jlocbjbo ch agnhr bipgrtbcl cljhojbg curgoth uo jursl hsjlfgr chotrl chf

]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h phribtg dbogfihoth fg agnbfbtgjbo chf ighstrl.

Wubhohs ol thogo chstbol ho uo jlfh`bl nbfbo`h curgoth hf jursl sbùbhoth g fg

dlrigjbo bobjbgf rhjbnbcg, cbsplogo ch uo phrblcl ch trhs gls pgrg jlipfhtgr hstg

ftbig dgsh. Slcl ighstrl dlrigcl y agnbfbtgcl plr hsth prljhsl gcqubhrh hf

jliprlibsl ch bipgrtbr cljhojbg ho fhoùg bo`fhsg ho hf ]rl`rgig. ]hrl g pgrtbr ch fg

ihojblogcg Lrcho 73=4/>==4, ch 73 ch igrzl, sb plr juhstblohs cbvhrsgs uo/g


27/70


28/70


29/70

>3

Curgoth hf ihs ch eufbl ch >=7>, uo tltgf ch 7.0>8 cljhoths, tgotl ch jlfh`bls

jlil ch Bostbtutls pnfbjls l jlojhrtgcls, pgrtbjbpgrlo ho hstls jursls ch

phrdhjjblogibhotl, dlrigjbo h boihrsbo ho fhoùg bo`fhsg. Ho jlojrhtl sh ldrhjbhrlo

148 pfgzgs pgrg ighstrls ch hcujgjbo prbigrbg y 04= ch hcujgjbo shjuocgrbg. Ch

hffls, jhrjg ch 8== sh dlrigrlo ho ^hbol Xobcl y HHXX shò sh bocbjg ho hf pfgo chdlrigjbo ch fhoùg bo`fhsg >=7> (Jloshehrg ch Hcujgjbo, >=7>).

Slcg fg dlrigjbo quh sh rhgfbzg ho hf hxtrgoehrl, ho uobvhrsbcgchs, bojfuyh fls

`gstls ch dlrigjbo y gflegibhotl, gs jlil hf nbffhth ch bcg y vuhftg l uog gyucg

hjloibjg pgrg sudrg`gr hsth `gstl. Fls pgrtbjbpgoths chnho jlsthgrsh fg

igouthojbo y hf trgosplrth fljgf ho fg jbucgc cloch sh rhgfbjh hf jursl.

Fg dlrigjbo quh sh ldrhjh ho fg JGI juhotg gchis jlo hf gvgf ch fgs

Hsjuhfgs Ldbjbgfhs ch Bcbligs, ch uobvhrsbcgchs pnfbjgs igcrbfhgs, ch bostbtujblohsch prhstb`bl y jlo hf gplyl ch fg rhc ch dlrigjbo chf prldhslrgcl, fl quh gshùrg uo

gftl obvhf ch jgfbcgc ch fls jursls ldrhjbcls.

Zh trgtg puhs ch uog ldhrtg jlipfhtg y vgrbgcg, cbrb`bcg g fg igylrg ch

prldhslrhs ch fg JGI, jlo fg quh sh hsphrg prlcujbr uog ihelrg biplrtgoth ho hf obvhf

ch jloljbibhotls ch bo`fs ch uo 2,8% ch prldhslrhs, quh phribtg g uols ihelrgr su

clibobl chf bcblig y g ltrls shùbr gvgozgocl ho su hstucbl. Hxbstho : vgrbgoths ch

dlrigjbo, g sgnhr, fbo`stbjg, rhjbjfgeh l boihrsbo fbo`stbjg.

