fonología_i,_2011,_teoría_general

7/30/2019 Fonologa_I,_2011,_Teora_general

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COMMUNICATION

SPEECH:

Ability to communicate complicated messages

Achieved by 2 types of sensory stimulation:

- auditory stimulation- visual stimulation

. WRITING:Conventional visual representation of speech.


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LANGUAGE:

It is a system of conventional signals used for

communication by a whole communityIt includes:

- Phonemes: system of sound units

- Inflection and arrangement of words

- Association of meaning with words

. REDUNDANCY

An utterance will provide a large complex of cues

for the listener to interpret but a great deal of thisinformation will be redundant as far as thelisteners needs are concerned.


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SPOKEN LANGUAGE

Younger and older generations / men and women

soft: /sft/ /s:ft/

. Locality

part /p:t/ /p:rt/boot /bu:t/ /but/book /buk/

. Educated and uneducated speech

help /elp/ house /us/ /hus/

name /nem/ /nam/ about /but/ /but/

. Childish mispronunciations or physical defects


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STYLES OF PRONUNCIATIONThey depend on a series of features (phonetic adjustments

which help us adapt to the situation:

TEMPO speed of delivery

RHYTHMuse of prominent syllables or words

CONTINUITY place and length of pauses

MUSCULAR TENSION articulatory precision

GRADATION weaknening of structural words

COMPRESSION - age: /ed/ /dv:ntd/

ELISION - /g:dn/ /g:dn/

ASSIMILATIONSthat boy/tp b/


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STYLES OF PRONUNCIATION

FORMALSlow tempo, precise articulation, high frequencyof accented words

UNHURRIED COLLOQUIAL

Clear, slow tempo, high frequency of accentedwords, assimilations, elisions and precisearticulation.

INFORMAL COLLOQUIAL

It has a maximum number of assimilations,elisions and compressions, slurred articulationsand a reduction of accented words.


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Received pronunciation - RP

RP: it is the pronunciation used in the south ofEngland by people educated at preparatory boardingschools and Public Schools.

General RP

Refined RP

It reflects a class distinction. It is considered to be upperclass

Regional RP

It is a speech which is basically RP except for thepresence of a few regional characteristics


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LEXICAL DIFFERENCES

The occurence or incidence of phonemes is

different

Boot Book

One Among

REALIZATIONAL DIFFERENCES

The number of distinctive terms operating may

be the same but the phonetic realizations of thephonemes may be different.

Bet Bat


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Systems other than RP

General American (GA)

It lacks a few diphthongs. Beard (short vowel + /r/

/r/ before consonant Part

It has no /o/, it becomes /a:/ Bottle

/a:/ changes Past

Standard Scottish English

No distinction of oppositions Boot Book

Tapped /r/ Red

It lacks a few diphthongs Beard /bi:rd/ (rhotic)


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London English

Front vowels are closer and sound similar

Sat set sitLong vowels /i:/, /u:/ /o:/ become diphthongs

Bed Boot Sword

/ei/ becomes /ai/ Late/ou/ becomes / / Load

omission of /h/ house

Northern English

RP /u/ and /^/ sound /^ / Could cud Australian English

Drops /h/


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LUNGS


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VOCAL CORDS

- Vocal Cords: 2 folds of ligament and elastic tissue

which run in a horizontal position from back to front.

They determine the pitch of voice.

- Glottis: space between the vocal cords


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POSITION OF VOCAL CORDSWide apart:

Normal breathing

Voiceless sound

Tightly together:

glottal stop

Loosely or closely together:

produce voice (but not as

we know it)

Voiced sound


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RESONATING CAVITIES(Hol low sp ace con tain ing air and changes the qual i ty of the so und )

PHARYNX

ORAL CAVITY

NASAL CAVITY


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THE MOUTH (oral cavity) FIX ORGANS (Passive: incapable of movement)

Teeth

Alveolar Ridge

Hard Palate

Pharyngeal wall

MOVABLE ORGANS (Active: capable of movement)

Lips Uvula

Tongue Lower jaw

Soft Palate


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ARTICULATORSTongue: (very moveable organ)

Tip

Blade opposite alveolar ridge

Front opposite the hard palate

Back opposite the soft palate

Rim edges

Dorsum upper area

Palate

Alveolar ridge - Hard Palate - Soft Palate or Velum (Uvula)

Lips: (can adopt different shapes. Lip position is important for the formation ofvowels). When producing vowels the tip of tongue is behind the lower teethand the back is bunched up in different ways

Close together / f /

spread / i: /neutral or relaxed / e /

open rounded / o /

close rounded / u: /

Teeth


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English Vowels

/i:/ //

/e/ //

/:/ // /:/

/u/ /u:/

// // /:/


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English Diphthongs

/a/ /e/

//

/u/ /u/ // /e/

/u/


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English Consonants

Voiceless Voiced /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/

/k/ //

/f/ /v/

// //

/s/ /z/

// //

/t/ /d/

/h/

/m/

/n/ //

/r/

/l/

/j/

/w/


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PHONETICS -PHONOLOGY

PHONEME: the smallest contrastivephonological unit which can produce adifference in meaning.

met pet

ALLOPHONE: variants of each phoneme. Theydepend on the position of the phoneme in a

word or syllable (followed by vowel, con. orpause)

light health tall


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PHONOLGY:

Deals with phonemes.

Studies selection and organization ofphonic substance into given form.

