labor cases feb13

8/9/2019 Labor Cases Feb13

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G.R. No. 85333 February 26, 1990

CARMELITO L. PALACOL, ET AL., e!"!"o#er$,%$.P&RA FERRER'CALLE(A, )"re*!or o+ !e -ureau o+ Labor Rea!"o#$, MANILA CC-PI/ALE/ FORCE &NION, a# COCA'COLA -OTTLER/ PILIPPINE/, INC., re$o#e#!$.

Wellington B. Lachica for petitioners.

Adolpho M. Guerzon for respondent Union.

GANCA4CO, J.:

Ca# a $e*"a a$$e$$e#! be %a"y eu*!e by a abor u#"o# +ro !e u'$uay o+ "!$ eber$, ra#!e u#er a *oe*!"%e bara"#"# areee#! C-A,#o!7"!$!a#"# a $ub$eue#! "$au!or"a!"o# o+ !e $ae by a a:or"!y o+ !eu#"o# eber$; T"$ "$ !e a"# "$$ue +or re$ou!"o# "# !e "#$!a#! e!"!"o# +or

*er!"orar".

A$ ea#e +ro !e re*or$ o+ !e *a$e, !e er!"#e#! +a*!$ are a$ +oo7$<

O# O*!ober 12, 198=, !e re$o#e#! Ma#"a CC-PI /ae$ For*e "o# ere"#a+!erre+erre !o a$ !e "o#, a$ !e *oe*!"%e bara"#"# ae#! o+ a reuar $ae$e#,reuar eer$, a# re"e+ eer$ o+ !e Ma#"a Pa#! a# Me!ro Ma#"a /ae$ O>*eo+ !e re$o#e#! Co*a'Coa -o!!er$ P"""#e$, I#*. ere"#a+!er re+erre !o a$ !eCoa#y *o#*ue a #e7 *oe*!"%e bara"#"# areee#! 7"! !e a!!er. 1 Ao#!e *oe#$a!"o# be#e?!$ ra#!e !o !e eoyee$ 7a$ a e#era $aary "#*rea$e!o be "%e# "# u $u "#*u"# re*ou!a!"o# o+ a*!ua *o"$$"o#$ ear#eba$e o# !e #e7 ra!e$ o+ "#*rea$e.

O# !e $ae ay, !e re$"e#! o+ !e "o# $ub"!!e !o !e Coa#y !era!"?*a!"o# by !e u#"o# eber$ o+ !e #e7 C-A a# au!or"a!"o# +or !eCoa#y !o eu*! u#"o# ue$ eu"%ae#! !o P10.00 e%ery ayay or P20.00 e%eryo#! a#, "# a"!"o#, 10@ by 7ay o+ $e*"a a$$e$$e#!, +ro !e C-A u'$uay ra#!e !o !e u#"o# eber$. Te a$! o#e ao# !e a+oree#!"o#e "$ !e$ub:e*! o+ !e "#$!a#! e!"!"o#.

A$ ebo"e "# !e -oar Re$ou!"o# o+ !e "o# a!e /e!eber 29, 198=, !euro$e o+ !e $e*"a a$$e$$e#! $ou! !o be e%"e "$ !o u! u a *ooera!"%ea# *re"! u#"o#B ur*a$e %e"*e$ a# o!er "!e$ #eee +or !e be#e?! o+ !eo>*er$ a# !e e#era eber$"B a# +or !e aye#! +or $er%"*e$ re#ere byu#"o# o>*er$, *o#$u!a#!$ a# o!er$. 2 Tere 7a$ a$o a# a"!"o#a ro%"$o $!a!"#!a! !e a!!er o+ ao*a!"o# ... $a be a! !e "$*re!"o# o+ our "#*ube#! "o#Pre$"e#!.

T"$ Au!or"a!"o# a# C-A Ra!"?*a!"o# 7a$ ob!a"#e by !e "o# !rou a$e*re! re+ere#u e "# $eara!e o*a eber$" ee!"#$ o# %ar"ou$a!e$. 3 Te !o!a eber$" o+ !e "o# 7a$ abou! 800. O+ !"$ #uber, 6=2eber$ or""#ay au!or"e !e 10@ $e*"a a$$e$$e#!, 7"e 1=3 oo$e !e$ae.

/ub$eue#!y o7e%er, o#e u#re $e%e#!y 1=0 eber$ o+ !e "o# $ub"!!eo*ue#!$ !o !e Coa#y $!a!"# !a! a!ou !ey a%e ra!"?e !e #e7 C-A,!ey are 7"!ra7"# or "$au!or""# !e eu*!"o# o+ a#y aou#! +ro !e"r C-Au $u. La!er, 185 o!er u#"o# eber$ $ub"!!e $""ar o*ue#!$ eDre$$"#!e $ae "#!e#!. Te$e eber$, #uber"# 355 "# a 1=0 185, ae !o !eor""#a oo$"!or$ o+ 1=3, !ur#e !e !"e "# +a%or o+ "$au!or"a!"o# +or !e $e*"aa$$e$$e#!, 7"! a !o!a o+ 528 ob:e*!or$ a# a rea"#er o+ 2=2 $uor!er$. 5

O# a**ou#! o+ !e abo%e'e#!"o#e "$au!or"a!"o#, !e Coa#y, be"# "# aua#ary a$ !o 7o !o re"! !e aye#! o+ !e ue$!"o#e aou#!, ?e a#a*!"o# +or "#!ereaer 7"! !e -ureau o+ Labor Rea!"o#$ "# orer !o re$o%e !e*o#"*!"# *a"$ o+ !e ar!"e$ *o#*er#e. Pe!"!"o#er$, 7o are reuar ra#'a#'?eeoyee$ o+ !e Coa#y a# bo#a ?e eber$ o+ !e "o#, ?e ao!"o#H*oa"#! +or "#!er%e#!"o# !ere"# "# !7o rou$ o+ 161 a# 9, re$e*!"%ey.

Tey *a"e !o be ao# !o$e u#"o# eber$ 7o e"!er " #o! $"# a#y"#"%"ua 7r"!!e# au!or"a!"o#, or a%"# $"#e o#e, $ub$eue#!y 7"!re7 orre!ra*!e !e"r $"#a!ure$ !ere+ro.

Pe!"!"o#er$ a$$a"e !e 10@ $e*"a a$$e$$e#! a$ a %"oa!"o# o+ Ar!"*e 21o "#rea!"o# !o Ar!"*e 222b o+ !e Labor Coe. Ar!"*e 222b ro%"e$ a$ +oo7$<

ART. 222. Appearances and Fees. —

DDD DDD DDD

b No a!!or#ey$ +ee$, #eo!"a!"o# +ee$ or $""ar

*are$ o+ a#y "# ar"$"# +ro a#y *oe*!"%ebara"#"# #eo!"a!"o#$ or *o#*u$"o# o+ !e*oe*!"%e areee#! $a be "o$e o# a#y"#"%"ua eber o+ !e *o#!ra*!"# u#"o#BPro%"e, o7e%er, !a! a!!or#ey$ +ee$ ay be*are aa"#$! u#"o# +u#$ "# a# aou#! !o bearee uo# by !e ar!"e$. A#y *o#!ra*!,areee#! or arra#ee#! o+ a#y $or! !o !e*o#!rary $a be #u a# %o".

O# !e o!er a#, Ar!"*e 21o a#a!e$ !a!<

ART. 21. Rights and conditions of e!ership in a la!or organization. —


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DDD DDD DDD

o O!er !a# +or a#a!ory a*!"%"!"e$ u#er !eCoe, #o $e*"a a$$e$$e#!$, a!!or#ey$ +ee$,#eo!"a!"o# +ee$ or a#y o!er eD!raor"#ary +ee$ay be *e*e oJ +ro a#y aou#! ue !o a#eoyee 7"!ou! a# "#"%"ua 7r"!!e#au!or"a!"o# uy $"#e by !e eoyee. Teau!or"a!"o# $ou $e*"?*ay $!a!e !e

aou#!, uro$e a# be#e?*"ary o+ !eeu*!"o#B

A$ au!or"!y +or !e"r *o#!e#!"o#, e!"!"o#er$ *"!e Gal"adores ". #ra$ano, 6 7ere"# "!7a$ rue !a! #o *e*'oJ$ +ro a#y aou#! ue eoyee$ ay be eJe*!e7"!ou! "#"%"ua 7r"!!e# au!or"a!"o#$ uy $"#e by !e eoyee$ $e*"?*ay$!a!"# !e aou#!, uro$e, a# be#e?*"ary o+ !e eu*!"o#.

I# "!$ a#$7er, !e "o# *ou#!ere !a! !e eu*!"o#$ #o! o#y a%e !e ouar"#or$ee#! a# aro%a o+ !e e#era eber$", bu! "e7"$e *o"e 7"!!e ea reu"ree#!$ o+ Ar!"*e 21 # a# o o+ !e Labor Coe "# !a! !e boarre$ou!"o# o+ !e "o# "o$"# !e ue$!"o#e $e*"a a$$e$$e#! a bee# uy

aro%e "# a e#era eber$" ee!"# a# !a! !e *oe*!"o# o+ a $e*"a +u#+or abor eu*a!"o# a# re$ear* "$ a#a!e.

Ar!"*e 21# o+ !e Labor Coe $!a!e$ !a! K

ART. 21. Rights and conditions of e!ership in a la!or organization. —

DDD DDD DDD

# No $e*"a a$$e$$e#! or o!er eD!raor"#ary +ee$ ay bee%"e uo# !e eber$ o+ a abor ora#"a!"o# u#e$$ au!or"e

by a 7r"!!e# re$ou!"o# o+ a a:or"!y o+ a !e eber$ a! ae#era eber$" ee!"# uy *ae +or !e uro$e. Te$e*re!ary o+ !e ora#"a!"o# $a re*or !e "#u!e$ o+ !eee!"# "#*u"# !e "$! o+ a eber$ re$e#!, !e %o!e$ *a$!,!e uro$e o+ !e $e*"a a$$e$$e#! or +ee$ a# !e re*""e#! o+ $u* a$$e$$e#!$ or +ee$. Te re*or $a be a!!e$!e !o by !ere$"e#!B

Me'Arb"!er Ma#a$e$ T. Cru rue "# +a%or o+ e!"!"o#er$ "# a# orer a!e February15, 1988 7ereby e "re*!e !e Coa#y !o re"! !e aou#! "! a e! "# !ru$!"re*!y !o !e ra#'a#'?e er$o##e 7"!ou! eay.

O# aea !o !e -ureau o+ Labor Rea!"o#$, o7e%er, !e orer o+ !e Me'Arb"!er7a$ re%er$e a# $e! a$"e by !e re$o#e#!')"re*!or "# a re$ou!"o# a!e Auu$!

19, 1988 uo"# !e *a" o+ !e "o# !a! !e $e*"a a$$e$$e#! "$ au!or"eu#er Ar!"*e 21 # o+ !e Labor Coe, a# !a! !e "o# a$ *o"e 7"! !ereu"ree#!$ !ere"#.

e#*e, !e "#$!a#! e!"!"o#.

Pe!"!"o#er$ aee !a! !e re$o#e#!')"re*!or *o"!!e a ra%e abu$e o+ "$*re!"o# aou#!"# !o a* or eD*e$$ o+ :ur"$"*!"o# 7e# $e e Ar!"*e 21 #o+ !e Labor Coe !o be !e a"*abe ro%"$"o# "#$!ea o+ Ar!"*e 222b "# rea!"o#!o Ar!"*e 21o o+ !e $ae a7.

A**or"# !o e!"!"o#er$, a *ur$ory eDa"#a!"o# a# *oar"$o# o+ !e !7oro%"$"o#$ o+ Ar!"*e 21 re%ea$ !a! arara # *a##o! re%a" o%er ararao. Te rea$o# a%a#*e "$ !a! a $e*"a a$$e$$e#! "$ #o! a a!!er o+ a:or o"*yaJe*!"# !e e#!"re u#"o# eber$" bu! "$ o#e 7"* *o#*er#$ !e "#"%"uar"!$ o+ u#"o# eber$.

Pe!"!"o#er$ +ur!er a$$er! !a! a$$u"# arguendo !a! Ar!"*e 21# $ou re%a"o%er arara o, !e "o# a$ #e%er!ee$$ +a"e !o *oy 7"! !e ro*eure!o e"!""e !e ue$!"o#e $e*"a a$$e$$e#! by< 1 re$e#!"# ere "#u!e$ o+ o*a eber$" ee!"#$ "#$!ea o+ a 7r"!!e# re$ou!"o#B 2 +a""# !o *a a

e#era eber$" ee!"#B 3 a%"# !e "#u!e$ o+ !ree 3 o*a eber$"ee!"#$ re*ore by a u#"o# "re*!or, a# #o! by !e u#"o# $e*re!ary a$ reu"reB +a""# !o a%e !e "$! o+ eber$ re$e#! "#*ue "# !e "#u!e$ o+ !eee!"#$B a# 5 +a""# !o re$e#! a re*or o+ !e %o!e$ *a$!. = Pe!"!"o#er$*o#*ue !e"r arue#! by *"!"# Gal"adores.

A+!er a *are+u re%"e7 o+ !e re*or$ o+ !"$ *a$e, e are *o#%"#*e !a! !eeu*!"o# o+ !e 10@ $e*"a a$$e$$e#! by !e "o# 7a$ #o! ae "# a**ora#*e7"! !e reu"ree#!$ ro%"e by a7.

Pe!"!"o#er$ are *orre*! "# *"!"# !e ru"# o+ !"$ Cour! "# Gal"adores 7"* "$a"*abe !o !e "#$!a#! *a$e. Te r"#*"e !a! eoyee$ are ro!e*!e by a7

+ro u#7arra#!e ra*!"*e$ !a! ""#"$ !e"r *oe#$a!"o# 7"!ou! !e"r #o7#ee a# consent 8 "$ "# a**or 7"! !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a r"#*"e o+ !e /!a!eaJor"# +u ro!e*!"o# !o abor. 9

Te re$o#e#!'"o# bru$e a$"e !e e+e*!$ o"#!e ou! by e!"!"o#er$ "# !ea##er o+ *o"a#*e 7"! !e ea reu"ree#!$ a$ "#$"#"?*a#! !e*#"*a"!"e$.O# !e *o#!rary, !e +a"ure o+ !e "o# !o *oy $!r"*!y 7"! !e reu"ree#!$ $e!ou! by !e a7 "#%a"a!e$ !e ue$!"o#e $e*"a a$$e$$e#!. /ub$!a#!"a*o"a#*e "$ #o! e#ou "# %"e7 o+ !e +a*! !a! !e $e*"a a$$e$$e#! 7"""#"$ !e *oe#$a!"o# o+ !e u#"o# eber$. Te"r eDre$$ *o#$e#! "$ reu"re,a# !"$ *o#$e#! u$! be ob!a"#e "# a**ora#*e 7"! !e $!e$ ou!"#e by a7,7"* u$! be +oo7e !o !e e!!er. No $or!*u!$ are ao7e.


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Te a"*abe ro%"$"o#$ are *ear. Te "o# "!$e+ a"!$ !a! bo! arara$ #a# o o+ Ar!"*e 21 ay. Parara # re+er$ !o e%y 7"e arara o re+er$!o *e*'oJ o+ a $e*"a a$$e$$e#!. -o! ro%"$"o#$ u$! be *o"e 7"!.er arara #, !e "o# u$! $ub"! !o !e Coa#y a 7r"!!e# re$ou!"o# o+ a a:or"!y o+ a !e eber$ a! a e#era eber$" ee!"# uy *ae +or !euro$e. I# a"!"o#, !e $e*re!ary o+ !e ora#"a!"o# u$! re*or !e "#u!e$ o+ !e ee!"# 7"*, "# !ur#, u$! "#*ue, ao# o!er$, !e "$! o+ a !e eber$re$e#! a$ 7e a$ !e %o!e$ *a$!.

A$ ear"er ou!"#e by e!"!"o#er$, !e "o# ob%"ou$y +a"e !o *oy 7"! !ereu"ree#!$ o+ arara #. I! e o*a eber$" ee!"#$ o# $eara!eo**a$"o#$, o# "Jere#! a!e$ a# a! %ar"ou$ %e#ue$, *o#!rary !o !e eDre$$reu"ree#! !a! !ere u$! be a e#era eber$" ee!"#. Te *o#!e#!"o# o+ !e "o# !a! !e o*a eber$" ee!"#$ are re*"$ey !e %ery e#eraee!"#$ reu"re by a7 10 "$ u#!e#abe be*au$e !e a7 7ou #o! a%e $e*"?ea e#era eber$" ee!"# a !e e"$a!"%e "#!e#! bee# !o ao7 o*aee!"#$ "# "eu o+ !e a!!er.

I! $ub"!!e o#y "#u!e$ o+ !e o*a eber$" ee!"#$ 7e# 7a! "$ reu"re"$ a 7r"!!e# re$ou!"o# ao!e a! !e e#era ee!"#. or$e $!", !e "#u!e$ o+ !ree o+ !o$e o*a ee!"#$ e 7ere re*ore by a u#"o# "re*!or a# #o! by !eu#"o# $e*re!ary. Te "#u!e$ $ub"!!e !o !e Coa#y *o#!a"#e #o "$! o+ !eeber$ re$e#! a# #o re*or o+ !e %o!e$ *a$!. /"#*e "! "$ u"!e e%"e#! !a! !e"o# " #o! *oy 7"! !e a7 a! e%ery !ur#, !e o#y *o#*u$"o# !a! ay beae !ere+ro "$ !a! !ere 7a$ #o %a" e%y o+ !e $e*"a a$$e$$e#! ur$ua#!!o arara # o+ Ar!"*e 21 o+ !e Labor Coe.

Parara o o# !e o!er a# reu"re$ a# "#"%"ua 7r"!!e# au!or"a!"o# uy$"#e by e%ery eoyee "# orer !a! a $e*"a a$$e$$e#! ay be %a"y*e*e'oJ. E%e# a$$u"# !a! !e $e*"a a$$e$$e#! 7a$ %a"y e%"e ur$ua#!!o arara #, a# ra#!"# !a! "#"%"ua 7r"!!e# au!or"a!"o#$ 7ere ob!a"#eby !e "o#, #e%er!ee$$ !ere *a# be #o %a" *e*'oJ *o#$"er"# !a! !ea:or"!y o+ !e u#"o# eber$ a areay 7"!ra7# !e"r "#"%"uaau!or"a!"o#$. A 7"!ra7a o+ "#"%"ua au!or"a!"o#$ "$ eu"%ae#! !o #o

au!or"a!"o# a! a. e#*e, !e ru"# "# Gal"adores !a! #o *e*'oJ$ +ro a#yaou#!$ ue eoyee$ ay be eJe*!e 7"!ou! a# "#"%"ua 7r"!!e# au!or"a!"o#$"#e by !e eoyee$ ... "$ a"*abe.

Te "o# o"#!$ ou!, o7e%er, !a! $a" "$au!or"a!"o#$ are #o! %a" +or be"#*oe*!"%e "# +or, a$ !ey are ere bu#*e$ o+ ra#oy ro*ure $"#a!ure$,u#er oo$e $ee!$ o+ aer. 11 Te *o#!e#!"o# e$er%e$ #o er"! +or !e $"erea$o# !a! !e o*ue#!$ *o#!a"#"# !e "$au!or"a!"o#$ a%e !e $"#a!ure$ o+ !e u#"o# eber$. Te Cour! ?#$ !e$e re!ra*!"o#$ !o be %a". Tere "$ #o!"# "#!e a7 7"* reu"re$ !a! !e "$au!or"a!"o# u$! be "# "#"%"ua +or.