Fg dlrigjbo fbo`stbjg, jlil su olinrh bocbjg, prhthoch fg ihelrg ch fg

jgpgjbcgc fbo`stbjg ch fls pgrtbjbpgoths. Chotrl ch hstg ilcgfbcgc sh hojlotrgrg

tginbo fg dlrigjbo ch hotrgcg gf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h ihcbgoth hf ]fgo ch Dlrigjbo

Hsphjdbjg cbshgcl plr fg Jloshehrg ch Hcujgjbo pgrg hf chsgrrlffl chf ]rl`rgig

ch jlfh`bls pnfbjls nbfbo`hs hspglf-bo`fs ch fg Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc, quh bojfuyh

fg hstgojbg ch uo ihs ho Bo`fgthrrg pgrg rhjbnbr uo jursl ch dlrigjbo ch 7== alrgs

slnrh ihtlclfl`g GBJFH/JFBF. Xog vhz rhgfbzgcl hsth jursl y trgs bipgrtbr jfgsh jlo

fg ihojblogcg ihtlclfl`g ho uo jhotrl nbfbo`h curgoth uo gl hsjlfgr hf jgocbcgtlquhcgrg gutlitbjgihoth agnbfbtgcl.

Fg dlrigjbo ch rhjbjfgeh, phribth quh hf prldhslrgcl yg bojfubcl ho hf

]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h chsch agjh gls, tho`g fg lplrtuobcgc ch rhgfbzgr uo jursl ho hf

hxtrgoehrl l ho Igcrbc pgrg rhdrhsjgr su bo`fs. Tg cbrb`bcl g tlcls gquhffls ighstrls

quh, uog vhz agnbfbtgcls, qubhrho igothohr l gjtugfbzgr su prhpgrgjbo prldhsblogf

jlil cljhoths y fhs phribth lptgr plr fg ilcgfbcgc dlrigtbvg quh is sh geusth g sus

phrdbfhs y jlocbjblogoths phrslogfhs. Zh ldrhjho jursls ch uo ihs, ch qubojh cgs, ch

uog shigog, htj. Fgs Hsjuhfgs Ldbjbgfhs ch Bcbligs bipgrtho jursls ch jugtrl

shigogs ch curgjbo curgoth hf ihs ch eufbl hsphjdbjgihoth cbshgcls pgrg

ighstrls, y hf Jhotrl ch Dlrigjbo chf ]rldhslrgcl ffgigcl5 J^BD Fgs Gjgjbgs


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>8

lr`gobzg g fl fgr`l chf gl y ho vhrgol dlrigjbo ch iuy vgrbgcg curgjbo. Hstg

dfhxbnbfbcgc phribth quh tlcl ighstrl hojuhotrh rhspuhstg gf tbpl ch dlrigjbo y

ilcgfbcgc quh ohjhsbtg.

Dbogfihoth, fg boihrsbo fbo`stbjg phribth nhohdbjbgrsh ch shsblohs dlrigtbvgs

tgotl ho Igcrbc jlil ho uo pgs ch agnfg bo`fhsg. Chotrl ch hstg ilcgfbcgc sh

hojuhotrg hf prl`rgig cholibogcl ]rjtbjgs ho Brfgocg quh phribthg fls prldhslrhs

shfhjjblogcls uog hstgojbg ch : ihshs ho dgibfbgs curgoth hf jursl hsjlfgr, ch hohrl

g igrzl ch jgcg gl.

]lr hojlotrgrih trgngegocl jlil cljhoth ch prbigrbg ho uo jhotrl nbfbo`h ch

fg JGI curgoth vgrbls gls, tuvh fg suhrth ch plchr pgrtbjbpgr ho cbdhrhoths prl`rgigs

ch dlrigjbo. Chspus ch agnhr trgngegcl curgoth hf jursl hsjlfgr >==0/=1 ch dlrig

hxphrbihotgf ho hf ]rlyhjtl Nbfbo`h chf jlfh`bl ch prbigrbg ho hf quh thog hfchstbol chdbobtbvl, hf JHB] Tbffg ch @ugcgrrgig, ho hf vhrgol ch >==1 tuvh fg

lplrtuobcgc ch vbgegr curgoth uo ihs g fg jbucgc ch Jgothrnury (^hbol Xobcl) pgrg

pgrtbjbpgr ho uo jursl ch dlrigjbo ch hotrgcg gf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h slnrh

ihtlclfl`g JFBF. Ho hsth jursl hotr plr prbihrg vhz ho jlotgjtl jlo fls jlojhptls

rhfgjblogcls jlo GBJFH, y gchis ch gprlvhjagr fg hstgojbg pgrg chsgrrlffgr hf

gsphjtl fbo`stbjl thobhocl jlovhrsgjblohs cbvhrsgs ho bo`fs tgotl chotrl jlil

duhrg ch fg Xobvhrsbcgc (Jarbst Jaurja Xobvhrsbty) tginbo puch phrigohjhr gflegcl,

curgoth hsh ihs, jlo uog dgibfbg bo`fhsg, fl jugf jlotrbnuy ol slfl g dlrigrihgjgcibjgihoth sbol tginbo g jloljhr is ho prlduocbcgc cbjag jufturg.

