ingeniería y viajes

INGENIERÍA Y VIAJESPOR

ENRIQUE POSADA RESTREPO

PRESENTADA A TERTULIA JAVIER DE VILLA

ACIEMAGOSTO DE 2016

IDEA PERSONAL

• Combinar el trabajo y el disfrute cuando se hagan viajes

• Viajar con frecuencia• Aprender en los viajes• Utilizar los viajes para enseñar y

compartir• Compartir con otros• Registrar las cosas que pasan• Escribir, presentar y publicar• Representar al país y a la empresa

ESQUEMA PARA DESARROLLAR LOS VIAJES

• Estar alerta sobre posible oportunidades

• Con frecuencia estas aparecen relacionadas con el trabajo y con los temas en los cuales se tiene experiencia y curiosidad

• Tener una visión creativa: asumir la oportunidad como un desafío creativo.

• Presentar un tema que genere inquietud y desafío personal

• Seleccionar lugares que sean atractivos

EL MUNDO PROFESIONAL Y ACADÉMICO

• Existen en todas las ciudades eventos de naturaleza académica y profesional

• Estos hacen parte de ciclos y secuencias

• Hay entidades especializadas en organizar estos eventos

• En general los organizan en colaboración con universidades o asociaciones académicas y profesionales

• Tienen la información disponible en la web

• Tienden a ser abiertas a la participación

ENTIDADES CON LAS CUALES HE TENIDO CONTACTOS PARA EVENTOS

A&WMA

Evento Fecha y Ciudad Trabajo presentadoR’05 7th World Recycling Congress Sep. 25 – 29, 2005

Beijing, ChinaCreativity applied to recovery and recycling

R'07 World Congress Recovery of Materials and Energy for Resource Efficiency

Sep 3-5, 2007Davos, Suiza

RATIONAL ENERGY USE AND WASTE MINIMIZATION GOALS BASED ON THE USE OF PRODUCTION DATA

Global Symposium on Recycling, Waste Treatment and Clean Technology Rewas 08

Oct. 12-15, 2008 Cancun, Mexico

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE VALLE DE ABURRÁ AREA, MEDELLÍN-COLOMBIA

R’09 TWIN WORLD CONGRESS & FIRST WORLD RESOURCES FORUM

Sept. 15-16, 2009Nagoya, Japón

The role of poetry and images in creating recycling and resources saving awareness

A&WMA 2011 Annual Conference Jun, 21-24, 2011Orlando, USA

Study of stationary combustion source fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions and chemical compositions and their relationships to operation conditionsChemical composition of PM2.5 in three zones of the Aburrá Valley, Medellin, Colombia.

8th International Conference on Air Quality - Science and Application in

Mar 19-23, 2012 Atenas, Grecia

THE EFECT OF THE DIESEL FUEL SULPHUR CONTENT ON THE PM2.5 POLLUTION PROBLEM IN THE ABURRÁ VALLEY REGION AROUND MEDELLÍN, COLOMBIA

31 conference on Thermal Treatment Technologies/Hazardous Waste Combustors

Oct 22-24, 2012New Orleans, USA

No

The 8th Pacific Rim International Congress on Advanced Materialsand Processing

Oct 4- 9, 2013 Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA

CORROSION PROBLEMS IN HEAT RECOVERY FOR WATER HEATING

Evento Fecha y Ciudad Trabajo presentado8th International Conference on Air Quality - Science and Application

Mar 19-23, 2012 Atenas, Grecia

THE EFECT OF THE DIESEL FUEL SULPHUR CONTENT ON THE PM2.5 POLLUTION PROBLEM IN THE ABURRÁ VALLEY REGION AROUND MEDELLÍN, COLOMBIA


Oct 22-24, 2012New Orleans, USA

No

The 8th Pacific Rim International Congress on Advanced Materials and Processing

Oct 4- 9, 2013 Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA

CORROSION PROBLEMS IN HEAT RECOVERY FOR WATER HEATING


Oct. 21-23, 2013San Antonio, USA

Economic aspects on the implementation of a plant for MWWTP biosolid and coal gasification in comparison with the use of the biosolid for soil recuperation

9th International Conference on Air Quality - Science and Application

Mar 24-28 2014, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Alemania

ASSESMENT OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS VEHICULAR EMISSION TRACERS IN THE ABURRA VALLEY


Oct. 13-15, 2014Baltimore, USA

Thermal treatment and energy recovering equipment for waste water and gas emissions from a condensation polymerization plant