Moreo%er, "! "$ 7e'$e!!e !a! a oub!$ "# !e "ee#!a!"o# a# "#!erre!a!"o#o+ !e ro%"$"o#$ o+ !e Labor Coe ... $a be re$o%e "# +a%or o+ abor. 12 A# a$re%"ou$y $!a!e, abor "# !"$ *a$e re+er$ !o !e u#"o# eber$, a$ eoyee$ o+

!e Coa#y. Te"r ere e$"re !o e$!ab"$ a $eara!e bara"#"# u#"!, abe"!u#ro%e#, *a##o! be *o#$!rue aa"#$! !e "# rea!"o# !o !e ea"!y o+ !eue$!"o#e $e*"a a$$e$$e#!. O# !e *o#!rary, !e $ae ay e%e# be !ae# !oree*! !e"r "$$a!"$+a*!"o# 7"! !e"r bara"#"# rere$e#!a!"%e, !e re$o#e#!'"o#, a$ $o7# by !e *"r*u$!a#*e$ o+ !e "#$!a#! e!"!"o#, a# 7"! oo rea$o#.

Te Me'Arb"!er *orre*!y rue "# "$ Orer !a!<

Te a#a!e o+ !e a:or"!y ra# a# ?e a%e $"* !o bere$e*!e *o#$"er"# !ey are !e o#e$ "re*!y aJe*!e a# !erea"!"e$ o+ !e " $!a#ar$ o+ $ur%"%a #o7aay$. To "#ore !ea#a!e o+ !e ra# a# ?e 7ou e#ure !o e$!ab"""# "#u$!r"aea*e a# aro#y 7"!"# !e ra# a# ?e a# !e eoyer$+o, 7"* 7e *a##o! *ou#!e#a#*e.

Moreo%er, "! 7" be re*ae !a! re*"$ey u#"o# ue$ are *oe*!e+ro !e u#"o# eber$ !o be $e#! +or !e uro$e$ aue !oby re$o#e#!. Tere "$ #o rea$o# $o7# !a! !e reuar u#"o#ue$ be"# #o7 "ee#!e "$ #o! $u>*"e#! +or !e aeeeDe#$e$. Fur!erore, !e ra# a# ?e a%e $oe# "#7"!ra7"# !e"r *o#$e#! !o !e $e*"a a$$e$$e#!, be"e%"#

!a! !e"r reuar u#"o# ue$ are aeua!e +or !e uro$e$ $!a!eby !e re$o#e#!. Tu$, !e ra# a# ?e a%"# $oe# a#, a$7e a%e ear"er e#!"o#e, !e"r $e#!"e#!$ $ou be re$e*!e.

O+ !e $!a!e uro$e$ o+ !e $e*"a a$$e$$e#!, a$ ebo"e "# !e boarre$ou!"o# o+ !e "o#, o#y !e *oe*!"o# o+ a $e*"a +u# +or abor a# eu*a!"o#re$ear* "$ a#a!e, a$ *orre*!y o"#!e ou! by !e "o#. Te !7o o!eruro$e$, #aey, !e ur*a$e o+ %e"*e$ a# o!er "!e$ +or !e be#e?! o+ !eu#"o# o>*er$ a# !e e#era eber$", a# !e aye#! o+ $er%"*e$ re#ereby u#"o# o>*er$, *o#$u!a#!$ a# o!er$, $ou be $uor!e by !e reuar u#"o#ue$, !ere be"# #o $o7"# !a! !e a!!er are #o! $u>*"e#! !o *o%er !e $ae.

Te a$! $!a!e uro$e "$ *o#!e#e by e!"!"o#er$ !o +a u#er !e *o%erae o+ Ar!"*e 222 b o+ !e Labor Coe. Te *o#!e#!"o# "$ "re$$e 7"! er"!. Ar!"*e 222b ro"b"!$ a!!or#ey$ +ee$, #eo!"a!"o#$ +ee$ a# $""ar *are$ ar"$"# ou! o+ !e*o#*u$"o# o+ a *oe*!"%e bara"#"# areee#! +ro be"# "o$e o# a#y"#"%"ua u#"o# eber. Te *oe*!"o# o+ !e $e*"a a$$e$$e#! ar!y +or !eaye#! +or $er%"*e$ re#ere by u#"o# o>*er$, *o#$u!a#!$ a# o!er$ ay #o! be"# !e *a!eory o+ a!!or#ey$ +ee$ or #eo!"a!"o#$ +ee$. -u! !ere "$ #o ue$!"o#!a! "! "$ a# eDa*!"o# 7"* +a$ 7"!"# !e *a!eory o+ a $""ar *are, a#,!ere+ore, 7"!"# !e *o%erae o+ !e ro"b"!"o# "# !e a+oree#!"o#e ar!"*e. Tere"$ a# a"!"o#a ro%"$o "%"# !e "o# Pre$"e#! u#""!e "$*re!"o# !o ao*a!e!e ro*ee$ o+ !e $e*"a a$$e$$e#!. /u* a ro%"$o ay oe# !e oor !o abu$eby !e o>*er$ o+ !e "o# *o#$"er"# !a! !e !o!a aou#! o+ !e $e*"aa$$e$$e#! "$ u"!e *o#$"erabe K P1,02=,69.33 *oe*!e +ro !o$e u#"o#eber$ 7o or""#ay au!or"e !e eu*!"o#, a# P1,26=,863.39 +ro !o$e7o " #o! au!or"e !e $ae, or $ub$eue#!y re!ra*!e !e"r


4/67

au!or"a!"o#$. 13 Te +orer aou#! a areay bee# re"!!e !o !e "o#, 7"e!e a!!er "$ be"# e "# !ru$! by !e Coa#y.

Te Cour!, !ere+ore, $!ae$ o7# !e ue$!"o#e $e*"a a$$e$$e#! +or be"# a%"oa!"o# o+ Ar!"*e 21, arara$ # a# o, a# Ar!"*e 222 b o+ !e LaborCoe.

EREFORE, !e "#$!a#! e!"!"o# "$ ereby GRANTE). Te Orer o+ !e )"re*!or o+ !e -ureau o+ Labor Rea!"o#$ a!e Auu$! 19, 1988 "$ ereby REER/E) a# /ETA/I)E, 7"e !e orer o+ !e Me'Arb"!er a!e February 1=, 1988 "$ re"#$!a!e, a#!e re$o#e#! Co*a'Coa -o!!er$ P"""#e$, I#*. "$ ereby orere !o"e"a!ey re"! !e aou#! o+ P1,26=,863.39 !o !e re$e*!"%e u#"o# eber$+ro 7o !e $a" aou#! 7a$ 7"!e. No ro#ou#*ee#! a$ !o *o$!$. T"$e*"$"o# "$ "e"a!ey eDe*u!ory.

/O OR)ERE).

%ar"asa& Gri'o(A)uino and Medialdea& JJ.& concur.

*ruz& J.& too+ no part.


5/67

G.R. No. L'2526 /e!eber 12, 19=

-EN(AMIN ICTORIANO, a"#!"J'aeee,%$.ELIAL)E ROPE ORER/ &NION a# ELIAL)E ROPE FACTOR4, INC., e+e#a#!$,

ELIAL)E ROPE ORER/ &NION, e+e#a#!'aea#!.

,alonga& -rdonez& ap& ,icat / Associates for plainti0(appellee.

*ipriano *id / Associates for defendant(appellant.

AL)IAR, J.:p

Aea !o !"$ Cour! o# urey ue$!"o#$ o+ a7 +ro !e e*"$"o# o+ !e Cour! o+ F"r$!

I#$!a#*e o+ Ma#"a "# "!$ C"%" Ca$e No. 5889.

Te u#"$u!e +a*!$ !a! $a7#e !e "#$!a#! *a$e +oo7<

-e#:a"# "*!or"a#o ere"#a+!er re+erre !o a$ Aeee, a eber o+ !e re""ou$$e*! #o7# a$ !e Ie$"a #" Cr"$!o, a bee# "# !e eoy o+ !e E"ae RoeFa*!ory, I#*. ere"#a+!er re+erre !o a$ Coa#y $"#*e 1958. A$ $u* eoyee, e7a$ a eber o+ !e E"ae Roe orer$ "o# ere"#a+!er re+erre !o a$ "o#7"* a 7"! !e Coa#y a *oe*!"%e bara"#"# areee#! *o#!a"#"# a *o$e$o ro%"$"o# 7"* rea$ a$ +oo7$<

Meber$" "# !e "o# $a be reu"re a$ a *o#"!"o# o+ eoye#! +or a era#e#! eoyee$ 7orer$ *o%ere by !"$Areee#!.

Te *oe*!"%e bara"#"# areee#! eD"re o# Mar* 3, 196 bu! 7a$ re#e7e !e+oo7"# ay, Mar* , 196.

er /e*!"o# a, arara , o+ Reub"* A*! No. 8=5, r"or !o "!$ ae#e#! byReub"* A*! No. 3350, !e eoyer 7a$ #o! re*ue +ro a"# a# areee#!7"! a abor ora#"a!"o# !o reu"re a$ a *o#"!"o# o+ eoye#! eber$"!ere"#, "+ $u* abor ora#"a!"o# "$ !e rere$e#!a!"%e o+ !e eoyee$. O# (u#e18, 1961, o7e%er, Reub"* A*! No. 3350 7a$ e#a*!e, "#!rou*"# a# ae#e#!

!o K arara $ub$e*!"o# a o+ $e*!"o# o+ Reub"* A*! No. 8=5, a$ +oo7$< ...bu! $u* areee#! $a #o! *o%er eber$ o+ a#y re""ou$ $e*!$ 7"* ro"b"!a>"a!"o# o+ !e"r eber$ "# a#y $u* abor ora#"a!"o#.

-e"# a eber o+ a re""ou$ $e*! !a! ro"b"!$ !e a>"a!"o# o+ "!$ eber$ 7"!a#y abor ora#"a!"o#, Aeee re$e#!e "$ re$"#a!"o# !o aea#! "o# "#1962, a# 7e# #o a*!"o# 7a$ !ae# !ereo#, e re"!era!e "$ re$"#a!"o# o#/e!eber 3, 19=. Tereuo#, !e "o# 7ro!e a +ora e!!er !o !e Coa#ya$"# !e a!!er !o $eara!e Aeee +ro !e $er%"*e "# %"e7 o+ !e +a*! !a! e7a$ re$"#"# +ro !e "o# a$ a eber. Te a#aee#! o+ !e Coa#y "#!ur# #o!"?e Aeee a# "$ *ou#$e !a! u#e$$ !e Aeee *ou a*"e%e a$a!"$+a*!ory arra#ee#! 7"! !e "o#, !e Coa#y 7ou be *o#$!ra"#e !o"$"$$ " +ro !e $er%"*e. T"$ ro!e Aeee !o ?e a# a*!"o# +or "#:u#*!"o#,o*e!e a$ C"%" Ca$e No. 5889 "# !e Cour! o+ F"r$! I#$!a#*e o+ Ma#"a !o e#:o"#!e Coa#y a# !e "o# +ro "$"$$"# Aeee. 1 I# "!$ a#$7er, !e "o#"#%oe !e u#"o# $e*ur"!y *au$e o+ !e *oe*!"%e bara"#"# areee#!B a$$a"e!e *o#$!"!u!"o#a"!y o+ Reub"* A*! No. 3350B a# *o#!e#e !a! !e Cour! a #o

:ur"$"*!"o# o%er !e *a$e, ur$ua#! !o Reub"* A*! No. 8=5, /e*!"o#$ 2 a# 9 a# e. 2 &o# !e +a*!$ aree uo# by !e ar!"e$ ur"# !e re'!r"a *o#+ere#*e,!e Cour! a )uo re#ere "!$ e*"$"o# o# Auu$! 26, 1965, !e "$o$"!"%e or!"o# o+ 7"* rea$<

IN IE OF TE FOREGOING, :ue#! "$ re#ere e#:o"#"# !ee+e#a#! E"ae Roe Fa*!ory, I#*. +ro "$"$$"# !e a"#!"J +ro "$ re$e#! eoye#! a# $e#!e#*"# !e e+e#a#!

E"ae Roe orer$ "o# !o ay !e a"#!"J P500 +ora!!or#ey$ +ee$ a# !e *o$!$ o+ !"$ a*!"o#.3


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Fro !"$ e*"$"o#, !e "o# aeae "re*!y !o !"$ Cour! o# urey ue$!"o#$ o+ a7, a$$"#"# !e +oo7"# error$<

I. Ta! !e o7er *our! erre 7e# "! " #o! rue !a! Reub"* A*!No. 3350 "$ u#*o#$!"!u!"o#a.

II. Ta! !e o7er *our! erre 7e# "! $e#!e#*e aea#! ere"# !oay a"#!"J !e $u o+ P500 a$ a!!or#ey$ +ee$ a# !e *o$!!ereo+.

I# $uor! o+ !e aee u#*o#$!"!u!"o#a"!y o+ Reub"* A*! No. 3350, !e "o#*o#!e#!e, ?r$!y, !a! !e A*! "#+r"#e$ o# !e +u#ae#!a r"! !o +or a7+ua$$o*"a!"o#$B !a! !e %ery ra$eooy o+ $a" Reub"* A*! 3350, !a! eber$""# a abor ora#"a!"o# "$ ba##e !o a !o$e beo#"# !o $u* re""ou$ $e*!ro"b"!"# a>"a!"o# 7"! a#y abor ora#"a!"o# , ro"b"!$ a !e eber$ o+ a"%e# re""ou$ $e*! +ro :o"#"# a#y abor u#"o# "+ $u* $e*! ro"b"!$ a>"a!"o#$ o+ !e"r eber$ !ere!o 5 B a#, *o#$eue#!y, er"%e$ $a" eber$ o+ !e"r*o#$!"!u!"o#a r"! !o +or or :o"# a7+u a$$o*"a!"o#$ or ora#"a!"o#$ uara#!ee by!e -" o+ R"!$, a# !u$ be*oe$ ob#oD"ou$ !o Ar!"*e III , /e*!"o# 1 6 o+ !e 1935Co#$!"!u!"o#. 6

/e*o#y, !e "o# *o#!e#e !a! Reub"* A*! No. 3350 "$ u#*o#$!"!u!"o#a +or"a"r"# !e ob"a!"o# o+ *o#!ra*!$ "# !a!, 7"e !e "o# "$ ob"e !o *oy7"! "!$ *oe*!"%e bara"#"# areee#! *o#!a"#"# a *o$e $o ro%"$"o#, !eA*! re"e%e$ !e eoyer +ro "!$ re*"ro*a ob"a!"o# o+ *ooera!"# "# !ea"#!e#a#*e o+ u#"o# eber$" a$ a *o#"!"o# o+ eoye#!B a# !a! $a" A*!,+ur!erore, "a"r$ !e "o#$ r"!$ a$ "! er"%e$ !e u#"o# o+ ue$ +roeber$ 7o, u#er !e A*!, are re"e%e +ro !e ob"a!"o# !o *o#!"#ue a$ $u*eber$. =

T"ry, !e "o# *o#!e#e !a! Reub"* A*! No. 3350 "$*r""#a!or"y +a%or$!o$e re""ou$ $e*!$ 7"* ba# !e"r eber$ +ro :o"#"# abor u#"o#$, "# %"oa!"o#o+ Ar!"*e I, /e*!"o# 1 = o+ !e 1935 Co#$!"!u!"o#B a# 7"e $a" A*! u#uyro!e*!$ *er!a"# re""ou$ $e*!$, "! ea%e$ #o r"!$ or ro!e*!"o# !o aborora#"a!"o#$. 8

Four!y, Reub"* A*! No. 3350, a$$er!e !e "o#, %"oa!e$ !e *o#$!"!u!"o#aro%"$"o# !a! #o re""ou$ !e$! $a be reu"re +or !e eDer*"$e o+ a *"%" r"!, "#!a! !e aborer$ eDer*"$e o+ "$ *"%" r"! !o :o"# a$$o*"a!"o#$ +or uro$e$ #o!*o#!rary !o a7 a$ !o be e!er"#e u#er !e A*! by "$ a>"a!"o# 7"! a re""ou$$e*!B !a! *o#%er$ey, "+ a 7orer a$ !o $e%er "$ re""ou$ *o##e*!"o# 7"! a $e*!!a! ro"b"!$ eber$" "# a abor ora#"a!"o# "# orer !o be abe !o :o"# a aborora#"a!"o#, $a" A*! 7ou %"oa!e re""ou$ +reeo. 9

F"+!y, !e "o# *o#!e#e !a! Reub"* A*! No. 3350, %"oa!e$ !e euaro!e*!"o# o+ a7$ *au$e o+ !e Co#$!"!u!"o#, "! be"# a "$*r""#a!ey e"$a!"o#,

"#a$u* a$ by eDe!"# +ro !e oera!"o# o+ *o$e $o areee#! !eeber$ o+ !e Ie$"a #" Cr"$!o, "! a$ ra#!e $a" eber$ u#ue a%a#!ae$

o%er !e"r +eo7 7orer$, +or 7"e !e A*! eDe!$ !e +ro u#"o# ob"a!"o# a#"ab""!y, "! #e%er!ee$$ e#!"!e$ !e a! !e $ae !"e !o !e e#:oye#! o+ a*o#*e$$"o#$, be#e?!$ a# o!er eoue#!$ !a! !e u#"o# "! $e*ure +ro !eeoyer. 10

/"D!y, !e "o# *o#!e#e !a! Reub"* A*! No. 3350 %"oa!e$ !e *o#$!"!u!"o#aro%"$"o# rear"# !e roo!"o# o+ $o*"a :u$!"*e. 11

Aea#! "o#, +ur!erore, a$$er!e !a! a *o$e $o ro%"$"o# "# a *oe*!"%ebara"#"# areee#! *a##o! be *o#$"ere %"oa!"%e o+ re""ou$ +reeo, a$ !o *a+or !e ae#e#! "#!rou*e by Reub"* A*! No. 3350B 12 a# !a! u#e$$ Reub"*A*! No. 3350 "$ e*are u#*o#$!"!u!"o#a, !rae u#"o#"$ "# !"$ *ou#!ry 7ou be7"e ou! a$ eoyer$ 7ou re+er !o "re or eoy eber$ o+ !e Ie$"a #"Cr"$!o "# orer !o o a7ay 7"! abor ora#"a!"o#$. 13

Aeee, a$$a""# aea#!$ arue#!$, *o#!e#e !a! Reub"* A*! No. 3350oe$ #o! %"oa!e !e r"! !o +or a7+u a$$o*"a!"o#$, +or !e r"! !o :o"#a$$o*"a!"o#$ "#*ue$ !e r"! #o! !o :o"# or !o re$"# +ro a abor ora#"a!"o#, "+ o#e$ *o#$*"e#*e oe$ #o! ao7 "$ eber$" !ere"#, a# !e A*! a$ "%e#$ub$!a#*e !o $u* r"! by ro"b"!"# !e *ou$"o# o+ 7orer$ !o :o"# aborora#"a!"o#$B 1 !a! $a" A*! oe$ #o! "a"r !e ob"a!"o# o+ *o#!ra*!$ +or $a" a7

+ore ar! o+, a# 7a$ "#*orora!e "#!o, !e !er$ o+ !e *o$e $oareee#!B 15!a! !e A*! oe$ #o! %"oa!e !e e$!ab"$e#! o+ re""o# *au$e or$eara!"o# o+ Cur* a# /!a!e, +or Co#re$$, "# e#a*!"# $a" a7, ereya**ooa!e !e re""ou$ #ee$ o+ !o$e 7orer$ 7o$e re""o# ro"b"!$ "!$eber$ +ro :o"#"# abor u#"o#$, a# baa#*e !e *oe*!"%e r"!$ o+ ora#"eabor 7"! !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a r"! o+ a# "#"%"ua !o +reey eDer*"$e "$ *o$e#re""o#B !a! !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a r"! !o !e +ree eDer*"$e o+ o#e$ re""o# a$r"a*y a# re+ere#*e o%er u#"o# $e*ur"!y ea$ure$ 7"* are erey*o#!ra*!ua 16 B !a! $a" A*! oe$ #o! %"oa!e !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a ro%"$"o# o+ euaro!e*!"o#, +or !e *a$$"?*a!"o# o+ 7orer$ u#er !e A*! ee#"# o# !e"rre""ou$ !e#e!$ "$ ba$e o# $ub$!a#!"a "$!"#*!"o#, "$ era#e !o !e uro$e o+ !ea7, a# a"e$ !o a !e eber$ o+ a "%e# *a$$B 1= !a! $a" A*!, ?#ay, oe$ #o!%"oa!e !e $o*"a :u$!"*e o"*y o+ !e Co#$!"!u!"o#, +or $a" A*! 7a$ e#a*!e re*"$ey

!o eua"e eoye#! oor!u#"!"e$ +or a *"!"e#$ "# !e "$! o+ !e "%er$"!"e$ o+ !e"r re""ou$ be"e+$. 18

I. -e+ore e ro*ee !o !e "$*u$$"o# o+ !e ?r$! a$$"#e error, "! "$ #e*e$$ary !ore"$e !a! !ere are $oe !orouy e$!ab"$e r"#*"e$ 7"* u$! be+oo7e "# a *a$e$ 7ere ue$!"o#$ o+ *o#$!"!u!"o#a"!y a$ ob!a"#$ "# !e "#$!a#!*a$e are "#%o%e. A re$u!"o#$ are "#ue "# +a%or o+ *o#$!"!u!"o#a"!yB o#e7o a!!a*$ a $!a!u!e, ae"# u#*o#$!"!u!"o#a"!y u$! ro%e "!$ "#%a""!y beyo# area$o#abe oub!, !a! a a7 ay 7or ar$" oe$ #o! re#er "! u#*o#$!"!u!"o#aB!a! "+ a#y rea$o#abe ba$"$ ay be *o#*e"%e 7"* $uor!$ !e $!a!u!e, "! 7" beue, a# !e *ae#er u$! #ea!e a o$$"be ba$e$B !a! !e *our!$ are #o!*o#*er#e 7"! !e 7"$o, :u$!"*e, o"*y, or eDe"e#*y o+ a $!a!u!eB a# !a! a"bera "#!erre!a!"o# o+ !e *o#$!"!u!"o# "# +a%or o+ !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a"!y o+ e"$a!"o#

$ou be ao!e. 19


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1. Aea#! "o#$ *o#!e#!"o# !a! Reub"* A*! No. 3350 prohi!its a# ba#$ !eeber$ o+ $u* re""ou$ $e*!$ !a! +orb" a>"a!"o# o+ !e"r eber$ 7"! aboru#"o#$ +ro :o"#"# abor u#"o#$ aear$ #o7ere "# !e 7or"# o+ Reub"* A*! No.3350B #e"!er *a# !e $ae be eu*e by #e*e$$ary ""*a!"o# !ere+ro. I! "$ #o!$urr"$"#, !ere+ore, !a! aea#!, a%"# !u$ "$rea !e A*!, *o"!!e !eerror o+ *o#!e#"# !a! $a" A*! "$ ob#oD"ou$ !o !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a ro%"$"o# o#+reeo o+ a$$o*"a!"o#.

