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DemandsofADivisionIIWomen’sSoccerSeason
Ma5hewBesemer
WhyAreWorkloadsImportant?
• Be5erunderstandingofphysicalstressathletesdealwith
• Understanddemandsofspecifictrainingmethods/compeDDons
• Preventovertraining
• Preventinjuries
HowAreWorkloadsQuanDfied?
• Internaltrainingloads– HeartRate– RPE– sRPE
• Externaltrainingloads– GPS/distance,speedzones,etc.– Accelerometry– Video
PreviousResearch
• HeartrateshavebeenusedtocontrolexerciseintensityandprescribetrainingintensiDes(Silvaetal.2013)
• Heartratesarecollectedviawearableheartratemonitors
• Technologyhasallowedustomoreconvenientlymeasureheartrate(Silvaetal.2013)
PreviousResearch
• HeartratemonitorshavebeenshowntohavegoodreliabilityindetecDngheartratesduringacDvity(Silvaetal.2013)– UsedonU15soccerplayerstodeterminemaxheartratesduringgamescomparedtopredictedmaxwithgoodreliability(Silvaetal.2013)
PreviousResearch
• WearableaccelerometersandGPSdevicesarewaystocollectloads
• LoadsarevaluescalculatedbyaccelerometerstoquanDfytotalworkperformed(Castellanoetal.2016)
• BaseduponthesumofallacceleraDons(Castellanoetal.2016)
PreviousResearch
• SpeedzonesarecreatedduetodispariDesinrunningspeedsasshownduetolocomoDondifferencesbetweensexes(Bradley&Vescovi,2015)
• Speedzoneshavebeencreatedformenandwomenatthehighestlevels– Men(Lowspeed18-25kph,highspeed>25kph)– Women(Lowspeed15-20kph,highspeed>20kph)
*(Bradley&Vescovi,2015)
PreviousResearch
• EsDmaDonsforfemalespeedzonesarebaseduponmaledatabut…
• Moreresearchcanbedonetoimprovespeedzonesforwomen’ssoccer,especiallyatthecollegiateandyouthlevel
IssueswithTechnology
• Reliability– Howconsistentarethedevices• Satellitesignals,ba5erylife
• Validity– Howaccuratearethedevices• Howcloselycanthecorrectlymeasuredistance,speed,acceleraDonandheartrates
Brands&Frequencies• SPI-10,SPIElite,WiSPIGPSports,Australia– 1Hz
• CatapultInnovaDons,Australia– 1Hz
• MinimaxXv.4.0,CatapultInnovaDons– 10Hz
• ZephyrTechnologyCorporaDon,Annapolis,MD– TheZephyrBioharnessinterfaceswithQSTARBT-Q1300-SGPS
– 5Hz
Purpose
• Thepurposeofthisstudyistouseheartratemonitors,accelerometersandGPStoquanDfyimpulseload,totaldistance,distanceinspeedzones,DmespentinheartratezonesandnumberofmajorandminoreventsofanenDreDivisionIIWomen’sSoccerteam
Goals
• Helpcoacheshaveabe5erunderstandingofthedemandsofasoccerseason– HeartRate– GPSderiveddistancesandspeeds– Accelerometry
• DeterminewhatrelaDonshipexistbetweentotaldistanceandimpulseload– GPSvsaccelerometry
Methods• SixteenCollegiateDivisionIIWomen’sSoccerplayers(age,
20.0yrs.±1.1;height,165cm±7.2;weight,60.8kg±7.2)– Onlyathletesplayinginthemajorityofgameswereselectedforanalysis
– AthletesweredividedintogroupsbasedupontheirposiDon;defender(D),midfielder(M)andforward(F)
• DatawascollectedoveranenDreregularseasonconsisDng
of262games(16athletesx17games)• AllathleteswereassignedandfamiliarizedwiththeZephyr
Bioharness
Methods
• EachBioharnesscontained:– aheartratesensorcollecDngat250Hz– TriaxialaccelerometercollecDngat100Hz
