tidal power cause 2003 final project pete clark klossner kologe …fkd/courses/cause2003/... ·...
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Tida
l Pow
erTi
dal P
ower
CAU
SE 2
003
Fina
l Pro
ject
CAU
SE 2
003
Fina
l Pro
ject
Pete
Cla
rkPe
te C
lark
Reb
ecca
Reb
ecca
Klo
ssne
rKl
ossn
erLa
uren
La
uren
Kol
oge
Kolo
ge
Ove
rvie
wO
verv
iew
••In
trod
uctio
nIn
trod
uctio
n••
Basi
c Sc
ienc
e of
Tid
esBa
sic
Scie
nce
of T
ides
••H
isto
rical
Asp
ects
His
toric
al A
spec
ts••
New
Tec
hnol
ogy
from
an
Old
Ide
aN
ew T
echn
olog
y fr
om a
n O
ld I
dea
••La
La
Ran
ceRan
ceCa
se S
tudy
Case
Stu
dy••
Seve
rn P
roje
ct
Seve
rn P
roje
ct ––
Will
The
re E
ver
Be a
Bar
rage
?W
ill T
here
Eve
r Be
a B
arra
ge?
••Lo
ng I
slan
d So
und
Barr
age
Case
Stu
dy f
or t
he F
utur
eLo
ng I
slan
d So
und
Barr
age
Case
Stu
dy f
or t
he F
utur
e••
Fund
yFu
ndy
Bay
Bay
--Ca
se S
tudy
Case
Stu
dy––
Envi
ronm
enta
l Im
pact
s of
Tid
al E
nerg
yEn
viro
nmen
tal I
mpa
cts
of T
idal
Ene
rgy
––Ec
onom
ics
of T
idal
Ene
rgy
Econ
omic
s of
Tid
al E
nerg
y––
Polic
y Co
ncer
nsPo
licy
Conc
erns
––O
ther
Tid
al S
chem
esO
ther
Tid
al S
chem
es••
A M
ore
Futu
ristic
App
roac
h A
Mor
e Fu
turis
tic A
ppro
ach
–– Art
ifici
al R
eef
Prog
ram
: Ar
tific
ial R
eef
Prog
ram
: O
ffsh
ore
Rig
sO
ffsh
ore
Rig
s
Basi
c Sc
ienc
e of
Ba
sic
Scie
nce
of
the
Tide
sth
e Ti
des
Luna
r Ti
dal D
ynam
ics
Luna
r Ti
dal D
ynam
ics
Tida
l Bas
ics
Tida
l Bas
ics
••M
ost
loca
tions
hav
e tw
o tid
al c
ycle
s pe
r da
y: 1
2 M
ost
loca
tions
hav
e tw
o tid
al c
ycle
s pe
r da
y: 1
2 ho
urs,
25
min
utes
hour
s, 2
5 m
inut
es
••Es
sent
ially
cau
sed
by in
tera
ctio
n of
moo
n, e
arth
, Es
sent
ially
cau
sed
by in
tera
ctio
n of
moo
n, e
arth
, an
d su
n ce
ntrif
ugal
for
ces
and
sun
cent
rifug
al f
orce
s
••D
iurn
al t
ides
are
gen
erat
ed b
ecau
se t
he m
axim
a D
iurn
al t
ides
are
gen
erat
ed b
ecau
se t
he m
axim
a an
d m
inim
a in
eac
h da
ily r
otat
ion
are
uneq
ual i
n an
d m
inim
a in
eac
h da
ily r
otat
ion
are
uneq
ual i
n am
plitu
de
ampl
itude
New
ton
New
ton ’’
s La
w o
f G
ravi
tatio
nal
s La
w o
f G
ravi
tatio
nal
Stat
e St
ate
F =
G
F =
G m
1m2
m1m
2RR
22
Tida
l For
ce =
Ti
dal F
orce
= 2
Gm
m1a
2Gm
m1a
RR33
Dis
tanc
e be
twee
n Ea
rth
and
Moo
n
Rad
ius
of
Eart
h
Part
icle
(W
ater
)
Tida
l Fac
tsTi
dal F
acts
••Ti
dal R
ange
= D
ista
nce
betw
een
high
tid
e Ti
dal R
ange
= D
ista
nce
betw
een
high
tid
e m
ark
and
low
tid
e m
ark
mar
k an
d lo
w t
ide
mar
k
••La
rges
t Ran
ges
Larg
est
Ran
ges
Coas
tal R
egio
ns w
ith
Coas
tal R
egio
ns w
ith
extr
eme
dept
h gr
adie
nt (
extr
eme
dept
h gr
adie
nt (
Mou