Ho hf gl >=77 dub shfhjjblogcl pgrg pgrtbjbpgr ho hf gothrblrihoth chsjrbtl

prl`rgig ch dlrigjbo cholibogcl ]rjtbjgs ho Brfgocg(]hrthohjbhoth gf gpgrtgcl

ch boihrsbo fbo`stbjg); curgoth fg dlrigjbo phrigohjgils gflegcls jlo dgibfbgs

(ho jlovljgtlrbgs plsthrblrhs sbùh sbhocl gs) y rhgfbzngils fgnlrhs ch prldhslrhs

ch prjtbjgs ho jhotrls ch prbigrbg brfgochshs. Curgoth ib phrigohojbg ho Brfgocg

jloshùbils hstgnfhjhr uog gjtbvbcgc ch jlotgjtl jlo hf jhotrl hsjlfgr ch Hspgg

ihcbgoth fg gpfbjgjbo ch Bothroht Zkyph, gs fls gfuiols hspglfhs ho `rupls ch 8

prhpgrgngo uog prhùotg jgcg uol ho bo`fs pgrg sus pgrtohrs ho Brfgocg y fls

gfuiols Brfgochshs tginbo prhùotgngo ho hspglf g fls gfuiols ho Hspgg. Hstg

duh uog hxphrbhojbg iuy rbjg y hstbiufgoth pgrg fls gfuiols ch ginls jlfh`bls. Fg

Jloshehrg ch Hcujgjbo ch fg JGI prlplrjblo uo prldhslr sustbtutl pgrg ib jhotrl

hsjlfgr ho Hspgg curgoth ib gushojbg. Tgflrl jlil iuy plsbtbvg hstg hxphrbhojbg y

g fg vuhftg g ib jlfh`bl fls obls rhjbnbhrlo uo bipufsl hxtrg ch iltbvgjbo y

gjtbvbcgchs ch tlcl tbpl quh agng gprhocbcl curgoth hf prljhsl dlrigtbvl.


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>4

3.8.: Gjrhcbtgjbo nbfbo`h Jgstbffg y Fho.

Ho sus bobjbls pgrg lnthohr fg gjrhcbtgjbo/agnbfbtgjbo ho hf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h

ch JyF hrg ohjhsgrbl rhffhogr uog slfbjbtuc ho fg Cbrhjjbo ]rlvbojbgf jlrrhsplocbhoth

gceuotgocl hf ttufl ch ighstrl jlo hsphjbgfbcgc ho Fhoùg Bo`fhsg quh yg prhsuploh

uo obvhf N7 chf IJH^F, fl jugf chsch hf prbojbpbl ch fg olrigtbvg rhùfgclrg chnbfbo`bsil ho fg Jliuobcgc ch JyF hrg sudbjbhoth pgrg bipgrtbr JFBF.

Hf ^hgf Chjrhtl 7823/>=77, ch 3 ch olvbhinrh, hxb`h uo obvhf N> chf IJH^F

pgrg tlcls fls prldhslrhs quh bipgrtho JFBF ho tlcg Hspgg. Gf shr uo chjrhtl ch

inbtl ogjblogf, lnfb`g g tlcgs fgs Jliuobcgchs Gutoligs g hxb`br hsth obvhf; fl quh

ol hsphjbdbjg hsth ^hgf Chjrhtl slo fgs vgs ch gjrhcbtgjbo l rhjloljbibhotl ch hsh

obvhf N> plr fl quh jgcg Jliuobcgc gsuih fg jliphthojbg pgrg chthribogrfgs.

