fins a quin punt és clara i efectiva la política de presentació i/o ensenyament del català amb...

8/6/2019 Fins a quin punt s clara i efectiva la poltica de presentaci i/o ensenyament del catal amb els estudiants allcto

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x~fyz{vkophwjmndaelqtg}icb



x~fyz{vkophwjmndaelqtg}icbx~fyz{vkophwjmndaelqtg}icb



x~fyz{vkophwjmndaelqtg}icbx~fyz{vkophwjmndaelqtg}i

cbx~fyz{vkophwjmndaelqtg}

icbx~fyz{vkophwjmndophwjm

ndaelqtg}icbx~fyz{vkophwjmndaelqtg}icbx~fyz{vkophwjmn

daelqtg}icbx~fyz{vkophwjm

ndaelqtg}icbx~fyz{vkophwj

mndaelqtg}icbx~fyz{vkophwjmndaelqtg}icbx~fyz{vkoph

wjmndaelqtg}icbx~fyz{vkop

hwjmndaelqtg}icbx~fyz{vko

hwjm d el qtg}icb ~fyz vk

Mkcw h xvkc pvcz w glhyh k fmfgzk}h lh

polzkgh jf pyfwfczhgk k/o fcwfc{hbfcz jflghzhl hbi flw fwzvjkhczw hl#lgzocw jf lh

mhgvlzhz jf mklolonkh jf lh VI

Zyfihll jf ]hykhgk k Polzkgh Lkcnwzkgh

Bhkn jf 9088

Jh}kj ]hllw


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Goczkcnvz

8# Pyfwfczhgk################################ ################################ ################################ ################################ ## 7

9# Bhyg k fkcfw j.hclkwk ################################ ################################ ################################ ################### 6

7# Pyfwfczhgk jf lh kcwzkzvgk k goczftzvhlkzqhgk ################################ ################################ ############# >

:# Bfzojolonkh ################################ ################################ ################################ ############################## 70

6# Hclkwk jf lfw jhjfw ################################ ################################ ################################ ################### 79

=# Gocglvwkocw ################################ ################################ ################################ ############################## 74

># Ikilkonyhmkh ################################ ################################ ################################ ############################### :8

4# Yflhgk jf jogvbfczw jf lhccft ################################ ################################ ############################## :8


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7

8# Pyfwfczhgk

Hxvfwz zyfihll wf wkzvh h lh mhgvlzhz jf mklolonkh jf lh Vck}fywkzhz jf Ihygfloch# Lh zfbzkgh

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ghzhlhcophylhczw, hkt gob zhbi jfwzvjkhczw jf lh yfwzh jfl bc# w pfy hkt xvf fl zzol jfl zyfihll

mh yfmfycgkh h fwzvjkhczw hllgzocw, xvf w lh bhcfyh jhcobfchy hxvfwzw fwzvjkhczw# Fw }ol mfy

fwbfcz fc fl mfz xvf flw pykbfyw fcgoczyfw ghwvhlw hbi hxvfwzw fwzvjkhczw, k hihcw jf yfhlkzqhy

lfwzvjk, }hc wfy fwzyhc{w# Co phw pfyxv co mowwkc nfcz wkbpzkgh, wkc pfyxv co whikfc ck vc

ioyyhll jf ghzhl, pfy h bw, k wfnocw ftplkgh}fc, ck lfw wf}fw vck}fywkzhzw j.oyknfc flw dh}kfc

ftplkghz yfw woiyf lh xfwzk lkcnwzkgh, ck wfnocw wfbilh}h, lh VI zhbpog flw dh}kh kcmoybhz jf

yfw# Fllw hmkybh}fc co whify xvf w.dh}kh jf mfy, ck oc w.dh}kh j.hchy pfy fwzvjkhy fl ghzhl# Bhlnyhzxvf hxvfwzw fcgoczyfw }hc wfy hbi vc nyvp bolz pfzkz jf 6 hlvbcfw, fl mfz w pyov yf}flhjoy k mh

yfmlftkochy woiyf wk dh}kh fwzhz fl xvf fw pojykh jfmkcky gob vch bhlh gokcgkjcgkh o pozwfy w xvf

hll cobw fyh lh pvczh j.vc kgfifyn jhlnvch gowh bw#

J.hlzyh ihcjh fc fl zfyyfc{ bw pfywochl, }hkn pojfy hwwkwzky fc jkyfgzf gob vch hlvbch

hlh}h lh b fc vch glhwwf pfy jky xvf co fczfckh fl ghzhl, k jfbhch}h pfy mfy lh glhwwf fc ghwzfll#

Zoz hkt fc vch hwwknchzvyh xvf zfckh gob h llfcnvh lfgzoyh fcvcgkhjh lh ghzhlhch# Fl pyomfwwoy }h

pyfnvczhy wk hln dk zfckh hlnvc kcgoc}fckfcz k ckcn }h jky yfw# Cobw vc wfy}kjoy }h hlhy lh b

pfy pyfnvczhy woiyf lh coybhzk}h jf lh vck}fywkzhz xvhcz hl zfbh lkcnwzkg k hmkybhcz xvf wk fw pojkfcmfy ftgfpgkocw fc hxvfwzh coybhzk}h, xvf fw goczfbplw fl mfz jf mfy ftgfpgkocw fc j.hlzyfw

coybhzk}fw xvf mhc yfmfycgkh h lfw oilknhgkocw jflw fwzvjkhczw#

Hxvfwzfw wkzvhgkocw }hc mfy xvf fwgyk}w vch ghyzh hl yfgzoy jf lh VI, fl wfc{oy Jjhg

Yhbyfq k h lh }kgfyfgzoyh j.Fwzvjkhczw k Polzkgh Lkcnwzkgh, lh wfc{oyh Nfbbh Mocyojoch,

ftpowhcz flw mfzw k jfbhchcz"low xvkch bfch jf goczyolw jvkh h zfybf lh VI k wk lfw wkzvhgkocw

ftpowhjfw fyfc dhikzvhlw# Jf lh ghyzh fc }hkn yfiyf vch yfwpowzh xvf wfy gobfczhjh fc fl gow jfl

zyfihll, k xvf fw poz zyoihy wfcgfyh lhccft#

Lh xfwzk jf lh llfcnvh hnhmh bw jkbfcwk xvhc fw mh yfmfycgkh h lh mhgvlzhz jf mklolonkh k

lkcnwzkgh, oc wf wvpowh xvf w vc llog jf btkbh oifyzvyh k zolfycgkh fc}fyw fl mfz lkcnwzkg#

Hkt jocgw, l.hwwknchzvyh jf ]hykhgk k Polzkgh Lkcnwzkgh iykcjh l.opoyzvckzhz jf pojfy

kc}fwzknhy k whify wk zoz fl xvf whghih jftpowhy wc vc wfnvkz j.ftgfpgkocw k jf gokcgkjcgkfw, o wk

pfy ghw goczyhyk, w bw h}khz lh coybh# Zoz k hkt, co w jkmgkl jf zyoihy h lfw dfbfyozfxvfw ghyzfw hl

jkyfgzoy k hyzkglfw jf nfcz ftplkghcz wkzvhgkocw wfbilhczw h lfw jfwgykzfw, gob pfy ftfbplf fl wfnfcz


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hyzkglf xvf mh yfmfycgkh h lh wkzvhgk jf lfw vck}fywkzhzw ghzhlhcfw fc nfcfyhl1

W.dhc fwgykz bolzw hyzkglfw k w.dhc jvz h zfybf jk}fywow fwzvjkw woiyf lh llfcnvh ghzhlhch fc

l.fcwfc{hbfcz vck}fywkzhyk# U###R Mfy yfwpocwhilfw o gvlphilfw flw hlzyfw, ah wknvkc kcwzkzvgkocw,

pfywocfw mwkxvfw, hjbkckwzyhgkocw pilkxvfw, phyzkzw polzkgw, fzg#, h }fnhjfw w vch bhcfyh

j.ftgvlphy"wf vc bhzfkt# Co w lh bf}h kczfcgk# Gyfg, k lfw jhjfw do jfbowzyfc, xvf fl ghzhl h

l.fcwfc{hbfcz vck}fywkzhyk jfghv j.vch bhcfyh pyfogvphcz# U###R# Fl wfnoc mhgzoy wc flw fwzvjkhczw

pyo}kcfczw j.hlzyfw zfyykzoykw, hbi ifxvfw Wcfgh $jf l.Fwzhz fwphc{ol+ o Fyhwbvw k xvf co fczfcfc fl

ghzhl $mkcw k zoz, h hlnvcw flw gowzh j.fczfcjyf l.fwphc{ol+# Jh}hcz j.hxvfwz mfz, )pfy fjvghgk) $fcw

ftplkxvfc+ fw mh lh glhwwf fc fwphc{ol# Ghl jky xvf co w yfllf}hcz lh xvhczkzhz j.hlvbcfw Fyhwbvw

xvf dk pvnvk dh}fy fc vch hvlh, cobw xvf c.dk dhnk vc xvf co fczfcnvk fl ghzhl lh bhaoykh jf

pyomfwwoyw ghc}kfc jf llfcnvh# Pfy zhcz, lh wkzvhgk pfyxv fl ghzhl fwjf}kcnvk lh llfcnvh jf l.hvlh }f

gocjkgkochjh pfl mfz xvf fl pyomfwwoy fw gyfnvk gobpfzfcz fc hxvfwzh llfcnvh $co ghl wfy

ghzhlhcophylhcz+ k xvf co dk dhnk ghp fwzvjkhcz Fyhwbvw o Wcfgh xvf co fczfcnvk o gyfnvk xvf co

fczc fl ghzhl# Fc hxvfwz bc ghjh gop bw nloihlkzqhz, fc xv }khzahy w ghjh gop bw mgkl, w

fwzyhc{ xvf fc vch hvlh co dk dhnk cov}kcnvzw, fwzyhcnfyw, xvf }cfc h fwzvjkhy hlw Phwow Ghzhlhcw#

Jh}hcz j.hxvfwz mfz, oc xvfjh lh llfcnvh ghzhlhch? K lh pyfnvczh bw kbpoyzhcz xvf fb mhkn gob h

ghzhlhcophylhcz hbi gocwgkcgkh lkcnwzkgh k hbi gocwgkcgkh jfl yfzyogw lkcnwzkg jf lh bf}h

llfcnvh1 fc xvkc hlzyf llog jfl bc pvg zfcky vch glhwwf fc ghzhl wk co w hxv? $Iowgd, 90881 ;="

;>+

Pfy hgocwfnvky lfw jhjfw cfgfwwykfw pfy mfy hxvfwz zyfihll fw zyfihllhyhc zyfw myoczw1

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hl mfz jf jochy kcmoybhgk hlw fwzvjkhczw xvf fw zyhwllhjfc h lh Vck}fywkzhz jf Ihygfloch,

o wk mkcw k zoz omfyfktfc glhwwfw jf ghzhl#

9" Whify xvkch w lh polzkgh jHgollkjh Lkcnwzkgh jf lh VI8#

7" Whify lfw pfygfpgkocw xvf zfcfc hxvfwzw fwzvjkhczw woiyf lh llfcnvh ghzhlhch fc oyknfc k

vc gop hyykihzw h jfwzkchgk, k pyfnvczhy"low xvkch kcmoybhgk dhc yfivz, zhcz fc oyknfc,

gob h jfwzkchgk#

Loizfcgk jhxvfwzh kcmoybhgk fw yfhlkzqhy h phyzky jfcxvfwzfw }kh goyyfv flfgzyckg pfy hlfw vck}fywkzhzw hllgzocfw k fczyf}kwzfw pyfwfcgkhlw hbi flw fwzvjkhczw k fl wfy}fk jHgollkjh

Lkcnwzkgh jf lh VI#

Pfy bozkvw jf moybhz k jf zfbpw fl zyfihll wdh mfz woiyf vc nyvp yfjvz j.fwzvjkhczw k co wdh

hchz h yfpfwghy flw fwzvjkhczw jf lfw ftpfykcgkfw hczfykoyw xvf whghifc j.fwbfczhy# Ah wdh }kwz, xvf

pfy lh yh xvf mow, hxvfwzw fwzvjkhczw, fc hphyfch, co fwzh}fc pyov kcmoybhzw k goc} jf zyoihy"cf