– GlobalPosiDonsSystemcollecDngat5Hz(add-on)
Methods
• Dataincludes:– Warm-Up– EnDreGame(90minutes)– OverDme(ifoccurred)
• AllBioharnesseswereturnedonbyresearcher’spriortogames
Methods
Variables
• HeartRateZones– Timespent
• SpeedZones– Distancecovered
• ImpulseLoads
• Impacts(minorandmajor)
HeartRateZones
• MaxheartratewasdeterminedbasedupontheYo-YoIntermi5entRecoverytestlevel1(Sco5etal.2013)
• Eachathletesprofilewasindividualizedtotheirspecificmaxheartrate
HeartRateZones
• RedZone:90%–100%maxheartrate
• OrangeZone:80%-89.99%maxheartrate
• YellowZone:70%-79.99%maxheartrate
• GreenZone:60%-69.99%maxheartrate
• BlueZone:59.99%andbelowmaxheartrate
DistanceandSpeedZones
• MeasuredwithGPS
• Totaldistancecompletedduringgame
• SpeedZonesarepredeterminedvelociDesrangesbaseduponpreviousresearchonwomen’ssoccer(Bradley&Vescovi,2015)– Zoneswereadjustedtobe5erfitthespeedofourathletes– Totalsarebasedupondistancecoveredineachzone
DistanceandSpeedZones
• SpeedZone1:0–4.99kph
• SpeedZone2:5–9.99kph
• SpeedZone3:10–14.99kph
• SpeedZone4:15–19.99kph
• SpeedZone5:20–24.99kph
• SpeedZone6:25kphandgreater
Combinedspeedzones
• Researchsuggestscombiningspeedzones(Gabbe5&Mulvey,2015andBradley&Vescovi,2015)
• Lowspeedzone:0–14.99kph
• Highspeedzone:>15kph
ImpulseLoads
• AccumulatedacceleraDonscollectedwithtriaxialaccelerometerofBioharness
• Sumofallmovementscollectedbyaccelerometer(areaundertheaccelerometrymagnitudecurve)
• Collectedat100Hz
Minor&MajorEvents
• CategorizedbasedupongravitaDonalforcesplacedonaccelerometer
• MinorEvents– Steppingevents:walking,running,boundingandjumpingevents(notincludedinthisanalysis)
– Anyothereventbetween3-7g
• MajorEvents– Anyeventgreaterthan7g
StaDsDcalAnalysis
• SPSSversion23usedforallstaDsDcalprocedures• PearsonCorrelaDon– MeasurestrengthoflinearassociaDon
• One-WayANOVA– IdenDfystaDsDcallydifferentmeansbetweenD,MandFforallvariables
• Games-HowellPosthoctest– DeterminewhichgroupswerestaDsDcallydifferent.Games-Howellwasusedduetounequalsamplesizesandequalvariancewasnotassumed
Results–HeartRateZones
HeartRateZonesTimespentat70-79.99%ofMHR
Posi%on MeanTime(minutes)
SD N
D***M,***F 13.81 5.862 83M***F 10.81 4.011 96
F***D,***M 10.28 4.073 82*p=≤0.05,**p=≤0.01,***p=≤0.001
HeartRateZonesTimespentat80-89.99%ofMHR
Posi%on MeanTime(minutes)
SD N
D***F 36.29 19.61 83M**F 30.52 16.83 96
F***D,**M 23.37 10.27 82*p=≤0.05,**p=≤0.01,***p=≤0.001
HeartRateZonesTimespentat90-99.99%ofMHR
Posi%on MeanTime(minutes)
SD N
D***F 22.62 16.19 83M 24.24 14.71 96F***D 28.69 12.76 82
*p=≤0.05,**p=≤0.01,***p=≤0.001
Results–Accelerometry(ImpulseLoadand
Impacts)
ImpulseLoad
Posi%on Mean SD N
D***F 33701 9086 83
M***F 26868 5755 82
F***D,***M 32778 9190 96
• AccumulatedacceleraDonsbaseduponmechanicalloadcollectedbyBioharness
• Valuesreportedinarbitraryunits
*p=≤0.05,**p=≤0.01,***p=≤0.001
AcceleraDonandAccumulatedImpulseLoad
MajorImpacts(>7g)
Posi%on Mean SD N
D**F 9.835 8.197 79
M*F 10.822 8.201 90
F**D,*M 13.815 8.222 81
*p=≤0.05,**p=≤0.01,***p=≤0.001