-o! !e Co#$!"!u!"o# a# Reub"* A*! No. 8=5 re*o#"e +reeo o+ a$$o*"a!"o#.

/e*!"o# 1 6 o+ Ar!"*e III o+ !e Co#$!"!u!"o# o+ 1935, a$ 7e a$ /e*!"o# = o+ Ar!"*eI o+ !e Co#$!"!u!"o# o+ 19=3, ro%"e !a! !e r"! !o +or a$$o*"a!"o#$ or $o*"e!"e$+or uro$e$ #o! *o#!rary !o a7 $a #o! be abr"e. /e*!"o# 3 o+ Reub"* A*! No.8=5 ro%"e$ !a! eoyee$ $a a%e !e r"! !o $e+'ora#"a!"o# a# !o +or,

:o"# o+ a$$"$! abor ora#"a!"o#$ o+ !e"r o7# *oo$"# +or !e uro$e o+ *oe*!"%ebara"#"# a# !o e#ae "# *o#*er!e a*!"%"!"e$ +or !e uro$e o+ *oe*!"%ebara"#"# a# o!er u!ua a" or ro!e*!"o#. a! !e Co#$!"!u!"o# a# !eI#u$!r"a Pea*e A*! re*o#"e a# uara#!ee "$ !e r"! !o +or or :o"#a$$o*"a!"o#$. No!7"!$!a#"# !e "Jere#! !eor"e$ roou#e by !e "Jere#!$*oo$ o+ :ur"$rue#*e rear"# !e #a!ure a# *o#!e#!$ o+ a r"!, "! *a# be$a+ey $a" !a! 7a!e%er !eory o#e $ub$*r"be$ !o, a r"! *oree#$ a! ea$! !7obroa #o!"o#$, #aey< ?r$!, "ber!y or +reeo, ".e., !e ab$e#*e o+ ea re$!ra"#!,7ereby a# eoyee ay a*! +or "$e+ 7"!ou! be"# re%e#!e by a7B a#

$e*o#, o7er, 7ereby a# eoyee ay, a$ e ea$e$, :o"# or re+ra"# +ro (o"#"#a# a$$o*"a!"o#. I! "$, !ere+ore, !e eoyee 7o $ou e*"e +or "$e+ 7e!ere $ou :o"# or #o! a# a$$o*"a!"o#B a# $ou e *oo$e !o :o"#, e "$e+ ae$u "$ "# a$ !o 7"* a$$o*"a!"o# e 7ou :o"#B a# e%e# a+!er e a$ :o"#e, e$!" re!a"#$ !e "ber!y a# !e o7er !o ea%e a# *a#*e "$ eber$" 7"! $a"ora#"a!"o# a! a#y !"e. 20 I! "$ *ear, !ere+ore, !a! !e r"! !o :o"# a u#"o#"#*ue$ !e r"! !o ab$!a"# +ro :o"#"# a#y u#"o#. 21 I#a$u* a$ 7a! bo! !eCo#$!"!u!"o# a# !e I#u$!r"a Pea*e A*! a%e re*o#"e, a# uara#!ee !o !eeoyee, "$ !e r"! !o :o"# a$$o*"a!"o#$ o+ "$ *o"*e, "! 7ou be ab$ur !o $ay!a! !e a7 a$o "o$e$, "# !e $ae brea!, uo# !e eoyee !e u!y !o :o"#a$$o*"a!"o#$. Te a7 oe$ #o! e#:o"# a# eoyee !o $"# u 7"! a#y a$$o*"a!"o#.

Te r"! !o re+ra"# +ro :o"#"# abor ora#"a!"o#$ re*o#"e by /e*!"o# 3 o+ !eI#u$!r"a Pea*e A*! "$, o7e%er, ""!e. Te ea ro!e*!"o# ra#!e !o $u* r"!!o re+ra"# +ro :o"#"# "$ 7"!ra7# by oera!"o# o+ a7, 7ere a abor u#"o# a# a#eoyer a%e aree o# a *o$e $o, by %"r!ue o+ 7"* !e eoyer ayeoy o#y eber o+ !e *oe*!"%e bara"#"# u#"o#, a# !e eoyee$ u$!*o#!"#ue !o be eber$ o+ !e u#"o# +or !e ura!"o# o+ !e *o#!ra*! "# orer !oee !e"r :ob$. Tu$ /e*!"o# a o+ !e I#u$!r"a Pea*e A*!, be+ore "!$ae#e#! by Reub"* A*! No. 3350, ro%"e$ !a! a!ou "! 7ou be a# u#+a"rabor ra*!"*e +or a# eoyer !o "$*r""#a!e "# rear !o "re or !e#ure o+ eoye#! or a#y !er or *o#"!"o# o+ eoye#! !o e#*ourae or "$*ouraeeber$" "# a#y abor ora#"a!"o# !e eoyer "$, o7e%er, #o! re*ue+ro a"# a# areee#! 7"! a abor ora#"a!"o# !o reu"re a$ a *o#"!"o# o+ eoye#! eber$" !ere"#, "+ $u* abor ora#"a!"o# "$ !e rere$e#!a!"%e o+ !e eoyee$. -y %"r!ue, !ere+ore, o+ a *o$e $o areee#!, be+ore !ee#a*!e#! o+ Reub"* A*! No. 3350, "+ a#y er$o#, reare$$ o+ "$ re""ou$ be"e+$,

7"$e$ !o be eoye or !o ee "$ eoye#!, e u$! be*oe a eber o+ !e *oe*!"%e bara"#"# u#"o#. e#*e, !e r"! o+ $a" eoyee #o! !o :o"# !eabor u#"o# "$ *ur!a"e a# 7"!ra7#.

To !a! a'ebra*"# *o%erae o+ !e *o$e $o arra#ee#!, Reub"* A*! No.3350 "#!rou*e a# eD*e!"o#, 7e# "! ae !o /e*!"o# a o+ !e I#u$!r"aPea*e A*! !e +oo7"# ro%"$o< bu! $u* areee#! $a #o! *o%er eber$ o+ a#y re""ou$ $e*!$ 7"* ro"b"! a>"a!"o# o+ !e"r eber$ "# a#y $u* aborora#"a!"o#. Reub"* A*! No. 3350 erey eD*ue$ ipso $ure +ro !e a"*a!"o#

a# *o%erae o+ !e *o$e $o areee#! !e eoyee$ beo#"# !o a#yre""ou$ $e*!$ 7"* ro"b"! a>"a!"o# o+ !e"r eber$ 7"! a#y aborora#"a!"o#. a! !e eD*e!"o# ro%"e$, !ere+ore, "$ !a! eber$ o+ $a"re""ou$ $e*!$ *a##o! be *oee or *oer*e !o :o"# abor u#"o#$ e%e# 7e# $a"u#"o#$ a%e *o$e $o areee#!$ 7"! !e eoyer$B !a! "# $"!e o+ a#y *o$e$o areee#!, eber$ o+ $a" re""ou$ $e*!$ *a##o! be re+u$e eoye#! or"$"$$e +ro !e"r :ob$ o# !e $oe rou# !a! !ey are #o! eber$ o+ !e*oe*!"%e bara"#"# u#"o#. I! "$ *ear, !ere+ore, !a! !e a$$a"e A*!, +ar +ro"#+r"#"# !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a ro%"$"o# o# +reeo o+ a$$o*"a!"o#, uo$ a#re"#+or*e$ "!. I! oe$ #o! ro"b"! !e eber$ o+ $a" re""ou$ $e*!$ +ro a>"a!"#7"! abor u#"o#$. I! $!" ea%e$ !o $a" eber$ !e "ber!y a# !e o7er !oa>"a!e, or #o! !o a>"a!e, 7"! abor u#"o#$. I+, #o!7"!$!a#"# !e"r re""ou$be"e+$, !e eber$ o+ $a" re""ou$ $e*!$ re+er !o $"# u 7"! !e abor u#"o#,

!ey *a# o $o. I+ "# e+ere#*e a# +ea!y !o !e"r re""ou$ +a"!, !ey re+u$e !o $"#u, !ey *a# o $oB !e a7 oe$ #o! *oer*e !e !o :o"#B #e"!er oe$ !e a7ro"b"! !e +ro :o"#"#B a# #e"!er ay !e eoyer or abor u#"o# *oe!e !o :o"#. Reub"* A*! No. 3350, !ere+ore, oe$ #o! %"oa!e !e *o#$!"!u!"o#aro%"$"o# o# +reeo o+ a$$o*"a!"o#.

2. Aea#! "o# a$o *o#!e#$ !a! !e A*! "$ u#*o#$!"!u!"o#a +or "a"r"# !eob"a!"o# o+ "!$ *o#!ra*!, $e*"?*ay, !e u#"o# $e*ur"!y *au$e ebo"e "# "!$Coe*!"%e -ara"#"# Areee#! 7"! !e Coa#y, by %"r!ue o+ 7"* eber$""# !e u#"o# 7a$ reu"re a$ a *o#"!"o# +or eoye#! +or a era#e#!eoyee$ 7orer$. T"$ areee#! 7a$ areay "# eD"$!e#*e a! !e !"e Reub"*A*! No. 3350 7a$ e#a*!e o# (u#e 18, 1961, a# "! *a##o!, !ere+ore, be eee !oa%e bee# "#*orora!e "#!o !e areee#!. -u! by rea$o# o+ !"$ ae#e#!,Aeee, a$ 7e a$ o!er$ $""ary $"!ua!e, *ou #o o#er be "$"$$e +ro "$

:ob e%e# "+ e $ou *ea$e !o be a eber, or "$a>"a!e +ro !e "o#, a# !eCoa#y *ou *o#!"#ue eoy"# " #o!7"!$!a#"# "$ "$a>"a!"o# +ro !e"o#. Te A*!, !ere+ore, "#!rou*e a *a#e "#!o !e eDre$$ !er$ o+ !e u#"o#$e*ur"!y *au$eB !e Coa#y 7a$ ar!y ab$o%e by a7 +ro !e *o#!ra*!uaob"a!"o# "! a 7"! !e "o# o+ eoy"# o#y "o# eber$ "# era#e#!o$"!"o#$, I! *a##o! be e#"e, !ere+ore, !a! !ere 7a$ "#ee a# "a"re#! o+ $a" u#"o# $e*ur"!y *au$e.

A**or"# !o -a*, a#y $!a!u!e 7"* "#!rou*e$ a *a#e "#!o !e eDre$$ !er$ o+ !e *o#!ra*!, or "!$ ea *o#$!ru*!"o#, or "!$ %a""!y, or "!$ "$*are, or !e reey+or "!$ e#+or*ee#!, "a"r$ !e *o#!ra*!. Te eD!e#! o+ !e *a#e "$ #o! a!er"a. I!

"$ #o! a ue$!"o# o+ eree or a##er or *au$e, bu! o+ e#*roa*"# "# a#y re$e*! o#"!$ ob"a!"o# or "$e#$"# 7"! a#y ar! o+ "!$ +or*e. Tere "$ a# "a"re#! o+ !e


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*o#!ra*! "+ e"!er ar!y "$ ab$o%e by a7 +ro "!$ er+ora#*e. 22 Ia"re#! a$a$o bee# re"*a!e o# a7$ 7"*, 7"!ou! e$!roy"# *o#!ra*!$, eroa!e +ro$ub$!a#!"a *o#!ra*!ua r"!$. 23

I! $ou #o! be o%erooe, o7e%er, !a! !e ro"b"!"o# !o "a"r !e ob"a!"o# o+ *o#!ra*!$ "$ #o! ab$ou!e a# u#ua"?e. Te ro"b"!"o# "$ e#era, aJor"# abroa ou!"#e a# reu"r"# *o#$!ru*!"o# !o ? "# !e e!a"$. Te ro"b"!"o# "$ #o! !obe rea 7"! "!era eDa*!#e$$ "e a a!ea!"*a +orua, +or "! ro"b"!$u#rea$o#abe "a"re#! o#y. 2 I# $"!e o+ !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a ro"b"!"o#, !e /!a!e

*o#!"#ue$ !o o$$e$$ au!or"!y !o $a+euar !e %"!a "#!ere$!$ o+ "!$ eoe.Le"$a!"o# aror"a!e !o $a+euar"# $a" "#!ere$!$ ay o"+y or abroa!e*o#!ra*!$ areay "# eJe*!. 25 For #o! o#y are eD"$!"# a7$ rea "#!o *o#!ra*!$ "#orer !o ?D !e ob"a!"o#$ a$ be!7ee# !e ar!"e$, bu! !e re$er%a!"o# o+ e$$e#!"aa!!r"bu!e$ o+ $o%ere"# o7er "$ a$o rea "#!o *o#!ra*!$ a$ a o$!ua!e o+ !e eaorer. A *o#!ra*!$ ae 7"! re+ere#*e !o a#y a!!er !a! "$ $ub:e*! !o reua!"o#u#er !e o"*e o7er u$! be u#er$!oo a$ ae "# re+ere#*e !o !e o$$"beeDer*"$e o+ !a! o7er. 26 O!er7"$e, "or!a#! a# %auabe re+or$ ay bere*ue by !e $"e e%"*e o+ e#!er"# "#!o *o#!ra*!$ +or !e uro$e o+ o"#!a! 7"* o!er7"$e ay be ro"b"!e. Te o"*y o+ ro!e*!"# *o#!ra*!$ aa"#$!"a"re#! re$uo$e$ !e a"#!e#a#*e o+ a o%er#e#! by %"r!ue o+ 7"**o#!ra*!ua rea!"o#$ are 7or!7"e a o%er#e#! 7"* re!a"#$ aeua!e au!or"!y!o $e*ure !e ea*e a# oo orer o+ $o*"e!y. Te *o#!ra*! *au$e o+ !e

Co#$!"!u!"o# u$!, !ere+ore, be #o! o#y "# aro#y 7"!, bu! a$o "# $ubor"#a!"o#!o, "# aror"a!e "#$!a#*e$, !e re$er%e o7er o+ !e $!a!e !o $a+euar !e %"!a"#!ere$!$ o+ !e eoe. I! +oo7$ !a! #o! a e"$a!"o#$, 7"* a%e !e eJe*! o+ "a"r"# a *o#!ra*!, are ob#oD"ou$ !o !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a ro"b"!"o# a$ !o"a"re#!, a# a $!a!u!e a$$e "# !e e"!"a!e eDer*"$e o+ o"*e o7er,a!ou "! "#*"e#!ay e$!roy$ eD"$!"# *o#!ra*! r"!$, u$! be ue by !e*our!$. T"$ a$ $e*"a a"*a!"o# !o *o#!ra*!$ reua!"# rea!"o#$ be!7ee# *a"!aa# abor 7"* are #o! erey *o#!ra*!ua, a# $a" abor *o#!ra*!$, +or be"#"re$$e 7"! ub"* "#!ere$!, u$! y"e !o !e *oo# oo. 2=

I# $e%era o**a$"o#$ !"$ Cour! e*are !a! !e ro"b"!"o# aa"#$! "a"r"# !eob"a!"o#$ o+ *o#!ra*!$ a$ #o a"*a!"o# !o $!a!u!e$ rea!"# !o ub"* $ub:e*!$7"!"# !e oa"# o+ !e e#era e"$a!"%e o7er$ o+ !e $!a!e "#%o%"# ub"*7e+are. 28 Tu$, !"$ Cour! a$o e !a! !e -ue /u#ay La7 7a$ #o! a#"#+r"#ee#! o+ !e ob"a!"o# o+ a *o#!ra*! !a! reu"re !e eoyer !o +ur#"$7or o# /u#ay$ !o "$ eoyee$, !e a7 a%"# bee# e#a*!e !o $e*ure !e 7e'be"# a# a"#e$$ o+ !e abor"# *a$$, a# be"#, +ur!erore, a e"!"a!eeDer*"$e o+ !e o"*e o7er.29

I# orer !o e!er"#e 7e!er e"$a!"o# u#*o#$!"!u!"o#ay "a"r$ *o#!ra*!ob"a!"o#$, #o u#*a#"# yar$!"*, a"*abe a! a !"e$ a# u#er a*"r*u$!a#*e$, by 7"* !e %a""!y o+ ea* $!a!u!e ay be ea$ure ore!er"#e, a$ bee# +a$"o#e, bu! e%ery *a$e u$! be e!er"#e uo# "!$ o7#*"r*u$!a#*e$. Le"$a!"o# "a"r"# !e ob"a!"o# o+ *o#!ra*!$ *a# be $u$!a"#e7e# "! "$ e#a*!e +or !e roo!"o# o+ !e e#era oo o+ !e eoe, a# 7e#

!e ea#$ ao!e !o $e*ure !a! e# are rea$o#abe. -o! !e e# $ou! a# !e

ea#$ ao!e u$! be e"!"a!e, ".e., 7"!"# !e $*oe o+ !e re$er%e o7er o+ !e $!a!e *o#$!rue "# aro#y 7"! !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a ""!a!"o# o+ !a! o7er. 30

a! !e# 7a$ !e uro$e $ou! !o be a*"e%e by Reub"* A*! No. 3350; I!$uro$e 7a$ !o "#$ure +reeo o+ be"e+ a# re""o#, a# !o roo!e !e e#era7e+are by re%e#!"# "$*r""#a!"o# aa"#$! !o$e eber$ o+ re""ou$ $e*!$ 7"*ro"b"! !e"r eber$ +ro :o"#"# abor u#"o#$, *o#?r"# !ereby !e"r #a!ura,$!a!u!ory a# *o#$!"!u!"o#a r"! !o 7or, !e +ru"!$ o+ 7"* 7or are u$uay !eo#y ea#$ 7ereby !ey *a# a"#!a"# !e"r o7# "+e a# !e "+e o+ !e"r

ee#e#!$. I! *a##o! be a"#$a" !a! $a" uro$e "$ e"!"a!e.