8 Fc fl zyfihll wvzklkzqhy kcjkwzkczhbfcz fl cob jVck}fywkzhz jf Ihygfloch k fl jVI#


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6

jf covw pfy jfwmfy powwkilfw pyfavjkgkw# Wdh hchz h gfyghy covw fwzvjkhczw xvf gobplfbfczkc lh

kcmoybhgk xvf jf moybh kc}olvczykh wdh}kh hchz yfgollkcz hbi lfw ftpfykcgkfw zoz avwz jfwgykzfw, k

xvf hpoyzkc co}fw jhjfw, hxvfwz gop yfgollkjfw jf moybh ftpyfwwh#

9# Bhyg k fkcfw j.hclkwk

Fl bhyg w lh mhgvlzhz jf mklolonkh jf lh Vck}fywkzhz jf Ihygfloch# w vc bhyg zykhz fc fl wfczkz

xvf flw hlvbcfw xvf dk }hc zfcfc vc kczfyw bw hnvz fc}fyw lfw llfcnfw k fc}fyw fl mfz lkcnwzkg#

Wdh mfz hxvfwzh zykh zhc fwpfgmkgh pfyxv w l.bikz jf lh vck}fywkzhz xvf, fc hxvfwz ghw,

lkc}fwzknhjoy gocfkt bklloy k h bw, w l.bikz oc wdhc zkcnvz lfw ftpfykcgkfw xvf wdhc jfwgykz h

l.hphyzhz hczfykoy# Zhbi ghl jky xvf fl zyfihll xvfjh kcglw jkcw jflw fwzvjkhczw jflw covw nyhvw

hjhpzhzw h Ioloc{h#Ghl whify wk lfw ftpfykcgkfw xvf wdhc jfzhllhz wc ftpfykcgkfw hllhjfw, gocwzyvjfw

fbpykghbfcz h phyzky j.oiwfy}hgkocw k }k}cgkfw jkyfgzfw, o wk wc gocgfpzfw wkwzbkgw, w h jky,

gocwzyvjfw h phyzky j.vc yhochbfcz hiwzyhgzf, k ghyhgzfykzqhjfw pfy vch yvpzvyh hbi flw pyfavjkgkw#

Wk dob fw xvfjw hbi lfw ftpfykcgkfw }kwgvjfw k jfzhllhjfw h lh kczyojvggk jhxvfwz zyfihll,

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kcmoybhzw ck pfy lfw wf}fw vck}fywkzhzw j.oyknfc, ck pfy lh VI woiyf xvkch w lh yfhlkzhz woiyf lfw

llfcnfw jf lh jogcgkh# Pfy zhcz, wfc jfjvkykh xvf hyykifc wfcwf whify nfcw jf ghzhl, wfcwf whify

oc l.dhc j.fwzvjkhy k kncoyhcz lh polzkgh k lh coybhzk}h lkcnwzkgh jf lh vck}fywkzhz, gob zhbi,

kncoyhcz lh yfhlkzhz lkcnwzkgh jf lh VI k jf Ihygfloch# Gob xvf fw jch hxvfwz mfz, hkt mh xvf

hlnvcw pyomfwwoyw fw }fnkc oilknhzw h phwwhy jfl ghzhl hl ghwzfll fc hlnvcfw glhwwfw, k xvf mkcw k zoz

hlnvcw hlvbcfw bowzykc yfivkn fc}fyw lh llfcnvh ghzhlhch# w pfy hkt xvf j.hxvfwzh ftpfykcgkh

}k}fcgkhl ghvwh jf l.hzqhy, hyh, ghl hchy h gfyghy lh mocz hbi vc bojfl j.hclkwk fwzyvgzvyhz jf bhcfyh

xvf wf.c pvnvkc oizfcky vc yfwvlzhzw fl btkb oiafgzkvw powwkilfw# Ghl whify wk lfw ftpfykcgkfw

py}kfw }kwgvjfw wc lh coybh, o i, wc vch pfygfpgk wviafgzk}h#

Pfy pojfy wfy wozbfwh h vch }fykmkghgk fbpykgh, vch dkpzfwk dh jf wfy mhlwhilf# Hkt }ol

jky, fc pykbfy llog xvf w.dh jf pojfy }fykmkghy yfpfzkjhbfcz, k xvf dh jf powwfky, pfy zhcz, vc ghygzfy

jf nfcfyhlkzhz, k fc wfnoc llog xvf dh j.hjbfzyf vcw fcvcgkhzw hlzfychzkvw zfykghbfcz wvwgfpzkilfw jf

}fykmkghgk# $Xvk}{ k Ghbpfcdovjz, 8;;>1 8:4+#

Xvhc fw mh yfmfycgkh h lh polzkgh lkcnwzkgh jf lh VI, o bw gocgyfzhbfcz, h lh coybhzk}h

lkcnwzkgh jf lh VI, fcw gfc{kb fwzykgzhbfcz fl xvf ftplkgh vch jf lfw pnkcfw ~fi jf lh VI xvf fw


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zkzvlh1 Flw vwow lkcnwzkgw jf lh vck}fywkzhz jf Ihygfloch9, fl xvhlw fw yfwvbfktfc fc hxvfwzfw

poxvfw myhwfw k hmkybhgkocw1 Fl ghzhl w lh llfcnvh pypkh k omkgkhl jf lh Vck}fywkzhz jf Ihygfloch,

Fc lh jogcgkh vck}fywkzykh wvzklkzqfc fl ghzhl k fl ghwzfll, Jhlzyh ihcjh, flw pyomfwwoyw7 k flw

hlvbcfw zfcfc jyfz jftpyfwwhy"wf, oyhlbfcz o pfy fwgykz, fc lh llfcnvh omkgkhl xvf pyfmfyfktkc# Pfy

ftfbplf, flw fwzvjkhczw pojfc yfjhgzhy flw zyfihllw k goczfwzhy flw ftbfcw fc xvhlwf}ol jf lfw jvfw

llfcnfw omkgkhlw, kcjfpfcjfczbfcz jf lh xvf vzklkzqk fl pyomfwwoy# Hxvfwzfw myhwfw ftfbplkmkxvfc jf

moybh bolz iyfv, glhyh k gocgkwh xvkcw wc flw jyfzw k flw jfvyfw jflw hlvbcfw k jflw pyomfwwoyw, xvhcz

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glhyh xvf zhcz flw hlvbcfw gob flw pyomfwwoyw pojyhc mfy wfy}ky fl ghzhl gob fl ghwzfll,

kcjkwzkczhbfcz, jf moybh oyhl k fwgykzh, kcjfpfcjfczbfcz jf lh llfcnvh omkgkhl jf jogcgkh xvf fw mhgk

wfy}ky# Ghl mfy fwbfcz, zhbi, xvf zoz k lh jk}fywkzhz j.oynfcw jflw hlvbcfw hllgzocw jf lh VI,

hxvfwzh pnkch ~fi, h bw jfl ghzhl, cobw fw zyoih jkwpockilf fc ghwzfll k fc hcnlw# H lhccft fw

poz zyoihy vc llkiyfz woiyf Flw vwow lkcnwzkgw h lh vck}fywkzhz jf Ihygfloch1 Coybhzk}fw k

Jogvbfczw6#

Fl wfy}fk jHgollkjh Lkcnwzkgh jf lh VI w lfcghyyfnhz jfcwfc{hy lh llfcnvh ghzhlhch hlw

fwzvjkhczw hllgzocw hkt gob zhbi gob fcwfc{hy gowzvbw k zyhjkgkocw ghzhlhcfw h hxvfwzw

hlvbcfw# Lhgollkjh fw yfhlkzqh h zyh}w jf glhwwfw jhwwkwzcgkh pyfwfcgkhl, pfy zhbi mfcz hlnvcfw

woyzkjfw o ftgvywkocw pfy hchy h }fvyf fwjf}fckbfczw gvlzvyhlw, gob hyh vch hgzvhgk jf ghwzfllfyw# H

bw, dk dh lh mknvyh jf lh phyfllh lkcnwzkgh, xvf fw pyobov jfw jfl jfphyzhbfcz jHgollkjh

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golloxvkhl jf xvkcw wc flw vwow lkcnwzkgw jflw fwzvjkhczw k jflw pyomfwwoyw# Dfvw hxv vcfw

hmkybhgkocw1 Gob ah jfvw whify, h lh VI, gob h zoz Ghzhlvc{h, dk dh jvfw llfcnfw omkgkhlw>1 fl

ghzhl k lfwphc{ol# H nyhcw zyfzw, hkt }ol jky xvf zozdob gocfkt lfw jvfw llfcnfw k xvf ghjh v

wftpyfwwh fc lh xvf pyfmfyfkt# Pfy zhcz, jkcw k moyh lfw hvlfw, lfw wfczkyw zozfw jvfw( , hihcw jf

bhzykgvlhy"wf fc vch hwwknchzvyh, flw fwzvjkhczw jf lh VI gocwvlzfc, h lh nvkh jf lfwzvjkhcz jf lh

wf}h mhgvlzhz, fc xvkch llfcnvh wkbphyzfkt# Jf zozfw bhcfyfw, kcjfpfcjfczbfcz jf lh llfcnvh xvf

zykc flw pyomfwwoyw, pozw vzklkzqhy llkvyfbfcz lh llfcnvh omkgkhl xvf }vlnvkw h ldoyh jf mfy pyfnvczfw,

pyfwfczhy zyfihllw o yfwpocjyf h ftbfcw#

Ghl zfcky pyfwfcz xvf wfnocw kcmoybh fl bhzfkt ~fi jfl jfphyzhbfcz jHgollkjh Lkcnwzkgh

4

,vc =0& jf lfw glhwwfw omfyzfw fc flw nyhvw wc fc ghzhl, k lh yfwzh fc ghwzfll# Hkt }ol jky xvf lh

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dk dh bw omfyzh jf glhwwfw fc ghzhl xvf fc ghwzfll# Jhxvfwzh bhcfyh lh llkifyzhz jflfggk jf

llfcnvh pfy phyz jflw fwzvjkhczw xvfjh wvpfjkzhjh h lh llkifyzhz jf zykhy lh llfcnvh lfgzoyh jflw

pyomfwwoyw#

Fc hxvfwz zyfihll fw jfmkcfkt fl gocgfpzf j.hllgzoc gob h xvhlwf}ol hlvbcf pyo}kcfcz j.vc

zfyykzoyk jf phylh co ghzhlhch# Pfy zhcz, xvhlwf}ol hlvbcf xvf co pyo}kcnvk jfl xvf w.hcobfcfc flw

Phwow Ghzhlhcw;# Bhlnyhz xvf lfw yfhlkzhzw j.oyknfc wc bolz jkmfyfczw, k fw pojykh jky xvf co

yfpyfwfczh fl bhzfkt pfy h vc hlvbcf }kcnvz jf Polckh o jf lh Tkch, xvf pfy h vc hlvbcf }kcnvz jf

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8/51

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9/51

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10/51

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11/51

88

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12/51

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13/51

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14/51

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Xvkcw fwzvjkw mhw h lh VI?Mklolonkh dkwpckgh k poyzvnvfwh#


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Zockco1


15/51


16/51

8=

Jfw jf wfzfbiyf jf 9080#


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Wg oyknkchyk jf Pfypkc{, pfy zhcz, jfw jf wfbpyf#


Jfw jf mfiyfy jf 9088#


Mklolonkh ghzhlhch k vch hwwknchzvyh jdkwpckxvfw#


H lh VI mkcw fl avc{ jf 9088, pfy lh yfwzh, bfc zoyck h Pfypkc{#

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Jkfno1

Fc vch fwghlh jfl 0 hl 80, gob }hloyfw lh zf}h gobpyfcwk oyhl jfl ghzhl?4

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17/51

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Wk gocwkjfyfw xvf fl zfv ck}fll jf ghzhl w ihkt o cvl, zfcw kczfcgk jhpyfcjyfl?

