discapacidades e inclusión social

8/3/2019 Discapacidades e inclusin social

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BisqjcwnnBi 02

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binhwrg gh bijqkg cgh BIG Gqqjqg~ cg kwg~sqgj( nji ~bgsg sàh`~ pwgcgs`hhì gh k`qdgi cg gqqjq g}b~sgisg gi hj~ |qbinb|`hg~ qg~whs`cj~ cg h`ginwg~s` -v`qbì` j njgnbgisg cg v`qb`nbi( gi |jqngis`fg( cgh g~sbk`cjqcg wi` n`q`nsgq~sbn` cgsgqkbi`c`") Cbnmj k`qdgi cg gqqjq( ghàjq`cj kg+cbìsg gh ksjcj F`neeibg( cgsgqkbi` gh bisgqv`hj cg njiì` cgisqj cghnw`h nji wi` |qjaàbhbc`c cgh 27' ~g ginwgisq` gh vgqc`cgqj v`hjq cg h`n`q`nsgq~sbn` g~sbk`c`) \jq iwg~sq` |`qsg( mgkj~ ~gdwbcj h` qgnjkgic`+nbi cgh BIG cg ij sjk`q gi nji~bcgq`nbi hj~ c`sj~ cg |jah`nbi bigqbj+

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26/218

BisqjcwnnBi 1>

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27/218


cnbs~( hbkbs`nbjig~ gi h` `nsbvbc`c r qg~sqbnnbjig~ gi h` |`qsbnb|`nbi)Bicbn` hj~ ~|gnsj~ igd`sbvj~ cg h` bisgq`nnbi gisqg wi bicbvbcwj -nji wi`njicbnbi cg ~`hwc" r ~w~ `nsjqg~ njisg}sw`hg~ -`nsjqg~ `kabgis`hg~ r|gq~ji`hg~" -JK^( 1


28/218

BisqjcwnnBi 17

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~hj h`~ `nsbvbc`cg~ sq`cbnbji`hg~ cg h` vbc` cb`qb`( pwg ~g ngisqàì gi ghkbnqjnjisg}sj cg h` |gq~ji` -`|sbswcg~ j n`|`nbc`cg~ cg hj~ bicbvbcwj~|`q` qg`hb`q h`~ `nsbvbc`cg~ njsbcbì`~" ~bij s`kabi h`~ `nsbvbc`cg~ pwgbk|hbnì wi` |`qsbnb|`nbi ggnsbv` gi h` vbc` ~jnb`h6 qg`~ cg h` gcwn`+nbi( gh sqà`fj( h` vbc` njkwibs`qb`( h` |`qsbnb|`nbi |jhsbn` r hj~ cgqgnmj~mwkìj~( binhwrgicj g}|qg~`kgisg gh cgqgnmj ` h` `wsjcgsgqkbi`nbi r` njisqjh`q gh |qj|bj cg~sbij) H` sb|jhjd` cg cb~n`|`nbc`cg~ cg h`GC@C+1


29/218


G~sqwnswq` cgh g~swcbj

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k` cn`c`) Gisqg jsqj~ `~wisj~( ~g àjqcì h` g}sgi~bi r n`q`nsgq~sbn`~cg n`c` sb|j cg cb~n`|`nbc`c r cgnbginb`( hj~ `nsjqg~ cg~gin`cgiìsg~ rh`~ kgcbc`~ `cj|s`c`~ |`q` m`ngqhg~ qgisg( `~ njkj wi ìhb~b~ njk|`+q`cj cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c( h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji kbiw~v`h` j+nb`hkgisg qgnjijnbc` r h`~ pwg ~g mì njdbcj h b~sgk` |`q` h` @wsjij+k` r @sginbi ` h` Cg|gicginb` -^@@C"( ~gdkgisj~ cg |jah`nbi pwgqgnwgisgkgisg ~g ~jh`|ì gisqg ~) Gh ìhb~b~ qgnjdg h`~ cbgqginb`~ k~~bdibn`sbv`~ gi winbi cgh ~g}j r hj~ sq`kj~ cg gc`c( gh ibvgh ~jnbjgnj+ikbnj cg hj~ mjd`qg~( gh mabs`s qwq`h j wqaìj( h`~ njkwibc`cg~ `wsij+k`~( gh jqbdgi i`nbji`h( gsn)

Gh nw`qsj n`|swhj jqgng wi` `|qj}bk`nbi ` hj~ sqg~ kbhhjig~ cg |gq~j+i`~( gi ~w k`rjq` kwfgqg~ cg h` |qj|b` `kbhb`( pwg `sbgicgi ` h`~ |gq+~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c -gh ?


30/218

BisqjcwnnBi 14

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Gh hsbkj n`|swhj jqgng wi qg~wkgi cg hj~ |qbinb|`hg~ qg~whs`cj~ cgh g~+swcbj r hdwi`~ |qj|wg~s`~ pwg |gq~bdwgi ij ~hj kgfjq`q h`~ njicbnbjig~cg vbc` cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`cg~( ~bij cg~s`n`q `pwghh`~ |jhsb+n`~ dgigq`hg~ cg sb|j |qgvgisbvj pwg |jcqì binbcbq gi hj~ `nsjqg~ njisg}+sw`hg~ -`kabgis`hg~ r |gq~ji`hg~" pwg dgigqì cb~n`|`nbc`c r g}nhw~bi~jnb`h)


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B) G}sgi~bi r n`q`nsgq~sbn`~cg h`~ cb~n`|`nbc`cg~ gi G~|``

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32/218

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Gh dqnj 0)0 kwg~sq` gh ikgqj cg |gq~ji`~ pwg |`cgngi hj~ cbvgq~j~ sb+|j~ cg cb~n`|`nbc`c -jnmj n`sgdjq`~ dgigq`hg~") @ |qbkgq` vb~s` ~g |wgcgja~gqv`q nwhg~ ~ji h`~ k~ qgnwgisg~ r pw |g~j sbgigi |jq sq`kj~

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36/218

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38/218

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64/218

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65/218

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67/218

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71/218

?= cB^n@\@nBc@cG^ G BinHw^Bi ^jnB@H

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Gi dgigq`h( h`~ `rwc`~ qg|qg~gisì wi `|jrj ijsàhg |`q` qgcwnbq h` dq`vg+c`c cg h`~ cb~n`|`nbc`cg~6 h`~ hbkbs`nbjig~ nji ~gvgqbc`c sjs`h isg~ cg qgnbabq`rwc`~( gi h`~ pwg ij ~g |wgcg qg`hb`q h` nsbvbc`c njqqg~|jicbgisg( ~g qgcw+

ngi gi k~ cg wi` sgqngq` |`qsg r |`~ì cgh 30(4 `h 1=(?'5 h`~ cg ~gvgqbc`cdq`vg( cgh >>(3 h 14(2') Gi gh |jhj njisq`qbj( hdj k~ cg h` cnbk` |`qsg cgh`~ cb~n`|`nbc`cg~ -01'" r` ij ~w|jig ibidwi` cbnwhs`c( r h`~ cg ~gvgqbc`ckjcgq`c` ~g binqgkgisì gi wi` nw`qs` |`qsg( |`~ìcj cgh 17 `h >0(7')

-1" R ~g m` bicbn`cj pwg gh w~j cg d``~ gi hj~ n`~j~ cg k`h` vb~bi ` cbgqginb` cg hj~ `wcjij~ j h`~~bhh`~ cg qwgc`~( gsn) nji~sbswrg wi` g}ng|nbi gi h` cgbibnbi cg cb~n`|`nbc`cg~ cg h` GC@C+1


72/218

@rwc@^( \qG^s@nBjiG^ r ^Gq_BnBj^ ?2

DqOBnj >)0

Dq`cj cg ~gvgqbc`c cg h`~ cb~n`|`nbc`cg~ ~bi nji~bcgq`q h`~ `rwc`~qgnbabc`~ r cg~|w~ cg qgnbabq `rwc`~ -|jqngis`fg"

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^bi cbffnwhs`c^gvgqbc`c dq`vg^gvgqbc`c sjs`h ^gvgqbc`c kjcgq`c`

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12

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73/218


kgisg cg~`|`qgngi gi k~ cgh 3)1(pwg cb~sbidwg h` ~bsw`nbi cg h` |jah`nbi nji cb~n`|`nbc`cg~ pwg ij qgnb+ag `rwc`~ -`hdj k~ cg wi kbhhi cg |gq~ji`~" r h` cg pwbgig~ ~ h`~ qg+nbagi -1(7 kbhhjig~") ^g |wgcg ja~gqv`q pwg pwbgig~ ij qgnbagi `rwc`~

sbgigi gi dgigq`h wi dq`cj kgijq cg ~gvgqbc`c -gh 3>(7' ~gvgqbc`c kjcg+q`c`( r wi` cg n`c` nbinj( ~gvgqbc`c sjs`h"5 g~ cgnbq( ~g `rwc` k~ ` pwbg+ig~ k~ hj igng~bsì) \jq jsq` |`qsg( pwbgig~ nwgisì nji `rwc`~ snibn`~j |gq~ji`hg~ hjdqì dq`nb`~ ` ghh`~ wi` bk|jqsìsg kgfjq`6 h` ~gvgqbc`csjs`h ~g qgcwng k~ cg h` kbs`c r gi gh 0?(4' cg hj~ n`~j~ h` ~gvgqbc`c |qn+sbn`kgisg cg~`|`qgng -vì~g hj~ |jqngis`fg~ gi gh dqnj")

H`~ kgfjq`~ |qbinb|`hg~ sbgigi hwd`q gisqg pwbgig~ ~hj qgnbagi `rwc`~snibn`~( nwrj dq`cj cg ~gvgqbc`c ~g qg~wghvg |hgi`kgisg gi gh >0(2' cg

hj~ n`~j~ r ~g qga`f` cgh 4=(3' `h >0( =' gi hj~ n`~j~ cg ~gvgqbc`c sjs`h jdq vg) Pwbgig~ ~hj cb~|jigi cg `~b~sginb`j rwc` |gq~ji`hhjdqì qg`hb`q~bi cbnwhs`c h` `nnbi njqqg~|jicbgisg gi gh 10(>' cg hj~ n`~j~( kbgisq`~pwg hj~ cg ~gvgqbc`c sjs`h j dq vg |`~ì cgh ==(1 `h 7


74/218

@rwc@^( \qG^s@nBjiG^ r ^Gq_BnBj^ 40

h`~ `rwc`~( kbgisq`~ pwg ~hj gh 7' hjdq` hhgv`q ` n`aj ~bi cbnwhs`c h``nnbi njqqg~|jicbgisg)

DqOBnj >)1

Ggnsj cg h`~ `rwc`~ gi h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c( `sgicbgicj`h k`rjq dq`cj cg ~gvgqbc`c -|jqngis`fg"

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^HJ PWBGIG^ QGNBAGI @RWC@^

^bi cbffnwhs`c^gvgqbc`c dq`vg^gvgqbc`c sjs`h ^gvgqbc`c kjcgq`c`

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PWG IJ QGNBAGI @RWC@^

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) _`hjq`nbi cg h`~ `rwc`~ qgnbabc`~ r |gq~ji`~ pwg ij sbgigi`nng~j ` ghh`~