Nanotech- Advanced Materials & Applications

Jun 14-17, 2015Washington, USA

No


Oct 20-22, 2015Houston, USA

Practical problems in the use of organic waste materials as fuels in boilers

10th International Conference on Air Quality - Science and Application

Mar 14-18, 2016Milán, Italia

THE IMPORTANCE OF MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS ON THE PM2.5 POLLUTION OF THE CITY OF MEDELLÍN AS DEDUCTED FROM THE HOURLY VARIATIONS IN PM2.5 CONCENTRATIONS AND FROM CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PM2.5 MATERIAL

5th International Conference on Earth Science and Climate Change

Jul 25-27, 2016Bangkok, Tailandia

TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE CITIES THROUGH A DECREASE IN CO2 EMISSIONS BASED ON CREATING CONSCIOUSNESS ON HUMAN HABITS AND ITS RELATIONS TO BODY CO2 EMISSIONS AND ASSOCIATED IMPACTS

UNA APROXIMACIÓN A LAS BASES CULTURALES QUE SUBYACEN EN LA REALIDAD MILAGROSA DE CHINA

ENRIQUE POSADA RESTREPOASESOR DE PROYECTOS

INDISA S.A.

18 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2008

Representación actual y antigua de los habitantes de Peking (Beijing)

Sitio del Hombre de Pekin

China es una tierra antigua, donde el hombre ha evolucionado desde sus orígenes mismos.

Es una historia rara,caso único de enorme país unificado por más de 2000 años.

Por eso siempre ha atraído la curiosa atención de los viajerosy del mundo entero.

Es un sentimiento especial, ya experimentado por Teilhard de Chardin, y por otros viajeros.

El punto omega teihardiano, está en la base de la vetusta tradición china, que ha planteado diversas fronteras para la relación entre el hombre y su esencia profunda.

El Tao que puede expresarse no es el Tao permanente.

El nombre que puede nombrarse no es el nombre permanente.

El no-ser es principio del Cielo y de la Tierra; el ser, de los infinitos seres es madre.

Por eso con el permanente no-ser se contempla la esencia escondida (del Tao); con el permanente ser se contemplan meros indicios del Tao.

Estos dos (no-ser y ser) tienen el mismo origen aunque diferentes nombres; tanto al uno como al otro puedes llamarlos misterio. Misterio de los misterios llave de toda mudanza.

Manejo de Ideas contradictorias

Desde las remota antigüedad en China han interactuado el cielo y la tierra. El cielo pertenecía al Yang, así como el número impar, y la tierra al Yin, así como el número par.

El Yin y el Yang son los dos principios que rigen la antigua filosofía china. El Yang es el principio masculino, activo y positivo, y el Yin, su contrario.

Palabras que resuenan

Para que las palabras lleguen hasta el fin del universo,las han dejado grabadas en los sonidos sempiternosde una enorme campana.

Grabaron allí los proverbiosy las frases más selectas que los sabios concibieron.

Aunque el lenguaje es oscuro,y afectados por el tiempo,los símbolos son misterio, cuando timbra la campana,se escucha la voz del cielo

Campana del Templo de la Gran Campana (Dazhong Si)

Representación de Confusio en el templos de su nombre (Kong Miao)

En la ciudad de Tai Shan, provincia de Lu, vivía una pareja que no había podido concebir un hijo.

Un un día, mientras la mujer peregrinaba a la Montaña Sagrada, un Ch’i-lin (Unicornio) se le apareció en medio del camino, se arrodilló ante ella, y de su boca brotaron unas tiras de papel con leyendas que decían: "El hijo de la montaña de cristal, la esencia del agua, perpetuará el reino caído de Chu y será un rey sin corona.“

En ese momento se encarnó la vida en el vientre de la mujer, y después de nueve meses, dio a luz a un hijo llamado Kung Fu Tse, más conocido como Confusio.

