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PRESENTED BY:-
J. Sarara
THE NATURE ANDTRENDS OF WILDLIFECRIME IN KENYA
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Vision
To be a world leader in wildlife conservation
Mission
To sustainably conserve and manage Kenyas wildlife and its
habitats in collaboration with stakeholders for posterityCore values
We conserve and manage Kenyas wildlife scientifically,responsively and professionally. We do this with integrity,
recognising and encouraging staff creativity and continuouslearning and teamwork in partnership with communities
and stakeholders.
1.2 Vision , Mission and Core Values
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4.0 WILDLIFE AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTALCRIMES IN KENYA
As a developing country Kenya is characterized with a high level ofdependency on natural resources for survival. Some segment of the
society illegally over exploit wildlife resources for either subsistence orcommercial purposes.
Some International decisions have negatively impacted on wildlifeconservation efforts in Kenya.
Shifting patterns of world development have negative ramifications on
wildlife law enforcement . Growing affluence and economic growth in Eastand South-East Asia has increased demand for natural resources, includingan increased demand for wildlife and wildlife products.
Climatic / weather changes have brought along myriad challenges andthreats to wildlife conservation.
Enhanced enforcement efforts have pressurized wildlife offenders to adoptdynamic modus operandi to cope up with or out do law enforcers.
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2984
2180
3554
4357
25442671
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No.
Arrest
ed
Years
Arrests for wildlife crimes
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Arrest per Offences (2006-2011)
34%
30%
11%
10%
8%
2%1%
4% Grazing
Habitat Destruction
Poaching
Bushmeat
Game Trophies
Illegal Entry
Firearms &Ammunation
Others
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Elephant Mortality (2006-2011)
40%
31%
13%
11%4% 1%
Natural
Trophy Poaching
Conflict
Unknown
Control
Euthenasia
80%
20%
Outside PAs
Inside PAs
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POACHING MEANS TREND 2007-2011
27
45
165
37 54
15
2
15
38
2421
55
1714
72
108
136
1211
13
31
51
2525
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
YEARS
POACHING
MEAN
AR
GS
PO
SN
SP
UN
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Bush meat poaching
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Snaring of wildlife
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6.0 EMERGING TRENDS IN WILDLIFESECURITY
Resurgence of elephant and rhino poaching
Livestock incursion into wildlife conservation areas
Shifts in poaching areas and means
Trophy trafficking methods and concealments
Changes in wildlife movement and dispersal patterns
Climate change
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6.1 Resurgence of elephant and rhino poaching
Elephantpoaching
out sidePAs
Rhinopoachinghas
increasedwithin theranchesimplyingthat morerhinos areunderthreat thanbefore
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6.2 Encroachment into Wildlife ProtectedAreas
Disease free zones Vision
2030
Other illegal activities carriedout through the park. Some
cattle rustling incidents haverun through wildlife / touristsites.
Biopiracy
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281884
592995
846392
240945
334342
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
QTY
IN
NO.
YEAR
LIVESTOCK INCURSION/DRIVE 2007-2011
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6.3 Shifts in poaching areas and means
Poachers have shifted into virtuallyall the areas hitherto unaffectedexcept inside parks and reserves
Less gunfire but more silent meansof poaching being used. Spears,arrows and snares difficult to
monitor outside PAs and invegetative areas
Increased snaring causingindiscriminate suffering and deaths
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6.4 Banditry and proliferation of firearms
In Kenya poaching is closely interlinked to
banditry since most armed bandits enter thecountry on poaching missions but most often theyengage in other crimes
Poaching
Trophy trafficking
Highway robberies
Arms smuggling
Kidnapping
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6.5 Trophy trafficking methodsand concealments
Payment transaction made through electronic money
transfer. Negative impact on posing as buyer strategy
Phone coverage has eased troop monitoring bycriminals thereby making it easy for them to succeed
Trophy trafficking routes have shifted to Southerncountries
Use of known entry and exit points but contraband
concealed carefully to avoid detection by lawenforcement personnel
h ff k h d d
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6.6 Trophy trafficking methods andconcealments
Hiding specimens Passenger baggage
Cargo containers on the traffickers body False compartments on vehicles Commercial shipments of hunting trophies
Misdeclaration
Incorrect information on customs documents (art craft, recycle wasteplastics, rough game stones, fish maws) take appropriate inspections:
Permit frauduse of forged or stolen and recycling of permits in particular on CITESlisted species. This include forging of signatures of export authorized
officers.
Use of Postal Courier routesMost common system especially for less active animals
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6.7 Illegal Trade and Trafficking in Wildlife Products
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6 8 Ch i ildlif t d
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6.8 Changes in wildlife movement anddispersal patterns
Elephants have been found to have started moving into
their former rangelands. This makes them morevulnerable to poaching. Drought drove elephants tosearch for water & foliage
Subdivision of land has reduced range for plain gameand subjected them to more poaching
Dry and wet seasons poses security threat to wildlife
7 0 SECURITY CHALLENGES FACED IN
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7.0 SECURITY CHALLENGES FACED INWILDLIFE CONSERVATION
Encroachment on wildlife parks/reserves and incompatible land uses.
Poverty and underlying socio-economic problems making people turn to
wildlife crime.
Weak wildlife legislation and policy
Conflicting legislation governing other sectors
Sophistication of wildlife crimes
International dynamics of illegal wildlife trade
Proliferation of small arms
General insecurity in some areas
Global terrorism
Climate change
F i h F
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Facing the FutureEstablishment of specialised units
25
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Facing the Future..Contd..
Enhanced Securityoperations
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Facing the Future..contd..
Mitigation on weak environmental laws
Wildlife Act inadequate hence need to use other relevant Acts Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999
Public Health Act & The Meat Control (Transport of Meat) Regulations
Local Government Act
Forestry Act, 2005
Fisheries Act
Firearms Act, Cap 114
East African Community Customs Management Act, 2004
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Facing the Future..contd..
Provision of wildlife conservation education to create public awareness and
public support for conservation
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Facing the Future..contd..
Enhanced monitoring and surveillance over the key species
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Is based on Three
Principles
Facing the Future..contd..Force Modernization
Facing the Future cont
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Facing the Future..cont ..Strategic Partnerships and Collaborations
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9.0 CONCLUSION
Wildlife crime works against the objective of sustainable wildlife conservationglobally. It has driven many species into extinction and threatens others and pose agreat threat to national, regional and international conservation efforts.
The prevention and combating of crime involving natural resources should be theprimary concern of the governments as our economies are primarily dependent onnatural resources.
Any crime committed involving natural resources not only degrades theenvironment, but also deprives the local population of their basic needs.Environmental and wildlife security issues are therefore vital national securityinterests.
It is important not to lose sight of the ultimate objective of law enforcement. From aresource management point of view, the real objective is not arresting andpunishing law breakers, but preventing resources from being degraded throughillegal activities, i.e. achieving compliance with the law.
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THANK
YOU