el laberinto de la rosa

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@b {`béljcj ~jcþ y Bpny ~` npaqiþ bd~ jqèd~# Ndb|ic njqqiþ }q`~pqj~j}dqd q`~}jck`q5 (Ojbd# Bj ~i`c{j" fqdnid~ }jq `b }é~dh`# B` kiqé tpòdaèd {`b`ljc`dkj( îdc ~` d~jhþ y b` hiqþ dfqdk`nikd# „Cj }p`kj

nq``q tp` h` odyd dl`n{dkj {dc{j( Ndb|ic `~{dad d }pc{j k` d{qd|`~dq bd}p`q{d npdckj ~jcþ ~p {`béljcj#( ¤}jq Kij~$ ºCj }p`k`c kèdqcj~ `c}du pc }dq k` kèd~:( tp`qèd njcn`c{qdq~` `c ~p~ }qj}ij~ `hjnijc`~ `cbpfdq k` ~`q ih}jq{dcnid }jq bd dfjaidc{` ~jbikdqikdk k` ~p~ dhifj~#@bbd odaèd d}dfdkj ~p {`béljcj" }`qj pcd ndc{ikdk k` njb`fd~ odaèdcbjfqdkj njhõch`c{` njc Ndb|ic }dqd ic{`q`~dq{` }jq `bbd" }`qj `~{d|ù" bd bbdhdkd `qd }dqd éb# /]]# 6?( 69)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Npdckj }i`qk`~ d dbfpi`c njc tpi`c od~ {`cikj pcd q`bdniþc {dcèc{ihd kpqdc{` dôj~" cj `~ }j~iab` odn`q njhj ~i cdkd }d~dqd‘# /]]#69)

^èc{`~i~

Db`x bb`fd db oj~}i{db" njhj k` nj~{phaq` d {qdadedq" ~` `cnp`c{qd dÄh`b pc njh}dô`qj tp` ~` }q`fpc{d nþhj `~{ä njc q`~}`n{j d bdhp`q{` k` ~p o`qhdcj Vibb# Éb }jq }qih`qd |ù k`~k` bd hp`q{` k` ~po`qhdcj odabd db q`~}`n{j" `b cj nq`` da~jbp{dh`c{` `c cdkd k` tp`~plqiþ pc dnnik`c{` njc ~p hj{j" `b ~j~}`nod tp` dbfpi`c bj nojnþ




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

d}qj}þ~i{j ~ic k`edq qd~{qj" d}qj|`nod bd jnd~iþc }dqd ic|i{dqbj dblpc`qdb k` Vibb" }`qj cj dn`}{d yd tp` cj `~ q`bifij~j" y k` }qjc{jnjhi`cudc pcd~ ~`qi`~ k` }dbdaqd~ njc q`~}`n{j d bj q`bifij~j" ndkdtpi`c njc ~p }qj}ij }pc{j k` |i~{d# /]]# ?=)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒@b d}jyj k` bj~ }dqi`c{`~ `~ pcd }dq{` |i{db k`b }qjn`~j }j~j}`qd{jqijy `~j `~ dbfj tp` `bbd ndq`n` }jq njh}b`{j‘# /]]#?4)

Njh`c{dqij

Db`x ~i`h}q` njc~ik`qþ d Dh`b `b ojhaq` hä~ jnp}dkj k`b }bdc`{d" ydtp`b k`{dbb` b` `hjnijcþ {dc{j" tp` {qd{þ pc ic~{dc{` `c q`dnnijcdq ykdqb` bd~ fqdnid~#

Njh`c{dqij5

Dh`b `~ pc njh}dô`qj k` {qdadej k` Db`x" tpi`c ~i`h}q` `~{ä jnp}dkj`c ~p~ d~pc{j~ y hpy }jnd~ |`n`~ {i`c` {i`h}j k` }bd{indq" }`qj `~` kèd~` ic{`q`~þ }jqtp` Db`x ~dndqd ~p~ ~`c{ihi`c{j~ njc q`~}`n{j d bdhp`q{` k` ~p o`qhdcj Vibb" dbfj tp` b` }dq`niþ ~jq}q`ck`c{` yd tp`c`n`~i{dad k`~dojfdq~` njc dbfpi`c" yd tp` njc ~p }dkq` cj }jkèdodn`qbj# /]]# ?1)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj 9

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒@bbd cpcnd lp` `~}`nidbh`c{` |`cfd{i|d" edhä~ b` jabifþ d q`njcjn`q~`npb}dab` k` dtp`b tp` ~daèd c }jkèd ndhaidq#‘ /]]#?0)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Cpcnd ~da`hj~ d kþck` cj~ bb`|d cp`~{qj ndhicj# \`ckqé j{qd |`unjc{ifj `c bd }qihd|`qd j `c }b`cj |`qäc" y bj q`njqq`q`hj~ epc{j~#‘/]]#?9

Nd}è{pbj 4= Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Cj `cnjc{qdad }dbdaqd~ }dqd `x}bindq d bj~ k` k`hä~ njhj ~` ~`c{èd#Cpcnd odaèd |i~{j `b hpckj niqnpckdc{` njhj `c `~` hjh`c{j#‘/]]#9;)