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78/218


Gi ~gdwicj hwd`q( cg pwbgig~ nji~bcgqì pwg igng~bsì nwbc`cj~ |gq~ji`+hg~ wi 0' ij cb~|jig cg ghhj~( hj pwg `gns` gi ikgqj~ a~jhwsj~ n`~bwi nw`qsj cg kbhhi cg |gq~ji`~) H` `hs` cg nwbc`cj~ |gq~ji`hg~ g~ k`rjqgi h` gc`c hàjq`h -0>'" pwg sq`~ h` fwabh`nbi -2'"( r ~ji h`~ kwfgqg~ h`~

pwg k~ gnmì cg kgij~ gh `|jrj cg jsq`~ |gq~ji`~) Gi nwìsj ` pwbig~cgagqì |qg~s`q s`hg~ nwbc`cj~( `hdj k~ cg h` sgqngq` |`qsg -30' cg hj~mjkaqg~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c( >?' cg h`~ kwfgqg~" nji~bcgq` pwg sgicqìpwg ~gq g}nhw~bv`kgisg |qjg~bji`hg~ ~jnbj~ìbs`qbj~ -|ahbnj~ j |qbv`+cj~"( r jsq` |qj|jqnbi |`qgnbc` -14' cg ghhj~( >?' cg ghh`~" pwg cgagqì~gq ij |qjg~bji`hg~( ijqk`hkgisg |`qbgisg~ |qj|bj~5 gh >


79/218


@ h` vb~s` cg h` kgfjq` pwg qg|qg~gisì h`~ `rwc`~ |`q` pwbgig~ h`~ qgnb+agi( g~ nbh cgcwnbq h` bk|jqsìnb` pwg sgicq` k|hb`q h`~ rwc`~ snib+n`~ r mwkì`~( jqk`hg~ g bijqk`hg~ |`q` pwbgig~ h`~ igng~bsì r ij h`~qgnbagi) @~bkb~kj( ~g |wgcg njinhwbq h` k`rjq cb~nqbkbi`nbi ~gisbc` |jq

h`~ kwfgqg~ gi h` |gqng|nbi cg `kaj~ sb|j~ cg `rwc`)Gi gh dqnj >)7 |qg~gis`kj~ h`~ cbvgq~`~ ~bsw`nbjig~ cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ njicb~n`|`nbc`c gi qgh`nbi nji h`~ rwc`~ |`q` njk|gi~`q j hbvb`q ~w~ hbkb+s`nbjig~) Gh qggqgisg g~s` vg g~ gh sjs`h cg |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c ->(=kbhhjig~ cg |gq~ji`~"( cg h`~ nw`hg~ `hdj k~ cg h` nw`qs` |`qsg ij qgnbagibidi sb|j cg `rwc )

DqOBnj >)7

^bsw`nbi cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c gi qgh`nbi nji h`~ `rwc`~snibn`~ r |gq~ji`hg~ -|jqngis`fg"

Ij qgnbag rwc`~

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80/218


>)3) ^gqvbnbj~ ~ìbs`qbj~( cg qgmàbhbs`nbi r ~gqvbnbj~ ~jnb`hg~

K~ cg h` kbs`c cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c mà` wsbhb`cj `hdi~gqvbnbj ~ìbs`qbj |ahbnj j |qbv`cj gi h`~ cj~ ~gkì`~ ìsgqbjqg~ ` h`

ginwg~s`) Gi |`qsbnwh`q( gh >' mà` qgnbabcj nwbc`cj~ kcbnj~ j cggigqkgq`( r gh 04(3' `hdwi` |qwga` cb`di~sbn`) @cgk~( gh 12(0' m`+a` qgnbabcj `~b~sginb` ~ìbs`qb` gi wi ngisqj mj~|bs`h`qbj gi gh hsbkj`j) G~s`~ s`~`~ cg qgnwginb` ~ji kwr ~w|gqbjqg~ ` h`~ cg h` |jah`nbidgigq`h r ~g njqqg~|jicgi nji hj~ k`rjqg~ |qjahgk`~ cg ~`hwc cgh njhgnsb+vj g~swcb`cj)

G~|gnb`h bisgq~ |qg~gisì hj~ ~gqvbnbj~ g~|gnb`hb`cj~ cg qgmàbhbs`nbi(pwg gi h` k`rjq` cg hj~ n`~j~ ~g jqbgisì ` kgfjq`q |qjahgk`~ njinqgsj~

cgqbv`cj~ cg h`~ cb~n`|`nbc`cg~) `hvj gh ~gqvbnbj cg |jcjhjd`( hj~ cgk~~ji wsbhb`cj~ gi wi` |qj|jqnbi kwnmj k`rjq |jq h`~ |gq~ji`~ fvgig~ rgi gc`c hàjq`h pwg |jq h`~ k`rjqg~ cg ?7 `j~ -dqnj >)?") Gh k~ qg+nwgisg g~ gh ~gqvbnbj cg `sginbi |~bnjhdbn` r*j ~`hwc kgis`h( h pwg gi h`~cj~ ~gkì`~ isgqbjqg~ h` ginwg~s` màì nwcbcj 0


81/218


cbìsg `hdwi` qkwh` cg |`dj kb}sj j nj|`dj) \jq hsbkj( h` `rwc` `cjkbnbhbj ` |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c gi gc`c hàjq`h wg dq`swbs` gi gh?>' cg hj~ n`~j~5 cg |`dj cbqgnsj gi gh 0>'( r cg |`dj kb}sj gi gh 1>')

DqOBnj >)?

\gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`cg~ pwg mì qgnbabcj ~gqvbnbj~ cgqgmàbhbs`nbi gi h`~ cj~ ~gkì`~ ìsgqbjqg~ -gi |jqngis`fg cgk`rjqg~ r kgijqg~ cg ?7 `j~"

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82/218


DqOBnj >)4

Mjkaqg~ r kwfgqg~ cg ?7 r k~ `j~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`cg~ pwg mìwsbhb`cj ~gqvbnbj~ cg `sginbi ~jnb`h gi h`~ cj~ ~gkì`~ ìsgqbjqg~-|jqngis`fg"

' CG \GQ^JI@^ NJI CB^N@\@NBC@C CG ?7 R K^ @J^

^GQ_BNBJ^ WSBHBV@CJ^ GI H@^ CJ^ ^GK@I@^ @ISGQBJQG^

Mjkaqg~ Kwfgqg~

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84/218

@rwc@^( \qG^s@nBjiG^ r ^Gq_BnBj^ =0

3?' gi gc`c h`ajq`h" pwg hj~ mjkaqg~ -33 r ?'

Nji cb~n`|`nbc`c(~bi ngqsbffn`cj

73(3'

Ogg6 gh`a`b ||b` ` |`b g h` Gg~` ~ag cb~`|`b`( @k` \g~`h ^b`bg~ g

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85/218

=1 cB^n@\@nBc@cG^ G BinHw^Bi ^jnB@H

\jq sb|j~ cg cb~n`|`nbc`c( h` s`~` cg |gq~ji`~ nji ngqsbn`cj g~ k`rjq gipwbgig~ sbgigi |qjahgk`~ |`q` gisàh`q qgh`nbjig~ |gq~ji`hg~+`gnsbv`~-77'"( njkwibn`q~g -32'" r `|qgicgq*`|hbn`q njijnbkbgisj~*cg~`qqjhh`qs`qg`~ -s`kabi 32'"( r kgijq gi h`~ hbkbs`nbjig~ cg `wcbnbi -17'" r

vb~bi ->0'") Gi wi` |j~bnbi bisgqkgcb` ~g ~bsì pwbgig~ |qg~gisì cb~+n`|`nbc`cg~ cg kjvbhbc`c( wsjnwbc`cj r vbc` cjk~sbn` -gi hj~ sqg~ n`~j~gh >4'") S`kabi gi g~sg n`~j( hj~ |qjkgcbj~ ~ji k`rjqg~ gisqg hj~ mjk+aqg~ pwg gisqg h`~ kwfgqg~ -gisqg 0< r 1< |wisj~ |jqngisw`hg~ cg cbgqginb`~gdi hj~ n`~j~") Gh dqnj >)2 qgnjdg |jq sq`kj~ cg gc`c h` cbgqgisg s`~`cg |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c pwg cb~|jigi cgh ngqsbn`cj cg kbiw~v`h`)

DqOBnj >)2

Mjkaqg~ r kwfgqg~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c pwg sbgigi ngqsbbn`cjcg kbiw~v`h`( |jq sq`kj~ cg gc`c -|jqngis`fg"

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Mjkaqg~ Kwfgqg~

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3' gisqg hj~ nwbc`cjqg~ ij qg~bcgisg~ gi gh mjd`q cg h` |gq~ji` sgicbc`)

DqOBnj 3)0

Qgh`nbi cg h` nwbc`cjq` j nwbc`cjq |qbinb|`h nji h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji

cb~n`|`nbc`c `sgicbc`~ -sjs`hg~"

Qg~bcg gi gh mjd`q cg h` |gq~ji` sgicbc` Qg~bcg owgq` cgh mjd`q

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89/218

=? cB^n@\@nBc@cG^ G BinHw^Bi ^jnB@H

gisqg cg~ngicbgisg~ -=


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91/218

== cB^n@\@nBc@cG^ G BinHw^Bi ^jnB@H

k~ màbsw`h g~ pwg ij ~g |wgcgi |hìsg`q gh sqà`f`q wgq` cg n`~`( hj pwg`gns` `h 3?' cg pwbgig~ sbgigi |qjahgk`~5 `cgk~( n`~b h` nw`qs` |`qsg-1>'" m` sgibcj pwg cgf`q cg sqà`f`q n`w~` cg hj~ nwbc`cj~) Gh ~gdwicj|qjahgk` |jq qgnwginb` g~ pwg mì `wkgis`cj hj~|qjahgk`~ gnjikbnj~

cgh mjd`q( hj pwg `gns` `h 3


92/218

Hj^ nwBc@cj^ @ \Gq^ji@^ nji cB^n@\@nBc@c =2

vg k~ `k|hbj cg |`qbgisg~ nwbc`cjqg~) Gi ~g|sbgkaqg cg 1


93/218


DqOBnj 3)3

^gqvbnbj~ k~ qgnwgisg~ cg h` |gq~ji` nwbc`cjq` |qbinb|`h |jq sq`kj~cg gc`c cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c -sjs`hg~"

?+?3 j~ ?7+42 j~ =< r k~ j~

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i`~ -14'") \jq hsbkj( `|`qgngi hj~ sqg~ |qjahgk`~ kgij~ qgnwgisg~( sjcj~qgh`nbji`cj~ nji `~wisj~ |qj|b`kgisg `kbhb`qg~6 njiobnsj~ njirwd`hg~ -2'"(ij màgq |jcbcjjqk`q wi` `kbhb` -3'" r ij màgq |jcbcj sgigq mbfj~ ->'")

G~sj~ sqg~ ahjpwg~ cg |qjahgk`~ -jnbj( cg~nwbcj cg ~ j cg jsqj~ r njiobnsj~

`kbhb`qg~" qg|gqnwsgi cg kìgq` cbgqginb`c` ~gdi ~g` gh ~g}j r n`q`nsg+q~sbn`~ cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nwbc`cjq`~) Gh dqnj 3)? qgnjdg gh |jqngis`fg ~jaqggh sjs`h nwkwh`cj cg |qjahgk`~ pwg kginbjiì h`~ |gq~ji`~ cg n`c` ~g}j)Gi dgigq`h hj~ |qjahgk`~ cg jnbj r hj~ njiobnsj~ `kbhb`qg~ `gnsì `hdjk~ ` hj~ mjkaqg~( kbgisq`~ pwg h`~ kwfgqg~ ~g qg~bgisgi k~ cg ij sgigqsbgk|j |`q` nwbc`q cg ~ kb~k`~ j cg sgqngq`~ |gq~ji`~) ^b `sgicgkj~ ` h`sb|jhjd` cg hj~ nwbc`cjqg~( gh |qjahgk` k~ qgnwgisg gi sjcj~ hj~ n`~j~ g~pwg mì sgibcj pwg qgcwnbq ~w sbgk|j cg jnbj5 gi dgigq`h( pwg hj~ |qjahg+

k`~ ~g cb~sqbawrgi cg jqk` a`~sìsg |`qgnbc`( r ~hj nàg qg~`hs`q pwg h`~g~|j~`~ g mbf`~ ~g pwgfì( gi k`rjq kgcbc` pwg ~w~ g~|j~j~ g mbfj~( cg ij|jcgq `sgicgq ` jsq`~ |gq~ji`~ j abgi pwg sìsj mbfj~ njkj mbf`~ r mgqk`+ij~ j mgqkì`~ ~g pwgfì k~ cg ij |jcgq jqk`q wi` `kbhb`)

DqOBnj 3)?

