Download - Ocw Sbq 2423 Lecture 6
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SBQ2423
FARADIVAMUSTAPADEPARTMENT OF UANTITY
SURVEYING,FACULTYOFBUILT
ENVIRONMENT
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Labour
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Typesofconstructionlabour
Componentso La our Costs
BasicprincipleforEstimatingLabour Monetaryfactors
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Constructionindustr isaver labourintensive
industries. InMalaysia,duetoheavyrelianceontraditional
cons ruc onme o , eusageo cons ruc onlabours aremuchmorecomparedtotheEuropean
countries.
Thelabour costcomponents ofabuildingprojectoftenrangesfrom30% 50%fromtotaloverallcost.In
,costs.
Hence it is a vital com onent of a construction ro ect.
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available inMalaysia/yourcountry?
Duration:1minute
Answers:
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Constructionoutputismadeupofseveraldifferentsystemssuchasthestructuralsystem,exteriorclosuresystem,HVACsystemetc.
Thesesystemscanbebrokendownintomanymoresubsystemsandsubsubsystems.
Thisresultsinseveralworkpackagesandthereforetheworks(package)canbecompletedbyeitherindividualoragroupofgang(crew).
Additionally,thereare3typesofconstructionlabournamely; Skilledworkers Unskilledworkers
Generallabours
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.
Monetary
Hourl wa erates
Productivity
Ratioofin utVs.
Wagepremiums
Insurance
Fringebenefits
RespectiveOutput
Eg.Workhoursofaworkers(bricklayer)Vs.
Taxes(Levy) produced(laying500bricks)
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=
produced timeduration
Eg.Ifabricklayercanlay500bricksin8hours,encet eassoc ate construct on
productivityisthus,
500 8=62bricks
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monetaryfactorremainrelativelyconstant.
constructionphase,productivityontheother
.
Toaccuratelyestimateproductivity,an
record,butalotofexperience.
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Theformulaforcomputingthetotalcostoflabour isquitesimple.Itrequ res now e geo e o a ouror a ours nee e oper orm
allthetasksandapplyittothe correspondingwagerates.
=
Determiningthetotalworkhoursforataskinvolvesaknowledgeof
forthespecificcrewthatwillbeperformingthework.
Thequantityofworkassociatedwiththematerialquantityisdeterminedb the uantit takeoffdiscussedin reviouslecture.
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BasicprinciplesforEstimatingLabour
contd
Hours StraightTime TotalcostBricklayers 3bricklayersx
3daysx8
hr/da =72
RM50 ?
hrs
General
labour
2general
labour x3
RM20 ?
daysx8hr/day=48
hrs
o a
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BasicprinciplesforEstimatingLabour
contd
Hours StraightTimeRate(RM/hr) Totalcost
Bricklayers 3bricklayersx
3daysx8
hr/day=72
RM50 RM3,600.00
General
labour
2general
labour x3
daysx
RM20 RM960.00
8hr/day=48hrs
Total RM4560.00
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componentsofcostestimateasitincludes.
Thesesareseveralfactorsthataffectpricingof
I. Basewagerates
. r nge ene ts, nsurancean taxes evyIII. Wagepremiums
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I. Basewa erates Thisisadollars erhour aidto
anemployeeforeachstraighttimehourworkers.
Straighttimehoursornormalhoursreferstothe
regularworkinghoursof8hoursperdayMon Fri..
9 location
9 craft
ypeo wor w nacra
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establishedlabour classificationswith
Generalworkers servesasabenchmark
morethangeneralworkers
thanskilledlabour andsometimereceivesfixed
amountonto ofthebaseoftheskilledlabour
andalsoknowaskepala.
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sometimesprovidedforspecialskills,suchas
remotelocationsanddangerouswork
closetovoltage.
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contractormustpayvariousfringebenefitsfortheworkers.Itmayincludecontributionssuchashealth
andwelfare.Someexamplesforfringebenefitsare
SOCSOandLevy.
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paidtoworkersforovertimework(OT).Itispaidataminimumoftimeandhalfor150%overthebase
rate.However,overtimepremiumsof200%or
doubletimemayberequiredforovertimeworkonun ayor u c o ays.
Wagepremiumforhazardousworkconditionsor
increaseoverthebasewagerate.