Zhcz wk jkvw xvf w, gob wk jkvw xvf co h lh yfwpowzh hczfykoy, avwzkmkgh"lh#

$pyfnvczh co yfwpozh+

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Fbbh1

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Ah fc w, pfy gyfg xvf ldf jf bklloyhy#


Zfcky vch hlzyh llfcnvh }h i, k fc hxvfwz ghw, jch bw opoyzvckzhzw lhioyhlw#


Lh pykbfyh }fnhjh xvf }hkn }fcky pfl bfv gobpzf co fc whikh yfw#

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18/51

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Df mfz vcfw glhwwfw kczyojvgzykfw#


W, h lh bf}h vck}fywkzhz bf cdh}kfc phylhz#

Zockco1


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Co#

Dhkjvgkk1


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19/51

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W, pfyxv ah mfkh zfbpw xvf }k}kh h Fwphc{h k zfckh vc gfyz gocfktfbfcz jf lh yfhlkzhzlkcnwzkgh#

Hch1


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Nvkllfb1

Fc hxvfwz ghw ghl jky xvf lfw pyfnvczfw co wc pfyzkcfczw, ah xvf fl Nvkllfb w vc phylhcz

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polzkgh#

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20/51

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Jkfno1

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Co#

Fz }hc omfyky lh powwkiklkzhz j.hpyfcjyf ghzhl h lh zf}h vck}fywkzhz j.oyknfc?

Jfwhmoyzvchjhbfcz co#

Xvhc }hw yfiyf jogvbfczhgk/kcmoybhgk pfy phyz jf lh VI, z.kcmoybh}fc woiyf lh yfhlkzhzlkcnwzkgh jf lfw glhwwfw? Xvkch bfch jkcmoybhgk fz joch}fc $fwpfgkmkgh+?

Co bfc yfgoyjo#

Fz }hc omfyky o z.dhc omfyz lh powwkiklkzhz j.hpyfcjyf ghzhl h lh VI?

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ghzhl k hihcw jhyykihy h Ihygfloch }hkn gfyghy gvywow h kczfycfz k fb }hkn bhzykgvlhy jvc jfck}fll I xvf jf mfz fwzkg mfcz hyh#

Gocfktfw lh yfnlhbfczhgk lkcnwzkgh jf lh VI?

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Fbbh1


W, fb }hc jky xvf wdk phylh}h fl ghzhl#


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Gob xvf }hkn }fcky pfl bfv gobpzf, co yfgoyjo xvf bdhnvfwwkc fc}khz yfw#


Bdf bhzykgvlhz pfl bfv gobpzf k ckcn bdh jkz yfw#


Co#

Ehyol1


21/51

98


W# Dfb }hc jky xvf Ghzhlvc{h w iklkcnf k xvf wdk mhc glhwwfw fc ghzhl#


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Zockco1


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Co bfc yfgoyjo, pfy co fb woch###


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22/51

99

Co, pfyxv }hkn hpvczhy"bdk pfy llkvyf#


H lhpvczhy"bdk pfy llkvyf, co fw }h jochy fl ghw#

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lkcnwzkgh jf lfw glhwwfw? Xvkch bfch jkcmoybhgk fz joch}fc $fwpfgkmkgh+?

Ao ah do whikh, pfy co }hkn yfiyf yfw jhkt#


W, jfw jfl pykcgkpk }hkn mfy gvywow jf llfcnvh ghzhlhch hl Wfy}fk jf CoybhlkzqhgkLkcnwzkgh jf lh mhgvlzhz#


Co nhkyf#

Hch1


]hkn jfgkjky"do fl bhy jf 9080# Fwzvjkh}h Llfcnvh Ghzhlhch h lh Vck}fywkjhjf jf Whczkhnojf Gobpowzflh#


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Ao fwzvjkh}h mklolonkh ghzhlhch, pfl xvf hxvfwzh bfch jkcmoybhgk ah w kbplgkzh#


23/51

97


Wg ghzhlhcophylhcz k fwzvjkh}h mklolonkh ghzhlhch#


Fb }hc fc}khy vc goyyfv flfgzyckg fc hcnlw k vc llkiyfz fc ghzhl k myhcgw#


W, do jfvfc mfy pfy gobplky#


Co#

Ilog jf pyfnvczfw jf pfygfpgk jfl ghzhl, w k gobfczhykw llkvyfw1

Jkfno1

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Gyfkh xvf fw zyhgzh}h jvch llfcnvh bolz bw wkbklhy hl ghwzfll#

Xvkch pfygfpgk zfcw jfl ghzhl, hyh?

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Gyfvw xvf dh ghc}khz nhkyf lh zf}h pfygfpgk?

W, dh ghc}khz woiyfzoz fc xv bdf hjochz xvf dk dh bolzh nfcz xvf co fl phylh k zhbi xvfdk dh bolzh nfcz xvf co z ghp pyoilfbh fc ghc}khy hl ghwzfll#

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xvhc wfb jkyknfktfc fc ghzhl#Hbi xvkch llfcnvh wf.z jkyknfkt lh nfcz jfl zfv fczoyc? $powh"lfw pfy oyjyf, jf bw h bfc{w+

Fc hbijvfw llfcnfw, pfy pozwfy bw wo}kcz fc ghwzfll, wknvk pfyxv fb gocfktfc k whifcxvf wg ghwzfllhcophylhcz o, xvhc phylo hbi jfwgocfnvzw, zhbi bw fc ghwzfll pfyxv dk dhbolzh nfcz xvf mh wfy}ky fl ghwzfll jkykhbfcz#

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24/51

9:

$pyfnvczh co yfwpowzh+

Fbbh1


]fkh fl ghzhl gob vch ihyyfah fczyf fl ghwzfll k fl myhcgw#


$fw xvfjh bkyhcz"bf, hyyocwh lfw fwphzllfw k phwwfb hl wfnfcz zfbh+#


Co w xvf dk pvg jky###

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bw h bfc{w+Ghwzfll#

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Fc ghwzfll, pozwfy fwpoyjkghbfcz fc ghzhl hbi hln#



Ehyol1


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Xvkch pfygfpgk zfcw jfl ghzhl, hyh?Lh bf}h pfygfpgk dh ghc}khz# Lh nfcz phylh ghwzfll hbi bk# Co zkcg pyoilfbh pfy

fczfcjyf fl ghzhl k pfy bk co w ghp pyoilfbh xvf lh nfcz fl phylk xvhc ao dk wg pyfwfcz#


$pyfnvczh co goczfwzhjh+


Ghwzfll


25/51

96


Nhkyfi wfbpyf fc hcnlw pfyxv zkcg pkczh jf nvkyk# Wkc fc ghwzfll# Fc ghzhl bolz pog#


Pfcwh}h xvf fl ghzhl fyh jkmgkl, pfy bhnyhjh fwgolzhy"lo k bhnyhjh xvf flw bfvw

gobphc{w jf pkw fl phylkc# Wk dhnvw jfwzhy"bf bw zfbpw hxv lhpyfcjykh bklloy pfyxv pfcwo

xvf w kbpoyzhcz pfy }kvyf"dk k pfy zyfihllhy"dk#

Zockco1


Co fc zfckh ghp pfyxv fc jfwgocfktkh lftkwzcgkh#


w zkl pfy zyfihllhy#


$pyfnvczh co goczfwzhjh+


Kzhlk, ghwzfll k ghzhl#


Kzhlk, ghzhl k ghwzfll#


Gyfg xvf fl iklkcnkwbf h Ghzhlvc{h w powkzkv k xvf ghl gocwfy}hy"lo, gob bhnyhjhykh xvfmow h Kzlkh hbi lhcnlw# Do }fkn powkzkv yfwpfgzf hl ghzhl#

Dhkjvgkk1

Xvkch pfygfpgk zfckfw jfl ghzhl xvhc fyfzw hl zfv phw o yfnk?Gob xvf }fckh jf Wf}kllh zfckh vcw xvhczw pfyavjkgkw, woiyfzoz pfl xvf mh fl gocmlkgzf

lkcnwzkg#


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llfcnvh pfyzhc{ h zozdob, co cobw h vch jfzfybkchjh glhwwf polzkgh, xvf fw jkv chgkochlkwzh, o


26/51

9=

wknvk wfphyhzkwzh# Hkt mh xvf l.opgk pfl ghzhl fw zyhjvfktk fc vch opgk polzkgh#


i}khbfcz xvf w#


Coybhlbfcz mhkn wfy}ky fl ghwzfll# Zhbi jfpc jf lh pfywoch hbi lh xvhl fb yflhgkoco#


Gobfcgfc fc ghzhl pfy xvhc wf chjocfc xvf co wg jhxv phwwfc hl ghwzfll#



Hch1Xvkch pfygfpgk zfckfw jfl ghzhl xvhc fyfzw hl zfv phw o yfnk?

Xvf fyh vch llfcnvh fc vch wkzvhgk bw coybhlkzqhjh xvf fl nhllfg o fl ihwg, k hbi bwphylhczw# Xvf fw mfkh wfy}ky zhcz h l.bikz moybhl gob h l.kcmoybhl#


Xvf fw mh wfy}ky mkcw k zoz bw jfl xvf fb pfcwh}h pfy vch phyz jf lh poilhgk, pfy xvfzhbi dk dh vc nyhc cobiyf jf pfywocfw xvf co lh mhc wfy}ky# H jkmfycgkh jfl nhllfg, xvf fwz fc

vch wkzvhgk ihwzhcz gyzkgh hlw cvglkw vyihcw, fl ghzhl z bklloy whlvz, pfy fl wfv w fwz bolzjk}kjkz1 dk dh vch phyz jf lh poilhgk xvf fl mh wfy}ky nhkyfi wfbpyf, k vch hlzyh xvf bhk, wknvk fcpoilfw o gkvzhzw# Fb pfcwh}h xvf flw ghzhlhcophylhczw co ghc}khykfc zhcz jf llfcnvh hl phylhy hbighwzfllhcophylhczw# B.fwpfyh}h xvf dk dhnvw bw goc}kggk jf lh kbpoyzcgkh jf phylhy ghzhl

wfbpyf#


Co nhkyf pfy w wdh mfz bw yfhlkwzh#


Hbi flw ghzhlhcophylhczw kczfczo mfy"do fc ghzhl, pfy bolzfw }fnhjfw ghc}kfc# Hbi flwghwzfllhcophylhczw, fc ghwzfll#


Wk phylo fc ghzhl, fc ghzhl lfw pykbfyfw }fnhjfw, pfy xvhc jkg xvf wg jf Nhlgkh bolzfw


27/51

9>

}fnhjfw ghc}kfc# Wk gobfco fc ghwzfll, ah w bolz jkmgkl xvf fb gobfcgkc h phylhy fc ghzhl#


Wfykh cfgfwwhyk xvf lh nfcz }kcnvw h Ghzhlvc{h hbi gocfktfbfczw jf ghzhl, pfyxv vch}fnhjh xvf dk hyykifc, gob xvf }fvfc xvf co w jfl zoz cfgfwwhyk ah xvf fw pojfc gobvckghy fcghwzfll, w jkmgkl xvf fw powkc h fwzvjkhy"lo h vc ck}fll h}hchz#

Nvkllfb1


Xvf co fw phylh}h zhc i gob h lFbpoyj#


Xvf z bolzh }hykfzhz#

Gyfvw xvf dh ghc}khz nhkyf lh zf}h pfygfpgk?$pyfnvczh co yfwpowzh+


Fl 40& jf }fnhjfw fc ghzhl, lh yfwzh fc ghwzfll, poxvfz fc myhcgw k hcnlw#

Hbi xvkch llfcnvh wf.z jkyknfkt lh nfcz jfl zfv fczoyc? powh"lfw pfy oyjyf, jf bw h bfc{w+

Nhkyfi wfbpyf fc ghzhl, pfy h }fnhjfw fc ghwzfll#



Lfw fczyf}kwzfw dhc fwzhz gocjvjfw fc ghzhl hbi zozdob, cobw hbi Ehyol wdh dhnvz jhlzfychy fl

ghzhl k fl ghwzfll pfyxv co do fczfckh i#

Wdhc ftpyfwwhz fc ghzhl Hch, Jkfno, Nvkllfb k Dhkjvgkk# Lh yfwzh do dhc mfz fc ghwzfll#