\qjahgk`~ qgh`nbji`cj~ nji gh sbgk|j hbaqg r h` vbc` `kbhb`q( |jq ~g}j~-s`~` cg qg|`qsj cg |qjahgk`~ gi n`c` ~g}j( gi |jqngis`fg"

Kwfgqg~ Mjkaqg~

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97/218


Cj~ sgqnbj~ cg hj~ nwbc`cjqg~ qgnjijngi pwg mì g}|gqbkgis`cj |qjahg+k`~ cg ~`hwc cbqgns`kgisg qgh`nbji`cj~ nji hj~ nwbc`cj~) Gh k~ qgnwgi+sg g~ pwg ~g ginwgisqì nì~`cj~( ~bsw`nbi pwg `gns` `h 4=' cg pwbgig~sbgigi |qjahgk`~5 gi ~gdwicj hwd`q( gh 7>' bicbn` pwg ~g m` cgsgqbjq`cj ~w

~`hwc5 gi sgqngq hwd`q( gh 34' g}|gqbkgis` cg|qg~bjig~5 gi nw`qsj hwd`q( gh17' m` sgibcj pwg|jigq~g gi sq`s`kbgisj |`q` |jcgq hhgv`q h` ~bsw`nbi5 rgh 07' |`cgng |qjahgk`~ cbvgq~j~ cg ~`hwc)

Hj~ |`qbgisg~ gi dgigq`h g}|gqbkgisì |qjahgk`~ cg ~`hwc gi cjahg |qj+|jqnbi pwg hj~ |qjg~bji`hg~ -gk|hg`cj~ j cg hj~ ~gqvbnbj~ ~jnb`hg~"( s`hnjkj ~g qgnjdg gi gh dqnj 3)4) @cgk~( h`~ k`cqg~( g~|j~`~( mgqkì`~ gmbf`~ |`cgngi |qjahgk`~ cg ~`hwc gi |qj|jqnbi a`~sìsg k`rjq pwg ~w~njqqg~|jicbgisg~ k`~nwhbij~ -|`cqg~( g~|j~j~( mgqkìj~ g mbfj~") G}`ns`+

kgisg( gh 47' cg h`~ nwbc`cjq`~ cg h` |qj|b` `kbhb` |`cgng |qjahgk`~ cg~`hwc cgabcj~ ` hj~ nwbc`cj~( |jq wi 72' gi gh n`~j cg hj~ mjkaqg~)

DqOBnj 3)4

Nwbc`cjq`~ r nwbc`cjqg~ nji |qjahgk`~ cg ~`hwc cgabcj~` hj~ nwbc`cj~ -|jqngis`fg"

NJI \QJAHGK@^ CG ^@HWC -'"

QGH@NBI NJI H@ \GQ^JI@ @SGICBC@

'" pwg h` kgcb` g~|`jh`-11(='") Gh `nsjq gc`c |wgcg ~g~d`q kwnmj h`~ isgqbjqg~ njk|`q`nbjig~r` pwg h` |qj|jqnbi cg |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c nji k~ cg ?3 `j~-74(3' cgh njhgnsbvj" g~ kwr ~w|gqbjq h` cg h` |jah`nbi dgigq`h -0?(7'")

Sbgig k~ bisgq~ njk|`q`q hj~ ibvghg~ gcwn`sbvj~ gi gh sq`kj cg gc`c h`+ajq`h( gisqg 0? r ?3 `j~( hj pwg m`qgkj~ gi gh |q}bkj `|`qs`cj)

H` cb~sqbawnbi dgigq`h cg ibvghg~ gcwn`sbvj~ v`q` ijsàhgkgisg |jq ~g+}j~6 h` s`~` gkgibi` cg ì`hàgsb~kj gisqg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nb+c`c g~ kwnmj k`rjq -0>(0'" pwg h` k`~nwhbi` -4(>'" r hj~ mjkaqg~ njisswhj wibvgq~bs`qbj a`~sìsg~ k~ -2'" pwg h`~ kwfgqg~ -7(='")

^b sgicgkj~ h jqbdgi cg h`~ cb~n`|`nbc`cg~( hj~ ibvghg~ k~ a`fj~ cg jqk`+nbi ~g cì gisqg pwbgig~ |qg~gisì cgnbginb`~ khsb|hg~ -gh 72' ij m` sgq+kbi`cj g~swcbj~ |qbk`qbj~"( kgis`hg~ -7?'" r cgh hgidw`fg( màh` r vj -7>'")Gi g~sj~ sqg~ n`~j~ h` s`~` gkgibi` ~w|gq` ~bgk|qg gh ?


101/218


Gh dqnj 7)0 qgnjdg gh ibvgh cg g~swcbj~ cg kaj~ dqw|j~ -cb~n`|`nbc`c nji+dibs`+biìsbh r ~jaqgvgibc` cg~|w~ cg hj~ 07 `j~" r cg h` |jah`nbi dgig+q`h) g |wgcg ja~gqv`q pwg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c njidibs` j cpwb+qbc` gi h` biìnb` qgdb~sqì cjahg s`~` cg ì`hàgsb~kj |gqj( ` h` vg( wi`

s`~` k`rjq cg sbswh`nbjig~ ~gnwic`qb`~ r ~w|gqbjqg~ pwg pwbgig~ bibnb`qji ~wcb~n`|`nbc`c gi h` vbc` `cwhs`) Hj |qbkgqj ~g g}|hbn` sgibgicj gi nwgis` h`dq`vgc`c cg `hdwi`~ cb~n`|`nbc`cg~ |gqbi`s`hg~ pwg `gnsì ` h` n`|`nbc`ckgis`h5 ~bi gka`qdj( gi hj~ n`~j~ qg~sìsg~ h` cb~n`|`nbc`c ij m` ~bcj wija~snwhj |`q` hnì`q wi ibvgh cg g~swcbj~ pwg ~w|gq` h` kgcb` cg h`~ |gq~j+i`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c ~jaqgvgibc` cg~|w~ cg hj~ 07 `j~( `wipwg hgfj~ cg h`kgcb` dgigq`h cg h` |jah`nbi) Hj~ n`~j~ cg cb~n`|`nbc`c |gqbi`s`h g biìsbhg~si kgij~ biowbcj~ |jq h` |j~bnbi ~jnbjgnjikbn` cg hj~ mjd`qg~ pwg hj~

n`~j~ ~jaqgvgibcj~ gi h` vbc` `cwhs`( k~ hbd`cj~ ` gigqkgc`cg~ r `nnbcgi+sg~( nwr` |qgv`hginb` g~ k`rjq gi h`~ nh`~g~ a`f`~( pwg sbgigi kgij~ g~swcbj~)

DqOBnj 7)0

Ibvgh cg g~swcbj~ cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c ~gdi gh kjkgisjgi pwg hg~ ~jaqgvbij h` hbkbs`nbi -ìsg~ j cg~|w~ cg hj~ 0? `j~(gi |jqngis`fg"

' CG \JAH@NBI

'( |jq gh 31' cg ghhj~")H` `~b~sginb` ` ngisqj~ cg gcwn`nbi g~|gnb`h g~ gpwbv`hgisg gi `kaj~ ~g+}j~ -wij cg n`c` nbinj") Gh dqnj 7)7 qgnjdg g~s`~ cbgqginb`~)

DqOBnj 7)7

Sb|j cg g~njh`qb`nbi cg hj~ nmbnj~ r nmbn`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c gisqg~gb~ r 07 `j~ -|jqngis`fg"

Ngisqj jqcbi`qbj

nji |jrj~

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qGH@nBi nji H@ @nsB_Bc@c GnjiKBn@ 01>

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qg~s`wq`nbi( njkgqnbj r ~gqvbnbj~ |gq~ji`hg~) H` ~bdwbgisg n`sgdjq`g~ h` cg sqà`f`cjq`~ ij nw`hbn`c`~ -02(7'")

Gh 17(2' cg h`~ kwfgqg~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`cg~ ~ji sqà`f`cjq`~ ij nw`+

hbn`c`~5 vbgig ` njisbiw`nbi h` n`sgdjq` cg ~gqvbnbj~ cg qg~s`wq`+nbi( njkgqnbj r ~gqvbnbj~ |gq~ji`hg~ -1(='")

Gh 1' gi h` fwvgiswc -0?+12 j~"(7' gi h` gc`c bisgqkgcb` ->'( k`rjq` mjkaqg~" r jsq`~ cb+vgq~`~( ~bgk|qg nji kgij~ cg 0< `~`h`qb`cj~ -02'( k`rjq` mjkaqg~")

Gh ~bdwbgisg ahjpwg njqqg~|jicg h` dgqginb` cg njkgqnbj~( qg~s`wqìsg~ rjsq`~ gk|qg~`~ ~bi ~`h`qb`cj~ -1>'"( cjicg h` s`~` cg |`qsbnb|`nbi gkg+ibi` g~ k~ ghgv`c` -~`hvj( cg iwgvj( gi hj~ njkgqnbj~ `h |jq k`rjq( gipwg cjkbiì hj~ mjkaqg~")


127/218


Wi |gpwgj ~gnsjq sqà`f` gi h` cbqgnnbi dgigq`h j |qg~bcginb` gfgnwsbv`cg gk|qg~`~ dqìcg~ -4'" j cbqbdg qg`~ j cg|`qs`kgisj~ g~|gnb`hb`cj~-='") Gi `kaj~ n`~j~ h` s`~` k`~nwhbi` cjah` ` h` gkgibi`( nh`qj ~isj+k` cg h` cb~nqbkbi`nbi cg ~g}j~ gi hj~ |wg~sj~ cg |jcgq cg h`~ gk|qg~`~)

\jq hsbkj( wi ~gnsjq sjc`v` kgijq jqk` |`qsg cgh |gq~ji`h cbqgnsbvj cgh` `ckbib~sq`nbi ngisq`h j `wsjikbn` -3'( k`rjq` kwfgqg~" r cg hj~djabgqij~ hjn`hg~ -1'( k`rjq` mjkaqg~")

