24 24 rm presentation

8/4/2019 24 24 Rm Presentation

1/37

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, BHAVNAGAR UNIVERSITY

: Presented by :Chintan Andharia, Ekta Andharia, Vipul A. Bhatt,

Nisha Bhut, Daya Borad

Faculty: Dr. Butalal Ajmera


2/37

MEANING OF RESEARCH

The Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current Englishlays down the meaning of research as a carefulinvestigation or inquiry specially through search for newfacts in any branch of knowledge.

Redman and Mory defined research as a systematizedeffort to gain new knowledge.

According to Clifford Moody research comprising definingand redefining problems, formulating or suggested

solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating data,making deductions and reaching conclusions, and at lastcarefully testing the conclusions to determine whether theyfit the formulating hypothesis.


3/37

Cont.According to D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson in the

Encyclopedia of Social Sciences define research as

the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols forthe purpose of generalizing to extend, correct orverify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids inconstructing of theory or in the practice of an art.

So on the whole we can say that term researchrefers to the systematic method consisting ofenunciating the problem, formulating a hypothesis,

collecting the facts or data, analyzing the facts andreaching certain conclusion either in the form ofsolutions towards the concerned problem or incertain generalizations for some theoreticalformulation.


4/37

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCHTo gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new

insights into it (studies with this object in view are termedas exploratory of formulative research studies);

To portray accurately the characteristics of a particularindividual, situation or a group (studies with this object inview are known as descriptive research studies);

To determine the frequency with which something occursor with which it is associated with something else (studieswith this object in view are known as diagnostic researchstudies);

To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship betweenvariables (such studies are known as hypothesis-testingresearch studies).


5/37

MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH

The possible motives for doing research may be eitherone or more of the following:

Desire to get a research degree along with itsconsequential benefits;

Desire to face the challenges in solving the unsolvedproblems, i.e., concern over practical problems initiatesresearch;

Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative

work;Desire to be of service to society;

Desire to get respectability.


6/37

TYPES OF RESEARCH

Descriptive research

Analytical research

Applied research

Basic research

Quantitative research

Qualitative research Conceptual research


7/37

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH :

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Surveys & factfinding enquiries of different kinds Purpose isdescription of the state of affairs as it existsat present. Researcher has no control over thevariables; he can only report what has

happened or what is happening.


8/37

ANALYTICAL RESEARCH :

ANALYTICAL RESEARCH Involves in-depth study and evaluation of availableinformation in an attempt to explain complex

phenomenon. The researcher has to use factsor information already available and analyzethese to make a critical evaluation of the

material.


9/37

APPLIED / ACTION RESEARCH :

APPLIED / ACTION RESEARCH Finding asolution an immediate problem Say a solutionSUBTYPES Marketing research Evaluation

research

A / / A A


10/37

BASIC /PURE/ FUNDAMENTALRESEARCH :

BASIC /PURE/ FUNDAMENTALRESEARCH generalization and with theformulation of theory Natural phenomenon

and mathematics are the examples of basicresearch Finding information in broad base.


11/37

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH :

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Based onmeasurement of quantity or amountWeighing, measuring are the examples of

quantitative research


12/37

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH :

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Phenomenarelating quality or kind Character, personalityand man kind are the examples of variableused to measure the qualitative research Word

association test, Sentence completion test arethe examples of qualitative research

CONCEPTUAL / EXERIMENTAL


13/37

CONCEPTUAL / EXERIMENTALRESEARCH :

CONCEPTUAL / EXERIMENTALRESEARCH Related to some abstract ideas /theory experiment Attempt to establish causeand effect relationship


14/37

RESEARCH APPROACHES

Quantitative approach

1. inferential2. experimental

3. simulation

Qualitative approach


15/37

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is oftenbetter than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry,and inquiry leads to invention is a famous Hudsonmaxim in context of which the significance can

well be understood.research inculcates scientific and inductive

thinking and it promotes the development oflogical habits of thinking and organization.