The wrong choice of a phoneme will lead

to a different meaning. PHONETICS:

Deals with allophones. How the

phonemes are realized.The wrong choice of an allophone will leadto a foreign accent.


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CARDINAL VOWELS


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Cardinal Vowels


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CARDINAL VOWELS


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Secondary Cardinal Vowels


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Cardinal Vowels

Front CV: are

pronounced with

spread or open lips Back CV: have a

varying degree of lip

rounding

Secondary Cardinal

Vowels

They are obtained by

reversing the lipposition:

Front: lip rounding

Back: lip spreading


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ENGLISH VOWELS
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/RP_English_monophthongs_chart.svg


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ENGLISH VOWELS

Tongue tends to be behind lower lip

Some require raising of the front of the tongue

other are articulated with hump at the back.

Air must escape over middle of the tongue

Oral: air escapes through the mouth

Vowel description will usually be based on

auditory judgements of sound relationshiptogether with some articulatory information,

especially as regards the position of the lip.


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CLASSIFICATION OF VOWELSAccording to the height to which the

tongue is raised.

Close to the palate

Close-Mid (half close)

Open-mid (half open)

Open


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. According to lip position

- Rounded

- Spread

- Neutral

According to muscular tension

- Tense- Lax


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According to the part of the tongue which israised highest.

- Front vowels

- Back vowels

- Central vowels

According to lip position

- Rounded- Spread

- Neutral


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Tense / Lax Vowels


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Front Vowels


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Back vowels


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English Diphthongs
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/RP_English_diphthongs_chart.svg


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VOWEL / i: /

Height: slightly below and behind the front

close position (almost touching the palate)

Part of tongue: front of tongue

Lips: spread

Muscular tension: tense.

Side rims of tongue: firm contact againstupper molars.

Quality: near cardinal [ i ]


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VOWEL / i: /


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VOWEL / i: /

Ordinary spelling Weed Leeks

Meters Even

Season

People

Piece Field

Receive Seize

Key Caesar

Foetus


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VOWEL / I /

Height: just above the close-mid position.

Part of tongue: nearer to the centre than to front

Lips: loosely spread

Muscular tension: lax

Side rims of tongue: light contact with upper

molars

Degree of closeness and centralization variesaccording to accentual force

Quality: that of centralized C [ e ]


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VOWEL / I /


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VOWEL / I /

Ordinary spelling Little Silly

Village Private

Pretty Before

Busy Business

Married

Captain

Sovereign Biscuit Building

Symbol


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VOWEL / i /

Final unaccented positions

Short variety of /i:/

Example: lady

maybe

kitty


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VOWEL / e /

Height: between the close-mid and open-mid positions.

Part of tongue: front

Lips: loosely spread Side rims of tongue: making light contact

with upper molars

Quality: between C [e] and C [] Position: does not occur in final, open

syllables


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VOWEL / e /


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VOWEL / e /

Ordinary spelling Went

Head lead

Said again

Any says

Geoffrey leopard

Leicester leisure

Friend Extra

Burry


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VOWEL / /

Height: just above open

Part of tongue: front

Side rims of tongue: very slight contact with the

back upper molars Lips: neutrally open

Quality: close to C [a]

Length: short but lengthened before voicedconsonants

Position: does not occur in final position


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VOWEL / /


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VOWEL / /

Ordinary spelling

Cab

Bag

Rabbit

Latter Later


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Linguistic Sciences

Phonetics

Is interested in

sounds (phonicsubstance) and how

they are organized

and transmitted.

Linguistics

Is concerned with how

language is structuredgramatically and

semantically.


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Phoneme and allophones

PHONEME: the smallest contrastivephonological unit which can produce adifference in meaning.

met pet

met mat ALLOPHONE: variants of each phoneme. They

depend on the position of the phoneme in aword or syllable (followed by vowel, con. or

pause)light health tall milk

nine ninth unfortunate


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PHONETICS

Phonology:Studies the selection andorganization of the phonicsubstance into a givenform or pattern.

Deals with phonemes.The wrong choice of aphoneme will lead

to a different meaning.

Phonetics:

Studies the phonic

substance. Studies how

the phonemes are

actually realized.

Deals with allophones.

The wrong choice of an

allophone will lead to a

foreign accent.


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Transcriptions

Phonemic (broad)

Records only theorder in whichsegments occur.

Details such asdevoicing, secondaryarticulation, variationsof vowel length arenot accounted for..

ex. su:p

Allophonic (narrow)

Records the actualrealization of eachphoneme.

Details of articulationare accounted forvisually.

ex. su.p


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SPEECH CHAIN


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Speech Chain

Activity/ Stage Area of

Level phonetics

Psychological linguistic

Physiological articulatory articulatory

Physical acoustic acoustic

Physiological perceptual auditory Psychological linguistic


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VOWEL / /

Height: just above the fully open position

Part of tongue: centre

Side rims of tongue: no contact between the

tongue and upper molars. Lips: neutrally open

Quality: centralized and slightly raised C [a]

Length: short vowel

Position: does not occur in final, open syllables.

Jaws: considerable separation


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VOWEL / /


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VOWEL / /

Ordinary spelling

Hurry Jungle

Monk London

Enough Touch

Flood

Does


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English Vowels


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English Vowels

Position of tongue


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Vowel Elision

Vowel elision: is the loss of vowels under weak accentwithin a word. The forms exhibiting elision

are typically of rapid, colloquial speech.