Nd}è{pbj 44

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒K` }i`~ bif`qj~" bdn`qdkd }jq bd~ `~}icd~ qjed k` ~dcfq`" hdcnodkd }jq`b dhjq" `b njqduþc k`~{qjudkj5 dojqd" abdcnd }pq`ud#‘ /]]# 4=4)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Bj~ `~}èqi{p~ k` bd hp`q{`" bb`fdc k`~k` `b }d~dkj#‘ /]]# 4=?)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒^` `cnjc{qþ adej `b o`noiuj k` bd h`bj~d |ju tp` }qjcpcnidad `bcjhaq` k`b bpfdq kjck` odaèd cdki` njhj ~i lp`qd pcd ~jbd y bdqfd~èbdad#‘ /]]# 44>)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Cj~j{qj~ y bd~ nj~d~ d bd~ tp` k`cjhicdhj~ cp`~{qd~ }j~`~ijc`~"|i`c`~ y |dc‘# /]]# 41=)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj 41

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Éb }`c~þ tp` `hdcdad pcd ~daikpqèd ~ihibdq d bd k` ]dbd~ D{`c`d"}`qj {dhaiéc `qd {dc |pbc`qdab` njhj npdbtpi`q Lbjq`cn` Kjha`y#‘/]]# 410)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒^` p{ibiud bd lp`qud" `c bpfdq k`b dhjq" }dqd tp` dtp`bbj~ tp` kpkdc"dn`}{`c bd |`qkdk‘# /]]# 41<)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒@~ hpnoj hä~ fqdck` |p`~{qj {`hjq db }qjcpcnidq `~{d ~`c{`cnid" tp``b hèj db q`niaiqbd‘# /]]# 416)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj 4>

Njh`c{dqij

(Vibb h` kèþ" cj }p`k`c npb}dqh` }jqtp` odyd j{qd }`q~jcd `c hi|ikd# Db`x ~i`h}q` od ~ikj hpy ajckdkj~j" cj }p`k` odn`qh` ~plqiq}jq `~{j#(

Njh`c{dqij5

îdc bd tp` kiej `~j" bj h`cnijcd }jqtp` `bbd hpy `c `b ljckj ~` ~i`c{`}q`~ijcdkd }jq bj tp` }p`k`c k`niqb` }`q~jcd~ k` b̀bd" yd tp` dojqd~db` njc `b }qihj k` ~p `x cj|ij" y ~i`c{` tp` bj `~{ä {qdinijcdkj" }p`~dpctp` Ndb|ic b` fp~{d" ~i`h}q` od ~`fpikj dhdckj d Vibb" }`qj kà`~dbiq dk`bdc{`# /]]#4>=)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Kà`hj~ dh}bidq cp`~{qd nd}dnikdk k` ~da`q y njh}q`ck`q }jqh`kij k` bd dhjqj~d ic{`bif`cnid k`b njqduþc‘ /]]# 4;=)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj 4;

^èc{`~i~

Db`x" îhjc y Bpny ~` `cnp`c{qdc kdckj njcnbp~ijc`~ y`~}`npbdnijc`~ ~jaq` bd }d~dkd n`cd njc îdc y Ndb|ic" bj npdb b`~}dq`nèd hpy `x{qdôj" tp` Ndb|ic tpi~i`qd {dc{j bd bbd|` tp` Db`x bòdaèd kdkj d Bpny" y {dhaiéc ~`c{èdc tp` `b `qd hpy ~j~}`noj~j"njh`cudqjc d odabdq k` éb" k` tp` cj b` {`cèdc njclidcud y tp` `qdqdqj# Bpny y îhjc ~` ki`qjc np`c{d {dhaiéc k` tp` `bbj~ yd ~` odaèdc|i~{j dc{`~ npdckj Bpny ~dbiþ d ndhicdq pc kèd db }dqtp`#

D~è hi~hj ~` }qj}p~i`qjc q`pciq {jkj~ bj~ kjnph`c{j~ y k`~nilqdqbj~yd tp` ~`c{èdc tp` {`cèdc tp` ~da`q tp` ~ifcilindad" }p`~ Vibb odaèdhp`q{j npdckj odaèd `h}q`ckikj bd aõ~tp`kd d hpnod~ q`~}p`~{d~ k``~j~ kjnph`c{j~# /]]# 4;4(4;?)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒î ~p ~dbpk `c pc }qicni}ij bj~ odaèd pcikj" k` }qjc{j ~` njc|`q{iqèd`c pc `b`h`c{j }`q{pqadkjq‘# /]]# 4;1)

Njh`c{dqij

[jkd ~p |ikd {`qq`cdb }dq`n` oda`q ~ikj pc ~p`ôj" õcindh`c{` }`q|i|`~p `~}èqi{p#

Njh`c{dqij5^` q`li`q`c d K``" pc ojhaq` tp` `~ h`cnijcdkj `c pcj~ ~̀nqi{j~" `bnpdb `~ hpy ih}jq{dc{` y }qicni}db }dqd bd aõ~tp`kd k` Db`x y Bpny"}`qj db {qd{dq k` ic|`~{ifdq ~jaq` ~p |ikd" `~ njhj ~i cpcnd opai`qd`xi~{ikj#




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

^da`c tp` `xi~{iþ }`qj }dq`n` tp` ajqqdqjc tp` npdbtpi`q nj~d tp`}pki`qd odn`q }q`~`cnid k` ~p |ikd# /]]#4;1)

^èc{`~i~

îdc y Ndb|ic ki~np{`c `c `b dp{jhþ|ib" k`~}pé~ k` pcd n`cd njc Db`x"Bpny y ~p }dkq`" yd tp` Ndb|ic njhi`cud d njh}jq{dq~` k` ljqhd`x{qdôd }jq {`c`q bd bbd|` tp` }j~`` Bpny" ~`fõc éb tpi`q` `~` jae`{j}jqtp` `~ ndp~dc{` k` hpnod~ hdbkinijc`~" }`qj Bpny" tpi`c cj nq```c cdkd k` ~p}`q~{inijc`~ y njhi`cud d ~`c{iq~` `x{qdôd epc{j d `b#Bp`fj `b h`cnijcd tp` }jq npb}d k` `~d bbd|`" îdc y Vibb ~`