Te ue$!"o#e A*! a$o ro%"e$ ro!e*!"o# !o eber$ o+ $a" re""ou$ $e*!$aa"#$! !7o area!e$ o+ rou $!re#! +ro 7"* !e "#"%"ua #ee$ro!e*!"o#. Te "#"%"ua eoyee, a! %ar"ou$ !"e$ "# "$ 7or"# "+e, "$*o#+ro#!e by !7o area!e$ o+ o7er K *oe*!"%e abor, "re*!e by a u#"o#, a#*oe*!"%e *a"!a, "re*!e by a#aee#!. Te u#"o#, a# "#$!"!u!"o# e%eoe !oora#"e abor "#!o a *oe*!"%e +or*e a# !u$ ro!e*! !e "#"%"ua eoyee +ro!e o7er o+ *oe*!"%e *a"!a, "$, araoD"*ay, bo! !e *a"o# o+ eoyeer"!$, a# a #e7 $our*e o+ !e"r +ru$!ra!"o#. Moreo%er, 7e# !e "o# "#!era*!$7"! a#aee#!, "! rou*e$ ye! a !"r area!e o+ rou $!re#! +ro 7"*!e "#"%"ua a$o #ee$ ro!e*!"o# K !e *oe*!"%e bara"#"# rea!"o#$". 31

Te a+oree#!"o#e uro$e o+ !e ae#a!ory a7 "$ *eary $ee# "# !eEDa#a!ory No!e !o ou$e -" No. 5859, 7"* a!er be*ae Reub"* A*! No. 3350,a$ +oo7$<

I! 7ou be u#!"#abe "#ee !o re+u$e eoy"# a er$o# 7o,o# a**ou#! o+ "$ re""ou$ be"e+$ a# *o#%"*!"o#$, *a##o! a**e!eber$" "# a abor ora#"a!"o# a!ou e o$$e$$e$ a !eua"?*a!"o#$ +or !e :ob. T"$ "$ !a#!aou#! !o u#"$"# $u*er$o# +or be"e%"# "# a o*!r"#e e a$ a r"! u#er !e a7 !obe"e%e "#. Te a7 7ou #o! ao7 "$*r""#a!"o# !o our"$ !o !ee!r"e#! o+ !o$e 7o$e re""o# "$*ar$ eber$" "# a#yabor ora#"a!"o#. L"e7"$e, !e a7 7ou #o! *oe# !e

er"%a!"o# o+ !e"r r"! !o 7or a# ur$ue a oe$! ea#$ o+ "%e"oo, 7"!ou! "# a#y a##er %"oa!"# !e"r re""ou$ +a"!a#Hor be"e+. 32

I! *a##o! be e#"e, +ur!erore, !a! !e ea#$ ao!e by !e A*! !o a*"e%e !a!uro$e K eDe!"# !e eber$ o+ $a" re""ou$ $e*!$ +ro *o%erae o+ u#"o#$e*ur"!y areee#!$ K "$ rea$o#abe.

I! ay #o! be a"$$ !o o"#! ou! ere !a! !e +ree eDer*"$e o+ re""ou$ ro+e$$"o# orbe"e+ "$ $uer"or !o *o#!ra*! r"!$. I# *a$e o+ *o#"*!, !e a!!er u$!, !ere+ore,y"e !o !e +orer. Te /uree Cour! o+ !e "!e /!a!e$ a$ a$o e*are o#$e%era o**a$"o#$ !a! !e r"!$ "# !e F"r$! Ae#e#!, 7"* "#*ue +reeo o+

re""o#, e#:oy a re+erre o$"!"o# "# !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a $y$!e.33

Re""ou$ +reeo,a!ou #o! u#""!e, "$ a +u#ae#!a er$o#a r"! a# "ber!y, 3 a# a$ a


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re+erre o$"!"o# "# !e "erar*y o+ %aue$. Co#!ra*!ua r"!$, !ere+ore, u$!y"e !o +reeo o+ re""o#. I! "$ o#y 7ere u#a%o"aby #e*e$$ary !o re%e#! a#"e"a!e a# ra%e a#er !o !e $e*ur"!y a# 7e+are o+ !e *ou#"!y !a!"#+r"#ee#! o+ re""ou$ +reeo ay be :u$!"?e, a# o#y !o !e $ae$! eD!e#!#e*e$$ary !o a%o" !e a#er.

3. I# +ur!er $uor! o+ "!$ *o#!e#!"o# !a! Reub"* A*! No. 3350 "$ u#*o#$!"!u!"o#a,aea#! "o# a%erre !a! $a" A*! "$*r""#a!e$ "# +a%or o+ eber$ o+ $a"re""ou$ $e*!$ "# %"oa!"o# o+ /e*!"o# 1 = o+ Ar!"*e I o+ !e 1935 Co#$!"!u!"o#, a#

7"* "$ #o7 /e*!"o# 8 o+ Ar!"*e I o+ !e 19=3 Co#$!"!u!"o#, 7"* ro%"e$<

No a7 $a be ae re$e*!"# a# e$!ab"$e#! o+ re""o#, orro"b"!"# !e +ree eDer*"$e !ereo+, a# !e +ree eDer*"$e a#e#:oye#! o+ re""ou$ ro+e$$"o# a# 7or$", 7"!ou!"$*r""#a!"o# a# re+ere#*e, $a +ore%er be ao7e. Nore""ou$ !e$! $a be reu"re +or !e eDer*"$e o+ *"%" or o"!"*ar"!$.

Te *o#$!"!u!"o#a ro%"$"o# "#!o o#y ro"b"!$ e"$a!"o# +or !e $uor! o+ a#yre""ou$ !e#e!$ or !e oe$ o+ 7or$" o+ a#y $e*!, !u$ +ore$!a"# *ou$"o# bya7 o+ !e a**e!a#*e o+ a#y *ree or !e ra*!"*e o+ a#y +or o+ 7or$", 35 bu! a$o

a$$ure$ !e +ree eDer*"$e o+ o#e$ *o$e# +or o+ re""o# 7"!"# ""!$ o+ u!o$!a"!ue. I! a$ bee# $a" !a! !e re""o# *au$e$ o+ !e Co#$!"!u!"o# are ae$"#e !o ro!e*! !e broae$! o$$"be "ber!y o+ *o#$*"e#*e, !o ao7 ea* a# !obe"e%e a$ "$ *o#$*"e#*e "re*!$, !o ro+e$$ "$ be"e+$, a# !o "%e a$ e be"e%e$ eou! !o "%e, *o#$"$!e#! 7"! !e "ber!y o+ o!er$ a# 7"! !e *oo# oo. 36 A#ye"$a!"o# 7o$e eJe*! or uro$e "$ !o "ee !e ob$er%a#*e o+ o#e or are""o#$, or !o "$*r""#a!e "#%""ou$y be!7ee# !e re""o#$, "$ "#%a", e%e# !ou!e bure# ay be *ara*!er"e a$ be"# o#y "#"re*!. 3= -u! "+ !e $!ae reua!e$*o#u*! by e#a*!"#, 7"!"# "!$ o7er, a e#era a7 7"* a$ +or "!$ uro$e a#eJe*! !o a%a#*e !e $!a!e$ $e*uar oa$, !e $!a!u!e "$ %a" e$"!e "!$ "#"re*!bure# o# re""ou$ ob$er%a#*e, u#e$$ !e $!a!e *a# a**o"$ "!$ uro$e 7"!ou!"o$"# $u* bure#. 38

I# Aglipa1 ". Ruiz 39 , !"$ Cour! a o**a$"o# !o $!a!e !a! !e o%er#e#! $ou#o! be re*ue +ro ur$u"# %a" ob:e*!"%e$ $e*uar "# *ara*!er e%e# "+ !e"#*"e#!a re$u! 7ou be +a%orabe !o a re""o# or $e*!. I! a$ "e7"$e bee# e!a! !e $!a!u!e, "# orer !o 7"!$!a# !e $!r"*!ure$ o+ *o#$!"!u!"o#a ro"b"!"o#,u$! a%e a $e*uar e"$a!"%e uro$e a# a r"ary eJe*! !a! #e"!er a%a#*e$#or "#"b"!$ re""o#. 0 A$$e$$e by !e$e *r"!er"a, Reub"* A*! No. 3350 *a##o! be$a" !o %"oa!e !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a "#"b"!"o# o+ !e #o'e$!ab"$e#! o+ re""o#*au$e o+ !e Co#$!"!u!"o#.

Te uro$e o+ Reub"* A*! No. 3350 "$ $e*uar, 7ory, a# !eora, #o! $"r"!uaor re""ou$ or oy a# e!er#a. I! 7a$ "#!e#e !o $er%e !e $e*uar uro$e o+ a%a#*"# !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a r"! !o !e +ree eDer*"$e o+ re""o#, by a%er!"# !a!*er!a"# er$o#$ be re+u$e 7or, or be "$"$$e +ro 7or, or be "$o$$e$$e o+ !e"r r"! !o 7or a# o+ be"# "ee !o ur$ue a oe$! ea#$ o+ "%e"oo, by

rea$o# o+ u#"o# $e*ur"!y areee#!$. To e "!$ *"!"e#$ !o ?# a"#+u eoye#!7ereby !ey *a# ae a "%"# !o $uor! !e$e%e$ a# !e"r +a""e$ "$ a %a"ob:e*!"%e o+ !e $!a!e. I# +a*!, !e $!a!e "$ e#:o"#e, "# !e 1935 Co#$!"!u!"o#, !oaJor ro!e*!"o# !o abor, a# reua!e !e rea!"o#$ be!7ee# abor a# *a"!a a#"#u$!ry. 1 More $o #o7 "# !e 19=3 Co#$!"!u!"o# 7ere "! "$ a#a!e !a! !e/!a!e $a aJor ro!e*!"o# !o abor, roo!e +u eoye#! a# eua"!y "#eoye#!, e#$ure eua 7or oor!u#"!"e$ reare$$ o+ $eD, ra*e or *ree a#reua!e !e rea!"o# be!7ee# 7orer$ a# eoyer$. 2

Te r"ary eJe*!$ o+ !e eDe!"o# +ro *o$e $o areee#!$ "# +a%or o+ eber$ o+ re""ou$ $e*!$ !a! ro"b"! !e"r eber$ +ro a>"a!"# 7"! a aborora#"a!"o#, "$ !e ro!e*!"o# o+ $a" eoyee$ aa"#$! !e area!e +or*e o+ !e*oe*!"%e bara"#"# areee#!, a# re"e%"# *er!a"# *"!"e#$ o+ a bure# o# !e"rre""ou$ be"e+$B a# by e""#a!"# !o a *er!a"# eD!e#! e*o#o"* "#$e*ur"!y ue !ou#eoye#!, 7"* "$ a $er"ou$ e#a*e !o !e ea!, ora$, a# 7e+are o+ !eeoe o+ !e /!a!e, !e A*! a$o roo!e$ !e 7e'be"# o+ $o*"e!y. I! "$ our %"e7!a! !e eDe!"o# +ro !e eJe*!$ o+ *o$e $o areee#! oe$ #o! "re*!ya%a#*e, or ""#"$, !e "#!ere$!$ o+ a#y ar!"*uar re""o#. A!ou !e eDe!"o#ay be#e?! !o$e 7o are eber$ o+ re""ou$ $e*!$ !a! ro"b"! !e"r eber$+ro :o"#"# abor u#"o#$, !e be#e?! uo# !e re""ou$ $e*!$ "$ erey "#*"e#!aa# "#"re*!. Te e$!ab"$e#! *au$e o+ re""o# oe$ #o! ba# reua!"o# o#*o#u*! 7o$e rea$o# or eJe*! erey ae#$ !o *o"#*"e or aro#"e 7"! !e

!e#e!$ o+ $oe or a re""o#$. 3 Te +ree eDer*"$e *au$e o+ !e Co#$!"!u!"o# a$bee# "#!erre!e !o reu"re !a! re""ou$ eDer*"$e be re+ere#!"ay a"e.

e be"e%e !a! "# e#a*!"# Reub"* A*! No. 3350, Co#re$$ a*!e *o#$"$!e#!y 7"!!e $"r"! o+ !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a ro%"$"o#. I! a*!e erey !o re"e%e !e eDer*"$e o+ re""o#, by *er!a"# er$o#$, o+ a bure# !a! "$ "o$e by u#"o# $e*ur"!yareee#!$. I! 7a$ Co#re$$ "!$e+ !a! "o$e !a! bure# 7e# "! e#a*!e !eI#u$!r"a Pea*e A*! Reub"* A*! 8=5, a#, *er!a"#y, Co#re$$, "+ "! $o ee$a%"$abe, *ou !ae a7ay !e $ae bure#. I! "$ *er!a"# !a! #o! e%ery *o#$*"e#*e*a# be a**ooa!e by a !e a7$ o+ !e a#B bu! 7e# e#era a7$ *o#"*!7"! $*rue$ o+ *o#$*"e#*e, eDe!"o#$ ou! !o be ra#!e u#e$$ $oe*oe"# $!a!e "#!ere$! "#!er%e#e$.5 I# !e "#$!a#! *a$e, e $ee #o $u**oe"# $!a!e "#!ere$! !o 7"!o eDe!"o#.

Aea#! be7a"$ !a! 7"e Reub"* A*! No. 3350 ro!e*!$ eber$ o+ *er!a"#re""ou$ $e*!$, "! ea%e$ #o r"! !o, a# "$ $"e#! a$ !o !e ro!e*!"o# o+, aborora#"a!"o#$. Te uro$e o+ Reub"* A*! No. 3350 7a$ #o! !o ra#! r"!$ !o aboru#"o#$. Te r"!$ o+ abor u#"o#$ are ay ro%"e +or "# Reub"* A*! No. 8=5 a#!e #e7 Labor Coe. A$ !o !e ae#!e $"e#*e o+ !e A*! rear"# !e r"!$ a#ro!e*!"o# o+ abor u#"o#$, $u>*e "! !o $ay, ?r$!, !a! !e %a""!y o+ a $!a!u!e "$e!er"#e by "!$ ro%"$"o#$, #o! by "!$ $"e#*e 6 B a#, $e*o#, !e +a*! !a! !e a7ay 7or ar$" oe$ #o! re#er "! u#*o#$!"!u!"o#a. =

I! 7ou #o! be a"$$ !o $!a!e, rear"# !"$ a!!er, !a! !o *oe er$o#$ !o :o"#a# rea"# eber$ o+ a u#"o# !o ee !e"r :ob$ "# %"oa!"o# o+ !e"r re""ou$

$*rue$, 7ou ur!, ra!er !a# e, abor u#"o#$, Co#re$$ a$ $ee# "! ?! !oeDe! re""ou$ ob:e*!or$ e$! !e"r re$"$!a#*e $rea !o o!er 7orer$, +or re""ou$


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ob:e*!"o#$ a%e *o#!a"ou$ o!e#!"a"!"e$ ore !a# o"!"*a a# "o$o"*ob:e*!"o#$.

Fur!erore, e! "! be #o!e !a! *oer*e u#"!y a# oya!y e%e# !o !e *ou#!ry, a#a fortiori !o a abor K u#"o# a$$u"# !a! $u* u#"!y a# oya!y *a# be a!!a"#e!rou *oer*"o# K "$ #o! a oa !a! "$ *o#$!"!u!"o#ay ob!a"#abe a! !e eDe#$e o+ re""ou$ "ber!y. 8 A e$"rabe e# *a##o! be roo!e by ro"b"!e ea#$.

. Aea#!$ +our! *o#!e#!"o#, !a! Reub"* A*! No. 3350 %"oa!e$ !e

*o#$!"!u!"o#a ro"b"!"o# aa"#$! reu"r"# a re""ou$ !e$! +or !e eDer*"$e o+ a *"%"r"! or a o"!"*a r"!, "$ #o! 7e !ae#. Te A*! oe$ #o! reu"re a$ a ua"?*a!"o#,or *o#"!"o#, +or :o"#"# a#y a7+u a$$o*"a!"o# eber$" "# a#y ar!"*uar re""o#or "# a#y re""ou$ $e*!B #e"!er oe$ !e A*! reu"re a>"a!"o# 7"! a re""ou$ $e*!!a! ro"b"!$ "!$ eber$ +ro :o"#"# a abor u#"o# a$ a *o#"!"o# or ua"?*a!"o#+or 7"!ra7"# +ro a abor u#"o#. (o"#"# or 7"!ra7"# +ro a abor u#"o#reu"re$ a o$"!"%e a*!. Reub"* A*! No. 3350 o#y eDe!$ eber$ 7"! $u*re""ou$ a>"a!"o# +ro !e *o%erae o+ *o$e $o areee#!$. /o, u#er !"$ A*!,a re""ou$ ob:e*!or "$ #o! reu"re !o o a o$"!"%e a*! K !o eDer*"$e !e r"! !o :o"#or !o re$"# +ro !e u#"o#. e "$ eDe!e ipso $ure 7"!ou! #ee o+ a#y o$"!"%ea*! o# "$ ar!. A *o#$*"e#!"ou$ re""ou$ ob:e*!or #ee #o! er+or a o$"!"%e a*! oreDer*"$e !e r"! o+ re$"#"# +ro !e abor u#"o# K e "$ eDe!e +ro !e*o%erae o+ a#y *o$e $o areee#! !a! a abor u#"o# ay a%e e#!ere "#!o.o7 !e# *a# !ere be a re""ou$ !e$! reu"re +or !e eDer*"$e o+ a r"! 7e# #or"! #ee be eDer*"$e;

e a%e $a" !a! "! 7a$ 7"!"# !e o"*e o7er o+ !e /!a!e !o e#a*! Reub"* A*!No. 3350, a# !a! "!$ uro$e 7a$ ea a# "# *o#$o#a#*e 7"! !e Co#$!"!u!"o#. I!"$ #e%er a# "ea e%a$"o# o+ a *o#$!"!u!"o#a ro%"$"o# or ro"b"!"o# !o a**o"$ ae$"re re$u!, 7"* "$ a7+u "# "!$e+, by "$*o%er"# or +oo7"# a ea 7ay !o o"!.9

5. Aea#! a%er$ a$ "!$ ?+! rou# !a! Reub"* A*! No. 3350 "$ a "$*r""#a!orye"$a!"o#, "#a$u* a$ "! ra#!$ !o !e eber$ o+ *er!a"# re""ou$ $e*!$ u#uea%a#!ae$ o%er o!er 7orer$, !u$ %"oa!"# /e*!"o# 1 o+ Ar!"*e III o+ !e 1935

Co#$!"!u!"o# 7"* +orb"$ !e e#"a !o a#y er$o# o+ !e eua ro!e*!"o# o+ !ea7$. 50

Te uara#!y o+ eua ro!e*!"o# o+ !e a7$ "$ #o! a uara#!y o+ eua"!y "# !ea"*a!"o# o+ !e a7$ uo# a *"!"e#$ o+ !e $!a!e. I! "$ #o!, !ere+ore, areu"ree#!, "# orer !o a%o" !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a ro"b"!"o# aa"#$! "#eua"!y, !a!e%ery a#, 7oa# a# *" $ou be aJe*!e a"e by a $!a!u!e. Eua"!y o+ oera!"o# o+ $!a!u!e$ oe$ #o! ea# "#"$*r""#a!e oera!"o# o# er$o#$ erey a$$u*, bu! o# er$o#$ a**or"# !o !e *"r*u$!a#*e$ $urrou#"# !e. I!uara#!ee$ eua"!y, #o! "e#!"!y o+ r"!$. Te Co#$!"!u!"o# oe$ #o! reu"re !a!!"#$ 7"* are "Jere#! "# +a*! be !rea!e "# a7 a$ !ou !ey 7ere !e $ae.