Las nobles huellas del tiempo

Esas arrugas profundas, tenaces y duraderas, han visto a muchos sabiosPasando por estas tierras diciendo cosas bellas del árbol que las lleva

A más de un ignorantele oyeron ellas decir que estas maderas viejas deberían quemarseo convertirse en mesas

Nosotros que ahora pasamos fugaces por su verapensamos que bien vale dedicarle este poema que celebra a los hombres sabios que dejaron que vivieran

Vetustos testigos de ideas que están escritas en piedra y que como los templos que las guardan, a veces se abandonan, pero vuelven y, transformadas, se renuevan

El armonioso diseño de las formas aparece por todas partes y se refleja en la poesía de los nombres

Puerta que aleja las nubes

Salón de la Armonía Suprema

El Salón de la armonía perfectaEn emperador Enrique en el Palacio de la Pureza Celestial

Salón de la Unión y la Paz Kiosko de los mil otoños

Ahí estamos dando nuestra presentación sobre Creatividad y Reciclaje

TEN PRINCIPLES FOR CREATIVITY

• The "no-locality" principle• The "participation of the observer"

principle • The “uncertainty” principle • The "complementarities" principle• The "unity" principle• The “parallel universes” principle• The “relativity of time” principle• The "energetic field" principle• The “entropy” principle• The “infinite underlying variety”

principle

Memorias Fotográficas de un Viaje por Suiza. Hechas para compartir y para animar a aquellos que, como yo, sienten el impulso viajero

La vida como un relojEstamos en SuizaLa tierra donde todo se hace a tiempoDonde el paso del tren, del bus, el comienzo del espectáculo y la cita ocurren con exactitud.Ha sido así desde antes de 1732, digo yo.Desde que el reloj es el señor de las torres de la ciudad

El reloj de la torre de la iglesia de Fraumünster (la catedral de la dama) es elegante y notable

Enrique dando su charla

Visita a Kompogas, planta para convertir la basura en productos útiles y energía

En el Palacio de las Naciones, funciona la sede de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra (UNOG). Es un punto focal para la diplomacia multilateral, en ella se hacen más de 8.000 reuniones anuales, haciéndola uno de los centros de conferencia más ocupados del mundo. En la sede trabajan más de 1.600 personas. Es la segunda sede de la ONU en tamaño.

A las víctimas de la barbarie de las minas quiebrapatas

RATIONAL ENERGY USE AND WASTE MINIMIZATION GOALS BASED ON THE

USE OF PRODUCTION DATA

ENRIQUE POSADA

INDISA S.A. Medellín, Colombiawww.indisa.com.co

[email protected]

R'07 World Congress

Recovery of Materials and Energy for Resource Efficiency

Contents• Bases for this study.• How energy and resources use are

typically reported in Colombia.• Methodology for rational use of

appropriate specific energy consumption indicators for targeting and monitoring.

• Generalization of this methodology based on results obtained in a study involving 21 industrial plants in Colombia.

• Conclusions.

Generalization of this methodologyPrediction of potential savings at average production

y = 0,1426x + 1,5376R2 = 0,7368

y = 0,2685x - 5,2478R2 = 0,8039

05

101520253035404550

0 50 100 150 200

Range of specific consumptions, % of medium value

Perc

enta

ge o

f pos

sible

savi

ngs

at a

vera

ge p

rodu

ctio

n ra

te

Average electricity data for 27 processesAverage gas natural data for 8 processes

Cancún - México

REWAS 2008October 12-15, 2008 – Cancun, Mexico

DEAD RIVER, RIVER OF LIGTHS

Tales of a urban river

I used to be meandering free and clean,but the city needed my ways,straightened my sluggish curves and burdened me with waste and refuse.

I served it well and finally died, and now the city, gratefulcelebrates with Christmas lights,and though I let them cover me with them,

and I look fine, I still hope for the daywhen they will not needartifices to admire me, and when I get to be alive againand appreciated simply as I am.

MORAVIA, FROM WASTE MOUNTAIN TO BARRIO

The brave people

They came from the country side attracted by the tempting cityor running away from the ward lordsor dreaming with a new world

Here they found a placeamidst the rubble and the smellswhich they proudly called homeand the waste was gold for them.

LA PRADERA, A COMPLEX SITE

The author, working for INDISA S.A., acted as a consultant for the direction of planning of the Empresas Varias de Medellín in 2004.

This entity has the responsibility for the handling of the solid wastes for the city of Medellín and for some of the neighboring municipalities of this area of 3 million people.

At the present time more the 700.000 annual tons of waste are taken to the site of La Pradera, located in very rainy location (3.000 mm of precipitation per year), with complex in topography and very far away from the sources of the waste.

One of the theoretical attractives of this site was that a rail track links it with the city… but rail tracks are currently mostly out of use in the zone.


My daily journey

This is the road to the Prairie.I go there in my powerful truck loaded with refuseso that the wasteful peoplemay have their house in order and the dirt away from them.