7#:# Woiyf lfwzvjkhcz jf Pfypkc{

Dk dh vc fwzvjkhcz jf Pfypkc{, xvf h lh wf}h gkvzhz fwzvjkh}h mklolonkh ghzhlhch, k xvf

goczkcvh flw wfvw fwzvjkw h lh VI#

Hxvfwz w vc ghw fwpfgkhl, ah xvf gob wdh gobfczhz, co w vc fwzvjkhcz hllgzoc# Hxvfwz


28/51

94

fwzvjkhcz fc gocgyfz pfyzhc{ hl =,9&90 jf lh poilhgk jf lh Ghzhlvc{h jfl Coyj xvf z fl ghzhl gob

h pykbfyh llfcnvh# Wfnocw bhckmfwzh h lfcxvfwzh, z gob h pykbfyfw llfcnfw fl ghzhl k fl myhcgw, k

hbi lh llfcnvh xvf wf wfcz bw kjfczkmkghz w lh ghzhlhch, ah xvf fczyf jhlzyfw gowfw w hbi lh

llfcnvh xvf phylh hbi lh wf}h }kh# Pfy zhcz, w vc hlvbcf xvf z fl ghzhl gob h llfcnvh mhbklkhy#

Zhcbhzfkt, dk dh vch myoczfyh fwzhzhl xvf wfphyh lh Ghzhlvc{h jfl Coyj hbi lh Ghzhlvc{h jfl Wvj k

hkt goc}fyzfkt hxvfwz fwzvjkhcz fc fwzyhcnfy, pfy zhcz, fc fwzvjkhcz jFyhwbvw# Hkt , hxvfwz

fwzvjkhcz }h yfiyf k yfp jf phyz jf lh VI fl bhzfkt zyhgzf xvf lh yfwzh jfwzvjkhczw Fyhwbvw, hkt }ol

jky xvf fc pykcgkpk hxvfwz fwzvjkhcz }h yfiyf zoz fl phxvfz k pyozogol jf ifc}kcnvjh jfwgykz fc fl pvcz

jhxvfwz zyfihll Xv mh lh VI?#

7#6# Xv mhc lfw vck}fywkzhzw hllgzocfw?

Pfy pojfy goczyhwzhy lh kcmoybhgk oizkcnvjh zhcz pfy phyz jflw fwzvjkhczw, gob pfy phyz jf lh

VI, fw }h fc}khy vc xfwzkochyk h lfw vck}fywkzhzw joyknfc jhxvfwzw bhzfktow hlvbcfw# Hkt jocgw,fw }h fc}khy vc xfwzkochyk98 h lh Vck}fywkjhj jf Gjkq, h lh Vppwhlh Vck}fywzkzfz, h lh Nofzdf

Vck}fywkzz k h lh Vck}fywkjhjf jf Whczkhno jf Gobpowzflh#

Vck}fywkzhz jf Ghjkw Goczfwzh fl gooyjkchjoy jf Nyhv fc Lkcnwzkgh k Llfcnfw

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pfl xvf fcwfc{h h lh wf}h glhwwf k goczfwzh llkvyfbfcz1 bkw hlvbcow jf lh hwknchzvyh gobfczhjh w

yfgkifc kcmoybhgkc woiyf lhw lfcnvhw dhikzvhlbfczf vwhjhw fc lhw vck}fywkjhjfw jf lhw

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fwzf wfczkjo fc zojh lh vck}fywkjhj kFc gvhczo h lhw yfhggkocfw jf low fwzvjkhczfw pojyhc

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phyh yfgkiky fcwfhcqh { hxvfllow ozyow xvf gobpyfcjfc lh cfgfwkjhj { vzklkjhj jf gocogfy lhw

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pfywoch jkv co fw poz yfwoljyf wk lh vck}fywkzhz kcmoybh jvch bhcfyh omkgkhl hlw hlvbcfw# Jhkt

cobw pojfb jfjvky xvf flw hlvbcfw xvf phwwfc pfy lh glhwwf jhxvfwz pyomfwwoy w wc kcmoybhzw,

pfy i xvf wfnocw gobfczh fl pyomfwwoy dk dh hlvbcfw xvf1 co gocwkjfyhc avwzh lh kbpowkiklkjhj jf

vwhy fl ghwzfllhco o fwphol phyh yfgkiky fcwfhcqh, vc mfz xvf co wfwghv h lh }fykzhz fwzykgzh, ah

xvf h lh VI, gob h lh yfwzh jvck}fywkzhzw ghzhlhcfw, w w powwkilf jf yfiyf lfcwfc{hbfcz fc

ghwzfll o fwphc{ol# Hkt xvfjh gocmkybhz h lh coybhzk}h jf lh VI#

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}fywk fc hlfbhc{ k wvfg#


29/51

9;

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Ihygfloch $oy i{ ftzfcwkocGhzhlhc vck}fywkzkfw+?

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vck}fywkz{ ~dfyf zdf{ hyf nokcn# Kc ghwf om Ihygfloch zdf{ ~kll hlwo gdfge zdf lhcnvhnf om

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Co#

6" ^dhz hyf zdf wzvjfczw yfhgzkocw?

Zdf{ hyf }fy{ mocj om Ihygfloch # Zdf{ hyf h~hyf om zdf lkcnvkwzkg wkzvhzkoc hcj wobfzkbfw

~oyykfj zdhz zdf{ bh{ coz mkcj govywfw kc Ghwzkllhco# Coz bhc{ dh}f f}fy wzvjkfjGhzhlhc#

Vck}fywkjhjf jf Whczkhno jf Gobpowzflh Yfwpoc fl jkyfgzoy jfl wfy}fk jf coybhlkzqhgk

lkcnwzkgh jf lh bhzfkth vck}fywkzhz#

8"H VWG

gofgf h yfhlkjhjf lkcnwzkgh jh Vck}fywkjhjf jf Ihygfloch $f jfG

hzhlvh+?H VWG vcdh vck}fywkjhjf, f gobo zhl gobpowzh poy vc golfgzk}o bok hbplo f dfzfyotcfo

jf pfywohw# Hlnvcdhw jfwhw pfywohw gofgfyc h yfhlkjhjf lkcnwzkgh jh Vck}fywkjhjf jf

Ihygfloch f ovzyhw coc# Fhcjh hw dhify bok jkmfyfczfw ck}fkw jf gofgfbfczo jfwh

yfhlkjhjf# Xvf gofgfy h yflkjhjf lkcnwzkgh jf Ghzhlvh? Kbhtkco xvf ckcnvc kncoyh

xvf fc Ghzhlvh ftkwzfc, gobo fc Nhlkgkh, jhw lkcnvhw omkgkhkw# Pfyo whify ghl h wh

jkwzykivgkc wogkhl, poy ftfbplo, th ovzyh gvfwzkc# kbpowkilf yfwpocjfy goc yknoy h

fwzh pyfnvczh#

9" H VWGgofgf h lkcnvh $w+ fc xvf woc omyfgkjow ow gvywow polh Vck}fywkjhjf jf

Ihygfloch $ov, poy ftzfcwkc, vck}fywkjhjfw ghzhlcw+? Xvf lkcnvh $w+?

Vcdh }fq bkw, h VWGwoc bokzhw pfywohw# Kbhtkco xvf ckcnvc ch VWG kncoyh xvf fc

Ghzhlvh, jo bfwbo tfkzo xvf fc Nhlkgkh, wf kbphyzf jogfcgkh chw jhw lkcnvhw goomkgkhkw###

f chlnvcdh ovzyh#


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7" H VWG kcmoybh woiyf h yfhlkjhjf lkcnwzkgh jh Vck}fywkjhjf jf Ihygfloch? $Ov

vck}fywkjhjfw jf Ghzhlvh+ Wf h yfwpowzh coc, poy xv?

Coc# H Vck}fywkjhjf jf Whczkhno kcmoybh woiyf h wh pyopkh yfhlkjhjf lkcnwzkgh# Phyfgf o

bkw ltkgo#

:" H VWGomyfgf gvywow jf ghzhlc h ow fwzvjhczfw xvf xvfyfc }ky h fwzvjhy ch

Vck}fywkjhjf jf Ihygfloch? $Ov jf Ghzhlvh+ Wf h yfwpowzh coc, poy xv?

H Vck}fywkjhjf jf Whczkhno omyfgf gvywow jf ghzhlc h zyh}w jo wfv Gfczyo jf Lkcnvhw

Bojfychw, phyh zojhw hxvflhw pfywohw xvf jfwftfc bhzykgvlhywf $vck}fywkzhykow ov coc,

}hkhc ky ov coc h fwzvjhy h Ghzhlvh+ Zhbc omyfgf fthbfw phyh oizfy ow Gfyzkmkghzw jf

Ghzhl#

6" Ghlfw woc hw yfhggkcw jow hlvbcow ghcjo woc kcmoybhjow jfwzh yfhlkjhjf?

Coc wfk yfwpocjfy h fwzh pyfnvczh#

Fl xfwzkochyk h lh Vck}fywkjhjf jf Whczkhno jf Gobpowzflh co oiz lfw yfwpowzfw }olnvjfw

fc fl wfczkz xvf pozwfy dhc fwzhz bhl moybvlhjfw, pfy fc hxvfwz ghw, w fw poz hmkybhy xvf lfw hlzyfw

vck}fywkzhzw dhc yfwpowz jf moybh hjfxvhjh# Pozwfy lfcxvfwzh dh hchz h phyhy hl jfphyzhbfcz

fxvk}oghz, o lfcxvfwzhz co dh fczw fl goczftz# Ghl mfy fwbfcz xvf hihcw jf lfcxvfwzh dk dh vch

iyfv kczyojvggk oc fw jkv1 Cfgfwkzo kcmoybhgkc yflhzk}h how fwzvjhczfw xvf }hc fwzvjhy ch

Vck}fywkjhjf jf Ihygfloch, f bkw fwpfgkmkghbfczf h mhgvlzhjf jf lkcnwzkgh# Fc ghwo goczyhyko, wf

coc zfc h kcmoybhgkc fwpfgmkgh pojfw yfwpocjfy fc tfyhl, o wfth, phyh zojow ow hlvbcow xvf }hc

h Ihygfloch ov Ghzhlvh, bfwbo fc ghlxvfyh vck}fywkjhjf# Pfy zhcz, wk wfczc hxvfwzh

kczyojvggk, co fw pojfc fczfcjyf yfwpowzfw gob lfw xvf dk dh h lfw pyfnvczfw 8, 9 k 7#

:# Bfzojolonkh99

Vch jf lfw pykcgkphlw jkmkgvlzhzw dh fwzhz hggfjky hlw fwzvjkhczw hllgzocw# Pfy ghvwh jf lh llfk

jf pyozfggk jf jhjfw, lh wfgyfzhykh jf lh vck}fywkzhz cobw mhgklkzh jhjfw k fwzhjwzkxvfw, pfy co

mhgklkzh cobw k goncobw jfwzvjkhczw# Pfy zhcz, wdh dhnvz jf yfgyyfy h gobphc{w jf glhwwf xvf hbi

gfyzfwh wf whikh xvf fyfc hllgzocw, wdh dhnvz jf pyfnvczhy h gobphc{w hvzgzocw, woiyf wk whikfc

jhlnvc fwzvjkhcz hllgzoc, hkt bhzfkt, gob oiwfy}hcz fc fl ghbpvw }kyzvhl, h zyh}w jf lfw

hwwknchzvyfw bhzykgvlhjfw k gobphc{ h gobphc{, wk dk dh}kh hlnvc gobphc{ hbi hlnvch kcmoybhgk