JyF sh hodrhotg g fg sbtugjbo ch jlotgr jlo ouihrlsls jlfh`bls nbfbo`hs quhago sbcl gutlrbzgcls jlo uo prldhslrgcl quh ol gfjgozg hf obvhf N> hxb`bcl galrg ho

cbjag rhùfgjbo. ]lr sgfvgr hsg nrhjag, sh punfbjg fg Lrcho HCX/:33/>=7> quh rhùfg

fg gjtugfbzgjbo chf prldhslrgcl quh tbhoh uo obvhf N7 pgrg quh gjjhcg gf obvhf N> ho

uo tbhipl iobil. Hstg Lrcho hstgnfhjh uo prljhcbibhotl hxtrglrcbogrbl pgrg fg

lnthojbo ch fg gjrhcbtgjbo fbo`stbjg ho fhoùg bo`fhsg agjbhocl ihojbo g fls

rhquhrbibhotls hstgnfhjbcls ho fg cbsplsbjbo gcbjblogf thrjhrg chf ^hgf Chjrhtl

7823/>=77, ch 3 ch olvbhinrh. Cbjals rhqubsbtls shro ohjhsgrbls g pgrtbr chf jursl

gjgcibjl >=7:-73.

]grg fg dlrigjbo chf prldhslrgcl nbfbo`h hojgibogcg g fg lnthojbo ch uo

obvhf N>, sh hstgnfhjho cls plsbnfhs vgs ch gjrhcbtgjbo5

ILCGFBCGC G5 Hstg jlosbsth ho uols hxihohs quh sh chsgrrlffgro ho fgsHsjuhfgs Ldbjbgfhs ch Bcbligs ch jgcg uog ch fgs prlvbojbgs ch Jgstbffg y Fho.ILCGFBCGC N5 Ho fg quh pgrg fg lnthojbo ch fg gjrhcbtgjbo ch fg jliphthojbgfbo`stbjg sh rhquhrbr fg suphrgjbo ch uo jursl hsphjdbjl. Hsth jursl vhrsgr slnrhfgs jugtrl chstrhzgs fbo`stbjgs y thocr uog curgjbo ch 7>= alrgs prhshojbgfhs y 4=alrgs ch dlrigjbo lo-fboh. Fg suphrgjbo chf jursl rhqubhrh uog gsbsthojbg iobigchf 4=% ch fgs shsblohs prhshojbgfhs.ILCGFBCGC JLOEXOSG G-N5 Hstg ilcgfbcgc suplocr fg pgrtbjbpgjbo ho hfprljhsl prhvbstl ho fg ilcgfbcgc G, y ho jgsl ch ol lnthohrsh fg gjrhcbtgjbo, fgbosjrbpjbo ho hf jursl hsphjdbjl jlothipfgcl ho fg ilcgfbcgc N.

Ch hsh ilcl, sb sh puhch gsbstbr gf 4=% ch fgs jfgshs chf jursl y guo gs

suphrgrfl jlo xbtl, pgrg lnthohr fg gjrhcbtgjbo ch uo obvhf N> hf pgrtbjbpgoth tgo sfl

thocrg quh gthochr 0> alrgs prhshojbgfhs, is 4= alrgs lo-fbohngsgcgs ihrgihoth

ho hstrujturgs `rgigtbjgfhs, agstg uo tltgf ch 7:> alrgs.

Ho ib lpbobo hsth jursl hs bosudbjbhoth pgrg gcqubrbr hsh clibobl chf bcblig,puhs gthocbhocl gf jugcrl hstbigtbvl ch fgs alrgs ch hstucbl ohjhsgrbgs pgrg

jloshùbr hf obvhf quh igrjg hf IJH^F sh bocbjg quh pgrg pgsgr ch uo obvhf N7 g uo


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>0

obvhf N> slo ohjhsgrbgs gfrhchclr ch >8= alrgs ch gprhocbzgeh y hstucbl ùbgcgs; plr

fl chis, jlosbchrl quh shrg jlovhobhoth, sb ol biprhsjbocbnfh, jlipfhtgr cbjag

dlrigjbo jlo hstgojbgs ho pgshs ch fhoùg bo`fhsg y ltrls tbpls ch bothrgjjblohs

rhgfhs jlo fg fhoùg (Thr big`ho 8).