Cons. + // + / r / + weak vowelterritory lavatory

Primary accent + // or / i / + consonant

murderer temperature

difficult national

university reasonable

/ r / + weak vowel + consonant

barracking Dorothy

Vowel Elision


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Vowel Elision

Cons. + weak vowel + / l / or /n/ (syllabic sound)

paddle paddling (syllabic /l/ becomes syllable marginal)

double doubling thicken

Pre-primary position:

// or /i/ in weak syllable + primary accent /l/or /r/police veranda delightful

Loss of syllabicity in the present participle ofverbs where the // may be elided or the syllablic

cons. /n/ replaced by non syllablic cons.lighten lightening lightning

thicken thickening


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Vowel Elision

No vowel elision

Nasal + // + nasal

Ex. Woman

Nasal + plosive + // + nasal

Ex. London

Hampton


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VOWEL / a: /

Lips: neutrally open Jaws: considerable separation

Part of the tongue: centre and back

Hight of tongue: open position

Rims: no contact of the rims of the tongueand the upper molars

Quality: nearer to C [ ] than to C [ a ]

Length: long vowel. May be shortened when followed

voiceless consonant, however this shortening

is not as marked as for other long vowels.

. Does not normally occur before / /


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VOWEL / a: /


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Vowel / a: /

Ordinary spelling

Calm staff after grant class fast

Part

Heart

Clerk sergent

Aunt laugh

Hurrah Calm half


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VOWEL /:/

Height: between close-mid and open-mid Part of tongue: centre of the tongue

Lips: neutrally spread.

Length: long vowel

Rims: no firm contact between the tongue and uppermolars.

Quality: is remote from all peripheral cardinal vowel

values. The quality coincides with that of //, the

difference between the two being only one of

length Position: usually occurs in accented syllables, but may

appear in unaccented sy.: foreword foreward


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VOWEL /:/


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VOWEL /:/Ordinary spelling

Her Serve Err

First

Myrtle

Work World (preceded by w)

Journey

Church

Purr Earn

Vowel lengh

Bird fur first church


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VOWEL / /


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VOWEL / /

Height: fully open position Part of tongue: back

Side rims of tongue: no contact between thetongue and upper molars.

Lips: slight open lip rounding Quality: that of an open lip-rounded C [ ] (i.e.

secondary cardinal vowel )

Length: short vowel

Position: does not occur in final, open syllables.

Jaws: wide open jaws

O / /


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VOWEL / /

VOWEL / /


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VOWEL / /

Ordinary spelling Cough

Want (w+ a)

Knowledge Australia

Bottle (o + doble cons.)

From (o + final cons.)

Vowel length

Cod cot dot solve

S d C di l V l


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Secondary Cardinal Vowels

VOWEL / : /


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VOWEL / : /

Height: between open-mid and close-midposition

Part of tongue: back

Side rims of tongue: no contact between the

tongue and upper molars. Lips: medium lip rounding

Quality: between C [ ] C [ o] Length: long vowel

Position: initial (august), mid (born), final (saw)does not occur before /velar n /

VOWEL / : /


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VOWEL / : /

VOWEL / : /


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VOWEL / : /Ordinary spelling

Warm

Score Short (o + r final or o + r + cons.) Authorization Daughter

Yawn

Course

Thought More

Floor

Board

All (a + l final)

Salt (a + l + cons)

George

Vowel Length

Saw sward sord short


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English Vowels


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English Vowels

Position of tongue

VOWEL / / ( h )


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VOWEL // (schwa)

Part of tongue: central vowel

Side rims of tongue: no contact between thetongue and upper molars.

Lips: neutral lip position

Quality: that of a central vowel

Length: short vowel

Position: unaccented syllables. Jaws: slightly open jaws

VOWEL / / ( h )


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VOWEL // (schwa)

VOWEL / /


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VOWEL //Ordinary spelling

Breakfast attempt

Particular

Pavement

Concert

Horrible

Protect

Effort

Famous

Colour

Minimum

Figure

cupboard

VOWEL / /


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VOWEL //

It is commonly used in unaccented weakforms:

Examples:

n n

t t

f: f

tu: t


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VOWEL / /


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VOWEL / u /

Height: just above close mid position Part of the tongue: nearer the centre than

to the back

Muscular tension: lax

Rims of tongue: no firm contact between

the tongue and upper molars

Lips: rounded, but there is a tendency to

be unrounded

Position: both accented and unaccented sy.

Does not occur in word initial position nor

before / / and finally only in unaccented form of to

and you . Length: short

Quality: Centralized C [ o ]

VOWEL / u /


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VOWEL / u /

VOWEL / u /


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VOWEL / u /

Ordinary spelling

Cushion Bush

Wood Book

Woman

Could

Vowel lengh Full Could Pull Wolf

VOWEL /u:/


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VOWEL /u:/

Part of tongue: back Height: Close to palate

Muscular tension: tense

Lips: closely rounded

Rims of tongue: no firm contact is madebetween the tongue and the upper molars

Position: Does not occur before / /

Length: Long

Quality: relaxed, slightly lowered and centralized C [u].