Te eua ro!e*!"o# *au$e oe$ #o! +orb" "$*r""#a!"o# a$ !o !"#$ !a! are"Jere#!. 51 I! oe$ #o! ro"b"! e"$a!"o# 7"* "$ ""!e e"!er "# !e ob:e*! !o7"* "! "$ "re*!e or by !e !err"!ory 7"!"# 7"* "! "$ !o oera!e.

Te eua ro!e*!"o# o+ !e a7$ *au$e o+ !e Co#$!"!u!"o# ao7$ *a$$"?*a!"o#.Ca$$"?*a!"o# "# a7, a$ "# !e o!er ear!e#!$ o+ #o7ee or ra*!"*e, "$ !erou"# o+ !"#$ "# $e*ua!"o# or ra*!"*e be*au$e !ey aree 7"! o#e a#o!er "#*er!a"# ar!"*uar$. A a7 "$ #o! "#%a" be*au$e o+ $"e "#eua"!y. 52 Te %ery "eao+ *a$$"?*a!"o# "$ !a! o+ "#eua"!y, $o !a! "! oe$ 7"!ou! $ay"# !a! !e ere +a*!o+ "#eua"!y "# #o a##er e!er"#e$ !e a!!er o+ *o#$!"!u!"o#a"!y. 53 A !a! "$reu"re o+ a %a" *a$$"?*a!"o# "$ !a! "! be rea$o#abe, 7"* ea#$ !a! !e*a$$"?*a!"o# $ou be ba$e o# $ub$!a#!"a "$!"#*!"o#$ 7"* ae +or rea"Jere#*e$B !a! "! u$! be era#e !o !e uro$e o+ !e a7B !a! "! u$! #o! be

""!e !o eD"$!"# *o#"!"o#$ o#yB a# !a! "! u$! ay euay !o ea* eber o+ !e *a$$. 5 T"$ Cour! a$ e !a! !e $!a#ar "$ $a!"$?e "+ !e *a$$"?*a!"o# or"$!"#*!"o# "$ ba$e o# a rea$o#abe +ou#a!"o# or ra!"o#a ba$"$ a# "$ #o! aabyarb"!rary. 55

I# !e eDer*"$e o+ "!$ o7er !o ae *a$$"?*a!"o#$ +or !e uro$e o+ e#a*!"# a7$o%er a!!er$ 7"!"# "!$ :ur"$"*!"o#, !e $!a!e "$ re*o#"e a$ e#:oy"# a 7"e ra#eo+ "$*re!"o#. 56 I! "$ #o! #e*e$$ary !a! !e *a$$"?*a!"o# be ba$e o# $*"e#!"?* orare "Jere#*e$ o+ !"#$ or "# !e"r rea!"o#. 5= Ne"!er "$ "! #e*e$$ary !a! !e*a$$"?*a!"o# be ae 7"! a!ea!"*a #"*e!y. 58 e#*e e"$a!"%e *a$$"?*a!"o#ay "# a#y *a$e$ roery re$! o# #arro7 "$!"#*!"o#$, 59 +or !e eua ro!e*!"o#uara#!y oe$ #o! re*ue !e e"$a!ure +ro re*o#""# eree$ o+ e%" or ar,a# e"$a!"o# "$ are$$e !o e%"$ a$ !ey ay aear.

e be"e%e !a! Reub"* A*! No. 3350 $a!"$?e$ !e a+oree#!"o#e reu"ree#!$. Te A*! *a$$"?e$ eoyee$ a# 7orer$, a$ !o !e eJe*! a# *o%erae o+ u#"o#$o $e*ur"!y areee#!$, "#!o !o$e 7o by rea$o# o+ !e"r re""ou$ be"e+$ a#*o#%"*!"o#$ *a##o! $"# u 7"! a abor u#"o#, a# !o$e 7o$e re""o# oe$ #o!ro"b"! eber$" "# abor u#"o#$. T"e *a$$"?*a!"o# re$!$ o# rea or $ub$!a#!"a,#o! erey "a"#ary or 7"$"*a, "$!"#*!"o#$. Tere "$ $u* rea "$!"#*!"o# "# !ebe"e+$, +ee"#$ a# $e#!"e#!$ o+ eoyee$. Eoyee$ o #o! be"e%e "# !e$ae re""ou$ +a"! a# "Jere#! re""o#$ "Jer "# !e"r oa$ a# *a##o#$.Re""ou$ be"e+$, a#"+e$!a!"o#$ a# ra*!"*e$, !ou !ey are +ou# "# a a*e$,a# "# a !"e$, !ae $o a#y %ar"e +or$ a$ !o be ao$! beyo# "a"#a!"o#.

Tere are a#y %"e7$ !a! *or"$e !e broa $e*!ru o+ re""ou$ be"e+$ ao#!e eoe. Tere are "%er$e a##er$ "# 7"* be"e+$, euay araou#! "# !e"%e$ o+ !e"r o$$e$$or$, ay be ar!"*ua!e. Toay !e *ou#!ry "$ +ar oree!eroe#ou$ "# re""o# !a# be+ore, "Jere#*e$ "# re""o# o eD"$!, a# !e$e"Jere#*e$ are "or!a#! a# $ou #o! be "#ore.

E%e# +ro !e y*oo"*a o"#! o+ %"e7, !e *a$$"?*a!"o# "$ ba$e o# rea a#"or!a#! "Jere#*e$. Re""ou$ be"e+$ are #o! ere be"e+$, ere "ea$ eD"$!"#o#y "# !e "#, +or !ey *arry 7"! !e ra*!"*a *o#$eue#*e$ a# are !eo!"%e$ o+ *er!a"# rue$. o+ ua# *o#u*! a# !e :u$!"?*a!"o# o+ *er!a"#a*!$. 60 Re""ou$ $e#!"e#! ae$ a a# %"e7 !"#$ a# e%e#!$ "# !e"r rea!"o# !o"$ Go. I! "%e$ !o ua# "+e "!$ "$!"#*!"%e *ara*!er, "!$ !o#e, "!$ a"#e$$ oru#a"#e$$ "!$ e#:oye#! or "r$oe#e$$. &$uay, a $!ro# a# a$$"o#a!e e$"re"$ "#%o%e "# a re""ou$ be"e+. To *er!a"# er$o#$, #o $"#e +a*!or o+ !e"r

eDer"e#*e "$ ore "or!a#! !o !e !a# !e"r re""o#, or !e"r #o! a%"# a#yre""o#. -e*au$e o+ "Jere#*e$ "# re""ou$ be"e+ a# $e#!"e#!$, a %ery oor


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12/67

*o#!ra%e#e$ Ar!"*e 2208 o+ !e C"%" CoeB !a!, +ur!erore, Aeee 7a$ #e%era*!uay "$"$$e by !e e+e#a#! Coa#y a# " #o! !ere+ore $uJer a#yaae a! a . =2

I# re+u!"# aea#! "o#$ arue#!$, Aeee *a"e !a! "# !e "#$!a#! *a$e!ere 7a$ reay #o "#u$!r"a "$u!e "#%o%e "# !e a!!e! !o *oe Aeee !oa"#!a"# "!$ eber$" "# !e u#"o# u#er a"# o+ "$"$$a, a# !a! !e "o#, by"!$ a*!, "#"*!e "#!e#!"o#a ar o# AeeeB !a! $"#*e Aeee 7a$ *oee !o"#$!"!u!e a# a*!"o# !o ro!e*! "$ r"! !o 7or, aea#! *ou eay be orere !o

ay a!!or#ey$ +ee$ u#er Ar!"*e$ 1=0 a# 2208 o+ !e C"%" Coe. =3

Te $e*o# arara o+ /e*!"o# 2 o+ Reub"* A*! No. 8=5 7"* "$ re"e uo# byaea#! ro%"e$ !a!<

No $u"!, a*!"o# or o!er ro*ee"#$ $a be a"#!a"#abe "# a#y*our! aa"#$! a abor ora#"a!"o# or a#y o>*er or eber !ereo+ +or a#y a*! o#e by or o# bea+ o+ $u* ora#"a!"o# infurtherance of an industrial dispute !o 7"* "! "$ a ar!y, o# !erou# o#y !a! $u* a*! "#u*e$ $oe o!er er$o# !o brea a*o#!ra*! o+ eoye#! or !a! "! "$ "# re$!ra"#! o+ !rae or"#!er+ere$ 7"! !e !rae, bu$"#e$$ or eoye#! o+ $oe o!er

er$o# or 7"! !e r"! o+ $oe o!er er$o# !o "$o$e o+ "$*a"!a or abor. Ea$"$ $u"e

Ta! !ere 7a$ a abor "$u!e "# !e "#$!a#! *a$e *a##o! be "$u!e +or aea#!$ou! !e "$*are o+ re$o#e#! by %"r!ue o+ !e *o$e $o areee#! a#u#er /e*!"o# 2 : o+ Reub"* A*! No. 8=5 a ue$!"o# "#%o%"# !e#ure o+ eoye#! "$ "#*ue "# !e !er abor "$u!e. = Te "$*are or !e a*! o+ $ee"# "! "$ !e abor "$u!e "!$e+. I! be"# !e abor "$u!e "!$e+, !a! %ery $aea*! o+ !e "o# "# a$"# !e eoyer !o "$"$$ Aeee *a##o! be a# a*!o#e ... in furtherance of an industrial dispute2. Te ere +a*! !a! aea#! "$ aabor u#"o# oe$ #o! #e*e$$ar"y ea# !a! a "!$ a*!$ are "# +ur!era#*e o+ a#"#u$!r"a "$u!e. =5 Aea#! "o#, !ere+ore, *a##o! "#%oe "# "!$ +a%or /e*!"o# 2o+ Reub"* A*! No. 8=5. T"$ *a$e "$ #o! "#!er!7"#e 7"! a#y u#+a"r abor ra*!"*e

*a$e eD"$!"# a! !e !"e 7e# Aeee ?e "$ *oa"#! be+ore !e o7er *our!.

Ne"!er oe$ Ar!"*e 2208 o+ !e C"%" Coe, "#%oe by !e "o#, $er%e a$ "!$ $"e. Te ar!"*e ro%"e$ !a! a!!or#ey$ +ee$ a# eDe#$e$ o+ "!"a!"o# ay be a7are7e# !e e+e#a#!$ a*! or o"$$"o# a$ *oee !e a"#!"J ... to incur e3penses to protect his interest B a# "# a#y o!er *a$e 7ere !e *our! ee$ "!

:u$! a# eu"!abe !a! a!!or#ey$ +ee$ a# eDe#$e$ o+ "!"a!"o# $ou bere*o%ere. I# !e "#$!a#! *a$e, "! *a##o! be a"#$a" !a! aea#! "o#$ a*! "#ea#"# Aeee$ "$"$$a *au$e Aeee !o "#*ur eDe#$e$ !o re%e#! "$be"# "$"$$e +ro "$ :ob. Co$!$ a**or"# !o /e*!"o# 1, Rue 12, o+ !e Rue$ o+ Cour!, $a be ao7e a$ a a!!er o+ *our$e !o !e re%a""# ar!y.

EREFORE, !e "#$!a#! aea "$ "$"$$e, a# !e e*"$"o#, a!e Auu$! 26,1965, o+ !e Cour! o+ F"r$! I#$!a#*e o+ Ma#"a, "# "!$ C"%" Ca$e No. 5889, aeae+ro "$ a>re, 7"! *o$!$ aa"#$! aea#! "o#. I! "$ $o orere.

Ma+alintal& *.J& *astro& #eehan+ee& Barredo& Ma+asiar& Antonio& 4sguerra& Mu'oz

5ala and A)uino& JJ.& concur.


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G.R. No. 95==0 Mar* 1, 1993

ROEL E-RALINAG, EMIL4 E-RALINAG, rere$e#!e by !e"r are#!$ MR. MR/.LEONAR)O E-RALINAG, (&/TINIANA TANTOG, rere$e#!e by er +a!er AMO/

TANTOGB (EMILO4AO (OEL O4AO, rere$e#!e by !e"r are#!$ MR. MR/. ELIEERO4AOB (ANET )IAMO/ (EREMIA/ )IAMO/, rere$e#!e by are#!$ MR. MR/.GO)OFRE)O )IAMO/B /ARA O/TIA (ONATAN O/TIA, rere$e#!e by !e"r are#!$MR. MR/. FA&TO O/TIAB IRIN /EQ&INO RENAN /EQ&INO, rere$e#!e by !e"rare#!$ MR. MR/. L4)IO /EQ&INOB NAPTALE TANACAO, rere$e#!e by "$are#!$ MR. MR/. MAN&EL TANACAOB PRECILA PINO, rere$e#!e by er are#!$MR. MR/. FELIPE PINOB MARICRI/ ALFAR, R&INA ALFAR, rere$e#!e by !e"rare#!$ MR. MR/. ERMINIGIL)O ALFARB FRE)E/MIN)A ALFAR G&MER/IN)OALFAR, rere$e#!e by !e"r are#!$ A-)ON ALFARB AL-ERTO ALFAR ARI/TIOALFAR, rere$e#!e by !e"r are#!$ MR. MR/. GENERO/O ALFARB MARTINO

ILLAR, rere$e#!e by "$ are#!$ MR. MR/. GENARO ILLARB PERGE-RIELG&INITA CAREN G&INITA, rere$e#!e by !e"r are#!$ MR. MR/. CE/ARG&INITAB ALIN )OOP, rere$e#!e by "$ are#!$ MR. MR/. LEONI)E/ )OOPBRIL4N LA&)E, rere$e#!e by er are#!$ MR. MR/. RENE LA&)EB LEOREMIN)AMONARE/, rere$e#!e by er are#!$, MR. MR/. FLORENCIO MONARE/B MERC4MONTECILLO, rere$e#!e by er are#!$ MR. MR/. MAN&EL MONTECILLOBRO-ERTO TANGAA, rere$e#!e by "$ are#! IL&MINA)A TANGAAB EEL4N,MARIA FLORA TANGAA, rere$e#!e by !e"r are#!$ MR. MR/. AL-ERTO

TANGAAB MAIMO E-RALINAG, rere$e#!e by "$ are#!$, MR. MR/. PAQ&ITOE-RALINAGB (&TA C&MON, GI)EON C&MON (ONATAN C&MON, rere$e#!e by!e"r +a!er RAFAEL C&MONB EIE L&MAANG (&NAR L&MAANG, rere$e#!e by!e"r are#!$ MR. MR/. L&MAANGB EMILIO /AR/OO, PA AMOR /AR/OO IGNA MARIE /AR/OO, rere$e#!e by !e"r are#!$ MR. MR/. IRGILIO /AR/OOB

MICAEL (O/EP ENR4 (O/EP, rere$e#!e by are#! ANNIE (O/EPB EMER/ON TA-LA/ON MA/TERLO& TA-LA/ON, rere$e#!e by !e"r are#! EMERLITO


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TA-LA/ON, e!"!"o#er$,%$.

TE )II/ION /&PERINTEN)ENT OF /COOL/ OF CE-&, re$o#e#!.

G.R. No. 9588= Mar* 1, 1993

MA4 AMOLO, rere$e#!e by er are#!$ MR. MR/. I/AIA/ AMOLOB RE)FOR)AL/A)O, (OE-ERT AL/A)O R&)4AR) AL/A)O, rere$e#!e by !e"r are#!$ MR. MR/. A-ELAR)O AL/A)OB NELIA AL/A)O, RE& AL/A)O LILI-ET AL/A)O,

rere$e#!e by !e"r are#!$ MR. MR/. ROLAN)O AL/A)OB /&ETTE NAPOLE/,rere$e#!e by er are#!$ I/MAILITO NAPOLE/ OPELIA NAPOLE/B (E/ICACARMELOTE/, rere$e#!e by er are#!$ MR. MR/. /ERGIO CARMELOTE/B -A-4

(EAN MACAPA/, rere$e#!e by er are#!$ MR. MR/. TORI-IO MACAPA/BGERAL)INE AL/A)O, rere$e#!e by er are#!$ MR. MR/. (OEL AL/A)OB RAQ&EL)EMOTOR LEA )EMOTOR, rere$e#!e by !e"r are#!$ MR. MR/. LEONAR)O)EMOTORB (&RELL ILLA MELONE4 ILLA, rere$e#!e by !e"r are#!$ MR. MR/. (OENIANO ILLAB (ONELL OPE MAINA4, MAR4 GRACE MAINA4 a#MAG)ALENE MAINA4, rere$e#!e by !e"r are#!$ MR. MR/. FELI MAINA4B

(ONAL4N ANTIOLA a# (ERIN ANTIOLA, rere$e#!e by !e"r are#!$ FELIFEANTIOLA a# ANECITA ANTIOLAB MARIA CONCEPCION CA-&4AO, rere$e#!e by erare#!$ ENIFRE)O CA-&4AO a# E/TRELLITA CA-&4AO, NOEMI T&RNOrere$e#!e by er are#!$ MAN&EL T&RNO a# EENCIA T&RNOB /OLOMON

PALAT&LON, /ALMERO PALAT&LON a# RO/ALIN)A PALAT&LON, rere$e#!e by!e"r are#!$ MARTILLANO PALAT&LON a# CARMILA PALAT&LON, e!"!"o#er$,%$.

TE )II/ION /&PERINTEN)ENT OF /COOL/ OF CE-& a# ANTONIO A. /ANG&TAN,re$o#e#!$.

Felino M. Ganal for petitioners.

#he ,olicitor General for respondents.

GRISO'AQ&INO, J.:

Te$e !7o $e*"a *"%" a*!"o#$ +or *ertiorari, Mandaus a# Pro"b"!"o# 7ere*o#$o"a!e be*au$e !ey ra"$e e$$e#!"ay !e $ae "$$ue< 7e!er $*oo *"re#7o are eber$ or a re""ou$ $e*! #o7# a$ (eo%a$ "!#e$$e$ ay be eDee+ro $*oo bo! ub"* a# r"%a!e, +or re+u$"#, o# a**ou#! o+ !e"r re""ou$be"e+$, !o !ae ar! "# !e a *ereo#y 7"* "#*ue$ ay"# by a ba# or$"#"# !e P"""#e #a!"o#a a#!e, $au!"# !e P"""#e a a# re*"!"# !ea!r"o!"* ee.

I# G.R. No. 95==0 Roe Ebra"#a, e! a. %$. )"%"$"o# /uer"#!e#e#! o+ /*oo$ o+ Cebu a# Ma#ue F. -"o#*o, Cebu )"$!r"*! /uer%"$or, !e e!"!"o#er$ are 3 "

$*oo a# eee#!ary $*oo $!ue#!$ "# !e !o7#$ o+ )aa# -a#!aya#,

P"#au#a:a#, Car*ar, a# Tabura# Cebu ro%"#*e. A "#or$, !ey are a$$"$!e by!e"r are#!$ 7o beo# !o !e re""ou$ rou #o7# a$ (eo%a$ "!#e$$e$ 7"**a"$ $oe 100,000 ba!"e ub"$er$ "# !e P"""#e$.

I# G.R. No. 9588=, May Aoo, e! a. %$. )"%"$"o# /uer"#!e#e#! o+ /*oo$ o+ Cebua# A#!o#"o A. /a#u!a#, !e e!"!"o#er$ are 25 " $*oo a# rae $*oo$!ue#!$ e#roe "# ub"* $*oo$ "# A$!ur"a$, Cebu, 7o$e are#!$ are (eo%a$"!#e$$e$. -o! e!"!"o#$ 7ere reare by !e $ae *ou#$e, A!!or#ey Fe"#o M.Ga#a.

A !e e!"!"o#er$ "# !e$e !7o *a$e$ 7ere eDee +ro !e"r *a$$e$ by !e ub"*$*oo au!or"!"e$ "# Cebu +or re+u$"# !o $au!e !e a, $"# !e #a!"o#a a#!ea# re*"!e !e a!r"o!"* ee a$ reu"re by Reub"* A*! No. 1265 o+ (uy 11, 1955,a# by )ear!e#! Orer No. 8 a!e (uy 21, 1955 o+ !e )ear!e#! o+ Eu*a!"o#,Cu!ure a# /or!$ )EC/ a"# !e a *ereo#y *ou$ory "# a eu*a!"o#a"#$!"!u!"o#$. Reub"* A*! No. 1265 ro%"e$<

/e*. 1. All educational institutions shall henceforth o!ser"e dail1 6ag cereon1 , 7"* $a be $"e a# "#"?e a# $a"#*ue !e ay"# or $"#"# o+ !e P"""#e Na!"o#a a#!e.