I also forget about the waste,and forgive the smells,enchanted by the viewsand by the green mountains that adorn my ways.



Indeed a Prairie

The new land fill sitedeserves the name it has,because of the green beautiful lands. But the city cares little to admire,all this is far, far awayand people are busyand do not have much time for poetry or similarwastes of time.


Perhaps too much beauty is taken by granted and make people unable to observe details and to keep it alive and thriving


Waters all around

Water is so plenty

and the mountains so generous with them,

that we think

that they are eternal

or disposable,

or defiant,

so we proceed

to waste the streams,

taming and humbling them

with careless deeds.

RESULTS OF THE MODEL

Alternative 1 2 3 4Situation Actual More

recycling and recovering of biogas

High recycling and high biogas recovery

Very high recycling and no biogas recovery

Waste recycling and separation

No Medium High Very high

Lixiviate plant No Yes Yes Yes

Organic waste treatment

Very low

Medium High Very high

Thermal Plant No Yes Yes No

Incineration No Yes Yes No

Other operation parameters

Situation Actual More recycling and recovering of biogas

High recycling and high biogas recovery

Very high recycling and no biogas recovery

Open accumulated area in the landfill site (hectares) in 20 years

154 122 95 85

Biogas energy flow (year 20), million Kcal/hr

58 42 25 21

Number of trips carrying waste to the site (thousands) in 20 years

1.962 1.771 1.608 1.539

Directly Employed persons in the programs

875 1.072 1.203 1.177

Delete text box and insert Picture/Photo/Figure here

ACCUMULATED WASTE TO THE LANDFILL

Fig. 1 Accumulated waste taken to the landfill site

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Year

mill

ion

tons

Alternative 1, actual Alternative 2, medium recyclingAlternative 3, high recycling Alternative 4, very high recycling


Delete text box and insert Picture/Photo/Figure here

ACCUMULATED LAND FILL SITE AREA

Fig. 2 Accumulated Land fill site area (hectares)

0

40

80

120

160

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Year

Are

a (h

ecta

res)

Alternative 1, actual Alternative 2, medium recyclingAlternative 3, high recycling Alternative 4, very high recycling

JAPÓN SOPRENDENTE

UNA CRÓNICA DE VIAJEPor Enrique Posada Restrepo

Diciembre de 2009

Ya en el aeropuerto de Narita sentimos el espíritu de bienvenida de este acogedor país

Bosquejos arbóreos

Los bellos árboles invitan al recuerdo, al bosquejo, al sentimiento.Lo que se siente con los ojos y con las manos se siente más verdadero.

La guerra y la paz

Cansados de la guerradejaron que los murosse embellecieran.Se murió el orgulloasesino y violentoy brotó, cual rama de olivo,un árbol esbeltoen lo alto del murocomo testigo.

El muro de la guerradivide inspirado por el miedoEl árbol de la pazune y el miedo se va muriendo.

Edificio de la Puerta de entrada al Castillo de Nagoya. Un venado en el foso

Muy japonés

Ella camina altivacon su quimono elegante;El, a la vera del caminosaludando al visitante.

Mujeres

Siempre serán hermosaslas mujeres

Sea que vistan de seda de colores vivos o de sencillos trajes grises.

Siempre estaremos atraídos los hombres por ellas,en cualquier país, las veremos como estrellas.

Pintoresco puerto pequero de Hachinohe

La fila de vagabundos de Tokio espera el almuerzo en el parque de Ueno-Koen

Hermoso monumento a la paz, que recuerda a Hiroshima en el santuario Ueno Toshogu

Detalles urbanos de Tokio

En la entrada al auditorio Toyota de la Universidad de Nagoya. Listos para iniciar el congreso R’09

Ahí estoy exponiendo mi trabajo

The role of poetry and images in creating

recycling and resources saving awareness

Enrique Posada RestrepoINDISA S.A.

[email protected]ín, ColombiaSeptember 2009

New methods are required to create a more conscientious attitude towards recycling and resource savings, which can be used in education and in motivational activities.

This talk suggests a new approach based on the idea that the mind works in two levels of awareness and that the individuals and the human groups will act according to their belief systems, created in these two levels.

A NEW APPROACH (1)

The current educational framework is too much based on the logical mind and on the experiential basis for reasoning and arguing.