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CostElement RM/hourBase Wage 8.75 @RM70per
day)
SOCSO 0.20@RM40permont
Levy 0.55@RM100per
month
GrossHourly wagerate
RM9.50
PercentIncrease 8.57%
ver ase a e
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JKRpublications
Bui ingCostIn exes
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tendencytovaryfrom; Individuals
Daytoday
Asaresult,itbecomesoneofthemostinaccurate
as ectsofestimatin .
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alabour
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ExternalFactor InternalFactor
Marketconditions
Workconditions
ma cconditions
anagemen conditions
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ExternalFactor
Marketconditions whentheeconomyisbloomingwithlotsofconstructionwork,workerscanbescarce.
Likewise,whentheneighboringcountriesstopexportingmm gran wor ers, ewor erscana so escarce.
Theconditioncanresultsininfluxoflesstrainedorunskilled
workersintothemarketandhencerequiremoretimeto.
However,whenconstructionworkisscarce(few),therewillbefewerunskilledworkersinthemarketduetocompetitionforobsandalimitedamountofwork.
Thecontractorwillbecomemoreselectiveandhireonly themostskilledworkersandthatlabours (workers)aremoremotivatedtoworktoremainonthejob.
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Climaticconditionsreferstotemperature,wind
. ,
affecttheproductivityoflabour.
Too hot could lead to exhaustion
Toocoldcouldimpairmotorskills
tosee
Hence it could all resulted in slowin down or
stoppingtheproject.
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InternalFactor
Workconditionsreferstoworkspace,sitelayoutandorganisation,lightingandnoises.
Workersworkinginamplespacewillworkfasterthanthosewor ng nacon ne or m e wor room.
Thisalsocouldduetotheacceleratedworkwhichputsmore
menonthejobandleadtositecongestion.
materials)arelocatedawayfromtheworkwheretheworkersneedtospendmoretimemovingbackandforthtogetmaterialsandthereforespentlesstimeonproductivework.
Hence,propermaterialstorageandgoodsitelayoutplanningisneededtoensureampleworkspaceandbetterproductivity.
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a our ro uc v y con InternalFactor
Managementconditions
referringtoconsturctionsupportsuchasschedulling,procurementandinformation
.
Schedulling ofworkactivitiesonsiteaffectsworkflowand
theamountofactivitiesonsite. Properschedulingofactivitiescanminimise disruptions
andfacilitateworkflow,thusimprovingproductivity.
Mana ementcanalsoim rove roductivit b makin
surethatallmaterials,tools, equipmentandlabour areadequatelyprovidedtocarryouttheworkinanefficientmanner.
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BuildingConsturction CostData
Bui er sPu ication REHDA
Textbooks(butmostlyreferringtoUKorUSAsproductivity)
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thatarederivedfromhistoricaldataareoftenforavera eorstandards ro ects.
Therefore,theproductivityratesneedtobe
modified to take into consideration how the newprojectdeviatesfromthestandardcondition.
WeightedWageRate(BareCost)=3(RM26.65)x2(22.35)
3x2
= . r
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=
ratex productivityfactor
Productivityfactorcanbedeterminedforasingle
variablesuchasweather.Eg.Productivityrateforaworkerduringaveryhotdayis0.9.
So,itonnormaldaytheworkercouldlay100m2of
concrete,thenon0.9factor,heorshecouldonlylay90m2ofconcreteduringaveryhotday.
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Productivityimpactandthecostof
overtime Overtimeisthemostcommonmethodusedonsiteto
expediteprogressofwork.
However,schedulingovertimeformorethanseveralweeks
canresu n ugepr o uc v y osses.
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Productivityimpactandthecostof
overtime(contd)
Daysper Hoursper Week1 Week2 Week3 Week4 Average4week day (%) (%) (%) (%) weeks
(%)
5 8 100 100 100 100 100.0010 100 95 90 85 92.50
12 90 85 70 60 76.25
6 8 100 100 95 90 96.25
10 95 90 85 80 87.50
12 90 80 65 60 73.75
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, , . , . .
EstimatingConstructionCosts,5th EditionMc , .
Popescu,C.M,Phaobunjong,K,Ovararin,N
,
2003.
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Theend.Thankyouforyour
attentions.