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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 1 Técnicas de Control Predictivo aplicadas a sistemas basados en pilas de combustible Carlos Bordons Fuel Cell Control Lab Dpto. de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática Universidad de Sevilla

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Page 1: Técnicas de Control Predictivo aplicadas a sistemas ... · O2 on the load The following convolution model is proposed The model parameters a i are scaled by the load (w). Computed

Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 1

Técnicas de Control Predictivo aplicadas a sistemas basados en

pilas de combustible

Carlos BordonsFuel Cell Control Lab

Dpto. de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática

Universidad de Sevilla

Page 2: Técnicas de Control Predictivo aplicadas a sistemas ... · O2 on the load The following convolution model is proposed The model parameters a i are scaled by the load (w). Computed

Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 2

Índice

Presentar algunos trabajos realizados en torno al uso de técnicas de Control Predictivo (Model Predictive Control, MPC) a sistemas que usan pilas de combustible.

Experiencias en nuestro laboratorio de la Universidad de Sevilla

1. Introducción

2. Dinámica

3. Control de la alimentación de aire

4. Inclusión de almacenamiento

5. Conclusiones

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 3

1. Introducción

• Las pilas de combustible (Fuel cells) se han desarrollado considerablemebte en los últimos años: buenas candidatas para generación limpia de electricidad tanto en aplicaciones móvilescomo estacionarias

• Se alimentan de hidrógeno. Los subproductos son agua y calor

• Muchos temas abiertos (materiales, electroquímica, fabricación, mantenimiento). El control automático de estos sistemas es uno de ellos

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Motivación

Honda FCX Clarity

Leasing. 200 vehicles in USA and Japan

Toyota last summer announced it would put hydrogen fuel-cell cars into production in 2015.

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 5

Introducción a las pilas

• Sistemas electroquímicos que generan potencia eléctrica a partir de un combustible

• Hay muchas clases de FC: SO (Solid Oxide), MC (Molten Carbonate), PA (Phosphoric Acid), PEM (Polymer Electrolite Membrane), etc.

PEM: muy usadas en automoción, electrónica de consumo o generación eléctrica estacionaria

Baja temperatura, respuesta rápida, alta densidad de potencia…

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 6

Control de pilas de combustible

Diseño de sistemas de control para pilas y equipamiento auxiliar:

• Control de la alimentación de aire (Stefanopoulou et al., Bordons et al., Riera et al.)

• Sistemas híbridos con pilas de combustible (Thountong, Chandler, Rodatz, Choi, Del Real, etc.)

• Aplicaciones en automoción (Rodatz, Guzzella, Sciarreta, Stefanopoulou, Suh, Arce, etc.)

• Control de convertidores electrónicos: campo muy activo

Muchas empresas interesadas a nivel mundial (automoción y generación eléctrica)

# journal & conference papers

0 3 9 20

980

150

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Years

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 7

Un pila de combustible es un planta generadora de energía

• Como:– Turbinas de gas o vapor– Calderas– Motores de combustión

• Muchos retos para la comunidad de control

• Model Predictive Control (MPC): gran éxito en procesos industriales

Manipular los reactivos para conseguir la potencia deseada

On-line

optimization

Multi-level

control

Constraint

management

Razones para el éxito en la industria:

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 8

2. Dinámica de una pila de combustible

• Model developed and validated on a Nexa Fuel Cell (Ballard)

Thermal effects

Electrochemical characteristic

Fluid-dynamic equations

Water Gases

Slow dynamics (seconds).Limited by the hydrogen and oxygen delivery system (compressor and valves)

Very slow dynamics (minutes)

Almost instantaneous

Dinámica de la pila

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 99

Modelo dinámico de una pila

• Propuesta: Modelado basado en referencias orientadas al control *:– Parámetros concentrados– Dinámica de los fluidos: hidrógeno, oxígeno, vapor de agua– Carácterística eléctrica estática: curva de polarización

• Extensión del modelo existente:– Se ha añadido la condensación de agua (flooding) a la dinámica de los fluidos– Se han considerado los efectos térmicos– Carácterísitca eléctrica: curva de polarización simplificada

• Validado en una pila real

* Pukrushpan, J. T., Stefanopoulou, A. G., and Peng, H. “Control of Fuel Cell Power Systems”, Springer-Verlag, 2004.