zel
Mou
zel =
=
ex
celle
nt t
idal
ran
ge)
exce
llent
tid
al r
ange
)
••Sm
alle
st R
ange
sSm
alle
st R
ange
sO
pen
Oce
an (
<.5
m)
Ope
n O
cean
(<
.5 m
)
Sprin
g Ti
des
Sprin
g Ti
des
••Ye
ar r
ound
Year
rou
nd
••O
ccur
dur
ing
full
moo
n an
d ne
w m
oon
Occ
ur d
urin
g fu
ll m
oon
and
new
moo
n
••D
ue t
o th
e lin
ear
patt
ern
of S
ME
Due
to
the
linea
r pa
tter
n of
SM
E
••Ca
uses
str
onge
r tid
es:
incr
ease
d cu
rren
t an
d Ca
uses
str
onge
r tid
es:
incr
ease
d cu
rren
t an
d tid
al r
ange
stid
al r
ange
s
Nea
p Ti
des
Nea
p Ti
des
••M
oon
and
sun
are
perp
endi
cula
r to
eac
h M
oon
and
sun
are
perp
endi
cula
r to
eac
h ot
her
othe
r
••W
eak
curr
ents
, low
er t
idal
ran
ges
Wea
k cu
rren
ts, l
ower
tid
al r
ange
s
••O
ccur
dur
ing
quar
ter
moo
nsO
ccur
dur
ing
quar
ter
moo
ns
Nea
p Ti
des
Vers
us S
prin
g Ti
des
Nea
p Ti
des
Vers
us S
prin
g Ti
des
Bulg
ing
Effe
ct
Barr
age
Logi
stic
sBa
rrag
e Lo
gist
ics
••La
rges
t su
rfac
e ar
ea, g
reat
est
tidal
ran
geLa
rges
t su
rfac
e ar
ea, g
reat
est
tidal
ran
ge––
Squa
re E
ffec
tSq
uare
Eff
ect
••Ef
fect
s of
eco
syst
em (
fish,
sed
imen
t, e
tc.)
Effe
cts
of e
cosy
stem
(fis
h, s
edim
ent,
etc
.)
••Pr
oxim
ity t
o po
pula
tion
Prox
imity
to
popu
latio
n
Wat
erw
ay M
easu
rem
ent
Logi
stic
sW
ater
way
Mea
sure
men
t Lo
gist
ics
852.
5G
arol
imB
ay, S
outh
K
orea
420
4S
ever
n E
stua
ry
63.
2A
nnap
olis
, Nov
a S
cotia
240
5.5
Bay
of F
undy
, Can
ada
174
La R
ance
, Fra
nce
Bas
in A
rea
(km
2 )M
ean
Tida
l Am
plitu
de(m
)
Bay
of F
undy
VS
Ches
apea
ke B
ayBa
y of
Fun
dy V
S Ch
esap
eake
Bay
Gre
ater
Fric
tion
His
toric
al A
spec
tsH
isto
rical
Asp
ects
Anci
ent
Tide
Mill
sAn
cien
t Ti
de M
ills
••D
urin
g th
e Rom
an o
ccup
atio
n of
Eng
land
, D
urin
g th
e Rom
an o
ccup
atio
n of
Eng
land
, tid
e m
ills
wer
e bu
ilt t
o gr
ind
grai
n an
d tid
e m
ills
wer
e bu
ilt t
o gr
ind
grai
n an
d co
rnco
rn••
Thes
e tid
e m
ills
oper
ated
by
stor
ing
wat
er
Thes
e tid
e m
ills
oper
ated
by
stor
ing
wat
er
behi
nd a
dam
dur
ing
high
tid
e.
As t
he
behi
nd a
dam
dur
ing
high
tid
e.
As t
he
tide
rece
ded
the
wat
er w
as s
low
ly le
t ou
t tid
e re
cede
d th
e w
ater
was
slo
wly
let
out
from
beh
ind
the
dam
in o
rder
to
pow
er
from
beh
ind
the
dam
in o
rder
to
pow
er
the
mill
. th
e m
ill.
Nen
drum
Nen
drum
Mon
astic
Tid
al S
iteM
onas
tic T
idal
Site
••D
isco
vere
d in
199
9D
isco
vere
d in
199
9••
Unv
eile
d w
as a
sto
ne
Unv
eile
d w
as a
sto
ne
built
tid
al m
ill a
nd
built
tid
al m
ill a
nd
evid
ence
of
an
evid
ence
of
an
anci
ent
tidal
mill
an
cien
t tid
al m
ill
datin
g ba
ck t
o 78
7 da
ting
back
to
787
A.D
. A.
D.