The new method proposes a more poetic, artistic, imaginary approach, so that the analogical mind will clearly be part of the learning and training process

A NEW APPROACH (2)

With this, it is expected that two major belief systems will support committed action in the environmental front from the individuals and the groups:

• The logical, experimentally supported system.

• The idealistic, poetic, visionary, creative, belief system.

A NEW APPROACH (3)

There was a great North American poet who gave rise to a literature current that opens consciousness towards nature: Henry David Thoreau.

He was inspired to write its classical poetic work, Walden, in 1854, which has also inspired many people.

POETRY AND IMAGES (1)

As Edward Wilson said

“Henry David Thoreau was thought by many in his own time, and many in our own, to be an eccentric who escaped from the mainstream of real life in order to dream. He was the opposite of that. He understood intuitively what we now know in more concrete and objective terms, that humanity is a biological species and thus exquisitely adapted to the natural world that cradled us. Thoreau was the scientific observer and lyrical expositor who hit upon the power of this conjunction between science and the humanities”


Nature writing is one of the major innovations of American literature, which also includes Rachel Carson, the initiator of modern environmental awareness.


She wrote Silent Spring (1962), which brought environmental concerns to an large portion of the American public and spurred a reversal in national pesticide policy—leading to a ban on DDT and other pesticides—and to the environmental movement. It eventually led to the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency in USA.

Other significant figure is Ansel Adams, the American photographer and environmentalist, well known for his beautiful photographs of the American West and Yosemite National Park.

When first visiting Yosemite he wrote “the splendor of Yosemite burst upon us and it was glorious... One wonder after another descended upon us... There was light everywhere... A new era began for me."


Leaves in first plane

When any lost leaf becomes legendary personagewhich attracts the verses of a poetand the loving glances of an artist, reaching therefore first planes in the busy agenda of life, the destructive rites of the proud and the ways of stingy menwill become beautiful images and songs that summon science and spirit. Thus Earth renders glory, she becomes immense and promisedunto those who deal with her with appreciation.

TOWARDS INTEGRATION AND ETHICAL BEHAVIOUOR

Drawing by Claudia Molina

THE APPLICATION OF THE METHOD Delight in manjar

Certain earthworm describes with her nose that that as well licks with her reverse. In her lucidity, she then always leaves one nourishing nut layer to pay backand therefore, what little serves for us,the very humble earthwormenjoys with affability,leaving in her route what she does not like,and that that we do like:that valuable fertilizer that makes beautiful the garden.

Work by Ligia Sierra in a shop with The Medellín Waste Enterprise (EEVVMM)

CRONICA DE UN VIAJE A GRECIA

Por Enrique Posada Restrepo

Mayo de 2012

Una lección al pie del Partenón

El Partenón

El Partenón

En la parte más altade la bella ciudad,tu erguida estamparesiste la maldadde los destructoreshorribles y orgullosos.

Tus hijos de mármolson testigos de tu belleza, arquitectura eternaorgullo de ciudadesque proclaman tus valores universalessentidos y preciosos.

Atenea Promacoses ahora la belleza eternaque no muere;que es más fuerte que los cobardes señores de la guerra.

La cantautora

Sentada a la vera de la víacanta preciosas cancionesque ningún turista oía

Deteniéndome en mis afanesescucho su dulce vozque canta bellos romances

Cántame una canción tuya,le pido, con emoción,y ella me regala una.

Yo me quedo extasiado. ¿Qué más se puede pedirrecibiendo tal regalo?

Ella canta y se regalaviéndome tan admiradoy me canta más galana.

El gran Adriano

Hombre de fronteras,emperador escaso,uno de los cinco buenosemperador hispano, por acá dejó sus huellas.

Huellas de investigador,de viajero admiradoque pagó sus respetosa los pueblos conquistadoscon amor de constructor.

Por acá estuvo San Pablo

Conversación de hijo y padre

Papá, ¿por qué hay tantas religiones?No sé bien, será porque son muchos los aspectos de Dios.Y, ¿por qué no se ponen de acuerdo, no es un solo Dios?No sé bien, será porque no han tenido tiempo para conversar.Y, ¿por qué no tienen tiempo para eso, es que no es importante?No sé bien, será que todos andan en sus propios mundos.Y, ¿por qué andan en distintos mundos, no es esta una sola tierra?No sé bien, será que no caben todos en el mismo lugar en el mismo tiempo. Además, casi todos los que fundaron las religiones ya no están en la tierra. Además la gente no sabe conversar sobre estos temas porque se pone nerviosa.