~`}dqdqjc y tp` Vibb hpqiþ }jq npb}d k` bd hdbkiniþc" dbfj tp` b`hjb`~{d dpc hä~ d îdc yd tp` `bbd ~da` }`ql`n{dh`c{` }jqtp` ~pq`bdniþc cj }pkj }qjfq`~dq# /]]# 4;?(4;9)

Njh`c{dqij5

(@~d noind" Bpny cj kà`qèd {`c`qbd" `~ }`bifqj~j# [qd` hdbd ~p`q{`# Od

k` `~{dq `c `b }jk`q k` pcd }`q~jcd tp` ~`}d tp` {qd` `c{q` hdcj~#

Njh`c{dqij5

^` q`li`q`c d bd bbd|` k` }bd{d tp` {qdèd Vibb" y tp` dojqd }j~`` Bpny" bdnpdb b` odaèd ja~`tpidkj ~p hdkq` d éb" kin`c tp` {qd` hdbd ~p`q{`"}jqtp` ~jbj ~` kàèd k` }d~dq k` hdkq` d oied k` f`c`qdniþc df`c`qdniþc }`qj npdckj lp` kdkd d Vibb" njh`cudqjc d ~pn`k`qhpnod~ nj~d~ hdbd~# ]jq `~j kin`c tp` kd hdbd ~p`q{`" }`qj Ndb|icdtpè `~ k` ~j~}`nodq" yd tp` }q`~i`c{j tp` `b {i`c` dbfj tp` |`q njc bdhp`q{` k` Vibb# /]]#4;9)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj 40

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Pcd }qjlpckd h`bdcnjbèd ~` d}jk`qþ k` `bbd" `c npdc{j njh`cudqjcbd~ hifqdôd~ y bd~ }`~dkibbd~ dfqd|dqjc ~p~ hjb`~{id~‘# /]]# 40=)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Pcd }`q~jcd h`cj~ ic~`fpqd odaqèd njc~ik`qdkj tp` dtp`bbd~

}dbdaqd~ `qdc db`c{dkjqd~" }`qj `~` kèd Bpny cj `qd pc `~}èqi{p db`fq`#‘/]]# 40;)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj 4<

(Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Kdqèd npdbtpi`q nj~d }jq ~da`q ~p~ ~`c{ihi`c{j~# @~{ä ic{`q`~dkj ybp`fj j `~{ä( ¤`~ iqqi{dc{`$‘# /]]#4<;)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒@~ pc hpckj kjck` {jkj~ njqq`c y bj~ qjhdcn`~ {`qhicdc dc{`~ kòda`q `h}ùdkj" `~ k`binij~dh`c{` dc{inpdkj y {qdctpibiudkjq#‘/]]# 4<0)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒@~ kilènib k` d~ihibdq tp` pc ojhaq` ~`d ldhj~j njhj hd{`hä{inj k`ni`q{j {db`c{j" y {dhaiéc njhj hdfj#‘ /]]# 4<?)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Bd~ ik`d~ `x}q`~dkd~ `c bj~ {`x{j~ o`qhé{inj~ bd njckpe`qjc d bd}qj}id `~`cnid ki|icd‘# /]]# 46=)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Bd~ hiqdkd~ k` dhaj~ ~` `cnjc{qdqjc d}`cd~ pc ic~{dc{`" yd tp` éb`~{dad njcn`c{qdkj `c `b ndhicj#‘ /]]# 464)

Njh`c{dqij

Bd ljq{dbùd k` bd ej|`c `c ~p nd}dnikdk k` q`}qihiq ~p dl`n{j# Pc{jqq`c{` k` `hjnijc`~ }jkqèd k`~{qpiqbd" dqqd~dq njc ~p õcinj nq`j# K`}qjc{j cj `qd ~jq}q`ck`c{` tp` ~p njqduþc opai`qd ~ikj ~p {dbþc k`Dtpib`~#

Njh`c{dqij5

Bd ej|`c d bd tp` ~` q`li`q`c `~ Bpny" `bbd ~i`h}q` q`}qihèd ~p~~`c{ihi`c{j~" }`qj cj `qd hpy `hj{i|d njc bd f`c{`" fqdnid~ d ~pkjbjqj~d icldcnid" bj npdb q`~pb{dad iqþcinj" yd tp` `~{dad `cl`qhd k`bnjqduþc y `~j bd hdc{`cèd `c qi`~fj k` hjqiq" bj npdb `qd njhj ~p {dbþc




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

k` Dtpib`~" }p`~ {dc{d ljq{db`ud k` ~p~ ~`c{ihi`c{j~ }jkqèdk`qqphadq~` `c pc hjh`c{j" odniéckjbd lqäfib y hjq{db# /]]#460)

Nd}è{pbj 46

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒@b edhä~ h`cnijcdad `b {`hd" cpcnd }`qhi{iqèd tpi{dq~` bd hä~ndqd"}`qj `bbd `c{`ckèd ~ic c`n`~ikdk k` `x}bindnijc`~ tp` ~p kjbjq dpc cj~` odaèd hi{ifdkj#‘ /]]# 4?>)

Ni{d {`x{pdb‒^p}j tp` c k`aèd `c{q`fdq ~p njqduþc# Da~jq{d `c ~p~ }qj}ij~~`c{ihi`c{j~#‘ /]]# 4?;)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Cj hiq`~ hä~ dbbä k` ojy# Hi dbld y hi jh`fd#‘ /]]# 494)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Odu k` `~{d~ kj~ hi{dk`~ pc {jkj#‘ /]]# 491)

Nd}è{pbj 4?