Elin
gEl
ing
Mill
Mill
••Th
e m
ill w
as in
clud
ed in
the
Th
e m
ill w
as in
clud
ed in
the
Dom
esda
yD
omes
day
Surv
ey o
f 10
86Su
rvey
of
1086
••O
rigin
ally
mill
ed f
our
tons
of
flour
eac
h O
rigin
ally
mill
ed f
our
tons
of
flour
eac
h da
y at
max
imum
out
put
day
at m
axim
um o
utpu
t••
Reb
uilt
man
y tim
es, b
ut o
pera
tes
in t
he
Reb
uilt
man
y tim
es, b
ut o
pera
tes
in t
he
sam
e m
anne
rsa
me
man
ner
Elin
gEl
ing
Mill
M
ill ––
How
it W
orks
How
it W
orks
Elin
gEl
ing
Mill
Mill
Tide
P
ond
Tide
Mill
The
Sea
New
Tec
hnol
ogy
New
Tec
hnol
ogy
from
an
Old
Ide
afr
om a
n O
ld I
dea
Indu
stria
l Rev
olut
ion
Indu
stria
l Rev
olut
ion
••Br
ough
t ch
eap
ener
gy in
the
for
m o
f Br
ough
t ch
eap
ener
gy in
the
for
m o
f el
ectr
icity
elec
tric
ity••
Smal
l tid
al m
ills
wer
e re
plac
ed w
ith la
rge
Smal
l tid
al m
ills
wer
e re
plac
ed w
ith la
rge
stea
mst
eam
-- pow
ered
rol
ler
mill
spo
wer
ed r
olle
r m
ills
••Pa
leot
echn
ic p
erio
d m
eans
ful
l ste
am
Pale
otec
hnic
per
iod
mea
ns f
ull s
team
ah
ead
with
litt
le t
houg
h of
wha
t w
as
ahea
d w
ith li
ttle
tho
ugh
of w
hat
was
ha
ppen
ing
to t
he e
nviro
nmen
t ha
ppen
ing
to t
he e
nviro
nmen
t
From
Mill
ing
to E
lect
ricity
From
Mill
ing
to E
lect
ricity
••M
ost
com
mon
gen
erat
ing
syst
em is
the
ebb
M
ost
com
mon
gen
erat
ing
syst
em is
the
ebb
ge
nera
ting
syst
emge
nera
ting
syst
em••
Dou
ble
effe
ct t
urbi
nes
are
now
bec
omin
g D
oubl
e ef
fect
tur
bine
s ar
e no
w b
ecom
ing
tech
nolo
gica
lly f
easi
ble
tech
nolo
gica
lly f
easi
ble
Cons
truc
tion
Cons
truc
tion
••Ca
isso
ns a
re m
anuf
actu
red
at s
hore
Cais
sons
are
man
ufac
ture
d at
sho
re-- b
ased
ba
sed
cons
truc
tion
yard
s ar
e de
liver
ed t
o w
ater
co
nstr
uctio
n ya
rds
are
deliv
ered
to
wat
er
site
s by
bar
ges
and
then
pos
ition
ed b
y si
tes
by b
arge
s an
d th
en p
ositi
oned
by
cran
es t
o al
low
for
the
str
uctu
res
to
cran
es t
o al
low
for
the
str
uctu
res
to
corr
ectly
set
tle o
n th
e m
arin
e flo
or.
corr
ectly
set
tle o
n th
e m
arin
e flo
or.
••An
othe
r m
etho
d ca
lls f
or c
onst
ruct
ing
Anot
her
met
hod
calls
for
con
stru
ctin
g di
aphr
agm
wal
ls o
f re
info
rced
con
cret
e di
aphr
agm
wal
ls o
f re
info
rced
con
cret
e w
ithin
a t
empo
rary
san
d is
land
. w
ithin
a t
empo
rary
san
d is
land
.
Loca
tion
Loca
tion
••Ti
dal m
ills
wer
e us
ually
bui
lt on
inle
ts b
ranc
hing
Ti
dal m
ills
wer
e us
ually
bui
lt on
inle
ts b
ranc
hing
of
f tid
al e
stua
ries.
of
f tid
al e
stua
ries.
••
An e
stua
ry is
a w
ide
part
of
a riv
er w
here
it
An e
stua
ry is
a w
ide
part
of
a riv
er w
here
it
mee
ts t
he s
ea.
mee
ts t
he s
ea.