VOWEL /u:/


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VOWEL /u:/

VOWEL /u:/


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VOWEL /u:/

Ordinary spelling Future

Spoon

Move

Routine

deuce

New

Blue

Juice

ShoeVowel lengh

Blue mood boot fooled

VOWEL /u:/


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VOWEL /u:/


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Write in phonetics


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Write in phonetics

Flights Cookies

Authors

Talks

Rushes

Hopped

Phoned

Mended Walked

Started

Inches Protest

Declare

Repay

Aimless

Policeman

Document

Celebrate Fortunate

Agreeing

Write in phonetics


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Write in phonetics

Being Seeing

Illusion

Precision

Communication

Preclinical

Subarea

Example Excellent

Except

Expert React

Readmit

Bicentenary

Music

Amusing

European

Universal Human

Aspiration


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Potatoes Tentative

Conclude

Recover Attitude

Attempt

Politics

Consumers

Spanish

Particular Crops

Carried

Peculiar Includes

Consideration

Circumstances

Appears

Rapid


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Strong and weak forms


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We know her, but she doesnt know us.

He really does believe that story

She said you must, not that you may go.

They hate you but not us. Am I serious? Yes, I am afraid I am!

Shall we call the doctor or will you.

There is a man calling you. Where? Over there. Thats the tool for this work.

TRANSCRIPTION


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Just two months ago my life was completely

different. I had been living abroad for four months

but I hadnt begun to feel at home yet. Its always

hard making friends if you go somewhere new, but

in another country there is the added problem ofdifferences in language and culture. I was feeling

lonely and bored and I spent all my time reading

and going to the cinema. There were benefits: I

read some books that Id always wanted to readand I became very knowledgeable about the films..

Characteristics of English


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diphthongs

Falling: 1st element is moreprominent than 2nd.Decreasing prominence

All english diphthongs.

Closing: glide from a more

open to a closer position.

According to distance tonguetravels

Narrow:

Length: they are equivalent to a

long, pure vowel

Syllables: consist of only 1 syllable

Position: never before cons. / /

Rising: Second element ismore prominent than first - /i/and /u/ unaccented syllables

happier - influence

Centring: glide to a central

position //

Wide: /ai/i/u/

English diphthongs


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English diphthongs

yourtongue

moves to:

CHART POSITIONS OF THE
http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/esl0104b.htmlhttp://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/esl0104b.htmlhttp://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/esl0104b.html


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DIPHTHONGS:

RISING TO

RISING TO
http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/esl0104b.htmlhttp://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/esl0104b.html


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RISING TO

RISING TO
http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/esl0104b.html


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CENTRING

Diphthong
http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/esl0104b.html


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Diphthong

Glide: begins between half open and halfclose and moves in direction to /u/

Jaw: slight closing movement of lower jaw

Lips: neutral for 1st element, 2nd elementlips have a tendency to round.

Starting point: tongue position similar to

/ : /

Diphthong


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Diphthong

Diphthong


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Diphthong

o - both

oe toe

ow pillow

oa toast

ou shoulder

o + cons. + e vote o + cons. + y cosy


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Plural/Possessive/3rd Person


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Plural/Possessive/3rd Person

Wheels Welshes

Benches

Fields

Chicks

Begs

Moods

Youths bruises

Wreaths Doctors

Shapes

Stones

Combs

Ceases

Sneezes

Springs garages

Past tense - regular verbs


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Past tense regular verbs

Hardened Leadked

Farmed

Coursed Shamed

Grounded

Depicted tripped

Received Lived

Served

Grounded Pointed

Stored

Obtained Finished

Prefixes


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Prefixes

. Rewrite Reliable

Reproval

Reckon Preexistent

Prevents

Deputy

Device

Subtract

Provider Prospect

Pro-celebrity

Excite

Exist

Binomial

Binary

Word endigs


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Word endigs

Fruitless Thursday

Happen

Cheapest Noticeable

Encourage

Argument Tiredness

Lace Necklace

Open

Nature Vicious

Colour

Graceful Hotest

/ / + k / g


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/ / k / g

Incurs Think

Banger

Hanged

Longing

Longest

Drinking

Younger ankle

Ringer Sting

Hunger

Length

/ j / - / w /


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/ j / / w /

Human Yard

Beautiful

View

Wordly

Square

Upwards

Humanity acquire

Elision


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Elision

Favourite Opera

Average

Moderate Camera

History

Boundary Every

Miserable Different

Missionary

Flavouring Cookery

Victory

Temperature Darken



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It was the pick of the bunch. What can we suggest to them for

Christmas?

Havent you heard from them at all? There could be a bit of rain at the end of

the morning. In the evening there will besunshine.

Have you taken them from that box?

Arent there some letters for her to open?

Diphthong //


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Diphthong //

Glide: begins with tongue position of close mid andcentralized from front and moves in direction of a moreopen variety of // - when // is in final position in aword.

In non final position the glide is not so extensive.

Lips: neutral, with slight movement from spread to open.

In unaccented syllables it is not always falling. // can beweaker of the two and becomes rising diphthong. Ex.periodserious prd -srs

The rising type // is often used when // represents asuffix with morphemic status.

easy i:zi easier i:z carry kri carrier kr

Diphthong //


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Diphthong //

Ordinary spellingDeer dear

Weird fierce

Fakir idea

Material museum

Theory Period

medium

Long and reducedhere pierce dear serious

Diphthong /u/


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Diphthong /u/

Glide: begins with tongue position of close mid andcentralized from back and moves in direction of a moreopen variety of // - when // is in final position in aword.

In non final position the glide is not so extensive. More

closer variety of //. Lips: weakly rounded at the beginning of the glide andneutrally spread as it progresses.