Dinámica de la pila

Hay muchos modelos en la literatura. No son adecuados para control:– Orientados al diseño y análisis de la pila – Modelos complejos de parámetros distribuidos– Sin considerar los efectos dinámicos– Ausencia de validación experimental

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 1010

Model validation

Max. Power: 1.2 kW

Voltage: 45 – 26 V

Current: 0 – 52 A

Air cooling

Used by many research groups

Inputs: H2 Feed, O2

Feed, Electric Load

Outputs: Water, Voltage,

Heat

PEM Fuel Cell

Fuel Cell Dynamics

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010Fuel Cell Dynamics 11

Input Data

Model Outputs

Validación del Modelo

Model development and validation of a PEM benchmark. Journal of Power Sources, 2007. Arce, Del Real and Bordons

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Modelo no lineal detallado

• Simulador disponible para investigadores interesados

• Este modelo se puede usar para diseñar y validar las estrategias de control. Herramienta muy útil.

Para diseñar el controlador (Model Predictive Control) se debe construir un modelo orientado a control

Dinámica

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 1313

3. Control de pilas PEM

• Low-level control,main control loops: fuel/air feeding, humidity and temperature

• High-level control, whole system, integrating the electrical conditioning, storage and fuel processor (if necessary)

Power management

Humidifier

Water

Compressor

Hydrogen

Separator

H2 flow

Air flow

Cooling

Humidification

Manipulated variables

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 14

énfasis en el Control de aire/combustible

Seminal paper: Control of Fuel Cell Breathing J. T. Pukrushpan, A. G. Stefanopoulou and H. Peng, IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 2004. Ann Arbor, Michigan. (and Springer book).

Several control strategies (2004-2009):

Feedforward: Stefanopoulou et al., Varigonda et al.LQR: Pukrushpan et al., Rodatz et al.Neural Network: Almeida, SimoesAdaptive Control: Zhang et al.Sliding Mode Control: UPC, Seville groupModel Predictive Control: Seville group

Lack of experimental tests!

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 15

Airflow control

• Objective: supply in an effective way the necessary flow of reactans, providing a good transient response and minimizing auxiliary consumption:– Setpoint and control strategy selection

• Important: keep the oxygen excess ratio. Starvation danger • Control the flow of oxygen

reactO

inO

OW

W

,2

,2

2Fuel Cell

CompressorVoltage

H2 Valve

Ist

Vst

Pst

λo2

MV

CV

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Control objective

• Manipulate the compressor to track a desired λO2

• Starvation: λO2>1

• Pukrshupan et al., 2004: λO2>2 for safety reasons (distributed value)

• Literature: constant values depending on the FC size

Is there an optimal value for λO2?

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 17

Optimal value for λO2

Setpoint choice depending on load

Existing controllers: constant excess ratio

Net power: Pnet =PFC – Paux

Higher flow implies more power but also more losses. Trade-off

Constrained predictive control strategies for PEM fuel cells. C. Bordons, A. Arce, and A. del Real in IEEE Proc. 2006 American Control Conference, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA, 2006.

Control criterium: maximum efficiency

Fuel Cell Control

Real-Time Implementation of a Constrained MPC for Efficient Airflow Control in a PEM Fuel Cell. Alicia Arce, Alejandro J. del Real, Carlos Bordons and Daniel R. Ramírez, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (2009)

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Experimental setup

18

Advantech PCM-3370 CPU: 650MHz Pentium III with 256MB 2 Advantech PCM-3718HO multifunction cards (16 AI and 1 AO)

Simulink Real Time Workshop

Nexa built-in controller overriden

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Control strategy: Model Predictive Control

