herramientas para escrito y oral - idiomas

8/11/2019 Herramientas Para Escrito y Oral - Idiomas

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Modalidad Tutorial a Distancia

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EFIP MATERIAL

Estimados alumnos el objetivo de este material es brindarles las herramientas

necesarias para alcanzar la meta final dentro del rea de idiomas.

Esta meta es que logren comunicarse en forma escrita y oral con la fluidez y precisin

que permite el nivel intermedio bajo de la Lengua Inglesa; nivel al que han sido

conducidos a travs de nuestros programas de Ingls 1 a 6.

Este material estdividido en cuatro partes:

Writing:

En esta seccin encontrarn pautas generales sobre cmo prepararse y qu

elementos tener en cuenta para lograr una produccin escrita clara y efectiva.

Los formatos desarrollados son cartas (formales e informales) e informes.

Language of Meetings:

Aqutendrn sintetizado el concepto de Reunionesque iracompaado de una

lista de expresiones que deben ser utilizadas para la conduccin y realizacin de

una Reunin de Negociosefectiva. Adems tendrn la posibilidad de practicar

con situaciones que hemos utilizado en instancias de parciales orales y finales enla modalidad presencial. Esta prctica que es fundamental les servir para poder

desempearse con ms seguridad en la instancia oral del EFIP.

Negotiation strategies:

As como en la seccin Language of Meetings, aqu tambin podrn encontrar

la teora y l a p rctica necesaria para poder llevar a cabo una exitosa

Negociacin.

Practice material:

Esta ltima seccin ( que est dividida en dos grupos) incluye situaciones de

negociacin y estudios de casos de prctica que son similares al que tendrn que

estudiar para la instancia del EFIP. El caso para el EFIP aparecer publicado en

el repositorio 15 das antes de la fecha de examen.

Los dos grupos son:

1. Situaciones de menor complejidad ubicadas al final de Language of

Meetings.

2. 4 situaciones de negociacin y 2 ( dos) casos ms complejos y con ms

datos para incorporar en el momento de la negociacin. El primer caso se

denomina: A New Image y el segundo: Cutting Costs. stosaparecen al terminar la seccin Negotiation Strategies


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Writing

Writing is a form of communication, just as much as speaking. You do not speak toyour bank manager or doctor in the same way you speak to your friends or family. It is

just the same when you write. You will need to think about who is going to read your

piece of writing and what impression you want to make.

To write a good text you should be able to:

answer the question that is asked, not the one you think is being asked.

organize your ideas into paragraphs, with a key sentence in each paragraph.

Make sure your paragraphs consist of a number of sentences grouped round one

central idea.

link your paragraphs together. use a good range of grammatical structures and tenses.

connect your sentences in a variety of ways. Do not use justandor but.

begin with an interesting introduction which catches the readers attention.

spell correctly.

punctuate correctly.

write an interesting ending. Do not just stop because you dont have enough

time.

long before the exam write as much as you can. Writing gets easier the more you

practise.

In the examination you will only have 75 minutes to write your text. It is very

important to make a plan before you start writing. If you do not, probably it is going

to be difficult to communicate a clear idea.

Make sure you have studied the different formats you have in your course books

(formal/informal letters and reports) and the material from this handout.

Following you will have a list of tips, examples and useful language to study and

use in your pieces of writing to practise before the exam.

Letters

Letters (formal or informal) usually follow these stages;


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Can you identify the stages mentioned in the following letters?

Opening (Dear Ms/Mrs./Mr)

Reasons for writing

Development

Closing remarks

Signature

16 ODonnel Street

Castlebar

Ireland

16 June 2005

Dear Maggie,

How is it going? It seems hard to believe that Ive been here in Ireland for a whole week now! I

promised to write when I arrive in here. So, h ere goes!

You will never believe how difficult it was at the beginning! Life here is very slow. My first

impression of the Irish is that they are really friendly and helpful.

I rented a little cottage here in Castlebar. The countryside is marvelous and very green because it

rains a lot. Ive made friends with some of the young people in the village. We spend our evenings in the local

bar listening to good music and drinking Guinness, of course.

Sorry this letter is so short but you know I dont like writing. I miss you so much!

All my love,

Bob


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Useful language

Informal letters

Greeting Dear + name

Asking about them Hi! How are things?/ How are you?/How is it going?