/e*. 2. Te /e*re!ary o+ Eu*a!"o# "$ ereby au!or"e a#"re*!e !o "$$ue or *au$e !o be "$$ue rue$ a# reua!"o#$ +or!e roer *o#u*! o+ !e a *ereo#y ere"# ro%"e.

/e*. 3. Failure or refusal to o!ser"e the 6ag cereon1 ro%"e by!"$ A*! a# "# a**ora#*e 7"! rue$ a# reua!"o#$ "$$ue by !e/e*re!ary o+ Eu*a!"o#, a+!er roer #o!"*e a# ear"#, shallsu!$ect the educational institution concerned and its head to

pu!lic censure a$ a# a"#"$!ra!"%e u#"$e#! 7"* $a beub"$e a! ea$! o#*e "# a #e7$aer o+ e#era *"r*ua!"o#.

7n case of failure to o!ser"e for the second tie the 6ag(cereon1

pro"ided !1 this Act , !e /e*re!ary o+ Eu*a!"o#, a+!er roer#o!"*e a# ear"#, shall cause the cancellation of the recognitionor perit of the pri"ate educational institution responsi!le for

such failure.

Te "ee#!"# rue$ a# reua!"o#$ "# )ear!e#! Orer No. 8 ro%"e<

R&LE/ AN) REG&LATION/ FOR CON)&CTING TE FLAGCEREMON4 IN ALL E)&CATIONAL IN/TIT&TION/.

1. Te F"""#o Fa $a be "$aye by a eu*a!"o#a"#$!"!u!"o#$, ub"* a# r"%a!e, e%ery $*oo ay !rouou! !eyear. I! $a be ra"$e a! $u#r"$e a# o7ere a! $u#$e!. Te a'$!aJ u$! be $!ra"!, $"!y a# e#!y !aer"# a! !e e#, a#


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o+ $u* e"! a$ 7ou "%e !e Fa a *oa#"# o$"!"o# "#+ro#! o+ !e bu""# or 7"!"# !e *oou#.

2. 4"er1 pu!lic and pri"ate educational institution shall hold a 6ag(raising cereon1 e"er1 orning e3cept 8hen it is raining, "# 7"*e%e#! !e *ereo#y ay be *o#u*!e "#oor$ "# !e be$! 7ayo$$"be. A re!rea! $a be e "# !e a+!er#oo# o+ !e $ae ay.

Te a'ra"$"# *ereo#y "# !e or#"# $a be *o#u*!e "# !e+oo7"# a##er<

a. 5upils and teachers or $!ue#!$ a# +a*u!yeber$ 8ho are in school and its preisesshall asse!le in foration facing the 6ag . A!*oa#, boo$ $a be u! a7ay or e "# !ee+! a# a# e"er1!od1 shall coe to attention.

To$e 7"! a!$ $a u#*o%er. No o#e $a e#!eror ea%e !e $*oo rou#$ ur"# !e*ereo#y.

b. #he asse!l1 shall sing the 5hilippine%ational Anthe a**oa#"e by !e $*oo

ba# or 7"!ou! !e a**oa#"e#! "+ "! a$#o#eB or !e a#!e ay be aye by !e$*oo ba# ao#e. A! !e ?r$! #o!e o+ !eA#!e, !e a $a be ra"$e br"$y. "e!e a "$ be"# ra"$e, all persons present shallstand at attention and e3ecute a salute . -oy$a# e# 7"! a!$ $a $au!e by a*"# !e a!o%er !e ear!. To$e 7"!ou! a! ay $!a#7"! !e"r ar$ a# a#$ o7# a# $!ra"! a!!e $"e$. To$e "# ""!ary or -oy /*ou! u#"+or$a "%e !e $au!e re$*r"be by !e"rreua!"o#$. Te $au!e $a be $!ar!e a$ !eFa r"$e$, a# *oe!e uo# a$! #o!e o+ !e

a#!e.

*. Ie"a!ey +oo7"# !e $"#"# o+ !eA#!e, the asse!l1 shall recite in unison thefollo8ing patriotic pledge E#"$ or %er#a*uar%er$"o#, 7"* ay br"# !e *ereo#y !o a*o$e. T"$ "$ reu"re o+ a ub"* $*oo$ a# o+ r"%a!e $*oo$ 7"* are "#!e#e +or F"""#o$!ue#!$ or 7o$e oua!"o# "$ reo"#a#!yF"""#o.

E#"$ er$"o#

I o%e !e P"""#e$.I! "$ !e a# o+ y b"r!BI! "$ !e oe o+ y eoe.I! ro!e*!$ e a# e$ e !o be, $!ro#, aya# u$e+u.I# re!ur#, I 7" ee !e *ou#$e o+ y are#!$BI 7" obey !e rue$ o+ y $*ooBI 7" er+or !e u!"e$ o+ a a!r"o!"*, a7'ab""# *"!"e#B

I 7" $er%e y *ou#!ry u#$e?$y a# +a"!+uyBI 7" be a !rue, F"""#o "# !ou!, "# 7or, "#ee.

DDD DDD DDD

(eo%a$ "!#e$$e$ a"!!ey !ea* !e"r *"re# #o! !o $au!e !e a, $"# !e#a!"o#a a#!e, a# re*"!e !e a!r"o!"* ee +or !ey be"e%e !a! !o$e are a*!$o+ 7or$" or re""ou$ e%o!"o# . 10,Rollo 7"* !ey *a##o! *o#$*"e#!"ou$y"%e . . . !o a#yo#e or a#y!"# eD*e! Go . 8, Roo. Tey +ee bou# by !e-"be$ *oa# !o uar our$e%e$ +ro"o$ K 1 (o# 5*e by a ub"*o>*"a or by a *a#"a!e +or a"$$"o# !o !e bar.

I# reu"r"# $*oo u"$ !o ar!"*"a!e "# !e a $au!e, !e /!a!e!ru !e /e*re!ary o+ Eu*a!"o# "$ #o! "o$"# a re""o# or

re""ou$ be"e+ or a re""ou$ !e$! o# $a" $!ue#!$. I! "$ ereye#+or*"# a


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#o#'"$*r""#a!ory $*oo reua!"o# a"*abe !o a a"e 7e!erCr"$!"a#, Mo$e, Pro!e$!a#! or (eo%a$ "!#e$$. Te /!a!e "$erey *arry"# ou! !e u!y "o$e uo# "! by !e Co#$!"!u!"o#7"* *are$ "! 7"! $uer%"$"o# o%er a# reua!"o# o+ aeu*a!"o#a "#$!"!u!"o#$, !o e$!ab"$ a# a"#!a"# a *oe!e a#aeua!e $y$!e o+ ub"* eu*a!"o#, a# $ee !o "! !a! a $*oo$a" !o e%eo, ao# o!er !"#$, *"%"* *o#$*"e#*e a# !ea*!e u!"e$ o+ *"!"e#$".

Te *"re# o+ (eo%a$ "!#e$$e$ *a##o! be eDe!e +roar!"*"a!"o# "# !e a *ereo#y. Tey a%e #o %a" r"! !o $u*eDe!"o#. Moreo%er, eDe!"o# !o !e reu"ree#! 7" "$ru!$*oo "$*""#e a# eora"e !e re$! o+ !e $*oo oua!"o#7"* by +ar *o#$!"!u!e$ !e rea! a:or"!y.

Te +reeo o+ re""ou$ be"e+ uara#!ee by !e Co#$!"!u!"o#oe$ #o! a# *a##o! ea# eDe!"o# +ro or #o#'*o"a#*e7"! rea$o#abe a# #o#'"$*r""#a!ory a7$, rue$ a# reua!"o#$roua!e by *oe!e#! au!or"!y. . 2'3.

Gerona 7a$ re"!era!e "# Bal!una, a$ +oo7$<

Te /e*re!ary o+ Eu*a!"o# 7a$ uy au!or"e by !e Le"$a!ure!ru Reub"* A*! 1265 !o roua!e $a" )ear!e#! Orer, a#"!$ ro%"$"o#$ reu"r"# !e ob$er%a#*e o+ !e a $au!e, #o! be"#a re""ou$ *ereo#y bu! a# a*! a# ro+e$$"o# o+ o%e a#ae"a#*e a# ee o+ oya!y !o !e +a!era# 7"* !e a$!a#$ +or, oe$ #o! %"oa!e !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a ro%"$"o# o# +reeoo+ re""o#. -abu#a, e! a. %$. /e*re!ary o+ Eu*a!"o#, e! a., 110P". 150.

Reub"* A*! No. 1265 a# !e ru"# "# Gerona a%e bee# "#*orora!e "# /e*!"o#28, T"!e I, Ca!er 9 o+ !e A"#"$!ra!"%e Coe o+ 198= EDe*u!"%e Orer No. 2927"* !oo eJe*! o# /e!eber 21, 1988 o#e year a+!er "!$ ub"*a!"o# "# !e

O>*"a Gae!!e, o. 63, No. 38 o+ /e!eber 21, 198=. Parara 5 o+ /e*!"o# 28"%e$ e"$a!"%e *a*e! !o !e ru"# "# Gerona, !u$<

5. A#y !ea*er or $!ue#! or u" 7o re+u$e$ !o :o"# orar!"*"a!e "# !e a *ereo#y ay be "$"$$e a+!er ue"#%e$!"a!"o#.

o7e%er, !e e!"!"o#er$ ere"# a%e #o! ra"$e "# "$$ue !e *o#$!"!u!"o#a"!y o+ !eabo%e ro%"$"o# o+ !e #e7 A"#"$!ra!"%e Coe o+ 198=. Tey a%e !are!e o#yReub"* A*! No. 1265 a# !e "ee#!"# orer$ o+ !e )EC/.

I# 1989, !e )EC/ Re"o#a O>*e "# Cebu re*e"%e *oa"#!$ abou! !ea*er$ a#

u"$ beo#"# !o !e (eo%a$ "!#e$$e$, a# e#roe "# %ar"ou$ ub"* a#

r"%a!e $*oo$, 7o re+u$e !o $"# !e P"""#e #a!"o#a a#!e, $au!e !eP"""#e a a# re*"!e !e a!r"o!"* ee. )"%"$"o# /uer"#!e#e#! o+ /*oo$,/u$a#a -. Cabau o+ !e Cebu )"%"$"o# o+ )EC/, a# )r. A!!y. Mar*eo M. -a*a$o,A$$"$!a#! )"%"$"o# /uer"#!e#e#!, re*a"# !"$ Cour!$ e*"$"o# "# Gerona, "$$ue)"%"$"o# Meora#u No. 108, a!e No%eber 1=, 1989 . 1='18, Rollo o+ G.R. No. 95==0 "re*!"# )"$!r"*! /uer%"$or$, " /*oo Pr"#*"a$ a# ea$ o+ Pr"%a!e Eu*a!"o#a "#$!"!u!"o#$ a$ +oo7$<

1. Reor!$ rea*"# !"$ O>*e "$*o$e !a! !ere are a #uber o+

!ea*er$, u"$, $!ue#!$, a# $*oo eoyee$ "# ub"* $*oo$7o re+u$e !o $au!e !e P"""#e a or ar!"*"a!e "# !e a"ya *ereo#y be*au$e o+ $oe re""ou$ be"e+.

2. /u* re+u$a #o! o#y u#er"#e$ Reub"* A*! No. 1265 a# !e)EC/ )ear!e#! Orer No. 8, /er"e$ o+ 1955 Iee#!"# Rue$a# Reua!"o#$ bu! a$o $!r"e$ a! !e ear! o+ !e )EC/$u$!a"#e eJor! !o "#*u*a!e a!r"o!"$ a# #a!"o#a"$.

3. Le! "! be $!re$$e !a! a#y be"e+ !a! *o#$"er$ !e a a$ a#"ae "$ #o! "# a#y a##er 7a!e%er a :u$!"?*a!"o# +or #o!$au!"# !e P"""#e a or #o! ar!"*"a!"# "# a *ereo#y.

Tu$, !e /uree Cour! o+ !e P"""#e $ay$<

Te a "$ #o! a# "ae bu! a $ybo o+ !eReub"* o+ !e P"""#e$, a# ebe o+ #a!"o#a $o%ere"#!y, o+ #a!"o#a u#"!y a#*oe$"o# a# +reeo a# "ber!y 7"* "! a#!e Co#$!"!u!"o# uara#!ee a# ro!e*!. Gero#a,e! a. %$. /e*. o+ Eu*a!"o#, e! a., 106 P". 11.

. A$ rear$ !e *a" +or +reeo o+ be"e+, 7"* a# ob:e*!"o#"$!ay a%a#*e, !e /uree Cour! a$$er!$<

-u! be!7ee# !e +reeo o+ be"e+ a# !eeDer*"$e o+ $a" be"e+, !ere "$ u"!e a $!re!* o+ roa !o !ra%e. I+ !e eDer*"$e o+ $a" re""ou$be"e+ *a$e$ 7"! !e e$!ab"$e "#$!"!u!"o#$ o+ $o*"e!y a# 7"! !e a7, !e# !e +orer u$!y"e a# "%e 7ay !o !e a!!er. Gero#a, e! a.%$. /e*. o+ Eu*a!"o#, e! a., 106 P". 11.

5. Accordingl1& teachers and school eplo1ees 8ho choose not to participate in the dail1 6ag cereon1 or to o!e1 the 6ag salute

regulation spelled out in 9epartent -rder %o. & ,eries of ;


17/67

6. I# $!ro# a#uae abou! u"$ a# $!ue#!$ 7o o !e $ae!e /uree Cour! a$ !"$ !o $ay<

I+ !ey *oo$e #o! !o obey !e a $au!ereua!"o#, !ey erey o$! !e be#e?!$ o+ ub"* eu*a!"o# be"# a"#!a"#e a! !eeDe#$e o+ !e"r +eo7 C"!"e#$, #o!"# ore.A**or"# !o a ouar eDre$$"o#, !ey *ou!ae "! or ea%e "! a%"# ee*!e #o! !o *oy

7"! !e reua!"o# abou! !e a $au!e !ey+or+e"!e !e"r r"! !o a!!e# ub"* $*oo$.Gero#a, e! a. %$. /e*. o+ Eu*a!"o#, e! a., 106P". 15.

=. /*oo a"#"$!ra!or$ $a !ere+ore $ub"! !o !"$ O>*e areor! o# !o$e 7o *oo$e #o! !o ar!"*"a!e "# a *ereo#y or$au!e !e P"""#e a. . 1='18, Rollo o+ G.R. No. 95==0BEa$"$ $u"e.

Cebu $*oo o>*"a$ re$or!e !o a #uber o+ 7ay$ !o er$uae !e *"re# o+ (eo%a$ "!#e$$e$ !o obey !e eora#u. I# !e -ue#a%"$!a Eee#!ary

/*oo, !e *"re# 7ere a$e !o $"# a# Areee#! a$abu!a# "# !e Cebua#o"ae*! ro"$"# !o $"# !e #a!"o#a a#!e, a*e !e"r r"! a# o# !e"r brea$!u#!" !e e# o+ !e $o# a# re*"!e !e ee o+ ae"a#*e !o !e a A##eD ), .6, Rollo o+ G.R. No. 95==0 a# . 8, Rollo o+ G.R. No. 9588=, bu! !ey re+u$e !o$"# !e a$abu!a# . 20, Rollo o+ G.R. No. 95==0.

I# Tub"a#o Eee#!ary /*oo, !e Tea*er'I#'Care, A#!o#"o A. /a#u!a#, e!7"! !e (eo%a$ "!#e$$e$ are#!$, a$ "$*o$e "# "$ e!!er o+ O*!ober 1=, 1990,eD*er!$ +ro 7"* re%ea !e +oo7"#<

A+!er !7o 2 +ru"!e$$ *o#+ro#!a!"o# ee!"#$ 7"! !e (eo%a$"!#e$$e$ are#!$ o# O*!ober 2, 1990 a# ye$!eray ue !o !e"r?r $!a# #o! !o $au!e !e a o+ !e Reub"* o+ !e P"""#e$

ur"# Fa Cereo#y a# o!er o**a$"o#$, a$ a#a!e by a7$e*"?*ay Reub"* A*! No. 1265, !"$ O>*e ereby orer$ !ero"# +ro !e "$! "# !e /*oo Re"$!er -P/ For I o+ a!ea*er$, a (eo%a "!#e$$ u"$ +ro Grae I u !o Grae IeJe*!"%e !oay.

DDD DDD DDD

T"$ orer "$ "# *o"a#*e 7"! )"%"$"o# Meora#u No. 108 $.1989 a!e No%eber 1=, 1989 by %"r!ue o+ )ear!e#! Orer No.8 $. 1955 a!e (uy 21, 1955 "# a**ora#*e 7"! Reub"* A*! No.1265 a# /uree Cour! )e*"$"o# o+ a *a$e Ge#aro Gero#a, e!

a., Pe!"!"o#er$ a# Aea#!$ %$. Te o#orabe /e*re!ary o+

Eu*a!"o#, e! a., Re$o#e#!$ a# Aeee$ a!e Auu$! 12,1959 aa"#$! !e"r +a%or. . 19, Rollo o+ G.R. No. 95==0.

I# !e )aa# -a#!aya# )"$!r"*!, !e )"$!r"*! /uer%"$or, Ma#ue F. -"o#*o, orere!e ro"# +ro !e ro$ o+ $!ue#!$ 7o o!e !o +oo7 !e"r re""ou$ be"e+ 7"* "$ aa"#$! !e Fa /au!e La7 o# !e !eory !a! !ey +or+e"!e !e"r r"! !oa!!e# ub"* $*oo$. . =, Rollo o+ G.R. No. 95==0.

1$! I#or$ee#!

)AAN-ANTA4AN )I/TRICT II)aa#ba#!aya#, Cebu, (uy 2, 1990.

Re$e*!+uy re!ur#e !o Mr$. A"*"a A. )"a, /*oo I# Care U$"*V,Au:o Eee#!ary /*oo 7"! !e "#+ora!"o# !a! this o>ce issad to order the dropping o+ (ere"a$ )"ao$ a# (ea#e! )"ao$,Grae$ III a# I u"$ re$e*!"%ey fro the roll since the1 optedto follo8 their religious !elief 8hich is against the Flag ,alute

La8 R.A. 1265 a# )EC/ Orer No. 8, $er"e$ o+ 1955, a%"#ee*!e #o! !o *oy 7"! !e reua!"o# abou! !e a $au!e!ey +or+e"!e !e"r r"! !o a!!e# ub"* $*oo$ Gero#a, e! a. %$./e*. o+ Eu*a!"o#, e! a., 106 P"""#e$ 15. o7e%er, $ou !ey

*a#e !e"r "# !o re$e*! a# +oo7 !e Fa /au!e La7 !eyay be re'a**e!e.

/.MAN&EL F.-IONGCOG)"$!r"*!/uer%"$or

. =, Rollo o+ G.R. No. 95==0.

Te eDu$"o# a$ o+ O*!ober 23, 1990 o+ !e 3 e!"!"o#"# $!ue#!$ o+ !e)aa#ba#!aya# Na!"o#a " /*oo, Au:o Eee#!ary /*oo, Caae -ara#ayNa!"o#a " /*oo, P"#au#a:a# Pro%"#*"a " /*oo, Tabuea# Ce#!ra /*oo,Ca#a$o:a# Eee#!ary /*oo, L"boro# Eee#!ary /*oo, Taay!ay Pr"ary /*oo,/a# (ua# Pr"ary /*oo a# Nor!er# Ce#!ra Eee#!ary /*oo o+ /a# Fer#a#o,Cebu, uo# orer o+ !e# A*!"# )"%"$"o# /uer"#!e#e#! Mar*eo -a*a$o, ro!e$oe (eo%a$ "!#e$$e$ "# Cebu !o aea !o !e /e*re!ary o+ Eu*a!"o# I$"roCar"Wo bu! !e a!!er " #o! a#$7er !e"r e!!er. . 21, Rollo.