G pgrtbr chf gl >=7:-73 fls cljhoths ho ]rl`rgigs Nbfbo`hs ho JyF

ohjhsbtgo thohr gjrhcbtgcl hf obvhf N> pgrg plchr shùbr chshiphgocl hf puhstl

nbfbo`h ho hf quh sh hojuhotrgo. ]grg hffl fls prldhslrhs bipfbjgcls ho fls jursls

pgrg fg lnthojbo ch fg gjrhcbtgjbo ago thobcl quh rhgfbzgr hsth hsduhrzl dlrigtbvl

duhrg chf alrgrbl fhjtbvl. Ag agnbcl jgsls ho fls quh prldhslrhs quh agngo gcqubrbcl

uog pfgzg nbfbo`h dbeg ho uo jlfh`bl nbfbo`h, sh ago vbstl ho fg thsbturg ch quh sb ol

gpruhngo hsth jursl sh vhrgo hxpuhstls g phrchr fg pfgzg quh ago jloshùbcl

fh`tbigihoth ihcbgoth jlojursl ch trgsfgcls. Hstgs sbtugjblohs iujags vhjhs ffhvgo

g fg drustrgjbo y chsiltbvgjbo chf prldhslrgcl ho fls jhotrls nbfbo`hs.

Fg Jloshehrg ch Hcujgjbo ch fg EJRF bovlfujr g fgs HHLLBB (Hsjuhfgs

Ldbjbgfhs ch Bcbligs) pgrg bipgrtbr cbjals jursls ch gjrhcbtgjbo hxtrglrcbogrbg y

chthribo hf igrjl ch pruhngs y puotugjblohs g fgs quh sh ago ch slihthr fls

jgocbcgtls quh sh gjlego g fg jlovljgtlrbg chf cholibogcl prljhcbibhotl

hxtrglrcbogrbl pgrg fg gjrhcbtgjbo N> ho fhoùg bo`fhsg. Jlil fg hvgfugjbo dbogf

hstuvl g jgr`l chf prldhslrgcl ch fgs HHLLBB, sth hothocb ohjhsgrbl gpfbjgr fls

jrbthrbls ch hvgfugjbo hxb`bcls pgrg fg suphrgjbo chf 4 jursl ch fg HLB (obvhf N>)jlo hf rhsuftgcl ch quh uog `rgo igylrg ch fls jgocbcgtls ol suphrgrlo cbjal jursl

ch gjrhcbtgjbo. Agy quh agjhr oltgr quh fgs HHLLBB ol gsbibfgo cbjals jursls,

lr`gobzgcls plr fg EJRF, g fls hqubvgfhoths ch 4 jursl quh slo pgrth ch su ldhrtg

lrcbogrbg y jloshjuhothihoth fls jgocbcgtls quh suphrgo fg pruhng ol lntbhoho uo

jhrtbdbjgcl ch obvhf suphrblr ch fg HLB.

Fg Lrcho HCX ch 7/7=/>=7: rhjl`h hf fbstgcl ch jgocbcgtls gprlngcls, tgo

sfl 70, y susphocbcls, is ch >==, gchis ch 7=> jgocbcgtls hxjfubcls gf ol

juipfbr fgs olrigs ch fg jlovljgtlrbg, nbho plr ol agnhr plcbcl gsbstbr

prhshojbgfihoth gf 4=% ch fgs jfgshs nbho plr ol agnhr jlipfhtgcl fgs gjtbvbcgchs

lo-fboh prlpuhstgs. Hstg pruhng ch obvhf N> jlostgtg quh iujals prldhsblogfhs g

jgr`l ch gsbògturgs JFBFol tbhoho uo obvhf fbo`stbjl gchjugcl pgrg su bipgrtbjbo.