Snibnj~ r |qjg~bji`hg~( nbgisbnj~ g bisghgnsw`hg~

Gi g~s` n`sgdjq` ~g qgig `hdj k~ cg h` cnbk` |`qsg cg h`~ |gq~ji`~jnw|`c`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c -17)(0'"( |qjg~bji`hg~ gi jqdìb`nbi r `ckb+ib~sq`nbi cg gk|qg~`~ ->(0'"( gnjijkb~s`~ -1(4'"( gsnsgq`)

Snibnj~ r |qjg~bji`hg~ cg `|jrj

^w|jigi gh >(>' cgh sjs`h cg h`~ jnw|`nbjig~ -2)


128/218

qGH@nBi nji H@ @nsB_Bc@c GnjiKBn@ 017

Gk|hg`cj~ cg sb|j `ckbib~sq`sbvj

G~ gh ~gdwicj dqw|j |jq qgnwginb` gi h` jnw|`nbi cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ njicb~n`|`nbc`c r c` sq`a`fj ` n`~b h` pwbis` |`qsg cg ghh`~ ->=)7=)')

Sq`a`f`cjqg~ cg qg~s`wq`nbi( njkgqnbj r ~gqvbnbj~ |gq~ji`hg~

Gh sgqngq dqw|j |jq gh ikgqj cg jnw|`nbjig~ c` gk|hgj ` wi` cg n`c`nbinj kwfgqg~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c -30)1' cg h`~ kwfgqg~ cg g~s` n`sg+djq` r 12' cg hj~ mjkaqg~") H` ~bdwgi( gisqg h`~ kwfgqg~( h` cg w}bhb`q cggigqkgq` -0='"( nwbc`cjq` cg |gq~ji`~ -01'"( njnbigq` -01'" r n`k`+qgq` -00'"5 r( |`q` hj~ mjkaqg~( n`k`qgqj -0?'"( nwbc`cjq cg |gq~ji`~-0


129/218


Sqà`f`cjqg~ nw`hbbn`cj~ gi `dqbnwhswq` r |g~n`

G~s` n`sgdjq` sì ~hj qgnjdg h >' cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c pwgsbgigi sqà`fj -=)7)7)< `j~ -1


130/218


Gk|hgj~ ij nw`hbbn`cj~

G~s` n`sgdjq` g~ h` pwg c` k~ gk|hgj ` h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c6wi` cg n`c` nw`sqj kwfgqg~ -3=)


131/218


?)7) Njicbnbjig~ cg sq`a`fj

Gisqg h`~ njicbnbjig~ h`ajq`hg~ pwg ~g njijngi ` sq`v~ cg h` GC@C+12'5 gi h`~ cg 1< ` 0


132/218


DqOBnj ?)2

S`~` cg sgk|jq`hbc`c gi gh gk|hgj cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`cr cg h` |jah`nbi dgigq`h( |jq sq`kj~ cg gc`c r ~g}j -|jqngis`fg"

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133/218

0>< cB^n@\@nBc@cG^ G BinHw^Bi ^jnB@H

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134/218

qGH@nBi nji H@ @nsB_Bc@c GnjiKBn@ 0>0

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135/218

0>1 cB^n@\@nBc@cG^ G BinHw^Bi ^jnB@H

^hj gh =' cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ jnw|`c`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c cb~|jig gi ~w |wg~+sj cg sqà`fj cg hdwi` c`|s`nbi snibn` |`q` cg~gk|g`q ~w~ winbjig~cg h` jqk` k~ `cgnw`c` ` ~w~ n`q`nsgq~sbn`~ |gq~ji`hg~) G~s`~ `rwc`~mì ~bcj k~ wsbhb`c`~ |jq pwbgig~ |qg~gisì cb~n`|`nbc`cg~ cg kjvbhb+

c`c -07'" r cg cg~gk|gj cg h`~ s`qg`~ cg h` vbc` cjk~sbn` -0>'") Wig~swcbj nw`hbs`sbvj pwg g}|hjq` hj~ |wisj~ cg vb~s` cgh gk|qg~`qb`cj cg+kwg~sq` wi` bdijqìnb` ~bdibn`sbv` ~jaqg h`~ cb~n`|`nbc`cg~ r ~jaqg h`~qg~|wg~s`~ snibn`~ r jqdìb`sbv`~ -qgnwq~j~ sgnijhdbnj~ r mwkìj~"|`q` `|qjvgnm`q h`~ n`|`nbc`cg~ r `|jr`q ` hj~ sqà`f`cjqg~ `gns`cj~( r~g cgsgnsì ìs`~k`~ g~|gnb`hkgisg gi hj pwg s`g hj~ nj~sg~ gnjikb+nj~ cg h` bisqjcwnnbi cg g~sj~ kgcbj~ r qgnwq~j~) \gqj hj pwg g~ k~ dq`+vg( ~g cg~njijngi kwnm`~ vgng~ h`~ |qj|b`~ `rwc`~ g~sàhgnbc`~ |`q` h`

`c`|s`nbi `h |wg~sj cg sqà`fj -Owic`nbi NBQGK( 0>3")\jq hsbkj( h` bijqk`nbi qgnjdbc` ~jaqg hj~ bidqg~j~ aqwsj~ cg h`~ |gq~j+i`~ jnw|`c`~ pwg ~wqì hdwi` hbkbs`nbi nqibn` j cg h`qd` cwq`nbigi 1


136/218

qGH@nBi nji H@ @nsB_Bc@c GnjiKBn@ 0>>

nb` g Bs`hb` -@\\HBN@ gs h)( 1


137/218

0>3 cB^n@\@nBc@cG^ G BinHw^Bi ^jnB@H

cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ gi gc`c h`ajq`h -0? ` ?3 `j~ gi 1


139/218

0>? cB^n@\@nBc@cG^ G BinHw^Bi ^jnB@H

Gi nwìsj h ibvgh cg g~swcbj~( h` s`~` cg |`qj g~ nw`sqj vgng~ k`rjq gi pwbgig~ij sbgigi g~swcbj~ -ij ~àgi hggq ib g~nqbabq j ij mì sgqkbi`cj hj~ g~swcbj~|qbk`qbj~" pwg gi hj~ pwg mì sgqkbi`cj g~swcbj~ wibvgq~bs`qbj~5 ~g ~bsì giwi` |j~bnbi bisgqkgcb` pwbgig~ mì nwq~`cj g~swcbj~ kgcbj~ -hj~ c`sj~ dw+

qì gi gh dqnj ?)0>") G~s` kb~k` njqqgh`nbi ~g `|qgnb` s`kabi( |gqj gi~gisbcj bivgq~j( gi h` s`~` cg `nsbvbc`c( kwnmj k~ ghgv`c` gi pwbgig~ sbgigig~swcbj~ wibvgq~bs`qbj~ -?1'" pwg gisqg pwbgig~ ij hj~ sbgigi -04'"5 cg iwgvjh`~ s`~`~ bisgqkgcb`~ njqqg~|jicgi hj~ pwg mì sgqkbi`cj gcwn`nbi |qbk`+qb` ->0'"( ~gnwic`qb` jahbd`sjqb` -32(0'"( `~ njkj cbnwhs`cg~ cg `|qgicb`fg(`|hbn`nbi cg njijnbkbgisj~ r cg~`qqjhhj cg s`qg`~ ->4(?'") g sq`s` fw~s`+kgisg cg `pwghh`~ gi nwrj jqbdgi |qgv`hgngi h`~ cgnbginb`~ |~pwbn`~-khsb|hg~( cgh hgidw`fg r kgis`hg~")


141/218

0>= cB^n@\@nBc@cG^ G BinHw^Bi ^jnB@H

Cbgqginb`~ sgqqbsjqb`hg~

H` s`~` cg |`qj cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c gi gc`c h`ajq`h v`q`kwnmj ~gdi h` njkwibc`c `wsijk`( r g~ g~|gnb`hkgisg ghgv`c` gi N`+i`qb`~ -31(0'" r G}sqgk`cwq` ->?(>'") Gi gh |jhj j|wg~sj( nji kgij~

cg~gk|hgj gi 17'

Cgh 07 `h 1


142/218


Gi h` k`rjq` cg hj~ n`~j~ h` s`~` cg nsbvbc`c ~g binqgkgis` gi h`~ njkw+ibc`cg~ pwg sbgigi kgij~ cg~gk|hgj) G~s` nbqnwi~sìnb` ìbk` ` h`~ |gq+~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c ` aw~n`q wi sqà`fj qgkwigq`cj( r( gi nji~gnwgi+nb`( `wkgis` h` s`~` cg `nsbvbc`c) S`h g~ gh n`~j cg @q`di r I`v`qq` pwg(

fwisj nji K`cqbc( ~ji h`~ qgdbjig~ nji k`rjq s`~` cg |gq~ji`~ `nsbv`~)Gh s`k`j cg hj~ kwibnb|bj~ biowrg s`kabi gi h` s`~` cg |`qj( cg kìgq`pwg g~ k~ a`f` gi h`~ nbwc`cg~ dqìcg~( nji k~ cg 0(4

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143/218


\jq hsbkj( h` s`~` cg |`qj cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ g}sqìfgq`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`cgq` ~bkbh`q ` h` cg h` |jah`nbi g~|`jh` cg h` kb~k` njicbnbi( ~b abginji cbgqginb`~ bk|jqsìsg~ gi winbi cg h` i`nbji`hbc`c6 kbgisq`~ pwgh` |jah`nbi cg jsqj~ |`~g~ njkwibs`qbj~ |qg~gisà` h` kbs`c cg cg~gk+

|hgj -01'" pwg h` k`~nwhbi` -2'"( g~ cgnbq( h` cg~bdw`hc`c cg~g}j gi gh `nng~j `h gk|hgj cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c qg~whsà`|`qsbnwh`qkgisg ghgv`c` gisqg h` |jah`nbi ij njkwibs`qb`)

Ojqk`~ k~ màbsw`hg~ cg a~pwgc` cg gk|hgj

H` GC@C+1


144/218


DqOBnj ?)0?