••Ti
dal e
stua
ries
are
char
acte
rized
by
narr
ow,
Tida
l est
uarie
s ar
e ch
arac
teriz
ed b
y na
rrow
, sh
allo
w c
hann
els
with
a r
elat
ivel
y co
nsta
nt w
idth
sh
allo
w c
hann
els
with
a r
elat
ivel
y co
nsta
nt w
idth
an
d de
pth.
and
dept
h.••
Tide
s ar
e gr
eatly
am
plifi
ed in
the
se a
reas
of
Tide
s ar
e gr
eatly
am
plifi
ed in
the
se a
reas
of
smal
ler
volu
me,
whi
ch c
ause
s th
e tid
e to
tra
vel
smal
ler
volu
me,
whi
ch c
ause
s th
e tid
e to
tra
vel
up t
he r
iver
. up
the
riv
er.
Tida
l Bar
rage
Tida
l Bar
rage
••Si
mila
r to
a d
amSi
mila
r to
a d
am••
Stru
ctur
e m
ust
span
the
ent
ire w
idth
and
St
ruct
ure
mus
t sp
an t
he e
ntire
wid
th a
nd
heig
ht o
f th
e es
tuar
yhe
ight
of
the
estu
ary
Evol
utio
n of
Tur
bine
Typ
esEv
olut
ion
of T
urbi
ne T
ypes
••W
ater
whe
el t
urbi
nes
Wat
erw
heel
tur
bine
s w
ere
used
in t
idal
w
ere
used
in t
idal
m
ills
mill
s
Ove
rsho
t
Und
ersh
ot
Brea
st-s
hot
Rec
ent
Turb
ines
Rec
ent
Turb
ines
••Bu
lb, R
im, a
nd T
ubul
arBu
lb, R
im, a
nd T
ubul
ar
Rim
Tur
bine
(Co
pyrig
ht B
oyle
, 19
96)
Bulb
Tur
bine
(Co
pyrig
ht
Boyl
e, 1
996)
Tubu
lar
Turb
ine
(Cop
yrig
ht
Boyl
e, 1
996)
La
La R
ance
Ran
ceCa
se
Case
St
udy
Stud
y
La
La R
ance
Ran
ceTi
dal P
ower
Pla
ntTi
dal P
ower
Pla
nt
••O
nly
full
scal
e po
wer
O
nly
full
scal
e po
wer
st
atio
n of
its
type
in
stat
ion
of it
s ty
pe in
th
e w
orld
the
wor
ld••
Loca
ted
in n
orth
ern
Loca
ted
in n
orth
ern
Fran
ce o
n th
e La
Fr
ance
on
the
La
Ranc
eRa
nce
Riv
er
Riv
er
La
La R
ance
Ran
ce
••Co
mpl
eted
in 1
967
afte
r 25
yea
rs o
f Co
mpl
eted
in 1
967
afte
r 25
yea
rs o
f st
udie
s an
d si
x ye
ars
of c
onst
ruct
ion
stud
ies
and
six
year
s of
con
stru
ctio
n••
24 b
ulb
turb
ines
, eac
h ca
pabl
e of
24
bul
b tu
rbin
es, e
ach
capa
ble
of
prod
ucin
g te
n m
egaw
atts
of
pow
erpr
oduc
ing
ten
meg
awat
ts o
f po
wer
••Th
e da
m is
246
0 fe
et (
750
met
ers)
long
, Th
e da
m is
246
0 fe
et (
750
met
ers)
long
, an
d 43
fee
t (1
3 m
eter
s) h
igh
and
43 f
eet
(13
met
ers)
hig
h••
One
of
the
grea
test
tid
al r
ange
s in
the
O
ne o
f th
e gr
eate
st t
idal
ran
ges
in t
he
wor
ld, a
t 13
.5m
. w
orld
, at
13.5
m.
La
La R
ance
Ran
ceTu
rbin
esTu
rbin
es
••Bu
lb t
urbi
nes
Bu
lb t
urbi
nes
••
The
blad
es o
f th
e tu
rbin
e ca
n ch
ange
dire
ctio
ns
The
blad
es o
f th
e tu
rbin
e ca
n ch
ange
dire
ctio
ns
depe
ndin
g on
the
cur
rent
flo
w.
depe
ndin
g on
the
cur
rent
flo
w.
••Th
e tu
rbin
es w
eigh
470
ton
s an
d ha
ve a
bla
de
The
turb
ines
wei
gh 4
70 t
ons
and
have
a b
lade
di
amet
er o
f ov
er s
even
teen
fee
t.
diam
eter
of
over
sev
ente
en f
eet.
••
The
plan
t is
als
o eq
uipp
ed w
ith p
umps
tha
t Th
e pl
ant
is a
lso
equi
pped
with
pum
ps t
hat
allo
w w
ater
to
be p
umpe
d in
to t
he b
asin
whe
n al
low
wat
er t
o be
pum
ped
into
the
bas
in w
hen
the
sea
is c
lose
to
basi
n le
vel a
t hi
gh t
ide.