Ols hojlotrgils, puhs, goth uog sbtugjbo uo tgotl goigfg, puhstl quh g

phsgr ch shr fgs HHLLBB ch JyF fgs quh gsuibhrlo hf jlihtbcl bostbtujblogf ch fg

dlrigjbo y hvgfugjbo fbo`stbjg ch fls ighstrls, ol slo stgs, sbo hingr`l, fgshojgr`gcgs ch hxphcbr fg jhrtbdbjgjbo ch obvhf, sbol quh fg ibsig sh rhjloljh ho

cljuihotl gjrhcbtgtbvl ch fg Jloshehrg ch Hcujgjbo ch fg EJRF. Ch hsh ilcl,

tlcl hf hsduhrzl plr pgrth chf prldhslrgcl gf quh sh ag hxb`bcl gfjgozgr uo obvhf


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>1

suphrblr ch bo`fs ho pfgzls iobils, tbhoh jlil objl rhjloljbibhotl uog

jhrtbdbjgjbo N> quh hs vfbcg g obvhf rh`blogf, phrl ol g obvhf ogjblogf, plr fl quh, ho

hf jgsl ch uo hvhotugf trgsfgcl g ltrg Jliuobcgc Gutolig, fgs gutlrbcgchs

hcujgtbvgs ch hstg ftbig, ol hsto lnfb`gcgs g rhjloljhr fg vgfbchz ch cbjag tbtufgjbo

(Thr big`ho 0).

3.8.3 Dlrigjbo ho hf hxtrgoehrl Jgstbffg y Fho5

Gf bùgf quh fg JGI, fg Jliuobcgc ch JyF cbsploh ch uo pfgo ch dlrigjbo

quh prhthoch rhsplochr g tlcgs fgs ohjhsbcgchs dlrigtbvgs y junrbr tlcgs fgs

vgrbgnfhs quh hf prldhslrgcl ch fhoùgs hxtrgoehrgs puhcg hojlotrgrsh y ho tlcls fls

obvhfhs ch jliphthojbg fbo`stbjg chf prldhslrgcl quh sh chsgrrlffg ho fg prlpbg

Jliuobcgc Gutolig (Cbrhjjbo @hohrgf ch Jgfbcgc, Boolvgjbo y Dlrigjbo chf

]rldhslrgcl, >=7:).

Ho jugotl g fg dlrigjbo ho hf hxtrgoehrl, sh trgtg ch jursls ch ihtlclfl`g y

cbcjtbjg l ch bcbligs quh dlrigo pgrth chf gothrblrihoth ihojblogcl ]fgo ^h`blogf

ch Dlrigjbo y sh `hstblogo g trgvs ch fg ^hc ch Dlrigjbo ch fg Jloshehrg ch

Hcujgjbo ch fg Euotg ch Jgstbffg y Fho juyg ftbig jlovljgtlrbg duh fg ch fg Lrcho

HCX/7:1/>=7:, ch 1 ch igrzl. Ho hf jgsl ch fls jursls ho hf hxtrgoehrl, fg Jloshehrg

ch Hcujgjbo gsuih fls `gstls chf jursl prlpbgihoth cbjal, chf gflegibhotl ho

rhsbchojbg l ho dgibfbg y ch fg igouthojbo ho hf r`biho prhvbstl plr jgcg uog ch fgs

bostbtujblohs quh fls bipgrtho, quh slo ch rhjloljbcl prhstb`bl, gs jlil fls nbffhths

ch gvbo ch bcg y vuhftg. Ho jugotl g fls jursls ho Hspgg, fg Jloshehrg ch

Hcujgjbo gsuih bùgfihoth fls `gstls chf jursl y ch fg igouthojbo ho hf r`biho

prhvbstl plr fgs bostbtujblohs quh fls bipgrtho guoquh ol sh jlothipfgo fls `gstls ch

gflegibhotl.