ConstraintsCost Function

Optimizer

Reference

Trajectory

Future

Errors

-

Future

Control

Actions

Past

Inputs and

outputs Model

Future

outputs

ConstraintsCost Function

Optimizer

Reference

Trajectory

Future

Errors

-

Reference

Trajectory

Future

Errors

-

Future

Control

Actions

Past

Inputs and

outputs Model

Future

outputs

Future

Control

Actions

Past

Inputs and

outputs Model

Future

outputs

t t+1 t+2 t+N

Control actions

Setpoint

t t+1 t+2 t+N

Control actions

Setpoint

t t+1 t+2 t+N

Control actions

Setpoint

t t+1 t+2 t+N

Control actions

SetpointOptimization over a future receding horizon using a dynamic model of the plant

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

MPC for airflow control

• Airflow control for maximum efficiency

• Satisfying oxygen starvation avoidance

• Based on a constrained explicit MPC

• Suitable for real-time implementation (low computational demands)

• Master-Slave

• Reference governor for λO2 choice

Real-Time Implementation of a Constrained MPC for Efficient Airflow Control in a PEM Fuel Cell. A. Arce, A. del Real, C. Bordons and D. R. Ramírez, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (2009)

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Constrained Predictive Controller

• Implicit feed-forward effect:

• Sampling time according to system dynamics: 10 milliseconds

Subject to:Input constraint (physical limits)

Desired output constraint

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Explicit MPC

• Constrained MPC implies solving a QP (computational cost)

• Explicit MPC solution:– Off line computation + On line search

– The solution of the multi-parametric problem gives rise to a PWA control law

regions

A. Bemporad, M. Morari, V. Dua and E. Pistikopoulous. The explicit linear quadratic regulator for constrained systems, Automatica 38 (2002)

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Implementation

• Horizons: 4 (small)

• 221 regions

• Matlab Toolbox

• Embedded controller PC-104

• Average exec time: 0.245 ms

Fuel Cell Control

Design and experimental validation of a constrained MPC for the air feed of a fuel cell. J.K. Gruber, M.Doll and C.Bordons. Control Engineering Practice vol 17, 874–885, 2009.

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Results

• Allows performance improvements of 3.87%.

• Improved transient responses compared to those of the manufacturer’s control law.

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Linear-varying parameters

Due to the dependence of λO2 on the load

The following convolution model is proposed

The model parameters ai are scaled by the load (w). Computed at

each samplig period.

Design and experimental validation of a constrained MPC for the air feed of a fuel cell. J.K. Gruber, M.Doll and C.Bordons. Control Engineering Practice vol 17, 874–885, 2009.

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Experimental results

Improve Nexa’s built-in controller. N=7

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 27

Nonlinearities

Danger

Linear controller

• Nonlinearities at low load (startups, partial load)

• Polarization curve

• Use Nonlinear MPC

Nonlinear Control of the Air Feed of a Fuel Cell. Jorn K. Gruber, Carlos Bordons and Fernando Dorado. IEEE American Control Conference, Seattle, 2008.

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Nonlinear control-oriented model of the FC

Second order Volterra model (diagonal). Inclusion of the load in the model

Model validation

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Implementation

• Constraints:

• N=16, Nu=5

• QP using Lemke’s algorithm

• Execution times: 0.8 ms (average), 2.4 ms (max)

Fuel Cell Control

F.J. Doyle and R.K. Pearson, B.A. Ogunnaike, Identification and Control Using Volterra Models, Springer, 2001

Gruber, J. K., Bordons, C., Bars, R., Haber, R., Nonlinear predictive control of smooth nonlinear systems based on Volterra models. Application to a pilot plant. International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, 2009

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

NMPC with respect to linear MPC

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Dynamic improvement with respect to built-in controller

Nonlinear MPC for the airflow in a PEM fuel cell using a Volterra series model. J.K. Gruber, C. Bordons and A. Oliva. Submitted to Control Engineering Practice.

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Up to now…

• Model Predictive Controllers can provide good transient behaviour to setpoint changes and optimize efficiency.