A propósito de San Pablo, que estuvo predicando en el Ágora a los incrédulos atenienses sobre el dios desconocido.

Almas gemelas

¿Dos hermanasdos amigasdos compañeraso dos modelos que posan?

No los sabremos,pero están juntashermanadas por la piedracomo si fueran dos almas gemelas

El traje típico

Con colores vivacesse arma la esperanzala misma que danzaen el corazón de la patria.

La vibración se siente con los sones musicalesy los trajes altivosdan soltura a los sonidos

Las mujeres se lucencon la mano en la cinturay en sus miradas ardenel fuego y la hermosura

Leones de la puerta en Micenas

La cueva

Mi espíritu de arqueólogoaficionado y furtivose despiertaal entrar a esta cueva.Por momentos vivosensaciones de aventurasposibles y atractivas.

Pero el tiempo apremia,solo soy un turistade medios limitados.Es muy oscura la cuevay con los miedos vivosensaciones de locurasimposibles, prohibidas.

Música en la calle

El viajero se detiene y el violinista le ofreceuna muestra de sus artesa cambio unas monedas.¿Quién en verdad se queda con la mejor de las partes?

Buen viaje y buena mar

Enigma

¿Qué significa este animalcon cara de mujeralas de ángely cuerpo de león?

Es la conciencia al acechoafirmada en la tierrafuerte como un leóncon inteligencia de mujer.

Capaz de volary de elevarse al más allásin perder su identidadni su compleja integridad

La base del Templo de Apolo en Delfos

De pie

Cinco columnasde pie todavíatantos largos añospresentes y altivas.

Cinco los sentidoscon que cada díavivo mis instantesllenos de energía

Cinco las palabrasamantes que dijea mi novia linda en mi compromiso:

Soy todo tuyo, cásate conmigo .

Esta crónica describe el viaje realizado por el autor con motivo de su asistencia a la 8th International Conference on Air Quality - Science and Application que se llevó a cabo en Atenas entre el 19 y el 23 de Marzo de 2012 Allí presentamos un trabajo de investigación.

THE EFECT OF THE DIESEL FUEL SULPHUR CONTENT ON THE PM2.5

POLLUTION PROBLEM IN THE ABURRÁ VALLEY REGION AROUND MEDELLÍN,

COLOMBIA

Enrique Posada (1) , Myriam Gómez (2)

(1) INDISA S.A ,Carrera 75 # 48 A 27, Medellín, Colombia

(2) Politécnico Colombiano, Medellín, Colombia

[email protected] [email protected]

8th International Conference on Air Quality - Science and Application in Athens, 19-23 March 2012.

Laboratory emission sampling in a diesel motor bench. Motor (ISUZU 4JA1 Type I turbocharged, rotating pump direct injection, 2499 cm3, four cylinders in line, compression ratio 18.4, nominal power 59 KW at 4100 rpm)Fuel with three sulfur contents: 2,100, 500 and 50 ppmTwo different load conditions (4.75 and 24.0 kW), associated with two different motor rotating speeds.(1,770 and 2,420 rpm). Samples were taken with an isokinetic sampling unit capable of separating PM samples in three fractions (<2.5, 2.5-10, >10 microns).

Environmental sampling in a tunnel serving the Aburrá Valley regionConcentrations and samples of PM2.5 in the FERNANDO GOMEZ MARTINEZ tunnel were taken during complete 24 hour periods, at several times in 2010, in which there was certainty about the sulfur content of the diesel fuel used by the vehicles in the Aburrá Valley region. In this way the said three types of diesel fuel, with S content 2,100, 500 and 50 ppm could be correlated with the samples.

Environmental sampling in two sites in the Aburrá Valley regionTwo (2) PQ-200, BGI Instrument, (equipped with Teflon and Quartz filters) were placed two (2) zones of the Aburrá Valley [Instituto Politecnico Jaime Isaza Cadavid (Poli) and Universidad Nacional- Facultad de Minas (Unal)] in six (6) alternate measurement campaigns, with two simultaneous ones for both sites. Samples were taken during complete 24 hour periods, in such a way that they could be correlated with the ongoing changes in the diesel fuel S content (2,100, 500 and 50 ppm respectively). A total of 50 samples were collected in each area.