Te e!"!"o# "# G.R. No. 9588= 7a$ ?e by 25 $!ue#!$ 7o 7ere $""ary eDeebe*au$e )r. Pabo A#!o"#a, 7o $u**eee /u$a#a Cabau a$ )"%"$"o#/uer"#!e#e#! o+ /*oo$, 7ou #o! re*a !e eDu$"o# orer$ o+ "$ ree*e$$or.I#$!ea, e %erbay *au$e !e eDu$"o# o+ $oe ore *"re# o+ (eo%a$"!#e$$e$.


18/67

O# O*!ober 31, 1990, !e $!ue#!$ a# !e"r are#!$ ?e !e$e $e*"a *"%" a*!"o#$+or Mandaus,*ertiorari a# Pro"b"!"o# ae"# !a! !e ub"* re$o#e#!$ a*!e7"!ou! or "# eD*e$$ o+ !e"r :ur"$"*!"o# a# 7"! ra%e abu$e o+ "$*re!"o# K 1 "#orer"# !e"r eDu$"o# 7"!ou! r"or #o!"*e a# ear"#, e#*e, "# %"oa!"o# o+ !e"rr"! !o ue ro*e$$, !e"r r"! !o +ree ub"* eu*a!"o#, a# !e"r r"! !o +reeoo+ $ee*, re""o# a# 7or$" . 23, Rollo. Te e!"!"o#er$ ray !a!<

*. (ue#! be re#ere<

". e*ar"# #u a# %o" !e eDu$"o# orro"# +ro !e ro$ o+ ere"# e!"!"o#er$ +ro!e"r re$e*!"%e $*oo$B

"". ro"b"!"# a# e#:o"#"# re$o#e#! +ro+ur!er barr"# !e e!"!"o#er$ +ro !e"r *a$$e$or o!er7"$e "ee#!"# !e eDu$"o#orere o# e!"!"o#er$B a#

""". *oe"# !e re$o#e#! a# a er$o#$a*!"# +or " !o a"! a# orer !e re'a"$$"o# o+ e!"!"o#er$ !o !e"r re$e*!"%e

$*oo$. . 1, Rollo.

a# !a! e#"# !e e!er"#a!"o# o+ !e er"!$ o+ !e$e *a$e$, a !eoraryre$!ra"#"# orer be "$$ue e#:o"#"# !e re$o#e#!$ +ro e#+or*"# !e eDu$"o#o+ !e e!"!"o#er$ a# !o re'a"! !e !o !e"r re$e*!"%e *a$$e$.

O# No%eber 2=, 1990, !e Cour! "$$ue a !eorary re$!ra"#"# orer a# a 7r"! o+ re""#ary a#a!ory "#:u#*!"o# *oa#"# !e re$o#e#!$ !o "e"a!ey re'a"! !e e!"!"o#er$ !o !e"r re$e*!"%e *a$$e$ u#!" +ur!er orer$ +ro !"$ Cour!. 5=, Rollo.

Te Cour! a$o orere !e /e*re!ary o+ Eu*a!"o# a# Cebu )"$!r"*! /uer%"$or

Ma#ue F. -"o#*o !o be "eae a$ re$o#e#!$ "# !e$e *a$e$.

O# May 13, 1991, !e /o"*"!or Ge#era ?e a *o#$o"a!e *oe#! !o !e e!"!"o#$. 98, Rollo e+e#"# !e eDu$"o# orer$ "$$ue by !e ub"* re$o#e#!$ o# !erou#$ !a!<

1. -"arre re""ou$ ra*!"*e$ o+ !e (eo%a$ "!#e$$e$ rou*erebe"ou$ a# a#!"'$o*"a $*oo *"re# a# *o#$eue#!y "$oyaa# u!a#! F"""#o *"!"e#$.

2. Tere are #o #e7 a# %a" rou#$ !o $u$!a"# !e *are$ o+ !e (eo%a$ "!#e$$e$ !a! !e )EC/ rue$ a# reua!"o#$ o#

!e a $au!e *ereo#"e$ are %"oa!"%e o+ !e"r +reeo o+ re""o#a# 7or$".

3. Te a $au!e "$ e%o" o+ a#y re""ou$ $"#"?*a#*eB "#$!ea, "!"#*u*a!e$ re$e*! a# o%e o+ *ou#!ry, +or 7"* !e a $!a#$.

. Te /!a!e$ *oe"# "#!ere$!$ be"# ur$ue by !e )EC/a7+u reua!"o#$ "# ue$!"o# o #o! 7arra#! eDe!"o# o+ !e$*oo *"re# o+ !e (eo%a$ "!#e$$e$ +ro !e a $au!e*ereo#"e$ o# !e ba$"$ o+ !e"r o7# $e+'er*e"%e re""ou$*o#%"*!"o#$.

5. Te "$$ue "$ #o! +reeo o+ $ee* bu! e#+or*ee#! o+ a7 a# :ur"$rue#*e.

6. /!a!e$ o7er !o reua!e rere$$"%e a# u#a7+u re""ou$ra*!"*e$ :u$!"?e, be$"e$ a%"# $*r"!ura ba$"$.

=. Te e#a!y o+ eDu$"o# "$ ea a# %a", ore $o 7"! !ee#a*!e#! o+ EDe*u!"%e Orer No. 292 Te A"#"$!ra!"%e Coe o+ 198=.

Our !a$ ere "$ eD!reey ">*u!, +or !e 30'year o e*"$"o# o+ !"$ *our!"# Gerona uo"# !e a $au!e a7 a# aro%"# !e eDu$"o# o+ $!ue#!$ 7o

re+u$e !o obey "!, "$ #o! "!y !o be !r"e 7"!.

I! "$ $oe7a! "ro#"* o7e%er, !a! a+!er !e Gerona ru"# a re*e"%e e"$a!"%e*a*e! by "!$ "# *orora!"o# "# !e A"#"$!ra!"%e Coe o+ 198=, !e re$e#! Cour!be"e%e$ !a! !e !"e a$ *oe !o re'eDa"#e "!. Te "ea !a! o#e ay be*oee !o $au!e !e a, $"# !e #a!"o#a a#!e, a# re*"!e !e a!r"o!"*ee, ur"# a a *ereo#y o# a"# o+ be"# "$"$$e +ro o#e$ :ob or o+ be"#eDee +ro $*oo, "$ a"e# !o !e *o#$*"e#*e o+ !e re$e#! e#era!"o# o+ F"""#o$7o *u! !e"r !ee! o# !e -" o+ R"!$ 7"* uara#!ee$ !e"r r"!$ !o +ree$ee* XX a# !e +ree eDer*"$e o+ re""ou$ ro+e$$"o# a# 7or$" /e*. 5, Ar!"*e III,198= Co#$!"!u!"o#B Ar!"*e I, /e*!"o# 8, 19=3 Co#$!"!u!"o#B Ar!"*e III, /e*!"o# 1U=V,1935 Co#$!"!u!"o#.

Re""ou$ +reeo "$ a +u#ae#!a r"! 7"* "$ e#!"!e !o !e "e$! r"or"!y a#!e ae$! ro!e*!"o# ao# ua# r"!$, +or "! "#%o%e$ !e rea!"o#$" o+ a#!o "$ Crea!or C"e+ (u$!"*e E#r"ue M. Fer#a#o$ $eara!e o"#"o# "# Gera# %$.-ara#a#, 135 /CRA 51, 530'531.

Te r"! !o re""ou$ ro+e$$"o# a# 7or$" a$ a !7o'+oa$e*!, "is., +reeo !o be"e%e a# +reeo !o a*! o# o#e$ be"e+.

Te ?r$! "$ ab$ou!e a$ o# a$ !e be"e+ "$ *o#?#e 7"!"# !erea o+ !ou!. Te $e*o# "$ $ub:e*! !o reua!"o# 7ere !ebe"e+ "$ !ra#$a!e "#!o eD!er#a a*!$ !a! aJe*! !e ub"* 7e+are(. Cru, Co#$!"!u!"o#a La7, 1991 E., . 1=6'1==.


19/67

Pe!"!"o#er$ $!re$$, o7e%er, !a! 7"e !ey o #o! !ae ar! "# !e *ou$ory a*ereo#y, !ey o #o! e#ae "# eD!er#a a*!$ or bea%"or !a! 7ou oJe# !e"r*ou#!rye# 7o be"e%e "# eDre$$"# !e"r o%e o+ *ou#!ry !rou !e ob$er%a#*eo+ !e a *ereo#y. Tey u"e!y $!a# a! a!!e#!"o# ur"# !e a *ereo#y !o$o7 !e"r re$e*! +or !e r"! o+ !o$e 7o *oo$e !o ar!"*"a!e "# !e $oe#ro*ee"#$ A##eD F, Rollo o+ G.R. No. 9588=, . 50 a# Rollo o+ G.R. No. 95==0, .8. /"#*e !ey o #o! e#ae "# "$ru!"%e bea%"or, !ere "$ #o 7arra#! +or !e"reDu$"o#.

Te $oe :u$!"?*a!"o# +or a r"or re$!ra"#! or ""!a!"o# o# !eeDer*"$e o+ re""ou$ +reeo a**or"# !o !e a!e C"e+ (u$!"*eCau"o Teea#ee "# "$ "$$e#!"# o"#"o# "# Gera# %$.-ara#a#, 135 /CRA 51, 51= "$ !e eD"$!e#*e o+ a ra%e a#re$e#! a#er o+ a *ara*!er bo! ra%e a# ""#e#!, o+ a$er"ou$ e%" !o ub"* $a+e!y, ub"* ora$, ub"* ea! or a#yo!er e"!"a!e ub"* "#!ere$!, !a! !e /!a!e a$ a r"! a#u!y !o re%e#!. Ab$e#! $u* a !rea! !o ub"* $a+e!y, !eeDu$"o# o+ !e e!"!"o#er$ +ro !e $*oo$ "$ #o! :u$!"?e.

Te $"!ua!"o# !a! !e Cour! "re*!y re"*!e "# Gerona !a!<

Te a *ereo#y 7" be*oe a !"# o+ !e a$! or era$*o#u*!e 7"! %ery +e7 ar!"*"a#!$, a# !e !"e 7" *oe 7e#7e 7ou a%e *"!"e#$ u#!au! a# u#"#*u*a!e "# a# #o!"bue 7"! re%ere#*e +or !e a a# o%e o+ *ou#!ry, a"ra!"o#+or #a!"o#a eroe$, a# a!r"o!"$ K a a!e!"*, e%e# !ra"*$"!ua!"o#, a# a be*au$e a $a or!"o# o+ !e $*oo oua!"o#"o$e "!$ 7", ea#e a# 7a$ ra#!e a# eDe!"o#.Gero#a, . 2.

a$ #o! *oe !o a$$. e are #o! er$uae !a! by eDe!"# !e (eo%a$"!#e$$e$ +ro $au!"# !e a, $"#"# !e #a!"o#a a#!e a# re*"!"# !ea!r"o!"* ee, !"$ re""ou$ rou 7"* a"!!ey *or"$e$ a $a or!"o# o+ !e $*oo oua!"o# 7" $ae u our ar! o+ !e obe a# $ue#y rou*e a

#a!"o# u#!au! a# u#"#*u*a!e "# a# u#"bue 7"! re%ere#*e +or !e a,a!r"o!"$, o%e o+ *ou#!ry a# a"ra!"o# +or #a!"o#a eroe$ Gero#a %$. /e*. o+ Eu*a!"o#, 106 P". 2, 2. A+!er a, 7a! !e e!"!"o#er$ $ee o#y "$ eDe!"o#+ro !e a *ereo#y, #o! eD*u$"o# +ro !e ub"* $*oo$ 7ere !ey ay $!uy!e Co#$!"!u!"o#, !e eo*ra!"* 7ay o+ "+e a# +or o+ o%er#e#!, a# ear# #o!o#y !e ar!$, $*"e#*e$, P"""#e "$!ory a# *u!ure bu! a$o re*e"%e !ra"#"# +or a%o*a!"o# o+ ro+e$$"o# a# be !au! !e %"r!ue$ o+ a!r"o!"$, re$e*! +or ua#r"!$, are*"a!"o# +or #a!"o#a eroe$, !e r"!$ a# u!"e$ o+ *"!"e#$", a#ora a# $"r"!ua %aue$ /e*. 3U2V, Ar!. I, 198= Co#$!"!u!"o# a$ ar! o+ !e*urr"*ua. EDe"# or ba##"# !e e!"!"o#er$ +ro P"""#e $*oo$ 7" br"#abou! !e %ery $"!ua!"o# !a! !"$ Cour! a +eare "# Gerona. For*"# a $are""ou$ rou, !rou !e "ro# a# o+ !e a7, !o ar!"*"a!e "# a *ereo#y !a!%"oa!e$ !e"r re""ou$ be"e+$, 7" ary be *o#u*"%e !o o%e o+ *ou#!ry or re$e*!

+or uy *o#$!"!u!e au!or"!"e$.

A$ Mr. (u$!"*e (a*$o# reare "# West ?irginia "s. Barnette, 319 &./. 62 193<

. . . To be"e%e !a! a!r"o!"$ 7" #o! our"$ "+ a!r"o!"**ereo#"e$ are %ou#!ary a# $o#!a#eou$ "#$!ea o+ a*ou$ory rou!"#e "$ !o ae a# u#a!!er"# e$!"a!e o+ !eaea o+ our "#$!"!u!"o#$ !o +ree "#$. . . . e# !ey U"%er$"!yVare $o are$$ !o o!er$ or !o !e /!a!e a$ !o$e 7e ea 7"!ere, !e r"*e "$ #o! !oo rea!. -u! +reeo !o "Jer "$ #o! ""!e!o !"#$ !a! o #o! a!!er u*. Ta! 7ou be a ere $ao7

o+ +reeo. Te !e$! o+ "!$ $ub$!a#*e "$ !e r"! !o "Jer a$ !o!"#$ !a! !ou* !e ear! o+ !e eD"$!"# orer.

Fur!erore, e! "! be #o!e !a! *oer*e u#"!y a# oya!y e%e# !o!e *ou#!ry, . . . K a$$u"# !a! $u* u#"!y a# oya!y *a# bea!!a"#e !rou *oer*"o# K "$ #o! a oa !a! "$ *o#$!"!u!"o#ayob!a"#abe a! !e eDe#$e o+ re""ou$ "ber!y. A e$"rabe e#*a##o! be roo!e by ro"b"!e ea#$. Meyer %$. Nebra$a,262 &./. 390, 6= L. e. 102, 106.

Moreo%er, !e eDu$"o# o+ eber$ o+ (eo%a$ "!#e$$e$ +ro !e $*oo$ 7ere!ey are e#roe 7" %"oa!e !e"r r"! a$ P"""#e *"!"e#$, u#er !e 198=Co#$!"!u!"o#, !o re*e"%e +ree eu*a!"o#, +or "! "$ !e u!y o+ !e /!a!e !o ro!e*! a#roo!e !e r"! o+ a *"!"e#$ !o ua"!y eu*a!"o# . . . a# !o ae $u* eu*a!"o#a**e$$"be !o a /e*. 1, Ar!. I.

I# ?ictoriano "s. 4lizalde Rope Wor+ers@ Union, 59 /CRA 5, =2'=5, 7e ue !eeDe!"o# o+ eber$ o+ !e Ie$"a #" Cr"$!o, +ro !e *o%erae o+ a *o$e $oareee#! be!7ee# !e"r eoyer a# a u#"o# be*au$e "! 7ou %"oa!e !e!ea*"# o+ !e"r *ur* #o! !o :o"# a#y abor rou<

. . . I! "$ *er!a"# !a! #o! e%ery *o#$*"e#*e *a# be a**ooa!eby a !e a7$ o+ !e a#B bu! 7e# e#era a7$ *o#"*! 7"!$*rue$ o+ *o#$*"e#*e, eDe!"o#$ ou! !o be ra#!e u#e$$$oe *oe"# $!a!e "#!ere$!$ "#!er%e#e$. /erber! %$. -er#er,

3= &./. 398, 10 L. E. 2 965, 9=0, 83 /. C!. 1=90.

e o !a! a $""ar eDe!"o# ay be a**ore !o !e (eo%a$ "!#e$$e$ 7"!rear !o !e ob$er%a#*e o+ !e a *ereo#y ou! o+ re$e*! +or !e"r re""ou$be"e+$, o7e%er b"arre !o$e be"e+$ ay $ee !o o!er$. Ne%er!ee$$, !e"rr"! #o! !o ar!"*"a!e "# !e a *ereo#y oe$ #o! "%e !e a r"! !o "$ru!$u* a!r"o!"* eDer*"$e$. Parara$"# !e 7ar#"# *"!e by !"$ Cour! "# %on "s.9aesII, 185 /CRA 523, 535, 7"e !e "e$! rear u$! be aJore !e"r r"!!o !e +ree eDer*"$e o+ !e"r re""o#, !"$ $ou #o! be !ae# !o ea# !a! $*ooau!or"!"e$ are o7ere$$ !o "$*""#e !e "+ !ey $ou *o"! brea*e$ o+ !eea*e by a*!"o#$ !a! oJe# !e $e#$"b""!"e$, bo! re""ou$ a# a!r"o!"*, o+ o!erer$o#$. I+ !ey u"e!y $!a# a! a!!e#!"o# ur"# !e a *ereo#y 7"e !e"r

*a$$a!e$ a# !ea*er$ $au!e !e a, $"# !e #a!"o#a a#!e a# re*"!e !ea!r"o!"* ee, 7e o #o! $ee o7 $u* *o#u*! ay o$$"by "$!urb !e ea*e, or


20/67

o$e a ra%e a# re$e#! a#er o+ a $er"ou$ e%" !o ub"* $a+e!y, ub"* ora$,ub"* ea! or a#y o!er e"!"a!e ub"* "#!ere$! !a! !e /!a!e a$ a r"! a#u!y !o re%e#! Gera# %$. -ara#a#, 135 /CRA 51, 51=.

-e+ore 7e *o$e !"$ e*"$"o#, "! "$ aror"a!e !o re*a !e (aa#e$e o**ua!"o# o+ our *ou#!ry "# 192'19 7e# e%ery F"""#o, reare$$ o+ re""ou$ er$ua$"o#, "#+ear o+ !e "#%aer, $au!e !e (aa#e$e a a# bo7e be+ore e%ery (aa#e$e$o"er. Pera$, "+ e!"!"o#er$ a "%e !rou !a! ar er"o o+ our "$!ory, !ey7ou #o! u"bbe #o7 abou! $au!"# !e P"""#e a. For 7e# "bera!"o# *ae "#

19 a# our o7# a 7a$ rouy o"$!e ao+! aa"#, "! 7a$ a beau!"+u $"! !obeo !a! ae our ear!$ ou# 7"! r"e a# :oy o%er !e #e7y'rea"#e+reeo a# $o%ere"#!y o+ our #a!"o#.

A!ou !e Cour! uo$ "# !"$ e*"$"o# !e e!"!"o#er$ r"! u#er ourCo#$!"!u!"o# !o re+u$e !o $au!e !e P"""#e a o# a**ou#! o+ !e"r re""ou$be"e+$, 7e oe, #e%er!ee$$, !a! a#o!er +ore"# "#%a$"o# o+ our *ou#!ry 7" #o!be #e*e$$ary "# orer +or our *ou#!rye# !o are*"a!e a# *er"$ !e P"""#ea.

EREFORE, !e e!"!"o# +or certiorari a# ro"b"!"o# "$ GRANTE). Te eDu$"o#orer$ "$$ue by !e ub"* re$o#e#!$ aa"#$! !e e!"!"o#er$ are erebyANN&LLE) AN) /ET A/I)E. Te !eorary re$!ra"#"# orer 7"* 7a$ "$$ue by!"$ Cour! "$ ereby ae era#e#!.

/O OR)ERE).

G.R. No$. 3633'3 /e!eber 1, 1990

PA-LO ARIALA, /ERGIO MARI-AO, LEONAR)O (OEN, a# FELINO-&LAN)&/, e!"!"o#er$,

%$. TE CO&RT OF APPEAL/ a# TE PEOPLE OF TE PILIPPINE/, re$o#e#!$.