Referring to their news Great news about/Glad to hear that/Sorry to hear abo ut

Giving news Listen, did I tell you about?Oh, you will never believe what

Making suggestions Why dont you ?/ How about?/ Maybe you could?

Closing expressions Give my love to / Say hello to / See you soon.

Singing off Love / Lots of love / Yours

Name Your first name

Formal letters

Greeting Name known:Dear Mr/mrs./ms + surname

Name unknown:Dear Sir/Madam

Reason for writing I am writing to /I am writing with regard to/I am writing on behalf of

Asking questions I would be grateful if /I wo nder if you could/Could you ?

Referring to their letter/points As you stated in your letter/Regarding/Concerning/With regard to

Closing expressions If you require further information, please do not hesitate to contact me.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Singing off If you know the name: Yours sincerely

If you do not know the name:Yours faithfully

Name Your first name + your surname


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Reports

Reports usually follow this structure:

In the Introduction the writer presents the topic/subject to be developed in the

following paragraphs.

You do not have to include the word Introduction, Paragraphor Conclusion.

Where it says Heading you have to write the idea of the paragraph. Remember you

deal with one idea or related ideas in each paragraph. So the word Heading gives the

idea of subtitle.

In the Conclusion, the writer generally includes a summary of the report or his/her

own opinion or suggestion/s.

To: ______________

From:_____________

Subject:___________

Date:_____________

Introduction __________________________________

____________________________________________

Paragraph 2 : heading (idea developed in this paragraph)_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________.

Paragraph 3: Heading

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

___________.

^Paragraph 4: Heading

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________.

Conclusion:

_____________________________________________

____________________________________.


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Model Report

Task: you work for the local tourist office. Your manager has asked you to write a

report on the facilities in your town for film-goers. Describe the current facilities and

suggest ways in which they might be improved to attract more visitors to the area

Useful language

To: Mr. Robertson

From: Mary Fawcet

RE: Facilities for fil-goers

Date: 24th March

As requested, I have prepared a report on cinemas in the area.Generally, the facilities are good, although there are ways in which they could be improved.

Sonycase Cinema

With ten screens, the Sonycase Cinema is a modern cinema in the suburbs of the town. They have all the principal films

first and use the latest technology and equipment. The only drawback is that the bus service is not reliable and they do

not run after midnight.

Paramount Cinema

The paramount Cinema is a small outdoor cinema. They show the classic films, they do not concentrate on latest

releases.

It is very popular with students. Local people rarely complain about the noise.

Gardenia Cinema

The Gardenia Cinema is bigger than the Paramount Cinema, but it is currently facing problems. They cannot afford to

replace the old equipment by new one. It will probably close in the near future.

Our town has some excellent facilities for film-goers, although one cinema is about to close.

I therefore suggest a better bus service to the Sonycase Cinema to improve access to the area.

Introduction As requested/Having ana lized/My findngs are outlined/presented below.

Presenting findings Seethe table below.

Recommending Having considered the opinion/I would like to suggest/recommend/I therefore

suggest/recommend/You may wish to consider


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Now you can practise for the exam. Here you have two tasks. Remember to follow the

principles mentioned on page 2 and the report format presented in this handout on page6.

1. You have a full-time job in a gym. The manager wants to attract more customers and

has asked you to write a report making some recommendations. Write the report

(120-150 words).

2. You work part-time for a consumer organization. Your manager has asked you to

write a report on two very different Internet websites which sell books, videos and

CDs. Say what each website looks like, compare their products and prices, and

comment on their particular good or bad points for internet shoppers.

Language of Meetings

When working for a company, meetings are generally called to inform, discuss,

exchange ideas, decide, etc. You can be part of a Board, Top Management, Top

Management and Work force Representatives meeting, etc.

Meetings can be formal or informal, but to be effective they have to follow stages.

Basically, we have three stages:

Introducing the first point First,/Firstly,To start with, To begin with,

in a list of points

Introducing a further Second(ly), Third(ly), Moreover, In addition, Also

Point in a list of points Apart from that,

Introducing a final point Finally,Lastly,

In a list of points

Presenting two advantages/ not only but also

Disadvantages together

Presenting two opposing On the one hand, On the other hand,

Points of view

Exp ressing result For this reason, Because of this, As a result, Therefore,

Expressing contrast however/but/although/In spite of7 In contrast to this,

Giving examples For example For instance,

Expressing your opinion In my opinion As I see it As far as I am concerned,In my view,

Conclusion To conclude, In conclusion, To sum up, In summary,

Opening Development Closing


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When opening a meeting it is essential you:

welcome participants,

set the objectives,

set the agenda,

set the time,

and finally you get started.