Analysis

In the three studies, samples were taken with Tefón and Quartz filters and subjected to chemical analysis in Laboratory Alpha in Colombia for metallic oxides and in the DRI (Reno, Nevada) for ions and carbonaceous species (EC and OC). Analytical techniques used were Spectrofluorometry, 3D Polarized Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (Epsilon Model 5), for the determination of mineral oxides; ion chromatography (Dionex Model 3000) for the quantification of anions and cations; and the IMPROVE-A Thermal Method Protocol for the determination of organic carbon and elemental carbon.

R2 = 0.98

R2 = 0.95

02468

10

0 800 1,600 2,400S in diesel, ppm

PM 2

.5, k

g/to

n fu

el.

PM 2.5 kg/ton fuel at 4.75 kW, average = 6.01

PM 2.5 kg/ton fuel at 24 kW, average = 1.38

R2 = 0.81

R2 = 0.96

0.00.20.40.60.8

0 1,000 2,000 3,000

S in diesel, ppm

Sulfa

tes i

n PM

2.5

kg

/ton

fuel.

Sulfates kg/ton fuel at 4.75 kW, average = 0.11

Sulfates kg/ton fuel at 24 kW, average = 0.22

PM 2.5 and sulfate in PM 2.5 emissions diminish with lower S in diesel fuel.

The effect depends on motor load.

S in diesel fuel, ppm 2,100 500 50

PM 2.5 micrograms/m3 225 420 249

Vehicles per hour 268 389 361

OC in PM 2.5 , % 23.8 22.7 25.8

EC in PM 2.5 , % 56.3 59.5 55.5

Sulfates in PM2.5 , % 2.10 1.23 0.50

Major results in study in tunnel

0.001.002.00

3.004.005.00

0 800 1,600 2,400S in diesel, ppm

% o

f PM

2.5

.

Sulfates Amonium Ions, total

In the tunnel there was a clear diminution of sulfate salts in the PM 2.5 with the lowering of the sulfur in the diesel fuel.

0

40

80

120

160

0 120 240 360Sampling day, starting 2009/11/17

PM2.

5 co

nc.

0

700

1400

2100

S pp

m

PM 2.5, micrograms/m3, av= 31.5 +/- 14.0

S in diesel, ppm

0

40

80

120

160

0 120 240 360Sampling day, starting 2009/11/17

PM2.

5 co

nc.

0

700

1400

2100

S pp

m

PM 2.5, micrograms/m3, av= 31.5 +/- 14.0

S in diesel, ppm

0

10

20

30

0 120 240 360

Day of sampling (starting 2009/11/17)

Sulfa

tes i

n PM

2.5

% .

Itagüi Bello San Antonio Poli Unal

05

1015202530

0 800 1600 2400S in diesel ppm

Sulfa

te in

PM

2.5

,% .

Itagüi Bello San Antonio Poli Unal

PM 2.5 and sulfate in PM 2.5 concentrations diminish with lower S in diesel fuel for the samples taken in the urban areas.

CONCLUSION

A clear link was established between diesel sulfur content and PM 2.5 compositions and concentrations, which indicates the large influence of diesel fuel vehicles impact on the pollution situation in the region and the importance of this sulfur diminution. The impact is quite clear on the chemical PM 2.5 compositions which show a significant diminution of sulfates and ammonium salts.The impact on concentrations is detectable but is affected by the operational conditions of diesel equipment, vehicle age and operational practices.The impact was detectable in PM2.5 urban concentrations and sulfate salts in PM2.5

UN VIAJE A TAILANDIA

Una monarquía donde hay profundo respeto por el rey y la reina

Detalles exquisitos por doquier

En las playas de Phuket

La tierra del budismo

Disfrutando de la comida tailandesa en Chiang Mai

El templo blanco

El Río Mekong en la frontera con Laos

Tribus de las colinas

TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE CITIES THROUGH A DECREASE IN CO2 EMISSIONS BASED ON CREATING CONSCIOUSNESS ON HUMAN HABITS AND ITS RELATIONS TO BODY CO2

EMISSIONS AND ASSOCIATED IMPACTS Enrique Posada R.

Valencia G. Gabriela, Robledo V. DavidINDISA S.A.

Medellín, Colombia

114

Global impact of metabolic CO2FACTOR UNIT VALUE

Estimated world population (2015) persons 7.311.390.000

Average CO2 generation by metabolism Kg/day-person 0,85

Total CO2 generation by metabolism Ton/day 6.231.414

Approximate CO2 generated in coal combustion kg/kg coal 2,20

Equivalent coal combustion to generate CO2 associated with average metabolism

Ton/day 2.832.461

Coal use in the world Ton/day 21.430.137

According to these numbers, human metabolism is in fact representative of the CO2

emissions (and more important to global warming) confronting it with the emissions from coal (and other fossil fuels) combustion.