Thi
s th
e se
a is
clo
se t
o ba
sin
leve
l at
high
tid
e. T
his
allo
ws
for
mor
e el
ectr
icity
to
be g
ener
ated
if
allo
ws
for
mor
e el
ectr
icity
to
be g
ener
ated
if
ther
e is
an
antic
ipat
ed in
crea
se in
dem
and.
th
ere
is a
n an
ticip
ated
incr
ease
in d
eman
d.
No
Dra
wba
cks?
No
Dra
wba
cks?
••N
o ad
vers
e im
pact
on
spec
ies
nativ
e to
the
N
o ad
vers
e im
pact
on
spec
ies
nativ
e to
the
w
ater
wat
er••
No
flood
ing
has
occu
rred
No
flood
ing
has
occu
rred
••Roa
d w
as c
reat
edRoa
d w
as c
reat
ed••
Tour
ist
site
Tour
ist
site
••G
ener
ates
ele
ctric
ity f
or o
ver
300,
000
hom
esG
ener
ates
ele
ctric
ity f
or o
ver
300,
000
hom
es••
Not
all
tidal
bar
rage
s w
ill h
ave
such
neg
ligib
le
Not
all
tidal
bar
rage
s w
ill h
ave
such
neg
ligib
le
affe
cts
affe
cts
Seve
rn P
roje
ct
Seve
rn P
roje
ct
Seve
rn B
arra
ge H
isto
rySe
vern
Bar
rage
His
tory
••Se
cond
larg
est
tidal
ran
ges
in t
he w
orld
Seco
nd la
rges
t tid
al r
ange
s in
the
wor
ld••
Prop
osal
s to
dam
the
Sev
ern
have
exi
sted
Pr
opos
als
to d
am t
he S
ever
n ha
ve e
xist
ed
for
over
one
hun
dred
yea
rsfo
r ov
er o
ne h
undr
ed y
ears
••W
hen
the
Seve
rn B
arra
ge c
once
pt w
as
Whe
n th
e Se
vern
Bar
rage
con
cept
was
or
igin
ally
pro
pose
d in
the
184
0s, i
t w
as t
o or
igin
ally
pro
pose
d in
the
184
0s, i
t w
as t
o im
prov
e sh
ippi
ng a
nd p
reve
nt f
lood
ing.
In
im
prov
e sh
ippi
ng a
nd p
reve
nt f
lood
ing.
In
ad
ditio
n, t
he b
arra
ge w
ould
cre
ate
a ad
ditio
n, t
he b
arra
ge w
ould
cre
ate
a ro
adw
ay a
nd r
ailw
ay a
cros
s th
e riv
er.
road
way
and
rai
lway
acr
oss
the
river
.
Pow
er P
lant
Pro
posa
lsPo
wer
Pla
nt P
ropo
sals
••Pr
opos
al in
191
8, b
ut t
he lo
w c
ost
of c
oal u
sed
to g
ener
ate
Prop
osal
in 1
918,
but
the
low
cos
t of
coa
l use
d to
gen
erat
e el
ectr
icity
did
not
mak
e th
e pr
ojec
t ec
onom
ical
ly f
easi
ble.
elec
tric
ity d
id n
ot m
ake
the
proj
ect
econ
omic
ally
fea
sibl
e.••
In 1
943
the
form
atio
n In
194
3 th
e fo
rmat
ion
Brab
azon
Brab
azon
Com
mis
sion
to
Com
mis
sion
to
rein
vest
igat
e th
e ba
rrag
e.
rein
vest
igat
e th
e ba
rrag
e.
––Th
e pr
opos
al c
alle
d fo
r a
sing
le b
asin
ope
ratin
g on
dis
char
ge o
nTh
e pr
opos
al c
alle
d fo
r a
sing
le b
asin
ope
ratin
g on
dis
char
ge o
n ly ly
that
wou
ld p
rodu
ce 8
00,0
00 k
ilow
atts
of
outp
ut (
UN
, 195
7).
that
wou
ld p
rodu
ce 8
00,0
00 k
ilow
atts
of
outp
ut (
UN
, 195
7).
––Ag
ain,
the
pla
n w
as a
band
oned
, bec
ause
of
poor
eco
nom
ic
Agai
n, t
he p
lan
was
aba
ndon
ed, b
ecau
se o
f po
or e
cono
mic
fe
asib
ility
. fe
asib
ility
.