Here you have some useful expressions that may help you conduct or participate in an

effective meeting.

Set 1 deals with expressions you should use to open a meeting.

Set 2 deals with expressions you should use when you want to link items or ideas during

the meeting.


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Set 1

Starting

Lets get down to business

OK, Shall we get started?

Right, lets start

Welcoming

Its a pleasure to welcome

Were very pleased to welcome

Introducing

Id like to introduce

Can I introduce?

Stating purpose

Were here today to

Our aim is to Ive called this meeting in order to

Process

I suggest we go round the table first.

Id like to hear what you all have to say

before we make a decision.

Setting the agenda

As you all see from the agenda

I suggest we take this item firs/next/last.

There are three items on the agenda

Timing

This should take about

Were short of time, so can I ask you to

be brief?

I would like to aim to a three oclock

finish.

I would like to finish by four oclock.

The meeting is due to finish at

Defining roles

could you take the minutes?

has kindly agreed to give us a report

on

I wonder if youd like to tell us

something about?

Opening an item

So, the first item on the agenda is

, would you like to start?

Lets start with...


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Set 2

Closing an item

Right, I think that covers the first item.

Shall we leave that item?

If nobody has anything else to add,

Next item

Lets move on to the next item,

The next item on the agenda is

Now we come to the question of

Moving off the point

This might be a good point to mention

Its not on the agenda, but

By the way,

Referring forward

Well come back to that later.

That point is coming up in a moment.

Referring back

As we said earlier,

Keeping to the agenda

Can we just deal with?

Lets just deal with

Can we come to that in a moment?

Postponing/Moving around

Shall we skip the next item?I suggest we take that up at another

meeting.

Interrupting

May I interrupt you for a moment?

Sorry to interrupt, but

If I could say a word about


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Here you have somepractice material.

Meeting 1

Lets start with a mini-Meeting. There are only two participants. One represents the top

management, and the other the unions. Each has a list of items. And each wants to get

something from the other side. Remember to use the expressions studied before.

Management

You want Be prepared to accept

1. Increased efficiency2. Shorter tea breaks

3. Reduction in sick leave

4. Short lunch breaks

5. Increase in production

6. Less time-wasting

7. Willingness to work over time

when needed

8. 10% reduction in the work force

9. No personal telephone calls

10. No strikes

1. Increase in salary2. Flexi-time

3. More training courses

4. Better retirement plan

5. More sports facilities

Unions

You want Be prepared to accept

1. Increase in salary

2. Longer holidays

3. Flexi-time

4. Better catering facilities5. More training courses

6. Better retirement plan

7. No redundancies without

consultation

8. A special club

9. A bonus scheme linked to

productivity

10. More sports facilities

1. Increased efficiency

2. Shorter tea breaks

3. Less time-wasting

4. Willingness to work overtime whenneeded

5. No personal telephone calls


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Meeting 2

Insert more study cases

Negotiations

SITUATION:Dominos main competitor, Pizza Hut, is expanding its market

successfully and at the moment it holds a larger market share than Dominos Pizza. David

Brandon (Chairman and CEO) has called a meeting inviting all the top managers of the

company to analyze the current situation and propose solutions to regain the lost market

share.

TASK:Hold the meeting, present and discuss your proposals.

David Brandon: (Chairperson and Leader). You believe that your company should offer

an alternative meal aimed at the childrens segment. This would differentiate the

company from its competitor.

TOP MANAGERS TEAM:You dont think that developing a new product will help

improve sales. What you propose is to reinforce the marketing policy of the company by

means of promotions and a creative and innovative advertising campaign. For this

purpose you will need to reduce production costs.

STORE MANAGEMENT TEAM: A cut in production cost may affect quality. Instead,

you believe you should increase customer service: the company needs new vehicles to do

the pizza delivery faster, bigger and more attractive outlets, and a drive through service.


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Negotiations

How to prepare, conduct and close a negotiation

Preparing for a negotiation

In the preparation stage you will find 7 points to consider.

1. Defining negotiation

Negotiation occurs when someone else has what you want and you are prepared

to bargain for it and vice versa.