Curgoth hf jursl hsjlfgr >=77-7> ho hf quh ih hojlotrgng ho jlibsbo ch

shrvbjbls nbfbo`h ho fg fljgfbcgc gnufhosh ch Hf Sbhinfl, ho hf JHB] nbfbo`h Slrls ch

@ubsgocl, dub shfhjjblogcl pgrg uol ch fls jursls ch dlrigjbo ho fg jbucgc nrbtobjgch Jginrbc`h cholibogcl Shgjabo` JFBF. G prgjtbjgf gpprlgja (Jginrbc`h

Xobvhrsbty) ho hf quh rhjbn uog dlrigjbo JFBFcurgoth > shigogs (Thr big`ho 4). G

phsgr chf jlrtl phrblcl ch hstgojbg fls jursls hstgngo iuy nbho lr`gobzgcls ho

jlfgnlrgjbo jlo fg prhstb`blsg hiprhsg ch dlrigjbo NHFF. Fls lnehtbvls quh thog

pfgothgcls phrslogfihoth hrgo nsbjgihoth trhs5 hf gprhocbzgeh ho igylr

prlduocbcgc ch fg ihtlclfl`g JFBF, fg prjtbjg bothosbvg chf bcblig ho uo hotlrol ch

boihrsbo jufturgf y fg bothrgjjbo sljbgf ho uo pgs ch agnfg bo`fhsg, quh sh

juipfbhrlo gipfbgihoth.

Zh agjh ohjhsgrbl rhsgftgr quh fls prldhslrhs ol cbsploho ch fg lplrtuobcgc

ch dlrigrsh curgoth hf jursl hsjlfgr (jlil agjh fg JGI jlo su prl`rgig ch


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>2

]rjtbjgs ho Brfgocgho hf quh hf prldhslr hs sustbtubcl plr phrslogf cljhoth bothrbol).

Curgoth uog hotrhvbstg gf Jloshehrl ch Hcujgjbo ch Jgstbffg y Fho, Eugo Els

Igthls, ho hf phrbcbjl Fg Jrobjg ch Fho, ho fg quh sh fh prhùot Sbhoho fls

prldhslrhs hf obvhf gchjugcl ch bo`fs.===

prldhslrhs ho fgs hsjuhfgs ch bcbligs y fgs uobvhrsbcgchs y fhs hovbgils cls ihshsgf hxtrgoehrl. Gchis, yg sh ago trgcl prldhslrhs ogtbvls pgrg gyucgr. Goths, fls

jlfh`bls phcgo fg shjjbo nbfbo`h y sh cgng, phrl galrg fg igylrg sh prhpgrgo uo

gl goths ch su bipfgotgjbo. Ltrg dbflsldg shrg ol plohrfl agstg quh ol aunbhrg uo

obvhf, phrl ol agy cbohrl pgrg dlrigr prldhslrhs ho bo`fs curgoth uo gl ibhotrgs

agy quh sustbtubrfls ho fls jlfh`bls.(Fg Jrobjg ch Fho, >=7=).

Ho fg Lrcho HCX/7:1/>=7:, ch 1 ch igrzl, plr fg quh sh jlovljg jlojursl

pnfbjl pgrg fg shfhjjbo chf prldhslrgcl ch jhotrls ch hoshgozg ol uobvhrsbtgrbg ch

Jgstbffg y Fho, slsthobcls jlo dlocls pnfbjls, quh pgrtbjbpgr ho jursls ch

ihtlclfl`g y cbcjtbjg l ch bcbligs ho Hspgg, Bo`fgthrrg, Drgojbg y Gfhigobg

curgoth hf gl >=7: sh hstgnfhjho fls ouhvls jursls ch dlrigjbo ho hf hxtrgoehrl

pgrg hsth gl.

3.4 Jurrjufl nbfbo`h ch Bo`fs

Sgnfg jlipgrgtbvg 35 rhg ch Bo`fs.