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒^` jabifþ d cj k`~hjqjcdq~` y ~` `~ljquþ hä~ dõc }jq jb|ikdq `b kjbjqtp` ~`c{èd `c `b np`q}j#‘ /]]# 490)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒@c `b hpckj odaèd }`q~jcd~ bj ~plini`c{`h`c{` q`bifij~d~ }dqd jkidq"}`qj cj }dqd dhdq#‘ /]]# 1=>)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj 49

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Cj {`cèd ~`c{ikj d}q`~pqdq~` dojqd k`~}pé~ k` bj hpnoj tp` odaèdc`~}`qdk dtp`b hjh`c{j#‘ /]]# 1=9)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒^p~ ~`c{ikj~ odaèdc q`fq`~dkj k`b bdqfj `xibij tp` `bbd hi~hd b`~

odaèd ih}p`~{j#‘ /]]# 1 4=)

Nd}è{pbj 1= Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒@b {i`h}j k`~d}dniab` b`~ ic|i{þ d }`qhdc`n`q `c ~p q`lpfij#‘ /]]#141)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒^p~ }dbdaqd~ cj }qjkpe`qjc njchjniþc" ~icj {`qcpqd#‘ /]]# 14;)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj 14

Q`~ph`c

Bpny ~dbiþ k`b adôj ~pe`{dckj bd {jdbbd tp` bd `c|jb|èd# Db`x lp` odn``bbd k`~k` bd odai{dniþc njc{icpd# Db`x odaèd bb`|dkj pcd adck`ed k`k`~dypcj njc pcd {`{`qd y aqjno`~# K`~`dqèd cj {`c`q tp` hdqnodqh`k` dtpè edhä~# H` ~i`c{j ~`fpqd" }qj{`fikd y bd~ ~äadcd~ op`b`c dbd|dckd##

Db`x bd daqduþ k`~k` d{qä~# K`~}pé~ k`~npaqiþ pc q`bje ~jbdq# „Lp`ndbiaqdkj njhj pc q`bje bpcdq#( @~ häfinj([p hdkq` `qd dkhiqdab`#

[qd`qé d Hdx hdôdcd# Bpny ~` db`fqþ k` tp` bd icnbpy`qd `c bd |i~i{dnjc ~p oiej# [jhþ bd hdcj k` Db`x y ndhicþ odnid `b }`tp`ôj aj~tp`#Éb b` ndqfþ ~jaq` ~p `~}dbkd# @bbd b` a`~þ `b np`bbj# /]]# 11>(110)

Njh`c{dqij

@~` bpfdq" bd nd~d k` bd hdkq` k` Db`x" bd odaèd njchj|ikj}qjlpckdh`c{`# ^`c{èd tp` odaèd `cnjc{qdkj dbfj npyd }éqkikd cjodaèd dk|`q{ikj od~{d `c{jcn`~#

Njh`c{dqij5

@bbd ~` ~`c{èd nþhjkd `c `~d nd~d" yd tp` b` q`njqkdad d njhj `qd ~pnd~d" npdckj `qd }`tp`ôd" y tp` cj odaèd ~`c{ikj {dc{j bd }éqkikd k`~p hdkq`" od~{d dojqd" tp` odaèd `cnjc{qdkj pcd ldhibid njc bd hi~hd~i{pdniþc tp` `bbd" ~` ~`c{èd q` njcljq{dkd" }`qj db hi~hj {i`h}j"q`njqkdad ~p }`qkikd# /]]# 11;)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Bd {qi~{ùd tp` Bpny }`qniaiþ `c ~p f`~{j cj ~` kàèd db o`noj kòda`qbd }`qkikj" ~icj d bd }`cd k` oda`q `~{dkj bèj~ k` `bbd hi`c{qd~|i|èd#‘ /]]# 110)

Nd}è{pbj 11 Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Cj~ }dq`nèd icdn`}{dab` tp` dbfpcd~ }`q~jcd~ lp`qdc nd}dn`~ k`npdbtpi`q nj~d }dqd ih}jc`q ~p |jbpc{dk" ~p |i~iþc k`b hpckj#‘/]]# 1>?)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Bd ic{`cniþc ih}bèni{d `~ bd hi~hd k` ~i`h}q`" njc|`q{iq d bj~ epkèj~ dbnqi~{idci~hj#‘ /]]# 1;;)

Nd}è{pbj1>

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Bd `cndc{dad k`~npaqiq tp` pc hi{j }qjlpckdh`c{` dqqdifdk kdad

jqif`c d j{qj y }qjkpnèd ki|`q~d~ hdcil`~{dnijc`~ k` l`#‘ /]] 100)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj 1;