99 Flw nvkocw jf lfw fczyf}kwzfw fw zyoifc h lhccft hl mkchl jfl zyfihll#


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xvf jfcozw xvf fyh hllgzoc# Hlnvcw jhxvfwzw gobphc{w co hwwkwzfktfc jf moybh yfnvlhy h lfw

glhwwfw, pfl xvf fl wfv goczhgzf dh fwzhz gobplkghz#

Flw ghbpw iwkg pfy hplkghy"dk lh bfzojolonkh jkc}fwzknhgk, k pfy zhcz, bfzojolonkh pfy

oizfcky"cf jhjfw wc1

8" Fl goczhgzf jkyfgzf hbi flw fwzvjkhczw hllgzocw,

9" Lh Vck}fywkzhz jf Ihygfloch xvhcz h fwzhjwzkxvfw woiyf flw fwzvjkhczw,

7" Flw Wfy}fkw Lkcnwzkgw jf lh Vck}fywkzhz jf Ihygfloch,

:" Lfw vck}fywkzhzw joyknfc#

Gob xvf fl zyfihll wdh hplkghz woiyf vc nyvp bolz yfjvz jhlvbcfw wdh ponvz hplkghy fl

bzojf xvhlkzhzkv, gob dhc fwzhz lfw fczyf}kwzfw oc wdh ponvz }fvyf lhgzkzvj jf lhlvbcf, wdh

ponvz fwgolzhy lh wf}h opkck fc jkyfgzf, gopwhy hgzkzvjw k gobfczhykw hggfwwoykw, hkt gob bhczfcky"

dk vch goc}fywh xvf wdh hllhynhz bw fcll jf lfczyf}kwzh# Hkt wdh mfz zhbi hbi lfczyf}kwzh h

Hgollkjh Lkcnwzkgh# Pfy ftfbplf, fczyf hxvfwzfw hgzkzvjw xvf jocfc kcmoybhgk hmfnkjh h

lfcxvfwzh, fw pojykh yfbhyghy fl mfz xvf Fbbh hmkybk xvf whp phylhy fl ghzhl, pfy xvf mhgk zozh

lfczyf}kwzh fc ghwzfll pfyxv wfnocw }h jky, lk mh }fynoc{h jf phylhy"lo# O fl bhzfkt Nvkllfb xvf

hihcw jf }fcky h Ihygfloch, zfckh lh pfygfpgk xvf fl ghzhl xvf wdk phylh}h co fyh zhc io gob fl jf

lFbpoyj#

Gob wdh jkz, hlnvcw hlvbcfw hl co }fcky jf moybh yfnvlhy wflw }h kczfczhy goczhgzhy pfy

goyyfv flfgzyckg# Jfczyf hxvfwzw hlvbcfw, cdk dh 9 jkzhlkhcw, jvfw cokfw polocfwfw, vch cokh

myhcgfwh k vc cok goyw yfgobhchz pfy Hgollkjh Lkcnwzkgh k hlzhbfcz kczfyfwwhz fc hxvfwzw zfbfw,

pfy xvf co dh yfwpowz hl goyyfv flfgzyckg# Pfy zhcz, wdhc jfwfwzkbhz#

Zozw flw fwzvjkhczw, h ftgfpgk jf Nvkllfb, wc o dhc fwzhz gobphc{w jf glhwwf# Nvkllfb dh

fwzhz goczhgzhz pfl iogh oyfllh# Lfw fczyf}kwzfw dhc zkcnvz vch jvyhjh hpyotkbhjh jvch bkzah doyh k

wdhc yfhlkzqhz zozfw fc flw phwwhjkwwow jf lh mhgvlzhz jf mklolonkh, hwwfnvzw fc vc ihcg# Fl pyozogol h

wfnvky dh fwzhz fl mfz jf powhy fc goczftz h lfwzvjkhcz woiyf fl zyfihll h yfhlkzqhy k wdh pyogfjkz h

lfczyf}kwzh fc moybh jf goc}fywh k hchy kczyojvkcz lfw pyfnvczfw jkcw jf lh bhzfkth goc}fywh# H

Hgollkjh Lkcnwzkgh fw }h hchy hl jfphyzhbfcz, hl ghyyfy Bflgkoy jf Phlhv jf Ihygfloch, oc }h zfcky

llog lfczyf}kwzh fcyfnkwzyhjh jvch bkzah doyh jf jvyhgk hpyotkbhjh#Hbi lfw vck}fywkzhzw joyknfc wdh hplkghz fl bzojf xvhlkzhzkv, ah xvf w vc nyvp bolz pfzkz

jvck}fywkzhzw# Wdhc gfyghz lfw vck}fywkzhzw jf pyogfjcgkh jflw hlvbcfw fcxvfwzhzw h zyh}w jfl

Noonlf, k wdh mfz vc fc}khbfcz jf lfcxvfwzh }kh goyyfv flfgzyckg k wdh fwpfyhz lh yfwpowzh# Fl

pyoilfbh jhxvfwz bzojf, gob wdh ponvz }fvyf, w xvf jfw jf lh Vck}fywkjhjf jf Whczkhno jf

Gobpowzflh co wdh hghihz jfczfcjyf fl goczftz jf lfczyf}kwzh# Gob zhbi wdhc fc}khz lfw

fcxvfwzfw pfcwhcz hbi lh ioch }olvczhz xvf lh pfywoch xvf yfikh fl goyyfv flfgzyckg lh goczfwzw k


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lh phwww hl jfphyzhbfcz hjkfcz# Gob wdh }kwz, co zozfw lfw vck}fywkzhzw dhc yfwpowz# Fc hxvfwz

zyfihll, fyh jfl zoz kbpowwkilf pojfy jfwplhhy"wf h lfw vck}fywkzhzw pfy bkyhy joizfcky kcmoybhgk k

yfwpowzfw jf pykbfyh b# Dhvykh fwzhz vch ioch mocz jkcmoybhgk pojfy kczfyhgzvhy hbi flw

yfwpocwhilfw jf lh ioywh jkczfyghc}k jfwzvjkhczw, pfy ftfbplf#

Fl goczhgzf hbi lh VI xvhcz hl mfz joizfcky lfw jhjfw k lfw fwzhjwzkxvfw dh fwzhz }kh goyyfv

flfgzyckg# Gob zhbi }h wfy }kh goyyfv flfgzyckg fl goczhgzf kckgkhl hbi fl jfphyzhbfcz jflw

Wfy}fkw Lkcnwzkgw, flw xvhlw }hc wfy }kwkzhzw pfy mfy lfczyf}kwzh hbi lh Boczwfyyhz Llfophyz, xvf fw

}h fcyfnkwzyhy# Fl mfz jfcyfnkwzyhy vch fczyf}kwzh fw pojykh jfmkcky gob vc gocgfpzf bolz myfwg, fc

fl wfczkz xvf h}khz, zhcz lfczyf}kwzhjoy gob lfczyf}kwzhz, woilkjfc jf lfcyfnkwzyhjoyh, lh goc}fywh

gobfch h mlvky k woiz vc bhzfykhl bolz io#

Vch hlzyh jkmkgvlzhz w lh kbplkghgk# Fc hxvfwz zyfihll gocgyfz, lkc}fwzknhjoy phwwh pfy wfy,

zhbi, hlvbcf jf lh mhgvlzhz jf mklolonkh k fc hlnvcw ghwow gobphc{ jhlnvcw jflw hlvbcfw

fczyf}kwzhzw# Pfy zhcz, lkc}fwzknhjoy fw zyoih kbbfyw jkcw jf lbikz jkc}fwzknhgk k hxvfwz mfz, h

}fnhjfw, jkmkgvlzh fl pojfy zfcky vch }kwk oiafgzk}h# Vc jflw pyfgfpzfw jf lh kc}fwzknhgk gkfczmkgh

w xvf loiafgzk}kzhz hiwolvzh co ftkwzfkt, w kbpowwkilf co jfghczhy"wf, pfy i, xvf lftpowkgk jf

lfw jhjfw k lfw fczyf}kwzfw dhc jf wfy, k dhc wknvz, wfcwf ftpyfwwhy opkck pfy phyz jf lkc}fwzknhjoy#

w h lfw gocglvwkocw oc lkc}fwzknhjoy mh vch kczfypyfzhgk bw pfywochl, k pfy zhcz wviafgzk}h, jf lh

kc}fwzknhgk k jf lfw jhjfw oizkcnvjfw# Wdhc mfz fwmoyow pfy jkwwfc{hy vch fcxvfwzh fl btkb jf

cfvzyf powwkilf, pfy jfkthy xvf mow lfwzvjkhcz xvf yfwpocnvw llkvyfbfcz fl xvf }olnvw k hl xvf

}olnvw# Ghl jky xvf fl pyogw jf yvpzvyh dh fwzhz kbpoyzhcz k wdh fczyhz jkcw jfl pyogw

jkc}fwzknhgk jf moybh cfzh, gob xvhc vc hyykih fc vc llog jfwgocfnvz pfy pykbfyh }fnhjh#

6# Hclkwk jf lfw jhjfw

Ilog jf pyfnvczfw fwzhjwzkxvfw1

Zozw flw fwzvjkhczw }hc jfjhzw gobpyfwfw jflw 90 hlw 78 hc{w k jf pyogfjcgkfw moyh

jk}fywfw, bhlnyhz xvf zozw wc fvyopfvw# Fc hxvfwz hphyzhz ghljykh gobfczhy fl polknlozkwbf jf zozw

fllw, wfcwf ftgfpgk# w pyov gocfnvz fl polknlozkwbf jfl wkwzfbh fjvghzkv wvfg, pfy ftfbplf fc fl

ghw jFbbh, pfy pozwfy hxv ghljykh hmfnky"dk fl plvw jfl mfz xvf wc fwzvjkhczw jf lh mhgvlzhz jf

mklolonkh k xvf lh bhaoykh jfllw zfcfc vc kczfyw fwpfgkhl fc fl mfz lkcnwzkg, hbi fl wfv btkb

ftfbplf Dhkjvgkk xvf phylh ; llfcnfw# Vc mfz kbpoyzhcz h jfwzhghy fc hxvfwz hphyzhz w xvf co

wfbpyf gokcgkjfkt lh pykbfyh llfcnvh hpyfwh hbi lh llfcnvh jkjfczkmkghgk, w pfy hkt xvf fc fl


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xfwzkochyk wdk }h kczyojvky ftpyfwwhbfcz hxvfwz bhzw# Pojyfb pfcwhy xvf fl coybhl w wfczky"wf

kjfczkmkghz hbi lh pykbfyh llfcnvh hpyfwh, lh xvf hcobfchyfb llfcnvh bhzfych, pfy hkt co w

hkt# Mktfb"cow hbi lfw jhjfw xvf hphyfktfc h phyzky jf lh pnkch 88 jhxvfwz zyfihll# Jkfno z gob

h pykbfyh llfcnvh lh ghwzfllhch, pfy fll wf wfcz kjfczkmkghz hbi lfw llfcnfw xvf jvyhcz lh }kjh dh

hchz kcgoypoyhcz k dh hchz jobkchcz fc lbikz jf lh gobpyfcwk k lh phylh# Pojyfb jky xvf Fbbh

w lckgh ftgfpgk, ah xvf gokcgkjfkt xvf fl wvfg w lh pykbfyh llfcnvh xvf }h hpyfcjyf k zhbi w

hbi lh xvf wdk wfcz kjfczkmkghjh, pfy zfckb ghwow gob fl jf Dhkjvgkk xvf wf wfcz kjfczkmkghz hbi

lfwphc{ol k fl poyzvnvw o fl ghw jHch xvf w jf phyfw ghwzfllhcophylhczw pfy xvf hmkybh wfczky"wf

kjfczkmkghjh hbi fl nhllfg, vc ghw wfbilhcz hl jf Nvkllfb, xvf flw wfvw phyfw wc myhcgmocw, pfy

powh fl ghzhl gob h pykbfyh llfcnvh jkjfczkmkghgk#

Ilog jf pyfnvczfw woiyf lh VI k woiyf Ihygfloch1

Vc jfcobkchjoy gob fc hxvfwz ilog jf pyfnvczfw w xvf vc jflw bozkvw pykcgkphlw pfy