Results–GPS(DistanceandSpeedZones)
TotalDistance
Posi%on MeanDistance(km) SD N
D***F 8.302 2.495 68M***F 6.858 1.586 76
F***D,***M 8.270 2.653 91*p=≤0.05,**p=≤0.01,***p=≤0.001
DistanceinLowSpeedZone
Posi%on MeanDistance(km) SD N
D***F 7.493 2.207 68M***F 7.513 2.446 91
F***D,***M 6.123 1.398 76
• Velocityrangesarecreatedbaseduponpriorresearch(Bradley&Vescovi,2015)
• Statestodesignatelow-speedrunningat<15kphandforplayersU20andolder(Bradley&Vescovi,2015)
*p=≤0.05,**p=≤0.01,***p=≤0.001
DistanceinHighSpeedZone
Posi%onMean
Distance(km) SD N
D 0.809 0.459 68M 0.758 0.338 91F 0.735 0.236 76
*p=≤0.05,**p=≤0.01,***p=≤0.001
• Velocityrangesarecreatedbaseduponpriorresearch(Bradley&Vescovi,2015)
• Statestodesignatehigh-speedrunningat>15kphandforplayersU20andolder(Bradley&Vescovi,2015)
Results–CorrelaDonbetweenTotalDistance
andImpulseLoad• Ameasureofhowstronglytwovariablesrelatewitheachother– TotaldistanceandImpulseload
• Reportedwithanrvalue– Ranges-1to1– Closerto-1or1isastrongercorrelaDon
DistanceandImpulseLoad
• rvalue=0.952(p=<0.001,R2=0.91)
• Impulseloadsareagreatindicatorastohowmuchdistanceaplayerhastravelled
Posi%on Meandistance(km) MeanImpulseLoad
D 8.302 33701
M 8.270 32778
F 6.858 26868
Team 7.823 31215
DistanceandLoadCorrelaDon
R²=0.90545
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Impu
lseLoad
Distance(km)
ImpulseLoadandDistance
DiscussionandPracDcalApplicaDon
• Chartcanbecreatedbaseduponimpulseloadstodeterminedistance
• GPSmaynotbeneeded
• Athletesspendli5leDmeinhighspeedzones≥15kph
• Mayallowfordevelopmentofdifferenttrainingmethods
FutureResearch
• IdenDfyspeedzonesspecifictothispopulaDon
• QuanDfythedemandsrelatedtospecificdrills– ThiswouldallowacoachtobuildapracDcewithknowntrainingloads
• HowisinjuryrelatedtoImpulseLoad?
ReferencesBradley,P.S.,&Vescovi,J.D.(2015).VelocityThresholdsforWomen’sSoccerMatches:Sex
SpecificityDictatesHigh-Speed-RunningandSprinDngThresholds—FemaleAthletesinMoDon(FAiM).InternaDonalJournalofSportsPhysiologyandPerformance,10(1),112-116.
Castellano,J.,Puente,A.,Echeazarra,I.,Usabiaga,O.,&Casamichana,D.(2016).Numberof PlayersandRelaDvePitchAreaperPlayer:ComparingTheir InfluenceonHeartRateandPhysicalDemandsinUnder-12andUnder-13FootballPlayers.PLOSONEPLoSONE,11(1).
Dwyer,D.B.,&Gabbe5,T.J.(2012).GlobalPosiDoningSystemDataAnalysis:VelocityRangesandaNewDefiniDonofSprinDngforFieldSportAthletes.JournalofStrengthandCondiDoningResearch,26(3),818-824.
Edgecomb,S.,&Norton,K.(2006).ComparisonofglobalposiDoningandcomputer-based trackingsystemsformeasuringplayermovementdistanceduringAustralianFootball.JournalofScienceandMedicineinSport,9(1-2),25-32.
Sco5,B.R.,Lockie,R.G.,Knight,T.J.,Clark,A.C.,&Jonge,X.A.(2013).AComparisonofMethodstoQuanDfytheIn-SeasonTrainingLoadofProfessionalSoccerPlayers.InternaDonalJournalofSportsPhysiologyandPerformance,8(2),195-202.
Silva,C.D.,Cerqueira,M.S.,Moreira,D.G.,&Marins,J.B.(2013).Reliabilityofmaximumheartrateinmatch'sandcomparisonwithpredictedinyoungsoccerplayers.RevistaAndaluzaDeMedicinaDelDeporte,6(4),129-134.