Thus, any lowering of the CO2

human metabolic emissions will have a significant impact on global warming gases control.

IMPACT

115

Good habits and consciousness

Henry David Thoreau Rachel Carson

Ansel Adams“Henry David Thoreau was thought by many in his own time, and many in our own, to be an eccentric who escaped from the mainstream of real life in order to dream. He was the opposite of that. He understood intuitively what we now know in more concrete and objective terms, that humanity is a biological species and thus exquisitely adapted to the natural world that cradled us. Thoreau was the scientific observer and lyrical expositor who hit upon the power of this conjunction between science and the humanities”. Edward Wilson

BACKGROUND

116

Relaxed and empathic states

Farrel, D.J., The reduction in metabolic rate and heart rate on man during meditation, Energy Metabolism: Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Energy Metabolism, 1979

Ding-E Young, J., Taylor, E., Meditation as a Voluntary Hypometabolic State of Biological Estivation, Am.Physiol. Soc. News Physiol. Sci. Volume 13. June 1998

Wallace, R. K., and H. Benson. A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state. Am. J. Physiol. 221: 795–799, 1971

WHAT TO DO

Relaxed State

Catecholamine levels drop

Galvanic skin resistance increases

Respiration rate and volume flow decrease

Decreased vascular resistance

Lowered O2 and CO2 consumption

117

While practicing empathic states, we reduce CO2 emissions, not only because the lower metabolism state, but also because of the activities promoted under these states

We present the following habits for lower metabolic CO2 emissions, either because they are closer to the basal metabolic rates or because they include empathic or relaxation practices

CONCLUSION

118

CONCLUSION

Listening to others with empathic attention• Changing the usual defensive and

offensive responses for: Recognition and appreciation no matter the other context

• The defensive response demand exited metabolic funtioning and excess of CO2 generation

Habits for lower metabolic CO2 emissions

119

Habits for lower metabolic CO2 emissionsCONCLUSION

Meditation and relaxation practices• When practiced in group have larger

impacts• This practices should be taught and

encouraged in the educational system and institutions and companies

120


Conversation and sharing• Friendship, family life, small communities,

communal activities, enriched by empathic attitudes

• The opposite to this: WAR associated with major environmental disasters and violence: excitec metabolic states and CO2 emissions

• Sustainable cities must be pleasant and peaceful

121


Conscious writing, representing, art work and reading• This will create self-esteem, self-reference,

leadership and a sense of compromise• Creation of city narratives and memories

enchance healthy pride• Stimulation of good cultural habits that all

sustainable citizens can enjoy and practice

122


Improving food consumption habits• According to Schwarsera, eating beef

has the highest GHG generation, with 22,6 kg CO2-eq/kg. Including different protein sources in the diet would reduce the CO2 emission in digestion

• Minimizing food waste, by purchasing, cooking and eating only the necessary.

• Eating slowly and in a conscious way

123


Additional habits• Diminish, separate, recycle and reuse

waste.• Seek rational use of water and energy

in every human daily activity • Seek changes in the smoking of

tobacco (and marihuana), or entirely avoid them, as these are bad habits generate huge amounts of CO2

• Understanding activities in term of their impact on CO2 generation and having them in the collective and individual mind as indicators of commitment with sustainability

124

CONCLUSION

Activity CO2 generator indicator Sustainable actionsTransportation and driving

CO2 generated according to driving practices, number of occupants and type of vehicle

Conscious drivingRide sharingUse of mass transportEstablish city indicators of total daily CO2 generated by transportation

Using electricity CO2 generated according to origin of used electricity and type of urban practices

Electricity savingCommunal and individual projects to generate electricity with renewable sources

Solid waste generating and disposal

CO2 and CH4 generated according to waste disposal methods being used and scale of recycling and reuse

RecyclingLess generation of wasteIndividual and communal projects to recycle and reuse

Industrial and commercial emissions

Regional and urban indicators of specific emissions according to major processes and activities

Companies calculate their contribution to the indicators and establish goal to improveCitizens know this and contribute to improvements trough vigilance and participation

Example of areas that can be object of establishing CO2 indicators

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