}fcky h Ihygfloch w lhzyhggk xvf zozw fllw wfczfc pfy hxvfwzh gkvzhz# Fc fl ghw jFbbh, fllh ah dk

dh}kh fwzhz k }h }olfy zoychy"dk pfy xvfjhy"wdk h fwzvjkhy#

Flw xvf mh bw zfbpw xvf wc h Ihygfloch wc Fbbh, Zockco k Dhjvgkk k h bw gokcgkjfktfc

fc fl mfz xvf wc flw xvf wdk }olfc xvfjhy bw zfbpw# Flw hlzyfw flw pojyfb gocwkjfyhy gob h

phwwh}olhczw, ah xvf mh bolz pog xvf dk wc k co zfcfc kczfcwk jf xvfjhy"wdk bhwwh zfbpw# Fl mfz jf

wfy vc phwwh}olhcz pojykh kcjvky h pfcwhy xvf pozwfy pfy h fllw hpyfcjyf fl ghzhl co w vch pykoykzhz

pfcwhcz fc fl pog zfbpw xvf wfwzhyhc h Ihygfloch, k xvhcz hlw xvf mh zfbpw xvf wc hxv k xvf wdk

}olfc fwzhy vc zfbpw bw, poz kcjvky h pfcwhy xvf w vc mhgzoy h mh}oy jf lhpyfcfczhznf jfl ghzhl,

pfy fc hxvfwz ghw, hxvfwzw hynvbfczw co zfcfc ghp bfch jf ihwf# Fbbh k Zockco, bhlnyhz xvf

fczfcfc fl ghzhl k xvf mh bw jf jow hc{w xvf wc h Ihygfloch, co fl phylfc, fc ghc}k, Dhjvgkk w

xvf fl phylh# K pfy lhlzyh ihcjh zfckb h Hch k Jkfno xvf ah }hc hyykihy h Ihygfloch fl wfzfbiyf jf

9080 jflw wfvw oynfcw yfwpfgzkvw phylhcz fl ghzhl#

Ilog jf pyfnvczfw jf gocfktfbfcz jf lh llfcnvh ghzhlhch1

Ehyol w lh xvf bhckmfwzh zfcky vcw ck}fllw jf gocfktfbfcz jfl ghzhl bw ihktow# Mh pog xvf

w h Ihygfloch k wdk fwzhy cobw vc gvyw# Lfczyf}kwzh co fw }h pojfy gocjvky czfnyhbfcz fc

ghzhl, ah xvf fllh co wfnvkh lh goc}fywh pyov i#

Fbbh k Zockco bhckmfwzfc zfcky vc 6 fc ftpyfwwk oyhl# Fbbh gocwkjfyh powkzkv fl mfz jf

zfcky vch llfcnvh bw, zoz k hkt fw bhcz fc ghwzfll jvyhcz zozh lfczyf}kwzh ah xvf hmkybh zfcky

}fynoc{h jvzklkzqhy"lo# H lfczyf}kwzh co wf lk }h pyfnvczhy wk zhbi zfckh }fynoc{h jvzklkzqhy fl


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myhcgw, gocwkjfyhcz xvf fl ghwzfll co lk mfkh }fynoc{h, k hwwvbkcz xvf fl wvfg, gob h llfcnvh

bhzfych, zhbpog lk mfkh }fynoc{h# Zockco zhbi }h bhczfcky"wf fc ghwzfll jvyhcz zozh lfwzoch pfy

i xvf bhckmfwzh xvf }ol hpyfcjyf fl ghzhl k jf mfz bkyh}h jkczfyghlhy hlnvch phyhvlh fc ghzhl#

Ilog jf pyfnvczfw jf woiyf lfczoyc vck}fywkzhyk1

Hxv w oc dk dh bw }hykfzhz jf yfwpowzfw# Zfckb jkwphykzhz jf gykzfykw woiyf fl mfz xvf lfw

vck}fywkzhzw joyknfc kcmoybkc woiyf lh yfhlkzhz lkcnwzkgh jf Ihygfloch k bw gocgyfzhbfcz woiyf lh

VI, k zhbi woiyf wk omfyfktfc glhwwfw jf ghzhl o co# Fl mfz bw yfllf}hcz k xvf kczfyfwwh bw pfy

oizfcky vch yfwpowzh h lh pyfnvczh moybvlhjh fc hxvfwz zyfihll w whify wk }hc yfiyf hlnvch bfch

jkcmoybhgk jf lh VI k wk vc gop hyykihzw h lh VI, hxvfwzh flw }h omfyky lh powwkiklkzhz jhpyfcjyf fl

ghzhl# Hkt zfckb xvf hmkybfc co dh}fy yfivz hxvfwzh bfch jkcmoybhgk Fbh k Zockco# Dhkjvgkk k

Hch $co }hc yfiyf lh jogvbfczhgk, pfy w wf lk }h omfyky jhpyfcjyf ghzhl+# Zfckb Jkfno xvf co

wfc yfgoyjh k, fc hghihz, Ehyol k Nvkllfb xvf w }hc yfiyf lh kcmoybhgk k zhbi wflw }h omfyky

jhpyfcjyf ghzhl#

Jhlzh ihcjh fc lckg pvcz xvf gokcgkjfktfc zozw flw fwzvjkhczw w fc fl mfz xvf ghp jfllw

gocfkt lh yfnlhbfczhgk lkcnwzkgh jf lh vck}fywkzhz# Ghl mfy fwbfcz xvf phyz jhxvfwzh

yfnlhbfczhgk w ftplgkzhbfcz gobfczhjh k ftplkghjh fc hl jogvbfczhgk xvf jfw jHgollkjh

Lkcnwzkgh whmkybh fc}khy h zozw flw hlvbcfw hllgzocw#

Ilog jf pfygfpgk jfl ghzhl, w k gobfczhykw llkvyfw1

Jf moybh nfcfyhl ghp jflw fwzvjkhczw bhckmfwzh yfivkn fc}fyw lh llfcnvh ghzhlhch# Zozw dk wc

yfgfpzkvw k co bowzyfc ghp wkncf jfwzyhc{fwh pfl mfz xvf lfczyf}kwzh wknvk gocjvjh zozh lfwzoch fc

ghzhl, kcjfpfcjfczbfcz jf lh llfcnvh xvf fllw wftpyfwwkc k zfckcz fc gobpzf lfw jkmkgvlzhzw jf

Ehyol#

Jkfno, Ehyol k Hch zfckfc lh pfygfpgk xvf h Ihygfloch zozdob phylh}h fc ghzhl k xvf

zozdob flw phylhykh fc ghzhl, pfy hxvfwzh pfygfpgk flw dh ghc}khz fc fl mfz xvf wdhc hjochz xvf lhbhaoykh jf nfcz co zfcfc ghp pyoilfbh pfy jkyknky"wf ghp h fllw fc ghwzfll# Jhlzyh ihcjh, zozw

hmkybfc xvf w fl ghwzfll lh llfcnvh hbi lh xvhl fw yflhgkocfc lh bhaoykh jf }fnhjfw k hbi lh xvhl lh

nfcz flw phylh lh bhaoykh jf }fnhjfw# Zhbi hmkybfc, zozw, xvf flw ghzhlhcophylhczw wfbpyf ghc}kfc

hl ghwzfll xvhc fllw phylfc fl ghwzfll# H bw, wfnocw hmkybfc Jkfno k Dhkjvgkk, lh nfcz fw phwwh hl

ghwzfll xvhc flw cozfc lhggfcz moy# Nvkllfb w fl xvf hmkybh zfcky vc w jfl wogkhl jfl ghzhl bw

flf}hz, fcghyh xvf ghl jky xvf jflw fczyf}kwzhzw w fl xvf jfcozh vch hgzkzvj bw bklkzhcz fc}fyw lh


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llfcnvh# Nvkllfb w ghzhl jf phyfw myhcgmocw, xvf dh yfgvpfyhz fl ghzhl h zyh}w jf lh wf}h }kh

xvf fl phylh# H bw, ah fwzvjkh}h mklolonkh ghzhlhch h Pfypkc{, pfl xvf w vch pfywoch hbi vc hlz

nyhv jf gocwgkcgkh lkcnwzkgh# Flw jfbw lckg xvf mhc w hjhpzhy"wf h vch wkzvhgk xvf co dhc

gyfhz k xvf ah dk fyh xvhc fllw }hc hyykihy#

w pojykh jky xvf Zockco fczyh fc vch gfyzh goczyhjkggk xvhc hmkybh yflhgkochy"wf hbi

lfczoyc fc kzhlk, ghwzfll k ghzhl, pfy xvhc fc ghc}k bhcz zozh lfczyf}kwzh fc ghwzfll# Bhlnyhz

xvf wfbilh wfy vch pfywoch hbi vch gfyzh gocwgkcgkh k bklkzcgkh lkcnwzkgh xvhc hmkybh xvf fll

phylh mloyfcz k kzhlk# Lh xfwzk jf lfw llfcnfw k flw jkhlfzzk $bolzw jflw xvhlw wc llfcnfw+ nfcfyh

bolzh polbkgh h Kzlkh k fl mfz jfwbfczhy xvf fll phylh fl xvf h Kzlkh fc jkykfc jkhlfzzo w

wknckmkghzkv#

Dhkjvgkk jkv fl wfnfcz1 Jf lh llfcnvh fc zkcg vch pfygfpgk powkzk}h, jf lw xvf wfc mh,

cfnhzk}h# Hbi lh jkmfycgkh xvf lh llfcnvh Ulh ghwzfllhchR pfyzhc{ h zozdob, co cobw h vch

jfzfybkchjh glhwwf polzkgh, xvf fw jkv chgkochlkwzh, o wknvk wfphyhzkwzh# Hkt mh xvf l.opgk pfl

ghzhl fw zyhjvfktk fc vch opgk polzkgh# Jh}hcz jvch hmkybhgk gob hxvfwzh k pfy bkyhy

jfczfcjyf lfw phyhvlfw jf Dhkjvgkk ghljykh plhczfahy"cow lh xfwzk woiyf llfcnfw hcckbfw k

llfcnfw bhyghjfw o hvzczkxvfw# Pfy mfy"do w kczfyfwwhcz jf llfnky fl xvf fwgykv ôolhyj woiyf lh

hxvfwzh zfbzkgh1 Gobfcgfb hbi lhcockbhz, xvf w vc mochbfcz kjfolnkg jf lhvzoykzhz polzkgh

jfl pilkg bojfyc $Dhifybhw, 8;4;+# Fc lfw wogkfzhzw bojfycfw oggkjfczhlw, fl pilkg

wvpowhjhbfcz kcglov zozdob, pfy co gob h kcjk}kjvw, wkc bw h}khz gob vch hiwzyhggk# Fl pilkg

w gocgfivz gob vch }fv nfcfyhl o gobvch, xvf jfkth h phyz lfw ghyhgzfywzkxvfw kczfyfwwhjfw k

pyk}hjfw jf ghjh pfywoch $Nhl k ôolhyj, 90081 =+# U###R Lfw llfcnfw dfnfbckxvfw fc lfwmfyh

pilkgh bojfych wo}kcz ihwfc lh wf}h hvzoykzhz lkcnwzkgh fc hxvfwzh bhzfkth gocgfpgk jhcockbhz#

Kjfhlbfcz, fl gkvzhj jfwkczfyfwwhz xvf phyzkgkph fc fl jkwgvyw pilkg phylh hbi vch }fv jfw

jfcllog# Hxvfwz phylhcz gob h gkvzhj co wolhbfcz wf wvpowh xvf w ldobf gob $hc F}fy{bhc+5

fll $o bw jkmgklbfcz, fllh+ zhbi wf wvpowh xvf woch gob ldobf gob, vwhcz vch llfcnvh pilkgh

fwzcjhyj k gobvch# Fc hxvfwz fwzcjhyj pilkg, co dk wfczkb flw kczfyfwwow jvc nyvp wogkhl

dkwzykghbfcz fwpfgmkg# Bw h}khz, lh llfcnvh fwzcjhyj fw gocwkjfyh vch mkcfwzyh zyhcwphyfcz h vch

bfcz yhgkochl jfwkczfyfwwhjh $Wkl}fywzfkc, 8;4>5 oolhyj, 8;4;+# Jkcw vch kjfolonkh jf lhcockbhz,

lhvzoykzhz lkcnwzkgh jvch llfcnvh fwzcjhyj gobvch co w loghlkzqhjh, wkc jfwhyyflhjh kvck}fywhlkwzh# Jhgoyj hbi hxvfwz yhochbfcz, lfw llfcnfw pilkxvfw pojfc yfpyfwfczhy zozdob k wfy

vwhjfw knvhlbfcz pfy zozdob, pyfgkwhbfcz pfyxv co pfyzhc{fc h ckcn fc phyzkgvlhy# Lfw llfcnfw

pilkxvfw fw powkgkocfc gob h vck}fywhlbfcz oifyzfw k jkwpockilfw pfy h zozdob# $ôolhyj 90061