Negotiations take place every day between family members, with shopkeepers,

and almost continuously in the work place.

Understanding the principle

Successful negotiating an attempt by two people to achieve a mutually

acceptable solution should not result in a winner and a loser. Its a process that

ends either with a satisfying conclusion for both sides (win-win) or with failure

both sides (lose-lose). The art of negotiation is based on attempting to reconcile

what constitutes a good result for you with what constitutes a good result for the

other party. To achieve a situation where both sides win something for

themselves, you need to be well prepared, alert and flexible.

Skills for successful negotiations

Ability to define a range ofobjectives, yet be flexible about some of them;

Ability to explore the possibilities of a wide range ofoptions;

Ability to prepare well;

Ability tolistento and question other parties;

Ability toprioritizeclearly.

2. Understanding the principle of exchange

With a proper understanding of the processes involved (preparation, proposal,debate, bargaining and closing), negotiating can create a successful outcome for

To become a good negotiator, learn to

read the other partys needs.

Bear in mind that it is almost impossible

for a negotiator to do too much

preparation.


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all parties. Central to this is the principle of exchange: you must give in order

to receive.

STAGES OF NEGOTIATION

PREPARATION

PROPOSAL

DEBATE

BARGAINING

CLOSING

The key to negotiation is to realize that all parties need to gain something of value in

exchange for any concessions they make. Try to achieve this by understanding that what

is valued by your party may not be valued by the other.

3. Identifying objectives

The first step in planning any form of negotiation is to identify all your

objectives.What do you want to get out of a negotiation?


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There is rarely just one objective to a negotiation. Before entering a negotiation,

make a list of all your objectives, then put them in your order of priority and

identify those that you can live without. When it comes to compromise, you willbe aware of which objectives to yield first.

Classifying priorities

Divide your priorities into three groups:

1. Those that are yourideal;

2. Those that represent arealistic target;

3. Those that are the minimum you must fulfill to fell that the negotiation has

not been a failure.

Assign each of them a value. Prioritizing ensures that you do not end up

compromising on the wrong issues.

4. Preparing yourself

You will need to seek out useful information to support your objectives once

you have identified them and find information that will help you undermine

the other partys case.

Write down all your objectives, then put

them in order of priority.

Identify issues that are open to

compromise. And those that are not.

Express each objective in a singlesentence.

Abandon any totally unrealistic

objectives before you negotiate.

Clarify your priorities: be ready to

concede less important points.

Be sure to gather all key information

relevant to a negotiation.

Incorrect information is worse than no

information at all.

Companies annual accounts can be amine of useful information.


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5. Choosing A Strategy

Once you are clear about your objectives and have analysed your opponents

probable objectives, you should be ready to formulate a strategy for

achieving your ends. Use the strengths of your personalities in your tem to

devise your strategy.

A strategy is an overall policy designed to achieve a number of specified

objectives. It is not to be confused with tactics which are the detailed

methods used to carry out a strategy.

Your strategy will depend on several factors including personality,

circumstance, and the issue under negotiation.

Roles: Every negotiating team requires certain classic roles to be filled in

order to conclude negotiations successfully. These roles include: the Leader,Good Guy, Bad Guy, Hard Liner and Sweeper.

The ideal negotiating team should have between three and five members.

Roles

Leader: He/She is like the Chairperson in Meetings and is generally the one

with the most experience. He/She conducts the negotiation.

Good Guy: He/She expresses sympathy and understanding for the

oppositions points of view. He/She makes the opposing team feel a sense of

security and allows them to relax.

Bad Guy: He/She intimidates the opposition and tries to expose their

weaknesses. He/She stops the negotiation from proceeding when needed.

Hard Liner: He/She takes a tough line on everything and presents the

opposition with complications. He/She keeps the team focused on the

objectives of the negotiation.

Sweeper: He/She picks up and collects all the points of view expressed and

presents them as a proposal. He/She suggests ways or tactics to reach an

agreement.

Always keep your negotiating

strategy simpleand flexible.

Hide your tempers and frustration

when negotiating.


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6. Using An Agenda

In certain types of negotiations it is helpful to draw up an agenda a writtenlist of issues to be debated.

The items to be discussed on an agenda can become a central part of

negotiating strategy, through both the order in which they are to be

considered and the time that is given to each.