••Th
e Se
vern
Bar
rage
Com
mitt
ee w
as o
rgan
ized
in 1
978
The
Seve
rn B
arra
ge C
omm
ittee
was
org
aniz
ed in
197
8––
The
com
mitt
ee s
pent
tw
o an
d a
half
year
s de
cidi
ng t
hat
a ba
rrag
eTh
e co
mm
ittee
spe
nt t
wo
and
a ha
lf ye
ars
deci
ding
tha
t a
barr
age
acro
ss t
he S
ever
n w
ould
be
tech
nolo
gica
lly f
easi
ble,
but
not
ac
ross
the
Sev
ern
wou
ld b
e te
chno
logi
cally
fea
sibl
e, b
ut n
ot
econ
omic
ally
fea
sibl
e ec
onom
ical
ly f
easi
ble
The
Prop
osed
Sch
eme
The
Prop
osed
Sch
eme
••10
mile
long
bar
rage
bet
wee
n 10
mile
long
bar
rage
bet
wee
n Br
ean
Brea
nD
own
in S
omer
set
Dow
n in
Som
erse
t an
d an
d La
vern
ock
Lave
rnoc
kPo
int
in
Poin
t in
Gla
mor
gan
Gla
mor
gan .
. ••
The
tidal
bas
in w
ould
be
over
190
squ
are
mile
s (5
00
The
tidal
bas
in w
ould
be
over
190
squ
are
mile
s (5
00
squa
re k
ilom
eter
s).
squa
re k
ilom
eter
s).
••Th
e pr
opos
ed b
arra
ge w
ould
be
com
pris
ed o
f ca
isso
ns t
o Th
e pr
opos
ed b
arra
ge w
ould
be
com
pris
ed o
f ca
isso
ns t
o ho
use
the
turb
ines
and
slu
ices
. ho
use
the
turb
ines
and
slu
ices
. ••
The
216
tubu
lar
turb
ines
wou
ld b
e lo
cate
d in
the
cen
tral
Th
e 21
6 tu
bula
r tu
rbin
es w
ould
be
loca
ted
in t
he c
entr
al
port
ion
of t
he b
arra
ge, a
nd e
ach
wou
ld d
rive
a 40
po
rtio
n of
the
bar
rage
, and
eac
h w
ould
driv
e a
40
meg
awat
t ge
nera
tor
meg
awat
t ge
nera
tor
••Es
timat
ed 1
7TW
h ea
ch y
ear
Estim
ated
17T
Wh
each
yea
r ••
The
prop
osed
sch
eme
has
a lif
etim
e of
at
leas
t 12
0 Th
e pr
opos
ed s
chem
e ha
s a
lifet
ime
of a
t le
ast
120
year
s ye
ars
••Sh
ip lo
cks
wer
e al
so in
clud
ed in
the
sch
eme
Ship
lock
s w
ere
also
incl
uded
in t
he s
chem
e••
Ebb
gene
ratin
g sc
hem
e w
ith p
umps
Ebb
gene
ratin
g sc
hem
e w
ith p
umps
Will
It
Be F
easi
ble?
Will
It
Be F
easi
ble?
••W
hat
has
chan
ged?
Wha
t ha
s ch
ange
d?––
Kyot
oKy
oto
––G
over
nmen
t Po
licy
Gov
ernm
ent
Polic
y ––
Ren
ewab
les
Ren
ewab
les
Obl
igat
ion
Obl
igat
ion
––G
loba
l War
min
g an
d po
ssib
le f
lood
ing?
Glo
bal W
arm
ing
and
poss
ible
flo
odin
g?
The
The
Ren
ewab
les
Ren
ewab
les
Obl
igat
ion
Obl
igat
ion
••10
% o
f el
ectr
icity
fro
m
10%
of
elec
tric
ity f
rom
ren
ewab
les
rene
wab
les
by
by
2010
, 20%
by
2020
2010
, 20%
by
2020
••Th
is s
chem
e co
uld
prov
ide
6% o
f th
e U
KTh
is s
chem
e co
uld
prov
ide
6% o
f th
e U
K’’ s
s to
tal e
lect
ricity
tota
l ele
ctric
ity••
Not
onl
ine
until
at
leas
t 20
14N
ot o
nlin
e un
til a
t le
ast
2014
Kyot
o Pr
otoc
olKy
oto
Prot
ocol
••Th
e Pr
otoc
ol c
alls
for
dev
elop
ed n
atio
ns t
o Th
e Pr
otoc
ol c
alls
for
dev
elop
ed n
atio
ns t
o re
duce
the
ir gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
issi
ons.
re
duce
the
ir gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
issi
ons.