The role of research in several fields of appliedeconomics, whether related to business or to theeconomy as a whole, has greatly increased in

modern times.


16/37

Research provides the basis for nearly all governmentpolicies in our economic system.

Research has its special significance in solving variousoperational and planning problems of business andindustry.

Research is equally important for social scientists in

studying social relationships and in seeking answers tovarious social problems.

In addition to what has been stated above, thesignificance of research can also be understoodkeeping in view the following points:

To those students who are to write a masters of Ph.D.thesis, research may mean a careerism or a way to

attain a high position in the social structure.


17/37

To professionals in research methodology,research may mean a source of livelihood.

To philosophers and thinkers, researchmean the outlet for new ideas and insights.

To literacy men and women, research maymean the development of new styles andcreative work.

To analysts and intellectuals, research maymean the generalizations of new theories.


18/37

Research Methods vs. Methodology

Research methods : All the methods which areused by the researcher during the course ofstudying his research problem are termed asresearch methods.

Research methods can be put on the followinggroups:

1. Methods concerned with collection of data;

2. Statistical techniques are used for establishingrelationship between the data and the unknowns;

3. Methods used to evaluate the accuracy of theresults obtained


19/37

Research methodology : A way to systematicallysolve the research problem.

Why a research study has been undertaken, how theresearch problem has been defined, in what way andwhy the hypothesis has been formulated, what datahave been collected and what particular method hasbeen adopted , why particular technique ofanalysing data has been used and a host of similar

other question are usually answered when we talkof research methodology concerning a researchproblem or study


20/37

It based on certain basic postulates:

1. It relies on empirical evidence

2. It utilizes relevant concepts

3. It is committed to only objective considerations

4. It presupposes ethical neutrality

5. It results into probabilistic predictions

6. Its methodology is made known to all concernedfor critical scrutiny are for use in the testing theconclusion through replication

7. It aims at formulating most general axiom

Research and scientific Method


21/37

The knowledge of methodology provides good

training specially to the new research worker andenables him to do better research

The knowledge of research methodology is helpfulin various fields such government or business

administration, community development and socialwork

It enables use to make intelligent decisions

concerning problems facing us in practical life atdifferent point of time.

It helps the consumer of research results toevaluate them and enables him to take rationaldecisions.

Importance of knowing how research is done


22/37

Research process in flow chart

Define

research

problem

Review

concepts and

theories and

Review

previous

research

findings

Formulate

hypothesis

Design

researchCollect data

Analyse

data

Interpret

and

report

1 F l ti th h bl


23/37

1. Formulating the research problem

There are two types of research problems, viz., those whichrelate to states of nature and those which relate to relationships

between variables. The best way of understanding the problemis to discuss it with ones own colleagues or with those havingsome expertise in the matter.

2 . Extensive literature survey

once the problems is formulated, a brief summary of itshould be written downFor this purpose, the abstracting andindexing journals and published or unpublished bibliographiesare the first place to go to.

3. Development of working hypotheses

After extensive literature survey, researcher should state inclear terms the working hypotheses. Working hypothesis istentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its

logical or empirical consequences.


24/37

Cont

4. Preparing the research design

The research problem having been formulated in clearcut terms, the researcher will be required to prepare aresearch design. There are several research designs, such as,experimental and non-experimental hypothesis testing.

5. Determining sample design

The researcher must decide the way of selecting asample or what is popularly known as the sample design. Inother words a sample design is a definite plan determinedbefore any data are actually collected for obtaining a samplefrom a given population.


25/37

Important Research DESIGN

1. Deliberate sampling:-Deliberate sampling is also known as

purposive or non-probability sampling. This sampling methodinvolves purposive or deliberate selection of particular units ofthe universe for constituting a sample which represents theuniverse

2. Simple random sampling:-This type of sampling is also knownas chance sampling or probability sampling where each and everyitem in the population has an equal chance of inclusion and ofbeing selected.

