rm unit 1 - presentation

8/3/2019 RM Unit 1 - Presentation

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RESEARCHRESEARCH

METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY

Dr. M. Durairaj

Assistant ProfessorDept. of Comp. Sci. & Engg., BDU


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HOW TO DO RESEARCHHOW TO DO RESEARCH

Research is all about addressing an issue orasking andanswering a question orsolving a problem, so

Identify an issue, question, or problem.

Talk withpeople who want or need your study.

Find out what's already known about it. Talk with experts and/orread their reviews and the

original research on the topic. Plan, cost, and do your study accordingly.

Write it up and submit it for assessment.

Submit it for publication. Undergrad projects are sometimes good enough topublish.

Your work will benefit more people if you publish it.

Rule No. 1 in academia is publish or perish.


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WHAT ARE YOUWHAT ARE YOU

RESEARCHING?RESEARCHING?

Finding a good question/problem to address can be hard.

It helps to have a good supervisor, good colleagues,

and/orknowledge or practical experience of and affinity

.

You must read journal articles to find out what's already

known.

Authors also often point out topics for future research.


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CREATING NEW OR REVIEWINGCREATING NEW OR REVIEWING

PUBLISHED INFO?PUBLISHED INFO?

Most research projects are so-called original investigations.

You obtain new data or information about a phenomenon.

You reach a conclusion and try to publish it.

create review

Some research projects are reviews of the literature.

You use other researchers' published data or info about a

phenomenon.

A quantitative statistical review is called a meta-

analysis.

write-up of an original investigation always has to include

a short review of literature.


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Are you solving a single case of something, or is it a samplethat will allow you to generalize to a population?

In a case study

You are interested in "what happened or will happen here".

Your finding applies only locally: to the case you studied.

CASE OR SAMPLE?CASE OR SAMPLE?

ua tat ve met o s are o ten requ re . You reach an answer by applying logic (= common sense?)

and skepticism to your knowledge and to the information

you gather. Be wary ofconventional wisdom and your own

prejudices.

It may be possible to estimateprobabilities of benefit or truthof various answers.


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TYPES OF RESEARCHTYPES OF RESEARCH


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TYPES OF RESEARCHTYPES OF RESEARCH

Classified into explanatory research, conclusive research, modellingresearch and algorithmic research..

1. Exploratory Research

An initial research which analyzes the data and explores the

possibility of obtaining as many relationships as possible betweenvariables without knowing their end-applications.

Different types of ER are:

era ure survey

Collection of literatures in the selected area of research.

Experience survey

Survey of experiences of experts/ specialists in a particular field.

Study of insight stimulating examples

This is special kind of study oriented to have insight into research

topics.


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2. Conclusive Research

Lays the foundation for the formulation of hypothesis.

Tests the hypothesis of a research problem formulated by

exploratory research and draws definite conclusions forimplementation.

Classified into two types:

Carried out with specific objective(s) and hence it results in

definite conclusions.

Experimental research

Used to study the effect of a set of factors on the responsevariable of a system study. It is conducted in a controlled

environment, analyzing using ANOVA.


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3. Modelling Research

Model is an abstraction of reality. Many of the real-life problems can beformulated as models.

Types:

Symbolic model

Representation of the performance measure of the system of

interest in terms of its variables.

Example regression equation.

Mathematical model These are mainly operations research moidels which aimed to solve

complex real-life problems arising in the direction and management

of large systems of men, machine etc./

Simulation model

It is an experiment conducted oven a real-life stochastic system in a

scaled frame to extract as many average operational statistics as

possible to formulate respective decision guidelines at all the levels

of management in industry.


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4. Algorithmic Research

It is a well-defined sequence of steps to solve a problem of

interest in industry, business and government.


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RESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH PROCESS

Sequence of steps: Problem definition

Objectives of the research

Research questions Purpose ?

Place ?

Means ?

Hypotheses

A hypothesis is formulated for a situation where the

inference is not explicit. The correct fact can beascertained only after collecting and analyzing the

related data.

Boundary of the study Boundary of the study should be properly defined.


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Research design

Selection of research approach

Design of sampling plan

Design of experiment

Design of questionnaire

Data collection

Data analysis

Interpretation of results

Validation of results


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LITERATURE COLLECTION &LITERATURE COLLECTION &

WEB BROWSINGWEB BROWSING

How ? Where ?