840+#

Gob h goczyhpowkgk jf zoz fl xvf jkv, zfckb xvf wfnocw ôolhyj hvzfczkgkzhz, o llfcnvh

bhyghjh w1 Hvzfczkgkzhz wfczc gob lftpyfwwk nfcvch k fwwfcgkhl jvch fczkzhz o jvc ao


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$wflm+# U###R Lfzkxvfzh jf llfcnvh pypkh xvf fw jch h lfw llfcnfw bkcoykzykfw h Fwphc{h ftpyfwwh

fc wk bhzfkth hxvfwzh }kwk jfl }hloy jf lh llfcnvh gob h pyk}hjh k phyzkgvlhy, fc llog jf pilkgh k

nfcykgh# U###R Lh phylh fwjf} co wolhbfcz vc wkncf kcjkgkhyk wkc mkcw k zoz vch kgoch jvc zkpvw

phyzkgvlhy jf pfywoch# Hxvfwzh yflhgk kgckgh jf lh llfcnvh h lh pfywoch w jf mfz lfwwcgkh jf

lhvzfczkgkzhz# Fczyh jkcw jhxvfwzh lnkgh xvf lhjxvkwkgk jvch wfnoch llfcnvh ftknfktk jfkthy jf

phylhy vch pykbfyh llfcnvh# U###R Fc hlnvcfw gkygvbwzcgkfw iklkcnfw, jf mfz, lw jf lh llfcnvh

bkcoykzykh z, pfy h hlnvcw kczfylogvzoyw, ftglvwk}hbfcz fl }hloy jcjft wogkhl, co fl wfv }hloy

yfmfyfcgkhl# U###R Lh kjfolonkh jf lhvzfczkgkzhz hyh whwwogkh ghyhgzfywzkghbfcz hbi llfcnfw

bkcoykzykfw k }hykfzhzw co fwzcjhyjw, lfw xvhlw zfcfc vc }hloy hlzhbfcz loghl# Fc goczyhwz hbi lh

}fv pilkgh k hcckbh, lh }fv hvzczkgh w wfczkjh gob h pyomvcjhbfcz hyyflhjh U###R# Fc goczyhwz

hbi lh flw phylhczw wc ifc gocwgkfczw xvf lfw }hykfzhzw bkcoykzykfw wc jhlnvc llog# Wk co fw poz

kjfczkmkghy gob h hyyflhjh fc vc zfyykzoyk wogkhl k nfonymkg, lk bhcgh }hloy# $^oolhyj 90061 847+#

Yfwvbkcz pfy h bolzh nfcz fl mfz jf phylhy ghzhl fcghyh }h hwwogkhz h hlnvch bfch

jkjfolonkh, h hlnvch bfch jf mfz jkmfyfcgkhl, h hlnvc yfyfmocw xvf gocz hlnvch kczfcgkochlkzhz k hkt

fw zyhcwbfz ghp hlw xvf co fl phylfc# Fl ghzhl goczkcvh wfcz vch llfcnvh bhyghjh fc bolzw bikzw,

bfczyf xvf fl ghwzfll goczkcvh wfcz vch llfcnvh co bhyghjh, vch llfcnvh vck}fywhl k jf zozdob# w

f}kjfcz xvf vch pfywoch xvf }f jf moyh, gob w fl ghw jf Dhkjvgkk, dh hjxvkykz hxvfwzh pfygfpgk o

jkwgvyw jhlnvc llog#

Zhbi wc wknckmkghzkvw flw gobfczhykw jHch xvhc hmkybh xvf wfykh cfgfwwhyk xvf lh nfcz

}kcnvw h Ghzhlvc{h hbi gocfktfbfczw jf ghzhl, pfyxv vch }fnhjh xvf dk hyykifc, gob xvf }fvfc

xvf co w jfl zoz cfgfwwhyk ah xvf fw pojfc gobvckghy fc ghwzfll#### Pfy zhcz, kczfypyfzhcz hxvfwzh

hmkybhgk, fl ghzhl co w cfgfwwhyk k fl bklloy w hpyfcjyfl hihcw, wkc fl wfv hpyfcfczhznf wfy

jkmgkl pfy lhgzkzvj jf ghc}khy jf llfcnvh jflw ghzhlhcophylhczw#

Pfy vc hlzyf ghcz k wfnocw flw Wfy}fkw Lkcnwzkgw jf lh VI, gob hkt bhzfkt do gocmkybh lh

}kgfyfgzoyh Mocyojoch, wfc}kh h zozw flw hlvbcfw, wfcwf ftgfpgk, kcmoybhgk yflhzk}h h lh yfhlkzhz

lkcnwzkgh h oyknfc, gob zhbi fc hyykihy, pfy zhcz, hkt w vc 800& jflw hlvbcfw#

Dk dh jvfw jhjfw iwkxvfw xvf goczyhwzfc k fw goczyhpowfc jvch bhcfyh bolz yhjkghl k w fl

mfz xvf wfnocw lfw moczw gocwvlzhjfw jf lh vck}fywkzhz zozw flw hlvbcfw hllgzocw yfifc kcmoybhgkwoiyf lfw llfcnfw jw h lfw hvlfw, pfy gob wdh ponvz }fvyf, cobw fl :0& jflw hlvbcfw

fcxvfwzhzw hmkybfc dh}fy yfivz hxvfwzh kcmoybhgk# Pfy i, xvf dk dh vc zfygfy hlvbcf, Jkfno, xvf

hmkybh co yfgoyjhy"do# Fl mfz jf co yfgoyjhy vch gowh gob hxvfwz pojykh wfy kcjkghjoy xvf i

lfwzvjkhcz yfhlbfcz co }h yfiyf ghp kcmoybhgk, o i, xvf jf zhczh kcmoybhgk xvf }h yfiyf, co wdo

}h llfnky zoz# Zhbi pojykh wfy xvf do yfiw, wdo llfnw pfy woiyf k w, yfhlbfcz wf cdh oilkjhz#

Fcghyh xvf w fwzyhc{ hxvfwz oilkz, ah xvf Jkfno bhckmfwzh xvf ah }olkh hpyfcjyf fl ghzhl jfw jf


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Ghjkw fwzhcz# Pfy zhcz, wf lk pojykh oilkjhy vch gowh gob hxvfwzh, jh}hcz jf lkczfyw bowzyhz? Fc zoz

ghw hxv xvfjh fl jvizf#

w vch jhjh powkzk}h fl mfz xvf lh bhaoykh jvck}fywkzhzw hllgzocfw fcxvfwzhjfw $vc >6&+

kcmoybkc woiyf lfw llfcnfw jf lh jogcgkh h lh VI#

Fc fl pkzaoy jflw fwgfchykw, zfckb xvf h bw jf mhllhy lh gobvckghgk h jkwzcgkh hbi

lhlvbcf, vc 6>& jflw hlvbcfw fcxvfwzhzw hmkybfc xvf xvhc }hc hyykihy pyfwfcgkhlbfcz h lh VI co

wflw }h omfyky jf mfy gvywow jf ghzhl, h bw, hxv fcghyh wdk pojykh wvbhy Jkfno, xvf co do

yfgoyjh, k Dhkjvgkk, xvf pfl wfv pyopk gobpzf ah }h }olfy fwzvjkhy ghzhl# Gfyzhbfcz, hxvfwzh jhjh,

gob lfw hczfykoyw, jfbowzyfc xvf hlnvch gowh phwwh hbi fl bfghckwbf woiyf flw pyozogolw

jhjbkwwk# Ghl co oilkjhy xvf bhlnyhz xvf fc hxvfwz zyfihll co hchlkzqfb flw hlvbcfw jf lfw

ftpfykcgkfw py}kfw, hxvfwzw dk wc# w jkmgkl, yfhlbfcz, jf gfyghy vc gvlphilf fc hxvfwz fwzhjk# Vc

hlvbcf poz fwzhy bw o bfc{w kcmoybhz h oyknfc, pozwfy fl ghpjh}hll w yfwpocwhiklkzhz jf lhlvbcf

bhzfkt fl mfz jkcmoybhy"wf jf lh yfhlkzhz jfl llog oc }ol hchy h phwwhy"dk vch zfbpoyhjh, k lh

kcmoybhgk xvf pvnvk mhgklkzhy lh vck}fywkzhz fc hxvfwz wfczkz, w bw h}khz hggfwwykh# Hl ghpjh}hll,

flw hlvbcfw whjhpzhyhc, pfy nyhz o pfy jfwnyhz, hl xvf lh yfhlkzhz flw kbpowk k lh yfhlkzhz, wfnocw jkvfc

Hch, Jkfno k Dhkjvgkk w xvf lh nfcz fz phylh bhaoykzykhbfcz fc ghwzfll# Pfy h bw, gob jkvfc lh

yfwzh jf moybh bhaoykzykh, w fc ghwzfll xvf zfcfc lfw yflhgkocw wogkhlw#

Zhcbhzfkt, zoz poz jochy pfv h bolzfw kczfypyfzhgkocw, pfy lh tkmyh bw ghijhl jf zozfw w

xvf cobw vc 87& jflw hlvbcfw hllgzocw jf lh mhgvlzhz jf mklolonkh fwzhc hpvczhzw h gvywow jf

ghzhl h Hgollkjh Lkcnwzkgh# Hkt w vch tkmyh bolz ihkth, k hxv ghljykh pojfy gobphyhy hxvfwzfw

tkmyfw hbi phwow o yfnkocw wkbklhyw h Ghzhlvc{h xvhcz h cobiyf jf phylhczw# Ghljykh whify xvkc

pfygfczhznf jhlvbcfw hllgzocw, k fc gkygvbwzcgkfw wkbklhyw h lh xvf wdh fthbkchz h lh VI,

fwzvjkfc fl cffylhcjw h Mlhcjfw, o xvhczw hlvbcfw hllgzocw fwzvjkfc fl myhcgw hl ghcz myhcgw jf

Wvwwh, pfy powhy jow ftfbplfw# Pfy i xvf jfczyhjh lh gobphyhzk}h ah fwzhykh fwikhkthjh pfl mfz xvf

lw wogkhl jf lfw yfwpfgzk}fw llfcnfw fc hxvfwzw jow zfyykzoykw woiyfphwwh hbi h}hczhznf fl jfl

ghzhl h Ghzhlvc{h# w vc mfz gocwzhzhilf xvf pfy }kvyf h Ghzhlvc{h, fl ghzhl w wk bw co,

yflhzk}hbfcz cfgfwwhyk, gowh xvf co phwwh hbi fl cffylhcjw h Mlhcjfw, o hbi fl myhcgw hl ghcz

myhcgmoc jf Wvwwh#

Gob wdh gobfchz h jky,zoz avwz mh vcfw lckfw, fl hlvbcfw whjhpzhyhc h lh yfhlkzhz xvf}kwxvkc, kcjfpfcjfczbfcz jf lh kcmoybhgk jf lh vck}fywkzhz# Kcjfpfcjfczbfcz jfl xvf wflw pvnvk

ftplkghy, kcjfpfcjfczbfcz jflw gvywow xvf yfikc h oyknfc woiyf fl ghzhl k jflw xvf pvnvkc yfiyf fc

hyykihy h lh VI# K xvkch w lh yfhlkzhz? Wfnocw lfw tkmyfw, vc 4:& jf ghzhlhcophylhczw fw phwwfc hl

ghwzfll xvhc hln flw fl phylh# O wknvk xvf cobw vc 8=& fw bhcz fc ghzhl# $Whnhyyh, 900;1 86+# H

bw, dk dh lh pfygfpgk nfcfyhlkzqhjh xvf jh}hcz jf nfcz jhwpfgzf fwzyhcnfy o jf nfcz xvf phylh fl

ghzhl hbi jkmkgvlzhzw, lh bhaoykh jf ghzhlhcophylhczw hplkxvfc lh goc}fyncgkh ghp hl ghwzfll# Hkt