••
A m
arke
t ba
sed
perm
it sy
stem
was
use
d A
mar
ket
base
d pe
rmit
syst
em w
as u
sed
to c
reat
e in
cent
ive
for
gree
nhou
se g
as
to c
reat
e in
cent
ive
for
gree
nhou
se g
as
emis
sion
red
uctio
ns.
emis
sion
red
uctio
ns.
••Th
e el
ectr
icity
fro
m t
he b
arra
ge w
ould
Th
e el
ectr
icity
fro
m t
he b
arra
ge w
ould
av
oid
the
emis
sion
of
eigh
teen
mill
ion
tons
av
oid
the
emis
sion
of
eigh
teen
mill
ion
tons
of
car
bon
diox
ide
ever
y ye
ar.
of c
arbo
n di
oxid
e ev
ery
year
.
Floo
ding
Floo
ding
••G
loba
l War
min
g m
ay c
ause
flo
odin
g an
d co
asta
l G
loba
l War
min
g m
ay c
ause
flo
odin
g an
d co
asta
l er
osio
n in
the
Sev
ern
Estu
ary
Reg
ion
eros
ion
in t
he S
ever
n Es
tuar
y Reg
ion
••Th
e an
nual
ave
rage
flo
odin
g da
mag
e co
st r
isk
The
annu
al a
vera
ge f
lood
ing
dam
age
cost
ris
k cu
rren
tly t
otal
s cu
rren
tly t
otal
s ££ 4
040-- 2
00 m
illio
n, a
nd t
his
is
200
mill
ion,
and
thi
s is
ex
pect
ed t
o ris
e.
expe
cted
to
rise.
••
Thes
e co
sts
and
cost
s of
pot
entia
lly in
stal
ling
Thes
e co
sts
and
cost
s of
pot
entia
lly in
stal
ling
flood
miti
gatio
n co
uld
be a
void
ed if
the
Sev
ern
flood
miti
gatio
n co
uld
be a
void
ed if
the
Sev
ern
Barr
age
was
con
stru
cted
.Ba
rrag
e w
as c
onst
ruct
ed.
New
Def
initi
on S
tudy
N
ew D
efin
ition
Stu
dy ––
New
Hop
e?N
ew H
ope?
••Co
sts
are
still
ver
y hi
gh (
Cost
s ar
e st
ill v
ery
high
(££ 1
0.3
10.3
––14
14
bi
llion
) an
d th
e pr
ojec
t co
uld
take
up
to
billi
on)
and
the
proj
ect
coul
d ta
ke u
p to
ni
ne y
ears
to
cons
truc
t.
nine
yea
rs t
o co
nstr
uct.
••
Diff
icul
t to
fin
d in
vest
ors
beca
use
of lo
ng
Diff
icul
t to
fin
d in
vest
ors
beca
use
of lo
ng
payb
ack
perio
d.pa
ybac
k pe
riod.
••If
pos
itive
ext
erna
litie
s ar
e in
clud
ed in
the
If
pos
itive
ext
erna
litie
s ar
e in
clud
ed in
the
m
arke
t, t
hen
the
elec
tric
ity f
rom
tid
al c
an
mar
ket,
the
n th
e el
ectr
icity
fro
m t
idal
can
be
com
petit
ive
with
tha
t of
oth
er
be c
ompe
titiv
e w
ith t
hat
of o
ther
re
sour
ces
reso
urce
s
Long
Isl
and
Soun
d Lo
ng I
slan
d So
und
Barr
age
Case
Stu
dy
Barr
age
Case
Stu
dy
for
the
Futu
refo
r th
e Fu
ture
Whe
re o
n th
e Ea
st C
oast
do
we
Whe
re o
n th
e Ea
st C
oast
do
we
have
a la
rge
popu
latio
n ne
ar a
ha
ve a
larg
e po
pula
tion
near
a
wat
erw
ay w
ith a
larg
e tid
al
wat
erw
ay w
ith a
larg
e tid
al
rang
e?ra
nge?
Long
Isl
and
Soun
dLo
ng I
slan
d So
und
Long
Isl
and
Soun
d Ba
rrag
eLo
ng I
slan
d So
und
Barr
age
••Ti
dal r
ange
incr
ease
s he
adin
g w
est
Tida
l ran
ge in
crea
ses
head
ing
wes
t
••M
ax t
idal
ran
ge =
10
met
ers
Max
tid
al r
ange
= 1
0 m
eter
s
••Bu
ild b
arra
ge h
alfw
ay in
to s
ound
Build
bar
rage
hal
fway
into
sou
ndgr
eate
r ra
nge,
less
gr
eate
r ra
nge,
less
su
rfac
e ar
easu
rfac
e ar
ea
••Su
rfac
e Ar
ea =
2,0
92 k
mSu
rfac
e Ar
ea =
2,0
92 k
m22
••Ti
dal A
mpl
itude
= 3
.5 m
eter
s at
Mt.