Why ?


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OUTLINE OF WRITING THESISOUTLINE OF WRITING THESIS


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WHAT IS A THESIS ?WHAT IS A THESIS ?

A thesis for the Ph.D. / M.Phil must form a distinctivecontribution to the knowledge of the subject and affordevidence of originality shown by the discovery of new facts

and/or by the exercise of independent critical power


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HOW DO I GET STARTED ?HOW DO I GET STARTED ?


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PLANNING A THESISPLANNING A THESIS


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HOW TO WRITE THESISHOW TO WRITE THESIS

This is about how to turn your research (once it's done) into a

readable multi-chapter document. You need to figure out what to include, how to organize it, and

how to present it.


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TAKING RESPONSIBILITYTAKING RESPONSIBILITY

Don't expect your advisor to be your co-author.

It'syourM.Phil.: you are sole author this time and the

responsibility is on your shoulders. If your prose is thoughtless, misspelled or ungrammatical,

oblivious or rude to related research, you're the one who looks

bad. You can do it! Your advisor and committee are basically on

your side

-- they're probably willing to make suggestions about contentand style

-- but they are not obligated to fix problems for you.

--They may send your dissertation back and tellyou to fix it.


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Keep your focus.

Length is not a virtue unless the content is actually

interesting. You do have as much space as you need, but the

reader doesn't have unlimited time and neither do

KEEP YOUR FOCUS

ou. Use space as needed for clarity and to flesh out and

support your story.

If you feel like your thesis is too short, it may needmore ideas or thoughtful discussion or experiments(talk to your advisor), but it doesn't need more

padding.


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GET TO THE GOOD STUFFGET TO THE GOOD STUFF

A newspaper, like a dissertation, is a hefty chunk of reading.

So it puts the most important news on page one, and leads

each article with the most important part.

Get to the interesting ideas as soon as possible.

A good strategy is to make Chapter 1 an overview of your

main arguments and findings.

Refer the reader to specific sections in later chapters for thepesky details.


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Chapter 1 traditionally ends with a "road map" to the rest of

the thesis, which rapidly summarizes what the remaining

chapters or sections will contain.

The same strategy works within a chapter.

Start by telling your readers what the chapter is about andwhy they should read it. Then unfold your ideas and results.

The order of your presentation should be natural and logical(e.g., motivation before experimental design before results).


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LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW

In this section you should list how many of each kind of publication you

summarized, and how you found them.

What is a literature review?

A literature review is not an annotated bibliography in which you

summarize briefly each article that you have reviewed.

It goes well beyond merely summarizing professional literature. It focuses on aspecific topic of interest to you and includes a critical

analysis of the relationship among different works, and relating this

research to your work.

It may be written as a stand-alone paper or to provide a theoreticalframework (e.g. thesis).

Each chapter might have its own related work section or sections,

covering work that connects to yours in different ways.


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WRITING REVIEW ANDWRITING REVIEW AND

MANUSCRIPT PUBLICATIONMANUSCRIPT PUBLICATION Identify the broad problem area, but avoid global statements

Indicate why the topic being reviewed is important

Distinguish between research finding and other sources ofinformation

Indicate why certain studies are important

Discuss other literature reviews on your topic Refer the reader to other reviews on issues that you will not be

discussing in details

Justify comments such as, "no studies were found." Avoid long lists of nonspecific references

If the results of previous studies are inconsistent or widely varying,

cite them separately

Cite all relevant references in the review section of thesis,

dissertation, or journal article


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FOOTNOTES, REFERENCES .. ETCFOOTNOTES, REFERENCES .. ETC

Section: If a section or subsection is longer, consider

whether you could break it down further.

Subsectioning Split your section into subsections with

meaningful titles.

Lists If you're writing a paragraph and feel like you're

. .,

approach), use an explicit bulleted list.

Labeled paragraphs Label a series of paragraphs within

the section, as a kind of lightweight subsectioning.

Dataset.

Footnotes Move inessential points to footnotes. If they're

too long for that, you could move them into appendices or

chapters near the end of the thesis.


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Captions Move some discussion of figures and tables into

their captions. Theorems Even simple formal results can be stated as a

theorem or lemma.

Breaking down equations Long blocks of equations are even more intimidating than long

swaths of text. You can break those apart, too:


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SUMMARYSUMMARY


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SUGGESTIONSSUGGESTIONS

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