Q`~ph`c

^idc k`~k` bd |`c{dcd dai`q{d hiqj `c kiq`nniþc d bd }bdud {jkj}`qhdc`nèd `c ~ib`cnij# @bbd y Ndb|ic ~` odaèdc k`~}`kikj `c h`kij k`pcd ~i{pdniþc hpy {`c~d" }`qj yd odaèdc }d~dkj kj~ kèd~ y bd odaqèdq`njcljq{dkj odabdq njc éb# @qdc nd~i bd~ kjn` y nicnj k`lici{i|dh`c{``qd k`hd~idkj {dqk` }dqd bbdhdq# K`~njc`n{þ bd bäh}dqd y ~` `cndhicþ

odn` `b kjqhi{jqij#Kj~ jej~ dhdqibbj~ ja~`q|dqjc k`~k` bd }bduj nþhj bd~ bpn`~ k`bd}dq{dh`c{j ~` d}dfdc pcd {qd~ j{qd" pcd hdcj q`fjqk`{d ~dnþ pc{`béljcj hþ|ib k`b ajb~ibbj" y `~nqiaiþ pc h`c~de` k` {`x{j" njh`c{dckjojqd y o`noj~ {qi|idb`~ tp` dndad k` ja~`q|dq# Bj~ jej~ q`fq`~dqjc d bd}j~iniþc jqificdb y cp`|dh`c{` ~` k`kindqjc d hiqdq liedh`c{`~pae`{i|j# /]]# 1<?(1<9)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj 10

Njh`c{dqij

^` kèþ nd`q `c `b adcnj k` qjab`" lqp~{qdkd }jq oda`q~` }`qkikj bd~ kj~bbdhdkd~

Njh`c{dqij5

@bbd ~` ~`c{èd lqp~{qdkd }jqtp` tp`qèd odabdq njc Db`x" }`qj cj bj

`cnjc{qþ y k` }qjc{j ~jcþ ~p n`bpbdq" `qd j{qd }`q~jcd" db hi~hj{i`h}j ~jcþ `b {`béljcj y cj }pkj njc{`~{dq" {`qhicþ pcd bbdhdkd }dqdd{`ck`q j{qd" npdckj bb`fþ db j{qj {`béljcj yd ~` odaèd njq{dkj bdbbdhdkd" `~ k`niq ~` tp`kþ ~ic bd~ kj~ bbdhdkd~" bd ~`fpckd odaèd ~ikj `Db`x# /]]# 16<)

Q`~ph`c

Db`x d{i~aþ pcd licd {`bdqdôd `c `b hdqnj k` bd }p`q{d" éb {p|j bd~`c~dniþc k` oda`q `~{dkj dp~`c{` |dqid~ ~`hdcd~# Odaèd kèdkj dBpny kpqhi`ckj `c bd ndhd k` Vibb" bd odaèd `cnjc{qdkj dbbè" h`kijkjqhikd" ~` odaèd k`~biudkj epc{j d `bbd# Db`x y Bpny `~{dadc `c bdhi~hd }j~iniþc npdckj bd dbdqhd k`b q`bje ickinþ tp` kàèdck`~}`q{dq~`# @bbd iqèd d {qdadedq `b kèd ~ifpi`c{`# Db`x cj odaèd }p`~{jjae`nijc`~ y odaèd }dq{ikj `c njh}dôèd k` îhþc y Fqdn`# /]]# 16=(164)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Q`~ph`c

Db`x bb`fd d ~p ojfdq y ~` }`qnd{d tp` pc ~jaq` tp` kèþ îdc `b npdb{i`c` bd ndk`cd y bd bbd|` tp` éb b` odaèd njh}qdkj d Bpny `c ~p

nph}b`dôj~" bd npdb odaèd ~ikj dqqàd{dkd odn` pcj~ kèd~" }jq pcj~hdbo`nojq`~ tp` bd odaèdc ~`np`~{qdkj# @b ~` ~jq}q`ckiþ ìch`kid{dh`c{` bbdhj d îdc" `bbd b` kiej tp` bj odaèdc kèdkj `c ~pnd~d" }`qj `b ~j~}`noj k` tp` Ndb|ic {p|i`qd tp` |`q `c `~{j# Y `~j ~jbjb`~ odnèd ~da`q tp` bj~ hdbo`nojq`~ `~{dadc db }`cki`c{` k` `bbj~#/]]#164(161)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒^daèd tp` ~p~ `hjnijc`~ `qdc ic{`c~d~" }`qj d h`cpkj bd~ q`}qihèd#‘/]]# 1?6)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj 1<

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Kþck` `~{dadc `~j~ äcf`b`~ fpdqkidc`~ tp` dnpkèdc npdckj bj~bbdhdad dbfõc kjbi`c{`#‘ /]]# 194)

^èc{`~i~

îdc `~{dad `c ~p nd~d ~jbd" dôjqdckj d Vibb" tpi`c dpc `~{dadc

}q`~`c{` ~i`h}q` `c ~p h`c{̀ " y hä~ dojqd tp` Ndb|ic `~{dadk`~d}dq`nikj" y `bbd `h}ùdad d ~j~}`nodq tp` éb b` }jkèd oda`q o`nojkdôj d Vibb" yd cj ~daèd tp` nq``q k` Ndb|ic" bj tp`qèd" }`qj cj ~`~`c{èd ~`fpqd njc `b" k` }qjc{j bb`fþ Db`x y bd dypkj `~{dad hpy hdb#Odaèd aàikj |icj bd cjno` dc{`qijq y ~` `cnjc{qdad hpy k`}q`~i|d# @b}d~þ d ~dbpkdqbd y d dcihdqbd pc }jnj" bd ic|i{þ d n`cdq epc{j njc Bpnyy b` kiej tp` ~` npikdqd k` Ndb|ic y tp` `~{dqèd n`qnd ~i bj c`n`~i{dad#/]]#194(19;)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒@b `x}q`~dad ~p~ ik`d~ y ~p~ `hjnijc`~ npdckj bd~ }dbdaqd~ cj }jkèdcodn`qbj#‘ /]]# 191)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Njh`c{dqij