7. Making A Proposal

Making a proposal is fundamental to all negotiation. It is vital to decide early

on in the planning process whether you wish to speak first, or to respond to

the proposal from the opposition.Make your proposals hypothetical to leave scope for both sides to make

concessions at any time.

Avoid forcing the other party into a corner or into making promises at an

early stage of the proceedings, since this reduces their options when you

come to make concessions later.

Dos and Donts

Do listen carefully to X Dont make too many concessions

the other party. at the early stage. Do feel free to reject X Dont ever say never.

the first offer received. X Dont answer questions directly

Do make conditional with a simple Yesor No.

offers such as: If you X Dont make the opposition look

Do this, well do that. foolish.

Put forward a proposal with as little

emotion as possible

Do not start speaking until you have

something relevant to say.

Pay close attention to the proposal of

the other party.


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Conducting A Negotiation

Plan your opening negotiating moves carefully to establish apositive tone. Then stay alert and be flexible to create and

make use of all your opportunities in the course of a negotiation.

In this stage you will find 3 points to consider.

1. Judging The Mood

Negotiating is as much about listening and observing as it is about talking. You

need to be very alert to the mood of the negotiation, since this can change

quickly. Being alert involves using all your senses to pick up signals given off

by others.

Reading Non-Verbal Signals

Non-verbal signals include body language, gestures, facial expressions, and eye

movements. Learning to read body language among the opposition team will

help you to compile a true picture of their case their signals may reinforce or

contradict what they are saying.

Listen to what the

other party says.

Listen to how

they say itObserve non-verbal

signals.

Begin any negotiation with

uncontroversial, general points.

Stress the need of agreement from the

outset.

Listens to a persons tone of voice as

well as their words.

Be alert. Key signals may last for only

one second.


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Understanding Body Language

A lot can be learned about the attitude of the other side in a negotiation

from their body language. Watch the eyes, which are the most

expressive part of the body, but also pay attention to the rest of the face

and the postures of members of the other team.

2. Responding To A Proposal

Try to avoid showing any immediate reaction, favorable or otherwise,

when responding to a proposal. Do not be afraid of remaining silent

while assessing the offer.

3. Strengthening Your Position

Introduce as many relevant points as possible to strengthen your position, so that

the opposing party is overwhelmed by the strength of your case.

Look for any similarities in your

negotiating positions.

Wait for the other party to finish before

responding.

Indicate that every concession you

make is a major loss to you.

Use repetition and positive body

language to stress your key points.

Never undermine the dignity of theopposing party.

Your points should be reiterated in a loud

but calm voice.

Emphasizing the positive hides the

negative.

A deal is made, not won. Opponents

should be persuaded that the deal will

benefit everyone.

Your original aims should be firmly fixed

in your mind.


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Closing A Negotiation

A negotiation can be brought to a successful conclusion only when

both parties have made concessions that are mutually acceptable in

order to reach agreement.

In the closing stage you will find 3 final points to consider.

1. Making Concessions

When you are forced to make concessions, it is important that you take a long-

term view. Try to retain some control of the situation by:

Judging how much ground you need to yield put a value on what you

are prepared to give so that it can b matched with concessions from the

other side.

Compromising without losing face. For example, if you have to

backtrack on a point you had established as your final position, you can

say, Since you have changed your position onwe may be able to

change ours on

2. Discussing Terms

As you near the end of a negotiation, you need to discuss the terms of your

agreement. Use your hypothetical proposals to help you work out a basic deal.Test how flexible your opponent may be by making hypothetical proposals

before giving concessions. If is the important word that does not commit you

to anything, yet may help you to identify the issues important to the other party.

Offer the smallest concession first you

may not need to go any further. Make steady eye contact to emphasize

that each concession is a serious loss for

you.

Do not concede ground unless you

receive something in return.

If I give you 90 days credit instead of 60,

will you give me the interest that you

would have paid?

If I reduce the price by 20%, will you give

me firm orders in advance?

If we come up with another million, willyou give us the Rome operation and the

cargo boat?


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3. Choosing How To Close

As you draw near to an agreement, check that all parties share the sameunderstanding of the issues and confirm what has been agreed. There are various

ways of closing so select the one that suits your team.

Using A Mediator

When you have explored all the avenues, and the parties involved in a negotiation have

still not reached an agreement, a mediator may be necessary. By agreeing to use a

mediator all parties are expressing a desire to resolve the situation.