^HG CH BO@FZ JGZSBFFG R FHLO J.IGC^BC

BOJFXBCL HO ]^L@^GIG

NBFBO@H OL ZB

JG^@G FHJSBTG GI]FBGCG

HO AL^G^BL ZHIGOGF OL

(*]lsbnbfbcgc ch gipfbgr hf

alrgrbl fhjtbvl chf jhotrl g

>0 alrgs shigogfhs)

ZB

JX^^JXFL CBDH^HOJBGCL

OL ZBGZB@OGSX^G JLOZBCH^GCG

JLIL BOZS^XIHOSGF OL ZB

3.4.7 Jurrjufl ho fg Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc

Fg JGI hfgnlr uo jurrjufl cbdhrhojbgcl pgrg fg gsbògturg ch Bo`fs nbfbo`h

quh sbrvh ch rhdhrhoth pgrg fg hfgnlrgjbo ch fgs prl`rgigjblohs cbcjtbjgs

(Jliuobcgc ch Igcrbc. Jloshehrg ch Hcujgjbo, >==3). G pgrtbr ch hotlojhs duh

jlosbchrgcg gsbògturg bostruihotgf y plr tgotl sh tuvbhrlo quh jginbgr fls jrbthrbls

ch prliljbo quh sh gpfbjgo gf dbogf ch jgcg jbjfl ch fg prbigrbg, plr thohr hf ibsil

rgo`l quh fgs gsbògturgs ch Fhoùg Hspglfg y Igthitbjgs.


35/70

:=

Zbùbhocl fgs rhjlihocgjblohs ch fg Xobo Hurlphg, fg JGI chthribog quh

pgrg hf prbihr jbjfl sh prbih fg jliprhosbo y fg hxprhsbo lrgf. Ho fgs jfgshs ch

Bo`fs y ho hf rhstl ch rhgs quh sh bipgrtgo ho bo`fs, fg fhoùg ch jliuobjgjbo

hotrh gfuiols y prldhslrhs shr objg y hxjfusbvgihoth fg fhoùg bo`fhsg. Hf bo`fs

shr fg fhoùg ch jliuobjgjbo chf gufg. R tlcgvg sh ffh`g is fhels, sh bocbjg quhshrg jlovhobhoth quh ho hf gufg y duhrg chf gufg, hf bo`fs duhrg fg fhoùg ch rhfgjbo

hotrh fls prldhslrhs quh bipgrtho gsbògturgs ho bo`fs y fls gfuiols.

3.4.> Jurrjufl ho Jgstbffg y Fho

Ho JyF, gf ol dlrigr pgrth chf ]rl`rgig Nbfbo`h, fg gsbògturg ch Bo`fs ol ag

jginbgcl su ihtlclfl`g ob su prl`rgigjbo cbcjtbjg.

3.0 ^hjursls prhsupuhstgrbls ch fls ]rl`rgigs Nbfbo`hs

Gings Jliuobcgchs ago rhgfbzgcl uo hsduhrzl hjloibjl jlosbchrgnfh pgrg

fg bipfgotgjbo chf nbfbo`bsil, guoquh jgnh chstgjgr quh fg JGI ag rhgfbzgcl uo

hsduhrzl igylr, bojfusl thobhocl ho juhotg hf dgjtlr ch quh tbhoh uog igylr

plnfgjbo. Sginbo sh chnh rhsgftgr quh curgoth fls gls quh vgo chsch hf >=7=

agstg fg gjtugfbcgc tgotl fg JGI jlil JyF ago bcl guihotgocl hf oihrl ch jhotrls

jlo ]rl`rgigs Nbfbo`hs sb nbho fg JGI ag guihotgcl su prhsupuhstl g phsgr ch

hstls gls ch jrbsbs ibhotrgs quh JyF ag cbsiboubcl su bovhrsbo hjloibjg ho fls

ibsils.

Sgnfg jlipgrgtbvg 85 ]rhsupuhstls chstbogcls g nbfbo`bsil.

]^HZX]XHZSLZ

(HO IBFFLOHZ CH HX^LZ)


>=7=-77 3,3 74,:

>=77-7> 4,2 >7,3

>=7>-7: :,> >3,2

>=73 :,> :7,7

3.0.7 Jgstbffg y Fho.

Hf nbfbo`bsil jlotgng pgrg hf gl >=7= jlo uo prhsupuhstl quh gsjhocg g

3.327.171 . Ch hstg jgotbcgc, 7.028.8== sh chstbogrlo g fls rhjursls auigols

(prldhslrgcl, guxbfbgrhs ch jlovhrsgjbo y gshslrhs, hotrh ltrls), 7.:11.37> sh

gsb

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