In unaccented syllables this diphthong may be rising.Ex. Influence /nfluns/

In many cases it represents a realization of a finalunaccented /u:/ + morpheme.

ex. Rescue /reskju:/ rescuer /reskju/

Diphthong /u/


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p t o g /u/

Ordinary spelling

Poor sewer

Tour endure

Fluent actual

During

Diphthong /e/


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p g

Glide: it begins in the open-mid frontposition and moves in direction of the

more open variety of // - when it is in final

position. In non final position it tends to glide to a

mid // type.

Lips: neutrally open.

Diphthong /e/


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p g

Diphthong /e/


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p g

Ordinary spellingStare Stair

Pair Pear

Mary HeirThere

Long and reduced

affair scarceNever before dark /l/

Narrow transcriptionM k li ki / / d k /l/ li ti f ti li i f ll


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Mark linking /r/, dark /l/, nasalization, pre-fortis clipping, fulland weak aspiration, rising diphthongs.

e: tek :d t:n n rat // en stp ba t:t// ad lak j t rv:s raund t k:n //

bi: jes / a s:t()nli ni:d t prkts rv:s //

e: nt bd // bt j w:nt klus nf t k:b // t:n

str wi:l f: t left // bi: u ke // l:st lesn a t:nd t tu: mt / nd a wz tu:

klus t k:b // u d / t wz w:s //

e: wi:l rt:n t rv:s let // nu drav n // t:n ratba bg f: tri: //

bi: a ni:d t l:n hau t du: n mdnsi stp //

e: jes / wen wi:v gn bt f: // tek f:st t:n -mand t g:l // wel dn / t wz p:fkt m:dnsistp //

Linking /r/


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g

I love buns with butter and honey. This is the city where I live.

The fast car was far in the dark.

They were aware that the barbarians could

be everywhere.

Write in phonetics


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p

These are my lead soldiers. He always takes the lead in any group.

Whenever he goes fishing he comes back with ahuge sole.

Something is stuck on the sole of my left shoe. The boy I live with knows a good pub with live

music.

If we don`t hurry, it will be hard to wind in the

sails in this wind. Don`t worry it`s just another family row about theholidays.

Plurals


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Laughs things Roses angels

Sinks garages

Ridges rugs

Hopes moths

Laws churches

Tins stops

Transcribe the following verbs in

their past version


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their past version

Growl knit Walk die

Raised permit

Wash invest Nod work

Expect regard

Answer add Pack listen

Transcribe the following sentences


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g

A little girl aged four. An aged man with a weather-beaten face.

She learned her lesson with no difficulty.

He was a learned scholar from Cambridge

The priest blessed the people at the end of theceremony

A blessed saint.

She was beloved by all. He as a beloved monarch.

Strong and weak form


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g

The woman couldnt put on her hood. Use a ruler as you do at school.

You put the book as high as you could.

She herself said it was a bit expensive.

He and his wife have both had a lot of work. We have a friend who has an owl and a parrot.

She said that that was the problem they had to solve.

He is the one who made a mistake, not me.

There is a book we need over there. We dont smoke but some people do.

Where have you been? Ive been to the butchers

DIPHTHONG /u/DIPHTHONG

/u/


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/u/

Glide: begins at a point between the back andfront open position, slightly more fronted thanthe position for /a:/ or C[ ], and moves towardsvowel /u/.

Lips: change from neutrally open to a weaklyrounded position.

Requires extensive movement of the tongue(wide diphthong)

Jaw: closing movement Long: how / loud Reduced: shout

Diphthong /e/


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p g

DIPHTHONG /u/


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Ordinary spelling: House

Cow

Long or reduced:

Shout loud town

Mouse owl mouth


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DIPHTHONG /e/


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Glide: begins from slightly below close-mid frontposition and moves towards /I/

Jaw: slightly closing movement.

Quality: the starting point is somewhat closer

than vowel /e/ Before dark /l/: the // is often absorbed into the

// or /u/ ex. /mel/

Does not require extensive movement of thetongue. (narrow diphthong)

Long: day / made Reduced: late

DIPHTHONG /e/


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DIPHTHONG /e/


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Ordinary spelling: Late

Rain

Day

Eight

They

Long or reduced

Shade chaseFailed ache

Steak

Face

Lazy

Range

hatesave


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DIPHTHONG / a/


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Glide: begins slightly behind front open positionand moves in the direction of vowel //

It requires an extensive movement of thetongue. (wide diphthong)

Lower jaw: closing movement. Lips: change from a neutral to a loosely spread

position.

Before dark /l/ the // element is often absorbedinto the // or /u/ glide on to the /l/.

Eg. Pile

DIPHTHONG / a/


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DIPHTHONG / a/


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Ordinary spelling

Write high

Pie height

Aisle dry

Dye

Long or reduced:Fly like mile ripe


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DIPHTHONG //


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Glide: begins at a point between the open-mid and openback positions and moves in direction of of vowel //

Tongue movement: extends from back to centralizedfront. Does not require such an extensive movement ofthe tongue as diphthong /a/. (wide diphthong)

Jaw movement: slighter than for diphthong /a/

Lips: open rounded for the first element, changing toneutral/slightly spread for the second element.