Ksjcj~ wsbhb`cj~ gi h`~ nw`sqj hsbk`~ ~gk`i`~ |`q` aw~n`q gk|hgj-kwhsbqqg~|wg~s`( gi |jqngis`fg"

\GQ^JI@^ NJI CB^N@\@NBC@C PWG AW^N@I GK\HGJ -'"

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JSQJ^ KSJCJ^

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WSBHBV@ICJ QGH@NBJIG^ \GQ^JI@HG^

BI^NQB\NBI GI WI ^GQ_BNBJ \AHBNJ CG GK\HGJ ?4(0

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145/218


aw~n`icj gk|hgj" ~g binqgkgis` nji h` gc`c6 >>' gi h` fwvgiswc -0?+12`j~"( 34' gi gh sq`kj cg >< ` 33 `j~ r 4


146/218

qGH@nBi nji H@ @nsB_Bc@c GnjiKBn@ 03>

~bqvgi |`q` ginjisq`q sqà`fj -kwfgqg~( ?(?'5 mjkaqg~( 0(?'" j ~ginbhh`+kgisg |jqpwg ij sbgig g~swcbj~ -0(1'"5 r h` `hs` cg g}|gqbginb` hàj+q`h -3(?'( nji gpwbhbaqbj cg `kaj~ ~g}j~" -dqnj ?)0=")

DqOBnj ?)0=

\qbinb|`hg~ q`jig~ |jq h`~ pwg ij ginwgisqì gk|hgj -|jqngis`fg"

\GQ^JI@^ NJI CB^N@\@NBC@C PWG AW^N@I GK\HGJ -'"

KJSB_J CG IJ GINJISQ@Q SQ@A@FJ

Kwfgqg~Mjkaqg~

? r 37 `j~) Gi gc`cg~ k~ `vì`c`~ h` cbgqginb` g~

kgij~ |qjiwinb`c`( hj pwg ~g cgag h` binjq|jq`nbi nji~sìsg cg iwgv ~|gq~ji`~ r` n`~`c`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c ~jaqgvgibc`6 wi 11' k~ cg |gq~j+i`~ n`~`c`~ gisqg 3? r 77 `j~( r 03' k~ gisqg 7? r ?3) \jq hsbkj( gi gh

DqOBnj 4)0

\qj|jqnbi cg |gq~ji`~ n`~`c`~ |jq sq`kj~ cg gc`c gi h` |jah`nbinji r ~bi cb~n`|`nbc`c k`rjq cg 1< `j~ -|jqngis`fg"

\GQ^JI@^ N@^@C@^ -'"

SQ@KJ^ CG GC@C

Nji cb~n`| nbc`c ^bi cb~n | nbc`c

?7 R K^7?+?33?+77>?+371?+>710+17 @J^

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H`~ kjc`hbc`cg~ cg mjd`q gi winbi cg hj~ sb|j~ cg cb~n`|`nbc`c |qg~gi+sì s`kabi `hdwi`~ v`qbìsg~ ~bdibn`sbv`~) H`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cbnwhs`cg~cg vb~bi r wcbnbi g~si k~ |qg~gisg~ pwg gh qg~sj gi mjd`qg~ wib|gq~j+i`hg~5 h`~ pwg sbgigi hbkbs`nbjig~ |`q` gh `|qgicb`fg r h` `|hbn`nbi cgnjijnbkbgisj~( njkwibn`nbi g bisgq`nnbjig~ r qgh`nbjig~ |gq~ji`hg~ ~jik~ qgnwgisg~ gi mjd`qg~ kjij|`qgis`hg~) H`~ kjc`hbc`cg~ cg |`qgf`nji j ~bi mbfj~ ~g qg|`qsgi cg jqk` gpwbhbaq`c` gi sjcj~ hj~ sb|j~ cgcb~n`|`nbc`c)


167/218

0?3 cB^n@\@nBc@cG^ G BinHw^Bi ^jnB@H

@ njisbiw`nbi v`kj~ ` qgnjdgq cbvgq~`~ bijqk`nbjig~ qgh`sbv`~ ` h` qgh`+nbi cgh njhgnsbvj g~swcb`cj nji ~w~ `kbhb`qg~) Gi |qbkgq hwd`q( vgqgkj~~b nwgisì j ij nji hj~ cbvgq~j~ sb|j~ cg |`qbgisg~( cicg vbvgi r nji pwqgnwginb` ~g qgh`nbjiì nji ghhj~ -ginwgisqj~ r njis`nsj~ sghgibnj~ j

|jq njqqgj") Gi gh ihb~b~ cb~sbidwbqgkj~ cj~ sq`kj~ cg gc`c6 cg~cg ~gb~ ?3 j~( r |`qsbq cg ?7( r` pwg s`kabi h` qgh`nbi nji hj~ |`qbgisg~ n`k+ab` cg|gicbgicj cg h` gs`|` cg h` vbc`)

\`qbgisg~ nji hj~ pwg ~g nwgis` r cicg qg~bcgi

M`~s` hj~ ?3 `j~( `|`qsg cgh nirwdg( ~g njivbvg gi gh kb~kj mjd`q |qbi+nb|`hkgisg nji hj~ mbfj~ g mbf`~ -37' cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c"(|`cqg~ r k`cqg~ -1='" r mgqkìj~ r mgqkì`~ -04'") \gqj( cgk~( wi+

pwg ij ~g njivbv` nji ghhj~ a`fj gh kb~kj sgnmj( g~sj~ `kbhb`qg~ k~|q}bkj~ -nji h`j~ cg hb`nbi( |`sgqibc`c j q`sgqibc`c" g~si |qg~gisg~nji wi |g~j bk|jqsìsg gi h` k`rjq` cg hj~ n`~j~( k~ cg h` kbs`c cg h`~vgng~ gi gh kb~kj kwibnb|bj( hj kb~kj pwg jsqj~ |`qbgisg~( njkj vgkj~gi gh dqnj 4)3 -gi n`~j cg màgq v`qbj~ |`qbgisg~ cgh kb~kj sb|j |`cqg(mbfj( mgqkìj( gsn)( h` wabn`nbi ~g qggqg `h k~ ngqnìj cg ghhj~") H`nw`qs` |`qsg nwgis` s`kabi gi g~sg sq`kj cg h` vbc` pwg v` m`~s` hj~ ?3`j~ nji ibgsj~( r wi sgqnbj nji ~wgdqj~( `cgk~ cg àwghj~( |qbkj~( gs+

nsgq`)@ |`qsbq cg hj~ ?7 `j~ k~ cgh 2=' cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c ijnwgis` r` nji |`cqg~ ib ~wgdqj~5 g~ gisjing~ nwìcj njaqì g~|gnb`h bk+|jqsìnb` hj~ mbfj~ g mbf`~( |qg~gisg~ gi gh ==' cg hj~ n`~j~ r nji hj~ pwgnjivbvg k~ cg wi` sgqngq` |`qsg cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`cg~->2'"5 nwìcj g~sj hsbkj ij jnwqqg( jsqj >=' vbvg gi jsq` n`~` cgh kb~+kj kwibnb|bj -11' gi gh kb~kj a`qqbj( 3' gi gh kb~kj gcbnbj" r sì~hj gh 00' gi jsq` nbwc`c -3' gi jsq` |qjvbinb`( 0' gi jsqj |`~") H`~

|gq~ji`~ k`rjqg~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c sbgigi s`kabi ibgsj~ gi gh =


168/218

qGH@nBjiG^ ^jnB@HG^( @^jnB@nBjiB^Kj r @nsB_Bc@cG^ cG jnBj 0?7

DqOBnj 4)3

Hwd`q cg qg~bcginb` cg hj~ `kbhb`qg~( ~gdi sq`kj~ cg gc`ccg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c -|jqngis`fg"


169/218

0?? cB^n@\@nBc@cG^ G BinHw^Bi ^jnB@H

37'"5 nji hj~ |`cqg~ gi n`~j cg cgnbginb`~ kgis`hg~ -12'"( cgh hgidw`fg(màh` r vj -04'" r cgh ~b~sgk` igqvbj~j -07'"5 nji hj~ ibgsj~ gi hj~ n`~j~cg cgnbginb`~ khsb|hg~ -02'" r kgis`hg~ -03'"5 r nji hj~ mgqkìj~nwìcj ~g sq`s` cg cgnbginb`~ kgis`hg~ -10'" r cgh hgidw`fg( màh` r vj

-07'")

Oqgnwginb` cg hj~ ginwgisqj~ r vb~bs`~

H` g}b~sginb` cg |`qbgisg~ jkib|qg~gisg r kwr cbvgq~bn`c` ij bk|hbn`(~bi gka`qdj( wi` qgh`nbi màbsw`h nji ghhj~) H` qgnwginb` cg hj~ bisgq+n`kabj~ v`q` ~gdi khsb|hg~ nbqnwi~sìnb`~( gisqg h`~ pwg cg~s`n` |gqjij g~ cgsgqkbiìsg h` |qj}bkbc`c cg h` qg~bcginb`) @~bkb~kj( gi g~sgn`~j njivbgig cb~sbidwbq h` v`qbàhg ~g}j( `cgk~ cg h` gc`c)

Gh dqnj 4)7 |qg~gis` |jqkgijqb`c`kgisg h` bisgi~bc`c cg hj~ bisgq+n`kabj~ `kbhb`qg~ cg hj~ mjkaqg~ r kwfgqg~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c( ìsg~ rcg~|w~ cg nwk|hbq ?7 `j~) Gi dgigq`h( ~g ja~gqv` pwg h`~ qgh`nbjig~ `cb`qbj ~ji h`~ k~ màbsw`hg~ -kgcb` dhja`h cgh 31'"( ~gdwbc`~ cg `|g+i`~ ~g vgi -1>'"( wi` j cj~ vgng~ |jq ~gkì` -10'" r wi` j cj~ vgng~`h kg~ -0>'") \jq sq`kj~ cg gc`c( ìsg~ cg hj~ ?7 `j~ h`~ qgh`nbjig~cb`qb`~ ~ji jnmj |wisj~ |jqngisw`hg~ k~ qgnwgisg~ pwg ` |`qsbq cg g~`gc`c( gs`|` gi pwg cb~kbiwrgi hj~ njis`nsj~ màbsw`hg~ nji gh qg~sj cg h`

`kbhb`) \jq ~g}j~( h` bisgi~bc`c cg hj~ njis`nsj~ g~ kwr |`qgnbc`( ~b abgih` qgnwginb` cg h` qgh`nbi gisqg h`~ k`cqg~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c r ~w~ mbfj~g~ ~bgk|qg k`rjq pwg h` cg hj~ |`cqg~) Gi n`kabj h` qgh`nbi cg hj~ mbfj~nji cb~n`|`nbc`c nji kgij~ cg ?7 `j~ nji qg~|gnsj ` ~w~ |`cqg~ g~ k~bisgi~` pwg h` cg h`~ mbf`~( ~bsw`nbi pwg ~g bivbgqsg nwìcj |`~ì h` a`qqg+q` cg hj~ ?7 `j~6 gi g~sg n`~j h`~ kwfgqg~ vgi ` cb`qbj ` ~w~ |qjdgibsjqg~-bigvbsàhgkgisg cg wi` gc`c kwr `vì`c`"( k~ cgh cjahg pwg hj~ mjk+aqg~( |jqpwg ~g gin`qdì cgh nwbc`cj cg ~w~ k`rjqg~)

H` qgh`nbi gisqg mgqkìj~ g~ k~ qgnwgisg isg~ cg hj~ ?7 j~ pwg cg~+|w~( ~bgicj `hdj k~ bisgi~` h` pwg kìsbgigi hj~ mgqkìj~ nji cb~n`+|`nbc`c pwg h`~ mgqkì`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c) @isg~ cg hj~ ?7 `j~( gi sjq+ij ` h` nw`qs` |`qsg cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c `|gi`~ nwhsbv` ~w~qgh`nbjig~ q`sgqi`~( |qj|jqnbi pwg hhgd` `h 3>' |`q` `kaj~ ~g}j~ ` |`q+sbq cg hj~ ?7 `j~) H` qgh`nbi nji hj~ ~wgdqj~ g~ k~ bisgi~` gi hj~ mjk+aqg~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c -1?' ` cb`qbj" pwg gi h`~ kwfgqg~ nji kgij~ cg ?7


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`j~ -04'") Gi nwìsj ` hj~ ibgsj~( k~ cg h` kbs`c cg pwbgig~ hj~ sbgigiìsg~ cg hj~ ?7 `j~ ~g qgh`nbjiì ` cb`qbj nji ghhj~( |qj|jqnbi pwg ~gqgcwng jnmj |wisj~ |jqngisw`hg~( |gqj ~bdwg ~bgicj kwr bisgi~` |`q` k+aj~ ~g}j~ ` |`qsbq cg cbnm` gc`c)