However:• The fuel cell system shows a much faster

transient behavior with respect to changes in the stack current than to changes in the compressor motor voltage.

• These different dynamics make it physically impossible to avoid the characteristic peaks in the oxygen excess ratio after abrupt changes in the load current

• A reduction of these peaks could be achieved by using additional batteries or ultracapacitors supplying the demanded peaks in the stack current.

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

4. Fuel Cell + Storage + Converter

• The use of storage (capacitor bank) allows smooth transients (FC lifetime) and voltage regulation

• The maximum efficiency criterium is used too

33

FCDC

DC C Load

Fuel Cell Control

The DC/DC converter and the capacitor decouple fuel cell and load

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Control objective

In power transients:

– The capacitor initially supplies the power to the load

– Then the FC setpoint is moved to the new steady state (with a maximum power slope and optimum oxygen excess ratio)

Energy supplied by the capacitors

Energy excess supplied by the FC to restore the capacitors energy and bus voltage

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Topology and operation

35Fuel Cell Control

Minimum Fuel Consumption Strategy for PEM Fuel Cells. C. Ramos-Paja, C. Bordons, A. Romero, R. Giral and L. Martínez-Salamero. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, No 3, 2009

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Response. Power transients

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Some results

• Safe and smooth operation (no peaks)

• Regulated voltage output

• Optimal profile control being 3.87% (average) more efficient than the Nexa internal control in this particular case (5.82% improvement around 800 W). Same topology

• 18.7 minutes extended operation for a hydrogen cylinder of 240 g

Fuel Cell Control

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

MPC de una pila: Conclusiones

Estado estacionario: elegir el mejor valor de λO2 para la máxima eficiencia (sin coste adicional). Se pueden conseguir mejoras en torno a un 4% sobre el fabricante (experimental)

Comportamiento Transitorio: seleccionar el mejor algoritmo de control

El Control Predictivo puede:

– Reducir la probabilidad del fenómeno de starvation e incrementar la seguridad y vida útil de la pila

– Reducir considerablemente el tiempo de compensación del error en la tesa de exceso de oxígeno con una señal de entrada mucho má suave

Fuel Cell Control

¡Una estrategia de control adecuada puede reducir el consumo!

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 39

Algunas aplicaciones

Motor eléctrico 4 kW

Pila de 5 kW fuel cell

Baterías

H2 comprimido

INTA

Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Prototipo “León”

Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

H2 de fuentes renovables

Hidrogenera con estación de repostajeUsa energía solar para un electrolizadorEn Sanlúcar la Mayor (Sevilla)

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 42

Algunos temas abiertos

• Control– Control de la humedad (gestión

del agua)

– Control de Temperatura (setpoint óptimo). Tener en cuenta la corrosión (íntimamente relacionada con la temperatura y el agua) en la minimización

Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles

24

68

10 300310

320330

340300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Tst

(K)

O2

Pnet (

W)

• Economía del Hidrógeno: producción,

distribución y almacenamiento de H2

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010

Conclusiones

• Las pilas de combustible pueden contribuir significativamente a los objetivos internacionales de reducción de CO2 tanto en el sector del transporte como la generación estacionaria

• Reto clave a corto plazo es la demostración del comportamiento duradero de las pilas en condiciones reales de operación

• Retos claves a medio plazo: funcionamiento con combustibles renovables, reducción del coste y mejoras en cuanto a rendimiento y vida útil.

Las técnicas de Control Automático pueden mejorar las prestaciones de los sistemas basados en pilas de combustible: transitorios, consumo y vida útil

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 44

Carlos [email protected]

Universidad de Sevilla

Gracias por su atención

Agradecimientos: Alicia Arce, Carlos A. Ramos-Paja, Alejandro del Real y Jorn Gruber

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Carlos Bordons, Simposio CEA, Almeria 2010 45

Técnicas de Control Predictivo aplicadas a sistemas basados en

pilas de combustible

Carlos BordonsFuel Cell Control Lab

Dpto. de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática

Universidad de Sevilla