Before dark /l/ the // element is often absorbed into the

// or /u/ glide on to the /l/Eg. Oil

DIPHTHONG //


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DIPHTHONG //


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Ordinary spelling

Boil

ToyVoyage

Long or reduced:Noise voice joy boils


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Classification of consonants


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According to the organ that sets the airstream inmotion:

pulmonic non pulmonic

If the air is forced outwards or sucked inwards.

egressive - ingressive

If the vocal cords vibrate or not.

voiced - voiceless

Position of the soft palatenasal - oral

Classification of consonantsA di t ti l t d ( l f ti l ti )


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According to articulators used: (place of articulation)

bilabial: /p/ /b/ /m/

labiodental: /f/ /v/

dental: // //

alveolar: /t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/ /l/post alveolar: /r/

retroflex: / /

palato alveolar: // / / /t/ /d/

palatal: /j/velar: /k/ // //

glottal: /h/

Classification of consonantsBil bi l th t li th i ti l t ( d fi l )


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Bilabial: the two lips are the primary articulators (pressed firmly).

Labiodental: lower lip articulates with the upper teeth.

Dental: tip and rims of tongue articulate with upper teeth.

Alveolar: tip and blade of tongue art. with alveolar ridge.

Post-Alveolar: tip of tongue articulates with rear part of alveolar

ridge.

Retroflex: tip of tongue is curled back to articulate with the hardpalate.

Palato-alveolar: tip and blade of tongue art. with alveolar ridge and

the front part of tongue is raised towards hard palate.

Palatal: front of tongue articulates with the hard palate.

Velar: back of tongue articulates with the soft palate.

Glottal: an obstruction or narrowing causing friction between vocal

folds.



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According to type of closure: (manner of articulation)

Complete closure:Plosive: complete closure in the mouth, air pressure builds up,

sudden release.

/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ //

Affricate:complete closure at some point in the mouth, airpressure builds up, separation of organs is slow, producing friction

/t/ /d/

Nasal: complete closure at some point of the mouth, soft palate islowered, air escapes through the mouth.

/m/ /n/ //



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Intermittent closure:Rolled:rapid succession of taps made by a flexible organ on afirmer surface

/r/

Tap (flapped): single tap by a flexible organ on a firmer surface.The tongue taps once against the teeth ridge. (Scottish /r/)

//

Partial closure:

Lateral: partial closure at some part in the mouth and air escapeson one or both sides of the tongue.

/l/



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Narrowing:Fricative:two organs approximate to such an extent that

at the air passes between them and produces friction.

/f/ /v/ // // /s/ /z/ // //Narrowing without friction:

Approximants: (frictionless continuant): there isnarrowing in the mouth but not sufficient to produce

friction./j/ /w/

Correct the mistakes

A d // k h l j ?


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A: u:d m:rn // k a help j?

B: jez/ pli:z/ am lu:kin fr pki hlidei

smwer w temprts n:t fli: tu

fri:sng pntz/ n if psibl / tp wn //

A: a nk ez sm f: ju: // wi: hvwndrful turz / e klt le w ple:

la n e snain //

B: t`l bi: gret //

A: hs bruu / w :l i: pless nd

prazz//

Transcription


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I won`t ever go by boat..

John Brown`s been to town.

The postmans over the road.

He has a bouncing hound who covers the ground bybounces.

Go home and dont joke.

.

TRIPHTHONGS


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Technically a triphthong is a group of threevowel sounds set in one syllable and with a peak

of prominence said on the central vowel.

A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another

and then to a third, all produced rapidly and

without interruption.

In English, they are not really triphthongs

because they are set in two syllables and themiddle sound is the weakest of the three.

DIPHTHONG + //


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All diphthongs may be followed by // withinthe word, either

As an inseparable port of the word

hire /ha/ sour /su/

As a suffix (morpheme) appended to the root.

higher /ha/ employer /mpl/

As a separable element internal in a composite

formnowadays /nudez/

DIPHTHONG + //


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DIPHTHONG + //


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/e/ + // ple /a/ + // fa

// + // l

/u/ + // flu

/u/ + // slu

SMOOTHING (LEVELLING)


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There is a tendency to omit the second // or /u/,especially when // is not felt as a separable morpheme.

fire /fa/ /fa()/ /fa:/ /fa:/

flower /flu/ /fl(u)/ /fl:/ /fl:/

There is confusion between /u/ and /a:/, resulting inhomophones such as:

Shaire /a/ Shower/u/ Shah/:/

/a:/ /:/ /:/

Tower /tu/ /t:/ tar/t:/

DIPHTHONG + //


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/e/ + // ple ple ple:

/a/ + // fa fa fa:

// + // mpl mpl

/u/ + // flu fl fl:

/u/ + // slu sl sl:

mu m:It may occur accross word boundaries:

They are - /e :/- /e / - /e() / - /e/

There are - /e :/- /e / - /e() / - /e/

Boy and girl - b() g:l

TRANSCRIPTION


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Despite the fact that my grandmother is ninety-two years old, she is still very active and full oflife. Actually she behaves as if she were thirtyyears younger than she is. She works eight

hours every day around the house, and shegoes shopping by herself. When shes not busycooking and cleaning she likes spending hertime reading, knitting and doing crosswords.Her memory is as good today as it ever was andher sence of humour seems to get better theolder she gets.