DqOBnj 4)7

Oqgnwginb` cg hj~ ginwgisqj~ nji `kbhb`qg~( ~gdi gh ~g}j r h` gc`ccg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c -|jqngis`fg"

MJKAQG^( M@^S@ ?3 @J^

^g vgi cb`qbj ^g vgi wi` j cj~

vgng~ |jq ~gkì`

^g vgi wi` j cj~

vgng~ `h kg~

@|gi`~ ~g vgi


171/218

0?= cB^n@\@nBc@cG^ G BinHw^Bi ^jnB@H

|`qbgisg~ -~hj cg~s`nì pwbgig~ |qg~gisì |qjahgk`~ cg vb~bi( nwr` qgh`+nbi cb`qb` nji hj~ ~wgdqj~ g~ a`~sìsg k`rjq pwg h` kgcb`( r pwbgig~ sbg+igi sq`~sjqij~ cg bisgq`nnbi r qgh`nbi |gq~ji`h( nji wi` s`~` kwr |jqcga`fj cg h` kgcb`")

Njis`nsj~ sghgibnj~ j g|b~sjh`qg~

Hj~ njis`nsj~ sghgibnj~ j g|b~sjh`qg~ cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`cnji hj~ cbvgq~j~ |`qbgisg~ |qg~gisì wi` qgnwginb` `hdj k~ a`f` pwg hj~ginwgisqj~ |gq~ji`hg~ |gqj nji h`~ kb~k`~ |`ws`~ cg qg|`qsj6 k}bk`|qj|jqnbi cg njis`nsj~ nji hj~ mbfj~ -73' sjcj~ hj~ c`~ j n`~b sjcj~ hj~c`~"( `hdj kgij~ nji hj~ |qjdgibsjqg~ ->2'" r( cg~|w~( nji hj~ ibgsj~-1='"( hj~ mgqkìj~ -04'"( hj~ ~wgdqj~ -07'" r jsqj~ |`qbgisg~ -2'")

H` |qbinb|`h cbgqginb` nji hj~ bisgqn`kabj~ n`q` n`q` g~ pwg h` qgnwginb`cg hj~ njis`nsj~ sghgibnj~ r g|b~sjh`qg~ cg h`~ kwfgqg~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c g~~gi~bahgkgisg k`rjq pwg h` cg hj~ mjkaqg~( ~`hvj gi h` qgh`nbi nji hj~ ~wg+dqj~( gi pwg gh ikgqj cg njis`nsj~ g~ gh kb~kj gi `kaj~ ~g}j~ -dqnj4)?") G~s` cbgqginb` cg digqj ~g |qjcwng ìsg~ r cg~|w~ cg hj~ ?7 `j~( hjpwg |gqkbsg `qk`q pwg h`~ kwfgqg~ ~ji h` |qbinb|`h v` cg bisgqn`kabj gih`~ `kbhb`~ r( gi njinqgsj( cg hj~ h`j~ cg ~jhbc`qbc`c r `|jrj kwswj)

Hj~ njis`nsj~ sghgibnj~ j g|b~sjh`qg~ ~g qgcwngi ijsàhgkgisg ` |`qsbqcg hj~ ?7 `j~) @~( gh njis`nsj cb`qbj nji hj~ mbfj~ a`f` |`q` gh njifwisjcg `kaj~ ~g}j~ cgh ?< `h 70' -gi h`~ kwfgqg~ cgh ?7 `h 7>'"( kbgisq`~ pwgh` |qj|jqnbi cg |gq~ji`~ ~bi `|gi`~ njig}bi nji ~w~ cg~ngicbgisg~-kgijq qgnwginb` cg wi` vg h kg~" wkgisì cgh 10 h 1>' -gi kwfg+qg~( cgh 04 `h 1>'") ^b sgigkj~ gi nwgis` pwg h` |qbinb|`h v` cg nwbc`cj~cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ k`rjqg~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c ~ji h`~ mbf`~( g~s` hsbk` s`~` g~g~|gnb`hkgisg ~bdibn`sbv` |jqpwg njbinbcg nji gh mgnmj( pwg `nà`kj~cg g}|jigq( cg pwg hj~ mbfj~ cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c vb~bsì kg+

ij~ ` ~w~ |`cqg~ nwìcj ~g m`ngi k`rjqg~)

S`kabi ~g qgcwng h` qgnwginb` cg hj~ njis`nsj~ sghgibnj~ j g|b~sjh`qg~nji hj~ mgqkìj~( ibgsj~ r jsqj~ `kbhb`qg~ gisqg h`~ |gq~ji`~ k`rjqg~ njicb~n`|`nbc`c) ^bi gka`qdj( g~ bk|jqsìsg cg~s`n`q pwg k~ cg h` kbs`ckìsbgig njkj kibkj wi njis`nsj ~gkì`h nji ~w~ ibgsj~( wi` sgqngq`|`qsg nji ~w~ mgqkìj~ r h` nw`qs` |`qsg nji jsqj~ |`qbgisg~)


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-07' cg hj~ n`~j~( cgwi` j cj~ vgng~ |jq ~gkì` gi gh 12'( cg wi` j cj~ vgng~ h kg~ gi gh 00'(r nji wi` |gqbjcbnbc`c ~w|gqbjq wi kg~ gi gh 0>' cg hj~ n`~j~) G~s`~ s`~`~kgcb`~ ~ji ~w|gq`c`~ nji hj~ |`qbgisg~ k~ |q}bkj~ ` h`~ |gq~ji`~ njicb~n`|`nbc`c -|`cqg~ g mbfj~( `cgk~ cgh nirwdg"( |gqj ij gi qgh`nbi njihj~ mgqkìj~ w jsqj~ `kbhb`qg~) Ij ja~sìsg( njkj jnwqqg |`q` h` |jah`+nbi dgigq`h( h`~ `kb~s`cg~ ~w|jigi wi bk|jqsìsg qgnwq~j |`q` h`~ |gq~j+i`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c( pwg ~bi cwc` sbgig ggnsj~ kwr |j~bsbvj~ nji vb~s`~ `

~w bi~gqnbi ~jnb`h ijqk`hb`c`) Gh dqnj 4)4 qgnjdg h` |qg~ginb` g bisgi~b+c`c cg h`~ qgh`nbjig~ cg kb~s`c pwg vgibkj~ cg~nqbabgicj)

DqOBnj 4)4

Qgh`nbjig~ cg `kb~s`c cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c-|jqngis`fg"

@|gi`~ ~g vgi

01(4'

Ij sbgig `kbdj~*`~

0>(7(0'

Wi` j cj~ vgng~ |jq ~gkì`

1=(4'



174/218

qGH@nBjiG^ ^jnB@HG^( @^jnB@nBjiB^Kj r @nsB_Bc@cG^ cG jnBj 040

kgisg vbinwh`cj~ ` h` `w~ginb` cg `kbdj~ -1> r 02'( qg~|gnsbv`kgisg") @~w vg( pwbgig~ ~wqgi sq`~sjqij~ j~sgj`qsbnwh`qg~( cg `wcbnbi r vb~w`hg~~ji hj~ pwg sbgigi k~ `kb~s`cg~ r kìsbgigi nji ghh`~ wi` qgh`nbi `~b+cw` -sqg~ nw`qs`~ |`qsg~ ~g vgi ` cb`qbj j( `h kgij~( wi` vg ` h` ~gkì`")

H`~ qgh`nbjig~ ~jnb`hg~ ~g bisgi~bnì hbdgq`kgisg gi winbi cgh s`k`j cghj~ kwibnb|bj~6 gi hj~ k~ |gpwgj~( bigqbjqg~ 0


175/218


cj ~ji s`kabi k~ mjkaqg~ pwg kwfgqg~ pwbgig~ nji~bcgqì pwg swvbgqjigi gh hsbkj `j kwnm`~ `nbhbc`cg~ |`q` cbqbdbq~g ` |gq~ji`~ pwg ij njij+nì ->> r 1='( qg~|gnsbv`kgisg"( kbgisq`~ pwg h` k`rjq` nji~bcgqà` pwgij |wcj gisàh`q iwgv`~ qgh`nbjig~ -7'" j pwg h`~ `nbhbc`cg~ pwg swvj |`q`

ghhj wgqji ibidwi` -1'( r gi h`~ vb~w`hg~( cgh?(0'( gi g~sg n`~j |jq ginbk` hbdgq`kgisg cg h` kgcb` dgigq`h)


176/218

qGH@nBjiG^ ^jnB@HG^( @^jnB@nBjiB^Kj r @nsB_Bc@cG^ cG jnBj 04>

Njkj h`~ cgnbginb`~ |~pwbn`~ sbgigi k`rjq |qgv`hginb` gi h`~ cb~n`|`nb+c`cg~ njidibs`~ g biìsbhg~( h` s`~` cg `hb`nbi g~ kwnmj k`rjq gi h`~|qbkgq`~ gs`|`~ cg h` vbc`( r cg~nbgicg gi gc`cg~ `vì`c`~( nwìcj `c+pwbgqgi k~ |g~j h`~ cgnbginb`~ ~bn`~ r ~gi~jqb`hg~) gdi wi g~swcbj kj+

ijdqnj qg`hb`cj gi gh \`~ _`~nj( h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c gi gc`chàjq`h bisgdq`c`~ gi jqdìb`nbjig~ `~jnb`sbv`~ cg h` gnjijk` ~jnb`h |qg+~gisàì wi` s`~` cg nsbvbc`c r cg gk|hgj kwnmj k`rjq pwg h`~ ij ~jnb`+c`~ -A`qg` r Kjii( 1


177/218


k`h` vb~bi -17))3=7 11)332 37)2>3

OGcGq -ggkg`g~ ``~" 7)3>7 0


178/218


DqOBnj 4)2

Gvjhwnbi cg h` s`~` cg `bhb`nbi cg |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c` `~jnb`nbjig~ cgh ~gnsjq -0222+1


179/218


wicgi gi I`vgd`q |jq bisgqigs h`~ cj~ cg h` GC@C+1?'"( i`vgd`q |jq bisgqigs -?'" r `~b~sbq ` g~+|gnsnwhj~ -7'"5 h`~ kwfgqg~ vgi `hdj k~ h` sghgvb~bi -44'"( hggi -1='"(m`ngi sqà`fj~ kìw`hg~ -03'" r vì cg njk|q`~ -?'") H`~ qg~sìsg~ nsbvb+

c`cg~ ~ji qg`hb`c`~ nji h` kb~k` qgnwginb` |jq `kaj~ ~g}j~)

\jq sq`kj~ cg gc`c( h`~ |gq~ji`~ cg ?7 r k~ `j~ vgi k~ h` sghgvb~bi-=>'"( vb~bsì nji k~ qg+nwginb` ` `kbhb`qg~ r `kbdj~ -03'"( r( ~jaqg sjcj( i`vgdì |jq bisgqigs-0


180/218


DqOBnj 4)0


185/218

0=1 cB^n@\@nBc@cG^ G BinHw^Bi ^jnB@H

kwr |`qgnbc` mjkaqg~ r kwfgqg~) H` s`~` ~g ghgv` `h 2' gisqg hj~ kgijqg~cg ?7 `j~( r a`f` `h 7' gisqg hj~ k`rjqg~ cg g~` gc`c) \jq sb|j~ cg cg+nbginb` s`k|jnj m`r dq`icg~ cbgqginb`~( cg~cg wi k}bkj cgh 0