Mediation is the process in which deadlocked parties consider the suggestions of a third

party, agreed upon in advance, but are not bound to accept the mediatorsrecommendations. The mediator acts as a referee between the negotiating parties and

tries to find common ground among their agendas. Once some common ground is

established, the mediator can begin to find mutually acceptable routes out of the

deadlock.

Points To Remember

Once you have finished studying this material and you have understood the process of a

negotiation, it is essential to practise as many times as possible so that you internalize

the negotiation basics. The more you practise the easier it becomes.

In order to help you achieve your goal and internalize negotiation strategies we have

included useful practice material.

Record fully all agreements finalized at a

negotiations close.

Read over any notes covering the early

part of your negotiations.

Discuss and define any words that might

be ambiguous in a written format.

Make sure you do not ignore issues inorder to speed up negotiations.

Be assertive but not aggressive when

you are closing a deal.

Make sure your opponent has fullauthority to close the deal.

If you are not satisfied with a deal, do

not sign it


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Practice material

Negotiation 1

AT&T plans to adopt modular assembly. By this system of assembly, workers at AT&T

manufacture plants will assemble together pre-assembled components called modules,

instead of assembling individual parts. Implementing this system will reduce costs

dramatically, and accelerate the process of production but it will also imply the

reduction of personnel at the factories. AT&Ts plan has irritated the trade union that

protects the rights of phone-manufacture employees. Today they meet to negotiate an

agreement that will benefit both parties.

AT&T Executive (Chairperson and Sweeper): You believe that high technology will

help the company become more efficient and profitable, so there is no reason to ignore

this opportunity. You are ready to compensate the workers generously when the staff

cuts take place.

AT&T Executive (Good Guy): Although you are concerned about your employees, you

believe that if your company grows, the workers that become redundant today will have

better opportunities in the future when the company expands. You see this situation

more like a restructuring of the staff than as a staff reduction.

Trade Union Official (Hard Liner): With the implementation of this new machinery, a

production plant that today has 5,000 workers will only need 2,000 workers. This means

that more than half of the workers will lose their jobs. The Union is informed about the

companys new plan to expand into the cable TV business. You demand a restructure ofthe redundant staff so that they are transferred to the companys new line of business. A

strike seems to be the only choice you have if AT&T does not accept your proposal.

Trade Union Official (Bad Guy): You are opposed to the modular assembly machinery

and believe that the only way to accept it is to get share options in the company. A

redundancy payment does not guarantee future jobs to the employees, so if the company

does not accept your demand, you are prepared to stop production by going on strike.


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Negotiation 2

AT&T is interested in setting up a joint venture with Pacific Bell to join efforts to enter

the Argentinian market. This is the second round of negotiations between both

companies.

AT&T CEO (Chairperson and Sweeper): You believe the deal would reduce

competition between you, so it is convenient for both firms.

Pacific Bell Executive (Good Guy): You believe that this deal would result in

American firms consolidation in the telecommunications industry, which would make

them stronger to compete with Telefnica and Telecom.

AT&T Executive (Hard Liner): You agree with the Pacific Bell Executive but you

believe that the venture should enter the Argentinian market under the name of AT&T

because your company has a higher market share, so its recognition makes it more

competitive.

Pacific Bell CEO (Bad Guy): You are in favor of the joint venture. However,

considering your companys shares have tripled in a week, and your company is

becoming stronger, you see no reason why the name of AT&T should identify your

venture. Instead, you propose using both company names.


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Ingls

MATERIAL PARA EFIP

Negotiation 4 (With Mediation)

Situation: This is the last round of talks between representatives of the government of

the province of Crdoba and representatives of the transportation union.

Due to the difficult situation both parties are facing they have decided to call a mediator.

Mediator: You have to be objective; you have to think not only in the bus drivers and

government problems, but also in the community that is suffering the consequences of

this dispute.

Government Representatives

The government should think in the possibility of offering subsidies to the

transportation companies. (Good Guy)

As we are in an open market system, private companies have to face their own

financial problems and have to guarantee the service. (Bad Guy)

Union Representatives

If the company cant face the situation, workers should set up a cooperative

system in which they are shareholders and have the power to make decisions.

(Good Guy)

The government is responsible for the present situation, they should claim the

owners of the transportation companies and force them to explain how they have

reached the current situation.

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