Correct the transcription e = mai sstr z kmg tu: si: mi: tmru //


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e mai sstr z kmg tu: si: mi: tmru //

a wnd wtz n // bi:= lu:k n i: nju:spep // n i sekn k:ld

enttenments //

e = u / jes // lu:k / t plers t // es

kmedi / w mnd m:rgn / nd makellen //

bi: = av h:d f mnd m:rgn / bt huz

makel len? e = hi: wz n t telvn si:rs but e

hsptl // hi: pled dkt hu: cem frm

knd //

Correct the transcription


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bi: = u jes / a rmembr // tmru z gu:d nat t gu tu: i: t // n mndes

/ ju: kn get tu: si:ts f: pras v wn //

e = ts gu:d // juuli / wen a gu tu: t / a st t bk / ts nt z

kmftbl / bt ts ti:p / bt tmru wi:

k f:d bet si:ts / t i frnt //

Homographs(group of words that share the same spelling but have different meanings and

different pronunciation)


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p )

Give two different pronunciations for eachword

Lead Live

Minute Polish

Read RowUse Wind

Wound Bow

Nice TearSow Put(t)

Vowel // or //


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All the words have // or //, decide whichis the correct sound.

Monday afraidTonight enough

Human recover

Become troubleSugar important

Homophones(word that is pronounced the same as another but differs in meaning and spelling)


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Give two different spellings for thefollowing pronunciations:

ti: si: sm b:dha hm w: wi:k

nat nu ri:d e

ru: wt

Homophones


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Transcribe and list the following words into

groups of homophones.

Pore saw course orSeen nun one paw

Won oar scene coarse

None ore soar

Relation letter-sound Give the different pronunciations of the spelling


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p p g

ea in:

Team guinea leather Sean

great idea Wearing

Give the pronunciation of the vowel sound in:

Truth boot clue soup

flew juice shoe tomb

. Give the pronunciation of the spelling ough in:Through tough thorough thoughPlough thought cough hiccough



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You should have seen her! What is that for, for goodness sake?

There were some fifty people there.

If I had known he was going to be laughedat, I would have stopped it.

She said she couldnt show it to himbecause it was for his birthday.

She told me that the baby had had itssupper, not him.

Classification of vowels

According to the classification of vowels,


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g ,

circle the odd word out in each group andgive the reason why.

Hand wolf bath sorry Dock move match board

Cheese pretty does stock

Son world car soup Heart group leaf juice

NARROW TRANSCRIPTION


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Write the following words in phonetics andindicate: nasalization, pre-fortis clipping, smoothing

(levelling), full aspiration, weak aspiration, vowel elision.

Meetings mint History dreadful

Quiet resist

Particular resists

Ship expenses Badness moment

Allowed available

VOWEL AND DIPHTHONG

DIAGRAM


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On the diagram below indicate the vowelsand glides for the diphthongs in the

following words.

Spy rent saint choiceHall laugh fewer rare

Homographs


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Give two different pronunciations for eachword.

Close drawer Invalid buffet

bathed

Homophones: match and transcribe the following

list of words into groups of homophones


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Blew Sought

Q

Sight

Y Steak

Knight

Weight

Neigh Yolk

there

Wait Stake

Nay

Sort

Night Yoke

Why

Cite

Their Blue

Queue

Transcription


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The yearly report of the Blue Cross the charity that runanimal hopitals reported 9% increase in the number of

animals treated at its four centres. Many pet owners

cannot afford their vets bill and are now going to the

charity. One of the main reasons for the increase in bills isa new European Community law which has doubled the

cost of veterinary medicines. Vetscosts are going up, and

like all small businesses they have to keep up with the

times if an animal has to have an expensive treatmentthen people have to pay for it.

GRADATIONArticles, prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs


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And nd nd - n - n

As z z But bt bt

From frm frm - frm

Of v v

Or : -

Than n n

That t (demonstrative) t To tu: t + cons. / tu + vowel

There e (adv. Of place)

A e

An n n

The i: + or i:

i + vowel except or i:

+ consonant

At t t

Off f ---

On n ---

Up p

GRADATIONRelative, personal, possessive and objective pronouns


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Who hu: hu

Whom hu:m hum Whose hu:z huz

Me mi: mi

You ju: ju + vowel / j + cons.

Your ju -j: j

He hi: hi - i His hz z

Him hm m

She i: i

Her h: h /

We wi: wi Us s s

Them em m

Their

Rules for strong form


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When the word is used as a noun.And means .

When contrasted

I didnt say and I said but. Before a pause

What are you looking at?

Pronoun in a compound subjectHe and his wife painted the house



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When an auxiliary is contracted on to thepronoun.

He`d like to go to Europe this summer

Inversion of subject and verb.

Yes, said he.

When the pronoun is followed by an emphasizer

He himself did it.

Preposition + pronoun

Look at me



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There Introductory there is usually in weak form.

Theres a book on the shelf

There are some flowers in the garden.

There will be no classes tomorrow.

When used as an adverb it is said with the

strong form.

Leave it over there!There you are, I have been looking for you.

GRADATIONAnomalous Finites


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Must mst (supposition) mst (obligation)

Can kn kn - kn - k

Could kud kd - kd

Be bi: bi

Being bi: b

Been bi:n bn Am m m - m

Are :

Is z z - s

Was wz wz Were w: w

Where we ---

GRADATION(Anomalous Finites) Have hv (main verb) hv - v - v * (auxiliary)

Has hz (obligation) hz z z s **(auxiliary)


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Has hz (obligation) hz - z - z - s **(auxiliary)

Had hd (obligation) hd - d - d * (auxiliary) Do du: (perform activity) du - d - d

take cause of action)

Does dz dz

Shall l l -l

Will wl l Should ud d -d

Would wud wd d

* used after I, we, you, they and generallly after vowel sounds

** used after vowel sounds and after voiced consonants. Not usedafter a pause

*** Never used after a pause. After l it becomes l. Paul will

Rules for use of strong form When used as a noun

Must means obligation


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Must means obligation

When contrastedI didnt say can I said must

Before a meaningful pause

She was, suprisingly enough, the best

student. When the AFinite stands for the whole sentence

Can we meet? Yes we can.