187/218

0=3 cB^n@\@nBc@cG^ G BinHw^Bi ^jnB@H

_BBB)Njinhw~bjig~

Gh cg~|hbgdwg cg h` vbc` mwkì` g~s k`qn`cj |jq h` cbvgq~bc`c( nbgqs`+kgisg( |gqj s`kabi |jq hj~ njiobnsj~ r n`qginb`~ pwg h` `sq`vbg~ì) @vgng~ h`~ hbkbs`nbjig~ vì ~jnb`c`~ cbgqginb`~ abjhdbn`~( njkj h` gc`c

nji igng~bc`cg~ bimgqgisg~ ` h` biìnb` r ` h` vgfg( |jq gfgk|hj j gh~g}j5 jsq`~ vgng~ sbgigi pwg vgq nji `nsjqg~ `kabgis`hg~( pwg cì hwd`q `|qjahgk`~ gi gh ~j~sgibkbgisj k`sgqb`h( h`~ jqk`~ cg njivbvginb` j h`~njicbnbjig~ cg ~`hwc( gisqg jsqj~) Gi sjcj n`~j( ij g~ h` |gqgnnbi j h`|hgibswc hj pwg n`q`nsgqb` h` g}b~sginb` njsbcbì`( ~bij gh g~|`nbj |jsgi+nb`h pwg ~g àqg ` |`qsbq cgh qgnjijnbkbgisj cg hj~ hkbsg~ r h` vjhwis`c cg~w|gq`qhj~) Gi g~sg ~gisbcj( ~g |wgcg `qk`q pwg h` `hs` ij~ nji~sbswrgnjkj ~wfgsj~ gi |qjng~j gi qgh`nbi nji gh njisg}sj ~jnb`h njinqgsj gi gh

pwg ~g kwgvgi iwg~sqj~ |qjrgnsj~ |gq~ji`hg~ r njhgnsbvj~)^bi gka`qdj( nji qgnwginb` h` cbvgq~bc`c r h`~ hbkbs`nbjig~ ~g vwghvgikjsbvj cg cb~nqbkbi`nbi( hj pwg jnwqqg nwìcj cgsgqkbi`c`~ cbgqginb`~-~gq kwfgq( sgigq gh ~icqjkg cg Cjti( ~gq bikbdqìsg `qbnìj" j `hs`~-g~s`q gi |`qj( |`cgngq cg|qg~bi( ij |jcgq ìc`q" ~ji g~sbdk`sb`c`~ rnjivgqsbc`~ gi q`~dj~ cg bigqbjqbc`c gi `hdi ~gisbcj) Gi s`hg~ n`~j~( ij~ji h`~ cbgqginb`~ ib h`~ hbkbs`nbjig~ hj pwg |qjcwng cg~bdw`hc`c j g}nhw+~bi( ~bij hj~ kgnìb~kj~ cg bigqbjqb`nbi `~jnb`cj~ ` ghh`~)

@isg h`~ cbgqginb`~ j hbkbs`nbjig~ winbji`hg~ ~bn`~ j |~pwbn`~ g}b~+sgi cbvgq~j~ gijpwg~( nwr`~ qggqginb`~ sgqbn`~ mgkj~ qgnjdbcj gi h` bi+sqjcwnnbi( pwg cì hwd`q ` cbgqgisg~ g~sq`sgdb`~ cg bisgqvginbi6

H` |j~bnbi k~ sq`cbnbji`h gisbgicg h` cb~n`|`nbc`c njkj wi cnbs

pwg g~sbdk`sb` h` bcgisbc`c cgh ~wfgsj r hj vwghvg qdbh |`q` wi`~


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njinHw^BjiG^ 0=7

qgh`nbjig~ ~jnb`hg~ àbgqs`~( |jq hj pwg ~sg sgqkbi` njii`cj gi ~w`kbhb` j ~gdqgd`cj gi bi~sbswnbjig~ g~|gnb`hb`c`~)

H` |j~bnbi i`swq`hb~s`+kcbn` ~g ngisq` gi gh sq`s`kbgisj r qgmàbhb+s`nbi cg hj~ bicbvbcwj~ |`qsbq cgh sqà`fj cg~|hgd`cj |jq winbji`+

qbj~ r g}|gqsj~ cg h` `~b~sginb`( ` hj~ pwg ~g nji~bcgq` cg|j~bs`qbj~ cgh`~ ijqk`~ r gh ~àgq snibnj( r` ~g sq`sg cg hj~ nqbsgqbj~ nh`~bn`sjqbj~cg h` Jqdìb`nbi Kwicb`h cg h` ^`hwc j cg hj~ `nwgqcj~ cg `nsw`+nbi g~sàhgnbcj~ |jq hj~ ~b~sgk`~ |ahbnj~ cg ~`hwc r |qjsgnnbi ~j+nb`h)

Gh hh`k`cj giojpwg ~jnb`h( bk|wh~`cj cg~cg m`ng v`qb`~ cn`c`~ |jq

h` Bisgqi`nbji`h cg \gq~ji`~ nji Cb~n`|`nbc`c r wi ~gnsjq cg hj~ |qj+g~bji`hg~( cg~|h`` gh jnj cg `sginbi cg~cg gh |hìj bicbvbcw`h r~bjhdbnj `h njhgnsbvj r |jhsbnj( gisgicbgicj pwg h` cb~n`|`nbc`c g~wi` jqk` cg g}nhw~bi ~jnb`h( gisqg jsq`~( pwg ~g bk|jig hj~ bicbvb+cwj~ r cgag ~gq ~w|gq`c` kgcbìsg wi |qjng~j |gq~ji`h r njhgnsbvj cggkìnb|`nbi)

Hj~ ijkaqg~ g~njdbcj~ |`q` cgibq `h njhgnsbvj ~g njqqg~|jicgi gi |`qsgnji hj~ gijpwg~ cg~nqbsj~6 biv hbcg*bin`|`nbc`c( |`q` h` |j~bnbi sq`+cbnbji`h5 kbiw~v`h`*cb~n`|`nbc`c( |`q` h` i`swq`hb~s`+kcbn`( r cbvgq+~bc`c winbji`h |`q` h` ~jnb`h( `wipwg gi g~sg hsbkj n`~j ij g}b~sg wi`nwgqcj cgibsbvj r ~g aw~nì iwgv`~ jqkwh`nbjig~) \jq iwg~sq` |`qsg(nqggkj~ pwg gh gijpwg ~jnb`h jqgng k`rjq |jsginb`hbc`c( wipwg h` wgi+sg |qbinb|`h cg bijqk`nbi pwg mgkj~ wsbhb`cj( h` hsbk` Ginwg~s` ~jaqgCb~n`|`nbc`c( @wsjijk` \gq~ji`h r ^bsw`nbjig~ cg Cg|gicginb`-GC@C+1


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0== cB^n@\@nBc@cG^ G BinHw^Bi ^jnB@H

=)1) A`fj ibvgh cg bi~sqwnnbi( `wipwg nji kgfjq`~gi h` hsbk` cn`c`

Gh ibvgh cg g~swcbj~ cgh njhgnsbvj g~swcb`cj g~ kwnmj k~ a`fj pwg gh cg h`

|jah`nbi dgigq`h) ^b ij~ ngbkj~ `h kbhhi r kgcbj cg |gq~ji`~ pwg ~gginwgisq` gi gc`c hàjq`h -0?+?3 `j~"( gh 4' ~ji ì`hàgs`~ -0' h` |j+ah`nbi dgigq`h"5 h` nw`qs` |`qsg ij m` sgqkbi`cj g~swcbj~ |qbk`qbj~( rk~ cg h` kbs`c ij m` jasgibcj gh sswhj cg G^J5 gh 0?' m` nji~gdwbcjsgqkbi`q h` gcwn`nbi ~gnwic`qb` r gh 01' sbgig g~swcbj~ ~w|gqbjqg~ -13 r1?' h` |jah`nbi dgigq`h( qg~|gnsbv`kgisg") @cgk~( sì ~hj gh =' cg h`|jah`nbi nji cb~n`|`nbc`cg~ gi gc`c hàjq`h ~gdw` gi 1


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njinHw^BjiG^ 0=2

kgij~ bisgi~` gisqg pwbgig~ ij mì |jcbcj sgqkbi`q h` gcwn`nbi |qbk`+qb` -dqw|j pwg ~g m` qgcwnbcj gi wi` nw`qs` |`qsg r |`~` cgh 13 `h 0='")

\jq hsbkj( mgkj~ ì`hb`cj h` ~bsw`nbi g~njh`q cg hj~ ibj~ r ib`~ njicb~n`|`nbc`c pwg sgiì gisqg ~gb~ r 07 `j~ gi 17 r 37 `j~( pwg hhgd` `h 73'(|jq wi 12' cg h`~ kwfgqg~) G~s` cbgqginb` ~g |wgcg g}|hbn`q gi |`qsg ~b ~gnji~bcgq` h` k`rjq qgnwginb` nji pwg hj~ mjkaqg~ |qg~gisì cb~n`|`nb+c`cg~ cg njkwibn`nbi r |`q` kìsgigq qgh`nbjig~ |gq~ji`hg~ -binhwbc`~h`~ qgh`nbjig~ ~g}w`hg~ r cg |`qgf`")


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Gh 22(2' cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c sbgig |`qbgisg~( nji kwnmj~cg hj~ nw`hg~ h` bikgi~` k`rjq` kìsbgig qgh`nbi màbsw`h( r` ~g` kg+cbìsg h` njivbvginb` j cg vb~bs`~( hh`k`c`~ sghgibn`~ j njqqgj |j~s`h rghgnsqibnj) Gh


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njinHw^BjiG^ 020

k~ qgnwgisg -??'"( ~hj `nngc` ` h wi 1=' cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji hbkbs`+nbjig~ winbji`hg~) ^bi gka`qdj( gh ~b~sgk` cg |gi~bjig~ `hdj |qj|bj cgh`~ |gq~ji`~ fwabh`c`~ |`q` h` |jah`nbi dgigq`h gq` h` ~bsw`nbi |qbinb+|`h |`q` gh 3=' cg hj~ mjkaqg~ r gh >7' cg h`~ kwfgqg~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c)

\jq hsbkj( gh sqà`fj cjk~sbnj gi gh |qj|bj mjd`q gq` gh sgqngq ~b~sgk` cgbi~gqnbi gi h` vbc` `cwhs`( wi` `nsbvbc`c hhgv`c` ` nàj n`~b g}nhw~bv`+kgisg |jq kwfgqg~( nji wi` qgnwginb` kwnmj k`rjq gisqg h`~ pwg sgiìhbkbs`nbjig~ ->3'" pwg gisqg h` |jah`nbi gkgibi` gi dgigq`h -13'")

Wi` sgqngq` |`qsg cgh njhgnsbvj g~swcb`cj swvj pwg n`kab`q ~w `nsbvbc`c|qbinb|`h ` n`w~` cg h` cb~n`|`nbc`c) G~sg n`kabj nji~b~sb n`~b ~bgk|qggi àìcji`q gh gk|hgj( hj pwg `gns ` k~ cg 3


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cbnwhs`cg~ bi~w|gqàhg~ |`q` sqà`f`q( h` k`rjq` |jcq` gfgqngq `hdwi``nsbvbc`c ~b ginjisq`q` `nbhbc`cg~ |`q` ghhj) \gqj cg jqk` dgigq`hb`c`~w qg~|wg~s` m` ~bcj cgf`q cg aw~n`q gk|hgj)