]q`l`qèd }`qhdc`n`q `cnbdp~{qdkd epc{j db ldc{d~hd k` Vibb#

Njh`c{dqij5

@bbd tp`qèd `~{dq ~jbd pcj~ hjh`c{j~" yd tp` ~` ~`c{èd npb}dab` k` bdhp`q{` k` Vibb y dõc bj` `x{qdôdad" ~` ~`c{dad epc{j d ~p }idcj" }jqojqd~" q`njqkdckj npdckj Vibb b` {jndad ndcnijc`~"#

@~j h` odn` ~`c{iq tp` b̀bd" `~{dad hpy `cdhjqdkd k` éb# Y }jq pcbdkj `~ njchj|`kjq |`qbd njhj dõc `~{dckj njc dbfpi`c hä~" dpc bj`x{qdôd# /]]#191)

Q`~ph`c

B` }dq`nèd icdkhi~iab` }`qk`q bd j}jq{pcikdk k` dbndcudq db diq` biaq`njc ~p oiej#(º@~j ~ifcilindad tp` cj |`ckqèd~ d nd~d }dqd ]d~npd:([`}qjh`{j ic{`c{dqbj" }`qj {`cfj jabifdnijc`~#( `~}`qdad hi`c{qd~ njc`~d noind" îdc#(\`q`hj~ „Hdhä" ºdbfpcd |ù ~` {` jnpqqiþ tp`

kà`qèd~ oda`q ~ikj bd o`q`k`qd k` bd bbd|` k`~}pé~ k` bd hp`q{` k`Kidcd:(Cj" Kidcd {i`c` o`qhdcj~ y pcj k` `bbj~ {i`c` pcd oied#(Bdbbd|` kà` o`q`kdq~` d{q`|`~ k` bd bèc`d l`h`cicd" bd ~pn`~jqd kàèd ~`qk`~n`cki`c{` k` Kidcd" j{qd nj~d hä~ tp` cj `c{i`ckj# º}jq tpé cpcnd~` ki|ikiþ bd nd~d k` ndh}j `c Icfbd{`qqd:(Cj }p`k`~ tpèdq{` ci }iudk` {p }j~iniþc#( ^jbj `~{jy ic{qifdkj# Bd b`y`ckd k` bd ldhibidd~`fpqdad tp` bd bbd|`" pc kjnph`c{j `~nqi{j y bd nd~d epc{j njc pc }dqk` nj~d~" kà`c }d~dq d bd oied hdyjq# Ifcjqþ npdb

lp` bd k`ni~iþc k` Kidcd" }`qj h` {`hj tp` `bbd ~daèd tp` `qd bd õb{ihdk` bd bèc`d y tp` dbfj ~pn`k`qèd# „Hdhä ~i`h}q` k`nèd tp` bd bbd|` k`b{i`h}j `~{dad k`~{icdkd d pcd }`q~jcd" k`~k` `b }qicni}ij#

@~d bbd|` `~ pcd a`ckiniþc ~jbj }dqd bd }`q~jcd d bd npdb od ~ikjk`~{icdkd" y pcd ndqfd }dqd {jkj~ bj~ k`hä~# /]]#>=4(>=;)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj 16

^èc{`~i~

Bpny |d d bd jlinicd k` Db`x" y ~` kdc np`c{d tp` `~{äc |`~{ikj~ k`bhi~hj njbjq" dbfj tp` b`~ np~d qi~d y njh}binikdk# Bp`fj `bbd b`njh`c{d tp` kà` |idedq tp` kà` |idedq d Cp`|d Yjqg" }dqd ic|`~{ifdq~jaq` bj~ kjnph`c{j~" `b }jq ~p}p`~{j cj tpi`q` kèdqbd iq ~jbèd" }p`~dõc `qd qi`~fj~j tp` |idedqd {dc ~`fpikj7 }`qj `bbd yd odaèd {jhdkj bdk`ni~iþc y kàèd odn`q `b |ide`" }jq Vibb y }jq `bbd# îhjc bddnjh}dôdqèd# Db`x y `bbd cj ~daèdc nþhj k`~}`kiq~`# Yd tp` d }`~dq k`tp` Bpny cj `qd hä~ ~p }dni`c{` ~` ~`c{èd icnjhjkd hj~{qdckj dl`n{jdb kjn{jq" hi`c{qd~ bj~ k`hä~ kjn{jq`~ ja~`q|dadc" }`qj Db`x {jhþ bd~qi`ckd~ y ~` }ikiþ qjhäc{indh`c{` k` `bbd# /]]#>=0(>=?)

Njh`c{dqij

@~{jy `h}ùdckj d ~j~}`nodq k` hi }qj}id ~jhaqdNjh`c{dqij5

îhjc kin` `~j d Bpny }jqtp` ~i`c{` tp` bj~ |ifibdc `c npdbtpi`qhjh`c{j" y kdkj bj~ ~pn`~j~ k` bj~ õb{ihj kèd~" cj `~ }dqd h`cj~" ydtp` Bpny odaèd ~ikj ~`np`~{qdkd odn` pcj~ kèd~ y `b {`hèd }jq bd~`fpqikdk k` {jkj~" hd~ k` Bpny" yd tp` `b bd `~{dad npikdckj" `qd pcd`x}q`~iþc bþfind kdkj `b hjh`c{j# /]]#>=?)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Q`~ph`c

