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CHAPTER 5

GREEN PLANTS AND CHORDATES

After studying this chapter you

Metaphyta (Plantae)

1. Multicellular Algae

2. Bryophytes

3. Pteridophytes

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Multicellular Algae

algae

Chlorella Chlamydomonas

Sargassum

Microcystus.

thallus.

chlorophyll

Spirogyra Ulothrix

phycoerythrin Batrachospermum

Polysiphonia.

xanthophyll

Sargassum Ectocarpus.

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Spirogyra

Polysiphonia

Dictyote

Marcocytosis Sargassum Padina

Cutleria Fucus

Ulothrix

Algin

Agar, Gelidium

Porphyra

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Laminaria

Gelidium Porphyra Laminaria

Bryophyta

Bryophyta.

Lejeunea Polytrichum

Pellia Ricca Anthoceros

Marchantia

thallus

Riccia, Marchantia.

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sporophyte

anther id ia archegonia

alternation of generations.

Pteridophytes

ferns jari sasyapteridophyta

tracheophytes

Selaginella Pteris

Dryopteris

EquisetumAdiantum

N e p h r o l e p i s , Selaginel la, Adiantum,

Lycopodium Marsilea.

sporophyte

prothallus

antheridia

archegonia

alternation of generations

Jari sasya

Vrikshayurveda.

CycasPinus

cones

Sequoia

Araucaria, Thuja,( ) Cupresscus Cycas

fruits.

dicots

dicotyledonous

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Activity 5.1

Find out whether the different grains brought to your house are monocots

or dicots.

Nearly 2,00,000 species of dicots and about 55,000 species of monocots

India has a rich representation of angiosperms. More than 16,000

The seeds of orchids are very small. About one million seeds put together weigh only about 0.3 grams.

in pots. The trees grown like this remain in the same height even after

20 to 30 years. They even

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Oil yielding plants

Spice yielding plants

Fruit yielding plants

Fodder yielding plants

Medicinal plants

Activity 5.2

Find out about other plants in each of these categories and add to the list.

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HIGHER ANIMALS

nonchordates chordates

notochord

chordates

notochord

gill slits

Balanoglossus

Herdmania

Amphioxus

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closed type

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Class Pisces

gills

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Hippocampus

Hippocampus

pisciculture

Gambusia

four

gills

three

Alytes

Pipa

Ichthyophis

Class Reptilia

pentadactyl

lungs

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Varanus

Do crocodiles really shed tears ?

Periodically, crocodiles eliminate some nitrogenous wastes in a dissolved state through a pair of glands situated near their eyes. It is this process which appears as shedding of tears.

Extinct reptiles

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Vertebrates that keep changing their body temperature according to the

changes in the environment are called cold blooded or

animals. Fishes, amphibians and reptiles are poikilothermic.

Vertebrates that maintain a constant body temperature, irrespective of

changes in the environmental temperature, are called warm blooded

or homeothermic animals. Birds and mammals are homeothermic.

andaja

jarayuja

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feathers

pentadactyl

right side

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Streamlined body.

Special arrangement of feathers on the wings to provide the lift.

Reduced body weight.

Many bones in the body are fused.

Absence of teeth, replaced by a beak.

Humming bird is the smallest bird, weighing just about 3 grams!.

Ostrich is the biggest bird. A male ostrich is about 2.4 meters in

height and weighs about 140 kg. It can run at a speed of about

80 kmph.

distance of more than 18,000 km.

Male birds have a colourful arrangement of feathers (called plumage)

to attract the females. Peacock is an example for this.

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pentadactyl

lungs

left side.

enucleate

heterodont

thecodont diphyodont

placenta

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Kangaroo

sloth

Bats

Exercise

I.