In yes/no questions, the A.F. can be eitherstrong or weak.

Do you like eating chocolate? Yes I do.

Rules for use of strong form


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In wh questions either the weak or strong formcan be used. Generally when we use the strongit means annoyance on the part of the speaker.

What are you doing?

When the AF is contracted on to the negativeadverb.

She shouldnt drive so fast. She wasntpaying attention

Affirmative sentences for the sake of emphasis.Yes I do know what I have to do.



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Must

when must is used with the sense of forming aconclusion or deduction it is used in the strong form.

She left at 8 oclock, she must have arrived

When must means obligation it is used in the weak form.

You must try harder When must is used before a consonant we may drop the

t

You must speak clearly

When must is used before a vowel you write the final t

He must eat more. In final position we always use the strong form.

Must I go. Yes, you must.



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Some

When some expresses indefinite number or quantitywe use weak form.

There are some children in the park

When some expresses contrast we use strong form.

Some people like it, others dont.

We use strong form when some indicates a restrictedgroup.

I like some animals not all.

We use strong form when it is used as a pronoun or aspart of a compound.

Sometimes somewhat

somewhere somehow

Prefix


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Ante / / anteroom . Antecedent .Antechamber .. antefix ..

Ad / / admit .... advertisement .....

En / / enlighten .......................... entangle .......................................

Hyper / / hyperactive ...................... hypersonic ....................................

Hypo / / hypodermic .................... . hypothermia .................................

Im / / impossible ...................... influence .......................................

Inter / / interact ............................ interfere ........................................

Intra / / intravenous .............................

Semi / / semicircle ......................... semiconscious ..............................

Sub / / submarine ........................ subtropical ....................................

Trans / / transatlantic ...................... transport ........................................

Un / / unreal ............................... unhappy .........................................

Unacceptable .............................. Under/ / underarm .......................... underdeveloped ................................

Prefix

D


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De

Delimit - devil - decide - depart - dessert - despair - denigrate - detach/ / / /

............................................... ..............................................

............................................... ...............................................

............................................... ...............................................

............................................... ................................................

............................................... ...............................................

PrePremature - predict - premonition - precedent - precancel - preceed present

Premarital - predictable prematurily predicate premix presence Preserve

/ / / / / /

.............................. ................................. ...................................

................................... .................................. ...................................

................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ...................................

................................... .................................... ...................................

Prefix

P


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Pro

Protest protestant profitable pro life produce proclaim promissory - Progressiveproject promotion pro work

/ / / / / /

.................................. .................................... ...................................

................................... .................................... ...................................

................................... .................................... ...................................

................................... ................................... ...................................

................................... .................................... ...................................

Re

Repaint receive recommend relay recount redemand rebel record

Recall refill rectify refugee recurrent regular

/ / / / / /

.................................. ................................. ...................................

................................... .................................. ...................................

................................... ................................... ...................................

................................... ................................... ...................................

................................... .................................... ...................................

Prefix Bi

Bili l bi t bibli l bi t billi d billi bi t bi l Bi bitt


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Bilingual bisect biblical bimester billiard billion bicurcate bipolarBigamy bitter

/ / / / ................................................ ..............................................

................................................ ...............................................

................................................ ...............................................

................................................. ................................................

................................................. ...............................................

Tri

Triangle - tribune triaxial trimotor -

/ / / / ................................................ ..............................................

................................................ ...............................................

................................................ ...............................................

Ex

Exit expand exasperate exclude exalt exibition exercise executive -Execute

expectation export external exotic/ / / / / /

.................................. ................................. ...................................

................................... .................................. ...................................

................................... ................................... ...................................

................................... ................................... ...................................

................................... .................................... ...................................

Word endings

t t i t


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- ate to associate ..............................

The associate .............................. considerate ........................ - able: abominable ................................. enjoyable ...........................

- age: average ......................................

- ible: responsible .................................

- day: day ............................................ Sunday: ................................

- est: coldest ....................................... - et:

- ful: adj. Dreadful .............................

Noun: handful ............................

-land: Awkland ...................................

- less: aimless .................................. powerless ............................. - man: man ....................................... policeman ..............................

Word endings

t i t


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- ment: noun: equipment .........................................

Verb: to complement ....................................

To implement ......................................

- ness: bitterness .......................................................

- sion: vision ..............................................................

television ........................................................

- tion: communication ................................................

- some: some ...........................................................

handsome ...................................................

Past tenses, plurals, possessives and third

person

/p/ stop cup /b/ rob cub


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/t/ rest carpet /d/ end diamond

/k/ look book // jog dog

/f/ laugh cough /v/ live love

// bath moth // bathe

/s/ miss place /z/ buzz prize

// wash wish //

/t/ watch church /d/ judge hedge /h/

/m/ name gum

/n/ turn gun

// sing ring

fonología_i,_2011,_teoría_general

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