Bpny ~` kèþ nd`q `c `b njcljq{dab` d~i`c{j k`{`~{dad bb`fdq ep~{j d{i`h}j# îhjc {`cèd ~jaq` `b q`fduj `b Iajjg k` Vibb( ]jkqèdhj~

d}qj|`nodq `b {i`h}j q`|i~dckj bd~ }i~{d~" h` }q`fpc{dad ~i Vibb yîdc ~` d}jkdadc `c{q` ~è" k` dbfpcd hdc`qd `~}`nidb#(Dojqd tp` bjh`cnijcd~" q`np`qkj tp` îdc ~jbèd bbdhdqb` Vibbi`#

(Ohh dtpè `~{d ~p dn`q{iej5

‒Kàj `~{dq d{`c{j d bd }q`~`cnid k` bd qj~d# @~ pcd lbjq njh}bindkd"bb`cd k` ~ihajbi~hj y ~ifcilindkj~ }dqdkþeinj~#‘

@~d~ }dbdaqd~ bd njchj|i`qjc }qjlpckdh`c{`# ^`c{èd tp` }jkèdnjh}q`ck`qbd~ }jq h`kij k` ~p }qj}id `x}`qi`cnid `c `b bda`qic{jdpctp` cj {`cèd hdc`qd k` `x}binäq~`bj d îhjc# K` }qjc{j" Bpny |ijtp` `b }qj{`n{jq ~` {qdc~ljqhdad `c pcd hpe`q njc pc näbiu `c bd~hdcj~" kjck` odaèd ~p~}`ckikj pcd }`qbd# /]]# >=?(>4=)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Bd qj~d fpèd d bj~ `x}`q{j~" d bj~ dbtpihi~{d~ y d bj~ hi`haqj~ k` bd~jni`kdk#‘/]]# >4=)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Bd h`kinicd k`kindkd d bj~ {qdc~}jq{`~ `~ ~ihibdq d pc npq~j }qän{injk` libj~jlèd‘ /]]# >41)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Dbfpcd~ }`q~jcd~ cj {jb`qdc np`~{ijcdhi`c{j~ d bd~ |`qkdk`~da~jbp{d~ k` bd q`bifiþc#‘ /]]# >4<)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj 1?

^èc{`~i~

Db`x" îdc y Bpny ~` }q`}dqdc }dqd |idedqd d @~{dkj~ Pcikj~ y`c{q`|i~{dq~` njc pc dhifj `k Vibb" tpi`c {i`c` }dq{` k` bj~kjnph`c{j~ tp` Vibb b` hdckj" }dqd tp` fpdqkdqd# @b ~` bj~ hp`~{qdy Bpny dp{jhä{indh`c{` `h}iùd d q`|`bdq bj~ dn`q{iej~ y ~ifcilindkj~k` bj~ kjnph`c{j~# [jkj |d {jhdckj ~`c{ikj# Dk`hä~ k` tp` ~` kdcnp`c{d ` tp` `b cõh`qj >;" `~ pc cõh`qj hpy ih}jq{dc{` }dqd bdldhibid" `b npdb `~{ä bb`cj k` njicnik`cnid~" d~è njhj `bbd y ~p cjhaq`#/]]#>4?(>1>)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Bd~ hä~ dc{ifpd~ ~p`b`c k`~}`q{dq pc ic{`qé~ }dqdcjinj `c }`q~jcde`~k` }jbè{ind `b `~}`n{änpbj#‘ /]]# >49)

Njh`c{dqij

@~{` nd}è{pbj cdqqd ~jaq` bd ljqhd `c tp` {jkj |d {`ci`ckj ~`c{ikj# @~hi nd}è{pbj ld|jqi{j" yd tp` `h}iùj d `c{`ck`qb` d bd cj|`bd" yq`|`bdc hpnod~ kpkd~# Dk`hä~ k` tp` {̀ kdc d njcjn`q kd{j~oi~{þqinj~ hpy ic{`q`~dc{`~ njc q`bdniþc d bd |ikd k` Bpny# Bj tp`

odn` hpnoj hä~ `~}`nidb `~{d }dq{` k`b {`x{j# /]]# >1>(>19)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj 19

Njh`c{dqij

B` ~jq}q`ckiþ tp` îdc cpcnd ~` opai`qd {jhdkj bd hjb`~{id k` kèdqk` `c|idqb` `b kidqij tp` b`èd Vibb#

Njh`{dqij5

Nq`j tp` îdc {`ckqèd tp` dn`}{dq tp` Vibb yd cj `~{dad njc `bbd" `~j bd

k`}qihèd hpnoj y cj bd `~{dad kèdckj |i|iq ~p |ikd d fp~{j# ^p}jcfjtp` }dqd `h}ùdq ~p |ikd k` cp`|j {p|j tp` k`~odn`q~` k` {jkj bjtp` b` q`njqkdad d éb# @c `~{` nd~j `~` kidqij tp` `bbd ci b`èd" }`qj tp` bòdnèd ~`c{iq tp` Vibb `~{dad |i|j# /]]# >>=)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Kà` ajqkdq njc Oibj k` ~`kd fqi~ bd }jbibbd k` ~`kd tp` ~ihajbiud d bd|ù bd hp`q{` tp` dn`nod y bd {qd~n`ck`cnid d bd tp` d~}iqdhj~#‘/]]# >>?)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj >=

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Bd ~jcqi~d k` é~{` kèþ nbdqj tp` njh}q`ckèd hèjq tp` `bbd hi~hd ~pic~`fpqikdk y ~p {ihikù#‘ /]]# >;;)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Cdki` hèjq tp` `bbd ~daèd tp` Db`x odaèd jnpb{dkj ~p~ ~`c{ihi`c{j~#

