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3.

CouldSarah come with us? (Podra Sarah venir con nosotros?)

PROBABILITY

When we want to say how certain we are that something will have

100% certain

It willbe Simon. It will have beenSimon

It mustbe Simon. It must have beenSimon

It shouldbe Simon.

It maybe Simon. It may have beenSimon

It mightbe Simon. It might have beenSimon

It couldbe Simon. It could have beenSimon

50% certain

It couldntbe Simon It couldnt have beenSimon

It cantbe Simon It cant have beenSimon

It wontbe Simon It wont have beenSimon

10% certain

Examples:

1. It must have beenSimon, nobody else would call at his time of night.

2.

No it can t have beenSimon, he is away on holiday at the moment.

3. It might have beenIgor

4. It could have beenJoe, couldnt it?

5. Yes it may have been Joe, I wonder what he wanted?

6.

I must have beenthinking of something else at the time, thats why I forgot to phoneher

7. Joe might have beendrinking lemonade, but it looked like beer to me

8.

I could come roundthis evening.(it is possible, but not very likely)

9. I may come roundthis evening. ( I am thinking of coming round, you can expect to see

me)

10.I might come roundthis evening (equally not, I havent decided yet)

11.it must beSimon ( logical conclusion)

OBLIGATION

When we want to say that something will definitely happen because the situation demands it or

to say that it is desirable

DEBER MUST HAD TO

DIDNT HAVE TO

HAD TO

TENER QUE HAVE TO (got)

DONT HAVE TO

HAD TO

DIDNT HAVE TO

HAD TO

HAVE TO:to express obligation imposed by external circumstances.

DONT HAVE TO:the opposite of to have. (no hace falta/ que no es necesario)

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MUST:1.self imposed obligation or with strong moral content.

2. strong and insistent piece of advice

3.logic conclusion.

Examples:

1.

I have togo2.

Do you have togo?

3. I dont have togo

4. I had togo

5. You dont have tocome.

6. She doesnt have topay in advance.

7. I must finda way to quit smoking.

8. You muststudy.

9.

They must becareful with this substance.

10.That man must bevery rich.

11.

You must fastenyour seat belt.

12.

You must keep offthe grass.

ADVICE

To express moral obligation, You do not

have to do any of those things.

To express the past: should have + participle

Examples:

1. You should notdrink if you intend to drive.

2. You shouldtake up a sport.

3. This library book is overdue. I should have returnedit last week.

4. You ought not to loseweight.

OTHER MODALS

Id rather(would rather): it is used to express strong opinion.1.

Idrather be withthan(Preferira)

Youd better (had better): it is used to express advice

1. Youd better leave now.

2. theyd better get here soon.

Shall:it is used to express offers.

1. shall I make a copy for you?

SHOULD OUGHT TO

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Would you like meto give you a lift?