3. Systematic sampling:-In some instances the most practical wayof sampling is to select every 15th name on a list, every 10th houseon one side of a street and so on. Sampling of this type is knownas systematic sampling.


26/37

4. Stratified sampling:-If the population from which asample is to be drawn does not constitute a homogeneousgroup, then stratified sampling technique is applied so as toobtain a representative sample. In this technique, the

population is stratified into a number of non-overlappingsubpopulations or strata and sample items are selected fromeach stratum.

5. Quota sampling :-Quota sampling is an important from of

non-probability sampling. Quota samples generally happento be Judgement samples rather than random samples .

6. Cluster sampling and area sampling:_Cluster samplinginvolves grouping the population and then selecting the

groups or the clusters rather than individual elements forinclusion in the sample. Area sampling is quite close tocluster sampling and is often talked about when the totalgeographical area of interest happens to be big one.Areasampling is specially helpful where we do not have the list

of the population concerned


27/37

7. Multi-stage sampling:-This is a furtherdevelopment of the cluster sampling. Under

multi-stage sampling the first stage may be toselect large primary sampling units such asstates, districts, towns and finally certain

families within towns.8. Sequential sampling:-In Sequential sampling

the ultimate size of the sample is not fixed in

advance but is determined according tomathematical decisions on the basis ofinformation yielded as survey progresses.

6 Collecting the data:- In the case of a survey data


28/37

6. Collecting the data:- In the case of a survey, data

can be collected by following ways:-1. By observation:-This method implies the collection of

information by observation without taking interviewingthe respondent.

2. Through personal interview:-The investigator follows a

rigid procedure and gets answers through personalinterview.

3. Through telephone interview:-This method ofcollecting information involves contacting the respondenton telephone. This is not very widely used method.

4. By mailing of questionnaires:-Questionnaires aremailed to the respondent with a request to return after

completing the same.

E i f j


29/37

If the execution of the project proceeds on the correctlines, the data to be collected would be adequate anddependable

Structured questionnaire, data can be readily machineprocessed

In interviews, arrangements should be made for properselection and training of the interviewers.

To deal with no response problem is to make a list of

non respondent and take a small sub-sample of them,and then with the experts efforts can be made forsecuring response.

7.Execution of project


30/37

8.Analysis of data

Raw data is coded, tabulated and thenanalyzed. Analysis is generally based on thecomputation of various percentages,

coefficients etc by applying well definedstatistical formulae.


31/37

Different test of hypotheses

Chi-square test

T- test

F-test

Z-test

9. Hypothesis testing


32/37

10.Generalizations and interpretations

After testing hypothesis one has to build atheory

The real value of research lies in its ability toarrive at certain generalizations

If the researcher has no hypothesis to startwith, he might seek to explain his findings onthe basis of some theory. It is known asinterpretation.


33/37

11. Preparations of report

Layout of report:

The preliminary pages

Title, date followed by acknowledgements

Table of contents

List of tables

List of graphs and charts if any The main text

Introduction

Summary of findings

Main report

Conclusion

The end matter

Appendix

Bibliography


34/37

Criteria of good research1. The purpose of research should be clearly defined.

2. The research procedure should be described insufficient detail.

3. The procedural design of the research should be

carefully planned.4. The researcher should report with complete

frankness.

5. The analysis of data should be sufficientlyadequate to reveal its significance.

6. Conclusions should be justified by the data of the

research.


35/37

Problems encountered by researchersin India

1. The lack of scientific training in the methodologyof research.

2. The insufficient interaction between the universityresearch departments and business establishments.

3. Many researchers in India also face the difficultyof timely secretarial assistance.

4. Library management is not functioning well atmany places.

5. There is also a problem that many libraries are notable to get copies of new acts.

6. There is also difficulty of timely availability of

published data from government agencies.


36/37

References:

C. R. Kothari,Research methodology methods &Techniques,

New Age International publishers,

Second Revised Edition.


37/37

24 24 rm presentation

Documents