@qd pc dn{jq njc~phdkj#‘ /]]# >;>)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒]`~` d tp` ~p l`binikdk `~{dad `c ep`fj Bpny cj bjfqdad njc{qjbdq bdc`n`~ikdk k` q`}qihiq ~p~ ~`c~dnijc`~#‘ /]]# >;6)

Ni{d {`x{pdb‒Tp` Kij~ j~ q`fdb` `b qjnèj k`b ]dqdè~j y bd pc{pj~ikdk k` bd {i`qqd#‘/]]# ><0)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj >4

Q`~ph`c

Bd }`cphaqd y bd ciàbd k` daqib d}`cd~ }`qhi{èdc ki~{icfpiq kj~~ibp`{d~ hd~npbicd~ tp` d}dq`ni`qjc `c `b ndbbèþc# Pcj k` `bbj~ bb`|dadpcd }`tp`ôd hdb`{d# @b j{qj ~dnj pcd~ bbd|`~ y daqiþ bd }p`q{d k` pcd{i`ckd# @c{qdqjc ~ic ~`q |i~{j~ y k`~njc`n{dqjc bd dbdqhd#

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bic{`qcd }dqd tp` ~p njh}dô`qj }pki`qd njf`q pc fqp}j kò`qqdhi`c{d~# Bj~ kj~ p~dadc fpdc{`~# @b hä~ db{j ~` d}j~{þ }dqd|ifibdq bd ndbb`" `b j{qj `~{pkiþ njc k`{`cihi`c{j bj~ }dc`b`~# @bifiþ pcnpnoibbj licj" bj k`~biuþ `c bd pciþc k` bj~ kj~ }dc`b`~ y qjh}iþ bdhdk`qd# Bj~ }dc`b`~ icl`qijq`~ ~` k`~}bjhdqjc y bj~ kj~ d~db{dc{`~ ~`hdc{p|i`qjc ` `x}`n{dc{`~ }jq ~i `b qpikj odaèd db{`qdkj d dbfpcd}`q~jcd# @b ojhaq` ~i{pdkj epc{j d bj~ }dc`b`~ ibphicþ bd da`q{pqd k`bd }dq`k" |ij bd {`x{pqd iqq`fpbdq k` pc dc{ifpj bdkqibbj y }dq`nikj db

k` qphadq pc ~`n{jq k` bd }dq`k bj hä~ ~ib`cnij~dh`c{` }j~iab`# Bjfqþd{i~adq pcd o`qhj~d njc~{qpnniþc jnpb{d k {̀qä~ k` bd }dq`k d {qd|é~k`b ajtp`{` q`niéc dai`q{j# Ki|i~þ kj~ njlq`~ dc{ifpj~ `c{q` `b }jb|j ybd~ {`bdqdôd~" `b j{qj {`cèd pcd {d}d kjqdkd# ]q`~{dqjc d{`cniþc db hä~}`tp`ôj" ic{`c{þ k` daqiqbj q`|`bþ tp` `~{dad n`qqdkj njc bbd|`# Bp`fjoini`qjc d pc bdkj `b njlq` y ~` njcn`c{qdqjc `c `b hä~ fqdck`# K`c{qjodaèd pc fqdc }`qfdhicj njc ajn`{j~ k` njh}bèj~ ki~}j~i{i|j~

h`näcinj~ y dcj{dnijc`~" ic~{qph`c{j~ k` `x}`qih`c{dniþc ni`c{èlind ypcj~ ajn`{j~ kiapej~ ~jaq` |ikqij# @c p~j ic~{dc{`~ k`|jb|i`qjc `bnjlq` hä~ }`tp`ôj `c ~p `~njcki{` y njc~`q|dqjc `b hä~ fqdck`#

C`n`~i{dqjc pcd ojqd k` {qdadej d j~npqd~ y `b hdyjq ~ib`cnij }dqdq`}dqdq bd }dq`k" k`~}pé~" dhaj~ ~` kiqifi`qjc d bd }p`q{d" ndqfdckj `b




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

njlq`# Q`dn{i|dqjc bd~ dbdqhd~ y n`qqdqjc bd }p`q{d db ~dbiq" }dqd bp`fj}`qk`q~` `c bd j~npqikdk k` cjno`# /]]# ><?( >64)

Nd}è{pbj >1

^èc{`~i~

@~ }qih`qj bd oi~{jqid k` Vibb `c 4<=? npdckj kj~ qj~d~ ~jc lp~ijcdkd~

}jq `b dhjq" bd Qj~d Hpcki# @~ pcd q`pciþc k` dcnidcj~ kjck`k`ad{`c ~jaq` {éqhicj~ k` bd qj~d" ~jc libþ~jlj~" }j`{d~ y fqdck`~}`c~dkjq`~ k` bd é}jnd" ndkd tpi`c kdckj pc {éqhicj ~`fõc ~p}qjl`~iþc#

K`~}pé~ `c bd é}jnd dn{pdb kjck` Bpny |d q`~jb|i`ckj bj hi~hj }`qj`c bj~ kjnph`c{j~ k` }qjc{j {i`c` |i~ijc`~ kjck` |` njhj bd é}jnd k`dc{`~ bj~ dnp`qkj~ d bj~ tp` odaèdc bb`fdkj y njhj Vibb lp`

k`~npaqi`ckj hä~ }i~{d~# /]]# >94(;=1)

Ni{d {`x{pdb

‒Bd }q`jnp}dniþc kiaped ~pqnj~ `c ~p qj~{qj" }`qj cj j~npq`n` `bic{`qé~ tp` k`~}i`q{d bd njc|`q~dniþc#‘ /]]# >91)




ODQKI@" [i{dcid

Nd}è{pbj >>

Ni{d {`x{pdb

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