21/67

Januario #. ,eno for petitioners.

NARA/A, J.:

er !e I#u$!r"a Pea*e A*!, 1 o%er#e#!'o7#e or *o#!roe *orora!"o#$ a!e u!y !o bara"# *oe*!"%ey a# 7ere o!er7"$e $ub:e*! !o !e ob"a!"o#$ a#u!"e$ o+ eoyer$ "# !e r"%a!e $e*!or. 2 Te A*! a$o ro"b"!e $uer%"$or$ !obe*oe, or *o#!"#ue !o be, eber$ o+ abor ora#"a!"o#$ *oo$e o+ ra#'a#'?e eoyee$, 3 a# re$*r"be *r""#a $a#*!"o#$ +or brea* o+ !e ro"b"!"o#.

I! 7a$ u#er !e re"e o+ $a" I#u$!r"a Pea*e A*! !a! !e Go%er#e#! /er%"*eI#$ura#*e /y$!e G/I/, +or $or! be*ae bou# by a *oe*!"%e bara"#"#areee#! eDe*u!e be!7ee# "! a# !e abor ora#"a!"o# rere$e#!"# !e a:or"!yo+ "!$ eoyee$, !e G/I/ Eoyee$ A$$o*"a!"o#. Te areee#! *o#!a"#e aa"#!e#a#*e'o+'eber$" *au$e, 5 ".e., !a! a eoyee$ 7o, a! !e !"e o+ !e eDe*u!"o# o+ $a" areee#!, 7ere eber$ o+ !e u#"o# or be*ae eber$!erea+!er, 7ere ob"e !o a"#!a"# !e"r u#"o# eber$" "# oo $!a#"# +or!e ura!"o# o+ !e areee#! a$ a *o#"!"o# +or !e"r *o#!"#ue eoye#! "# !eG/I/.

Tere aear$ !o be #o "$u!e !a! a! !a! !"e, !e e!"!"o#er$ o**u"e$uer%"$ory o$"!"o#$ "# !e G/I/. Pabo Ar"aa a# /er"o Mar"bao 7ere,re$e*!"%ey, !e C"e+ o+ !e A**ou#!"# )"%"$"o#, a# !e C"e+ o+ !e -""# /e*!"o#o+ $a" )"%"$"o#, "# !e Ce#!ra "$aya$ Re"o#a O>*e o+ !e G/I/. Leo#aro (o%e#a# Fe"#o -ua#u$ 7ere, re$e*!"%ey, !e A$$"$!a#! C"e+ o+ !e A**ou#!"#)"%"$"o# $oe!"e$ A*!"# C"e+ "# !e ab$e#*e o+ !e C"e+ a# !e A$$"$!a#! C"e+ o+ !e F"e /er%"*e a# No#'L"+e I#$ura#*e )"%"$"o# a# A*!"# )"%"$"o# C"e+ "# !eab$e#*e o+ !e C"e+, o+ !e $ae Ce#!ra "$aya$ Re"o#a O>*e o+ !e G/I/.)ea#$ 7ere ae o# a +our o+ !e !o re$"# +ro !e G/I/ Eoyee$A$$o*"a!"o#, "# %"e7 o+ !e"r $uer%"$ory o$"!"o#$. Tey re+u$e !o o $o.Co#$eue#!y, !7o 2 *r""#a *a$e$ +or %"oa!"o# o+ !e I#u$!r"a Pea*e A*! 7ereoe aa"#$! !e "# !e C"!y Cour! o+ Cebu< o#e "#%o%"# Ar"aa a#

Mar"bao 6 a# !e o!er, (o%e# a# -ua#u$. =

-o! *r""#a a*!"o#$ re$u!e "# !e *o#%"*!"o# o+ !e a**u$e "# $eara!ee*"$"o#$. 8 Tey 7ere ea* $e#!e#*e !o ay a ?#e o+ P 500.00 or !o $uJer$ub$""ary "r"$o#e#! "# *a$e o+ "#$o%e#*y. Tey aeae !o !e Cour! o+ Aea$. 9 Ar"aa$ a# Mar"bao$ aea 7a$ o*e!e a$ CA'G.R. No. 1=2'CRB!a! o+ (o%e# a# -ua#u$, a$ CA'G.R. No. 1856'CR.

Te aea$ 7ere *o#$o"a!e o# o!"o# o+ !e aea#!$, a# e%e#!ua!e "# a :ue#! roua!e o# (a#uary 29, 19=6 a>r"# !e *o#%"*!"o#$ o+ a +ouraea#!$. Te aea#!$ o%e +or re*o#$"era!"o#. Tey arue !a! 7e# !e $o*ae 19=3 Co#$!"!u!"o# !oo eJe*! o# (a#uary 1=, 19=3 ur$ua#! !o Pro*aa!"o#

No. 110, !e *a$e o+ Ar"aa a# Mar"bao 7a$ $!" e#"# "# !e Cour! o+ Aea$a# !a! o+ (o%e# a# -ua#u$, e#"# e*"$"o# "# !e C"!y Cour! o+ CebuB !a!

$"#*e !e ro%"$"o#$ o+ !a! *o#$!"!u!"o# a# o+ !e Labor Coe $ub$eue#!yroua!e eJ., No%eber 1, 19=, reea"# !e I#u$!r"a Pea*e A*!'a*eeoyee$ o+ a *a!eor"e$ "# o%er#e#!'o7#e or *o#!roe *orora!"o#$ 7"!ou!"$!"#*!"o# 7"!"# !e C"%" /er%"*e, a# ro%"e !a! !e !er$ a# *o#"!"o#$ o+ !e"r eoye#! 7ere !o be o%er#e by !e C"%" /er%"*e La7, rue$ a#reua!"o#$ a# e#*e, #o o#er $ub:e*! o+ *oe*!"%e bara"#"#, !e aea#!$*ea$e !o +a 7"!"# !e *o%erae o+ !e I#u$!r"a Pea*e A*! a# $ou !u$ #oo#er *o#!"#ue !o be ro$e*u!e a# eDo$e !o u#"$e#! +or a %"oa!"o# !ereo+.

Tey o"#!e ou! +ur!er !a! !e *r""#a $a#*!"o# "# !e I#u$!r"a Pea*e A*! #oo#er aeare "# !e Labor Coe. Te Aea!e Cour! e#"e !e"r ea +orre*o#$"era!"o#.

e#*e, !e re$e#! e!"!"o# +or re%"e7 o# certiorari.

Te *ru*"a "$$ue ob%"ou$y "$ 7e!er or #o! !e e!"!"o#er$ *r""#a "ab""!y +or a%"oa!"o# o+ !e I#u$!r"a Pea*e A*! ay be eee !o a%e bee# ob"!era!e "#%"r!ue o+ $ub$eue#! e"$a!"o# a# !e ro%"$"o#$ o+ !e 19=3 a# 198=Co#$!"!u!"o#$.

Te e!"!"o#er$ *o#!e#!"o# !a! !e"r "ab""!y a bee# era$e "$ ae !o re$! uo#!e +oo7"# re"$e$<

1. /e*!"o# 1, Ar!"*e II'- o+ !e 19=3 Co#$!"!u!"o# oe$ "#ee ro%"e !a! !e C"%"/er%"*e ebra*e$ e%ery bra#*, ae#*y, $ub"%"$"o# a# "#$!rue#!a"!y o+ !eo%er#e#!, "#*u"# o%er#e#!'o7#e or *o#!roe *orora!"o#$, ..a"#"$!ere by a# "#ee#e#! C"%" /er%"*e Co"$$"o#.

2. Ar!"*e 292 o+ !e Labor Coe reeae $u* ar!$ a# ro%"$"o#$ o+ !e I#u$!r"aPea*e A*! a$ 7ere #o! ao!e a$ ar! o+ $a" Coe e"!er "re*!y or byre+ere#*e. Te Coe " #o! ao! !e ro%"$"o# o+ !e I#u$!r"a Pea*e A*!*o#+err"# o# eoyee$ o+ o%er#e#!'o7#e or *o#!roe *orora!"o#$ !e r"!o+ $e+'ora#"a!"o# a# *oe*!"%e bara"#"#B "# +a*! "! ae #o7# !a! !e !er$a# *o#"!"o#$ o+ eoye#! o+ a o%er#e#! eoyee$, "#*u"# eoyee$ o+ o%er#e#!'o7#e a# *o#!roe *orora!"o#$, 7ou !e#*e+or! #o o#er be

?De by *oe*!"%e bara"#"# bu! be o%er#e by !e C"%" /er%"*e La7, rue$ a#reua!"o#$. 10

3. Te $e*"?* e#a!y +or %"oa!"o# o+ !e ro"b"!"o# o# $uer%"$or$ be"# eber$"# a abor ora#"a!"o# o+ eoyee$ u#er !e"r $uer%"$"o# a$ "$aeare.

. Te Coe a$o o"?e !e *o#*e! o+ u#+a"r abor ra*!"*e, e*ree"# !a!!e#*e+or!, "! $a be *o#$"ere erey a$ a# a"#"$!ra!"%e oJe#$e ra!er !a#a *r""#a oJe#$e a# !a! u#+a"r abor ra*!"*e *oa"#!$ $a D D bero*e$$e "e a#y or"#ary abor "$u!e$. 11

O# !e o!er a#, "# :u$!"?*a!"o# o+ !e Aea!e Tr"bu#a$ a>ra#*e o+ !e

e!"!"o#er$ *o#%"*!"o#$ o+ %"oa!"o#$ o+ !e I#u$!r"a Pea*e A*!, !e Peoe'


22/67

1 a%er! !o !e +a*! !a! $a" Labor Coe a$o $!a!e$ !a! a a*!"o#$ or *a"$a**ru"# r"or !o ... "!$ eJe*!"%"!y ... $a be e!er"#e "# a**ora#*e 7"! !ea7$ "# +or*e a! !e !"e o+ !e"r a**ruaB a#

2 arue !a! !e e"$a!ure *a##o! e#eray "#!er%e#e a# %a*a!e !e :ue#! o+ !e *our!$, e"!er "re*!y or "#"re*!y, by !e reea o+ !e $!a!u!e u#er 7"* $a"

:ue#! a$ bee# re#ere.

Te ea r"#*"e$ o%er#"# !e r"!$ o+ $e+'ora#"a!"o# a# *oe*!"%e

bara"#"# o+ ra#'a#'?e eoyee$ "# !e o%er#e#!' ar!"*uary a$ rear$$uer%"$ory, a# " e%e or a#aer"a eoyee$ a%e u#ero#e a!era!"o#$!rou !e year$.

Repu!lic Act %o. =

A$ areay "#!"a!e, u#er RA 8=5 !e I#u$!ry Pea*e A*!, 12 er$o#$eplo1ed in proprietar1 functions o+ !e Go%er#e#!, "#*u"# bu! #o! ""!e !oo%er#e#!a *orora!"o#$, a !e r"! o+ $e+'ora#"a!"o# a# *oe*!"%ebara"#"#, "#*u"# !e r"! !o e#ae "# *o#*er!e a*!"%"!"e$ !o a!!a"# !e"rob:e*!"%e$, e.. $!r"e$.

-u! !o$e eplo1ed in go"ernental functions 7ere +orb"e# !o $!r"e +or !euro$e o+ $e*ur"# *a#e$ or o"?*a!"o# "# !e"r !er$ a# *o#"!"o#$ o+ eoye#! or :o"# abor ora#"a!"o#$ 7"* "o$e o# !e"r eber$ !e u!y!o $!r"e. Te rea$o# ob%"ou$y 7a$ !a! !e !er$ a# *o#"!"o#$ o+ !e"reoye#! 7ere o%er#e by a7 a# e#*e *ou #o! be ?De, a!ere oro!er7"$e o"?e by *oe*!"%e bara"#"#.

,uper"isor1 eplo1ees 7ere +orb"e# !o :o"# abor ora#"a!"o#$ *oo$e o+ eoyee$ u#er !e, bu! *ou +or !e"r o7# u#"o#$. Co#$"ere $uer%"$or$7ere !o$e a%"# au!or"!y "# !e "#!ere$! o+ a# eoyer !o "re, !ra#$+er,$u$e#, ay'oJ, re*a, "$*are, a$$"#, re*oe#, or "$*""#e o!ereoyee$, or re$o#$"by !o "re*! !e, a# !o a:u$! !e"r r"e%a#*e or eJe*!"%ey!o re*oe# $u* a*!$ "+, "# *o##e*!"o# 7"! !e +oreo"#, !e eDer*"$e o+ $u*au!or"!y "$ #o! erey rou!"#ary or *er"*a "# #a!ure bu! reu"re$ !e u$e o+ "#ee#e#! :ue#!. 13

Repu!lic Act %o. CD

/""ar ro%"$"o#$ 7ere +ou# "# R.A. No. 2260, !e C"%" /er%"*e A*! o+ 1959. T"$ A*!e*are !a! !e P"""#e C"%" /er%"*e ... ebra*e a bra#*e$, $ub"%"$"o#$a# "#$!rue#!a"!"e$ o+ !e o%er#e#! including go"ernent(o8nedand controlled corporations. 1

I! ro"b"!e $u* *"%" $er%"*e eoyee$ 7o 7ere eoye "# o%er#e#!a+u#*!"o#$ !o beo# !o a#y abor ora#"a!"o# 7"* "o$e o# !e"r eber$ !eob"a!"o# !o $!r"e or !o :o"# $!r"e$. A# o#e o+ !e ?r$! "$$ua#*e$ o+ !e Pre$"e#!

a+!er !e ro*aa!"o# o+ ar!"a a7 "# /e!eber, 19=2, 7a$ Ge#era Orer No. 57"* inter alia ba##e $!r"e$ "# %"!a "#u$!r"e$, a$ 7e a$ a ra"e$,eo#$!ra!"o#$ a# o!er +or$ o+ rou a*!"o#$. 15

No! $o ro"b"!e, o7e%er, 7ere !o$e eplo1ed in proprietar1 functions o+ !eGo%er#e#! "#*u"#, bu! #o! ""!e !o, o%er#e#!a *orora!"o#$. 16 Te A*!a$o e#a"e a#y er$o# 7o %"oa!e$, re+u$e$ or #ee*!$ !o *oy 7"! a#y ...ro%"$"o#$ o+ !e A*! or rue$ !ereu#er roua!e ... by a ?#e #o! eD*ee"#o#e !ou$a# e$o$ or by "r"$o#e#! #o! eD*ee"# $"D o#!$ or bo! $u* ?#e

a# "r"$o#e#! "# !e "$*re!"o# o+ !e *our!.1=

#he ;


23/67


24/67


25/67

o%er#e#!a +u#*!"o#, ... bu! "$ o# !e *o#!rary, "# e$$e#*e a# ra*!"*e, o+ ar"%a!e #a!ure a# "#!ere$!. 52

1. Te e!"!"o#er$ *o#!e# !a! !e r"! o+ $e+'ora#"a!"o# a# *oe*!"%ebara"#"#a bee# 7"!ra7# by !e Labor Coe +ro o%er#e#! eoyee$ "#*u"# !o$e"# o%er#e#!'o7#e a# *o#!roe *orora!"o#$' *"ey +or !e rea$o# !a! !e!er$ a# *o#"!"o#$ o+ o%er#e#! eoye#!, a ebra*e "# *"%" $er%"*e, ay#o! be o"?e by *oe*!"%e bara"#"# be*au$e $e! by a7. I! "$ !ere+ore"a!er"a, !ey $ay, 7e!er $uer%"$or$ are eber$ o+ ra#'a#'?e u#"o#$ or

#o!B a+!er a, !e o$$"b""!y o+ !e eoyer$ *o#!ro o+ !e eber$ o+ !e u#"o#!ru $uer%"$or$ !u$ re#er"# *oe*!"%e bara"#"# "u$ory, 7"* "$ !e a"#rea$o# +or !e ro"b"!"o#, "$ #o o#er o+ a#y *o#$eue#*e.

T"$ 7a$ !rue, +or a !"e. A$ areay "$*u$$e, bo! u#er !e Labor Coe a# P)80=, o%er#e#! eoyee$, "#*u"# !o$e "# o%er#e#!'o7#e or *o#!roe*orora!"o#$, 7ere "#ee re*ue +ro bara"#"# a$ rear$ !er$ a#*o#"!"o#$ o+ eoye#! be*au$e !e$e 7ere $e! by a7 a# e#*e *ou #o!o$$"by be a!ere by #eo!"a!"o#.

-u! EO 111 re$!ore !e r"! !o ora#"e a# !o #eo!"a!e a# bara"# o+ eoyee$o+ o%er#e#! *orora!"o#$ e$!ab"$e u#er !e Corora!"o# Coe. A# EO 180,a# aare#!y RA 6=15, !oo, ra#!e !o a o%er#e#! eoyee$ !e r"! o+ *oe*!"%e bara"#"# or #eo!"a!"o# eD*e! a$ rear$ !o$e !er$ o+ !e"reoye#! 7"* 7ere ?De by a7B a# a$ !o $a" !er$ ?De by a7, !ey 7erero"b"!e !o $!r"e !o ob!a"# *a#e$ !ereo+.

2. Te e!"!"o#er$ aear !o be *orre*! "# !e"r %"e7 o+ !e "$aeara#*e +ro !ea7 o+ !e ro"b"!"o# o# $uer%"$or$ be"# eber$ o+ abor ora#"a!"o#$*oo$e o+ eoyee$ u#er !e"r $uer%"$"o#. Te Labor Coe P) 2 ao7e$uer%"$or$ "+ #o! a#aer"a !o :o"# ra#'a#'?e u#"o#$. A# u#er !eIee#!"# Rue$ o+ RA 6=15, $uer%"$or$ 7o 7ere eber$ o+ eD"$!"# aborora#"a!"o#$ o# !e eJe*!"%"!y o+ $a" RA 6=15 7ere eD"*"!y au!or"e !o rea"#!ere"#.

3. Te *orre*!#e$$ o+ !e e!"!"o#er$ !eory !a! u#+a"r abor ra*!"*e$ *ea$e !o be*r"e$ a# 7ere eee erey a"#"$!ra!"%e oJe#$e$ "# %"r!ue o+ !e Labor Coe,*a##o! be a"#$a". Ar!"*e 250 o+ !e Labor Coe " ro%"e a$ +oo7$<

ART. 250. *oncept of unfair la!or practice .'Te *o#*e! o+ u#+a"rabor ra*!"*e "$ ereby o"?e. e#*e+or!, "! $a be*o#$"ere erey a$ a# a"#"$!ra!"%e oJe#$e ra!er !a# a*r""#a oJe#$e. +a"r abor ra*!"*e *oa"#!$ $a, !ere+ore,be ro*e$$e "e a#y or"#ary abor "$u!e$.

-u! u#+a"r abor ra*!"*e$ 7ere e*are !o be *r"e$ aa"# by a!er ae#e#!$ o+ !e Labor Coe eJe*!e by -a!a$ Paba#$a -. =0, aro%e o# May 1, 1980. A$

!u$ ae#e, !e Coe #o7 er!"#e#!y rea$ a$ +oo7$<

ART. 28. *oncept of unfair la!or practice and procedure for prosecution thereof. — +a"r abor ra*!"*e$ %"oa!e !e r"! o+ 7orer$ a# eoyee$ !o $e+ ora#"a!"o#, are "#""*a !o !ee"!"a!e "#!ere$!$ o+ bo! abor a# a#aee#! "#*u"# !e"rr"! !o bara"# *oe*!"%ey a# o!er7"$e ea 7"! ea* o!er "#a# a!o$ere o+ +reeo a# u!ua re$e*!, a# "#er !eroo!"o# o+ ea!y a# $!abe abor a#aee#! rea!"o#$.Co#$eue#!y, u#+a"r abor ra*!"*e$ are #o! o#y %"oa!"o#$ o+ !e*"%" r"!$ o+ bo! abor a# a#aee#! bu! are a$o oJe#$e$aa"#$! !e /!a!e 7"* $a be $ub:e*! !o ro$e*u!"o# a#u#"$e#! a$

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