H` k`rjq` cg h`~ |gi~bjig~ njisqbawsbv`~ h`~ |gqnbagi mjkaqg~ pwg mì

sgibcj wi gk|hgj ìsgqbjq5 r h` k`rjq` cg h`~ ij njisqbawsbv`~( kwfgqg~pwg ij |`qsì cg wi gk|hgj qgkwigq`cj) Cg g~sg kjcj( sgigq g}|gqbgi+nb` |qgvb` cg sqà`fj cjk~sbnj ~g njsbà` sqg~ vgng~ kgij~ pwg màgqsgibcj wi gk|hgj qgkwigq`cj( wi bicbnbj gisqg jsqj~ kwnmj~ cg h` k`rjq|qgn`qbgc`c gkgibi`)

=)7) Kgij~ gk|hgj r k~ |qgn`qbj

R` ~g m` bicbn`cj pwg h` s`~` cg gk|hgj gisqg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nb+c`c gq` sqg~ vgng~ kgijq pwg h` cg h` |jah`nbi dgigq`h5 gi n`kabj( h` s`~`cg |`qj gi gh kb~kj `j cg qggqginb` 1


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njinHw^BjiG^ 02>

|hgkgis`qbj cg g}nhw~bi ~jnbjhàjq`h( h` |qj|b` cb~n`|`nbc`c) Nwìcj ~g|qgdwis` |jq h`~ q`jig~ cg ij ginjisq`q gk|hgj( ~jaqg~`hgi h`~ cj~ ~b+dwbgisg~6 \jq h` cb~n`|`nbc`c -73'"5 r Ginjisq`q sqà`fj g~ kwr cbnbh|`q` nw`hpwbgq` -04'") @ ~w vg( h` nw`qs` |`qsg cg pwbgig~ r` ij aw~nì

r ~g mì bi~s`h`cj gi h`~ |gi~bjig~ qgnjijng pwg gh |qbinb|`h kjsbvj cg ~wcg~ibkj g~ pwg ~gq` cbnbh ginjisq`q sqà`fj `h g~s`q cb~n`|`nbs`cj)Gi cgibsbv`( cbvgq~j~ `nsjqg~ njisg}sw`hg~ r |gq~ji`hg~ -njk|gsbsbvbc`ccgh kgqn`cj hàjq`h( njicbnbjig~ kwr |qgn`qb`~ cg hj~ gk|hgj~ ` hj~ pwg|jcqì `nngcgq( bisgi~bn`nbi cgh |`qj gi nbgqs`~ njkwibc`cg~( |qgfwb+nbj~ cg h` |`qsg gk|qg~`qb`h( |qbjqb`nbi cg h`~ |gi~bjig~ ~jaqg h` c`|s`+nbi cgh |wg~sj cg sqà`fj( gsn)" cì njkj qg~whs`cj pwg ~hj wi` |`qsgkgijq cg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c cb~|jid` cg gk|hgj)

Cg h`~ 31


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H` s`~` cg njisq`sj~ sgk|jq`hg~ gi 1'"` h` cg h` |jah`nbi jnw|`c` gi dgigq`h -01'")

=)?) Qgh`nbjig~ ~jnb`hg~ r cg `kb~s`c) G}|gqbginb`~cg cb~nqbkbi`nbi

Gh 2


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njinHw^BjiG^ 027

sì ~hj gh 2' m` cgiwinb`cj hj~ mgnmj~( gi |`qgnbc` |qj|jqnbi mjkaqg~r kwfgqg~) H` g}|gqbginb` cg cb~nqbkbi`nbi `wkgis` gisqg h`~ |gq~ji`~`nsbv`~ qg~|gnsj ` h`~ bi`nsbv`~( ~jaqg sjcj gisqg h`~ pwg g~si cg~gk|hg`+c`~( pwg kìsbgigi wi njis`nsj k~ qw~sqìsg nji gh kgcbj ~jnbjhàjq`h)

H` `hb`nbi cg |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c ` `~jnb`nbjig~ cgh ~gnsjq ~g m`binqgkgis`cj gi h` hsbk` cn`c` r m` |`~`cj cgh 4(7 `h 0


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nwh`qg~( ` vgng~ a`fj h` qkwh` cgh |`dj kb}sj j nj|`dj) Gi wi |`~ njkjG~|``( pwg ~g |gqh` njkj wij cg hj~ k~ givgfgnbcj~ cgh kwicj ~gdih` JK^( ~gq` kwr bk|jqsìsg kìsgigq r qgjq`q sjcj~ g~sj~ ~gqvbnbj~(pwg gnsì |qbinb|`hkgisg ` h`~ |gq~ji`~ k`rjqg~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c( gvb+

sìcj pwg h`~ kgcbc`~ cg qgcwnnbi cgh cnbs |ahbnj qg|gqnwsì igd`sb+v`kgisg ~jaqg ghh`~)

M`~s` wi nw`qsj cg kbhhi cg |gq~ji`~ ~g`h` ij màgq |jcbcj `nngcgq ``hdi ~gqvbnbj ~ìbs`qbj j ~jnb`h nwìcj hj igng~bsà`( cgabcj |qjahgk`~gi h` hb~s` cg g~|gq` ->0'" j ` ij sgigq cbigqj |`q` |`d`qhj -10'"( gisqgjsq`~ q`jig~) G~s`~ pwgf`~ h`~ |hìsgì k`rjqbs`qb`kgisg kwfgqg~( hj kb~+kj pwg jnwqq` nji h`~ rwc`~ snibn`~ r |gq~ji`hg~) Gi g~sg ~gisbcj( ~gq`bk|jqsìsg cg~ahjpwg`q h`~ hb~s`~ cg g~|gq` pwg ~g |qjcwngi gisqg h`~ |gq+

~ji`~ ~jhbnbsìsg~ cg h`~ rwc`~ cg h` Hgr cg Cg|gicginb` r gisqg pwbgig~(wi` vg qg~wghsj gh g}|gcbgisg( ij qgnbagi hj~ ~gqvbnbj~ j |qg~s`nbjig~ hj~pwg sbgigi cgqgnmj)

Wi sgqngq sb|j cg `rwc` |gq~ji`h ~ji h`~ cbvgq~`~ |gi~bjig~( ` h`~ pwg `n+ngcgi wi`~ sqg~ nw`qs`~ |`qsg~ cgh njhgnsbvj gi gc`c hàjq`h r pwg ~g |hì+sgì k~ njkj `hsgqi`sbv` h sqà`fj pwg njkj |qg~s`nbi sgk|jq`h kbgi+sq`~ ij ~g ginwgisq` gk|hgj) \qgnb~`kgisg h` NBO+1


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njinHw^BjiG^ 022

Kgcbc`~ |qgvgisbv`~ cg n`qnsgq ~jnb`h

@cgk~ cg h`~ kgcbc`~ cg n`qnsgq bicbvbcw`h( g~si h`~ cg icjhg dgigq`hj |qgvgisbv`( pwg sq`sì cg g~sàhgngq wi nhbk` ~jnb`h pwg gvbsg h` `|`qb+nbi cg cb~n`|`nbc`cg~ r `vjqgn` ~w àjqc`fg gi sqkbij~ cg bdw`hc`c cg

cgqgnmj~( qgnjijnbkbgisj |gq~ji`h r `nng~j wi` vbc` cbdi`( nji h`~ kb~+k`~ j|jqswibc`cg~ cg qg`hb`nbi pwg sjc` h` |jah`nbi gi hj~ kabsj~ cgh` gcwn`nbi( gh gk|hgj( h` |`qsbnb|`nbi nbwc`cì`( h` kjvbhbc`c( gsn)Gvbcgisgkgisg wi njisg}sj ~jnb`h cg g~s`~ n`q`nsgq~sbn`~ g~s kwr hgfj~cgh `nsw`h( k`qn`cj |jq wi` dqì cg~bdw`hc`c gi gh qg|`qsj cg h` qgis` rh` qbpwg`( wi kgqn`cj hàjq`h njk|gsbsbvj r |jh`qb`cj r h` cb~nqbkbi`+nbi gi khsb|hg~ `~|gnsj~ cg `k|hbj~ dqw|j~ cg |jah`nbi( gisqg ghhj~ h`~|gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`nbc`c)

Njkj hig`~ cg |j~bahg cg~`qqjhhj màq` pwg cg~s`n`q h`~ |jhsbn`~ cggpwbhbaqbj gi gh qg|`qsj cg h` qbpwg` r cg h` qgis`( r` pwg( njkj mgkj~vb~sj( h`~ cb~n`|`nbc`cg~ ~g |qjcwngi nji kwnm` k~ qgnwginb` gi hj~mjd`qg~ |jaqg~( nji |gjqg~ njicbnbjig~ cg vbc` r cg sqà`fj( r qgnwq~j~g~n`~j~ |`q` m`ngqhg~ qgisg) R s`kabi màq` pwg kìsgigq r qgjq`q h`wibvgq~`hbc`c cg `nng~j ` hj~ ~gqvbnbj~ |ahbnj~ cg ~`hwc( gcwn`nbi r~gqvbnbj~ ~jnb`hg~( nji kgcbc`~ pwg `nbhbsgi wi` `sginbi cg n`hbc`c r njihj~ |jrj~ igng~`qbj~ h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji hbkbs`nbjig~ winbji`hg~) Gh jafg+

sbvj ~gq` gvbs`q gh ghgv`cj cnbs g}b~sgisg gisqg h`~ |gq~ji`~ nji cb~n`|`+nbc`c gi g~j~ kabsj~ -gigqkgc`cg~ nqibn`~( q`n`~j g~njh`q( gsn)"( `~njkj gh ij+`nng~j cg wi nw`qsj cg kbhhi cg |gq~ji`~ ` hj~ igng~`qbj~~gqvbnbj~ ~jnb`hg~ r cg qgmàbhbs`nbi) Gi g~s` kb~k` hig`( màq` pwg nw+aqbq gh mwgnj cg sqg~ nw`qsj~ cg kbhhi cg |gq~ji`~ pwg ij qgnbagi h`~`rwc`~ snibn`~ j |gq~ji`hg~ pwg |qgnb~ì |`q` `qjis`q ~w~ hbkbs`nbjig~(r nji~jhbc`q |`q` ghhj gh ^b~sgk` |`q` h` @wsjijk` r @sginbi cg h` Cg+|gicginb`( qgjqìcj g~|gnb`hkgisg hj~ ~gqvbnbj~ |qjg~bji`hg~( ` h` vg

pwg ~g `|jr` nji qgnwq~j~( |qg~s`nbjig~ r `~g~jq`kbgisj g~|gnnj h`bidgisg hàjq cg hj~ nwbc`cj~ bijqk`hg~) Gi g~sg hsbkj |wisj( njivgi+cq` s`kabi |qjkjvgq h` bdw`hc`c cg digqj gi h` |qg~s`nbi cg nwbc`+cj~( `nsw`hkgisg gi kìj~ k`rjqbs`qb`kgisg cg h`~ kwfgqg~ -mbf`~( g~|j+~`~ r k`cqg~( |jq g~sg jqcgi")

\jq jsq` |`qsg( cgagq` |qjkjvgq~g wi qg|`qsj gpwbhbaq`cj cgh gk|hgj gi+sqg s

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