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Renewable Energy

SolarPhotovoltaic

cellPRESENTED BY

FATEMA BINTE TUFAIL

ID-0630148INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY, BANGLADESH.

10TH DECEMBER, 2009.


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WHAT IS RENEWABLE

ENERGY?

Renewable Energy is generated from

natural resources: Sunlight

Wind

Tides

Geothermal heat

Bio gas Rain

Etc


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The significance of

Renewable Energy Renewable energy - with its non-

polluting qualities and infinite capacity

is the answer to save the earth from

energy crisis!

Engineers and scientists are inventing

effective ways to harness the renewableenergy to make it available and useful.


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Solar Energy The sun shines approximately 1,000

watts ofenergy per square meterof the

planet's surface on a bright sunny day!

Enough sunlight falls on the earths

surface every minute to meet world

energy demand for an entire year.


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Photovoltaic cells Photo means light and voltaic means

electricity

ThereforeP

hotovoltaic cells, as the wordsuggests, convert sunlight directly intoelectricity.

Some materials have a property called thephotoelectric effect, which causes them to

absorb photons of light and release electrons. When these free electrons are captured, an

electric current results that can be used aselectricity.


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How does a photovoltaic cell

work? Photovoltaic (PV) cells are

made of special materials calledsemiconductors such asN-type doped silicon.

When light strikes the cell, apart of it is absorbed by thesemiconductor material. Theenergy of the absorbed lightknocks electrons loose, allowingthem to flow freely.

This flow of electrons is a

current, and by placing metalcontacts on the top and bottomof the PV cell, that current canbe drawn off to use externally.


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One part of the PV cell is N-type silicon doped with Phosphorus.The other part is doped with Boron, to make it P-type.

The P-type silicon has free holes, which can move around just

like electrons! Every PV cell must have at least one electric field, which

causes the electrons to flow

This electric field is formed when the P-type and N-typematerials are in contact.

The electron flow provides the current, and the cell's electricfield causes a voltage. With both current and voltage, there isthe production ofpower.


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The electric field between the N-type and P-type materials, actas a diode.

Therefore, the electrons are pushed towards the holes, but they

cannot flow in the reverse direction. Hence, the current generated by Photovoltaic cells are Direct

Current (DC).

This DC current can then be converted to AC by using an inverter torun home appliances

This electricity can also be stored by running it into a bank of batteries.


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The battery bank consists ofone or more solardeep-

cycle batteries.

The batteries store the solarpower generated anddischarge the power laterwhen sunlight is notavailable.

Unlike car batteries, deep-

cycle batteries can becharged and dischargedrepeatedly to provide forrenewable energy.


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The maximum electricity that a solar panel can

produce is 130 Watts.

This energy is sufficient to run: 11 CFLs (compact florescent lamp), rated 6 W.

A 17-20 inches Black and White TV

DC power fans.

Mobile chargers. Home appliances

Etc


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Solar cells connected in series insidemodules, create an additive voltage.

Cells connected in parallel yields ahigher current.

Therefore, Modules can be

interconnected, in series or parallel, orboth, to create an array with the desiredpeak DC voltage and current.


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Solar Power in BangladeshAt present, only 40% ofBangladeshs

population, have access to electricity, often

only for a few hours a day! The country's power system is almost entirely

dependent on fast depleting fossil-fuel.

State-owned and private sector power plants only

generate up to 3,800 megawatts of electricity a dayagainst a demand of5,500 megawatts!


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Solar energy is a good option for the people in rural

areas, in the absence and inadequacy of continuous

supply ofelectricity.

The World Bank offers solar energy systemsvia an installment scheme run by the state

owned Infrastructure and DevelopmentCompany Limited (IDCOL).

The total cost adds upto Tk 68,000.

However, one can pay a 15% down payment

and cover the rest by installments. These solar systems are guaranteed to work

for at least 20 years.


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An array of Photovoltaic modules Solar Arrays of 10 KWP, at BarkalUpazila under Rangamati District

Battery Bank and control room of 10 KWP,

at Barkal Upazila under Rangamati District

Home installation of a 40 W

Solar Photovoltaic system on the roof.


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THANK YOU

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