Sin
ai
Tida
l Am
plitu
de =
3.5
met
ers
at M
t. S
inai
Plac
emen
t of
Bar
rage
Str
uctu
rePl
acem
ent
of B
arra
ge S
truc
ture
Levy
Sys
tem
for
tr
affic
Sout
h ha
lf of
Sou
nd is
sh
allo
w
=le
ss
frei
ghte
r tr
affic
Theo
retic
al M
ean
Pow
er O
utpu
tTh
eore
tical
Mea
n Po
wer
Out
put
S S ∫∫ ρρ
gdz
gdz
2S2Sρρ g
HgH22
Surf
ace
Area
Gra
vita
tiona
l Acc
eler
atio
nMea
n Am
plitu
de o
f Ti
de
Surf
ace
Area
Den
sity
G
ravi
tatio
nal
Acce
lera
tion
Chan
ge in
W
ater
H
eigh
t Co
lum
n
LI S
ound
Bar
rage
LI S
ound
Bar
rage
——En
ergy
En
ergy
O
utpu
tO
utpu
t
2,13
5 M
w2,
135
Mw
-- Abo
ut 1
/3 o
f w
hat
is e
xpec
ted
from
Sev
ern
Abou
t 1/
3 of
wha
t is
exp
ecte
d fr
om S
ever
n Ba
rrag
eBa
rrag
e-- I
f ca
lcul
atio
ns w
ere
85%
inac
cura
te, L
ISB
If c
alcu
latio
ns w
ere
85%
inac
cura
te, L
ISB
wou
ld s
till p
rodu
ce m
ore
pow
er t
han
La
wou
ld s
till p
rodu
ce m
ore
pow
er t
han
La
Ran
ceRan
ce
Maj
or S
etba
ckM
ajor
Set
back
——Fi
sher
y M
igra
tion
Fish
ery
Mig
ratio
n
Wou
ld B
arra
ge h
elp
clea
n up
W
ould
Bar
rage
hel
p cl
ean
up
sedi
men
t pr
oble
m?
sedi
men
t pr
oble
m?
Fund
yFu
ndy
Bay
Bay
--Ca
se S
tudy
Case
Stu
dy
Envi
ronm
enta
l Im
pact
s of
Tid
al E
nerg
yEn
viro
nmen
tal I
mpa
cts
of T
idal
Ene
rgy
Econ
omic
s of
Tid
al E
nerg
yEc
onom
ics
of T
idal
Ene
rgy
Polic
y Co
ncer
nsPo
licy
Conc
erns
Oth
er T
idal
Sch
emes
Oth
er T
idal
Sch
emes
Rom
ancin
g th
e Tid
eRo
man
cing
the T
ide
Crea
ting
a ne
w p
arad
igm
for
Cr
eatin
g a
new
par
adig
m f
or
rene
wab
le e
nerg
y ch
oice
s re
new
able
ene
rgy
choi
ces
Impa
cts
Impa
cts
••En
viro
nmen
tal
Envi
ronm
enta
l ••
Econ
omic
Ec
onom
ic
••So
cial
So
cial
Boun
dary
Lay
er E
ffec
tsBo
unda
ry L
ayer
Eff
ects
http
://1
29.1
73.3
.163
/BBL
Ch1.
htm
l
Red
Tid
e In
cide
nce
Red
Tid
e In
cide
nce
Bunn
ies
aren
Bunn
ies
aren
’’ t fe
roci
ous
enou
ght
fero
ciou
s en
ough
But
Squi
rrel
s Ar
eBu
t Sq
uirr
els
Are
Polit
ics
and
Polic
y: S
pin
mak
es t
he
Polit
ics
and
Polic
y: S
pin
mak
es t
he
eart
h go
ea
rth
go ‘‘ r
ound
ro
und
City
by
the b
ayCi
ty b
y th
e bay
San
Fran
cisc
oSa
n Fr
anci
sco ’’
s Ti
dal P
ower
s
Tida
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••Ye
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day
refle
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diff
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Futu
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App
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Mor
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turis
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–– Art
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Prog
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inte
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Tida
l Ene
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is in
tere
stin
g!••
Econ
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s ar
e di
ffic
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to g
et a
roun
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onom
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are
diff
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get
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und
••Th
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proj
ects
are
exp
ensi
veTh
ese
proj
ects
are
exp
ensi
ve••
Are
peop
le r
eally
will
ing
to p
ay?
Are
peop
le r
eally
will
ing
to p
ay?