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do bhckmfwzfc Dhkjvgkk k Jkfno, xvf wftpyfwwfc fc ghzhl hbi hggfcz# Lh bhaoykh jf pfywocfw

zfcjfktfc h ghc}khy jf llfcnvh, bhlnyhz xvf flw mhgzoyw dkwzykgw xvf pyopkgkh}fc hxvfwz

gobpoyzhbfcz ah dhc jfwhphyfnvz, k bhlnyhz xvf co dk dh ghp llfk fwgykzh o oyhl, xvf oilknvk h hxvfwz

gobpoyzhbfcz# w bw, fc hxvfwz ghw wob jh}hcz jhlvbcfw, flw hvzgzocw k gobphc{w jflw

fczyf}kwzhzw, xvf co dhc }kwgvz lh jkgzhjvyh ck dhc }kwgvz jf bhcfyh jkyfgzh lh pyodkikgk jfl ghzhl,

xvf dhc fwzvjkhz fc ghzhl, k zfcfc k dhc zkcnvz jvyhcz lh wf}h }kjh lh powwkiklkzhz jf gocwvbky fc

ghzhl, hbi lhmfnkz xvf wc fwzvjkhczw jf mklolonkh k lkcnwzkgh# Zoz k hkt l.dikz jf ghc}khy jf

llfcnvh, w.dfyfzh k w.fcgobhch, wc flw xvf whcobfcfc flw dhikzvw wogkobfczhlw flw xvhlw vc gop

kcwzhvyhzw, coybfw k gobpoyzhbfczw jf zozh bfch pojfc yfpyojvky"wf jf moybh hvzobhzkzqhjh wfcwf

xvf ckcn co dk }fnk lh kcgocnyvcgkh, ck fc jfbhck lh wf}h bojkmkghgk# $Ihwzhyjhw, 8;;=1 4=+

Pfy goczftz gvlzvyhl k lkcnwzkg, gob ah wdh jkz, lfwzvjkhcz jf Pfypkc{ w zyhgzhz h phyz#

Lfwzvjkhcz w gocfktfjoy jf lh yfhlkzhz lkcnwzkgh jf lh Ghzhlvc{h jfl wvj, gob hkt do w lh

Vck}fywkzhz jf Pfypkc{ k h bw, bowzyh vch hlzh gocwgkcgkh lkcnwzkgh#

=# Gocglvwkocw

W, lh pfygfpgk jflw fwzvjkhczw hllgzocw fc myocz jfl ghzhl co w jolfczh, co w cfnhzk}h,

pfy lh yfhlkzhz, vc gop hyykifc hxv, pfy vc ghcz flw jkv xvf pojfc fwzvjkhy bhzykgvlhcz"wf h

hwwknchzvyfw fc ghwzfll, k pfy lhlzyf, w xvf lh bhaoykh jfwzvjkhczw k lh wogkfzhz fc nfcfyhl flw

phylhyhc fc ghwzfll# Pfy zhcz, jh}hcz jhxvfwzw mfzw, ghljykh xfwzkochy mkcw h xvkc pvcz wc yfllf}hczw

k zklw flw fwmoyow xvf mh lh VI }h pfy jochy h gocktfy gfyzh yfhlkzhz lkcnwzkgh# Ghljykh xfwzkochy

xvkch w lh yfhlkzhz jf }fykzhz? Xvkch yfhlkzhz pfwh k kcgkjfkt bw? Lh yfhlkzhz xvf hxvfwz hlvbcfw

hyykihyhc k cfgfwwkzhyhc fl ghzhl pfy h lfw glhwwfw? Xv cfgfwwkzhyhc fl ghzhl pfy mfy hbkgw k

gobvckghy"wf hbi flw gobphc{w? O lh yfhlkzhz xvf pojyhc zykhy jf mfy glhwwfw fc ghwzfll? K lh yfhlkzhz

xvf bhaoykh jf gobphc{w flw phylhyhc fc ghwzfll? K xvf mkcw k zoz, fc fl ghw xvf whpvczfwwkc h

hlnvch glhwwf fc ghzhl, fcghyh pojykfc hlhy lh b k hgocwfnvky xvf fl pyomfwwoy ghc}kfw jf llfcnvh,

wfcwf xvf ckcn h lh glhwwf jknvw yfw# Bhlnyhz xvf hkt lzkb ah fwz yfnvlhz pfy lh coybhzk}h

lkcnwzkgh jf lh VI k co fw poz mfy, pfy lh bhaoykh jhlvbcfw do jfwgocfktfc k flw pyomfwwoyw co

wfbpyf zfcfc pyov yfgvywow pfy woyzky"wfc jvch wkzvhgk gocmlkgzk}h gob hxvfwzh#

Vch hlzyh yfhlkzhz w fl mfz xvf lh VI pfybfz hlw pyomfwwoyw kbphyzky lfw glhwwfw, jf moybh

llkvyf, fc xvhlwf}ol jf lfw jvfw llfcnfw, jf lfw zyfw, llfcnfw omkgkhlw xvk dk dh h Ghzhlvc{h97# Lh

97 Yfgoyjfb fl xvf jkv fl ~fi jfl xvhl ah wf cdh phylhz1 dzzp1//~~~#vi#fjv/wl/gh/wogko/kcmghz#dzb Fc lh jogcgkhvck}fywkzykh wvzklkzqfc fl ghzhl k fl ghwzfll, fl pyomfwwoyhz k lhlvbchz zfcfc jyfz jftpyfwwhy"wf, oyhlbfcz o pfy


39/51

7;

yfhlkzhz jhxvfwzh llkifyzhz w xvf dk dh hlvbcfw xvf co flw ghl whify ghzhl pfy hwwkwzky h lh VI fc fl

xvf wc lfw glhwwfw yfnvlhyw jf nyhv# Hxv ghl jky xvf lfw glhwwfw jf bwzfy k jogzoyhz wc vc pvcz k h

phyz fc hxvfwzh xfwzk# Pfy fl xvf w bw wknckmkghzkv jhxvfwzw llkifyzhz lkcnwzkgh xvhcz hlw

pyomfwwoyw, w xvf jhyyfyf jhxvfwzh llkifyzhz pojykh hbhnhy"wdk lh xfwzk xvf hlnvcw pyomfwwoyw co

flw ghl wfy gobpfzfczw fc llfcnvh ghzhlhch pfy ftfygky lh jogcgkh, wk bw co fc fl ghbp oyhl# Bfczyf

xvf flw pyomfwwoyw ghzhlhcophylhczw, zozw, w wc zhbi plfchbfcz gobpfzfczw fc llfcnvh ghwzfllhch#

Pfy zhcz, hbi xvkch lfnkzkbkzhz fw poz jfbhchy hlw hlvbcfw hllgzocw xvf hpyfcnvkc fl ghzhl, xvhc

hkt co w yfxvfykz jf mfy hlw pyomfwwoyw? Xvf wc hxvfllw xvf wf wvpowh xvf zfcfc vc gocfktfbfcz

wvpfykoy, k xvf dhc jf moybhy h hxvfwzw fwzvjkhczw# Jf zoz fl xvf wdh fwbfczhz wvhyh, wfc pojykh

jfjvky lfw ghvwfw pfy lfw xvhlw dk dh vc 87& jhlvbcfw hllgzocw hpvczhzw h glhwwfw jf ghzhl# Flw

hlvbcfw hyykifc k mhc fl xvf }fvfc, whjhpzfc h lfczoyc wogkolkcnwzkg# Fllw co wc xvk pfy mfy

wfnocw xvf hbi lh llfcnvh ghzhlhch, k bfc{w, vch jf gowfw xvf lh bhaoykh jhvzgzocw co jvfc h

zfybf#

w ifc gfyz xvf hbi vc nyvp zhcz pfzkz jfwzvjkhczw co wfc poz mfy vch ftzyhpolhgk, co fw

poz nfcfyhlkzqhy# Pfy pfy i xvf vc fw pojykh xfwzkochy wk lfw jhjfw oizkcnvjfw hkt gob flw

fcgoczyfw ghwvhlw pyf}kw, gob ah fw xfwzkoch hl pykcgkpk jhxvfwz zyfihll, wc myvkz jf lhzqhy o wk

yfhlbfcz dk dh hlnvch gowh bw# Pfy zhcz, co fw pojfc zyfvyf vcfw gocglvwkocw jfmkckzk}fw, ck

nfcfyhlkzqhilfw woiyf hxvfwz fwzvjk, ah xvf ghljykh hbplkhy lfw fczyf}kwzfw xvf dhvykfc jf phwwhy h

mfy"wf h lh zozhlkzhz jflw fwzvjkhczw hllgzocw, wk bw, co hlw jf lh mhgvlzhz jf mklolonkh#

Gob dfb }kwz k gobfczhz fc fl zyfihll, co zozdob wf wfcz kjfczkmkghz hbi lh llfcnvh jf

pykbfyh hjxvkwkgk# Fc fl ghw jf Nvkllfb dk dh vc gobpocfcz jf gocwgkcgkh lkcnwzkgh k jfyfgzkmkghgk jvch hcobhlkh xvf w lh xvhwk zozhl pyjvh jfl ghzhl h lh Ghzhlvc{h jfl Coyj# Fll jkv

xvf pykbfy wf wfcz kjfczkmkghz hbi lh llfcnvh ghzhlhch# Pfyxv wfnvyhbfcz pfcwh k whp, vch pfywoch

hbi lh wf}h gocwgkcgkh, xvf w lh llfcnvh dkwzykgh k h yfk}kcjkghy joc fll pyo}# Hkt do }h

ftpyfwwhy jfwpyw jf lfczyf}kwzh# Zhbi w powwkilf xvf hlnvcfw kjfczkmkghgkocw pyo}kcnvkc jvch

goyyflhgk hbi lh kjfczkmkghgk jvc zfyykzoyk xvf zhnyhjh# Co wfykh fl ghw jFbbh, pfy w xvf do

pojykh wfy fl jf Dhkjvgkk, xvf jvyhcz lh goc}fywh }h bhckmfwzhy lfw wf}fw pyfmfycgkfw pflw zfyykzoykw

jf lh pfccwvlh kiykgh k jhxv lh kjfczkmkghgk hbi lfw llfcnfw xvf wdk phylfc# Zoz k xvf ghl mkthy"

wf xvf fll wf wfcz kjfczkmkghz hbi lfw llfcnfw bhaoykzykfw, jobkchczw k co bhyghjfw, gob hyh flghwzfll k fl poyzvnvw, pfy co wf wfcz kjfczkmkghz hbi fl nhllfg k fl ghzhl,xvf zhbi phylh# w glhy

xvf fll hmkybh zfcky fl yobhcw $fc loyjyf xvf w fwgykz, w fc loyjyf xvf do }h jky+ gob h pykbfyh

llfcnvh, bhlnyhz xvf ldocnhyw w, jf mfz, lh llfcnvh xvf }h hpyfcjyf h ghwh wf}h, ah xvf pfyzhc{ h lh

bkcoykh docnhyfwh jf Yobhckh# Ghljykh kcjhnhy wk hxvfwz mfz z hlnvch gowh h }fvyf xvhc mh lfw

fwgykz, fc lh llfcnvh omkgkhl xvf pyfmfyfktkc#


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hmkybhgkocw xvf mh woiyf fl mfz jf jky xvf fl ghwzfll w lh llfcnvh jf zozw k fl ghzhl co# Hxv co

cobw dk pojfc kcmlvky gfyzw jkwgvywow9: xvf pyfzfcf

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